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INDEX  TO  THE 
BULLETIN  or  the  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION 

Vol  L  January  to  June,  19  2  O  Nos.  1-6 

(The  Index  to  lUnBtratioiii  wOl  be  found  on  p.  XVm.] 


Page. 

Agriculture,  notes 69, 199, 318, 436, 646, 667 

AmasonUy  the  Great  PosslbUIttos  of 249 

Arequipa»  the  Second  City  of  Peru 691 

Aboentina: 

Agricultural  Instruction 421 

Agricultural  products  exported 657 

Antialcoholic  exposition 226 

Arbitration  Convention 318 

Aviation 199 

Bank  balance % ^ 213 

Banks 213, 559 

Board  of  Trade 546 

Budget 86,447 

Butter  exports 70 

Cattle  imports 546 

Cereal  areas 69 

Cereal  cultivation 319 

Commerce 318 

Consular  taw 468 

Crop  statistics 657 

Customs  receipts 336 

Diplomatic  representation 468 

Froaen  meat  exports 70 

Hides,  e  xports 546 

Import  and  export  duties 669 

Imports 69 

Internal  taxes 336 

Lands 199 

Librarians'  congress 232 

liaize  and  flaxseed  exports 200 

Minister  of  Brazil 233 

Minister  of  Mexico 468 

Monument ^ 367 

Municipal  debt 672 

Nautical  club 576 

Navigation 319 

Official  change  in  time » 689 

Packinghouses 436 

Police  and  Frontier  Convention — Chile 101 

Population 676 


n  INDEX. 

AxoBNTiNA — Continued.  Page. 

Postal  Tb  legimphic  GongresB 109 

tNiblic  instruction 1 06 

Qoebimcho  exporta 69 

Quebracho  Extract,  Industry  of. 510 

Quebracho  foreste S18 

Quebracho  logs  export 435 

Railway  receipts 447 

Railways 199,318,319 

Revenues 86, 447 

Schools,  miscellaneous 350 

Stock  census 69 

Taxes 335 

Teachers'  league 461 

Treaty  of  Reciprocity — Spain 222 

Wool  production 70,  657 

Argentine  Exports  in  1919 541 

Bolivia: 

Agriculture  and  stock  raising 71 

Arbitration  treaty — Colombia 346 

Argentine  Minister  to: 109 

Banks 672 

Cabinet 109 

Chamber  of  Commerce 320 

Coin  circulation 213 

Commerce 658 

Copper  production 658 

Customhouse 560 

Custom  receipts 672 

Day  school  in  American  Institute 569 

Debt  of  the  Republic *: 672 

Dental  society 576 

Envoy  Extraordinary  of  Japan 690 

Extradition  treaty 689 

Food  control 71 

Gold  exchango 336 

Loan 213,448 

Mail  route....; 109 

Mining 547 

National  exposition 357 

New  province 357 

Oil  lands 320 

Petroleum  fields 200 

Public  works 358 

Public  works  credits 336 

Railways 70, 87 

Schools 350 

Sewer  system 233 

Tariff  decrees 200 

Timgsten  exports 658 

Vital  statistics 358 

Wireless  stations 109 

Wool  exports 658 

Book  Notes  (Jan.) 118, 242, 369, 478,  58> 


INDEX.  m 

Page. 

Boy  Scouts'  Good  Turn  Week 171 

Boys'  and  Girls'  Club  Work  In  the  United  States 300 

Brazil,  Agricultural  school 107 

Bank  statement 448 

Baulks 561,672 

Board  of  Trad^ .V..  74* 

Boundary  of  Peru 690 

Budget 87,449 

Cacao  exports 201 

Coffee  crop 74 

Coffee  exports 200 

Coffee  receipts 659 

Coffee  sales 435 

Commerce  of 436 

Commerce 659 

Commercial  Convention , 436 

Consul  general  in  Hi^burg 690 

Consular  invoice  regulations 682 

Cotton  production 436 

Customs  reports 87 

Exports 202,547 

Exports,  destination  of 320 

Foreign  trade 71 

Hemp  cultivation 435 

Immigrants 358 

International  Congress 468 

Iron  and  steel  industry 658 

Live-stock  census *. 436 

Loans 87 

Military  hospital 110 

Monument 109 

Navigation 74, 201, 202, 547, 659 

Palace  of  Justice 577,690 

Public  wealth 336 

Railway  receipts 214 

Railways 202,659 

Revenues 87, 449, 561, 672 

Rubber  goods 658 

Stamp  tax 560 

Submarine  cables > 74 

Tariffs  on  telegraph  communication 577 

Treaty  of  Peace—Germany 681 

Wool  exports 201 

Brazilian  Fibers 394 

British  and  American  Trade  with  Latin  America 160 

Censtis 690 

Chile: 

Banks 336,450,672 

Canal  extensions 75 

Census 358 

Census,  jail 350 

Columbus  memorial 233 

Commerce  of 437 


IV  INDEX. 

Ohilb — Gontánaed.  pi^. 

Commercial  mianon 437 

Commercial  relation  with  Mexico 76 

Copper  production 549 

Cuistoms  receipts 88,214,337,561,673 

Debt^statement 88 

D^;ree  examinations 227 

Expense  budget 673, 690 

Financial  commission Ill 

History  museum 359 

Imports 660 

Internal  revenue  guards 517 

International  Commission 233 

Irrigation 469 

Lands 202 

Law  of  appointments  and  promotions 102 

Legation  building  in  B  erlin 690 

Loans 87 

Mining  output 660 

Minister  to  Argentina HI 

Minister  from  France 690 

Mortality  statistics 359 

Naval  law 469 

Navigation 202, 323, 437 

Nitrate  exports 75, 202, 322, 437 

Nitrate  production : . .  660 

Pan  American  Association 577 

Police  and  Frontier  Convention — ^Argentina 101 

Postal  congress 359 

Public  works  credits 214 

Revenues 214 

Schools 107,227 

Schools  miscellaneous 350, 569-570, 686 

Schooner  laimching 283 

Sugar  industry 649 

Tin  production 437 

Colombia: 

Aerial  maü 234,691 

Agricultural  school 351 

Agriculture 75 

Arbitration  treaty — Bolivia 346 

Army 360 

Arts  and  crafts  school 361 

Banks 450,562,674 

Budget 662 

Cattle  inspe  ction 324 

Census 112 

Cofife  e  e  xports 549 

Coal-oil  and  asphalt  deposits  law 684 

Coffee  plantations 662 

Commercial  Commission 75 

Consular  fees 337 

Gréait 673 

Cuban  Minister Ill 


INDKX.  V 

Colombia — Continued.  Page 

French  legation Ill 

Health  Commission 234 

Highways 76,324 

Hydrocarbons  law 348 

Internal  debt 88 

Irrigation t 203 

Land  laws 223 

Loan , 89,450 

Loans 214, 674 

Military  service 578 

Mines 324 

Minister  of  Public  Works 578 

Minister  of  Treasury 578 

Monuments Ill 

National  Congress 112 

National  holiday 360 

Oil  wells 661 

Packing  industry 323 

Port  improvement 76 

Presidential  elections 233 

Public  works 204, 359 

Railroad  law 223 

Railway  construction. 76 

Raüways 75,89,203,323,324,437,438.560 

Railways  and  highways 661 

Railway  schools 570 

Revenues 88 

Schools 228 

Schools,  miscellaneous 685 

Statue 469 

Stoék  industry 438 

Strike  law 349 

Supreme  court  elections .' 234 

Treasury  certificates 337 

Wireless  stations 112 

Colonial  Residences  of  Mexico 644 

Conuneree  of  the  United  States  with  Latin  America 544 

Commerce,  notes 69,199,318,435,546,657 

Corporations  in  BrasH,  Legal  Requirements  for 162 

Costa  Riga: 

Administrative  district 360 

Agricultural  school 570 

Bank  statement 90 

Banks 215,563 

Bond  issue 90, 215 

Budget 562 

Centennial  Commission 692 

Chamber  of  Agriculture 438 

Coffee  exports -. 438 

Council  of  health 679 

Customs  receipts 216 

DQbtstatément 90 

Exportation 77 


VI  INDEX. 

Costa  Rica — Continued.  Page* 

Hide  industry 550 

Highways 662 

Hispanic-American  Congress,. 470 

International  Institute  of  Agriculture 470 

Land  concession 77 

Land  law .• 224 

LÂnds 234 

Lawyers*  college 360 

Loan 89, 675 

Mining  law 102 

Municipal  taxes 674 

National  Teachers'  Union 228 

Naturalization 102 

New  cabinet 112 

News  service 234 

,  Public  instruction 352 

Revenues 90, 215 

School  budge  t 462 

Schools,  statistics 228 

Silver  imports 337 

Stock  slaughtered 438 

Taxes 337 

Telegraph  offices 205 

Trade  restrictions 102 

Vital  statistics 692 

Water  concession 324 

Cuba: 

Aerial  station 361 

Banks 216,338,451,563,675 

Bond  issue 338 

Census 360 

Cigars  exported 439 

Coffee  consumption ! 77 

Commerce 77, 325 

Commerce  of  Habana 206 

Commercial  information 325 

Congress  of  allied  nations 360 

Congress  of  normal  schools 352 

Consular  appointments 234, 692 

Consular  school 352 

Customs  receipts 91, 216, 451, 564 

Delegates  to  Hague  Conference 693 

Highways 471 

Immigration 112 

International  High  Commission 112 

Labor  Society 580 

Message  of  president 91 

Monument 113, 235 

Navigation 205, 326, 439, 663 

Night  schools 462 

0Ü  industry 326 

Presidential  palace 471 

Railroad  receipts 337 


INDEX.        •  VII 

Cuba — Continued.                                          '  Page. 

Railways 91 

Revenues 338 

School  retirement 103 

School,  summer -r- 570 

Schools .^ 107, 229 

Schools,  new 686 

Sugar  exports 326 

Sugar  production 551 

Sugar  production  and  salee •. . . .  439 

Sugar  statistics 662 

Sugar  receipts 78 

Tobacco  export 78, 206 

Trade-mark  registration 551 

Transportation  of  sugar 206 

united  States  minister 360 

University  of  Boston 570 

Volunteer  fire  department 360 

Workmen's  accident  law 224 

Dominican  Repubuc: 

Budget 564 

Budget  law 339 

Cattle  exportation 552 

Chamber  of  Commerce 78 

Claims  commission 361 

Commercial  conditions 206 

Commission  Economic  Affairs  91 

Convention  with  Haiti » 113 

Customs  receipts 91,339, 676, 686 

Debt 675 

Diplomatic  Corps  salaries 93 

Electric  plant 235 

Exports 440 

Forestal  service  law 349 

Immigration 326, 349 

Loan 451 

Loans 564 

National  gua^ 580 

Navigation 78, 326, 440 

Public  debt 93 

Public  instruction 229 

Public  works 92, 217 

Public  works  credits 338 

Revenue  stamps 675 

Revenues 93, 451 

Sanitation  law 349 

School  budget 686 

School-officials'  meeting 352 

School,  miscellaneous 462 

Sewer  and  street  construction 472 

Stamp  tax. 216 

Sugar  crop 78, 440 

Taxes 675 

Teachers*  appointments 571 


i 


Vm  •         INDEX. 

Pa«e. 
Economics,  notes 335 

Ecuador: 

Arbitration  convention 327 

Administration  of  Interior IO3 

Arts  and  crafts  school 229 

Banks , 676 

Budget 339 

Civic  improvement 361, 472 

Consul  General  to  Cuba 580 

Gold  mines 327 

Highways 79, 327 

Immigration 693 

Intellectual  Deyelopment  in 265 

Lands 207 

Loans 92, 217 

Maps 361 

Mexican  minister 235 

Monument 361 

Navigation 206, 440 

Oil  areas 207 

Oil  fields r52 

Pension 103 

Pension  law 224 

Ptovincial  boundaries 224 

Railroad  law 224 

Railways 78, 92 

Revenues .^ 452 

Schools,  miscellaneoiis 353, 463 

Stamp  issue 217, 339 

Supreme  court  justices 472 

Tagua  exports 441 

Tagua  tax 564,676 

Tax  law 217 

Taxes 340 

Tariff 564 

Travelers*  Convention — United  States 223 

Textile  industry ^ 664 

Wireless  stations 235 

Economics,  notes 86, 213, 447, 559, 671 

Education,  notes 106,226,350,461,569,685 

Finances,  notes 86, 213, 335, 447, 559, 671 

Financial  Conference,  Second  Pan  American 45, 125 

First  Aerial  Derby  Around  the  World,  the 532 

Foreign  Banks  In  Chile 311 

General  notes 109, 232, 357, 467, 576, 689 

Geor^  Washington  University  Honors  Iblfiez 525 

Guatemala: 

Bank  profits 452 

Budget 218 

Census 361 

Coffee  export 79 

Coffee  exports 207 

Convention — United  States 346 


INDEX.  IZ 

Guatemala — Continued.  Page. 

Démographie  statistics 581 

Department  of  Estrada  Cabrera. 362 

Exportation  copper,  zinc,  and  alloys 79 

Government  palace 473 

Highways 327 

Imports  from  Great  Britain 207 

Loan : 217 

Mineral  production 664 

Minister  of  Colombia 361 

Minister  to  Portugal i 581 

Municipal  taxes 676 

Navigation 79,327 

New  consul 694 

Olympic  games 362 

Public  works 361, 564 

Public  works  credits 340 

Railways 553 

Revenues 94, 676 

Sanitary  inspection ^ 79 

School  library 686 

Schools 229 

Schools,  attendance  of 686 

School  for  girls ! 353 

Schools,  miscellaneous .• 463,572 

Treaty  of  peace  of  Versailles — Germany 101 

Vital  statistics 694 

Haiti: 

Bond  issue 94 

Chamber  of  Commerce 80 

Customs  receipts 677 

Education 229 

Flag 362 

Geneva  convention 346 

Highways 208 

National  debt 67  7 

Navigation 79 

Road  survey 581 

Schools,  elementary 464 

Schools,  normal 230 

Secretary  of  Justice  and  Foreign  Relations 114 

Secretary  of  United  States  legation 114 

Statue 236 

Sugar...: 553 

Vice  consul,  new 473 

Honduras: 

Aerial  mail 328 

Arts  and  crafts  school 354 

Budget 94 

Cabinet,  new 362 

Commerce 80 

Consul  in  Los  Angeles 695 

Consular  posts 582 

Customs  receipts 94 


X  INDEX. 

Honduras — Continued.  Pa^e. 

Diplomatic  changes 236 

Foreign  commerce : 665 

Government  ofiSictals • 473 

Highways 80 

Instruction  costs 464 

Internal  debt 94,453 

International  Centxal  American  Bureau 473 

Lands 554 

Mail  revenue 677 

Mail  service ^ 208, 553 

Minister  plenipotentiary  of  Salvador 582 

Police  force 473 

Railways 441 

Revenues 94, 218 

School  budget 687 

School  census 354, 572 

Schools,  miscellaneous 464 

Schools,  normal 230 

Taxes 677 

Telegraph  and  telephone  service .' 328 

Treasury  statistics 340 

United  States  coin 565 

Industries,  notes ». 199, 318, 435, 546, 667 

Industry,  notes ^ 69 

Kansas  City,  in  the  Heart  of  North  America 140 

Launching  of  the  Artigas 629 

Legislation  notes 102, 223, 348, 457, 682 

Marlceting  by  Motor 495                       | 

Mexican  Mines  and  Mining 276 

Mexico: 

Advertiser's  club 114 

Aguascalientes 485 

Banks 218 

Boundary  commission 363 

Bronze  coin 341 

Budget 95 

Coins 677 

Commercial  conference 208, 442 

Copper  tax 340 

Debt  statement 340 

Department  of  identification 362 

Diplomatic  appointments 583 

Diplomatic  pouches  agreement — Venezuela 101 

Export  duties 454                         > 

Gold  coin 95                        3 

Highways 208                        J 

Immigration  tax 95                        á 

International  bridge 363                       j 

Judicial  districts 11 4                        i 

Land  law 341                        j 

Lands  decree 442                      i^ 

Live  stock 554                       t^ 

Medical  Congress,  Sixth  National 474                      ^ 


INDEX.  XI 

Mexico — Continued.  Page. 

Military  and  naval  schooli 230 

Ministry  of  Industry 473 

National  credit 218 

Navigation 80,442 

New  capital  for  Moreloe 237 

Oil  production , : 81 

Paper  money  issue 341 

Poet  offices 695 

Petroleum  production 329 

Petroleum  tax 341 

Petroleum  revenues 565 

Petroleum  statistics 554 

Postal  system 363 

Public  instruction 230 

Railways 209,328,555 

Revenues 95 

Salvadorean  minister 363 

School  curriculum 354 

Schools  and  colleges,  miscellaneous 464 

Schools,  miscellaneous 572 

Silver  coin 95 

Silver  exports 329 

Silver  minee 80 

Students  Congress 572 

Wheat  crop 208 

Wireless 114 

Workmen's  Congress,  Third  Pan  American 474 

MoTin^  Pictures  In  Fan  America 606 

New  Chairman  of  the  GoTerning  Board 633 

Nicaragua: 

Banks 219 

Consul  general 474 

Cotton  cultivation 330 

Court  of  appeals 474 

Cuban  minister,  new 364 

Customs  receipts 96 

Customs  revenues 566 

Debt  payments 219 

Debt  statement 342 

Economics 342 

Electric  plant 237 

Farmers  Bank 96 

Geological  Commission 330 

Highways 330,550 

Industrial  magazine 209 

Labor  union 364 

Laborers*  Congress 115 

Loan 341 

Limiber  business 82 

Medicine,  course  in 354 

Metropolitan  cathedral 363 

Monument 237 

Oil  fields 555 


XU  INDBX. 

Nicaragua — Continued.  Page. 

lUUways 81,665 

Revenues •  219 

Sanitary  commiasion 116 

Sanitation  study 364 

Secretary  of  public  instruction 363 

Schools 107, 231 

Schools,  miscellaneous 466, 572 

Taxes 219 

Textiles 666 

Wireless  station 114 

Notes,  Pan  American 62 

Palace  of  AlTear,  The 624 

Pan  American  notes 193 

Panama: 

Alcoholic  decree i 583 

Arbitration  convention 210 

Budget 219 

Census 115, 364 

Director  of  the  Census 475 

Executive  decrees 442 

First  Panamanian  student  at  West  Point 573 

Foreigners'  estates 104 

Immigration  law 684 

Inspector  of  warehouses 238 

International  High  Commission 115 

Land  law 82 

Licenses 566 

Monument  to  Canal  Zone  employees 695 

Monument  to  the  French 696 

National  Assembly 237 

Parcel  Post  Convention— Peru 347 

Penal  colony 82,475 

Port  improvement , 209 

Receipts  and  expenditures 342 

Revenues 96 

Rice  cultivation 331 

Secondary  education 687 

Tax 220 

Treaty  of  Peace  of  Versailles— Germany 346 

Paraguay: 

Banco  Británico 83 

Bank  profits 454 

Banks 567 

Bond  issue 343 

Budget 96,567 

Colonization  law 225 

.Commerce 210, 332, 556 

Commerce  with  the  united  States 331 

Consulate  of  Austria,  abolition  of 116 

Consulate  General  in  San  Jose,  Costa  Rica 475 

Consulates 696 

Customs  receipts * 566 

Customs  valuations 220, 342 


IJSTDEX.  xin 

Paraguay — Continued.  Page. 

Foreign  debt 220 

Foreign  trade 443 

Gold  exchange 97 

History  of  Paraguay 687 

Internal  revenue 97 

Mutual  aid 364 

Pan  American  Commission 238 

Postal  Convention 364 

Revenues 678 

Revenues'and  customs  receipts 455 

School  committee 355 

School  ship , 696 

Schools,  miscellaneous 355, 465, 573 

Secondary  education 108 

Sugar  production 332 

Taxes 220 

Telegraph  lines 364 

Treaty  of  Friendly  Relations— Japan 347 

Vital  statistics 583 

Paraguayan  Institute,  Donation  of  American  Library  to 430 

Paraguay's  New  Era  In  Stock  Raising 371 

PasslTe  Exporting.!.* 387 

Peru: 

Bank  depoats 678 

Budget 679 

Code  of  criminal  procedure 476 

College  of  Jucuapa 356 

Colonial  exposition 83 

Commerce 333 

Commerce,  exports 443 

Constitution , 584 

Consular  corps 475 

Consuls 697 

Currency  of  Republic 679 

Peru,  The  Derelopment  of. 1 

Exports *...  566 

Food  administration 84 

Peru,  Foreign  Trade  1918,  With  Comparisons  Since  1891 58 

Gold  coin  deposits 97 

Imports  from  Ecuador 332 

International  Trade  Mark  Convention 681 

Library  of  Ministry  of  Justice 364 

Loan 98, 455 

Loans 343 

Mining 557 

Monuments 364 

Municipal  building 584 

Naval  attaché  to  embassy  in  Washington,  U.  S.  A 116 

New  constitution 457 

Normal  and  military  schools 231 

Parcel  Poet  Convention — Panama 347 

Petroleum 557 

Police  school 355 


•  XIV  INDEX. 


Peru — Continued.  Page. 

Provision  sales ! 83 

Public  instruction  law 466 

Revenues 97,678 

Rice  production 210, 668 

Scholarships 355 

School  of  arts  and  crafts 231 

School  census  of 465 

Schools,  miscellaneous.  : 574, 687 

Spanish  minister  to ^ 116 

South  American  Railway  Congress 116 

Sugar  export 332 

Tax  laws 567 

Taxes 567 

Trade-mark  decree 332 

Treaty  of  Peace  of  Versailles — Germany 223 

Vice  présidents  of  Republic 238 

Wheat  sale 210 

Salvador: 

Agricultural  Union f 84 

Bank  notes 344 

Banks \^ 455, 567 

Budget 98 

Cabinet  member 239 

Chamber  of  Commerce 444 

City  council,  San  Salvador 365 

Consul  in  New  Orleans 239 

Consular  appointments 365 

Counselor  to  Ministry  of  Foreign  Relations 365 

Court  of  arbitration 476 

Currency  circulation ^ 98 

Debt  statement 679 

Gold  coin : 99 

Gold  coin  importation 344 

Gold  and  silver  exports 220 

Grovernment  Printing  Office 476 

Health  Commission 117 

Highways 212, 557 

Hospital  statistics 584 

League  of  Nations 682 

Minister  of  Honduras 239 

Ministry  of  War,  Reorganization  of 365 

Municipal  palace 365 

National  Legislative  Assembly 697 

National  revenues 679 

Navigation 333 

New  ministers  from  Costa  Rica  and  Guatemala 116 

Newspaper,  new  daily 365 

Popular  Bulletin 365 

Raüways 211, 557, 669 

Revenues 99, 221, 334 

Sanitation 365 

School  activities 574 

Schools,  miscellaneous 466 


INDEX.  XV 

Salvador — Continued.  Page. 

Schools,  new 688 

Sugar  export 211 

Taxée 344 

Vital  Btatistics.. 476 

Schools  and  universities 231 

Seventeen-year  Locust,  The 181 

Subject  matter  of  consular  reports 241, 367, 58^ 

Tenth  anniversary  of  the  Pan  American's  Home 635 

Throwing  Stick  of  Ancient  Peru,  The 416 

Trade  Balance,  The 289 

Treaties,  notes 101, 222, 346, 681 

Tres  Arroyos 36 

UNrrED  States: 

Convention — Guatemala 346 

Travelers'  Convention — Ecuador 223 

Uruguay: 

Aerial  service 240 

Aviation 117 

Bank  of  the  Republic 346 

Banks 668, 680 

Budget 99 

Commerce 334 

Commerce  of 446 

Commerce  with  Spain 669 

Commerce  with  the  United  States 558 

Congresses 366 

Customs  receipts 344 

Consul  general 697 

Customs  revenues 680 

Debt  statement 100 

Departmental  organization 225 

Exports 558 

Flour  and  cereals  exported 669 

Frozen  meat  export 84 

Frozen  meat  exports 669 

Geneva  Convention 347 

Industrial  census 669 

Industrial  report 84 

Loan 221, 456 

Meat  industry 446 

Meat  exports 558 

Medical  course  decree ^ 466 

Medical  credits 356 

Monument 117 

Oil  lands 334 

Passports 477 

Pensions 104, 225 

Petroleum  deposits 84 

Petroleum  reservoirs 212 

Potatoes,  cultivation  of 334 

PubUc  works 445 

Railway  receipts 344 

Reserve  gold 456 

Revenues 100, 456, 568 

21419—20 2 


* 


XVI  INDEX. 

URUGUAY — Continued.  Pago. 

Salt  manufacture 334 

School  budget 109 

School  census 356, 575 

Schools  miscellaneous , 688 

School  tax 575 

Shipping 445 

Statistics 240 

Stock  exchange 680 

Stock  products,  exports 212 

Stock  sales 558 

Taxes 221, 344 

Tobacco  sales 212 

Treaty  of  Peace  of  Versailles — Germany 101 

Uruguayan  Brazilian  Commission 585 

Uruguayan  Contemporaneous  Literature 405 

Venezuela: 

Banco  de  Venezuela 345 

Bank  of  Venezuela 681 

Banks 222,  568,  680 

Bills,  issue  of 345 

Chamber  of  Commerce 559 

Coal 558 

Coin  deposits 100 

Consul  in  New  Orleans 585 

Consul  general  to  Peru 367 

Consulates 477 

Counselor  to  Ministry  of  Treasury 366 

Debt  statement 345 

Diplomatic  pouches  agreement — Mexico 101 

Disease  campaign 366 

Exports  to  the  United  States 670 

Highways 335 

Immigration  oflScers 240 

Imports  through  I^a  Guaira 671 

Industrial  exposition 335 

LfOgation  in  Belgium 240 

Mines  law 460 

Moumental  group  of  Columbus 698 

Municipal  expenditures 569 

Venezuela,  Painting  In 20 

Pearl  and  rubber  industries 447 

Petroleum  development 85 

Population  of  Caracas 585 

Population  of  Managuas 698 

Revenues 457 

Schools 232 

Schools  miscellaneous 467 

Silver  coin 222 

Stock  census 85 

Tobacco  raising 85 

Tonka  beans 446 

Sugar  developments 33 1 

Wireless 2W 

Yura  Indians,  The 523 


usTDEX.  xvn 

INDEX  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Arobntina:                                                                  ^  Page. 

Alvear  Palace  at  San  Fernando ^ 625 

Alvear  Palace,  Dining  hall  of 628 

Alvear  Palace,  Hall  of. 626 

Boy  Scout  activity  in ^ 178 

Boy  Scouts  of 176 

Buenos  Aires — 

School  of  Veterinary  Science  and  Agronomy 421 

LaPlatar- 

School  of  Veterinary  Science  and  Agronomy 423 

Olavarria,  School  of  Agriculture 427 

Quebracho,  bark  of 511 

Quebracho  company,  oflSce  of 519 

Quebracho  estate 520 

Quebracho  extract  factory 518 

Quebracho  factory,  interior  of 520 

Quebracho  logs 512 

Quebracho  logs,  assembling  point 515 

Quebracho  logs,  hauling 513 

Quebracho  logs,  hauling ; 514 

Quebracho  logs,  loading  on  railway 517 

Quebracho  sawmill 512 

Quebracho  logs,  shipping 521 

Quebracho  tree. 511 

Tres  Arroyos — 

American  Flour  mills 42 

Bank  buildings 40 

Calle  Enrique  Betaloza 42 

Commercial  Bank  Building 38 

Methods  of  plowing 44 

Public  School  No.  1 43 

Rural  society 43 

Spanish  community *  39 

Statue  of  Liberty 39 

Thrashing  party 44 

Typical  streets 37 

Tucuman,  School  of  Agriculture 425 

Artigas,  The  gliding  into  the  Delaware  River 631 

The,  launching  of  the 630 

Banquet  in  the  Hall  of  the  Americas,  Pan  American  Building 133 

Bandt,  Sr.,  Luis  A 544 

Bolivia,  Boy  Scouts  of  La  Paz 180 

Brazil: 

Field  of  Piteira 399 

Flood  tide  on  lower  Amazon 251 

Hacienda  San  Pablo  on  the  Amazon 263 

Manioc  field  on  Amazon 257 

Montalegre,  A  town  of  the  Amazon 259 

Montalegre,  Unloading  at  a  warehouse 259 

Óbidos  on  the  Amazon 263 

Piassava  palm 395 

Piteira  Imperial 297 

Preparing  piassava  fiber 401 


XVm  INDEX. 

Bbazil — Continued.                                                          "  Pago. 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  Old  Convent Cover,  April. 

Rubber  Estate  on  the  Amazon. . .  : 255 

Rubber  industry  of  the  Amazon 258 

Sailing  in  ''cuberta"  on  Amazon 261 

Santarém,  Beach  at — •. 261 

Settler's  cottage  on  the  Amazon 255 

Upriver  fleet  at  Para 250 

Buero,  Dr.  Antonio,  Minister  of  Foreign  Relations  of  Uruguay 317 

Coconut  palm  by  the  Southland  Sea Cover,  January. 

Colby,  The  Honorable  Bainbridge 634 

ColUer,  William  Miller,  A.  M.,  LL.  D 528 

Colombia,  B(^ota,  Plaza  Bolivar Cover,  May. 

Costa  Rica,  Falls  in  Carach  and  Poas  Rivers Cover,  March. 

Cuba,  Cienfuegos,  Central  Park Cover,  June. 

Cuba,  Country  scene  in Cover,  February. 

Delegates  and  committeemen  in  Pan  American  Building 131 

Ecuador,  Cuenca,  A  picturesque  village Frontispiece,  February. 

Financial  Conference,  Second  Pan  American,  Delegates  to 127 

George  Washington  University  honors  Ibafiez 530 

Gutiérrez,  His  Excellency  General  Rafael  López.  .1 Frontispiece,  May. 

Honduras,  A  picturesque  scene  in  the  interior  of Frontispiece,  April. 

Ibafiez,  Dr.  Vincente  Blasco 526 

Locusts,  Dried  empty  skins  of 185 

Locusts,  Specimens  of 183 

Mbxico: 

Aguas  Calientes — 

American  hospital 490 

Calle  Juarez 486 

Cathedral..: 487 

Grovemment  building 487 

On  the  outskirts  of 492 

Unusual  comers 489 

Copper  mining  in 281 

Durango,  **Cerro  del  Mercado,"  The  Iron  Mountain 285 

Hidalgo,  San  Rafael  Mining  Works 283 

Mexico  City — 

House  of  Countess  de  San  Mateo 651 

House  of  glazed  tiles 649 

Inner  court  of  mansion 648 

Old  tenement  house 653 

Palace  of  Masks 646 

Residence  of  Count  del  Valle  de  Orizaba 645 

Tenement  of  eighteenth  century 655 

NearCalvillo 493 

Pachuca,  Loreto  Smelting  Works 279 

Tampico,  oil  well 287 

Tepic,  '*E1  Zopolite"  Foundry 277 

Mini'sters  of  Finance,  Pan  American 129 

Moving  picture  shows  in  Department  of  Immigration 622 

Moving  pictures  of  Argentine  pampas 621 

Moving  pictures  of  Bolivian  silver  production 619 

Moving  pictures  of  Bolivian  tin  mines ^ 619 

Moving  pictures  of  Guatemala 615 


iimBx.  XIX 

Page. 

Moving  pictures  of  Peru 617 

Moving  pictures  projection  truck 616 

Pan  American  Union,  Governing  Board Frontispiece,  June. 

Paraguay: 

A  loaded  train 379 

Asunción,  sugar  factory 385 

Celebration  of  Fourth  of  July 431 

Docks  at  Asunción 373 

International  Products  Co.'s  plant 376 

Pan  American  salon  of  the  Paraguayan  Institute 432 

Paraguayan  Institute  library 433 

Paraguajran  Insti  tu  te  reading  room 433 

Plain  and  forest  scenes 375 

Port  of  Asunción 372 

Puerto  Pinasco,  scenes  at 381 

Quebnacho  industiy 383 

Transportation  Polities. , 378 

Peru: 

American  chargé  de  affaires  in,  Mr.  Wm.  Walker  Smith 544 

Ancient  weapons 418 

Arequipa=^ 

Banking  houses 595 

Churches '. 593 

Cotton  mill 16 

Industries 596 

Misti  and  the  Plazuela  Santa  Marta 604 

Plaza  de  Armas 598 

Public  buildings  and  parks 592 

Keligious  works  of  art 602 

University  of  Arequipa 600 

Ceiro  de  Pasco  region,  mining  activity 6 

"Checkers,'*  scene  from 611 

Coal  mines  of  Grollarisquisca 9 

Drove  of  alpacas 14 

Envoy-extraordinary,  minister  plenipotentiary  of  Cuba  in,  Sr.  Luis  A. 

Báralt ^. 544 

"Evangeline,"  Scene  from 609 

Gibson,  Dr.  Carlos,  chargé  de  affaires  to  Washington 2 

Hacienda  of  Coast  Region 5 

Hauling  sugar  cane 12 

Interior  of  sugar  refinery 12 

"Les  Miserables,"  Scene  from 607 

Lima,  wool  warehouse 16 

Lobitis,  petroleum  activities 18 

Road  thru  Virgin  Forest  region 3 

Sugar  cane  plantation 11 

"The  Terror,"  Scene  from 613 

Throwing  sticks! 416 

Vanadium  mining 8 

Powell,  Sir  Baden,  chief  of  Boy  Scouts 172 

Puigatory Frontispiece,  January. 

Smith,  Mr.  William  Walker 544 


» 


XX  mDBX. 

United  St  atb  s  :  Pag». 

Boy  and  hifl  pure-bred  Holstein  calf 308 

Boy  Scouts  at  camp 173 

Boy  Scouts  at  veterans  reunion 173 

Boy  Scouts  gardening 175 

Boys'  club  prize  winner 310 

Boys'  com  clubs 302 

Boys*  peanut  crop 304 

California,  Vernal  Falls,  Yoeemite  Valley Frontispiece,  March. 

Club  members  and  stock  prize  winners 310 

Delivery  of  fish  by  mail 499 

Girls'  canning  club  demonstration 301 

Highway  transport  service 507 

Inspecting  pigs 308 

Kansas  City — 

Board  of  Trade  building 148 

Community  bathhouse 156 

Entrance  to  Swope  Park 155 

Faxon  School 151 

Large  gmin  elevator. 144 

Scene  in  Pence  Valley  Park 158 

Scene  in  retail  district ' 150 

Southwest  Milling  Co 145 

St.  Joseph's  Hospital 153 

Stockyards 147 

Union  Station 141 

West  Bottom  freight  yards 142 

Loading  milk  on  truck 505 

Loading  produce  on  motor  truck 501 

Measiuing  com  plot 306 

Motor  truck  mail  delivery 497 

Plowing  preparatory  to  planting  clover 304 

Receiving  supplies  for  fíamers 505 

Secretary  of  State,  Hon.  Bainbridge  Colby 634 

Southern  boys'  com  crop 306 

Truck  load  of  potatoes 503 

Tmck  transportation  for  live  stock .". .  601 

Washington,  D.  C. — 

Luncheon  in  honor  of  General  Pershing 191 

Pan  American  building,  front  façade 636 

Pan  American  building,  Hall  of  Americas 638 

Pan  American  building,  statue  *'North  America" 640 

Pan  American  building,  statue  "South  America" 642 

Specimens  of  1919  locusts 187 

Uruguay,  Minister  of  Foreign  Relations  of 317 

Varela,  Dr.  Jacobo,  envoy  extraordinary  from  Umguay  to  the  United  States. .  192 
Venezuela: 

Beatriz,  by  Cristobal  Rojas 23 

Cristobal  Rojas,  paintejr * 21 

La  Orfanidad,  by  Cristobal  Rojas 23 

Misery,  by  Cristobal  Rojas 27 

The  Baptism,  by  Cristobal  Rojas 29 

The  Tavern,  by  Cristobal  Rojas 31 

Triptico  Boliviano,  by  Cristobal  Rojas 33 

WASHINGTON  '.  GOTERXMBNT  PBINTINO  OFPICS  :  IMO 


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TABLE  OF  CONTENT3 

\¿ 

Page. 
Tlic  Development  of  Peru 1 

Painting  In  Venezuela 20 

Tres  Arroyos 36 

The  Second  Pan  American  Financial  Conference 45 

Foreign  Trade  of  Pern,  1918,  with  comparisons  since  1891 õ8 

Pan  American  Notes 62 

The  Governing  Board's  Tribute  to  Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie— Credit  Information  from  Latin 
Am^cs— Important  Coa'erences  in  the  Fan  Ameidcan  Building— Call  for  a  United  State^:- 
liexico  Trade  Conference. 

Agricnltnre,  Industry  and  Commerce 69 

ARGENTINA:  Port  of  Mar  del  Plata— Stock  industry— Quebracho— Imports— Aerial  trans- 
ports— ^New  marine  Insurance  company— Cereals — Frozen  meats— Henequén— Butter- 
Wool  produetion—BOLIVIA:  Yungas  Railroad— Sucre-Betanzos  Railroad— Wood  alcohol- 
Control  oi  food  products— Agriculture  and  stock  raising— BRAZIL:  Foreign  trade— Sub- 
marine cables— N<»th  American  Board  of  Trade — New  navigation  company— Coffee  crop— 
CHILE:  "General  Electric  Industrial  Co."— "Carboniferous  Exploitation  Co."— Canals- 
Freight  steamers— Commercial  relations— Exports  of  nitrate— COLOMBIA  :  Agriculture- 
New  agent  for  the  Pacific  Railroad— Colombian  Commercial  Commission— Oil  industry — 
New  highway— French-Colombian  company^Port  of  Barranquilla— Railroad  of  the  North— 
COSTA  RICA:  Destruction  of  insects— Exports— Reimportation  of  empty  sacks— Salt 
lands— CUBA:  Marine  algsp — Foreign  trade— Coffee— Farmers  and  Colonists  Association- 
Sugar— Exports  of  tobacco— Automobiles— New  steamship  line— DOMINICAN  REPUB- 
LIC: Chamber  of  commwce— New  steamship  lines— Sugar  crop — EÜCADOR:  New  rail- 
road—Highway— GUATEMALA:  Sanitary  inspection— Telegraph  zone— Exportation  of 
copper— New  steamship  line— Exportation  of  coffee— HAITI:  New  steamship  line—  "Anglo- 
Haitian  Sugar  Co."— Importation  of  raw  sugar— Cape  Haitien  Chamber  of  Commerce— 
HONDURAS:  Northern  highway— Foreign  trade— MEXICO:  Silvw  mines— New  custom- 
house—New steamship  line— National  airplane  factory— Machinery  exhibits— D  urango 
foondry— Oil  refinery— New  oil  well— Oil  production— NICARAGUA:  Atlantic  Railroad— 
Ge(dogical  commission— Highway— Lumber  business— Penal  colony— Land  regulations — 
Turtle  fishing- Landing  in  Aguadulce— Oil  lands— Alligator  skins— PARAGUAY:  "Banco 
Británico  de  la  America  del  Sm-"— Foreign  trade— Stockmen's  Society— PERU:  Si)ecimens 
for  the  Colonial  Exposition  of  Japan— Sales  of  Government  provisions— Nutritious  plants — 
Food  administration— SALVADOR:  Agricultural  organization— Dock  of  La  Libertad- 
URUGUAY:  Frozen  meats— Annual  industrial  report— Petroleum  deposit— Mining  titles— 
VENEZUELA:  "Maracaibo  Oil  Co."— Tobacco  raising— Natural  products— Oil  wells- 
Live  stock. 

Bconomic  and  Financial  Affairs 86 

ARGENTINA:  National  wealth— Buenos  Aires  budget— Revenue  taxes— Buenos  Aires 
customhouse— Real  estate— Railway  receipt»— "National  Mortgage  Bank"— New  stamps— 
"Bolivia  Railway  Co."— BRAZIL:  Foreign  loans— Railway  receipts— Customs  receipts- 
Paper  money— New  branch  banks— Consumers'  tax— Federal  budget — Real  estate  trans- 
actions—S&o  Paulo's  revenues— New  director  for  the  Bank  of  Brazil— CHILE:  Bank  trans- 
actions— External  debt— Valparaiso  board  of  products— Customs  receipts— COLOMBIA: 
New  Bank— Internal  debt— Direct  tax — Taxable  wealth  of  Medellin— Loans— New  branch 
bank  in  Bogotá — StcM'age  rate»  in  customhouses— Treasury— Subsidy  for  railroads — Treasury 
ctitlficates — New  branch  bank  in  Barranquilla- "Banco  del  Huila"— Barranquilla's 
assets— COSTA  RICA:  Loan— Cancellation  of  Government  debt— F anks— National 
revenue— Bond  issue— CUBA:  Habana  customhouse — Railways— Presidential  message— 
DOMINIC.\N  REPUBLIC:  Customs  receipts— Commission  on  economic  affairs — Public 
work»— EUCADOR:  New  tax— Loans— Railroads— Salaries  of  diplomatic  corps- Farmers* 
bank— Government  revenues  and  expenditures— Public  debt— Additional  tax— GUATE- 

ni 


IV  TABLE   OP  CONTENTS. 

Economic  and  Financial  Affairs — Gontinued.  P&s»- 

IÍALA:  Municipal  bonds— Municipal  revenues— Excise  taxes— HAITI:  Financial  com- 
mission—Bond issue— Provisional  bank  notes— HONDURAS:  Customs  revenues— Budget- 
Aguardiente— MEXICO:  Silver  coin— Immigration  tax— Gold  coins— International  postal 
money  order  service— Henequén— Mexican  financial  agent  in  New  York— Markets- 
Budget— Foreigners'  claims  for  damages— National  revenue— NICARAGUA:  Farmers' 
national  bank— Customs  revenue— PANAMA:  Taxes— Public  market  tarifl— PARAGUAY: 
Budget— Internal  revenue— "Banco  de  la  Republica"— Gold  exchange — Government  sub- 
sidy to  Asunción— PERU:  Revenue— Gold  deposits— Loan— Public  savings— Customs 
revenue  of  Callao— SALVADOR:  Bank  of  issue  for  San  Salvador— Budget— Bills  in  circu- 
lation—Gold coin— New  tax  on  sugar  and  coffee— URUGUAY:  Exchange— Budget— 
"Uruguay  Railway  Co."— Government  revenues— "International  Brazilian  Debt"—  , 
VENEZUELA:  Additional  credit  for  the  Department  of  Interior— Treasury  funds. 

International  Treaties 101 

ARGENTINA-CHILE:  PoUce  and  frontier  convention— GUATEMALA-GERMANY: 
Treaty  of  Peace— MEXICO-VENEZUELA:  Agreement  in  regard  to  diplomatic  pouches— 
URUGUAY-GERMANY:  Treaty  of  Peace. 

LcgisUtion 102 

CHILE  :  Appointments  and  promotions  in  the  Treasury  Department— COSTA  RICA:  Lifting 
of  restrictions  on  trade— German  cititens— Mining  industry— CU  B  A  :  School  retirement  law— 
ECUADOR:  Pension  law— Administration  of  the  Interior— PANAMA:  Estates  of  for- 
eigners—PERU:  Approval  of  the  provisional  government's  acts— URUGUAY:  Retirement 
and  pension  bank— Professors— Cablegrams. 

Public  Instruction  and  Education 106 

ARGENTINA:  Public  instruction— School  buildings— BOLIVIA:  Primary  school  for  illit- 
erate policemen— Musical  institute— BRAZIL:  Agricultural  course— CHILE:  Chair  of 
municipal  law— Modem  geography  of  the  Republic— Rural  schools— Nautical  marine 
school— Interchange  of  professors— CUBA:  New  schools  for  Habana— Institute  of  physical 
education— NICARAGUA:  Schod  health  department— Dental  department— New  school 
for  young  ladies— Textbooks— School  for  nurses— PARAGUAY:  Secondary  education- 
Chair  of  pathological  anatomy— SALVADOR:  Anti-illiteracy  committee— URUGUAY: 
Night  courses— School  budget. 

General  Notes 109 

ARGENTINA:  Interpreters— Pan  American  Postal  and  Telegraphic  Congress — Foreigners- 
American  Academy  of  History— BOLIVIA:  Wireless  stations— Argentine  minister  to 
Bolivia— Direct  mail  service  between  La  Pat  and  Atocha— New  Cabinet— BRAZIL:  Monu- 
ment to  Olavo  Bliac— Braïilian  military  hospital  in  Paris— ''Correio  do  Povo  "—Literary 
contest— CHILE:  Museimi  of  History  for  Santiago— Public  baths— Chilean  minister  to  Ar- 
gentina-Museum of  archaeology  In  Iquique— Financial  commission— Exposition  of  graphic 
art— COLOMBIA:  Monument  to  Col.  Rondón— Colombia  Society  of  Employees- Anni- 
versary of  the  foundinK  of  Bucaramanga— Monument  to  Jose  Asuncion  Silva— Plan  for  future 
Bogotá — French  legation— New  Cuban  minister— Health  department— New  president  for 
the  Colombian  Aeademy  of  History — Sanitary  inspection  of  imsscngcrs — National  congress — 
Wireless  stations— Census— CH)STA  RICA:  New  Cabinet— CUBA:  Cuban  section  of  the 
International  High  Commission— Aero  Clut> — Immigration— Monument  to  Col.  Roosevelt— 
DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC:  Convention  with  Haiti— Aqueduct  ond  electric  light  plant  for 
Santo  Domingo— ECUADOR:  Centenary  of  the  battle  of  Pichincha— Canton  Salcedo— 
Hookworm— HAITI:  New  Secretary  of  Justice  ani  Foreign  Relations- Rotary  Club  branch- 
New  Secretary  for  the  United  States  legation— MEXICO:  National  day  of  mourning— New 
judicial  districts  in  Lower  California— Mexican  Advertisers  Club — Wireless— Mutual  benefit 
society— Women's  society — NICARAííUA:  Wireless  station— Laborers'  congress — Sanitary 
conmiission — Sports'  club — Census— Newspaper  men's  association— Nlcaraguan  section  of 
the  International  High  Commission- PA  N  A  MA  :  National  codification  re\is*mg  commit  tee — 
General  census— Extra  session  of  Congress— French  honor  conferred  upon  the  President- 
Red  Cross— PARAGUAY:  South  American  Milk  Congress-"  Banco  de  Credito  Comercial  "— 
Abolition  of  the  consulate  of  Austria-Hungary  in  Asimción— PERU:  Army  otlicors  Invited 
to  the  United  States— Spanish  minister  to  Peru— Naval  Attaché  to  the  Embassy  In  Wash- 
ington—South American  Congress  of  Railroads— Memorials  to  Señor  Ricardo  Palma- 
Gen.  Cáceres  made  Marshal  of  Peru— SALVADOR:  New  ministers  from  Costa  Rica  and 
Guatemala— Health  commission— "Unión  Ibero-Americana-Salvadoreña — URUGUAY: 
Bureau  of  Architects— Monument  to  the  "Uruguayan  Cow  Boy"— Hospital  in  Egido  de 
Dolores— National  aviation  center— Latin  American  Dental  Congress— Congress  of  Archi- 
tects—VENEZUELA:  Medical  Society  of  Caracas— Dental  Society  of  Caracas. 

Book  Notes 118 


l'UROATOlf 
A  painting  by  Cclslobnl  llDjm  In  tbf  CJu 


JANIARY,  1920 


THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF 
PERU      '.'      /.      '.'      /.      '.■ 


A  BRIEF  synthesis  will  give  an  integral  idea  of  the  economic 
progress  of  Peru  during  the  last  two  years  and  the  develop- 
ment of  its  enormous  resourcra.  Tliree  problems  attract 
the  attention  of  the  country  with  indisputable  insistence— 
rolonization,  irrigation,  and  railways.  To  determine  these  to  the 
best  advantage  for  the  national  progress  ¡s  the  earnest  aspiration 
of  all,  notwithstanding  discrepancies  in  creeds,  opinions,  or  political 
parties. 

For  the  purpose  of  colonization,  Peru  counts  mainly  upon  her 
valuable  forest  lands  of  the  Montaña.  With  the  idea  of  making  these 
most  available  to  colonists  and  immigrants  the  state  distributes  them 
in  three  forms:  (a)  By  purchase,  at  the  rate  of  5  soles  ($2.50)  per 
hectare,  deeding  it  to  the  purchaser  in  fee  simple  title;  by  rental. 
upoD  payment  of  the  sura  of  I  sol  ($0.50)  for  the  area  under  cultiva- 
tion and  improvement  and  2  soles  ($1)  for  the  uncultivated  areas; 
(b)  by  contract  of  colonization  which  requires  a  guaranty  of  5  solos 
($2.50)  per  hectare,  the  cultivation  of  ten  to  100  hectares  per  colonist 
or  the  abrogation  of  the  contract  for  the  failure  of  the  concessionaire 
to  fulQll  his  part  of  the  contract:  (c)  a  free  allotment  of  two  hectares, 
rescindable  in  three  years  if  the  colonist  does  not  cultivate  them, 
unless  he  consents  to  convert  the  free  allotment  into  a  mortgage, 
paying  the  corresponding  rate  per  hectare,  in  which  case  the  contract 
continues.  In  short,  permanent  legal  possession  may  be  acquired 
by  punctual  payment  of  the  small  sum  of  5  soles  ($2.50)  per  hectare 
or  about  $1  per  acre. 

>  Br  Dr,  Carlos  Olbson.  chargé  d'aflalreii  ar  l'eru.  Wu^hln^lon,  I>.  C. 


DR.  CARLOS  G 

Dr,  Carlos  Clbson  van  ediicalHl  at  Uiel'nit'ínlly  oí  Arequipa,  of  which  city 
he  li  s  nattvp,  and  holds  Il>i>  degrc«s  of  donor  ol  laws,  ot  pollileal  wiencc. 
and  of  phllisoptiy  and  letlera.  FoUowIiik  ht*  Kradiiallon  ho  pursued  a 
scries  n(  special  coutms  at  IbeuDlvenltlBs  ol  Dueños  Aire".  CamlñMce.  and 
Oxford;  al  Ihe  ¡forbontio.  J'arln;  and  the  onlveisUieii  of  Touloiiv  and  I'lia. 
While  In  ibe  L'nlrerilty  nf  Arequipa  he  dellrered  a  course  of  critical  hÍ9- 
lorleal  lectures  which  were  mibuqueDtlr  published  under  the  Itik  of 
■•(¡éiiesis  I'oMtics  del  Teru"  tThe  mitlcal  Beejnnlnfp  of  Peru).  In  Ihli 
unlventtr  be  obtained  the  chair  of  nuance,  slatf  lie»,  and  Ananclal  leEÍ<lB- 
tloo  ol  roil  by  competition,  and  hait  written  three  monop^hi  and  many 
■RlcliK  im  tbvo  sublectü.  For  some  yean  be  has  denited  hlomlt  to  the 
sen'ice  and  ha.'i  lH.<en  secretary  of  the  legation  In  London,  chaîna 
In  the  Scandinavian  rouiilrlfs.  and  first  seereiary  of  the  i'enivlan 
01  Wuihlnglnii,  in  which  capacity  he  lia'  for  somo  nioiiih"  beenpor- 
be  duties  ol  chargé  d'aitalres.  He  hold"  an  ominent  place  among 
¡enetalloti  ol  prominent  men  in  his  coiinlry.  and  during  Lhe  time 
ts  been  In  charge  of  the  emhavv  at  Waihlnpan  hv  made  a  vaj 
impreviion  olBclally,  socially,  arid  Intellectual  ly. 


4  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

The  Peruvian  executives  and  legislators  have  given  no  less  con- 
sideration to  the  question  of  irrigation.  There  is  a  vast  irrigable 
tract  where  in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  territory  only  small  areas 
are  now  cultivated.  The  fertility  of  the  soil  is  amply  attested  by  the 
incomes  derived  from  the  exploitation  of  these  small  areas.  There 
is  an  area  along  the  Peruvian  coast  of  more  than  20,000,000  hectares 
of  land  suitable  for  irrigation,  of  which  scarcely  500  hectares  are 
actually  in  a  state  of  cultivation. 

The  men  directing  the  affairs  of  the  country  are  trying  resolutely 
to  push  forward  the  irrigation  projects,  a  law  having  been  in  force 
since  1898,  before  the  actual  promulgation  of  the  *^  water  laws,"  which 
authorized  the  grantee  to  use  in  perpetuity  any  water  under  public 
dominion  for  the  purpose  of  irrigating  the  lands.  This  act  likewise 
exempts  these  irrigation  enterprises  from  the  duty  usually  imposed 
upon  imported  materials  which  are  required  for  the  construction 
of  hydraulic  undertakings,  confirms  the  title  to  the  irrigated  lands, 
and  exempts  them  from  all  taxation  for  three  years,  permits  the 
changing  of  the  course  of  the  rivers  and  free  use  of  Government 
lands,  and  besides  concedes  other  franchises. 

Since  1902  operations  have  been  systematized  and  placed  under 
control  of  the  department  of  mines  and  rivers,  which  has  organized 
the  service  of  irrigation  and  has  undertaken  costly  propositions  which 
are  truly  an  exponent  of  the  lofty  spirit  of  progress  which  animates  the 
country. 

Railroads  and  other  means  of  communication  traverse  the  country 
in  every  direction.  Railways  extend  longitudinally  along  the  coast, 
while  others  penetrate  the  Sierras  to  the  very  axis  of  the  Cordillera. 
What  the  country  desires  most  is  to  enter  the  heart  of  the  unexplored 
forest  region,  filled  with  every  variety  of  rich  flora  and  faima,  a 
magnificent  tract  whore  cabinet  woods,  vegetable  ivory,  and  other 
vegetation  and  plants  abound;  a  land  in  which  the  marvelous  soil 
yields  a  variety  of  products,  while  the  rivers  bear  gold  mixed  with 
their  waters.  This  district,  perhaps  the  richest  in  the  country,  is  the 
one  which  it  is  desired  to  exploit  at  all  hazards,  facilitating  access 
thereto  by  means  of  railways.  This  will  be  accomplished  within 
a  very  short  time. 

So  far  all  possible  routes  have  been  studied,  and  without  counting 
the  existing  roads  there  are  four  perfectly  feasible  projects:  (a) 
The  connection  of  the  extensive  railway  system  which  crosses  the 
southern  part  of  the  Republic  with  the  Madre  de  Dios  River;  (6)  the 
union  of  the  central  part  of  the  country  by  means  of  a  line  which 
will  connect  the  Caruamayo  station  of  the  Oroya  Railroad  at  Cerro 
de  Pasco  and  the  richest  copper  zone  of  the  country  with  some  navi- 
gable point,  either  on  the  Pachitea  River  or  on  the  Ucayali;  (c) 
the  proposal  to  join  the  Chimbóte  Railway  with  the  Maranon  River 


i 


í  MININO  ACTIVITY  IN  THE  CERRO  DE   PASCO 


Upper:  In  the  topground  we  have»  group  ol  burden  Iwarcn;  lyplcal  o(  the  high  Ande     In  anripnt  mining 

B «msliierablp eilenl  lo-day.  In  th*  background  siandi  liie general  office  tiiiildliig  ollhe  Lcrroclc  J'a^^eo 
Co.  Lower:  In  the  butldinyi  on  the  left  of  the  picture  are  sawmflli,  shops,  ctn.  The  small  building 
under  conslmcr.iun  Is  one  ot  ttie  en  bini.  In  connection  with  lt!<  activities  the  company  operates  miles 
dI  railway  I,  coal  mine*,  nmelten,  etc.,  and  produces  gold  and  iUtu  In  addition  to  tbe  principal  minfraj, 


THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  PERU.  7 

across  the  Trans-Andean  Valley  of  the  same  name;  and,  last,  the  one 
which  has  in  view  the  union  of  this  same  river  with  the  port  of  Paita 
in  northern  Peru.  In  this  manner  the  Montaña  will  become  linked 
with  the  central  and  northern  portions  of  the  Republic. 

The  transandean  railway  enterprise  promises  to  attain  a  happy 
conclusion.  This  project  is  designed  to  link  the  ports  of  the  Pacific 
with  the  Atlantic  by  means  of  a  line  which,  starting  from  Ninacaca 
at  kilometer  twenty-five  on  the  Oroya  Railway,  will  extend  to  the 
Pachitea.  According  to  recent  official  information  the  Peruvian 
Government  has  decided  to  undertake  this  vast  enterprise,  perhaps 
the  greatest  undertaken  in  South  America  within  the  last  decade- 
Indeed  the  transandean  line  will  surpass,  both  in  its  conception  and 
execution,  the  most  favored  projects  of  lines  of  penetration  to  the 
tributaries  of  the  Amazon  and  the  Yungas  district,  to  which  Bolivia 
and  Ecuador  have  respectively  devoted  much  attention  for  many 
years.  This  line,  which  it  is  estimated  will  cost  about  $30,000,000 
for  a  length  of  350  miles,  will  cross  the  Andes  at  a  point  8,000  feet 
above  sea  level,  although  there  is  nothing  remarkable  in  this  in  a 
coimtry  like  Peru,  which  has  constructed  the  Oroya  Railway,  which 
ascends  to  a  height  of  more  than  15,000  feet. 

The  transandean  will  be  productive  from  its  first  year,  as  it  is 
expected  to  transport  700,000  tons  of  freight  annually  after  the  first 
hundred  miles  have  been  completed  and  opened  for  public  service. 

But  the  nation,  in  addition  to  its  transandean  tract,  possesses 
mineral  deposits  of  great  value,  distributed  throughout  the  whole 
length  of  its  extensive  area.  To-day  the  railways  in  operation, 
together  with  those  under  construction,  without  coimting  the  trans- 
andean, cover  no  less  than  5,383  kilometers,  according  to  recent 
statistics  and  publications.  In  order  to  carry  these  to  a  successful 
completion  the  Peruvian  Parliament  has  voted  a  permanent  reserve 
fund  of  Lp.  230,000  ($1,150,000)  in  the  annual  budget.  By  means 
of  incon  tes  tibie  facts  demonstrated  by  actual  figures  and  experience, 
the  public  authorities  of  Peru  have  been  persuaded  that  national 
production  will  increase  a  himdredfold  when  the  existing  lines  are 
able  to  reach  the  copper  and  coal  districts  of  Ancach,  Huancavelica, 
etc.,  now  operated  on  a  very  small  scale.  It  is  only  necessary  to 
state  that  a  branch  of  fifteen  miles  would  be  sufficient  to  connect  the 
best  carboniferous  veins  of  the  coimtry,  located  in  Ancos,  in  the 
valley  of  Chuquicara,  with  the  port  of  Chimbóte. 

The  coast  and  forest  lands,  however,  do  not  constitute  all  the 
wealth  of  the  coimtry.  It  has  a  tract  known  as  the  sierras  or  table- 
lands, which  consist  mainly  of  grazing  lands  and  mines.  The  mineral 
exports  from  Peru  average  approximately  305,191  tons  valued  at 
between  $160,000,000  and  $250,000,000.     Yet,  notwithstanding  her 


VANADIUM  MINING  IN   PFRl'. 

n  the  main  vein.    CenUr;  recking  ore  ta  trtnspanation  (< 
Lower:  Arrlv»!  ol  ore  M  the  reilwey  JWtlon. 


OOLLAKISQUIBCA  COAL  MINES   OF  TEBU, 


10  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

enormous  mineral  wealth,  Peru  has  been  exploited  upon  a  very 
small  scale,  only  two  provinces  of  the  Department  of  Junin  export 
90  per  cent  of  their  production.  These  metals  are  of  high-grade  ore 
and  of  an  arerage  yield  of  6  per  cent,  from  beds  worked  on  a  large 
scale. 

No  less  satisfactory  has  been  the  price  reached  by  the  mineral  pro- 
duct in  the  markets  where  they  are  sold;  standard  copper,  which  sold 
before  the  war  for  Lp.  65  ($325)  per  ton  having  fluctuated  between  Lp. 
130  and  Lp.  144  ($650  to  $720)  per  ton,  costing  less  than  Lp.  60 
($300)  delivered  in  the  New  York  market.  On  this  account  the  pro- 
duction has  vastly  increased,  as  before  the  war  Peru  never  produced 
more  than  30,000  tons  of  copper  annually,  and  to-day  the  production 
is  not  less  than  50,000  tons. 

Of  the  above  total  the  American  concern,  the  Cerro  de  Pasco  Copper 
Corporation,  extracts  70  per  cent,  and  although  operating  with  a 
nommai  capital  of  $60,000,000  they  have  actually  invested  less  than 
$30,000,000,  realizing  a  net  profit  calculated  at  about  $1,000,000  per 
month;  the  normal  production  being  estimated  at  3,000  tons  per 
month  at  a  cost  of  Lp.  60  to  Lp.  70  (300  to  to  $350)  per  ton  and  a 
selling  price  of  Lp.  170  ($850).  This  does  not  include  any  of  the  gold 
and  silver  also  occurring  with  the  copper. 

As  a  proof  of  the  flourishing  condition  of  this  corporation  we  note 
that  its  stock  is  quoted  in  the  New  York  market  at  $58,  with  a  rising 
tendency,  having  almost  doubled  in  the  last  couple  of  months,  as  it 
was  selling  in  March  at  $30 — a  clean  rise  of  28  points.  We  also  wish  to 
state  that  the  Cerro  de  Pasco  Copper  Corporation  is  about  to  invest 
$10,000,000  in  a  new  smelter  in  Oroya,  and  $1,000,000  in  a  railway 
line  between  Morococha — a  district  which  the  company  has  recently 
acquired — and  a  point  on  the  central  railroad  of  Oroya,  it  not  having 
been  possible  to  build  a  line  across  this  rich  tract  which  it  exploits, 
due,  not  to  lack  of  funds  nor  the  will  to  do  so,  but  rather  to  an  agree- 
ment with  the  Peruvian  corporation,  which  has  been  in  force  for  over 
10  years. 

The  same  conditions  met  with  by  the  copper  industry  have  been 
experienced  with  the  silver,  lead,  antimony,  vanadium,  tungsten, 
petroleum,  and  other  metals  and  mineral  substances  in  which  Peru 
abounds.  Silver,  for  example,  which  before  the  war  was  valued  at 
24d.  per  ounce,  has  since  sold  for  40d.  per  ounce. 

Peru's  sugar  production  has  increased  from  150,000  to  close  on 
400,000  tons  during  war  times,  without  a  proportional  increase  in  the 
area  of  the  cultivated  cane  lands,  which  was  and  will  continue  to  be 
hardly  200,000  acres.  However,  there  are  ready  for  immediate  irri- 
gation more  than  400,000  hectares,  at  a  cost  of  $19  to  $105,  according 
to  the  quality  of  the  land. 


HAULING  SUGAR  CANE  FROM  FIELD  TO    FACTORY. 
Tb<  varM's  nenl  for  Bugir  is.  Piru'»  nfiportiinlty.    The  proditrttOD  during  Ibe  wu  iocrcatcd  from  IM.OOO 


INTERIOR  VIEW   OF  A  SL'CAR  REFISERV  IN  NORTHERN    TEBU. 
Thli  reanwy  Is  on  tbo  Canavlo  eslaip,  which  tiimishes  cmploymant  lot  over  2,000  people  In  thb  proOUble 


THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  PERU.  13 

From  a  cost  of  154  to  175  shillings  ($37.50  to  $42.60)  per  ton  at  the 
shipping  ports,  sugar  has  sold  during  the  war  at  an  average  of  300 
shillings  in  the  markets  to  which  it  is  exported. 

The  price  of  cotton  of  which  Peru  is  also  a  heavy  producer  has 
certainly  been  no  less  flattering.  Peruvian  Egyptian  cotton  has 
sold  at  Lp.  110  ($550)  per  ton,  and  "Metafife^'  at  Lp.  200  ($1,000), 
costing  no  more  than  Lp.  40  to  Lp.  44,  according  to  quality.  The 
best  of  these,  which  is  considered  one  of  the  finest  grades  in  the  world, 
is  a  variety  peculiar  to  this  country,  the  rough  cotton  of  Piura,  so 
called  on  account  of  the  region  which  produces  it. 

It  is  possible  for  one  single  plantation  to  obtain  five  good  harvests 
and  at  the  end  of  the  third  year  to  reach  the  maximum  production. 
Almost  the  whole  national  production  is  exported,  scarcely  3,000  tons 
being  used  as  raw  material  in  the  factories  established  in  Lima, 
Arequipa,  and  lea,  in  spite  of  the  superior  quality  of  the  fabric  manu- 
factured in  the  country  to  that  of  foreign  import. 

High  quotations  have  been  reached  not  only  in  the  case  of  sugar 
and  cotton,  but  also  in  rice,  cocoa,  wool,  hid^,  and  all  agricultural 
products.  Stock  and  farm  products  have  been  exported  from  Peru 
in  an  ever-increasing  volume,  which  in  recent  years  has  never  fallen 
below  262,150  tons,  valued  at  Lp.  8,855,813,  or  about  $44,219,065. 

Another  industry  capable  of  still  greater  development  is  founded 
on  the  wool  produced  by  the  alpaca  and  the  llama,  of  which  Peru 
practically  has  the  monopoly  of  the  world  and  from  which  over 
200,000  tons  are  produced  annually.  According  to  statistics  a  moder- 
ate estimate  of  the  annual  export  of  this  wool  is  put  at  6,916,313  kilos, 
valued  at  Lp.  1,711,734  (approximately  $8,558,670).  A  good  propor- 
tion of  the  production  is  used  for  manufacturing  purposes  in  the 
Republic. 

The  industry  of  the  preparation  of  dried  and  salted  hides  of  kid 
and  goat  has  developed  considerably.  Parchment  which  Peru  ex- 
ports is  highly  appreciated  by  the  trade  on  account  of  its  fine  texture, 
softness,  and  suitability  for  handling  and  glove  making.  These  skins 
are  eminently  adapted  for  the  manufacture  of  high-grade  articles. 

Well  abreast  of  the  natural  resources  is  the  development  of  the  com- 
merce and  means  of  transportation  by  land,  river,  and  ocean  routes 
to  such  a  degree  that  the  tonnage  of  Peru  is  beginning  to  occupy  an 
important  place  in  the  world  trade: 

Importa  to  Peru Lp.  13, 502, 851 

Exiwrtfl  from  Peru Lp.  18,  643, 414 

Total Lp.  32, 146, 266 

Compared  with  the  previous  year  these  figures  show  an  increase 
of  Lp.  6,922,652.  This  continued  and  steady  progress,  with  few 
exceptions,  has  been  maintained  throughout  the  years  of  the  war, 

16278&-^20— Bull.  1 2 


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THE   DEVELOPMENT  OF   PERU.  15 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  up  to  1917  the  foreign  commerce  of 
Peru  with  the  United  States  was  65  per  cent,  while  Great  Britain 
and  her  colonies  absorbed  22i  per  cent,  the  United  States  having 
proved  to  be  a  very  good  market  for  Peruvian  products.  The  value 
of  last  year's  exports  from  Peru  to  the  United  States  has  been 
the  highest  in  the  records  of  commercial  transactions  between  the 
two  countries,  having  reached  the  sum  of  $51,725,092,  as  against 
before,  an  increase  of  $5,680,655.  In  1915 
119,464. 

n  tie  United  States  are  no  less  important, 
I  chinery  for  cotton  mills  for  the  extracting 

le  elaboration  of  glycerin,  mechanical  ap- 
plantations,  tractors,  and  agricultural  and 
hould  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  demand 
Ï  grow  leas  since  Peru,  as  can  be  scon  from 
e  of  the  countries  in  South  America  least 
re.  This  favorable  condition  ia  apparent 
ts  shipments,  which,  far  from  being  reduced 
progressively. 

■alth  has  increased.     I'noccupied  territory 
r.     In   only   three  months  250,000  square 
meters  were  sold  along  the  recently  constructed  Magdalena  Boule- 
vard, between  Lima  an<l  Callao.     Besides  this  many  other  boulevards 
and  building  sites  are  under  construction. 

The  fiscal  situation  is  all  that  may  be  desired.  The  Republic  has 
liquidated  almost  the  whole  of  its  debt  and  the  recent  buflgeta  have 
left  a  surplus.  The  deficit  occasioned  <luring  the  first  two  years  of 
the  war  (1914-15)  was  canceled  by  a  moderate  duty  levied  on  exports. 
The  legal  tender  in  form  of  bank  bills  is  fully  secured  by  a  gold 
deposit  in  banks,  by  which  the  bills  are  issued  covering  60  per  cent 
of  the  issue,  the  remainder  being  secured  by  mortgages  and  notos 
which,  far  from  depreciating  in  value,  are  quoted  at  a  premium  of 
20  to  30  per  cent  on  the  American  dollar.  Sight  drafts  have  sold  in 
Peru  at  $5.50  and  $5.85  per  Peruvian  pound. 

Peru  has  been  enabled  to  stabilize  its  exchange  by  virtue  of  an 
agreement  with  the  United  States  by  means  of  which  a  portion  of 
the  amount  resulting  from  the  commercial  balance  may  be  deposited 
in  the  Federal  reserve  banks  and  an  equivalent  amount  of  paper 
may  be  put  in  circulation  in  Peru.  This  circumstance  and  the 
enormous  commercial  development  with  the  I'nited  States  which  has 
increased  from  30  to  65  per  cent  during  the  war,  especially  in  exports, 
have  procured  for  Peru  the  honor  of  figuring  among  the  creditors  of 
the  great  Republic,  which,  in  turn,  is  the  creditor  of  the  great  world 
powers. 


Colloa  mill  LocstM  in  Aieqtilna. 
[ndiLstry  liBsadvat 


COTTON  MILL  IN  AREQL'irA. 

ml  etral  ly  and  prsri 


SECTION   OF  \   WOOL  WABEHOrSE  IN  LIMA/ 
)S  Ilic  H'oul  from  hd  viut  herds  nf  «hirp,  but  IromsiKb  other  uiimals  as  the Kipan 


THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  PERU.  17 

As  a  significant  fact  it  may  be  stated  that  the  first  consignment  of 
gold  that  was  sent  to  any  foreign  country,  in  virtue  of  the  recent 
suspension  of  the  embargo  on  gold,  was  sent  to  Peru  through  the 
Mercantile  Bank  of  America  and  amounted  to  $1,000,000. 

Although  data  bearmg  on  this  matter  has  appeared  above,  it  is 
desamable  to  particularize  the  surprising  results  derived  from  the  in- 
vestment of  American  capital  in  different  enterprises  in  Peru.  The 
prinicipal  and  most  important  is  the  Cerro  de  Pasco  Copper  Cor- 
poration, whose  gross  earnings  for  1918  from  the  sale  of  copper 
amounted  to  $22,867,807,  notwithstanding  the  momentary  fall  in 
the  price  of  copper,  while  the  profits  for  1917  were  $2,106,275  higher, 
with  net  receipts  of  $5,078,868  and  $4,393,352  as  dividends. 

The  original  capital  of  this  company  was  $30,000,000  and  the  claims 
which  it  has  registered  with  the  Peruvian  Government  now  number 
1,800,  which  represent  an  extensive  area  of  most  valuable  property, 
situated  in  the  heart  of  the  richest  copper  district  of  the  world,  the 
value  of  which  is  increased  by  the  coal  mines  of  Gollarisquisca  and 
Quishauarchanca;  by  water  rights  and  agricultural  establishments 
of  more  than  25,000  hectares  in  extension;  by  the  hydroelectric 
power  plant  of  La  Oroya  of  more  than  12,000  horsepower;  and  lastly 
by  the  smelter  which  daily  treats  hundreds  of  tons  of  ore,  the  whole 
concern  employing  more  than  15,000  persons  in  the  mines  and  offices, 
all  of  whom  earn  very  good  salaries  and  are  well  looked  after  in  the 
buildings  erected  for  the  purpose,  which  include  a  model  hospital 
equipped  with  the  most  recent  appliances.  The  monthly  net  income 
of  the  concern  is  estimated  at  $1,000,000,  produced  by  its  Cerro  de 
Pasco  and  Morococha  establishments. 

A  new  smelter — that  of  La  Oroya — has  recently  been  inaugurated, 
capable  of  treating  4,000  tons  of  ore  daily.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that 
the  Cerro  de  Pasco  Copper  Corporation  is  able  to  place  its  copper  on 
the  New  York  market  at  the  lowest  possible  cost,  as  low  as  any  other 
producer  and  lower  than  most.  This  result,  Mr.  Harding  stated  at 
the  last  annual  meeting  of  the  company,  during  which  he  furnished 
much  interesting  data,  is  due  to  the  high  proportion  of  gold  and  silver 
which  the  ore  contains  and  the  cheapness  of  labor  in  Peru.  Apart 
from  the  200  American,  British,  and  Canadian  employees  working 
for  the  company,  the  remaining  5,000  are  natives  belonging  to  the 
mountainous  regions  of  the  Andes,  and  able,  therefore,  to  withstand 
work  in  the  mines  without  hardship. 

The  Morococha  Mining  Co.  owns  about  1,200  ''pertenencias"  or 
claims,  situated  in  the  district  of  Morococha,  with  a  powerful  plant  of 
44,000  horsepower  for  the  exclusive  use  of  the  mines.  This  is  another 
of  the  very  flourishing  American  concerns  of  the  region. 

The  Cerro  de  Pasco  Railway  Co.  carries  the  ores  and  metals  from 
the  mines  to  the  port  of  embarkation,  taking  advantage  of  a  branch 


Il 


s  si 
S  II 


IS 
ï 

ri 

il 

il 


THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  PERU.  Id 

which  unites  Cerro  de  Pasco  with  the  Oroya  where  it  joins  the  Central 
Railway  which  continues  on  to  Callao.  The  ahove-mentioned  branch 
line  is  132  kilometers  long,  its  freight  rates  are  fair,  and  the  rolling 
stock  comfortable  and  well  cared  for.  Locomotives  are  driven  by  two 
electric  motors  of  100  and  50  horsepower,  respectively.  The  staff 
consists  of  several  officials  and  about  200  workmen. 

The  barometer  for  appreciating  the  development  of  the  district  is 
undoubtedly  the  returns  of  the  railroad  which,  with  its  shops  and 
r^ular  schedules,  cooperates  efficiently  with  the  neighboring  towns 
for  their  advancement.  The  continuously  prosperous  condition  of 
this  line  can  be  appreciated  by  the  fact  that  since  1914  to  date  the 
monthly  quantity  of  mineral  freight  hauled  has  amounted  to  488,544 
tons. 

Other  American  companies  of  importance,  although  they  have  not 
developed  as  rapidly  as  the  above-mentioned,  are  to  be  found  in 
Arequipa,  Carabaya,  and  Sandia,  southern  provinces  oí  Peru.  Such 
are  Üie  Andes  Exploration  Co.,  which  works  the  copper  mines  of  Cerro 
Verde;  the  Inca  Mining  Co.  and  the  Inca  Gold  Co.,  both  gold-mining 
concerns;  the  Inambarí  DredgingCo.,  which  achieved  very  good  resulta 
from  the  draining  of  the  auriferous  rivers  in  the  region  from  which  the 
company  takes  its  name;  and  the  Humboldt  Gold  Placers  Co.,  which 
exports  considerable  quantities  of  gold  obtained  from  the  Montaña  de 
Puco. 

All  this  is  a  harbinger  of  the  era  of  national  aggrandizement  which 
has  already  been  started  in  Peru — a  country  intended  by  its  wealth, 
history,  and  traditions  to  fulfill  the  highest  demand  of  destiny. 


PAINTING  IN  VENEZUELA 


III. 

jk  MONG  the  painters  of  Venezuela  there  is  an  extraordinary 

/\  artist  who  stands  out  eminent  and  bright,  f uD  of  originality, 
/  %  force  and  brilliancy,  whose  memory,  faded  during  many 
years,  now  apparently  is  to  awaken  to  fame  with  irresist- 
ible splendor.  Rojas,  like  some  of  those  unhappy  bards  who,  con- 
demned to  misery  and  to  heartaches  by  the  lack  of  appreciation  of 
their  contemporaries,  receive  a  tardy  recognition  from  posterity, 
passed  through  the  world  leaving  fragments  of  his  marvellous  spirit 
on  the  canvasses  which  we  now  begin  to  view  with  surprise  and  delight 
and  at  the  same  time  with  the  vague  imeasiness  of  having  had  the 
guest  among  us  without  recognizing  him  as  a  painter  favored  with 
the  gift  of  genius. 

Rojas  was  bom  under  an  unlucky  star  whose  influence  accompanied 
him  to  his  tomb,  during  his  short  life,  filled  with  the  wealth  of  well- 
imderstood  and  mastered  art,  and  yet  with  all  the  vicissitudes  and 
worries  of  a  continual  struggle  against  poverty  and  the  lack  of  imder- 
standing  in  men.  His  character  and  the  very  nature  of  his  intellect 
seemed  to  deliver  him  defenseless  and  conquered  into  the  hands  of 
misfortune.  A  silent,  pensive  boy,  applying  himself  indefatigably  to 
his  art,  little  given  to  pleasure,  even  gloomy  and  severe,  like  one  who 
goes  among  people  weighted  with  a  dread  secret,  he  was  never  attrac- 
tive to  the  people  who  came  in  contact  with  him,  and  in  whom,  no 
doubt,  he  produced  a  secret  disquiet  with  that  serene  and  scrutinizing 
glance  with  which  he  seemed  to  see  beyond  ordinary  beings  and 
material  things  the  essence  of  phenomena  and  substance.  He  was 
thoroughly  possessed  of  the  reserved  and  silent  fervor  of  his  vocation; 
he  had  neither  time  nor  humor  to  court  the  dispensers  of  triumph,  nor 
to  adopt  an  attitude  to  draw  the  applause  of  his  contemporaries.  On 
the  contrary,  he  almost  turned  his  back  on  pubUc  opinion,  not  pur- 
posely, but  obUvious  of  what  he  was  doing,  for  the  demon  of  art 
possessed  him  with  such  violent  intensity  that  he  had  eyes  only  for 
the  canvasses  on  which  his  very  soul  appeared  in  multiple  and  won- 
derful forms. 

His  contemporaries  certainly  were  not  prepared  to  submerge 
themselves  in  the  work  of  Rojas,  to  penetrate  with  cordial  and 
unselfish  spirit  the  enchanted  and  ofttimes  gloomy  and  lugubrious 
ideas  of  his  pictures.  Rather  woidd  they  have  preferred  some 
painter  of  cheap  chromos,  who  would  offer  girls  with  pink  cheeks 

1  English  version  of  the  article  prepared  in  Spanish  by  Dr.  J.  Semprum. 
20 


THE  OBKAT  VENEZUELAN  PAINTER,  CRISTOBAL  ROJAS. 


22  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

and  unlikely  blue  eyes,  smiling  faces,  abundant  hair,  or  tables  loaded 
with  picturesque  viands.  Michelena,  though  he  was  an  artist  of 
more  practical  capacity,  since  he  knew  how  to  meet  more  easily  the 
popular  taste,  still  did  not  achieve  positive  popularity,  though  he 
frequently  made  sacrifices  upon  the  altar  of  convention.  Personally, 
Michelena  was  a  man  viewed  by  others  without  imeasiness  or  suspicion, 
whom  they  xmderstood  well  enough,  for  the  waves  of  light,  frank  and 
transparent,  from  his  canvases  turned  him  into  a  diaphanous  being 
not  in  the  least  fearsome. 

But  Rojas  seemed  to  know  too  much,  he  seemed  to  wish  to  express 
in  the  varied  language  of  color  the  profound  and  dreadful  truths 
which  lie  beyond  consciousness  in  the  sinister  territories  yet  unex- 
plored. The  misery  of  some  of  his  pictures  is  not  that  of  the  artist 
who  is  not  true  in  his  drawing  or  has  not  a  true  eye  for  color,  but 
rather  is  the  distress  we  feel  in  the  feverish  earnestness  with  which 
the  genius  of  the  painter  strove  to  convert  itself  into  a  clamor  of 
color. 

These  same  characteristics  of  his  work  alienated  the  Venezuelan 
art  critics  of  the  day,  who  probably  never  were  disturbed  by  the 
contagious  sorrow  of  those  canvases,  preferring  the  soothing  and 
measured  elegance  of  the  painters  in  vogue  at  tJie  time.  Rojas  re- 
mained alone  with  his  work  within  a  distant  circle  of  admirers,  who 
murmured  his  praises  quietly.  It  is  quite  certain  that  Rojas  never 
investigated  whether  the  comment  signified  praise  or  censure. 

The  career  of  Cristóbal  Rojas  does  not  seem  real  in  the  Venezuela 
o^that  day.  His  personality  stands  out  solitary  and  splendid,  as  a 
witness  to  the  energy  which  even  in  the  darkest  moments  of  its 
history  the  race  has  guarded.  Born  of  a  family  of  patriots  and 
extremely  poor,  he  had  neither  leisure  nor  recreation.  Don  Aristides 
Rojas  has  left  us  (in  his  account,  'The  Last  of  the  Expeditionists*') 
a  faithful  history  of  the  genealogy  of  the  Rojas  family  and  the  deeds 
of  his  ancestors.  It  is  an  unusual  account,  for  it  shows  how  through 
various  generations  their  spiritual  energy  manifested  itself  in  different 
forms,  until  it  culminated  in  the  resplendent  art  of  the  last  of  the 
race. 

Some  time  between  1730  and  1740  Don  Francisco  Antonio  Vasquez 
de  Rojas  arrived  at  Caracas  in  the  interests  of  the  Compañía  Guipuz- 
coana.  He  was  a  native  of  Granada  and  used  the  title  of  ''Public 
Notary  of  the  Main  Coast  of  Sea  Ocean.'  ' 

He  was  father  of  the  priest  of  the  same  name  who,  before  embracing 
the  holy  estate  of  priesthood,  was  married  and  had  one  son,  Marco 
José,  a  friend  from  childhood  of  Simon  Bolivar,  the  liberator  and 
patriot.  The  son  of  Marcos  was  José  Luis,  the  expeditioner  of  Ocu- 
mare,  and  father  of  the  painter.  But  the  high  position  brought  no 
material  benefits,  and  Cristóbal  Rojas  grew  up  and  lived  in  poverty. 


«  s 


24  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

As  a  boy  he  was  a  cigarmaker  and  lived  on  the  poor  wage  he  earned 
at  this  trade,  which,  however,  did  not  keep  him  from  dreaming  of  art, 
to  which  he  felt  himself  so  strongly  drawn.  When  alone,  he  spent 
his  time  drawing  rudimentary  figures,  unconscious  of  his  genius. 
Nevertheless,  the  manifestations  of  his  vocation  were  doubtless 
categorical  when  Herrera  Toro  risked  confiding  to  him  a  work  in 
harmony  with  his  purposes  and  ideals,  in  the  cathedral  of  Caracas, 
then  being  decorated  by  that  artist.  It  was  artisan's  work,  of  course, 
which  was  given  him,  but  it  was  the  golden  opportunity  to  proclaim 
and  maintain  his  vocation,  and  Rojas  made  the  most  of  his  chance. 
After  this  he  was  never  anything  but  a  painter. 

Rojas  did  not  allow  himself  to  be  influenced  by  the  pictures  that 
he  had  seen,  nor  did  he  propose  to  imitate  anybody.  He  carried  all 
his  artistic  ideas  in  his  own  mind,  like  a  seed  gathering  life  and  force 
to  grow.  Thus,  when  Guzman  Blanco  sent  him  to  Paris  it  was  to 
find  the  necessary  elements  to  know  and  reveal  his  own  being,  the 
means  of  bringing  forth  those  ideas,  those  forms  which  rose  in  his 
spirit  like  a  troop  of  tormenting  demons. 

For  Rojas  was  tormented  all  of  his  life.  Look  at  those  likenesses 
of  him  that  have  been  preserved;  the  austere  and  energetic  face  of  a 
hermit,  eyes  absorbed  in  profound  meditation,  more  than  sad  with 
contemplation  of  the  world,  dark  with  the  urge  and  insistance  of  his 
own  soul,  a  firm  chin,  a  face  showing  only  signs  of  an  imperious  and 
inflexible  will.  Look  at  his  pictures;  there  are  displayed  not  har- 
monies in  form,  symphonies  in  color,  nor  studied  light  effects,  but 
tragedies  of  soul,  spiritual  adventures,  the  fire  of  passions,  appetites; 
all  the  desires  and  restlessness  of  the  human  being.  We  have  here  the 
reason  why  his  pictures  possess  this  gloomy  and  severe  power  in 
which  only  souls  tried  by  experience  and  touched  by  grief  know 
how  to  understand  fully  the  nobility  of  the  emotion  and  conception. 
In  this  respect  he  represents  the  opposite  type  from  Michelena,  who 
painted  from  a  proud  objective  viewpoint  the  realities  and  fantasies, 
whose  composition  was  only  a  pretext  for  the  opulent  gifts  of  his 
rich  and  correct  art.  Rojas,  on  the  contrary,  constrains  objects, 
colors,  light  to  express  in  glowing  or  dark  effulgence  the  flames 
which  consumed  his  heart.  He  tried  to  forc^  his  spirit  through  the 
ends  of  his  brushes  to  the  mute  canvass;  to  convert  the  ephemeral 
sorrows  and  disillusionment  of  mankind  into  tangible  brightness 
that  would  endure;  to  translate  into  lasting  strokes  his  vision  of  the 
world — his  conception  of  beings  and  life.  It  is  not  to  be  supposed 
that  he  had  a  surprisingly  esthetic  belief.  Aside  from  the  technique 
of  his  art,  Rojas  had  no  great  amount  of  culture;  and  perhaps  it 
would  have  been  hard  for  him  to  express  clearly  in  words  those 
obscure  impulses  that  surged  in  his  being  and  which  may  be  called 
inspiration. 


LA  ORFANDAD. 
A  palDtlng  hy  Cristobal  Rojas  In  lhe  Nations]  Uu 


26  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

**E1  Purgatorio''  is  Rojas's  masterpiece,  and  he  lived  only  a  few 
days  after  completing  it.  The  last  time  that  he  left  his  sick  bed  was 
to  go  to  see  the  place,  in  the  temple  of  San  Francisco,  where  his 
picture  was  to  be  hung.  Tuberculosis  was  devouring  him  with 
frenzied  virulence.  The  vision  of  his  last  picture  came  to  him  on 
his  death  bed — the  picture  into  which  he  put  so  much  bitterness  and 
torment,  but  also  so  much  hope. 

Such  was  the  life  of  the  artist,  pursued  by  repeated  misfortunes, 
that  he  came  at  the  hour  of  death  into  the  living  certainty  of  glory. 
But  his  glory  did  not  spring  up  impetuous  and  rich,  like  a  plant  of 
the  tropics.  *^E1  Purgatorio'*  up  to  the  present  has  been  the  only 
one  of  his  works  that  was  popular,  thanks  to  certain  favorable 
circumstances;  the  rest  remain  unknown,  and  the  name  of  Rojas  is 
vague  and  remote  and  comes  to  Venezuelan  memory  by  chance. 
There  is  not  the  humblest  stone  to  refresh  his  memory,  and  over  his 
solitary  grave  in  the  cemetery  of  Caracas  grow  weeds  without  num- 
ber; silence  and  oblivion  reign  unheeding  and  unheard  over  the 
remains  and  memory  of  the  greatest  of  the  Spanish-American 
painters. 

It  is  the  later  generations  of  Venezuelans  who  commence  to  show 
an  interest  in  the  great  artist  and  his  work,  though  so  far  the  hour 
of  compensation  is  not  in  sight.  The  farther  we  are  from  his  con- 
temporaries the  clearer  notion  we  acquire  of  the  merits  of  the  artist, 
who  seems  destined  to  have  in  the  future  an  unequaled  fame. 

Rojas  was  an  indefatigable  worker,  tenacious  and  prolific  in  ideas. 
He  cared  little  for  smears  and  retouches.  When  he  began  a  pictm^e 
he  outUned  it  rapidly  without  measurements,  vacillations  or  tmcer- 
tainties.  He  considered  the  composition  a  long  time,  painting  first 
in  his  mind,  and  when  the  vision  was  clear  in  forms  and  tones  of  color, 
he  poured  it  out  upon  the  canvas  with  happy  celerity.  His  works 
for  this  reason,  excepting,  of  course,  those  attempts  of  his  first  stages 
and  rough  sketches  drawn  in  search  of  the  adjustment  of  difficult 
details,  have  a  firmness  and  sureness  that  strikes  one  at  first  sight. 
He  paid  small  tribute  to  the  conventionalities  of  the  moment,  the 
type  of  his  art,  all  spirit,  prevented  him  from  f alUng  into  the  frailties 
of  the  prevaihng  style  and  thereby  wasting  his  time.  He  bore  no 
affection  for  his  masters,  but  all  of  them  admired  him,  even  if  not  all 
of  them  said  so.  He  was  a  man  of  too  intense  and  austere  person- 
ahty  to  tolerate  the  blandishments  of  others  who  drew  near  seeking 
the  gratification  of  mutual  flattery.  And  this  was  not  because  he 
was  a  bitter  and  untractable  person,  rather  was  he  inclined  to  be 
quiet  and  gentle  in  his  contact  with  people.  Certainly  he  possessed 
a  formidable  shell  of  silence,  against  which  were  uselessly  spent  ahke 
the  blows  of  misfortune  and  the  stohd  ill  will  of  those  who  pretended 
that  he  should  seek  other  means  than  his  brushes  for  gaining  recogni- 
tion of  his  merits.     Engrossed  entirely  in  his  art,  he  found  in  art  itself 


28  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

reward  enough  for  his  labors.  The  vision  of  burning  Purgatory, 
threatening  and  sinister,  in  the  nave  of  the  church  of  San  Francisco, 
accompanied  him  no  doubt  through  his  last  hour,  lighting  the  dark- 
ness and  agony  with  the  clear  dawn  of  promise  with  which  shone  the 
hght  of  redemption  over  the  anguish  of  the  sinners.  This  great 
picture  exercises  over  us  such  a  powerful  influence  that  it  is  difficult 
to  break  the  spell  and  reconstruct  the  figure  of  the  artist  in  the  fullness 
of  his  capabilities.  As  a  rule,  the  public  stopped  at  ** Purgatorio" 
and  were  neither  curious  enough  nor  interested  sufficiently  to  scru- 
tinize the  rest  of  Rojas's  work,  though  all  of  it  was  harmonious, 
vivid,  and  strong.  The  greater  part  of  his  pictures  were  left  in  Paris, 
but  the  best  and  better  known  are  in  Venezuela,  the  national  museum 
possessing  some  and  others  belonging  to  individuals. 

There  is  one  pictm^e  by  Rojas  called  '^Orfandad"  which  is 
but  little  known,  yet  considered  by  some  to  be  his  master- 
piece, if  not  the  masterpiece  of  Venezuelan  art.  For  the  first  time  a 
photograph  of  the  picture  is  published  herewith,  showing  it  to  be  a 
wonderfully  simple  and  pathetic  piece  of  art.  Only  Manuel  Diaz 
Rodriguez,  as  far  as  I  know,  has  given  any  praise  to  this  picture, 
which  has  appeared  in  public  but  once,  at  the  Exposition  of  Christian 
Art,  years  ago,  when  it  figured  as  a  Madonna.  It  is  difficult  to  find 
in  any  of  Rojas's  work  more  character,  firmness,  and  feeling  than 
there  is  in  this  pictm^e,  all  somber  and  deep  emotion.  The  face  of 
the  mother  shows  the  presence  of  oppressive  grief,  yet  at  the  same  time 
it  shines  with  I  know  not  what  spiritual  strength  of  maternal  tender- 
ness. In  the  sweet,  serious  face  of  the  woman  are  artistically  mingled 
the  irreparable  sadness  of  widowhood  with  that  warm  hght  that  shines 
in  the  faces  of  loving  mothers.  There  is  not  one  commonplace 
recourse,  nor  one  stroke  that  shows  laziness  or  constraint  in  the  painter. 
The  work  is  of  the  kind  that  springs  spontaneous  and  unspoiled 
when  the  soul  of  the  artist  is  saturated  to  the  depths  with  the  spirit 
of  the  work  itself,  which  overflows  and  fixes  itself  in  permanent  form. 
This  picture  brings  the  word  'inspiration  "  to  the  lips  of  the  beholder. 
There  is  certainly  in  the  picture  much  of  painstaking  art,  a  wealth  of 
cleverness  and  technical  subtleties,  and  exact  and  severe  drawing. 
But  aside  from  all  these  merits  which  analysis  discovers  and  explains, 
there  exists  something  deep  and  moving;  the  melancholy  settled  on 
that  face  hke  white  frost  on  a  flower;  the  life  w^hich  shines  in  those 
grave,  sweet  eyes  seeing  the  enigma  of  destiny  with  the  heavy  grief 
of  a  widow  and  the  hopes  of  a  mother.  The  whole  face  is  a  poem  of 
sadness  and  tenderness,  taking  hold  on  one  with  its  inward  suffering. 
The  figure  of  the  child,  his  innocent  repose,  the  very  lassitude  with 
which  his  languid  arm  falls  down,  form  a  cruel  contrast  between 
happy  innocence  and  ever-present  suffering.  The  coloring  of  the 
picture  is  masterful  in  all  its  details  and  effects.  In  this  canvas 
Rojas  achieved  the  happy  fullness  of  his  genius.    His  ordinarily 


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152788—20— Bull.  I— 


30  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

sullen  mood,  frequently  expressed  in  violent  coloring,  was  softened 
with  autumnal  shades  heretofore  absent  from  his  palette. 

In  the  pictures  in  the  museum  of  Caracas,  *'La  Taberna"  is  the 
composition  most  full  of  life  and  strength  and  the  only  picture  in 
which  Eojas  permitted  himself  any  trace  of  happiness  in  the  midst 
of  the  sordidness  spread  upon  the  canvas.  It  is  the  only  light 
touch  of  pleasant  things  in  all  his  work.  To  him  life  showed  no 
smiles;  he  only  penetrated  the  moods  and  actions  of  human  beings 
that  revealed  sorrow,  aflS^ction,  or  anguish.  *  *  La  Miseria  '*  is  a  picture 
which  at  first  shocks  and  displeases  by  reason  of  its  crude  realism, 
but  it  contains  a  bitter  ferment  of  disquieting  and  pathetic  commisera- 
tion. After  a  little,  one  becomes  famihar  with  its  figures  and  its 
lugubrious  details,  and  senses  the  deep  anguish  and  reconstructs  the 
intense  and  common  tragedy  to  which  the  brush  has  given  a  dramatic 
force.  There  the  genius  of  Rojas  found  itself  in  its  proper  atmosphere 
and  seems  to  have  assimilated  in  wise  meditations  all  the  bitter  and 
sorrowful  essence  of  human  misery,  to  put  it  on  canvas  as  perpetual 
agony.  His  muse  bedecked  herself  only  with  withered  roses,  cypress 
and  funereal  asphodels.  Death  and  pain  lead  him  by  the  hand  through 
the  world,  revealing  to  him  terrible  secrets  which  lie  beside  views  of 
flowering  roses  and  wealths  of  myrtle.  The  artist  looked  toward 
these  frank  and^smiUng  pictures,  but  straightway  forgot  them;  his 
spirit  seemed  forever  caught  in  the  crown  of  thorns  set  upon  the 
temples  of  man. 

Every  view  of  human  nature  was  converted  into  a  tragedy  in  his 
spirit.  Imagine  the  first  communion  of  a  little  girl  painted  by  any 
Venezuelan  painter  of  the  period;  there  comes  to  your  imagination 
the  innocent, *^eet  face  of  the  child  lighted  by  gleams  of  pure  and 
mystic  joy,  or  perhaps  by  the  rapture'  and  ecstacy  of  faith  triumphant. 
Such  a  subject  and  such  faces  filled  with  emotion  we  have  all  seen 
at  some  time.  Rojasjoins  to  the  traditional  forms  of  spiritual  sweet- 
ness and  pure  emotions  the  tremendous  presence  of  death  and  sorrow. 
The  child  who  receives  the  communion  is  about  to  die;  in  her  thin 
face  already  show  the  rigidities  of  the  corpse,  and  the  faces  of  the  elders 
are  perturbed  and  afflicted.  The  breath  of  his  spirit  gives  extraor- 
dinary animation  to  the  scene,  in  which  we  seem  to  see  through  the 
ephemeral  religious  ecstacy,  the  passage  through  the  Valley  of  the 
Shadow.  The  pallid  and  suffering  f acíB  of  the  child  no  longer  belongs 
to  this  life  and  only  art  can  prolong  i  ta  melancholy  agony.  But 
here  there  is  no  high  mysticism.  We  do  not  see  the  hope  of  life 
beyond  earth  in  the  dark  anguish  which  comes  from  the  picture  like 
the  perfume  of  funereal  flowers.  The  picture  has  a  pungent  and  des- 
perate realism.  No  sign  is  there  of  the  painter  of  Beatrice,  the  sweet 
companion  of  Dante  along  the  paths  of  purgatory. 

In  his  last  years  Rojas  felt  inclined  to  search  for  the  human  side 
in  his  work.     He  had  devoted  himself  to  the  drawing  of  some  of  the 


32  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

personages  in  passages  of  the  Divine  Comedy,  which  chimed  so  with 
his  tacitmn  and  bitter  spirit.  Unfortunately,  of  this  work  there  re- 
main to-day  only  a  few  somber  sketches,  scattered  in  ignorant  hands, 
and  the  picture  of  Beatrice  strolling  along  the  path  of  liUes.  Was  it 
to  paint  his  ** Purgatory"  that  Eojas  took  up  the  reading  of  Dante, 
and  led  on  by  the  solemn  and  obscure  magic  of  Inferno,  did  he  decide 
to  paint  it  with  the  colors  of  his  personal  interpretation?  So  the 
existence  of  the  aforementioned  sketches  would  lead  us  to  believe. 
Some  are  extremely  superficial,  like  original  notes  on  which  the  artist 
was  basing  the  general  lines,  still  vague,  of  his  futiu'e  task.  The 
canvas  of  *^E1  Purgatorio"  must  have  been  the  first  one  of  a  series, 
the  first  fruit  of  a  purpose  already  ripe.  Rojas  was  not  a  man  who 
would  give  up  because  the  task  was  arduous.  His  ability  to  work 
was  incomparable,  and  proved  his  true  and  heroic  devotion  to  art 
when  through  the  years,  in  spite  of  never  having  obtained  the  reward 
he  merited,  he  persevered  in  his  work  with  the  same  silent  faith,  and 
the  same  inexhaustible  confidence  in  himself  as  if  he  had  obtained 
prizes  and  praises  without  number. 

There  is  a  story  to  the  effect  that  Rojas  while  h^  was  painting  **E1 
Purgatorio,"  to  get  the  right  impression  burned  sulphur  in  his  studio. 
The  story  surely  originated  in  the  mind  of  some  one  much  impressed 
by  the  violence  of  the  picture  ;  there  was  no  need  for  such  frank  sub- 
terfuges when  purgatory,  vivid  and  flaming,  shone  with  dark  red 
fires  within  the  tormented  and  suffering  soul  of  the  painter.  But 
among  these  glowing  coals,  over  the  ordeal  by  fire,  appears  the  ideal 
figure  of  Beatrice,  a  glory,  piu-e  and  radiant,  perhaps  the  joy  of  con- 
science, shown  by  triumphant  art  raising  itself  serene  and  strong 
beyond  earthly  troubles,  among  the  perennial  Ulies  of  the  garden 
of  hope.  In  Rojas  there  was  restlessness  and  bitterness,  but  not  des- 
peration nor  blasphemies  nor  irreverent  ironies.  He  copied  life  in 
its  bitter  and  desolate  aspects,  but  where  his  brush  seemed  to  revel 
in  calling  up  doleful  images  there  gleamed  a  warm  ray  of  light  that 
promised  some  consolation.  Perhaps  through  deliberate  purpose 
and  as  a  pale  relief  to  those  same  misfortunes,  he  sought  to  give 
delicate  touches  which  contradicted  with  light,  clear  comment  the 
pricking  sharpness  of  his  painting. 

Cristóbal  Rojas  is  our  painter  par  excellence.  The  range  of  his 
gifts  as  artist,  his  powerful  technique  and,  finally,  that  inexhaustible 
inspiration  which  carried  him  above  artifices  and  conventions  all 
signal  him  as  our  great  painter,  and  the  new  generation  of  Venezue- 
lans begin  to  approach  his  pictures  with  more  interest  and  reverence. 
From  this  we  may  hope  that  some  day  over  the  spot  where  the 
artistes  remains  are  laid  there  will  be  raised  a  monument  worthy  of 
the  fame  and  honor  which  his  work  has  brought  to  the  name  of  his 
native  land. 


1 1 

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34  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

IV. 

Among  the  artists  who  have  appeared  of  late  years  Tito  Salas  is 
preeminent,  being  a  painter  devoted  to  his  art  and  of  great  imagi- 
native quality,  who  achieved  triumph  at  an  early  age.  Like  all  our 
latter  day  painters,  he  began  his  studies  in  the  School  of  Fine  Arts  of 
Caracas,  and  his  surprising  talent  got  him  a  scholarship  in  Europe. 
From  Paris  he  retiu-ned  to  Caracas,  already  noted  by  triumphs  in  Paris 
salons,  to  be  present  at  the  inauguration  of  his  *' Tríptico  boliviano,'' 
which  took  place  during  the  centennial  of  the  independence.  Pre- 
vious to  that  he  had  painted  Breton  scenes  with  a  good  deal  of  char- 
acter. In  the  Triptich  he  faced  the  difficulties  of  historical  painting 
and,  in  spite  of  his  youth,  he  was  successful  in  his  task.  The  three 
scenes  of  the  composition  show  the  Liberator  in  the  three  greatest 
moments  of  his  life  :  The  oath  of  the  Liberator  to  his  country  which, 
according  to  Simón  Rodríguez,  was  made  by  Bolivar  when  a  mere 
boy,  among  the  ruins  of  Rome;  the  crossing  of  the  Andes  in  the  cam- 
paign which  ended  in  the  triumph  of  Boyacá;  and  the  death  of  the 
hero  in  Santa  Marta,  suffering  from  the  evident  crumbling  of  his 
work.  Criticisms  have  not  been  lacking  for  this  picture,  not  so  much 
in  regard  to  the  execution  as  to  certain  details  which  some  consider  in- 
appropriate. But  certainly  the  triptich  is  heroic  ;  the  Liberator  of  the 
crossing  of  the  Andes  has  the  fierce  and  unbreakable  will  which  the 
hero  showed  in  that  undertaking,  the  keystone  of  all  his  former  work, 
whose  accomplishment  assured  his  authority  and  with  it  the  freedom 
of  South  America.  The  picture  of  the  suffering  of  the  chieftain  is 
strong  and  moving;  at  the  hour  of  death  there  comes  to  his  imagin- 
ation the  memory  of  those  glorious  days,  when  from  the  memorable 
hills  he  watched  the  decisive  charges  of  the  battalions  at  Carabobo, 
or,  excited  by  the  mental  vision  and  exultation  of  victory,  he  saw  in 
his  palace  in  Lima  the  charges  of  the  legions  of  Colombia  against  the 
hosts  of  Ayacucho. 

Tito  Salas  has  recalled  one  of  the  most  sinster  episodes  of  the  war 
of  national  emancipation — the  emigration  to  the  East,  when,  before 
the  irresistible  advance  of  the  lancers  of  Bo  ves,  Caracas  emigrated 
in  a  mass  to  the  East,  fleeing  from  the  horrors  which  the  barbarous 
hosts  sowed  in  their  path.  It  is  deplorable  that  Tito  Salas  has  not 
kept  on  with  this  kind  of  work,  which  could  furnish  him  with  so  much 
heroic  material.  From  his  genius  and  his  vivacity  he  is  destined  to 
renew  the  tradition  of  Rojas,  for  he  cultivates  among  other  tendencies 
fidelity  to  objective  nature  with  the  pure  desire  to  put  thrilling  life 
into  inert  colors.  If  the  circumstances  of  life  do  not  quench  the 
fortimate  spirit  of  restlessness  which  torments  him  and  which  are  the 
urgings  of  the  masterpiece  not  yet  accomphshed,  he  will  be  one  of  our 
foremost  artists. 


PAINTING  IN  VENEZUELA.  35 

Contemporaneous  with  him  appears  a  group  of  young  men  which  is 
increasing  little  by  little.  The  founding  of  the  Fine  Arts  Club  in 
Caracas  gave  an  impetus  to  painting.  In  this  club  some  showed 
talents  that  were  extremely  promising,  and  it  was  a  pity  that  lack  of 
perseverance  or  cohesion  separated  the  group  without  realizing  the 
hopes  that  we  all  had  of  them.  The  School  of  Plastic  Arts  does  not 
lack  promising  pupils,  and  it  is  said  that  among  the  pictures  to  be  ex- 
hibited in  the  National  Exposition  there  are  some  of  evident  merit. 

V. 

It  is  extraordinary  that  landscape  painting  has  been  so  little  culti- 
vated in  Venezuela,  notwithstanding  the  influence  that  the  natural 
surroundings  have  on  the  national  soul.  None  of  our  great  painters 
has  shown  any  inclination  to  landscape  painting;  and  those  who  de- 
voted themselves  to  it  did  not  leave  any  works  of  merit. 

Pedro  Zerpa  is  the  only  landscape  painter  who  received  much 
attention  from  the  art  critics  of  about  10  years  ago.  He  painted  some 
views  of  the  valley  of  Caracas  which  won  him  a  reputation  and  a  chair 
in  the  School  of  Plastic  Arts  in  Caracas.  Manuel  Cabré  is  one  of 
the  new  generation  of  native  landscape  painters.  He  began  exhibit- 
ing in  the  Fine  Arts  Club  little  pictures  that  were  full  of  life,  which 
brought  favorable  comment  and  pleasant  prophecies.  Later  he 
exhibited  a  collection  of  landscapes  in  Caracas  which  led  him  to  be 
considered  as  the  future  master  of  this  branch  of  art.  Cabré  goes 
about  his  work  in  a  direct  manner,  and  like  a  horse  breaker  who  prefers 
to  mount  the  wildest  the  better  to  show  his  skill,  so  Cabré  chooses 
hours  of  tropical  light  from  10  in  the  morning  to  4  in  the  afternoon. 
There  are  no  soft  dawns  with  fleecy  clouds  in  a  turquoise  sky;  no 
mellow  sunsets  with  fading  tints  of  rose  and  blue,  and  the  sadness  of 
quiet  waters  and  solitary  trees.  Cabré  attempts  the  rough  slopes  of 
the  Avila,  diflücult  in  the  variety  of  its  aspects,  or  the  mango  tree 
whose  trunk  and  branches  are  a  feast  of  briUiant  tones  ;  those  bands 
of  light  which  interrupt  the  solemnity  of  the  arcadian  green  of  the 
forest  like  sudden  audacious  shouts.  In  his  struggle  with  the  crude 
greens,  flame  yellows  and  clay  yellows,  the  light  reds  and  burnt  orange 
of  flowers  and  embers,  the  painter  almost  always  comes  out  victorious. 
Cabré  has  put  feeling  into  his  pictures  where  his  predecessors  merely 
put  brush  strokes.  The  hills  tremble  in  the  distance,  the  trees  move 
in  the  luminous  atmosphere  drimk  with  oxygen  ;  the  ground  calls  one 
to  walk  over  it  with  swift  steps  down  the  footpath  to  gain  the  shade 
of  the  cool  shady  mango  trees. 


TRES  ARROYOS 


#    #  á  é    0 

0  0       0  * 


rE  District  of  Tres  Arroyos,  which  was  establidhed  in  ac- 
cordance with  a  law  of  July  19,  1865,  is  now  one  of  the 
most  important  poUtical  divisions  of  the  Province  of 
Buenos  Aires.  The  southern  part  of  this  district  is  ex- 
ceedingly progressive,  and  its  developnent  along  numerous  Unes 
of  useful  eflFort  insures  for  it  a  prominent  place  among  the  depart- 
ments of  the  Province.  Because  of  the  importance  of  its  prod- 
ucts, its  manufactures,  its  general  development,  the  attention  ac- 
corded public  instruction  by  its  officials,  as  well  as  the  united  efforts 
of  its  inhabitants,  who  are  filled  with  the  spirit  of  progress  and  of 
industry,  the  district  of  Tres  Arroyos  has  undergone  a  constant  growth 
which  has  brought  to  it  the  prosperity  which  it  now  enjoys. 

The  city  of  Tres  Arroyos,  capital  of  the  district  of  the  same  name, 
is  a  fine  example  of  the  development  of  the  section  in  which  it  is 
located,  and  its  people  certainly  have  cause  to  be  proud  of  their 
rapidly  growing  town.  Built  up  by  the  constant,  disinterested,  and 
loving  devotion  of  its  inhabitants,  the  city  has  progressed  daily,  and 
little  by  little  has  become  a  populous  center  with  all  the  attributes 
of  a  large  city,  influential  and  powerful  because  of  the  industry  of  its 
inhabitants  and  their  great  accomplishments.  The  district  has  an 
area  of  623,680  hectares,  and  an  approximate  population  of  42,000 
souls. 

The  traveler  who  arrives  at  Tres  Arroyos  can  not  fail  to  be  pleas- 
antly surprised  on  finding  at  a  distance  of  500  kilometers  from  Buenos 
Aires  a  beautiful  city  of  conmianding  aspect,  with  modem  urban 
developments  and  with  traffic  showing  intense  business  life.  Its 
streets,  extending  into  the  suburbs,  are  paved  with  granite  blocks, 
and  it  has  many  beautiful  buildings,  which  of  themselves  are  an 
index  to  the  growth  and  progress  of  the  city.  The  municipal  palace, 
which  is  now  in  course  of  construction,  the  bank,  school,  commercial, 
and  church  edifices  greatly  contribute  to  the  beautification  of  the 
town.  Moreno  Boulevard  is  a  fine,  wide  avenue  which  fronts  on  San 
Martin  Plaza.  On  this  avenue  are  the  buildings  of  the  National, 
Spanish,  and  Conmiercial  banks,  as  well  as  the  edifice  of  the  Italian 
Society,  the  market,  and  other  structures.  In  the  center  of  the 
Boulevard  is  a  beautiful  park  or  rambla.  This  is  a  popular  place  of 
reunion,  especially  during  the  summer  months,  for  the  élite  of  the 
city. 

Notwithstanding  the  great  activity  in  building  in  Tres  Arroyos, 
rents  are  very  high  there,  due  to  the  influx  of  population.     The  value 
of  land  in  the  center  of  the  city  varies  from  40  to  60  pesos  per  square 
.36 


TYPICAL  STREETS  OF  TRES  ARROYOS. 
Tb*  ell7  bM  euht  bi 


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THE  SPANISH  COMMUNITY  AID  SOCIETY. 

(  aid  ceatrn  hava  Ih 
Franch,  DauLib,  a: 


STATUE  OF  LIBERTY. 
Tblj  bauitllu]  column  bu  baen  araclad  In  tba  San  Martin  Plais,  wbich  is  one  of  tba  most  BtlracUra  ipott 


BANK  BUILDINGS  OF  TRES  ARROYOS. 

hasbtoUfhtnewllQMiciBl  Inslilulloosioihpdty.    I 
I*  River  PlBU.    Lower:  Ttw  NbUod>1  Bank  ol  Arg«Dl 


TRES  ARROYOS.  41 

meter,  the  price  decreasing  greatly  according  to  distance  from  the 
business  section  of  the  town. 

On  September  28,  1878,  the  first  municipal  conmiittee  of  the 
department  of  Tres  Arroyos  was  formed,  and  on  July  9,  1885,  on  the 
occasion  of  the  celebration  of  national  independence  day,  the  munici- 
pal buildings  were  opened  to  public  use.  Since  that  time  the  pros- 
perity of  the  town  and  of  the  district  has  continued  unabated.  The 
municipal  building  already  referred  to,  which  is  being  erected  on  San 
Martin  Plaza  facing  the  Moreno  Boulevard,  is  not  yet  completed. 
The  construction  of  this  edifice,  which  was  commenced  in  1906,  was 
temporarily  discontinued.  One  of  the  floors,  however,  has  been 
completed  and  is  now  occupied  by  the  mayor's  office. 

The  district  of  Tres  Arroyos  has  24  schools,  8  of  which  are  urban 
with  a  registration  of  1,880  pupils,  5  surburban  with  an  enrollment 
of  494  pupils,  and  11  rural  with  440  pupils.  The  private  schools  are 
attended  by  431  pupils,  making  a  total  school  registration  of  3,245 
pupils.  These  24  schools  have  60  feniale  and  5  male  teachers.  The 
district  also  has  a  normal  school,  which  is  well  attended. 

There  are  240,000  hectares  of  land  in  cultivation  in  the  district. 
The  remaining  area  consists  of  grazing  lands,  sand  dunes,  etc.  The 
annual  production  of  wheat  and  oats  is  250,000  tons,  of  which  110,000 
tons  are  wheat  and  140,000  tons  are  oats.  Com,  barley,  flax,  and 
alpiste  are  also  cultivated. 

According  to  the  census  of  1916  the  district  had  749,000  sheep, 
101,021  head  of  cattle,  74,130  horses,  and  10,031  hogs,  the  aggre- 
gate value  of  which  is  estimated  at  23,809,421  pesos.  The  colonists 
not  only  cultivate  the  soil,  but  raise  stock  as  well.  The  importance 
of  the  stock  industry  of  Tres  Arroyos  is  very  great,  and  this  industry 
is  one  of  the  principal  factors  in  the  commercial  life  and  prosperity  of 
that  section. 

A  number  of  large  houses  of  Buenos  Aires  maintain  branches  in 
Tres  Arroyos.  The  oonmierce  in  cereals  of  the  Tres  Arroyos  and 
tributary  districts  aggregates  annually  from  650,000  to  700,000  tons. 
Of  the  110,000  tons  of  wheat  produced  in  the  district,  80,000  tons  are 
sold  in  the  grain,  and  30,000  are  used  by  millers  and  for  seed  purposes. 
Of  the  oats  130,000  tons  are  sold  and  10,000  used  for  seeds. 

Branches  of  the  following  banks  are  established  in  the  city  of  Tres 
Arroyos:  Bank  of  the  Argentine  Nation,  Bank  of  the  Province  of 
Buenos  Aires,  and  the  Spanish  Bank  of  the  River  Plate;  and  in  ad- 
dition to  these  there  is  a  local  bank — the  Commercial  Bank  of  Tres 
Arroyos. 

The  Southern  Railway  penetrates  this  district,  and  at  all  of  its 
stations  there  are  large  grain  elevators.  The  city  of  Tres  Arroyos  is 
abundantly  suppUed  with  grain  elevators  and  warehouses.  The 
Southern  Railway  was  opened  to  traffic  in  that  city  in  1885. 


CALLE  ENRIQUE  BETALOZA. 

iMlsof  thp  pllylcmiing  out  Inlu  lhe  suburbs.    Tres  Arroyos  b  building  uP 
ol  population  and  dmiajid  loi locuUims.bothtoi business  imdnHldenci. 


AMERICAN  FLOUR  KILLS. 
i«  «nMrprlse  in  Tres  Artavos.    About  one-third  of  the  umuti  output  ol  wheat 


is  Dtuled  01  lu 


THE  RURAL  SOCIETY. 
LI  this  meeting  place  fo 


PUBLIC  SCHOOL  NO.  1. 
Tns  Arroyo)  b*s  u)  eicalletit  school  system,  both  rural  sad  urbsn 


A  THRA8HINO  PARTY. 


METHODS  OF  PLOWING  IN  TRES  ARROYOS. 


SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN   FINANCIAL  CONFERENCE.  45 

In  this  section  of  the  country  there  are  numerous  small  farms,  th»i 
value  of  the  land  varying  from  280  to  320  pesos  per  hectare.  The 
annual  rental  of  agricultural  land  is  from  15  to  20  pesos  per  hectare. 

Community  aid  centers  have  been  organized  in  the  principal  town.^ 

of   the  district.     Tres   Arroyos  has   the  Spanish,   Italian,    French, 

Danish,  and  cosmopolitan  clubs,  nearly  all  of  which  occupy  their 

re  is  also  a  social  club,  which  has  a  fine  building. 

talian  clubs  have  splendid  edifices  and  many 

■ovided  with  a  library,  has  a  ohartiable  society, 
)r  children,  Tho  building  in  which  the  lattiT 
cost  upward  of  60,000  pesos. 

COND  PAN   AMER- 
NANCIAL  CONFER- 
ENCE    /.       •/      /.      '/      /. 


ON  January  19,  1920,  there  will  meet  hi  the  Pan  American 
Building  the  Second  Pan  American  Financial  Conference, 
which  will  be  in  session  about  10  days  and  attended  by 
ministers  of  finance  and  other  delegates  of  each  of  the  20 
tries  and  representatives  of  the  United  States 
retary  of  the  Treasury.  Special  groups  of  lead- 
,  financiers,  and  commercial  leaders  have  already 
of  the  American  countries,  and  they  will  coop- 
fates  in  considering  the  questions  that  come 
The  preparations  for  this  meeting  are  under 
of  Dr.  L.  S.  Rowe,  former  Assistant  Secretary 
now  Chief  of  the  Latin  American  Division  of 
t,  who  is  secretary  general  of  the  conference, 
C.  E.  McGuire,  a.ssistant  secretary  of  the  United 
International  High  Commission.  The  following 
IS  been  arranged,  subject  to  revision  and  exten- 
sion as  may  be  required  : 

On  Saturday,  January  17,  1920,  at  10.30  a.  m.,  the  delegates  will 
be  received  by  the  Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States,  and  at 
noon  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  who  will  entertain  them  at 
luncheon  at  1  o'clock.  At  3  o'clock  a  preliminary  meeting  of  the 
delegates  and  the  reading  of  rules  will  be  held  in  the  Hall  of  the 
iVraericas. 

132788—20— Bull.  1 1 


46  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

Sunday,  January  18,  the  delegates  will  leave  at  10  o^clock  in  the 
morning  for  a  trip  to  Mount  Vernon  by  automobile. 

At  10  o'clock  in  the  morning,  Monday,  January  19,  the  opening 
session  of  the  conference  will  convene  in  the  Hall  of  the  Americas, 
and  the  Secretary  of  State  will  introduce  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
as  presiding  officer.  The  Vice  President  of  the  United  States  will 
then  be  introduced  and  will  deliver  an  address.  Responses  by  the 
delegations  will  follow,  and  the  director  general  of  the  Pan  American 
Union  will  welcome  the  delegations  on  behalf  of  that  organization. 
At  1  o'clock  a  luncheon  will  be  tendered  to  the  official  delegates  by 
the  Secretary  of  State,  and  at  2  o'clock  the  opening  session  wiU  be 
resumed.  Announcements  will  then  be  in  order.  At  4  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon  the  meetings  of  the  group  committees  will  be  organized, 
and  at  9  that  evening  a  reception  will  be  given  the  official  delega- 
tions and  the  group  committees  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
at  the  Pan  American  Building. 

Ten  o'clock  has  been  adopted  as  the  hour  most  convenient  for  each 
day's  session.  On  Tuesday,  January  20,  the  group  and  other  com- 
mittees will  first  hold  their  meetings;  at  1  o'clock  the  United  States 
section  of  the  International  High  Commission  will  give  a  luncheon 
to  members  of  the  other  national  sections  of  the  delegations  at  the 
Pan  American  Building;  at  3  o'clock  the  group  committee  meetings 
will  be  held;  at  8.30  in  the  evening  there  wiU  be  a  second  general 
session,  and  the  general  topic  will  be  *^The  Credit  Situation  of  the 
World."  The  following  subjects  of  addresses  have  been  listed: 
**The  Problems  of  the  United  States  as  a  Creditor  Nation,"  the 
governor  of  the  Federal  Reserve  Board  ;  '^  The  Rising  Cost  of  Capital," 
Hon.  Frank  A.  Vanderlip;  and  two  other  speeches  to  be  allotted  to 
members  of  one  of  the  South  or  Central  American  delegations.  The 
general  sessions  will  be  open  to  ladies. 

Group  committee  meetings  will  begin  the  work  on  Wednesday, 
January  21,  and  a  luncheon  at  the  Pan  American  Building  will  be 
tendered  to  the  chairmen  of  delegations  by  the  Vice  President  of  the 
United  States.  At  3  o'clock  the  group  committee  meetings  will  be 
resumed,  and  in  the  evening  the  third  general  session  will  be  held. 
The  topic  at  this  meeting  will  be  *^  Commerce  and  Finance,  Inter- 
national Cooperation."  The  addresses  will  be  given  by  Hon.  John 
Bassett  Moore,  who  will  speak  on  ^^The  Work  of  the  International 
High  Commission";  Dr.  Mario  Diaz  Irizar,  director  of  the  Inter- 
national Trade-Mark  Bureau  of  Habana,  who  will  address  those 
present  on  **The  International  Trade-Mark  Convention";  and  two 
others  to  be  appointed  from  the  South  or  Central  American  dele- 
gations. 

The  fourth  general  session  will  begin  the  work  on  Thursday 
January  22,  and  there  will  follow  the  submission  of  all  reports  of 
group  committees  and  of  the  committee  on  transportation.     Hon. 


SECOND  PAN   AMERICAN   FINANCIAL  CONFERENCE.  47 

Huston  Thompson,  of  the  Federal  Trade  Commission,  will  address  the 
assembly  on  **  International  Regulation  of  Unfair  Competition." 

At  3  in  the  afternoon  the  fifth  general  session  will  convene,  and  will 
have  as  the  general  topic  **  Fiscal  and  Currency  Reform  as  Factors 
m  National  Credit.''  Besides  the  two  members  of  coming  delegations 
who  will  be  asked  to  speak,  Hon.  Paul  M.  Warburg  will  deliver  an 
address  on  **  Fiscal  and  Currency  Standards  as  the  Measure  of  the 
Credit  of  Nations;"  and  Hon.  Benjamin  Strong,  governor  of  the 
Federal  Reserve  bank  of  New  York,  will  have  as  his  subject  "The 
Introduction  of  the  Budget  System  and  the  Improvement  of  Fiscal 
Methods  in  the  United  States." 

The  sixth  general  session  will  convene  that  evening  and  will  have 
for  the  general  topic  "The  Improvement  of  Ocean  and  Land  Trans- 
portation Facilities."  Besides  the  three  speeches  by  delegates  from 
South  or  Central  America  to  be  designated  later,  the  chairman  of  the 
United  States  Shipping  Board,  Hon  John  Barton  Payne,  will  speak 
on  "The  Future  Policy  of  the  United  States  Shipping  Board,"  and 
Hon.  William  G.  McAdoo  on  "Railroad  and  Cable  Communication 
and  the  Improvement  of  Trade  Relations  between  Latin  America  and 
the  United  States." 

On  Friday,  January  23,  the  seventh  and  closing  general  session  will 
be  held,  the  order  for  which  will  be — ^First,  the  report  of  the  conmiittee 
on  form  and  resolutions;  second,  reports  of  the  secretary  general; 
third,  unfinished  business;  and  fourth,  adjournment.  At  7  in  the 
evening  the  official  banquet  will  be  given  in  the  Hall  of  the  Americas, 
at  which  the  Secretary  of  State  and  an  official  delegate  representing 
the  delegations  from  Central  and  South  America  will  deUver  addresses. 

On  Saturday,  January  24,  visits  will  be  made  in  the  morning  to 
the  Bureau  of  Standards  and  to  the  Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Print- 
ing, and  at  1  o'clock  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  will  give  a  farewell 
luncheon  to  all  official  déliâtes,  secretaries,  and  attachés  of  delega- 
tions at  the  Pan  American  Building. 

Sunday,  January  25,  a  visit  will  be  made  to  Annapolis  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  and  a  luncheon  will  be  given  at 
the  Xaval  Academy.  On  Monday,  the  26th,  the  Pan  American  Society 
of  the  United  States  will  give  a  dinner  in  New  York  City  to  the 
official  delegations. 

Official  information  as  late  as  December  29,  1919,  gave  the  following 
as  appointees  of  foreign  delegations: 

Argentina;  Dr.  Domingo  Salaberry,  minister  of  finance;  Dr.  Ricardo 
Aldao,  and  Dr.  Luis  Zuberbuhler;  Dr.  Alejandro  Bunge,  consulting 
expert;  Dr.  Pedro  Palacios,  secretary;  Dr.  Eduardo  Ocantos,  attaché; 
Dr.  Jacobo  Waisman,  attaché;  Dr.  Fernando  Sagui  Dodson,  attaché; 
Dr.  Adolfo  Porkert,  attaché. 

Bolivia:  Dr.  Jose  Luis  Tejada,  former  minister  of  finance;  Dr. 
Ricardo  Martínez  Vargas,  former  minister   of   pubUc  works;    Dr. 


48  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

Heriberto  Gutiérrez,  director  national  treasury,  and  Mr.  Edward 
Rivas,  secretary,  consul  of  Bolivia,  New  Orleans,  La. 

Brazil:  Mr.  Carlos  de  Oli viera  Sampaio,  Dr.  Manuel  Coelho  Rod- 
riguez, secretary. 

Chile:  Mr.  Luis  Izquierdo,  Mr.  Samuel  Claro  Lastarria,  Secretary 
Arturo  La  Marco  Bello,  Mr.  Victor  V.  Robles,  and  Mr.  Alberto 
Edwards. 

Colombia:  Mr.  Pomponio  Guzman,  minister  of  finance;  Mr.  Tomas 
Suri  Salcedo,  former  minister  of  finance,  and  Mr.  Ernesto  Cortízzos, 
attaché. 

Cuba:  Dr.  Carlos  Armenteros  y  Cardenas,  imder  secretary  of  agri- 
culture, commerce  and  labor;  Mr.  Luis  Gonzalez  de  Mendoza  y 
Freire  de  Andrade,  and  the  Hon.  Carlos  Manuel  de  Céspedes,  minister 
of  Cuba,  chairman. 

Dominican  Republic:  His  Excellency,  Luis  Galván,  minister  to 
Washington,  and  Lieut.  Commander  Arthur  B.  Mayo,  financial 
adviser. 

Ecuador:  Dr.  Luis  Felipe  Borja,  Hon.  Gustavo  R.  de  Ycaza, 
consul  general  in  New  York  City,  and  Mr.  Luis  Elizalde. 

Guatemala:  His  Excellency  Dr.  Luis  Toledo  Herrarte,  chairman, 
minister  for  foreign  affairs  of  Guatemala  ;  the  Hon.  Manuel  Echeverría 
y  Vidaurre,  minister  resident  of  Guatemala  in  San  Salvador;  coimselor 
of  special  mission  to  Washington  on  boundary  question  with  Hon- 
duras; Mr.  Virgilio  Rodriguez  Beteta,  editor  *^  Diario  de  Centro- 
América." 

Haiti:  Mr.  Fleury  Féquière,  secretary  of  state  for  finance  and  com- 
merce; Mr.  Horace  Ethéart,  inspector  general  of  public  education, 
and  Mr.  Ferdinand  Dennis,  department  of  foreign  affairs. 

Honduras:  Mr.  Ignacio  Agurcia,  Dr.  Antonio  Lopez  Villa,  Gf^neral 
Kench  Paredes. 

Mexico:  His  Excellency,  Ignacio  Bonillas,  Ambassador  of  Mexico, 
chairman;  Mr.  Salvador  Urbina,  solicitor  of  the  treasury;  Mr. 
Enrique  Martinez  Sobral,  Mr.  Bartolomé  Carvajal  y  Rosas,  Mr.  Julio 
Poulat,  director  of  the  bureau  of  labor,  department  of  commerce; 
Mr.  J.  Centeno,  department  of  commerce,  and  Mr.  Francisco  Valdez, 
director  of  the  mint. 

Nicaragua:  Messrs.  Octaviano  César,  A.  F.  Lindberg,  and  Mr. 
Adolfo  Cardenas,  second  secretary  of  legation. 

Panama:  Mr.  Jose  Agustin  Arango,  manager  the  National  Bank  of 
Panama;  Mr.  Luis  E.  Alfaro,  Assistant  Secretary  of  Finance  ;  Mr.  Juan 
Navarro  Diaz,  secretary  Association  of  Commerce  of  Panama,  Secre- 
tary International  High  Commission,  Panama  section. 

Paraguay:  Dr.  Eusébio  Ayala,  minister  of  finance;  Mr.  Enrique 
Bordenave,  deputy,  and  Mr.  Rodney  Croskey. 

Peru:  His  Excellency  Fernando  C.  Fuchs,  minister  of  finance; 
Mr.  Pedro  Davalos  y  Lisson;  and  Mr.  Ricardo  Bullen, 


SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  FINANCIAL  CONFERENCE.  49 

Salvador:  His  Excellency  Jose  Esperanza  Suay,  minister  of  finance, 
and  Dr.  Reyes  Arrieta  Rossi,  former  under  secretary  of  foreign 
affairs,  newly  appointed  counsel  for  the  Salvadorean  legation. 

Uruguay:  His  Excellency  Dr.  Jacobo  Varela  Ace  vado,  minister  to 
Washington;  Dr.  Ricardo  Vecimo,  minister  of  finance;  and  Senator 
Aregon  y  Etchart. 

Venezuela:  Dr.  Vicente  Lecuna,  president  International  High  Com- 
mission, Venezuelan  section;  Mr.  Enrique  Perez  Dupuy,  merchant; 
and  Dr.  Nicolas  Velos  Goiticoa. 

The  group  committees  have  been  appointed  as  follows  : 

Arçentina:  Chairman,  Frank  A.  Vanderlip,  American  Interna- 
tional Corporation,  120  Broadway,  New  York  City;  special  repre- 
sentative of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  W.  G.  P.  Harding,  Federal 
Reserve  Board,  Washington,  D.  C.  Members,  Charles  H.  Bentley, 
president  California  Packing  Co.,  101  California  Street,  San  Fran- 
cisco, Calif.  ;  James  J.  Fagan,  president  the  Crocker  National  Bank, 
San  Francsico,  Calif.;  James  A.  Farrell,  president  United  States 
Steel  Corporation,  room  1817,  71  Broadway,  New  York  City;  Henry 
Ford,  president  Henry  Ford  &  Son,  Dearborn,  Mich.;  Dr.  I.  N. 
Hollis,  president  Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute,  Worcester,  Mass.  ; 
E.  N.  Hiu-ley,  28  East  Jackson  Boulevard,  Chicago,  111.  ;  Archibald 
Kains,  president  American  Foreign  Banking  Corporation,  53  Broad- 
way, New  York  City;  H.  E.  Bryan,  president  Chicago,  Milwaukee, 
and  St.  Paul  R.  R.  Co.,  room  1227  Railway  Exchange  Building, 
Chicago,  111.  ;  Hendon  Chubb,  Chubb  &  Sons,  5  Williams  Street,  New 
York  City;  Edward  Dudley  Kenna,  15  Wall  Street,  New  York  City; 
Marc  M.  Michael,  treasurer.  Consolidated  Steel  Co.,  165  Broadway, 
New  York  City;  Andrew  J.  Peters,  mayor  of  Boston,  Boston,  Mass.; 
E.  T.  Stotesbury,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  ;  Prof.  E.  R.  A.  Seligman,  Coliunbia 
University,  New  York  City;  Daniel  G.  Wing,  First  National  Bank  of 
Boston,  Boston,  Mass.;  and  Henry  L.  Janos,  care  of  MacArthur 
Brothers,  120  Broadway,  New  York  City,  secretary. 

Bolivia:  Chairman,  Joseph  P.  Grace,  W.  R.  Grace  &  Co.,  7  Hanover 
Square,  New  York  City;  special  representative  of  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  Walter  W.  Warwick,  Comptroller  of  the  Treasury, 
Washington,  D.  C.  Members,  Arthur  L.  Church,  secretary  the 
Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  ;  Cornelius  F.  Kelley, 
president  the  Anaconda  Copper  Co.,  42  Broadway,  New  York  City; 
Charles  E.  Lyerly,  president  First  National  Bank,  Chattanooga, 
Tenn.;  J.  F.  O'Neil,  4046  Shaw  Avenue,  St.  liouis,  Mo.;  Charles 
M.  Pepper,  1133  Broadway,  New  York  City;  Calvin  W.  Rice,  secre- 
tary the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  29  West  Thirty- 
ninth  Street,  New  York  City;  J.  Rogers  Flannery,  American  Vana- 
dium Co.,  Vanadium  Building,  Pittsburgh,  Pa  ;  Arthur  M.  Harris, 
Harris,  Forbes  &  Co.,  New  York  City;  John  Hughes,  United  States 


50  THE  PAK  AMERICAN  UNION. 

Steel  Corporation,  71  Broadway,  New  York  City;  Harrison  C.  Lewis, 
general  manager,  National  Paper  and  Type  Company,  32  Bm-ling  Slip, 
New  York  City;  Ira  A.  Campbell,  room  1614,  27  William  Street, 
New  York  City;  George  H.  Richards,  Dalton  Adding  Machine  Co.,  640 
Woolworth  Building,  New  York  City;  and  Charles  Lyon  Chandler, 
manager  foreign  trade  department  Com  Exchange  Bank,  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  secretary. 

Brazil:  Chairman,  Oscar  T.  Crosby,  Warren  ton,  Va.;  special 
representative  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Albert  Strauss,  vice 
governor  Federal  Reserve  Board,  Washington,  D.  C.  Members, 
Henry  S.  Dennison,  Dennison  Manufacturing  Co.,  Framingham,  Mass.  ; 
W.  Cameron  Forbes,  J.  M.  Forbes  &  Co.,  614  Sears  Building,  Boston, 
Mass.;  J.  H.  Bagley,  vice  president,  American  Bank  Note  Co.,  70 
Broadway,  New  York  City;  WiUiam  S.  Culbertson,  United  States 
Tariff  Commission,  1322  New  York  Avenue,  Washington,  D.  C.  ;  A.H. 
Dick,  American  Locomotive  Sales  Co.,  30  Church  Street,  New  York 
City;  Edward  S.  Huxley,  president  United  States  Rubber  Export  Co. 
(Ltd.),  1790  Broadway,  New  York  City;  W.  S.  Kies,  American  Inter- 
national Corporation,  120  Broadway,  New  York  City;  Frederico 
Lage,  Imbrie  &  Co.,  61  Broadway,  New  York  City;  Col.  F.  A.  Molitor, 
35  Nassau  Street,  New  York  City;  A.  S.  Peabody,  of  Peabody, 
Houghtaling  &  Co.,  10  South  La  Salle  Street,  Cliicago,  111.;  William 

E.  Peck,  of  William  E.  Peck  &  Co.,  104  Pearl  Street,  New  York  City; 
V.  H.  Pinckney,  California  Packing  Corporation,  101  California  Street, 
San  Francisco,  Calif .  ;  E.  W.  Rice,  president  General  Electric  Co., 
Schenectady,  N.  Y.  ;  Theodore  F.  Whitmarsh,  vice  president  and 
treasurer,  and  Prof.  Percy  A.  Martin,  Iceland  Stanford  Junior  Uni- 
versity, Calif.,  secretary. 

Chile:  Chairman,  Paul  M.  Warburg,  17  East  Eightieth  Street,  New 
York  City;  special  representative  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
Edwin  F.  Sweet,  Assistant  Secretary  of  Commerce,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Members,  Spruille  Braden,  19  West  Forty-fourth  Street,  New  York 
City;  W.  C.  Potter,  care  of  Guggenheim  Bros.,  120  Broadway,  New 
York  City;  Laurie  R.  Cofer,  manager  foreign  department  Wells  Fargo 
Nevada  National  Bank,  San  Francisco,  Calif.  ;  Daniel  A.  de  Menocal, 
vice  president  First  National  Bank  of  Boston,  Boston,  Mass.  ;  G.  L. 
Duval,  of  Wessel,  Duval  &  Co.,  25  Broad  Street,  New  York  City; 
C.  H.  Ewing,  Federal  manager  Allegheny  region  United  States  Rail- 
road Administration,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  Andrew  Fletcher,  presi- 
dent American  Locomotive  Co.,  30  Church  Street,  New  York  City; 
John  Hays  Hammond,  2301  Kalorama  Road,  Washington,  D.  C; 

F.  I.  Kent,  vice  president  Bankers'  Trust  Co.,  15  WaU  Street,  New 
York  City;  J.  C.  McKinley,  Schmulbach  Building,  Wheeling,  W.  Va.  ; 
J.  Luis  Schaefer,  vice  president  W.  R.  Grace  &  Co.,  7  Hanover  Square, 
New  York  City;  A.  H.  Titus,  vice  president  National  City  Bank    of 


SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  FINANCIAL  CONFERENCE.  51 

New  York,  New  York  City;  George  Whitney,  23  Wall  Street,  New 
York  City;  Pope  Yeaton,  111  Broadway,  New  York  City;  and  Verne 
LeRoy  Havens,  Tenth  Avenue  and  Thirty-sixth  Street,  New  York 
City,  secretary. 

Colombia:  Chairman,  Wallace  D.  Simmons,  Simmons  Hardware 
Co.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  special  representative  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  Charles  S.  Hamlin,  Federal  Reserve  Board,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.  Members,  Joseph  G.  Brown,  president  Citizens'  National 
Bank,  Raleigh,  N.  C;  Maurice  Coster,  vice  president  Westinghouse 
Electric  International  Co.,  165  Broadway,  New  York  City;  E.  A. 
de  lima,  president  Battery  Park  National  Bank,  2  Broadway,  New 
York  City;  F.  C.  Dillard,  202  North  Travis  Street,  Sherman,  Tex.; 
F.  J.  Groodnow,  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Md.;  R.  C. 
Haskins,  International  Harvester  Co.,  606  South  Michigan  Avenue, 
Chicago,  111.;  George  H.  Eietz,  National  Park  Bank,  post-office 
box  65,  City  Hall  Station,  New  York  Cityj  Justus  Ruperti,  Arosinck 
&  Co.,  post-office  box  242,  90  Wall  Street,  New  York  City;  L.  K. 
Sakbury,  president  Delta  &  Pine  Land  Co.  of  Mississippi,  156  Madi- 
son Avenue,  Memphis,  Tenn.;  John  Henry  Hammond,  care  of  Brown 
Bros.&Co., 59  Wall  Street,New  York  City;  W.R.Shepherd,KentHall, 
Columbia  University,  New  York  City;  F.  W.  Scott,  Scott  &  String- 
fellow,  Mutual  Building,  Richmond,  Va.;  George  M.  Shriver,  vice 
president  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad,  room  306,  Baltimore  &  Ohio 
Central  Building,  Baltimore,  Md.;  R.  Lancaster  Williams,  R.  Lancas- 
ter Williams  Co.  (Inc.),  Equitable  Building,  Baltimore,  Md.;  and  Dr. 
Peter  H.  Groldsmith,  director  American  Association  for  International 
Conciliation,  407  West  One  hundred  and  seventeenth  Street,  New 
York  City,  secretary. 

Costa  Rica:  Chairman,  Walter  Parker,  general  manager  New 
Orleans  Chamber  of  Commerce,  New  Orleans,  La.;  special  repre- 
sentative of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Jouett  Shouse,  Assistant 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Washington,  D.  C.  Members,  G.  A. 
Aerts,  secretary  Ault  &  Wiborg  Co.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio;  Chandler  P. 
Anderson,  1618  Twenty-first  Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C;  W.  F. 
Bippus,  president  and  treasurer  Joyce-Gridland  Co.,  Linden  Avenue, 
Dayton,  Ohio;  Charles  J.  Brand,  general  manager  American  Fruit 
Growers  Syndicate,  280  Union  Arcade,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.;  George 
L.  Hoxie,  50  East  Forty-first  Street,  New  York  City;  F.  M.  Halsey, 
National  City  Co.,  55  Wall  Street,  New  York  City;  Richard  I.  Man- 
ning, 429  North  Main  Street,  Sumter,  S.  C;  Lamar  C.  Quintero, 
Hennen  Building,  New  Orleans,  La.;  Festus  J.  Wade,  president 
Mercantile  Trust  Co.,  Eighth  and  Locust  Streets,  St.  Louis,  Mo.; 
S.  Davies  Warfield,  Baltimore,  Md.  ;  and  Cyrus  F.  Wicker,  Logan  Hall, 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  West  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  secretary. 


52  TSE  PaK  AMERICAN   UKIOK. 

Cuba:  Chairman,  F.  Q.  Brown,  Redmond  &  Co.,  33  Pine  Street, 
New  York  City;  special  representative  of  the  Secretary  of- the  Treas- 
ury, Angus  McLean,  Director  War  Finance  Corporation,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  Members,  Phanor  J.  Eder,  Mercantile  Bank  of  the 
Americas,  44  Pine  Street,  New  York  City;  Philip  W.  Henry,  vice 
president  American  International  Corporation,  120  Broadway, 
New  York  City;  Milton  C.  Elliott,  Southern  Building,  Washington, 
D.  C;  Paul  Fuller,  2  Rector  Street,  New  York  City;  Levi  L.  Rue, 
Philadelphia  National  Bank,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  Maynard  D.  Howell, 
export  manager  Montgomery,  Ward  &  Co.,  Chicago,  III.;  Prof.  E.  M. 
Patterson,  Wharton  School  of  Finance  and  Commerce,  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  Prof.  C.  A.  Phillips,  15  North  Park 
Street,  Hanover,  N.  H.;  James  Speyer,  Spoyer  &  Co.,  24-26  Pine 
Street,  New  York  City;  Frederick  Strauss,  J.  &  W.  Seligman  &  Co., 
54  Wall  Street,  New  York  City;  Albert  E.  Tate,  Tat©  Furniture  C^., 
High  Point,  N.  C;  G.  C.  Taylor,  president  American  Express  Co., 
65  Broadway,  New  York  City;  Henry  B.  Wilcox,  vice  prasident  Mer- 
chants &  Mechanics  First  National  Bank,  Baltimore,  Md.  ;  J.  C.  White, 
care  of  J.  G.  White  &  Co.,  37  Wall  Street,  New  York  City. 

Dominican  Republic:  Chairman,  William  C.  Redfield,  50  Broad 
Street,  New  York  City;  special  representative  of  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  Norman  H.  Davis,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury, Washington,  D.  C.  Members,  F.  R.  Fairchild,  Yale  University, 
New  Haven,  Conn.;  Chauncey  H.  Hand,  jr.,  care  of  Brown  Bros., 
59  Wall  Street,  New  York  City;  Charles  T.  Plunkett,  president 
Berkshire  Cotton  Manufacturing  Co.,  Adams,  Mass.;  Morris  K. 
Parker,  vice  president  Equitable  Trust  Co.,  New  York  City;  George 
D.  Graves,  vice  president  Irving  National  Bank,  New  York  City; 
J.  T.  Holdsworth,  vice  president  Bank  of  Pittsburgh,  Pittsburgh, 
Pa.;  Chester  B.  Lord,  5575  Chamberlain  Avenue,  St.  Louis,  Mo.; 
Frank  J.  R.  Mitchell,  Mercantile  Bank  of  the  Americas,  44  Pine 
Street,  New  York  City;  Joseph  H.  O'Neil,  president  Federal  Trust 
Co.,  Boston,  Mass.;  Martin  Travieso,  Hotel  Vanderbilt,  New  York 
City;  and  A.  Gonzalos  Lamas,  care  of  Imbrie  &  Co.,  61  Broadway, 
New  York  City,  secretary. 

Ecuador:  Chairman,  E.  M.  Herro,  president  Westinghouse  Electric 
&  Manufacturing  Co.,  East  Pittsburgh,  Pa.;  special  representative  of 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Henry  A.  Moehlenpah,  member 
Federal  Reserve  Board,  Washington,  D.  C.  Members,  E.  M.  Dor- 
chard,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn.;  Harry  L.  Brown,  treas- 
urer Waltham  Watch  Co.,  Waltham,  Mass.;  R.  S.  Hecht,  president 
the  Hibemia  Bank  &  Trust  Co.,  New  Orleans,  La.;  George  de  B. 
Keim,  vice  president  Chandler  &  Co.  (Inc.),  Franklin  Bank  Building, 
Philadelphia,  Pa.;  Herbert  Fleishhacker,  Anglo  and  London-Paris 
National  Bank,  San  Francisco,  CaUf.;  Howard  E.  Loeb,  president 


SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  FINANCIAL  CONFERENCE.  53 

Tradesmen's  National  Bank,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  O.  K.  Davis,  sec- 
retary National  Foreign  Trades  Council,  Hanover  Square,  New 
York  City;  Benoni  Lockwood,  43  Cedar  Street,  New  York  City; 
John  McHugh,  vice  president  Mechanics  &  Metals  Bank,  20  Nassau 
Street,  New  York  City;  J.  W.  StoU,  president  Kentucky  Bankers' 
Association,  Lexington,  Ky.;  Walter  M.  Van  Deusen,  vice  president 
Mercantile  Bank  of  the  Americas,  44  Pine  Street,  New  York  City; 
and  Maj.  George  T.  Weitzel,  409  Mills  Building,  Washington,  D.  C., 
secretary. 

Guatemala:  Chairman,  John  Clausen,  banker,  270  Broadway, 
New  York  City.  Members,  A.  L.  Burrage,  85  Ames  Building,  Bos- 
ton, Mass.;  A.  B.  Farquhar,  York,  Pa.;  Roy  H.  Griffin,  vice  presi- 
dent Citizens'  Commercial  Trust  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.;  Frank  K. 
Houston,  vice  president  First  National  Bank,  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  J.  H. 
Tregoe,  secretary-treasurer  National  Association  of  Credit  Men,  41 
Park  Row,  New  York  City;  A.  G.  Bates,  treasurer  Pacific  Mail 
Steamship  Co.,  4  Hanover  Square,  New  York  City;  William  Fisher, 
112  Market  Street,  San  Francisco, Calif.;  L.  A. Coolidge,  United  Shoe 
Machinery  Co.,  434  Albany  Building,  Boston,  Mass.;  Daniel  Kelliher, 
Seattle  National  Bank,  Seattle,  Wash.;  Prof.  E.  W.  Kemmerer, 
Princeton  University,  Princeton,  N.  J.;  W.  T.  Kemper,  chairman 
of  the  board.  Southwest  National  Bank  of  Commerce,  Kansas  City, 
Mo.;  William  E.  Woodin,  president  American  Car  &  Foimdry  Co., 
165  Broadway,  New  York  City;  George  S.  Wright,  DwinoU- Wright 
Co.,  311  Summer  Street,  Boston,  Mass.;  and  Dr.  D.  G.  Monro,  office 
of  the  Foreign  Trade  Adviser,  Department  of  State,  Washington, 
D.  C,  secretary. 

Haiti:  Chairman,  Edward  Hidden,  St.  Louis  Club,  St.  Louis,  Mo.; 
special  representative  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Hon.  D.  C. 
Biggs,  governor  Federal  Reserve  Bank,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Members, 
Alfred  L.  Aiken,  President  National  Shawmut  Bank,  Boston,  Mass.; 
Charles  J.  Andre,  secretary-treasurer  National  Association  of  Se- 
curities Commissioners,  statehouse,  St.  Paul,  Minn.;  Maj.  Gen. 
William  C.  Gorgas,  War  Department,  Washington,  D.  C.  ;  L.  R.  Browne, 
credit  manager  Western  Electric  Co.,  195  Broadway,  New  York  City; 
J.  W.  Esmond,  E.  H.  Rollins  &  Co.,  Chicago,  111.;  M.  B.  Lane,  pres- 
ident Citizens  and  Southern  Bank,  Savannah,  Ga.  ;  Joseph  E.  Otis, 
vice  president  Central  Trust  Company  of  lUinois,  Chicago,  111.;  B. 
C.  Powell,  Southern  Trust  Co.,  Little  Rock,  Ark.;  Paul  W.  Chap- 
man, Paul  W.  Chapman  &  Co.,  Pine  and  WilHam  Streets,  New 
York  City;  Will  E.  Morris,  vice  president  Farmers  &  Merchants  Bank, 
Stockton,  Calif.;  Gustave  SchoUe,  504  Southern  Building,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C;  T.  Stebbins,  manager  public  utilities  service,  34  Gramercy 
Park,  New  York  City;  and  Dr.  Julius  Goebel,  jr..  Cosmos  Club, 
Washington,  D.  C,  secretary. 


54  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

Honduras:  Chairman,  H.  H.  Merrick,  president  Great  Lakes  Trust 
Co.,  Chicago,  111.;  special  representative  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  J.  U.  Calkins,  governor  Federal  Reserve  Bank,  San  Fran- 
cisco, Calif.  Members,  M.  F.  Backus,  president  National  Bank  of 
Commerce,  Seattle,  Wash.  ;  Prof.  Warren  B.  Catlin,  Bowdoin  College, 
Brunswick,  Me.;  Victor  M.  Cutter,  vice  president  United  Fruit  Co., 
131  State  Street,  Boston,  Mass.;  Samuel  P.  Colt,  chairman  United 
States  Rubber  Co.,  1790  Broadway,  New  York  City;  Eugene  W.  Ong, 
vice  president  United  Fruit  Co.,  Boston,  Mass.  ;  John  E.  Rossell,  presi- 
dent Security  Trust  and  Safe  Deposit  Co.,  Wilmington,  Del.  ;  C.  E.  W. 
Smith,  30  Pine  Street,  New  York  City;  Charles  de  la  Vasselais,  man- 
ager China,  Japan  &  South  American  Trading  Co.,  New  Orleans,  La.  ; 
William  E.  Manning,  vice  president  Youngstown  Sheet  &  Tube 
Co.,  1208  Stambaugh  Building,  Youngstown,  Ohio;  C.  T.  Owens, 
Alabama  Power  Co.,  Brown  Marx  Building,  Birmingham,  Ala.; 
Samuel  Sachs,  Goldman,  Sachs  &  Co.,  60  Wall  Street,  New  York  City; 
and  Thomas  D.  Mott,  South  Bend,  Ind.,  secretary. 

Mexico:  Chairman,  Robert  S.  Brookings,  Cupples  Co.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Members,  E.  N.  Brown,  room  1836,  120  Broadway,  New  York  City; 
Henry  Bruere,  61  Broadway,  New  York  City;  John  S.  Drum,  pres- 
ident Savings  Union  Bank  &  Trust  Co.,  No.  1  Grant  Avenue,  San 
Francisco,  Calif.;  F.  Abbott  Goodhue,  vice  president  First  National 
Bank  of  Boston,  Boston,  Mass.;  John  G.  Lonsdale,  president  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Commerce,  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  Henry  C.  Adams,  Depart- 
ment Ekîonomics  University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.  ;  S.  T. 
Henry,  vice  president  The  AUied  Machinery  Co.  of  America,  51 
Chambers  Street,  New  York  City;  Alba  B.  Johnson,  president 
Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  605  Morris  Building,  Philadelphia,  Pa.; 
W.  H.  Knox,  W.  H.  Knox  &  Co.,  Inc.,  New  York  City;  George  L. 
LeBlanc,  vice  president  The  Equitable  Trust  Company,  New  York 
City;  Robert  F.  Maddox,  president  Atlanta  National  Bank,  Atlanta, 
Ga.  ;  William  M.  Ritter,  W.  H.  Ritter  Lumber  Co.,  Columbus,  Ohio;  G. 
R.  Tuska,  68  William  Street,  New  York  Gty;  and  Prof.  Charies  H. 
Cunningham,  box  52,  University  of  Texas,  Austin,  Tex.,  secretary. 

Nicaragua:  Chairman,  W.  L.  Saunders,  chairman  board  of  direc- 
tors, IngersoU-Rand  Co.,  11  Broadway,  New  York  City;  special  rep- 
resentative of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  A.  C.  Miller,  Federal 
Reserve  Board,  Washington,  D.  C.  Members,  Prof.  Charles  J. 
Gerstenberg,  New  York  University,  School  of  Commerce,  Accounts, 
and  Finance,  New  York  City;  Robert  N.  Harper,  president  District 
National  Bank,  Washington,  D.  C;  Prof.  Jeremiah  W.  Jenks,  Alex- 
ander Hamilton  Institute,  13  Astor  Place,  New  York  City;  Samuel 
Untermeyer,  120  Broadway,  New  York  City;  Elmer  Youngman, 
Editor  Bankers  Magazine,  253  Broadway,  New  York  City;  S.  C.  Mead, 
secretary  The  Merchants  Association,  233  Broadway,  New  York  City; 


SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN   FINANCIAL  CONFERENCE.  55 

Leslie  E.  Freeman,  representative  American  Chamber  of  Commerce  in 
Brazil,  37  Liberty  Street,  New  York  City;  Walter  H.  Head,  vice  presi- 
dent Omaha  National  Bank,  Omaha,  Nebr.  ;  William  P.  Phillips,  54  Wall 
Street,  New  York  City;  William  A.  Prendergast,  president  New  York  & 
Honduras  Rosario  Mining  Co.,  17  Battery  Place,  New  York  City; 
Paul  S.  Remsch,  2212  R  Street  NW.,  Washington,  D.  C;  Sol  Wexler, 
care  of  J.  S.  Bache  &  Co.,  42  Broadway,  New  York  City;  and  Edwin 

D.  Kizer,  Irving  National  Bank,  225  West  Sixty-ninth  Street,  New 
York  City,  secretary. 

Panama:  Chairman,  H.  K.  Mulford,  The  American  Laboratories, 
1924  Pine  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  special  representative  of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  M.  B.  Wellborn,  governor  Federal  Reserve 
Bank,  Atlanta,  Ga.  Members,  Dr.  Lindell  T.  Bates,  room  1316,  71 
Broadway,  New  York  City;  Charles  Henry  Butler,  1537  I  Street  NW., 
Washington,  D.  C.  ;  Thomas  F.  Croen,  importers  and  exporters,  room 
614,  29  Broadway,  New  York  City;  Nelson  A.  Gladding,  vice  president 

E.  C.  Atkins  Co.,  Indianapolis,  Ind.;  Clarence  J.  Oweris,  Southern 
Conmiercial  Congress,  Southern  Building,  Washington,  D.  C;  J.  A. 
House,  president  The  Guardian  Savings  and  Trust  Co.,  Cleveland, 
Ohio;  Daniel  Warren,  American  Trading  Co.,  25  Broadway,  New 
York  City;  Walter  S.  Penfield,  806  Colorado  Building,  Washington,  D. 
C;  C.  F.  Swain,  1988  Commonwealth  Avenue,  Boston,  Mass.;  A.  W. 
Tedcastle,  care  of  A.  W.  Tedcastle  &  Co.,  Albany  Building,  Lincoln 
and  Beach  Streets,  Boston,  Mass.  ;  and  J.  G.  Eppinger,  Champaign, 
111.,  secretary. 

Paraguay:  Chairman,  Lewis  E.  Pierson,  chairman  of  the  board, 
Irving  National  Bank,  Woolworth  Building,  New  York  City;  special 
representative  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  JuUus  Lay,  foreign 
trade  adviser,  Department  of  State,  Washington,  D.  C.  Members, 
C.  K.  Anderson,  American  Wire  Fabrics  Co.,  208  South  La  Salle 
Street,  Chicago,  111.;  WiUiam  M.  Baldwin,  chairman  of  directors. 
International  Products  Co.,  17  Battery  Place,  New  York  City;  R.  N. 
Haig,  Journalism  Building,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City;  A. 
Barton  Hepburn,  chairman  advisory  council,  The  Chase  National 
Bank,  New  York  City;  Alfred  E.  Marling,  president  New  York  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce,  New  York  City;  Herbert  H.  Housten,  vice  presi- 
dent Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.,  New  York  City;  Dudley  Bartlett, 
Chief  Foreign  Trade  Bureau,  Philadelphia  Commercial  Museum, 
Philadelphia,  Pa.;  J.  N.  G.  Nesbit,  Pratt  Engineering  &  Machine 
Co.,  Grand  Central  Palace,  New  York  City;  Thomas  W.  Streeter,  vice 
president  American  International  Corporation,  120  Broadway,  New 
York  City;  and  Otto  Wilson,  attorney  at  law,  612  Munsey  Building, 
Washington,  D.  C,  secretary. 

Peru:  Chairman,  John  H.  Fahey,  rooms  1004-1006  Scollay  Build- 
ing, 40  Court  Street,  Boston,  Massachusetts;  special  representative 


56  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  George  W.  Norris,  farm  loan  com- 
missioner, Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  Members,  Roger  W. 
Babson,  Wellesley  Hills,  Massachusetts;  Maj.  Fred  Cardway,  1861 
Broadway,  New  York  City;  Charles  V.  Drew,  Cerro  de  Pasco  Copper 
Corporation,  15  Broad  Street,  New  York  City;  John  Joy  Edson,  chair- 
man of  the  board,  Washington  Loan  &  Trust  Co.,  Washington,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia;  HoUis  Godfrey,  president  Drexel  Institute,  Phila- 
delphia, Pennsylvania;  H.  Parker  Willis,  Columbia  University,  New 
York  City;  Richard  S.  Hawes,  president  American  Bankers'  Associa- 
tion, 5  Nassau  Street,  New  York  City;  Emory  R.  Johnson,  dean, 
Wharton  School  of  Finance  and  Commerce,  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania;  Peter  O.  Knight,  of  Knight,  Thompson  & 
Turner,  Tampa,  Florida;  Alfred  Meyer,  jr.,  vice  president  Mercantile 
Bank  of  the  Americas,  44  Pine  Street,  New  York  City;  C.  D.  Mitchell, 
room 527  James  Building,  Chattanooga,  Tennessee;  James  M.  Motley, 
71  Beaver  Street,  New  York  City;  T.  C.  Powell,  care  of  United  States 
Railroad  Administration,  511  Hurley- Wright  Building,  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia;  C.  M.  WooUey,  president  American  Radiator 
Co.,  104  West  Forty-second  Street,  New  York  City;  and  Dr.  Harry 
Erwin  Bard,  Argentine- American  Chamber  of  Commerce,  64  Broad 
Street,  New  York  City,  secretary. 

Salvador:  Chairman,  W.  S.  Rowe,  First  National  Bank,  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio;  special  representative  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasiu^y, 
James  H.  Moyle,  assistant  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia.  Members,  R.  S.  Alter,  American  Tool  Works, 
Cincinnati,  Ohio;  J.  Howard  Ardrey,  vice  president  National  Bank  of 
Commerce,  New  York  City;  ElUot  H.  Goodwin,  general  secretary 
Chamber  of  Commerce  of  United  States,  Mills  Building,  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia;  J.  B.  Havre,  1023  Kohl  Building,  San  Fran- 
cisco, California;  H.  M.  Byllesby,  H.  M.  Byllesby  &  Co.,  208  South 
LaSalle  Street,»  Chicago,  Illinois;  Greorge  L.  Luebbers,  120 Broadway, 
New  York  City;  O.  C.  Fuller,  president  First  National  Bank,  Milwau- 
kee, Wisconsin;  James  T.  Kelnas,  Chairman  Board  People^s  State 
Bank,  Detroit,  Michigan;  G.  A.  Northcutt,  post  office  box  670,  Hun- 
tington, West  Virginia;  Charles  W.  Warden,  first  vice  president  Con- 
tinental Trust  Co.,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia;  Oscar  Wells, 
president  First  National  Bank,  Birmingham,  Alabama;  and  Dr.  Wal- 
ter F.  McCaleb,  Bureau  of  Municipal  Research,  261  Broadway,  New 
York  City,  secretary. 

Uruguay:  Chairman,  Harry  A.  Wheeler,  vice  president  Union  Trust 
Co.,  7  South  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago,  Illinois;  special  representa- 
tive of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Eugene  Meyer,  managing 
director,  War  Finance  Corporation,  Washington,  District  of  Colimibia. 
Members,  Paul  A.  Draper,  Crinmiins  &  Pierce  Co.,  281  Summer  Street, 
Boston,  Massachusetts;  Albert  W.  Harris,  president  Harris  Trust  & 


SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN   FINANCIAL  CONFERENCE.  57 

Savings  Bank;  115  West  Monroe  Street,  Chicago,  Illinois;  C.  A. 
Hinsch,  president  Fifty-third  National  Bank,  Cincinnati,  Ohio;  Dr. 
Glen  L.  Swiggett,  Bureau  of  Education,  Washington,  District  of  Co- 
lumbia; Eugene  P.  Thomas,  president  United  States  Tool  Products 
Co.,  30  Church  Street,  New  York  City;  Dr.  Samuel  M.  Lindsay, 
Columbia  University,  New  York  City;  Welding  Ring,  Mailer  & 
Quiereau,  33  Stone  Street,  New  York  City;  James  J.  Shirley,  120 
Broadway,  New  York  City;  F.  H.  Taylor,  S.  S.  White  Dental  Manu- 
facturing Co.,  New  York  City;  R.  E.  Tomlinson,  president  National 
Biscuit  Co.,  New  York  City;  William  C.  Bueth,  treasurer  Wilson  & 
Co.,  Union  Stock  Yards,  Chicago,  Blinois;  John  W.  Wigmore,  North- 
western University  Law  School,  Chicago,  Dlinois;  A.  L.  Demorest, 
1304  Farragut  Street,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  secretary. 
Venezuela:  Chairman,  Robert  H.  Patchin,  W.  R.  Grace  &  Co.,  7 
Hanover  Square,  New  York  City;  special  representative  of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  J,  B.  MacDougal,  governor  Federal 
Reserve  Bank,  Chicago,  Illinois.  Members,  John  H.  Allen,  vice  presi- 
dent National  City  Bank  of  New  York,  New  York  City;  A.  C.  Bed- 
ford, chairman  board  of  directors,  Standard  Oil  Co.,  26  Broadway, 
New  York  City;  John  S,  Bryan,  News-Leader  Co.,  Richmond,  Vir- 
ginia; E.  G.  Buckland,  president  N.  Y.,  N.  H.  &  Hartford  Railroad 
Co.,  New  Haven,  Connecticut;  M.  J.  Capíes,  vice  president  Seaboard 
Air  Line  Ry.  Co.,  204  Continental  Building,  Baltin\ore,  Maryland; 
Charles  E.  Falconer,  president  Merchants  &  Manufacturers  Associa- 
tion, Gay  and  Water  Streets,  Baltimore,  Maryland  ;  John  H.  Latané, 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Maryland;  Robert  A.  Shaw, 
National  Aniline  &  Chemical  Co.,  21  Biu-ling  Slip,  New  York  City; 
William  P.  Wilson,  director  Commercial  Museum,  Philadelphia,  Penn- 
sylvania; George  W.  Hyde,  vice  president  First  National  Bank  of 
Boston,  Boston,  Massachusetts;  Hiram  A.  Matthews,  vice  president 
Irving  National  Bank,  New  York  City;  C.  L.  Haring,  Department 
of  History,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  secretary. 


FOREIGN  TRADE  OF  PERU, 
1918,  WITH   COMPARISONS 


SINCE  1891 


0       0 


0       0 


0       0 


0       0 


THE  foreign  trade  of  Peru  for  the  year  1918  amounted  to 
29,677,708  libras,  as  compared  with  32,146,266  Ubras  in  1917. 
There  was  an  increase  in  exports  of  1,329,180  libras,  so  that 
the  decrease  trade  is  due  entirely  to  a  falling  off  in  imports 
of  3,797,738  libras.  In  the  following  tables  of  Peruvian  imports  and 
exports  by  countries  the  hbra  has  been  reduced  to  dollars  at  the  rate 
of  1  libra  =  $4.86  United  States  gold,  which  is  approximately  the  par 
rate.  The  exchange  rate  for  Peruvian  Ubras  for  New  York  drafts 
fluctuated  in  the  year  1918  from  about  $5  to  as  high  as  $5.85. 


IMPORTS. 


1913 


United  States 

United  Kingdom , 

Chile 

British*India 

Hongkong 

Japan 

Spain 

Italy 

France 

Ecuador 

Salvador 

Australia 

Argentina 

Cuba 

Bratil 

Sweden 

Portugal 

Netherlands , 

Colombia 

Costa  Rica 

Norway 

Germany , 

Denmark , 

Belgium 

Mexico 

Other  countries. . . 


$«,  530, 525 

7,709,225 

1,035,554 

274,203 

768,954 

62, 879 

355, 495 

1, 236, 739 

l,3<í3.191 

85,492 

20,747 

631,290 

13,  »;3 

158,990 

19,858 

267 

86,192 

45,951 

45, 179 

33,014 


5,132,039 
78 

1,866,915 
17,277 
38,034 


1915 


$7,232,817 

3,219,974 

458, 734 

424,809 

884,263 

89,342 
219,349 
767,061 
432,864 

38,224 


60,131 

134,717 

73,403 

23,544 

20,868 

32,996 

222,006 

3,105 


1916 


$24,866, 

2,272, 

1,452, 

1, 132, 

1,467, 

415, 

836, 

1, 153, 

953, 

176, 

13, 

1,144, 

96, 

77, 
187, 

52, 
113, 

28, 


592 
042 
013 
224 
303 
529 
778 
023 
847 
908 
460 
120 
199 
452 
424 
584 
958 
429 
155 


1917 


24,126 
464,986 

44,388 
147,339 

"¿5,' 24  i 


23,987  I 
60,533 

195,743 
59,396  I 
592  . 

429,713  ' 


$42,732,571 

9, 402, 477 

1, 736, 2(i4 

1.701,117 

2,2a5,283 

629,346 

1,738,038 

1,208,716 

l,094,9a5 

308,581 

144,298 

1,127,238 

262, 770 

217,884 

140, 585 

92,928 

92,991 

59,146 

13,209 

32,868 

30,725 

20,422 

27,955 

34, 195 

90,187 

479, 157 


Total I    29,591,451  I     15,044,347  1     42,200,010]    65,623,856 


1918 


$25,605,722 

7,612,636 

3,483,211 

2,297,147 

1,802,753 

1,326.945 

987,989 

672, 478 

655,302 

429,784 

275, 528 

255, 539 

212. 120 

145,426 

135,784 

76,399 

42, 773 

38,652 

32,003 

22,269 

12,286 

2,143 

1,108 

418 

49 

1,040,385 


47,166,849 


EXPORTS. 


1913 


United  States $14, 741, 639 

United  Kingdom i  16, 539, 110 

Chile I  5,847,139 

Argentina |  7, 020 

Bolivia 639, 590 

Arica  and  Tacna I  200, 174 

Bratíl 38,501 

Panama |  5."),  754 

Japan ,  6,683 

58 


1915 

1916 

1917 

$31,056,775 

$50,5(>5,06'. 

$53, 180,  ia3 

17,601,094 

14,391,551 

18,432,705 

14,061,173 

8,59<^,7f0 

11,857,817 

146 

301,8i)7 

523,903 

911, 184 

1,474,770 

1,811,580 

790,395 

440, 170 

566,389 

590,661 

629, 754 

741,223 

587,088 

6,09(1 

12,301 

47,460 

64,319 

77,026 

lais 


?45, 192,999 

30,785,539 

12,281,900 

2,792,313 

1,797,879 

1,041,989 

549,389 

348,010 

336,623 


FOREIGN  TRADE  OF  PERU. 


59 


EX  PO  RTS— Continued . 


Ecuador 

France 

Colombia 

Spain 

Italy 

Canada 

Jamaica 

Australia 

Norway 

Germany 

Portuza! 

Bdeium 

Barlxidos. 

OthñT  oountri^. 

Total 


1913 


1241,668 

1,566,495 

23,901 

95,  (M2 

7,557 


141,426 


2,966,884 
578 

1,212,555 

947 

76,347 


44,409,610 


1915 


1295,694 

398,431 

36,965 

1,539,803 

92,756 


275,413 
290,372 


32,380 


24,338 


68,638,128 


1916 


$141,578 

480,408 

14,295 

39,459 

50,29e 


1,866.029 
723, 161 
214,863 


127,985 
198,129 


80,389,561 


1917 


$342,902 

425,065 

97,798 

9,642 

2,265 

763, 195 

1,031,929 

466,298 

57,003 


207,793 


90,606,997 


1918 


$321,625 

66,806 

52,240 

24,810 

2,853 


1,471,837 


97,066.812 


The  chief  exports  of  Peru  are  of  minerals  and  metals  (gold,  silver, 
copper,  lead,  antimony,  vanadium,  and  tungsten),  petroleum,  raw 
cotton,  sugar,  hides  and  skins,  gums  (chiefly  rubber),  and  wool.  The 
values  for  the  last  three  years  of  these  products  were  as  follows: 


1916 


Cotton 

Sugar  and  deiivatiTe^. 

Hides  and  skins 

Gums 


Wool 

Petroleum  and  derivatives. 
Copper 


Silver. 

Gold 

Vanadium. 
Tungsten. . 


Librae. 

1,722,805 

3,978,799 

327, 186 

696,899 

938,075 

1,387,778 

4,800,900 

1,332,249 

247,887 

273, 192 

317,383 


1917 


Litfra». 

2,878,516 

4,111,463 

322,858 

598,507 

1,711,734 

1,182,051 

5,a59,000 

1,641,205 

244,928 

247, 138 

104,249 


1918 


Libra» 

3,760,812 

4,162,595 

170, 447 

323,363 

2,704,863 

1,415,383 

3,948,157 

1,635.  (1^9 

221 ;  373 

172,067 

60,020 


From  this  table  it  will  be  seen  that  the  values  of  the  chief  Peruvian 
exports  for  1918  were  greater  than  those  of  either  of  the  two  preceding 
years.  Only  in  the  case  of  copper,  among  the  principal  products, 
and  of  hides  and  skins,  gums  (rubber),  copper,  vanadium,  and  tung- 
sten among  the  others,  was  there  any  material  falUng  off.  This  con- 
dition, however,  was  due  in  a  great  measure  to  the  advance  in  prices. 
There  was  an  actual  falling  off  in  all  these  Peruvian  exports  by  quan- 
tities, except  in  the  case  of  cotton,  in  which  the  exports  of  1918 
exceeded  those  of  1917. 

The  cotton  exports  for  the  three  years  in  round  numbers  were: 
1916,  24,226  tons  (metric  ton  =  2,204.6  pounds);  1917,  17,375  tons; 
1918,  21,522  tons.  In  the  case  of  sugar,  ii;  round  numbers  the  ex- 
ports for  the  three  years  were:  239,000  tons,  212,000  tons,  and 
198,000  tons,  respectively;  and  in  the  case  of  petroleum  they  were 
279,000  tons,  217,000  tons,  and  182,000  tons,  respectively.  The 
case  of  copper  was  somewhat  peculiar.  There  was  a  considerable 
decrease  in  prices  in  1918  as  compared  with  1917.  The  export  in 
1917  was  45,176  tons,  of  the  value  as  above  of  over  5,000,000  libras, 
while  the  export  of  1918  was  44,414  tons,  with  a  value  of  less  than 
4,000,000  libras. 


60 


THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 


Peruvian  cotton  is  exported  in  six  grades,  or  rather  of  six  kinds, 
known  as  ''harsh/'  ''semiharsh,"  ''Egyptian/'  "lint/'  "metafifi/' 
and  "Sea  Island."  The  chief  exports  were  in  the  first,  second 
third,  and  fifth  grades,  and  for  1918  were  as  follows:  "Harsh/* 
3,587  tons;  "semiharsh,"  2,405  tons;  "Egjrptian,"  8,662  tons; 
"metafifi,"  6,824  tons. 

Sugar  is  exported  as  "white,"  "chancaca,"  "granulated,"  and 
"mascabado."  In  1918  the  exports,  in  tons,  of  the  four  classes  were 
as  follows:  "White,"  17,273  tons;  "chancaca,"  341  tons;  "gran- 
ulated," 173,361  tons;    "mascabado,"  7,010  tons. 

The  chief  hides  and  skins  in  1918  were:  Goatskins,  222  tons; 
salt  cattle  hides,  104  tons;  dry  cattle  hides,  696  tons;  and  dry  salt 
cattle  hides,  683  tons. 

The  wool  exports  in  1918  were:  Alpaca,  3,424  tons;  washed 
sheep,  2,018  tons;  unwashed  sheep,  1,245  tons.  There  were  76 
tons  of  washed  llama  wool  and  nearly  2  tons  vicuña  wool. 

The  petroleum  was  exported  as  "crude,"  137,212  tons;  "naphtha," 
42,566  tons;    "gasoline/'  1,379  tons;    "kerosene,"  177  tons. 

For  several  years  before  the  war  with  Chile,  which  terminated  with 
the  treaty  of  Ancon  in  1884,  the  foreign  trade  of  Peru  averaged  about 
10,000,000  libras  a  year,  approximately  $50,000,000.  Imports 
accounted  for  from  40  to  45  per  cent  of  the  trade  and  exports  for  the 
remainder.  During  the  war  Peruvian  trade  fell  off  to  almost  noth- 
ing, and  even  in  1887,  three  years  after  the  treaty  of  Ancon,  the 
total  trade  amounted  to  only  about  2,500,000  libras,  with  exports 
and  imports  nearly  balanced.  Peruvian  trade  began  to  revive, 
beginning  about  1890.  In  1891  imports  amounted  to  2,148,577 
libras  and  exports  to  1,754,576  libras — an  excess  of  imports  over 
exports  of  nearly  400,000  libras.  In  1918,  as  shown  by  the  figures 
in  the  tables  above,  the  trade  had  increased  on  the  import  side  over 
four  and  one-half  times,  and  on  the  exports  side  nearly  twelve  times 
what  it  was  27  years  before.  Very  few  counines  can  show  such  a 
remarkable  increase  in  trade  in  a  like  period. 

It  may  be  interesting  to  show  the  position  occupied  by  the  coun- 
tries leading  in  Peruvian  grade  in  1891  and  the  changes  that  have 
occurred  since  at  two  periods — first  (1913),  the  year  before  the  begin- 
ning of  the  world  war,  and,  second  (1918),  the  year  in  which  this  war 
ended : 

FOREIGN  TRADE  OF  PERU,  1S91. 


Country. 


Total. 


Imports 
from. 


United  Kingdom. 

Germany 

France 

United  sutes.... 
ChUe 


Belf^um. 
Itoly.... 
Spain... 


Libras. 
2,148,577 

8l»,99« 

405,983 

223.350 

187,549 

157,09ft 

66,438 

63,130 

15,528 


Per  cent 
of  whole. 

[ 

Exports  to. 

Per  cent 
oí  whole. 

Libms. 

100 

1,752,576 

100 

41.5 

823,363 

46.9 

18.9  I 

157,456 

8.9 

10.4 

50,183 

2.9 

8.7  ' 

39,396 

2.2 

7.3  , 

293,058 

16.7 

3.1  ' 

3,750 

.2 

.3 

519 

.0 

.7 

27 

.0 

FOREIGN  TRADE  OF  PERU. 


61 


FOREIGN  TRADE  OF  PERU,  1913. 


Country. 


ToUI 

United  SUt«s.... 
United  Kingdom 

Oennany 

Belgium , 

France 

lUlT 

Chile 

Spain 


Imports 
from. 


Libnu. 

6,088,777 

1,755,252 

1,598,606 

1,055,975 

384,139 

280,492 

254,473 

213,077 

73,147 


Per  cent 
of  whole. 

Exx>ortsto. 

Per  cent 
of  whole. 

Librtu. 

100.0 

9,137,781 

100.0 

29.8 

3,033,259 

33.2 

26.3 

3,403,110 

37.2 

17.3 

610,471 

6.7 

6.3 

249,497 

2.7 

4.6 

322,324 

3.5 

4.2 

1,555 

.0 

3.5 

1,203,115 

13.2 

1.2 

19,557 

.2 

In  the  period  of  22  years,  from  1891  to  1913,  Peru  increased  its 
imports  3,940,200  libras,  or  about  $19,500,000.  Of  this  increase 
Germany  secured  649,992  libras,  France  57,142  libras,  the  United 
Kingdom  770,610  libras,  and  the  United  States  1,567,703  libras. 
The  United  States  secured  of  the  new  trade  a  share  greater  by  three- 
quarters  of  a  million  dollars  than  was  secured  by  the  United  Kingdom, 
Germany,  and  France  together.  The  percentage  of  imports  from 
the  United  States  increased  from  8.7  per  cent  to  29.8  per  cent,  while 
the  proportionate  shares  of  Germany,  France,  and  the  United  King- 
dom  all  decreased. 

On  the  exports  side  the  figures  are  even  more  remarkable.  Exports 
increased  during  the  22  years,  7,385,205  libras.  Of  this  amount  of 
new  trade  Germany  secured  253,015  hbras,  France  272,141  libras, 
United  Kingdom  2,579,747  libras.  United  States  2,993,873  hbras,  or 
a  share  more  than  five  and  one-half  as  great  as  Germany  and  France 
combined,  and  nearly  equal  to  the  combined  share  of  Germany, 
France,  and  the  United  Kingdom. 

This  was  the  showing  made  by  ordinary  and  legitimate  trade  not 
influenced  by  any  special  conditions.  The  effect  of  the  war,  as 
everyone  knows,  was  to  intensify  the  commanding  position  which 
the  United  States  occupied  in  Peruvian  trade. 

FOREIGN  TRADE  OF  PERU,  1918. 


Country. 


TotiU 

United  sutes.... 
United  Kingdom 

Chile 

Spftln 

Itoly 

France 

Oennany 

Belgium 


Imports 
from. 

Per  cent 
oí  whole. 

Exports  to. 

Per  cent 
of  whole. 

Libra*. 

Libras. 

9,705,118 

100.0 

19,972,595 

100.0 

5,368,667 

54.3 

9,298,971 

46.6 

1,566,386 

16.1 

6,334,473 

31.7 

716,710 

7.4 

2,527,140 

12.6 

203,290 

2.1 

5,105 

.0 

138,370 

1.4 

587 

.0 

134,836 

.4 

13,746 

.1 

441 

.0 
.0 

.0 

86 

.0 

Between  1913  and  1918  (the  war  period)  Peru  increased  its  imports 
of  foreign  goods  3,616,336  hbras.  Nearly  all  of  this  increase  was  the 
increase  of  imports  from  the  United  States,  3,513,415  hbras.     The 

152788— 20— Bull.  1 5 


62  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

German  and  Belgian  trades  disappeared,  the  takings  from  France 
and  Italy  were  reduced  largely,  and  even  the  United  Kingdom  lost 
32,220  libras.     Spain  gained  180  per  cent  and  Chile  236  per  cent. 

On  the  export  side  the  eflFect  of  the  war  was  as  follows:  The  total 
gain  in  trade  was  10,834,814  libras,  equal  to  118  per  cent.  Of  this 
gain  the  share  of  the  United  States  was  6,265,712  libras,  equal  to 
206  per  cent  increase;  of  the  United  Kingdom,  2,931,363  libras, 
equal  to  86  per  cent  increase;  and  of  Chile,  1,324,025  libras,  equal 
to  110  per  cent  increase.  Exports  to  European  countries  other  than 
England  practically  ceased. 

The  Chilean  trade,  which  bulks  large  in  Peruvian  statistics,  is  in 
scarcely  any  degree  competitive  with  the  trade  of  the  United  States 
or  of  European  countries.  This  trade  is  almost  entirely  an  inter- 
change of  food  products. 


PAN  AMERICAN  NOTES 


THE   GOVERNING   BOARD's   TRIBUTE   TO   MR.  ANDREW   CARNEGIE. 

A  REGULAR  meeting  of  the  Governing  Board  of  the  Pan  Ameri- 
can Union  was  held  on  Wednesday,  November  5, 1919,  at  3 
^  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  m  the  governing  board  room  of 
the  Pan  American  Building.  The  meeting  was  called  to 
order  by  Hon.  Robert  Lansing,  Secretary  of  State.  The  following 
members  of  the  board  were  present:  Señor  Ignacio  Bonillas,  am- 
bassador of  Mexico;  Señor  Beltrán  Mathieu,  ambassador  of  Chile; 
Señor  Tomás  A.  Le  Breton,  ambassador  of  Argentina;  Señor  Ignacio 
Calderón,  minister  of  Bolivia;  Señor  Joaquín  Méndez,  minister  of 
Guatemala;  Señor  Santos  A.  Dominici,  minister  of  Venezuela;  Señor 
Rafael  H.  Eîlizalde,  minister  of  Ecuador;  Señor  Carlos  Adolfo  Urueta, 
minister  of  Colombia;  Señor  Luis  Galván,  minister  of  the  Domin- 
ican Republic;  Señor  Diego  Manuel  Chamorro,  minister  of  Nica^ 
ragua;  Señor  Manuel  Gondra,  minister  of  Paraguay;  Monsieur  Charles 
Moravia,  minister  of  Haiti;  Señor  Salvador  Sol  M.,  minister  of  Salva- 
dor; Señor  Jacobo  Varela,  minister  of  Uruguay;  Senhor  Alberto  de 
Ipanema  Moreira,  chargé  d'affaires  of  Brazil;  Señor  Carlos  Gibson, 
chargé  d'affaires  of  Peru;  Señor  J.  E.  Lefevre,  chargé  d'affaires  of 
Panama;  and  Señor  Arturo  Padró  y  Almeida,  chargé  d'affaires  of 
Cuba.  Mr.  John  Barrett,  director  general,  and  Mr.  Francisco  J.  Yánes, 
assistant  director  and  secretary  of  the  board,  were  also  present. 

Upon  the  conclusion  of  the  special  and  routine  business  of  the  meet- 
ing the  minister  of  Bolivia  addressed  the  board  as  follows: 

Gentlemen:  WTiile  this  board  was  in  recess,  on  the  11th  of  August  last,  there  paased 
from  this  world  Mr.  Andrew  Cambie.    His  name  is  well  known  to  us.    Commencing 


PAN  AMERICAN  NOTES.  63 

at  the  lowest  point  in  the  social  scale  he  became,  through  his  energy  and  business 
ability,  one  of  the  richest  men  in  the  world.  But  his  higher  ideals  told  him  that 
everything  is  only  a  trusteeship,  and  therefore  he  proclaimed  constantly  that  he 
would  consider  himself  disgraced  if  he  died  rich.  He  everywhere  endowed  libraries, 
and  established  great  institutions  for  the  forwarding  of  human  knowledge.  His  love  for 
the  peace  of  the  world  made  him  also  start  the  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International 
Peace.  He  endowed  and  gave  to  The  Hague  the  great  palace  dedicated  to  arbitration. 
He  built  twice  in  Costa  Rica  the  Central  American  Court  of  Justice.  Finally,  he 
contributed  materially  to  the  erection  of  this  beautiful  building  of  the  Pan  American 
Union,  toward  which  his  sentiments  are  expressed  in  a  beautiful  letter.  Therefore, 
I  consider  it  the  duty  of  the  governing  board  to  have  published  in  the  Bulletin  the 
expression  of  its  sentiments  on  the  loss  of  such  a  friend  and  such  a  great  philanthropist, 
and  that  there  be  sent  to  Ms  wife  an  expression  of  sympathy  for  his  loss.  Besides 
this,  I  would  like  to  have  those  letters  that  were  exchanged  between  the  then  Secretary 
of  State,  Mr.  Elihu  Root,  and  Mr.  Carnegie,  with  relation  to  the  gift,  published  in  the 
BinxBTiN,  if  there  is  no  objection.  I  would  ask  the  secretary  to  please  read  these 
letten. 

The  secretary  thereupon  read   the  following  letters   exchanged 

between  the  Hon.  BHihu  Root,  late  Secretary  of  State  and  chairman 

ex  officio  of  the  Governing  Board  of  the  Pan  American  Union,  and 

Mr.  Carnegie: 

Department  op  State, 

Washingtonf  December  -#,  1906, 
Mr  Dear  Mr.  Carnegie: 

Your  active  and  effective  cooperation  in  promoting  better  communication  between 
the  countries  of  America,  as  a  member  of  the  commission  authorized  by  the  Second 
Pan  American  Conference  held  in  Mexico,  your  patriotic  citizenship  in  the  greatest 
of  American  republics,  your  earnest  and  weighty  advocacy  of  peace  and  good  will 
among  the  nations  of  the  earth,  and  your  action  in  providing  a  suitable  building  for 
the  international  tribunal  at  The  Hague,  embolden  me  to  ask  your  aid  in  promoting 
t  he  beneficent  work  of  the  Union  of  American  Republics,  which  was  established  by 
the  conference  of  Washington  in  1889,  continued  by  the  conference  of  Mexico  in  1902, 
and  has  now  been  made  permanent  by  the  conference  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  in  1906. 
There  is  a  general  feeling  that  the  Rio  conference,  the  South  American  journey  of  the 
Secretary  of  State,  and  the  expressions  of  courtesy  and  kindly  feeling  which  accom- 
panied them,  have  given  a  powerful  impulse  to  the  growth  of  a  better  acquaintance 
between  the  people  of  all  the  American  countries,  a  better  mutual  understanding 
between  them,  the  establishment  of  a  common  public  opinion,  and  the  reasonable  and 
kindly  treatment  of  international  questions  in  the  place  of  isolation,  suspicion,  irrita- 
tion, strife,  and  war. 

There  is  also  a  general  opinion  that  while  the  action  of  the  Bureau  of  American 
Republics,  designed  to  carry  on  this  work  from  conference  to  conference,  has  been 
excellent  so  far  as  it  hás  gone,  the  scope  of  the  Bureau's  work  ought  to  be  enlarged  and 
its  activity  and  efficiency  greatly  increased. 

To  accomplish  this  a  building  adequate  to  the  magnitude  and  dignity  of  the  great 
work  to  be  done  is  indispensable.  With  this  view,  the  nations  constituting  the  union 
have  expressed  their  willingness  to  contribute,  and  some  of  them  have  contributed, 
and  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  has  at  its  last  session  appropriated  to  the  extent 
of  $200,000,  funds  available  for  the  purchase  of  a  suitable  site  in  the  city  of  Washing- 
ton. With  this  view  also  the  conference  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  on  the  13th  of  August, 
1906,  adopted  resolutions  looking  to  the  establishment  of  a  "permanent  center  of 
information  and  of  interchange  of  ideas  among  the  republics  of  this  continent,  as  well 
as  a  building  suitable  for  the  library  in  memory  of  Columbus/'  and  expressed  the 
hope  that  *' before  the  meeting  of  the  next  international  American  conference  the 


64  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

International  Bureau  of  Ameerican  Republics  shall  be  housed  in  such  a  way  as  to 
permit  it  to  properly  fulfill  the  important  functions  assigned  to  it  by  this  confer- 
ence." 

These  functions  are,  in  brief,  to  give  effect  to  the  work  of  the  conference;  to  carry 
out  its  resolutions;  to  prepare  the  work  of  future  conferences;  to  disseminate  through 
each  American  country  a  knowledge  of  the  affairs,  the  sentiments,  and  the  progress  of 
every  other  American  country;  to  promote  better  communication  and  more  constant 
intercourse;  to  increase  the  interaction  among  all  the  Republics  of  each  upon  the  others 
in  commerce,  in  education,  in  the  arts  and  sciences,  and  in  political  and  social  life,  and 
to  maintain  in  the  city  of  Washington  a  headquarters,  a  meeting  place,  a  center  of 
influence  for  the  same  peaceful  and  enlightened  thought  and  conscience  of  all  America. 

I  feel  sure  of  your  hearty  sympathy  in  the  furtherance  of  this  undertaking,  so  full 
of  possibilities  for  the  peace  and  the  prosperity  of  America  and  of  mankind,  and  I 
appeal  to  you  in  the  sajne  spirit  that  has  actuated  your  great  benefactions  to  humanity 
in  the  past,  to  provide  for  the  erection,  upon  the  site  thus  to  be  supplied  by  govern- 
mental action,  of  a  suitable  building  for  the  work  of  the  union,  the  direction  and  con- 
trol of  which  has  been  imposed  by  our  respective  governments  upon  the  governing 
board,  of  which  I  have  the  honor  to  be  chairman. 

With  great  respect  and  esteem,  I  am,  my  dear  Mr.  Carnegie, 

Very  sincerely  yours, 

Elthu  Root, 

Secretary  of  State  and  ex  Officio  Chairman  of  the  Governing  Board 

of  the  Bureau  of  Arrurican  Republics. 

Mb.  Carnegie's  Reply. 

New  York,  January  1, 1907, 
Hon.  Elihu  Root, 

Secretary  of  State  and  ex  Officio  Chairman  of  the  Governing  Board  of  the  Bureau  of 
South  American  Republics,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Dear  Sir  :  I  am  greatly  pleased  that  you  and  your  colleagues  of  the  South  American 
Republics  have  done  me  the  honor  to  suggest  that  I  might  furnish  a  suitable  home  in 
Washington  for  the  Bureau  of  American  Republics. 

The  approval  of  your  application  by  the  governing  board  of  the  international 
bureau  and  President  Roosevelt's  hearty  expressions  of  satisfaction  are  most  grati- 
fying. 

You  very  kindly  mention  my  membership  of  the  first  Pan  American  Conference 
and  advocacy  of  the  Pan  American  Railway,  the  gaps  of  which  are  being  slowly 
filled.  The  importance  of  this  enterprise  impresses  itself  more  and  more  upon  me, 
and  I  hope  to  see  it  accomplished. 

I  am  happy,  therefore,  in  stating  that  it  will  be  one  of  the  pleasures  of  my  life  to 
fufnish  to  the  union  of  all  the  Republics  of  this  hemisphere  the  necessary  funds 
($750,000)  from  time  to  time  as  may  be  needed  for  the  construction  of  an  international 
home  in  Washington. 

The  cooperation  of  our  own  Republic  is  seen  in  the  appropriation  of  funds  by 
Congress  for  the  purchase  of  the  site,  and  in  the  agreement  between  the  Republics 
for  the  maintenance  of  the  bureau  we  have  additional  evidence  of  cooperation,  so 
that  the  forthcoming  American  temple  of  peace  will  be  the  joint  work  of  all  of  the 
Republics.    Every  generation  should  see  them  drawing  closer  together. 

It  is  a  cheering  thought  that  all  these  are  for  the  first  time  to  be  represented  at  the 
forthcoming  Hague  conference.  Henceforth  they  are  members  of  that  body  whose 
aim  is  the  settlement  of  international  disputes  by  that  **high  court  of  nations'*  or 
other  similar  tribunal. 

I  beg  to  express  to  each  and  all  of  them  my  heartfelt  thanks  for  being  permitted 
to  make  such  a  New  Year's  gift  as  this.    I  have  never  felt  more  keenly  than  I  do 


PAN   AMERICAN   NOTES.  65 

this  New  Year's  morning  how  much  more  blessed  it  is  to  give  than  to  receive,  and  I 
consider  myself  highly  honored  by  being  considered  worthy  to  provide  the  forth- 
coming union  a  home,  where  the  accredited  representatives  of  all  the  Republics 
are  to  meet  and,  I  trust,  to  bind  together  their  respective  nations  in  the  bonds  of 
unbroken  peace. 

Very  truly  yours,  Andrew  Carnegie. 

On  motion,  seconded  by  the  minister  of  Ecuador,  and  unani- 
mously approved  by  the  governing  board,  it  was  voted  to  spread  on 
the  minutes  the  expression  of  the  sentiments  of  the  board  on  the 
death  of  Mr.  Carnegie;  to  mclude  the  letters  exchanged  between  the 
former  Secretary  of  State,  Mr.  Root,  and  Mr.  Carnegie;  and  to  convey 
to  Mrs.  Carn^ie  an  expression  of  sympathy. 


CREDIT   INFORMATION   FROM   LATIN   AMERICA. 

An  imquestionable  advantage  possessed  by  European  over  Ameri- 
can exporters  to  Latin  American  countries  before  the  war  was  that 
of  better  credit  information.  In  the  past  the  chief  obstacles  to  the 
development  of  the  export  trade  of  the  United  States,  especially  in 
Latin  America,  were  inelastic  banking  laws  and  customs  and  paucity 
of  credit  information. 

As  has  been  frequently  pointed  out  in  the  Bulletin  the  trade 
acceptance  was  the  instrument  by  which  the  export  business  of  Eng- 
land, Germany,  and  France  was  conducted,  and  the  marketing  of 
the  trade  acceptance  at  home  was  the  means  by  which  the  trade  was 
financed.  In  other  words,  the  ability  to  sell  the  accepted  bill  of 
exchange  was  that  which  made  the  bill  the  effective  instrument  it 
was.  The  British  or  German  exporter  was  able  to  sell  goods  in 
Latin  America  on  credit  because  he  was  able  to  pass  that  credit  on 
to  the  short-term  investor  in  England  or  Germany. 

There  was  no  market  for  foreign  trade  acceptances  in  the  United 
States  such  as  existed  in  all  the  western  and  central  European 
countries.  Consequently  American  exporters  who  sold  on  credit 
were  compelled  to  carry  the  whole  burden  of  the  credit  themselves. 
At  the  bottom  of  all  was  the  exact  credit  information  the  bank 
which  presented  the  bill,  or  which  took  the  bill  over  from  the  drawer, 
and  which  the  drawer  himself  had  of  the  credit  of  the  drawee.  That 
this  information  was  in  the  highest  degree  reUable  is  proven  by  the 
fact  that  Latin  American  bills  of  exchange  drawn  in  Europe  were  in 
the  rarest  of  cases  protested  for  nonpayment.  It  could  hardly 
have  been  otherwise  since  the  credit  information  was  collected  in 
the  first  instance  from  those  from  whom  the  acceptor  of  the  bill  was 
accustomed  to  purchase  goods  and  from  the  banks  that  first  handled 
the  paper.  There  was  no  similar  reservoir  of  credit  information 
from  which  the  United  States  exporter  to  Latin  America  could  draw. 


66  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

We  have  changed  our  banking  laws  and  are  changing  our  banking 
customs.  The  domestic  trade  acceptance  is  beginning  to  be  known  ; 
the  foreign  trade  acceptance  will  also  find  a  place.  The  market  for 
all  acceptances  will  develop.  Meanwhile  the  threads  of  credit  in- 
formation should  be  drawn  into  one  channel. 

The  National  Association  of  Credit  Men,  which  includes  repre- 
sentatives from  the  credit  departments  of  a  large  number  (about 
200)  of  the  leading  industrial  and  exporting  concerns  in  the  United 
States,  has  organized  a  foreign  credits  bureau  for  the  assembling 
and  disseminating  of  credit  information  drawn  from  the  actual  oper- 
ations of  its  members  in  the  foreign  field.  The  purpose  is  to  estab- 
lish a  clearing  house  of  the  ledger  experiences  of  all  the  members. 
Copies  of  an  inquiry  made  by  any  subscriber,  his  name  being  with- 
held, are  sent  to  all  the  other  subscribers  to  the  bureau  who  on  pre- 
pared forms  answer  the  inquiry  by  giving  a  history  of  their  dealings 
with  the  firm  or  individual  inquired  about.  They  state  the  number 
of  years  they  have  dealt  with  the  foreign  firm,  the  terms  under  which 
sales  were  made,  the  largest  recent  credit,  the  date  of  the  last  tran- 
saction, amounts  overdue  and  for  how  long,  whether  and  for  what 
reason  they  have  declined  to  give  credit,  and  their  estimate  or  rating 
of  the  foreign  firmes  credit. 

Essentially  this  is  the  same  kind  of  information  on  credit  standing 
that  has  formed  the  basis  of  European  credits  in  Latin  America  and 
elsewhere.  It  differs  in  detail  because  of  the  differences  that  yet 
exist  between  the  European  and  the  American  method  of  extending 
credits. 

A  bureau  of  this  kind  grows  in  efiBciency  as  the  mass  of  accumu- 
lated reports  becomes  greater,  thereby  building  up  piece  by  piece 
an  invaluable  record  of  the  trade  habits  and  reliability  of  foreign 
buying  concerns. 

In  the  past  an  element  of  friction  has  been  that  the  Latin-American 
buyer  of  unquestioned  reliability  and  of  the  most  scrupulous  and 
exact  business  habits,  when  he  came  to  deal  with  American  houses, 
encountered  an  atmosphere  of  doubt  and  distrust  that  was  irritating 
in  the  extreme.  The  fact  that  the  American  seller  was  not  ac- 
quainted with  the  buyer's  record  may  have  justified  his  attitude,  but 
it  could  not  satisfy  the  buyer,  who  asked,  naturally.  Why  does  he 
not  know  these  things  ? 

Good  credit  information  not  only  makes  for  safety  to  the  seller, 
but  it  also  makes  for  ease  and  comfort  to  the  buyer.  It  is  the  found- 
ation stone  upon  which  the  credit  machine  is  buUt  and  it  is  the 
lubricant  that  makes  smooth  the  working  of  the  machine. 

The  head  office  of  the  Foreign  Credits  Bureau  is  at  41  Park  Row, 
New  York. 


PAN  AMERICAN   NOTES.  67 

IMPORTANT   CONFERENCES   IN   THE   PAN    AMERICAN    BUILDING. 

The  Pan  American  Building  at  Washington  has,  during  the  last 
three  months^  been  the  scene  of  three  most  important  conferences 
bearing  upon  the  welfare  of  the  United  States  and  the  world.  First, 
in  October,  came  the  industrial  conference  called  by  President  Wil- 
son and  composed  of  about  45  leading  men  of  the  country,  repre- 
senting three  groups,  respectively,  the  public,  the  employers,  and  the 
employees.  This  conference,  which  met  in  the  Hall  of  the  Americas, 
was  presided  over  by  Secretary  Lane,  of  thé  Interior  Department, 
and  was  in  session  for  over  two  weeks.  It  was  characterized  by 
extended  exchange  of  views  and  a  comprehensive  discussion  of  the 
entire  relationship  of  labor  and  capital;  but,  unfortunately,  it  ad- 
journed without  any  actual  results.  This  was  due  to  the  inability 
of  the  employers*  and  employees'  groups  to  agree  upon  a  resolution 
embodying  the  idea  of  recognition  of  labor  unions  and  the  *'open 
shop.*' 

During  the  month  of  November  there  met  in  the  Hall  of  the 
Americas  of  the  Pan  American  Building,  by  courtesy  of  the  Govern- 
ing Board  of  the  Pan  American  Union,  the  International  Labor 
Conference,  called  under  the  provisions  of  the  new  League  of  Nations. 
It  was  the  first  important  assembly  of  its  kind  provided  for  in  the 
treaty  of  peace  concluding  the  world  war.  Its  importance,  however, 
was  not  generally  appreciated  in  Washington  or  throughout  the 
united  States,  and  a  wrong  impression  went  abroad  in  regard  to  its 
character. 

On  account  of  unfortunate  newspaper  notices  and  some  speeches 
that  were  made  in  Congress,  the  idea  was  created  that  this  conference 
was  composed  of  a  radical  element  of  labor  leaders  who  wished  to 
upset  present  conditions  and  bring  about  industrial  revolution.  The 
contrary  was  the  truth.  Attending  this  conference  were  nearly  300 
delegates  and  advisers  from  30  different  countries.  One-third  of 
these  were  delegates  of  the  Governments,  who  were  almost  all  lead- 
ing and  influential  statesmen  or  men  prominent  in  public  affairs. 
Another  third  was  composed  of  employers  of  labor  and  representa- 
tives of  capital,  including  many  of  the  greatest  employers  of  Europe 
and  Japan.  The  other  third  was  made  up  of  representatives  of 
labor  organizations  in  the  countries  participating,  and  these  were 
men  of  ability  and  sincerity  of  purpose  who  wished  to  do  their  part 
in  bringing  labor  and  capital  closer  together. 

The  sessions  of  the  conference  were  presided  over  by  Hon.  W.  B. 
Wilson,  Secretary  of  Labor.  Although  the  United  States  had  no 
official  participation  because  the  treaty  of  peace  had  not  been 
approved,  the  conference  showed  the  United  States  the  courtesy  of 
electing  Secretary  Wilson  as  its  chairman.  There  was  a  large  staff 
of  secretaries  and  translators  who  performed  their  duties  efficiently. 


68  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

All  discussions  and  resolutions  were  interpreted  from  English  into 
French  or  from  French  into  English,  as  was  required.  The  reports 
of  the  proceedings  were  not  only  in  EngUsh  and  in  French,  but  in 
Spanish,  in  order  that  the  large  number  of  delegates  from  Spanish- 
speaking  countries  could  keep  fully  in  touch  with  the  proceedings. 
The  conference  finally  adjourned  after  making  specific  recommenda- 
tions on  many  points  affecting  labor,  and  the  appointment  of  a 
governing  board  to  carry  on  the  work  of  the  conference  until  the 

next  meeting,  which  is  to  be  held  in  1920. 

A  second  industrial  conference  called  by  President  Wilson  has  been 
holding  its  sessions  in  the  Columbus  room  of  the  Pan  American 
Building  during  December.  It  is  composed  of  about  20  representa- 
tive men,  selected  by  the  President,  but  not  divided  into  groups. 
Whereas  the  first  conference  was  open  to  the  public  and  newspaper 
men,  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  inabiUty  to  get  together  was 
made  more  difficult  by  this  condition,  the  second  conference  is  meet- 
ing behind  closed  doors  and  simply  annoimcing  at  the  conclusion  of 
its  meetings  whether  anything  has  been  accomplished.  As  its  mem- 
bership is  made  up  of  thoughtful  men  who  have  the  confidence  of  the 
country,  and  as  they  are  working  hard,  it  is  hoped  and  believed  that 
they  will  be  ultimately  able  to  make  recommendations  to  the 
President  that  may  have  a  far-reaching  influence  on  the  adjustment 
of  the  industrial  situation  not  only  in  the  United  States  but  in  other 
countries  that  have  similar  problems. 


CALL   FOR   A   UNITED   STATES-MEXICO   TRADE    CONFERENCE. 

The  board  of  directors  of  the  American  Chamber  of  Commerce  of 
Mexico  has  called  a  conference  of  exporters  and  importers  to  meet  in 
Mexico  City  February  11,  12,  and  13.  The  following  invitation  to 
attend  this  conference  has  been  sent  to  all  exporting  and  importing 
houses  in  the  United  States  interested  in  Mexican  trade  : 

The  commerce  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico  is  increasing.  In  1918 
it  amounted  to  $245,613,991,  and  this  year  it  will  be  much  greater.  As  this  commerce 
grows,  trade  problems  arise,  the  practical  and  immediate  solution  of  which  is  of  vital 
importance  if  the  United  States  is  to  hold  its  present  trade  advantage  in  Mexico. 

In  order  that  these  questions  may  be  discussed  and  clarified  by  experts,  this 
chamber  of  commerce  is  calling  a  conference  of  all  the  exporters  and  importers, 
manufacturers,  bankers,  and  merchants  concerned  with  trade  between  the  United 
States  and  Mexico,  to  meet  in  the  rooms  of  this  chamber  in  Mexico  City  Wednesday 
morning,  February  11,  1920,  and  to  last  three  days,  ending  with  the  evening  of 
Friday,  February  13. 

This  will  be  the  first  conference  of  this  kind  that  has  ever  been  held  in  Mexico. 
Two  sessions  will  be  held  each  day.  The  subjects  to  be  discussed  will  be:  1,  Mexican 
sales  methods  and  distribution;  2,  Mexican  agencies  and  representations;  3,  Mexican 
banking  fodlities;  4,  Mexican  credits;  5,  financing  the  exports  of  Mexico;  6,  shipping 
and  packing  merchandise  for  Mexico;  7,  trade-marks  in  Mexico. 


AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND   COMMERCE.  69 

The  proceedings  will  be  in  English,  but  the  report  of  the  conference  will  be  printed 
in  both  English  and  Spanish. 

This  chamber  earnestly  hopes  that  every  bank  and  commercial  and  manufacturing 
house  in  the  United  States,  trading  with  Mexico  or  intending  to  go  into  this  field, 
will  send  one  of  its  officers  or  the  manager  of  its  export  department  to  this  conference. 
The  Mexico  representatives  of  the  American  houses  will,  of  course,  be  invited  to  the 
conference,  but  they  see  the  problems  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  Mexico  office, 
and  we  must  have  the  point  of  view  of  the  office  in  the  United  States  also  repre- 
sented. This  chamber  asks  that  houses  in  the  United  States  who  intend  to  send  repre- 
sentatives to  this  conference  will  write  to  the  secretary  at  once  for  further  details 
as  to  the  arrangements. 


^-a 


€^' 


^AGMCÜLTÜPE,  INDUSTKY, 
-   ;  AM)  COMMERCE  ;    " 

ARGENTINA. 

On  July  19  last  the  contract  which  the  National  Society  of  Public 
Works  made  with  the  Government  on  March  7,  1911,  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  port  of  MAR  DEL  PIATA,  was  modified  so  as  to 
allow,  after  July  1,  1919,  the  company  to  receive  additional  com- 
pensation for  material  and  labor,  the  Government  reserving  the 
right  to  decrease  the  work  contemplated  and  to  fix  the  time  for  the 
construction  of  the  same. 

Statistics  compiled  by  the  national  commission  of  the  third  census 
conc<îming  the  STOCK  INDUSTRY  of  the  country  show  275  stock 
farms,  varying  in  extent  from  25  hectares  to  over  25,000  hectares. 
The  capital  invested  in  machinery  and  tools  amounts  to  405,410,632 
pesos,  currency,  and  employment  is  given  to  2,125,870  persons  con- 
nected with  the  industry. 

The  exports  of  EXTRACT  OF  QUEBRACHO  for  the  first  six 
months  of  1919  aggregated  102,000  tons,  as  compared  with  68,000 
tons  during  the  same  period  of  1918. 

During  the  fu^t  quarter  of  1919  the  IMPORTS  of  the  Argentine 
Republic  amounted  to  104,701,000  gold  pesos,  and  the  exports  to 
111,170,000  gold  pesos. 

The  French  Argentine  Co.  of  AERIAL  TRANSPORTS,  with  a 
capital  of  1,000,000  pesos,  was  organized  on  October  11  last. 

The  President  recently  authorized  the  French  marine  FIRE 
INSURANCE  CO.,  entitled  *'Le  Foncier  de  France  et  des  Colonies,'' 
to  establish  a  branch  in  Buenos  Aires.  This  is  the  first  maritime 
insurance  company  to  establish  a  branch  in  the  Republic. 

The  area  sown  to  CEREALS  in  1919-20  is  estimated  at  6,053,000 
hectares  of  wheat,  1,425,000  hectares  of  flax,  and  931,000  hectares 


70  THE  PAN  AMEKICAN   UNION. 

of  oats,  as  compared  with  1918-19  in  which  the  areas  were  as  follows: 
Wheat,  6,870,000  hectares;  flax,  1,383,650;  and  oats,  1,206,000. 

In  September  last  the  exports  of  FROZEN  MEATS  consisted  of 
130,348  carcasses  of  frozen  wethers  and  396,328  quarters  of  frozen 
beef.  From  January  to  September,  1919,  these  exports  consisted  of 
1,662,913  carcasses  of  frozen  wethers,  4,586,500  quarters  of  frozen 
beef,  and  78,884  quarters  of  chilled  beef,  as  compared  with  1,127,311 
carcasses  of  frozen  wethers,  4,922,701  quarters  of  frozen  beef,  and 
21,256  quarters  of  chilled  beef  during  the  same  period  of  1918. 

The  value  of  imports  during  the  first  half  of  1919  amoimted  to 
297,079,000  pesos,  gold,  as  compared  with  209,896,000  pesos,  gold, 
during  the  same  period  of  1918. 

The  department  of  agriculture  has  arranged  to  conduct  experi- 
ments in  the  cultivation  of  HENEQUÉN,  cotton,  maguey,  and 
other  fibrous  plants,  and  has  requested  the  Mexican  Government 
to  furnish  seeds  and  slips  of  the  plants  referred  to.  The  President  of 
Mexico  has  ordered  that  seeds  and  sUps  be  sent  inamediately  to  the 
Argentine  Government. 

During  the  first  half  of  1919  the  exports  of  BUTTER  were  11,778 
tons,  eight  tons  of  which  went  to  the  United  States.  The  exports 
of  cheese  during  the  same  period  aggregated  3,251  tons,  213  tons  of 
which  were  shipped  to  the  United  States.  The  butter  exported  was 
both  fresh  and  salted,  and  some  of  it  was  packed  in  tins.  Eleven 
different  kinds  of  cheese  were  exported,  among  others  the  brands 
known  as  Goya  and  Moliterno. 

In  reply  to  a  request  of  the  National  Association  of  Manufac- 
turers of  Woolen  Products  the  ambassador  of  the  Argentine  Republic 
in  Washington  has  received  information  that  the  WOOL  PRODUC- 
TION of  the  Argentine  Republic  in  1918-19  was  141,000  tons. 
According  to  the  census  of  1917  the  sheep  in  the  country  numbered 
45,000,000  head  and  the  goats  4,600,000. 

BOLIVIA. 

On  October  21  the  first  section  of  the  FERROCARRIL  DE 
YUNGAS  (Yungas  Railroad)  was  put  into  use,  being  completed  as 
far  as  kilometer  61.  The  work  performed  by  Bolivian  engineers  is 
considered  one  of  the  most  difficult  in  South  America,  as  it  was 
necessary  to  ascend  4,800  meters  to  the  summit  of  the  range  of  the 
Andes  Mountains,  makmg  tunnels,  bridges,  and  cuts  in  the  rock  to 
a  depth  of  40  meters. 

On  November  10  the  FERROCARRIL  DE  SUCRE  A  BETAN- 
ZOS  (Sucre-Be tanzos  Railroad)  was  inaugurated,  and  the  work  has 
been  pushed  considerably  on  another  line,  which  will  go  as  far  as 
Lagunillas  nearing  Paraguay.  This  shows  the  development  of  the 
construction  of  railroads  in  the  country. 


AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  71 

A  syndicate  has  been  formed  in  La  Paz  to  establish  a  plant  for  the 
MANUFACTURE  OF  WOOD  ALCOHOL  and  for  making  paper  of 
various  kinds  from  wood  pxdp. 

The  President  issued  a  decree  placing  the  CONTROL  OF  FOOD 
PRODUCTS  under  the  customs  division  of  the  Government,  which 
obliges  the  merchants  to  furnish  a  weekly  list  of  their  stock.  Accord- 
ing to  this  decree  the  hiding  of  property  will  be  considered  as  smug- 
gling, and  the  Government  may  confiscate  the  goods  or  impose  a  fine 
of  60  per  cent  of  the  value  of  the  merchandise. 

Newspapers  state  that  owing  to  action  taken  by  the  Bolivian 
Minister  in  Japan,  a  group  of  Japanese  capitalists  have  rented  2,000 
square  miles  in  the  Department  of  Tanja,  Bolivia,  for  AGRICUL- 
TURE AND  STOCK  RAISING.  The  Japanese  Government  is  also 
preparing  to  submit,  for  the  approbation  of  Bolivia,  a  project  for  the 
development  of  tin  mines  and  the  construction  of  railroads  to  facili- 
tate the  transportation  of  the  colonists. 

Presidential  decree  of  September  9,  1919,  calls  for  bids  for  the 
purchase  of  1,000,000  liters  of  POTABLE  ALCOHOL  of  foreign 
manufacture,  95*^  Gay-Lussac  at  the  temperature  of  15°,  subject  to 
certain  terms.  The  deliveries  must  be  made  at  the  ports  of  Mol- 
iendo, Antofagasta,  or  Arica,  or  in  the  customhouse  of  ViUazon  on 
the  Argentine  frontier,  and  prices  must  be  specified  for  each  of  the 
places  indicated.  Payment  will  be  made  on  delivery  of  the  articles, 
by  90-day  drafts  on  London. 

BRAZIL. 

BRAZnJAN  TRADE,  SIX  MONTHS,  1919. 

Imports. — Imports  of  Brazil  for  the  first  six  months  of  1919 
amounted  to  $183,448,797.  This  figure  represents  a  conversion  of 
674,987,000  milreis  paper  at  the  average  rate  of  the  period  (milreis  = 
27.17  4- cents)  as  adopted  by  the  Brazilian  statistical  office.  Com- 
paring the  like  periods,  January  to  June,  inclusive,  for  the  four  years 
of  the  war  and  one  year  preceding  the  war,  the  imports  were  as 
follows:  1913,  524,583,000  mureis  ($169,964,921);  1916,  370,198,000 
milreis  ($87,971,000);  1917,  383,806,000  mibeis  ($96,029,000);  1918, 
418,051,000  milreis  ($112,247,000). 

The  difference  in  value  between  the  imports  for  the  period  in  1913 
before  the  war,  and  the  period  in  1919  after  the  close  of  the  war, 
shows  a  difference  of  less  than  8  per  cent  increase  in  imports.  Taking 
into  consideration  the  great  advance  in  prices  there  was  in  reality  a 
falling  off  in  imports  much  greater  than  8  per  cent. 

Brazilian  imports  are  stated  in  four  classes — I.  Live  stock;  II. 
Primary  Materials  and  Articles  used  in  the  Arts  and  Industries;  III. 
Manufactures;  IV.  Food  Products. 


72  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

The  imports  under  the  first  class  are  small.  The  imports  under 
the  second  class  increased  from  $36,965,160  for  the  six  months  of 
1913  to  $51,729,740  for  the  corresponding  period  of  1919.  The  chief 
items  under  this  heading  were:  Coal,  stones,  earths,  and  the  like 
(chiefly  coal)  from  $17,175,240  to  $20,324,520;  jute,  for  the  manu 
facture  of  bags  for  coffee,  from  $2,084,940  to  $6,779,700;  pelts  and 
skins,  from  $2,682,720  to  $4,845,420;  iron  and  steel,  from  $2,143,260 
to  $3,377,700;  raw  cotton,  from  $1,657,260  to  $2,741,040.  There 
were  likewise  increases  in  vegetable  oik  and  extracts,  in  seed,  roots, 
bark,  etc.,  in  lead,  tin,  zinc,  and  their  alloys,  and  in  other  metals  and 
metalloids  not  otherwise  enumerated,  and  in  hair,  fur,  and  feathers. 

The  chief  decreases  were:  In  woods  and  lumber,  from  $2,444,580 
to  $952,560;  in  wool,  from  $1,317,060  to  $826,200;  and  in  gold, 
silver,  and  platinum,  from  $223,560  to  $4,860.  There  was  likewise 
a  decrease  in  animal  residuary  products  of  nearly  $100,000. 

In  the  third  class  the  increase  was  from  $95,192,820  to  $95,440,680. 
The  chief  items  in  which  increases  occurred  were:  In  manufactures 
of  paper,  from  $3,547,800  to  $10,162,260;  chemicals,  drugs,  and 
pharmaceutical  specialties,  from  $3,615,840  to  $7,236,540;  silk  man- 
ufactures, from  $451,980  to  $1,078,920.  There  were  increases 
also  in  manufactures  of  aluminum,  of  rubber,  of  bristles  and 
hair,  of  hemp,  surgical  and  dental  instruments,  of  manufactures  of 
nickel,  of  straw,  esparto,  and  pita,  of  perfumery,  paints,  inks,  etc. 
There  were  decreases  in  the  imports  of  manufactures  of  iron  and 
steel  not  otherwise  enumerated,  from  $20,402,280  to  $17,374,500;  of 
machinery,  engines,  took,  and  hardware,  from  $18,278,460  to 
$16,174,080;  of  wool,  from  $2,230,740  to  $1,744,740;  of  linen,  from 
$1,010,880  to  $539,460;  of  wood,  from  $1,030,320  to  $573,480;  of 
arms  and  ammunition,  from  $1,900,260  to  $1,020,600;  of  carriages 
and  other  vehicles,  from  $9,734,580  to  $2,279,340.  There  were 
decreases  also  in  the  imports  of  musical,  mathematical,  physical,  and 
optical  instruments  and  materials;  of  jute  bags,  of  earthenware,  por- 
celain,  and  glass;  of  manufactures  of  gold,  silver,  and  platinum;  of 
earths,  stones,  and  like  substances;  and  of  leather. 

The  imports  imder  the  fourth  class  decreased  from  $36,945,720  to 
$35,181,540.  The  chief  item  of  increase  imder  this  class  was  cereals, 
flour,  and  alimentary  grains  from  $14,176,620  to  $21,524,940.  There 
were  decreases  in  the  imports  of  beverages  from  $8,626,500  to 
$4,208,760;  of  preserved  food  and  extracts,  from  $8,334,900  to 
$6,235,380;  in  dairy  products,  from  $1,924,560  to  $510,300.  In 
cattle  foods,  from  $306,180  to  $53,460. 

The  origin  of  the  imports  is  shown  in  the  following  table.  Imports 
from  the  United  States  increased  by  over  250  per  cent,  and  there 
were  large  increases  also  in  imports  from  Argentina,  British  India, 
Newfoundland,    Sweden,    Japan,    Spain,    and    Mexico    (oils).     The 


AGBICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  73 

decreaseB  were  largely  from  the  United  Kingdom,  France,  Portugal, 
Italy,  Belgium,  Germany,  and  Austria-Hungary,  and  were  of  manu- 
factured goods. 


11 
11 

lii 

6:749 

3             Bl 

,m 

.«. 

Norm 

u:«o 

Total 

iw,BM,9ai 

Eiporia.— The  export  trade  of  Brazil  shows  remarkable  increases 
and  changes  within  the  last  six  or  seven  years.  Comparing  the 
first  six  months  of  1919  with  the  like  periods  of  1916,  1917,  and 
1918,  and  of  1913,  the  year  preceding  the  war,  we  find  the  exporta 
to  be  as  follows  ; 

1919 $297,082,410 

1918 134,177,777 

1917 148,558.371 

1916 121,790,560 

1913 134. 066, 400 

Taking  the  first  period  of  1913  and  the  last  of  1919  there  was  an 
increase  in  exports  of  nearly  122  per  cent.  This  shoi»^  a  remarkable 
gain  in  values;  and,  taking  into  account  the  advance  in  prices,  it 
shows  a  very  considerable  gain  in  quantities,  though  not  so  great, 

Brazilian  exports  are  stated  in  three  classes:  I,  Animal  products; 
II,  Minerals  and  mineral  products;  III,  Vegetable  products. 

In  the  period  January  to  July,  inclusive  (seven  months),  the  chief 
increases  in  the  first  class  by  quantities  were  cattle  hides,  from  24,963 
metric  tons  (ton  =  2,204,6  pounds)  to  30,973  tons;  frozen  and 
chilled  beef,  from  nothing  to  30,167  tons;  preserved  meats,  from 
122  to  17,498  tons.  There  were  other  increases  in  jerked  beef,  skins, 
wool,  and  in  lard  and  miscellaneous  products. 

The  chief  increase  in  the  second  class  was  in  manganese,  from 
61,700  to  132,667  tona. 

In  the  third  class  the  increases  were  in  coffee,  from  4,752,000  bags 
(of  60  kilos  or  132.27  pounds  each)  to  8,496,000  bags;  rice,  from  42 
tons  to  13,050  tons;  sugar,  from  5,103  tons  to  21,606  tons;  cacao, 
from  12,822  tons  to  36,542  tons;  manioc  fiour,  from  2,299  tons  to 
19,233  ;  beans,  from  nothing  to  28,202  tons;  yerba  mate,  from  34,367 
tons  to  40,632.  There  were  increases  in  exports  of  Carnauba  wax 
of  nearly  1,000  tons;  of  oil-producing  seeds,  over  4,000  tons;  of  tobacco. 


74 


THE  PAN  AUERICAX  UNION. 


of  1,800  tons;  and  of  woods  and  timber  of  50,000  tons.  The  exports 
of  Indian  corn,  potatoes,  and  beans  represent  an  entirely  new  trade 
which  sprung  up  in  the  closing  years  of  the  war. 

There  was  a  decrease  in  the  export  of  cotton  from  20,056  tons  to 
2,131  tons,  and  of  rubber  from  23,168  to  17,708. 

The  following  table  is  interesting  as  showing  the  destination  of 
these  exports  and  the  changes  occurring  in  these  years,  the  most 
remarkable  of  which  are  the  enormous  increases  in  the  exports  to 
the  United  States,  France,  Italy,  Belgium,  Uruguay,  Argentina, 
Spain,  and  Sweden,  and  the  decreases  in  the  exports  to  Germany, 
Austria-Hungary,  and  the  Netherlands: 


|3Um 

jnths.) 

1913 

lia3,4ï5,IM  ' 
at  503  820 
M  «8  512 

to^TM^ie» 

10  311  »u 

iigS 

îliai)!»» 

1S13 

tl82,182 

38.933 

m.l21 

1.90,347 

70.12S 

1819 

NorwM 

Auslrls-HiiDinrr 

!,a»,813 

iM,m,m 

An  executive  decree  of  October  23  last  authorizes  the  Central  & 
South  American  Telegraph  Co.,  without  monopoly,  special  privilege, 
or  subsidy,  to  lay  SUBMARINE  CABLES  between  the  cities  of  Rio 
de  Janeiro  and  Santos  and  to  points  in  the  Republic  of  Uruguay. 

A  branch  of  the  NORTH  AMERICAN  BOARD  OF  TRADE  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro  has  been  opened  in  São  Paulo. 

Construction  work  has  commenced  on  three  of  the  sections  of  the 
RAILWAY  from  Santa  Barbara  to  Piracicacha. 

The  Star  NAVIGATION  CO.  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  has  been  organized 
to  engage  in  the  coastwise  trade  between  the  principal  ports  of  the 
Republic,  and  especially  between  the  cities  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul 
and  Rio  de  Janeiro,  The  Funch  Edye  &  Co.  and  the  Booth  Lines, 
which  ply  between  New  York  and  Rio  Grande  do  Sid,  have  decided 
to  operate  vessels  equipped  for  passenger  traffic.  The  Jacaré  River 
has  been  opened  to  navigation  between  Canna  Verde  and  Santa  Ana 
in  the  State  of  Minas  Geraes, 

The  COFFEE  CROP  of  the  State  of  São  Paulo  is  estimated  at 
3,368,750  sacks;  of  the  Stat«  of  Minas,  430,000  sacks;  and  of  the 
State  of  Parana,  20,000  sacks;  or  a  total  of  3,818,750  sacks. 


The  new  concession   of   the  GENERAL   ELECTRIC  INDUS- 
TRIAL CO.,  authorizing  it  to  operate  for  another  period  of  10  years 


AGRICULTURE,   INDUSTRY,   AND  COMMERCE.  75 

its  plants  in  the  cities  of  Rancagua,  San  Fernando,  Curico,  Chilian, 
and  Temuco,  and  its  installations  in  the  communes  of  Nunoa  and 
Providencia,  departments  of  Santiago,  on  the  same  terms  as  mider 
the  old  concession,  was  approved  by  the  President  on  July  23  last. 

The  Parga  CARBONIFEROUS  EXPLOITATION  CO.,  with  a 
subscribed  capital  of  3,000,000  pesos,  was  recently  organized  in 
Valparaiso. 

The  treasiuy  department  has  approved  the  plans  and  estimates 
for  the  extension  of  the  Freire,  Rodriguez,  Las  Heras,  Carreras,  and 
EMwards  CANALS  in  the  port  of  Valparaiso.  This  work  is  estimated 
to  cost  240,530  pesos,  currency. 

Press  reports  state  that  a  group  of  Chinese  manufacturers  and 
merchants  of  Chile  and  Peru  has  organized  the  Chungwa  Navigation 
Co.,  which  proposes  to  purchase  and  operate  a  fleet  of  direct 
FREIGHT  STEAMERS  between  Chinese  and  Chilean  ports. 

It  is  reported  that  arrangements  have  been  made  for  CLOSER 
COMMERCIAL  RELATIONS  between  Mexico  and  Chile,  and  that 
the  Conmiercial  and  Agricultural  Society  of  Chile  has  requested 
Alberto  Marquez  B.,  Consul  General  of  Chile  in  Mexico,  to  arrange 
for  exhibits  of  Chilean  products  in  that  country.  It  is  understood 
that  both  nations  will  make  special  customs  concessions  in  order  to 
facilitate  trade  between  the  two  republics. 

Exports  from  Italy  to  Chile  during  the  second  half  of  1919  were 
valued  at  1,172,034  liras,  as  compared  with  2,800,664  liras  during  the 
same  period  of  1918. 

EXPORTS  OF  NITRATE  during  the  first  nine  months  of  1919 
aggregated  7,834,761  Spanish  quintals,  as  compared  with  46,330,593 
quintals  during  the  same  period  of  1918. 

COLOMBIA. 

According  to  figures  published  on  the  development  of  AGRICUL- 
TURE IN  CUNDINAMARCA  there  are  687,298  hectares  of  land  in 
the  department  devoted  to  stock  raising,  of  which  290,095  hectares 
are  cultivated  pasture  land  and  397,203  hectares  natural  pasturage; 
the  total  number  of  cattle  is  615,055  head;  35,859  hectares  of  land 
are  used  in  raising  sugar  cane,  whose  product  in  sugar  of  all  kinds 
amounts  to  36,043,040  kilos.  The  best  equipped  sugar  plantations 
are  the  following:  The  Golconda  in  the  mimicipality  of  Anapoima; 
San  Antonio  in  the  municipality  of  Vio  ta;  and  Guasimal  in  the 
municipality  of  Tena. 

Dr.  Pedro  Antonio  Molina,  former  minister  of  foreign  relations,  has 
been  appomted  AGENT  OF  THE  FERRO  CARRIL  DEL  PA- 
CIFICO (Railroad  of  the  Pacific). 

Early  in  November  a  COLOMBIAN  COMMERCIAL  COMMIS- 
SION left  Bogota  for  a  tour  of  propaganda  and  economic  study 


76  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

through  the  Republics  of  Chile,  Argentina,  Uruguay,  and  Brazil. 
The  members  are  Drs.  Jorge  Ancizar,  Cesáreo  A.  Pardo,  and  Senor 
Alfonso  Zamorano.  This  mission  is  charged  by  the  ministry  of 
agriculture  and  commerce  with  the  duty  of  making  a  special  study 
of  the  stock-raising  industry  and  packing  houses  of  Chile,  Argentina, 
and  Uruguay,  as  well  as  the  cultivation  of  coflFee  in  Brazil,  and  the 
preparation  of  serums  which  are  antidotes  for  snake  bites. 

Two  business  men  from  Barranquilla  have  lately  established  in 
the  city  a  FACTORY  TO  EXTRACT  OIL  from  all  grains  that  con- 
tain it,  for  with  the  type  of  machinery  installed  they  can  extract  oil 
from  the  coconut,  almonds,  flaxseed,  and  peanuts,  as  well  as  from 
the  castor  bean. 

By  a  presidential  decree  of  October  3  a  commission  has  been 
appointed  to  make  the  plans  for  the  laying  out  of  the  CENTRAL 
HIGHWAY  OF  THE  NORTH  in  the  section  from  Cucuta  to 
Pamplona  of  North  Santander. 

Newspaper  notices  state  that  in  Paris  a  FRENCH-COLOMBIAN 
COMPANY  has  been  formed  which  has  ten  large  hydroplanes  to 
take  to  Colombia  to  establish  a  rapid  transit  service  between  the  two 
river  ports  of  Barranquilla  and  La  Dorada  in  12-hour  trips.  The 
hydroplanes  have  acconmiodations  for  passengers,  and  it  is  believed 
that  this  air-river  route  will  prove  of  benefit  to  commerce  and  the 
country  as  a  whole. 

On  November  5  the  minister  of  public  works  signed  a  contract 
with  the  Compafiia  Colombiana  of  Las  Bocas  de  Ceniza  for  the  open- 
ing and  canalization  of  the  mouth  of  the  Magdalena  River  and  the 
construction  of  improvements  in  the  PORT  OF  BARRANQUILLA, 
as  provided  for  by  law  73  of  1913  in  conjunction  with  law  77  of  1912 
and  law  21  of  1919.  According  to  this  contract  the  company  engages, 
among  other  things,  to  obtain  for  the  nation  a  loan  of  6,568,000 
pesos,  gold,  for  the  construction  under  consideration. 

The  ministry  of  public  works  has  approved  the  plans  for  the  lay- 
ing out  of  the  extension  of  the  FERROCARRIL  DEL  NORTE 
(Railroad  of  the  North)  on  the  stretch  between  sections  67  and  72 
of  the  line. 

Executive  decree  of  October  23  organized  two  commissions  of 
engineers  to  survey  and  draw  plans  and  specifications  for  the  fol- 
lowmg  branches  of  the  FERROCARRIL  DEL  PACIFICO  (Raikoad 
of  the  Pacific),  provided  for  in  law  26  of  1915;  (a)  From  Popayan 
to  the  frontier  of  Carchi,  via  the  city  of  Pasto;  (b)  a  branch  to  con- 
nect Pasto  or  other  point  on  the  aforementioned  branch  with  the 
lower  part  of  the  Patia  River,  or  with  the  coast  of  the  Pacific;  and 
(c)  a  branch  to  connect  this  previous  branch  with  the  Alto  Putumayo 
or  other  navigable  river  of  the  east,  starting  from  Pasto  or  other 
suitable  point. 


AGRICULTURE,   INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  77 

COSTA   RICA. 

According  to  the  decree  of  July  29,  1919,  the  chamber  of  deputies 
has  authorized  the  President  to  establish  ARSENIC  DIPS  or  other 
eflfective  measures  to  destroy  the  ticks  and  other  insect  pests  which 
are  prejudicial  to  the  cattle-raising  industry.  The  same  decree  ap- 
propriates 2,000  colons  (colon,  $0.4653)  for  the  installation  of  these 
dips  in  the  infested  districts. 

During  the  period  between  Jime  16  and  July  15,  1919,  THE  EX- 
PORTATION THROUGH  THE  PORT  OF  LIMON  was  420,666 
pieces,  with  a  collective  weight  of  17,662,027  kilos.  The  products 
exported  most  extensively  were:  Bananas,  409,359  bimches,  with  a 
weight  of  16,524,074  kilos;  coffee,  3,737  sacks,  weighing  257,869  kilos; 
cacao,  1,909  sacks,  weighing  131,453  kilos;  and  3,359  sacks  of  sugar, 
weighing  303,262  kilos. 

In  order  to  stimulate  and  facilitate  exportation  of  national  prod- 
ucts to  the  Canal  Zone  the  President  issued  a  decree  on  September 
10,  1919,  exempting  from  tAxes  REIMPORTED  EMPTY  SACKS  in 
which  the  country's  products  had  been  sent  out. 

On  October  13  the  Government  made  a  contract  with  Señor  Raul 
Jiménez  granting  him  a  CONCESSION  FOR  SALT  LANDS  on  the 
Gulf  of  Nicoya.  This  concession  is  granted  for  the  space  of  20  years 
and  comprises  100  hectares  of  land.  According  to  the  terms  of  the 
contract  the  concessionaire  must  agree  to  the  following  conditions: 
To  raise,  within  a  year  from  date,  the  production  of  salt  to  no  less 
than  230,000  kilos  annually;  (2)  to  install  within  five  years  a  salt  re- 
finery; (3)  to  sell  60  per  cent  of  the  annual  output  for  national  con- 
sumption at  a  price  not  to  exceed  6  colones  and  45  céntimos  a 
quintal. 

CUBA. 

The  department  of  agriculture,  commerce,  and  labor  has  been 
asked  by  the  American  legation  in  Habana,  in  compliance  with  a  re- 
quest from  the  Department  of  Commerce  of  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment, for  information  concerning  MARINE  ALG^E  deposits  on 
the  northern  coast  of  Cuba.  These  seaweeds  are  used  in  a  number  of 
industries  in  the  United  States  and  Europe  as  raw  materials. 

Recent  data  received  from  the  department  of  finance  show  that  the 
COMMERCE  of  Cuba  with  Mexico  has  increased  during  the  last  few 
years.  In  1918  Cuba  bought  of  Mexico  commodities  valued  at 
$3,029,169. 

The  consid  of.  Cuba  in  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico,  states  that  Porto 
Rican  COFFEE  consumed  in  Cuba  from  March,  1918,  to  March,  1919, 
inclusive,  was  valued  at  $2,291,502^ 

Early  in  November,  1919,  the  ASSOCIATION  OF  FARMERS 
AND  COLONISTS  was  organized  in  Habana  with  the  following  offi- 

152788— 20— Bull.  1 6 


78  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

cere:  Miguel  Arango  y  Mantilla,  president;  Dr.  Ramon  J.  Martinez, 
secretary;  and  Higinio  Fanjul,  treasurer. 

Press  reports  state  that  the  receipts  of  SUGAR  from  the  present 
crop  in  all  the  ports  of  the  Republic  up  to  the  middle  of  November 
last  were  3,907,387  tons,  of  which  3,576,427  tons  were  exported, 
leaving  a  balance  on  hand  in  the  ports  of  the  Republic  of  248,966 
tons.  The  sugar  production  of  Cuba  for  the  season  of  1918-19 
amounted  to  3,971,776  tons,  as  compared  with  the  output  of  the  pre- 
vious year  of  3,446,083  tons. 

From  January  1  to  October  31,  1919,  the  EXPORTS  OF  LEAF 
TOBACCO  from  Habana  amounted  to  12,650,435  kilos,  of  which 
7,577,335  kilos  went  to  the  United  States  and  1,906,464  kilos  to  the 
Argentine  Republic. 

Statistics  recently  published  by  the  Government  of  the  United 
States  show  that  from  June,  1918,  to  March,  1919,  inclusive,  Cuba 
received  84  per  cent  of  the  AUTOMOBILES  exported  to  the  West 
rûdies. 

A  fortnightly  line  of  direct  STEAMERS  has  been  established 
between  Habana  and  San  Francisco,  and  between  the  latter  port 
and  Cienfuegos. 

DOMINICAN   REPUBLIC. 

On  October  13  the  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE,  INDUSTRY, 
AND  AGRICULTURE  chose  a  new  board  of  directors.  The  officers 
are:  President,  Señor  Juan  Grisolia;  treasurer.  Señor  Santiago 
Camps;   secretary.  Señor  Rafael  Ortiz  Arzeno. 

In  a  meeting  of  the  municipal  governments  held  in  October  it  was 
resolved  to  indicate  to  the  military  government  the  necessity  of 
estabhshing  NEW  STEAMSHIP  LINES  and  of  improving  the 
present  maritime  service.  It  was  also  agreed  to  recommend  the 
construction  of  a  raUroad  between  La  Vega  and  Manzanillo,  and  the 
reduction  of  the  freights  on  the  Central  Dominican  Railroad  for 
articles  free  of  customs  duty. 

THE  SUGAR  CROP  OF  1918-19  produced  1,119,551  sacks  of 
sugar,  or  157,836  tons. 

ECUADOR. 

On  October  14,  1919,  Congress  passed  a  law  empowering  the  Presi- 
dent to  construct,  directly  or  by  contract,  a  RAILROAD  from 
Puerto  Bolivar  through  the  Jubones  Valley  and  then  dividing,  one 
branch  to  go  to  the  city  of  Loja,  and  the  other  to  Cuenca  and  Azogues. 
Authorization  was  also  given  for  the  construction  of  a  branch  from 
the  Puerto  Bolivar  line  to  Zaruma  via  Santa  Rosa.  The  law  also 
provides  funds  for  the  work.  According  to  newspaper  accounts  the 
work  has  been  contracted  for  by  a  Chilean-Ecuadorian  syndicate 


AGRICULTURE,   INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  79 

organized  by  the  Chilean  engineer,  Señor  Ignacio  Léon.  The  rail- 
road will  cover  a  rich,  fertile  country  full  of  natural  resources  and 
drained  by  navigable  rivers,  such  as  the  Zamoa,  EH  Santiago,  the 
Morona,  the  Pastaza,  the  Napo,  and  other  tributaries  of  the  Amazon, 
The  committee  of  colonization  of  the  Province  of  Chimborazo  has 
been  authorized  to  let  a  contract  to  the  best  bidder  for  the  total  oi 
partial  construction  of  a  HIGHWAY  from  the  town  of  Pungala  as 
far  as  the  River  Morona,  in  accordance  with  legislative  decree  oí 
October  28,  1913. 

GUATEMALA. 

The  President,  on  August  29,  1919,  issued  an  order  whereby  it  is 
required  that  certain  importations  shall  be  provided  with  CERTIF- 
ICATES OF  SANITARY  INSPECTION  by  competent  authorities, 
in  order  to  avoid  the  introduction  into  the  coimtry  of  diseases  and 
animal  and  vegetable  parasites.  The  imports  coming  under  this 
classification  are:  Plants,  or  parts  of  plants;  seeds,  fruits,  and  the 
material  in  which  they  are  packed;  fowl  and  cattle,  horses,  hogs, 
goats,  and  sheep  for  breeding  purposes;  queen  bees,  swarms,  and 
honeycombs. 

In  a  decree  of  August  29,  1919,  the  President  of  the  Republic 
ordered  the  subdivision  into  two  zones  of  the  central  TELEGRAPH 
ZONE.  The  first  zone  will  comprise  the  departments  of  Guatemala, 
Sacatepequez,  and  Chimaltenango;  and  the  second,  Amatitlan  and 
Escuintla. 

Presidential  decree  of  September  25  authorizes  the  RESUMPTION 
OF  EXPORTATION  of  copper,  zinc,  and  their  alloys.  The  same 
decree  authorizes  also  the  exportation  of  gold  and  sUver  threads  for 
embroidery. 

According  to  newspaper  reports  an  arrangement  is  being  made  to 
establish  a  DIRECT  STEAMSHIP  LINE  between  France  and  Guate- 
mala. The  steamer  La  Perouse  will  make  a  trial  trip  from  Havre 
to  Puerto  Barrios  with  a  cargo  of  French  merchandise,  and  will  return 
with  a  cargo  from  Guatemala. 

For  the  month  of  September,  1919,  the  EXPORTATION  OF 
COFFEE  to  San  Francisco,  Calif.,  amounted  to  11,739  sacks.  Dur- 
ing this  same  period  there  was  a  stock  of  30,482  sacks  of  Guatemalan 
cofifee  held  in  the  same  market. 

HAITI. 

An  important  French  steamship  company,  the  "Société  Générale 
de  Transports  Maritimes,"  will  soon  begin  to  operate  a  line  of 
FREIGHT  AND  PASSENGER  STEAMERS  between  southern 
French,  Spanish,  and  ItaUan  ports  and  Haiti. 


80  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

Official  approval  has  been  given  to  two  NEW  COMPANIES 
recently  organized  with  a  view  of  promoting  industry  and  com- 
merce in  Haiti.  One,  known  as  the  Anglo-Haitian  Sugar  Co.,  will 
establish  large  refineries  in  different  parts  of  the  Republic,  while 
the  other,  known  as  American  West  Indies  Co.,  will  endeavor  to 
establish  new  commercial  relations  between  the  island  and  the  United 
States.     Both  companies  have  their  headquarters  in  Port  au  Prince. 

A  law  promulgated  on  November  5,  1919,  suspends  temporarily 
the  prohibition  of  IMPORTATION  OF  RAW  SUGAR. 

A  press  information  states  that  a  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE 
is  being  established  in  Cape  Haitien. 

HONDURAS. 

The  department  of  fomento,  public  works,  and  agriculture,  duly 
authorized  by  the  Executive  power,  contracted  on  July  11,  1919, 
with  Cristobal  Prats  Fornellosa,  to  build  the  NORTHERN  HIGH- 
WAY from  the  city  of  Comayagua  to  a  point  intersecting  the  road 
which  the  Honduras  Petroleum  Co.  is  constructing. 

The  FOREIGN  COMMERCE  of  Honduras  in  1918,  accordmg  to 
figures  published  by  the  Economic  Review,  amounted  to  $10,518,100, 
as  compared  with  $11,646,600  in  1917. 

MEXICO. 

In  order  that  Mexico  may  take  advantage  of  the  rise  in  the  price  of 
silver  the  National  Government  has  resolved  to  operate  all  the 
SILVER  MINES  to  enable  the  nation  to  assume  its  old  place  as 
the  greatest  silver-producing  country  in  the  world.  For  this  purpose 
the  secretary  of  industry  and  commerce  is  granting  to  mining  con- 
cerns guaranties  and  other  privileges  to  facilitate  the  work. 

About  the  middle  of  November  work  was  begun  on  the  CUSTOM- 
HOUSE AT  NOGALES,  Sonora,  which  will  be  one  of  the  finest  build- 
ings  in  the  State. 

A  new  navigation  company  has  been  formed  in  San  Francisco  under 
the  name  of  the  "  Rolphe  Navigation  &  Coal  Co.,  "  which  will  establish 
a  DIRECT  LINE  OF  STEAMERS  between  San  Francisco  and 
Guaymas,  Mazatlan,  Manzanillo,  and  Salina  Cruz,  Mexico. 

A  Mexican  newspaper  reports  that  within  four  or  five  months  THE 
NATIONAI.  AIRPLANE  FACTORY  will  be  in  condition  to  con- 
struct planes  as  powerful  as  those  used  in  the  European  war,  and  may 
attempt  the  construction  of  a  plane  large  enough  to  cross  the  Pacific. 
Col.  Alberto  Salinas,  former  director  of  the  School  of  Aviation,  arrived 
in  the  capital  from  Europe  the  middle  of  November.  He  has  returned 
from  a  trip  on  which  he  was  sent  by  the  Government  to  study  aviation 
and  observe  foreign  methods  of  construction  and  planes,  and  to  buy 
motors  of  the  best  type  for  the  planes  to  be  built  in  Mexico,  which  will 


AGRICULTURE,   INDUSTRY,   AND  COMMERCE.  81 

t 

be  three  or  four  times  as  large  as  any  that  have  been  constructed  there 
up  to  the  present.  Col.  Salinas  has  returned  well  supplied  with  data 
and  with  instruments  for  measuring  the  resistance  of  materials  and 
the  strength  of  motors  and  other  necessary  equipment. 

Early  in  November  two  TRAINS  OF  MACHINERY  EXHIBITS 
left  the  City  of  Mexico,  one  of  them  to  cover  the  narrow-gauge  system 
of  railroads  of  the  country  and  the  other  the  broad  gauge,  stopping  at 
all  the  agricultural  centers  to  give  lectures  illustrated  with  moving 
pictures,  and  to  demonstrate  the  machines  and  their  use  in  agriculture. 

According  to  official  information  a  large  American  company  is  to 
enlarge  and  improve  the  FOUNDRY  OF  DURANGO,  in  order  to 
utilize  the  iron  in  the  famous  Cerro  del  Mercado,  which  is  a  veritable 
iron  mountain  a  few  kilometers  from  the  city. 

A  large  OIL  REFINERY  is  being  constructed  in  Puertos  Lobos 
which  will  have  a  capacity  of  33,000  barrels  daily.  The  tanks  for  the 
storage  of  the  refined  oil  ready  for  shipment  will  be  constructed  near 
the  coast,  and  the  oil  conducted  by  means  of  pipe  lines  of  large  diam- 
eter to  the  company  docks,  where  ships  may  load  rapidly. 

In  the  district  of  Amatitlan,  in  the  oil  concession  of  the  Mexican 
company.  El  Águila,  a  NEW  OIL  WELL,  was  recently  drilled  which 
produces  60,000  barrels  daily. 

Figures  published  by  the  oil  companies  of  Mexico  show  the  in- 
crease which  OIL  PRODUCTION  has  made  in  the  country  and  the 
increased  export  in  the  last  10  years.  The  exportation  of  oil  in  1910 
amounted  to  3,332,807  barrels,  and  in  1911  increased  to  14,051,643 
barrels;  in  1912  it  was  16,558,215  barrels;  1913,  25,696,291  barrels; 
1914,  26,235,403  barrels;  1915,  32,910,508  barrels;  1916,  40,440,468 
barrels;  1917,  55,292,770  barrels;  1918,  63,828,836  barrels;  and  is 
estimated  at  79,758,403  barrels  for  1919.  As  the  total  of  the  first 
eight  months  of  the  present  year  was  53,159,203  barrels,  there  was  a 
monthly  average  production  of  6,644,900  barrels.  These  figures  show 
that  the  exportation  of  oil  for  this  year  will  amount  approximately  to 
80,000,000  barrels,  a  figure  never  before  reached  in  Mexico.  Since 
1910  about  358,105,444  barrels  of  Mexican  oil  have  been  exported. 

Newspaper  reports  state  that  OIL  SEEPAGES  have  been  dis- 
covered on  the  hacienda  of  San  Antonio,  on  the  line  between  the  States 
of  Zacatecas  and  Durango,  about  2  J  miles  from  San  Miguel  Mezquital, 
and  there  is  a  great  rush  for  concessions,  as  it  is  believed  to  be  a  new 
oil  field  of  great  promise.  The  department  of  industry,  commerce, 
and  labor  has  therefore  commissioned  two  engineers  to  make  a  care- 
ful study  of  the  region  and  furnish  the  Government  with  reliable 
information. 

NICARAGUA. 

Newspaper  reports  state  that  four  American  companies  have  offered 
bids  to  the  Government  for  the  construction  of  the  FERROCARRIL 


82  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

DEL  ATLÁNTICO  (Railroad  of  the  Atlantic).  It  has  been  decided 
to  use  the  route  from  Monkey  Point  to  San  Miguelito. 

In  accordance  with  the  contract  of  May  28,  1917,  made  between  the 
minister  of  promotion  and  Señor  Jorge  Heinsch  for  the  development 
of  oil  lands  and  natural  gases,  the  President  has  appointed  the  engineer 
Señor  Alberto  Gómez  representative  of  the  Government  on  the 
GEOLOGICAL  COMMISSION  referred  to  in  article  2  of  the  afore- 
mentioned contract. 

A  syndicate  has  been  formed  in  New  York  with  a  capital  of 
$9,000,000  to  establish  a  large  sugar  plantation  in  Nicaragua  similar 
to  those  of  Cuba,  to  raise  sugar  cane  on  an  extensive  scale. 

According  to  notices  from  the  department  of  promotion,  the 
CAMINO  REAL  (Royal  Highway)  will  be  opened  during  the  present 
month  for  the  use  of  automobiles  between  Tipitapa  and  Matagalpa. 

A  Bluefields  paper  states  that  the  LUMBER  BUSINESS  on  the 
Atlantic  side  of  Nicaragua  is  to  be  developed  within  the  next  few 
months  by  the  Huddleston-Marsh  Co.,  of  the  United  States,  which 
will  cut  and  export  large  quantities  of  mahogany  and  cedar.  The 
same  paper  states  that  the  company's  agent  has  already  arrived  and 
engaged  many  workmen  for  the  logging  areas,  and  has  promised  to 
deliver  to  the  company  12,000,000  feet  of  mahogany  and  cedar  within 
12  months.  This  ig  a  much  larger  quantity  than  heretofore  exported 
in  any  like  period.  The  shipment  and  export  of  this  wood  will  bring 
the  Government  some  $60,000  in  shape  of  taxes  and  export  revenue. 

PANAMA. 

The  President  of  the  Republic,  the  minister  of  public  works,  the 
governor  of  Panama,  and  other  high  officials  recently  visited  the 
Island  of  Coiba  and  the  Damas  Peninsula  for  the  purpose  of  selecting 
a  site  for  a  PENAL  COLONY.  The  Peninsula  was  chosen  because 
of  its  potable  water  and  waterfalls,  which  can  be  used  for  the  develop- 
ment of  electric  power.  An  appropriation  of  $30,000  has  been  made 
toward  founding  the  colony. 

An  executive  decree  of  November  26  last  declares  nontransferable 
certain  lANDS  OF  THE  DISTRICT  OF  PEDASI,  and  prohibits 
the  exploitation  of  their  forests  and  the  clearing  and  cultivation  of 
the  same,  except  in  case  of  contracts  made  in  accordance  with  the 
provisions  of  the  fiscal  code. 

An  executive  decree  of  November  27  permits  TURTLE  FISH- 
ING between  San  Bias  and  Cape  Tiburón.  The  same  decree  pro- 
hibits the  sale  of  firearms,  explosives,  and  ammunition  in  the  circum- 
scription of  San  Bias. 

A  contract  made  by  the  treasury  department  with  Ramon  Fernan- 
dez provides  for  the  construction  of  a  LANDING  in  Aguadulce  in 
accordance  with  plans  prepared  by  the  department  of  fomento.     The 


AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  C0MMERC5E.  83 

same  department  has  authorized  Hugh  R.  Wilford  to  construct,  or 
acquire  by  purchase,  transfer,  or  lease,  in  the  city  of  Colon,  within 
the  jurisdiction  of  tJie  Republic  of  Panama,  a  BONDED  WARE- 
HOUSE. After  the  payment  of  consular  fees,  stamps,  etc.,  the  con- 
cessionaire is  allowed  to  deposit  in  this  warehouse,  without  the  pay- 
ment of  duties,  all  articles  imported  direct  for  consumption,  use,  or 
sale  in  the  Republic  and  the  Canal  Zone,  or  for  sale  to  ships  passing 
through  the  canal  or  for  reexportation.  The  contract  is  for  a  term 
of  15  years. 

A  New  York  firm  has  leased  for  90  years  the  lands  of  the  Chorcha 
PETROLEUM  Co.,  in  the  Province  of  Chiriqui,  and  proposes  to  ex- 
ploit them  on  a  large  scale.  The  work  of  drilling  wells  is  to  commence 
soon. 

Press  reports  state  that  a  Panama  manufacturer  has  succeeded  in 
successfuUy  tanning  ALLIGATOR,  SHARK,  and  other  skins  by  a 
new  process,  and  that  it  is  proposed  to  develop  the  industry  on  a  large 
scale. 

PARAGUAY. 

According  to  newspaper  reports  the  BANCO  BRITÁNICO  DE  LA 
AMERICA  DEL  SUR  is  to  establish  a  branch  in  Paraguay  with  a 
capital  of  $2,000,000,  gold. 

A  group  of  Argentine  bankers,  business  men  and  newspaper  men 
have  made  an  extensive  tour  through  Paraguay  in  the  interest  of 
INTERNATIONAL  TRADE  between  the  two  countries. 

The  land  and  colonization  office  has  offered  1 1-acre  lots  of  GROUND 
FREE  to  German  inmiigrants  if  they  will  cultivate  them.  These 
lots  are  located  in  various  parts  of  the  country. 

The  governing  board  of  the  SOCIEDAD  GANADERA  (Stock- 
men's Society)  of  Paraguay  has  been  elected  as  follows:  president. 
Señor  Rodney  B.  Croskey;  secretary.  Dr.  J.  Isidro  Ramirez;  treas- 
urer, J.  Ramón  Silva. 

PERU. 

On  September  14,  1919,  the  President  of  the  Republic  appointed  a 
commission  to  collect  specimens  of  the  principal  national  products, 
to  display  them  in  the  COLONIAL  EXPOSITION  OF  JAPAN  to 
be  held  in  that  country  during  March  of  the  present  year.  Señor 
Eduardo  Palacio  will  preside  over  the  committee. 

During  the  month  of  September,  1919,  the  value  of  the  SALES 
OF  PROVISIONS  made  by  the  Government  to  reduce  the  cost  of 
living  amounted  to  36,441  Peruvian  poimds  (Peruvian  pound  = 
S4.8665  U.  S.);  comparing  this  sum  with  33,600  P.  pounds  which 
represent  the  August  sale  the  result  is  an  increase  of  2,841  P.  pounds. 
The  three  articles  which  the  Government  sold  in  large  amounts  were: 
Coal,  649,409  kilos;  rice,  585,669  kilos;  and  sugar,  437,668  kilos. 


84  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

The  President  recently  authorized  the  main  office  of  the  irrigation 
system  to  make  experiments  in  the  CULTIVATION  OF  NUTRI- 
TIOUS PLANTS  which  only  need  watering  in  the  summer.  These 
experiments  are  to  be  carried  out  on  State  property  which  can  be 
irrigated  with  the  abundant  supply  of  the  rivers  of  tiie  coast. 

On  November  2  the  President  ordered  the  organization  of  COM- 
MITTEES OF  FOOD  ADMINISTRATION  in  aU  the  capitals  of  the 
departments  of  the  Republic.  These  committees  will  be  composed 
of  members  representing  laborers,  professional  men,  industrial  men, 
and  business  men  of  the  department  in  which  the  committee  is  formed. 
The  committee  will  be  considered  as  in  advisory  capacity  to  the  State 
on  matters  within  their  province. 

SALVADOR. 

On  October  6th,  a  meeting  of  agriculturalists  was  held  in  San  Sal- 
vador to  elect  a  central  directive  council  for  THE  AGRICULTURAL 
UNION  OF  SALVADOR,  and  to  perfect  the  organization  of  the 
union  throughout  the  country.  The  new  directive  council  will  be  in 
power  imtil  August,  1920,  and  will  be  composed  of  the  following 
persons:  President,  Sefior  Miguel  Dueñas;  treasurer,  Sefior  Salvador 
Gómez;  secretary.  Dr.  Francisco  A.  Lima;  members.  Señores  Ramón 
García  González,  Atilio  G.  Prieto,  and  Francisco  A.  Reyes. 

Early  in  October  the  Government  took  charge  of  the  work  on  the 
DOCK  OF  LA  LIBERTAD,  which  has  been  in  the  hands  of  a  private 
company  for  50  years. 

UKUGUAY. 

During  the  first  eight  months  of  1919  the  EXPORTS  OF 
FROZEN  MEATS  consisted  of  307,844  frozen  wethers,  659,564 
quarters  of  frozen  beef,  and  1,268  quarters  of  chilled  beef,  as  compared 
with  39,563  frozen  wethers,  302,443  quarters  of  frozen  beef,  and  254 
quarters  of  chilled  beef  exported  during  the  same  period  of  1918. 

An  executive  decree  of  October  3,  1919,  prescribes  that  inspectors 
of  the  labor  bureau  shall  submit  an  ANNUAL  INDUSTRIAL  RE- 
PORT within  the  first  five  days  of  January  of  each  year,  covering  the 
present  industrial  situation  and  the  development  and  future  of  the 
industries  of  the  country. 

In  October,  1919,  the  Anglo  Mexican  Petroleum  Co.  and  H.  W. 
Bowie,  representing  a  joint  stock  company,  petitioned  the  depart- 
ment of  finance  for  permission  to  install  a  large  deposit  of  PETRO- 
LEUM in  the  port  of  Montevideo. 

An  executive  decree  of  October  3  last  requires  the  judge  having 
jurisdiction  in  the  issuance  of  MINING  TITLES  to  accompany  same, 
together  with  other  data  required  by  law,  with  a  plan  of  measurement 
which  shall  form  an  integral  part  of  the  title  deed. 


AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  85 

VENEZUELA. 

According  to  newspaper  reports  the  MARACAIBO  OIL  CO.  has 
been  incorporated  iinder  the  laws  of  the  State  of  Delaware,  and  has 
acquired  some  750,000  acres  of  land  in  Venezuela,  in  which  it  will 
invest  $2,000,000  in  oil  wells  and  refineries.  The  company  will  have 
ample  shipping  facilities. 

The  agricultural  experiment  station  of  Cotiza  has  obtained  excel- 
lent results  in  its  trial  crop  in  RAISING  TOBACCO,  according  to  the 
** Vuelta  Abajo''  (Cuba)  method.  More  than  500  kilograms  of 
tobacco  of  very  fine  aroma  and  quality  was  gathered  and  sold  im- 
mediately to  the  principal  cigar  manufactiu-ers  of  the  capital.  Ac- 
cording to  a  Caracas  paper  the  success  of  this  experiment  in  tobacco 
cultivation  shows  two  points  of  general  interest — first,  that  tobacco 
may  be  cultivated  extensively  on  all  the  sandy  soil  of  the  valley  of 
Caracas,  and  second,  that  this  is  the  best  use  to  which  these  lands 
may  be  put,  since  at  present  most  of  them  are  planted  with  crops  of 
little  importance,  which  barely  cover  the  cost  of  cultivation. 

In  order  to  establish  a  better  system  in  relation  to  the  unclaimed 
lands,  it  has  been  decided  that  all  concessionaires  of  contracts  and 
permits  for  the  EXPLOITATION  OF  NATURAL  PRODUCTS 
shall  place  an  individual  and  distinguishing  mark  upon  their  different 
products  when  possible,  or  upon  the  packing  of  the  same,  so  that  it 
may  be  determined  from  whence  they  come. 

The  President  has  authorized  Mr.  Addison  H.  McKay  to  turn  over 
to  the  American  firm,  *^The  Venezuelan  Oilfields  (Limited),"  the 
contracts  he  made  with  the  National  Government  for  the  LOCATION 
AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  OIL  WELLS  and  related  substances  in 
zones  1  to  6  in  the  district  of  Democracia,  of  the  State  of  Falcon, 
provided  that  the  aforementioned  company  establish  a  legal  residence 
in  Venezuela,  in  accordance  with  article  121  of  the  national  constitu- 
tion, and  fulfill  other  conditions  laid  down  by  the  conmiercial  code. 

According  to  a  table  lately  pubhshed  by  the  ministry  of  promotion, 
showing  the  number  of  head  of  LIVE  STOCK,  FOWLS}  etc.,  in  the 
federal  district  in  the  Departments  of  Libertador  and  Vargas,  into 
which  the  district  is  divided,  there  are  7,079  head  of  cattle,  2,712 
horses,  4,501  asses,  952  mules,  17,849  goats,  5,582  hogs,  and  85,754 
fowls. 


^  ECONOMICandFINANCIAL 

k/   AFFAIRS  <í.í; 

ARGENTINA. 

Statistics  of  the  third  census  show  the  COLLECTIVE  WEALTH 
of  the  Argentine  Republic  to  be,  in  national  currency,  as  follows: 
Urban  real  property,  19,109,717,580  pesos;  nu*al  property,  including 
lands,  stock,  machinery,  and  agricultm-al  instrumenta,  16,905,122,540; 
personal  property,  290,000,000;  private  raikoads,  3,051,621,075; 
tramways,  336,000,000;  telephones,  21,000,000;  and  gold  deposits  in 
the  Conversion  Bank,  other  banks,  and  legations,  800,000,000  pesos. 

The  MUNICIPAL  BUDGET  FOR  1920,  submitted  to  the  council 
of  the  city  of  Buenos  Aires',  provides  for  expenditures  amoimting  to 
47,280,069  pesos,  currency,  made  up  of  the  following  items:  Debt, 
10,965,380;  administrative  expenses,  11,376,400;  and  subventions, 
maintenance  of  offices,  etc.,  24,938,289  pesos. 

The  INTERNAL-REVENUE  TAXES  collected  during  the  first 
nine  months  of  1919  amoimted,  in  national  currency,  to  58,041,108 
pesos,  as  compared  with  51,270,092  pesos  collected  in  the  same  period 
of  1918. 

The  receipts  of  the  BUENOS  AIRES  CUSTOMHOUSE  in  Sep- 
tember, 1919,  amounted  to  9,324,000  gold  pesos,  and  those  for  the 
first  nine  months  of  the  present  year  to  49,739,052  gold  pesos. 

In  August  last  883  pieces  of  REAL  ESTATE,  valued  at  25,932,430 
pesos,  currency,  were  sold  in  Buenos  Aires.  During  the  same  period 
282  mortgages,  representing  a  value  of  8,866,800  pesos,  currency,  were 
issued  on  real  estate  in  the  national  capital. 

The  REVENUES  OF  THE  RAILWAYS  from  July  1  to  October 
18,  1919,  were  greater  than  those  of  the  same  period  of  1918  in  the 
following  amoxmts:  Southern  Railway,  £529,000;  Argentine  Central, 
£444,200;  Buenos  Aires  to  the  Pacific,  £267,000;  Cordoba  Central, 
£201,600;  Buenos  Aires  Central,  123,886  pesos;  and  the  Rosario  to 
Puerto  Belgrano  Railway,  123,000  pesos. 

According  to  the  statement  of  the  NATIONAL  MORTGAGE 
BANK  of  Buenos  Aires,  the  total  value  of  its  bonds  in  circulation  on 
September  30,  1919,  was  604,402,700  pesos,  national  currency,  and 
5,683,250  pesos,  gold. 

BOLIVIA. 

Duly  authorized  by  the  Government,  the  departments  of  mails  and 
the  national  treasury  have  ordered  5,250,000  STAMPS  from  the 
American  Banknote  Co.  of  New  York.     Of  this  number  5,000,000  are 
10-centavo  stamps  and  250,000  are  50-centavo  stamps. 
86 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  87 

According  to  the  latest  report  of  the  minister  of  promotion  and 
industry,  the  INVESTMENTS  OP  THE  BOLIVIA  RAILWAY  CO. 
in  railway  construction  at  the  end  of  1918  amounted  to  £6,673,231, 
sterling,  of  which  £156,726,  sterling,  represent  the  investment  of  the 
present  year. 

BRAZIL. 

Statistics  published  by  a  conamercial  journal  of  Brazil  show  that 
from  the  independence  of  the  Republic  to  1914  there  were  32  FOR- 
EIGN LOANS  made,  aggregating  £169,107,275.  Of  these  loans  15 
have  been  paid,  17  are  still  in  force,  together  with  two  loans  con- 
tracted from  1914  to  1917,  and  the  loans  made  within  the  last  two 
years.     The  foreign  debt  of  Brazil  in  1917  is  given  as  £113,000,000. 

The  receipts  of  the  CENTRAL  RAILWAY  of  Brazil  from  Jan- 
uary to  June,  1919,  were  38,584,747  milreis. 

During  the  first  nine  months  of  1919  the  CUSTOMS  RECEIPTS 
of  Puerto  Alegre  were  1,743,079  milreis,  gold,  and  5,648,315  milreis, 
currency. 

On  July  31,  1919,  the  PAPER  MONEY  in  circulation  amounted 
to  1,720,083,318  mibeis. 

The  branch  of  the  NATIONAL  CITY  BANK  of  New  York  has 
moved  into  its  new  building  on  the  Avenida  Branco,  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

The  Popular  Agricultural  and  Stock  Credit  BANK  has  been  or- 
ganized in  Sao  Paulo  with  a  capital  of  1,250,000  milreis.  It  will 
cater  to  agricultural  and  stock  interests,  and  will  encourage  the  es- 
tablishment of  small  banks  in  different  parts  of  the  Stat«  of  São 
Paulo. 

The  CONSUMERS'  TAX  in  1914  amounted  to  52,223  contos;  in 
1915  to  67,936  contos;  in  1916  to  83,827  contos;  in  1917  to  117,719 
contos,  and  in  1918  to  119,739  contos. 

The  BUDGET  for  1919  shows  a  deficit  of  209,000  contos,  the  re- 
ceipts being  estimated  at  666,000  contos  and  the  expenditures  at 
875,000  contos.     In  1918  the  deficit  was  126,803  contos. 

In  1918  the  VALUE  OF  REAL  PROPERTY  transferred  in  the 
City  of  Sao  Paulo  was  56,093,505  milreis,  as  compared  with  46,998,- 
019  mibreis  in  1917,  and  36,860,249  mibeis  in  1916.  The  transfers  in 
1918  produced  Government  revenues  amoimting  to  2,538,216  milreis. 

The  REVENUES  collected  in  Sao  Paulo  during  the  five  years  from 
1914  to  1918  amoimted  to  89,054  contos. 

Dr.  Cardoso  Almeida,  ex-secretary  of  the  treasury  of  the  State  of 
Sao  Paulo,  has  been  appointed  director  of  the  BANK  OF  BRAZIL. 

CHILE. 

In  1918  the  transactions  of  the  MORTGAGE  BANK  were  as  fol- 
lows: Five  hundred  and  sixty-three  loans,  aggregating  67,437,400 
pesos,  as  compared  with  529  loans,  totaling  46,633,700  pesos  and 


88  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

£10,000  in  1917.  In  1918  outstanding  mortgages  were  reduced 
33,738,200  pesos,  13,353,500  francs,  and  £52,130.  The  loans  se- 
cured by  agricultural  property  in  1918  amounted  to  266,918,600 
pesos,  8,300,500  francs,  and  £84,630.  During  the  year  referred  to, 
and  in  accordance  with  the  law  of  November  9,  1918,  16  loans  for 
irrigation  projects  aggregating  4,412,930  pesos  were  made.  In  1918 
five  building  loans,  amounting  to  680,000  pesos,  were  made,  and  in 
1917  two  loans  were  made  totaling  131,000  pesos.  The  dividends  due 
in  1918  represented  the  sum  of  39,208,344  pesos,  which,  added  to  the 
balance  impaid  in  1917,  makes  a  total  of  44,788,630  pesos. 

The  external  DEBT  of  Chile  on  December  31, 1918,  aggregated  100,- 
500,587  gold  pesos,  and  the  internal  debt  on  the  same  date  amounted 
to  157,468,000  gold  pesos,  and  65,770,454  pesos,  currency. 

On  October  1,  1919,  the  BOARD  OF  PRODUCTS  of  Valparaiso, 
whose  object  is  to  develop,  faciUtate,  and  increase  commerce,  was 
inaugurated. 

On  October  10  last  the  Bank  of  Chile  increased  its  capital  to  200,- 
000,000  pesos. 

During  the  first  nine  months  of  1918  the  CUSTOMS  RECEIPTS 
were  as  follows:  Export  duties,  12,978,598  pesos,  gold;  import  duties, 
32,333,030  pesos,  gold;  and  other  customs  receipts,  2,472,975  pesos, 
gold;  or  a  total  of  47,784,603  gold  pesos. 

COLOMBIA. 

THE  BANK  OF  FREDONIA,  with  a  capital  of  500,000  pesos,  gold, 
has  just  been  founded  in  the  town  of  that  name,  in  the  Department 
of  Antioquia. 

According  to  official  figures  the  total  issue  of  notes  of  the  INTER- 
NAL DEBT  amounted  to  39,640,356  pesos,  gold  (Col.  peso  = 
$0.9733  U.  S.),  and  the  total  redeemed  amounted  to  35,139,824  gold 
pesos;  the  balance  in  circulation  is  4,500,432  pesos,  gold. 

Ordinance  No.  50  of  1919  of  the  departmental  assembly  of  Antioquia 
authorizes  the  city  councils  to  decree  and  make  effective  A  DIREXTT 
TAX  of  2  per  1,000  on  all  capital,  in  order  to  eliminate  the  deficits 
in  the  budgets  when  the  revenues  and  fees  were  insufficient  for 
necessary  expenses,  and  the  construction  of  one  or  more  public 
improvements.  Possessions  under  300  pesos  can  not  be  considered 
capital,  nor  the  property  of  minor  orphans  and  widows  unless  it 
exceeds  2,000  pesos. 

According  to  figures  prepared  for  the  distribution  of  the  direct 
tax,  the  TAXABLE  WEAI.TH  OF  MEDILLlN  amounts  to  51,836,- 
250  pesos,  gold,  not  including  the  property  of  the  church,  nor  that 
of  the  pubUc  charity  and  industries  declared  free  from  the  tax,  and 
which  amount  to  5,186,600  pesos,  gold;  the  real  property  owned  by  the 
district  is  also  not  taxable  and  amounts  to  1,882,710  pesos,  gold,  and 
the  untaxable  property  of  the  department  is  worth  1,335,810  pesos. 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  89 

The  municipality  of  Medellin  has  contracted  a  LOAN  OF  $2,500,000 
with  G.  Amsinck  &  Co.,  of  New  York,  with  an  initial  discount  of  8 
per  cent  and  bearing  annual  interest  at  6  per  cent  for  a  term  of  five 
years.     This  sum  is  to  be  spent  only  in  public  works. 

The  Banco  Hipoticario  de  la  Mutualidad  of  Bucaramanga  LOANED 
30,000  pesos  to  the  government  of  the  Department  of  Santander  for 
the  construction  of  the  railroad  of  Puerto  Wilches. 

Early  in  the  present  month  a  BRANCH  OF  THE  NATIONAL 
CITY  BANK  OF  NEW  YORK  opened  in  Bogotá. 

Executive  decree  of  October  27  fixes  the  RATES  OF  STORAGE 
of  merchandise  in  the  customhouses  of  the  Republic. 

Law  45,  passed  by  the  national  congress  October  28,  provides 
that  the  FISCAL  YEAR  OF  THE  NATIONAL  TREASURY  shall 
begin  each  year  on  the  1st  of  January  and  end  on  the  last  day  of  the 
following  December,  changing  by  this  ruling  the  terms  of  law  3  of 
1916. 

Law  31  of  October  7  grants  a  SUBSIDY  FOR  RAILROADS  of 
15,000  pesos  per  kilometer  to  the  Departments  of  Tolima  and  Huila 
for  the  following  railroads,  to  be  constructed  within  their  territories: 
In  the  department  of  Tolima,  the  railroad  to  run  from  the  city  of 
Ambalema  to  Ibagué;  in  the  Department  of  Huila  and  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Tolima  the  line  referred  to  in  law  30  of  1914,  the  roads  having 
been  declared  public  necessities. 

The  TREASURY  CERTIFICATES  redeemed  smce  their  issue 
amount  to  277,749  pesos. 

The  Barranquilla  press  states  that  the  oflBce  supplies  and  fixtures 
have  arrived  for  the  BRANCH  BANK  of  the  Royal  Bank  of 
Canada  to  be  established  in  Barranquilla. 

A  new  Colombian  bank  known  as  the  BANCO  DEL  HUILA 
began  operations  in  the  city  of  Neiva.  The  ofiicers  are:  Manager, 
Señor  Libório  Cuéilar  Duran;  assistant  manager.  Señor  Placido 
Serrano;  and  secretary  and  coimselor,  Dr.  Anibal  Montoya  Canal. 

According  to  newspaper  notices  the  WEALTH  OF  THE  MUNIC- 
IPALITY OF  BARRANQUILLA  in  property  amounts  to  1,100,000 
pesos;  the  budget  of  revenue  is  estimated  at  300,000  pesos,  and  the 
expenditures  are  calculated  at  200,000  pesos  for  the  fiscal  year  of 
1920,  leaving  a  surplus  of  100,000  pesos. 

COSTA   RICA. 

The  law  of  July  30,  1919,  authorizes  the  municipality  of  the  central 
canton  of  Cartago  to  contract  a  LOAN  WITH  THE  CREDITO 
AGRÍCOLA  OF  CARTAGO  for  the  sum  of  20,000  colones,  at  10 
per  cent  annual  interest,  payable  in  quarterly  payments  of  500 
colones  or  more  (colon  equals  $0.4653).  The  proceeds  of  this  loan 
will  be  devoted  to  public  works  in  Cartago. 


90  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

The  ministry  of  the  treasury  and  commerce  on  August  11,  1919, 
signed  a  convention  arranging  the  CANCEIJATION  OF  THE 
DEBT  WITH  HARTH  &  CO.,  of  Paris,  according  to  the  following 
terms:  The  debt,  amounting  to  262,291  colones,  to  be  canceled  in 
pajrments  of  100,000  colones  on  December  11,  1919;  40,000  colones 
on  February  11,  1920;  50,000  colones  March  11,  1920;  and  72,291 
colones  on  May  1 1  of  the  same  year. 

On  August  31,  1919,  the  STATE  OF  THE  BANKS  was  as  follows: 
The  Banco  de  Costa  Rica  had  a  reserve  in  specie  of  812,098  colones; 
notes  in  circulation,  311,365  colones;  and  notes  on  hand  1,688,635 
colones.  The  Banco  Anglo  Costarricense,  787,412  colones,  reserve, 
in  specie;  555,245  colones,  notes  in  circulation;  and  1,136,255  colones 
in  notes  in  reserve.  The  Banco  Mercantile  of  Costa  Rica,  reserve  in 
specie,  1,214,691  colones;  notes  in  circulation,  645,000  colones;  and 
notes  on  hand  1,605,000  colones.  The  Banco  Internacional  de  Costa 
Rica,  specie  in  reserve,  2,964,001  colones;  notes  in  circulation, 
16,690,496  colones;  and  notes  on  hand,  923,503  colones.  The  Royal 
Bank  of  Canada,  reserve  in  specie,  33,543  colones,  and  in  notes  and 
other  securities,  2,743,792  colones. 

During  the  first  six  months  of  1919  the  NATIONAL  REVENUE 
amounted  to  5,522,146  colones,  collected  as  follows:  Slaughter  tax, 
42,446  colones;  customs,  978,127  colones;  liquors,  1,503,869  colones; 
stamped  paper,  48,588  colones;  telegraphs,  102,136  colones;  Railroad 
del  Pacifico,  641,322  colones;  fixed  import  tax,  975,179  colones; 
national  printing  office,  6,011  colones;  direct  tax,  702,456  colones; 
public  registry,  24,204  colones;  exportation  of  bananas,  73,693 
colones;  fees,  73,646  colones.  In  the  first  six  months  of  1918  the 
national  revenue  produced  a  total  of  4,174,177  colones,  which, 
compared  with  the  first  mentioned  six-month  period  of  1919,  shows 
an  increase  of  1,347,969  colones. 

During  the  first  ^ix-month  period  of  1919,  THE  CUSTOMS  REV- 
ENUE was  978,127  colones,  distributed  as  follows:  Customs  of  San 
José,  531,668  colones;  Punta  Arenas,  166,385  colones;  Limon,  251,301 
colones;  and  Sixaola,  28,775  colones.  In  the  first  six  months  of  1918 
the  customs  revenue  amounted  to  537,713  colones,  or  440,414  colones 
less  than  the  amount  collected  in  the  present  year. 

The  President  issued  a  decree,  on  November  23,  authorizing  the 
mmistry  of  the  treasury  to  ISSUE  BONDS  PAYABLE  TO  BEARER 
to  the  amoimt  of  2,000,000  colones.  These  bonds  will  be  of  100 
colones  and  1,000  colones  denomination,  with  an  annual  interest  of 
9  per  cent,  payable  in  quarterly  installments.  The  amortization  of 
these  bonds  will  be  effected  by  means  of  quarterly  lottery  drawings, 
each  drawing  to  be  for  not  less  than  three-fourths  per  cent  of  the 
authorized  loan.  For  the  amortization  and  interest  the  land  tax 
is  to  be  used  after  the  deduction  of  the  costs  of  coUection.  The 
decree  which  calls  for  the  loan  disposes  that  the  entire  quantity. 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  91 

2,000,000  colones,  be  used  for  the  improvement  and  upkeep  of  the 
roads  of  the  country. 

CUBA. 

In  October,  1919,  the  receipts  of  the  HABANA  CUSTOMHOUSE 
aggregated  $3,511,442,  which  exceed  those  of  any  previous  month. 
The  receipts  of  the  customhouse  at  Santiago  in  October  last  were 
$97,380  greater  than  those  of  October  of  the  previous  year. 

The  receipts  of  the  controUed  RAILWAYS  from  July  1  to  October 
11  last  were  £1,348,634  or  £175,360  more  than  those  of  the  same 
period  of  the  previous  year. 

A  recent  MESSAGE  of  the  President  to  the  house  of  representa- 
tives on  the  occasion  of  the  opening  of  the  legislative  period  con- 
tains the  following  data:  The  treasury  department  collected — cus- 
toms revenues,  $39,495,346;  considar  fees,  $961,902;  transportation 
receipts,  $2,008,698;  taxes  on  banks  and  corporations,  $4,240,654  J 
land  taxes  and  property  transfers,  $2,183,373;  national  stamp  taxes, 
$3,283,284;  taxes  on  sugar,  $5,532,232;  on  molasses,  $449,028;  on 
property  and  rights  of  the  State,  $411,042;  on  sundry  products, 
$1,567,423,  and  loan  taxes,  $9,895,638.  Concerning  the  public 
debt  the  President  states  that  the  recognized  revolutionary  bonds, 
issues  of  1896  and  1897,  aggregating  $2,196,585,  have  been  paid  to 
the  amount  of  $2,188,625,  leaving  outstanding  bonds  valued  at 
$7,960.  The  $35,000,000  Speyer  loan  has  been  reduced  to  $25,109,- 
500.  On  accoimt  of  interest  on  the  $16,000,000  Speyer  loan,  from 
April  to  October,  inclusive,  1919,  $502,500  have  been  paid.  Of 
the  treasury  bonds  of  the  issue  of  1917  for  $30,000,000,  $4,850,000 
of  series  B  have  been  deUvered  to  various  corporations,  and  bonds 
of  Series  A  to  the  value  of  $10,000,000  have  been  delivered  to  the 
Treasury  of  the  United  States. 

DOMINICAN   REPUBLIC. 

The  CUSTOMS  RECEIPTS  FOR  THE  PORT  OF  SANTO- 
DOMINGO  during  the  month  of  September  were  $120,133,  American 
money. 

The  military  government  recently  appointed  a  COMMISSION 
ON  ECONOMIC  AFFAIRS  to  undertake— (a)  The  revision  of  the 
customs  and  port  laws;  (&)  the  revision  of  port  duties;  (c)  the  draft- 
ing of  a  law  for  the  inspection  of  ships;  and  (d)  the  drafting  of  a  law 
for  the  issue  of  licenses  to  ships'  captains  and  pUots.  The  commis- 
sion is  formed  of  the  following  persons:  Senors  Lybrand  P.  Smith, 
commander  of  the  United  States  Navy,  who  will  act  as  president; 
P.  M.  Mathewson;  Adriano  Mejía;  C.  H.  Loinaz;  and  Edwin  Pope. 

By  executive  order  No.  353,  $47,400  has  been  appropriated  for 
PUBLIC  WORKS.  This  amoimt  will  be  used  to  complete  the  agri- 
cultural station  of  Jaina  and  the  purchase  of  its  equipment. 


92  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

ECUADOR. 

Presidential  decree  of  October  15,  1919,  authorizes  the  munici- 
pality of  Máchala  to  impose  a  tax  of  from  5  to  50  centavos  on  each 
mangrove  log  taken  from  the  province  of  El  Oro  for  export,  and  the 
revenue  thus  acquired  will  be  applied  to  the  construction  of  Public 
works.  The  same  decree  authorizes  the  municipalities  of  Zaruma, 
Pasaje,  and  Santa  Rosa  to  collect  the  same  tax  for  logs  taken  from 
the  forests  of  their  respective  cantons  for  exportation  and  to  apply 
the  tax  to  Public  Works. 

The  municipality  of  Tidcan  has  been  authorized  by  the  national 
congress  to  contract  a  LOAN  of  30,000  sucres  (sucre  equals  $0.4867 
U.  S.)  for  the  installation  of  an  electric-light  plant,  guaranteeing  the 
payment  for  construction  with  the  following  revenues:  (a)  Fifty 
centavos  for  each  100  weight  of  sea  salt  brought  by  private  individ- 
uals into  the  canton  of  Tulcan,  and  50  centavos  for  each  quintal  oí 
the  same  article  sold  in  the  office  of  the  collector  of  the  canton  ;  (h)  1 
sucre  for  each  head  of  beef  slaughtered  in  the  canton;  (c)  1  sucre  for 
each  quintal  of  national  merchandise  brought  into  the  canton;  (d) 
and  1  sucre  per  thousand  on  the  buildings  of  Tidcan. 

In  accordance  with  a  law  passed  by  the  national  congress  on  Octo- 
ber 18  and  signed  by  the  President  on  the  same  day,  appropriations 
were  made  for  the  construction  of  RAILROADS  and  other  pubUc 
utilities.  For  this  purpose  each  kilogram,  gross  weight,  of  merchan- 
dise passing  through  the  customhouse,  or  parcel-post  offices  will  be 
subject  to  additional  taxes,  which  revenue  will  be  deposited  in  one 
of  the  banks  of  the  country  after  the  deduction  of  300,000  sucres 
from  the  first  amount  collected,  which  will  be  handed  over  to  the 
collector  of  the  revenue  for  the  improvement  of  the  railway  from 
San  Juan  Chico  to  Riobamba.  The  remainder  will  be  divided  into 
four  parts — one  for  the  railroad  from  Sibambe  to  Cuenca;  another 
for  the  coast  railroad  ;  the  third  for  the  Quito-Esmeraldas  Railroad  ; 
and  the  fourth  for  the  work  on  the  docks  and  customhouse  of  Guaya- 
quil. This  same  law  authorizes  the  contraction  of  loans  for  the 
carrying  out  of  the  aforementioned  public  works  with  the  guarantee 
of  the  taxes  imposed  by  this  and  special  laws.  It  also  provides  that 
bids  be  called  for,  for  180  days  in  the  cities  of  Europe  and  the  United 
States,  and  90  days  in  the  Republic,  for  the  construction  of  the  dock 
and  customhouse  building  of  Guayaquil.  If  during  the  period  of 
solicitation  of  bids  no  bidders  make  any  proposals,  then  the  Execu- 
tive will  proceed  directly  with  the  work  according  to  plans  adopted 
in  a  public  meeting. 

On  October  17,  the  Executive  signed  a  law  passed  by  the  national 
congress  on  the  14th  of  the  same  month  authorizing  the  mimicipality 
of  Guayaquil  to  contract  a  LOAN  of  not  over  8,000,000  sucres  (sucre 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  93 

equals  S0.4867  U.  S.)  at  8  per  cent  annual  interest  and  2  per  cent 
annual  amortization,  for  the  payment  of  the  debts  contracted  with 
the  Territorial  Bank,  Banco  del  Ecuador,  and  the  Banco  Commercial 
Agrícola,  and  for  a  new  drinking  water  supply  to  be  brought  from  the 
mountain.  The  municipality  of  Guayaquil  will  give  as  security  for 
the  loan — (a)  The  tax  of  IJ  per  cent  on  each  kilogram  of  cacao  ex- 
ported throiigh  the  port  of  Guayaquil  ;  (6)  the  revenue  produced  by 
the  water  taxes  ;  (c)  the  revenue  from  mimicipal  lands  which  are  sold 
in  cash  sales  or  on  time,  with  some  exceptions,  and  all  the  property 
owned  by  the  municipality  within  the  city  limits  or  environs;  (d) 
the  tax  of  i  per  cent  on  the  city  property  of  Guayaquil  and  that  of  2 
per  thousand  on  country  property  and  city  property  in  the  cantons 
of  Guayaquil,  Yaguachi,  and  El  Milagro. 

In  accordance  with  a  law  passed  by  the  national  congress  on  October 
10,  and  approved  by  the  President  on  the  14th  of  the  same  month, 
the  SALARIES  and  traveling  expenses  of  the  DIPLOMATIC  CORPS 
of  Ecuador  in  foreign  service  are  fixed,  thereby  repealing  the  law  of 
April  29,  1896,  and  other  decrees.  The  new  law  goes  into  effect  on 
January  1,  1920. 

The  national  congress  is  at  present  discussing  a  project  for  the 
foundation  of  a  FARMERS'  BANK  to  develop  national  agriculture 
and  lend  all  the  aid  possible  to  farmers. 

According  to  the  President's  message,  read  before  congress  at  the 
opening  of  the  legislative  session  on  August  10,  the  GOVERNMENT 
REVENLTS  for  1918  amounted  to  14,015,445  sucres,  and  the 
EXPENDITLHES  to  15,887,718,  showing  a  deficit  of  1,872,273 
sucres. 

In  reducing,  in  1918,  the  PUBLIC  DEBT,  1,525,500  sucres  were 
paid  to  different  creditors,  and  1,205,000  sucres  were  sent  to  London 
for  the  payment  of  interest  and  amortization  of  the  Guayaquil-Quito 
Railroad. 

In  accordance  with  a  law  of  the  national  congress  of  October  20, 
the  city  property  of  Guayaquil  is  subject  to  an  ADDITIONAL  TAX 
of  1  per  thousand,  which  revenue  will  be  devoted  to  the  renewing  of 
the  hose  of  the  fire  department,  and  to  keep  and  maintain  in  good 
condition  the  equipment  of  the  firemen,  and  to  build  a  new  fire 
station  in  the  southern  part  of  the  city. 

GUATEMALA. 

On  October  6,  1919,  the  city  of  Guatemala  effected  an  AMORTI- 
ZATION OF  MUNICIPAL  BONDS  to  the  value  of  75,000  pesos, 
national  currency.  The  bonds  amortized  were  of  the  1,500,000  peso 
loan  which  the  city  contracted  with  the  Banco  de  Occidente. 

15278S— 20— Bull.  1 7 


94  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

In  September,  1919,  the  MUNICIPAL  REVENUE  of  Mazatenango, 
department  of  Suchitepequez,  amounted  to  45,463  pesos,  national 
money.  Comparing  this  sum  with  the  expenditures  of  the  muni- 
cipality, shows  a  deficit  of  8,516  pesos. 

The  municipality  of  Cuyotenango,  department  of  Suchitepequez, 
has  been  authorized  by  the  President  to  collect  the  following  EXCISE 
TAXES:  for  the  whiskey  monopoly,  15  pesos  monthly;  licenses  for 
carts  and  other  vehicles,  annually  25  pesos;  licenses  for  saraband 
dances,  25  pesos  per  day;  slaughter  tax,  for  cattle,  10  pesos,  for 
sheep,  5  pesos;  license  for  serenades,  25  pesos;  water  tax,  20  pesos 
per  year. 

HAITI. 

Messrs.  Fleury  Féquières,  secretary  of  finance,  Horace  Ethéart  and 
Fernand  Denis  have  been  appointed  members  of  the  HAITIAN 
COMMISSION  which  will  take  part  in  the  Pan  American  financial 
conference  at  Washington,  in  January  1920. 

According  to  an  official  announcement  a  BOND  ISSUE  of 
$40,000,000  by  the  Haitian  Government  for  the  payment  of  in- 
debtedness and  claims  against  the  country  was  provided  for  in  a  pro- 
tocol signed  by  the  secretary  of  foreign  relations  and  the  American 
minister  to  Haiti. 

A  law  has  been  promulgated  which  authorizes  the  Banque  Nationale 
to  put  in  circulation  5,000,000  PROVISIONAL  1  AND  2  GOURDE 
BANK  NOTES.  According  to  the  agreement  between  the  Govern- 
ment and  the  bank  authorities,  an  additional  3,000,000  of  notes  may 
be  issued  and  put  in  circulation  if  necessary.  These  provisional  bank 
notes  will  be  withdrawn  as  soon  as  the  permanent  notes  become 
available. 

HONDURAS. 

During  the  first  half  of  1919  the  CUSTOMS  REVENUES  aggre- 
gated 1,370,287  silver  pesos,  or  an  increase  of  433,922  silver  pesos 
over  the  customs  revenues  of  the  same  period  of  1918.  The  total 
customs  revenues  of  the  Republic  in  1918  were  3,455,289  silver  pesos, 
as  compared  with  2,828,158  silver  pesos  collected  from  the  same  source 
in  1917. 

The  BLTiGET  for  1919-20  fixes  the  expenditures  of  the  Govern- 
ment at  $3,241,423,  of  which  $300,487  are  for  public  instruction, 
$998,960  for  the  military  branch  of  the  Government,  and  $1,941,976 
for  other  Government  departments. 

From  August,  1918,  to  June  30,  1919,  the  REVENUES  FROM 
AGUARDIENTE  amounted  to  2,087,976  silver  pesos,  as  compared 
with  1,804,476  silver  pesos  collected  during  the  same  period  of  1917-18. 

On  July  31,  1917,  the  INTERNAL  DEBT  of  the  Republic  was 
3,397,419  silver  pesos.  During  the  fiscal  year  1917-18  this  debt 
decreased  by  229,922  silver  pesos. 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  95 

MEXICO. 

According  to  information  furnished  by  the  treasury  department, 
the  SILVER  COIN  of  the  issue  previous  to  the  present  one,  or 
that  which  was  issued  in  1918  before  the  reformatory  decree  became 
effective  in  October,  amounted  to  27,083,000  pesos  in  the  following 
coins:  One-peso  coins,  9,201,000  pesos;  50-centavo  coins,  16,  315,000 
pesos;  29-ccntavo  coins,  831,000  pesos;  and  10-centavo  coins, 
8.S6,000  pesos. 

By  reason  of  the  IMMIGRATION  TAX  lately  estabUshed  by  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  any  person,  native  or  foreign,  who  desires  to 
enter  the  country  next  year  will  be  obliged  to  pay  the  sum  of  20  pesos 
national  gold  to  the  Mexican  consul  at  the  port  where  he  begins 
his  journey. 

On  the  1st  of  November  the  2-PESO  GOLD  COINS  were  put 
in  circulation  in  accordance  with  the  measures  of  the  decree  exe- 
cuted recently  to  reform  the  monetary  system. 

The  post-office  department  has  designated  several  commissioners 
to  consider  plans  for  the  reestablishment  of  an  INTERNATIONAL 
POSTAL  MONEY  ORDER  service  with  several  countries,  among 
which  are  Canada,  Cuba,  Italy,  France,  Japan,  Salvador,  and 
Germany. 

The  latter  part  of  October  the  government  of  the  State  of  Yucatan 
executed  a  LAW  OF  AMORTIZATION  OF  THE  REGULADORA 
DE  HENNEQUIN,  limiting  until  December  31  the  circulation  of 
paper  money  issued  by  this  institution,  and  ruling  that  this  paper  be 
redeemed  in  1920.  Thereafter  the  drafts  due  will  be  paid  as  cir- 
cumstances permit,  and  a  new  council  named  for  the  liquidation  of 
affairs  with  the  assistance  of  the  local  government. 

The  President  has  appointed  Señor  don  Eduardo  Del  Raso 
MEXICAN  FINANCIAL  AGENT  in  New  York. 

From  January  to  October  of  1919  the  TAX  FROM  THE  MAR- 
KETS of  the  City  of  Mexico  amounted  to  844,624  pesos,  against 
703,439  pesos  for  the  whole  year  of  1918,  showing  an  increase  of 
141,185  pesos  in  the  10  months  of  the  present  year. 

The  BLT)GET  OF  EXPENDITURES  for  the  City  of  Mexico  is 
reckoned  at  11,459,899  pesos  for  1920.  Of  this  sum  3,473,243 
pesos  are  for  the  police  force  and  fire  department. 

According  to  official  reports,  by  the  middle  of  November  the 
CLAIMS  OF  FOREIGNERS  AND  CITIZENS  FOR  DAMAGES 
FROM  THE  REVOLUTION  amounted  to  30,226,168  pesos,  ISO 
of  these  claims  were  Mexican,  44  Spanish,  9  American,  19  Turkish, 
and  24  German;  the  rest  of  different  national  ties. 

The  secretary  of  the  treasury  has  estimated  the  NATIONAL 
REVENUE  FOR  1919  at  149,384,000  pesos  and  those  of  1920  at 
162,000,000  pesos. 


96  THE  paît  AMERICAN   UNION. 

NICARAOUA. 

On  behalf  of  the  Government,  Dr.  Camilo  Barberena  Diaz  has 
formed  plans  for  the  founding  of  A  FARMERS'  NATIONAL  BANK 
with  a  capital  of  50,000  córdobas  (córdoba  equals  $1),  taken  from 
the  surplus  of  the  budget.  This  bank  will  make  loans  to  farmers 
at  long  terms  and  with  low  rates  of  interest,  it  being  the  idea  of 
the  Government  to  aid  in  the  national  development  of  agriculture. 

As  the  conmiercial  convention  of  January  27,  1902,  between 
France  and  Nicaragua  expired  on  September  19,  by  the  terms  of 
which  some  Nicaraguan  products  exported  to  France  were  admitted 
to  that  country  under  reduced  tariff  rates,  and  reciprocally  some 
French  products  were  admitt<»d  to  Nicaragua  under  a  25  per  cent 
reduction  of  tariff,  some  being  exempt,  the  collector  general  of 
customs  has  now  notified  the  customs  department  that  shipments 
leaving  France  after  September  10,  1919,  for  Nicaragua  will  be 
subject  to  the  full  payment  of  CUSTOMS  REVENUE  established 
by  the  customs  tariff  in  force.  For  this  purpose  the  date  of  expor- 
tation will  be  considered  as  that  shown  on  the  bills  of  lading. 

PANAMA. 

An  executive  decree  of  October  8  regulates  the  collection  of  TAXES 
on  real  and  personal  property,  and  provides  for  the  taking  of  a 
property  census  throughout  the  Republic.  The  President  has  also 
approved  a  decree  of  the  Governor  of  the  Department  of  Panama 
authorizing  the  municipal  councils  to  levy,  regulate  and  collect 
certain  taxes. 

An  executive  decree  of  August  25  last  places  the  PITBLIC  MAR- 
KET tariff  and  wharf  charges  of  the  City  of  Panama  under  the 
direction  of  the  general  administrator  in  charge  of  the  collection 
of  liquor  taxes.  The  same  arrangement  applies  to  the  public 
market  of  the  citv  of  Colon. 

PARAGUAY. 

The  draft  of  the  BUDGET  FOR  1920,  submitted  to  congress  for 
approval,  estimates  the  national  expenditures  for  the  year  at  1,507,- 
804  pesos,  gold,  and  78,128,582  pesos  in  currency,  distributed  as  fol- 
lows: Congress,  900  gold  pesos  and  2,669,200  pesos  currency;  depart- 
ment of  the  interior,  145,755  gold  and  15,566,540  currency;  interior 
relations,  150,576  gold  and  705,600  currency;  treasury  42,526  gold 
and  8,147,340  currency;  justice.,  conmierce,  and  public  instruction, 
70,620  gold  and  24,401,280  currency;  war  and  navy,  232,540  gold 
and  18,629,832  currency;  public  debt,  864,885  gold  and  8,008,790 
currency.  The  revenues  for  the  aforesaid  year  are  estimated  as 
814,000  gold  and  90,673,000  currency,  distributed  in  the  following 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  97 

manner:  Customs  receipts,  775,000  gold  and  46,843  currency;  internal 
revenue,  2,000  gold  and  33,435,000  currency;  land  tax,  7,250,000 
currency;  mails  and  telegraph  2,555,000  currency  ;  incidental  receipts, 
37,000  gold  and  590,000  currency. 

The  INTERNAL  REVENUE  for  the  month  of  September 
amounted  to  11,370  pesos,  gold,  and  2,514,263  pesos  currency. 

Presidential  decree  of  October  14  authorizes  the  treasury  depart- 
ment to  arrange  for  an  INCREASE  OF  CREDIT  WTIH  THE 
BANCO  DE  LA  REPUBLICA  to  the  sum  of  £130,000.  This  credit 
wiU  earn  an  annual  interest  of  10  per  cent. 

On  August  2  the  President  executed  a  decree  authorizing  the  min- 
istry of  the  treasury  to  fix  the  monthly  RATE  OF  GOLD  EX- 
CHANGE for  the  quotas  to  be  paid  as  established  in  the  interna- 
tional convention  and  subscribed  by  the  administration  of  mails  and 
tel^raph. 

Congress  passed  law  354,  on  August  22,  granting  a  SUBSIDY  OF 
20,000  pesos  gold  to  the  municipality  of  Asimción  for  the  payment 
of  the  first  installment  of  the  purchase  price  of  the  estate  known  as 
the  Quinta  General  Caballero.  The  same  law  says  that  the  estate 
shall  be  used  for  public  purposes,  such  as  drives,  parks,  or  recreation 
grounds. 

PERU. 

According  to  a  report  made  the  end  of  August,  1919,  by  the  tax 
collection  company,  the  total  value  of  the  REVENUE  COLLECTED 
during  the  first  six  months  of  1919  amounted  to  902,039  Peruvian 
pounds  (Peruvian  potind  =  $4.8667),  distributed  as  follows:  Liquor 
tax,  241,209  Peruvian  pounds;  sugar,  71,873  Peruvian  pounds; 
property  transfer  tax,  27,649  Peruvian  pounds;  harbor  tax,  1,092 
Peruvian  pounds;  contribution  on  collections,  13,888  Peruvian 
pounds;  opium  monopoly,  9,243  Peruvian  pounds;  lighthouses, 
1,722  Peruvian  pounds;  matches,  15,029  Peruvian  pounds;  mines, 
28,876  Peruvian  pounds;  stamped  paper,  15,455  Peruvian  pounds; 
customs  papers,  2,839  Peruvian  pounds;  forfeiture  papers,  99  Peru- 
vian pounds;  patents,  54,385  Peruvian  pounds;  tobacco  monopoly, 
319,209  Peruvian  pounds;  registration  fees  13,057  Peruvian  pounds; 
school  tax,  60,317  Peruvian  pounds;  night  watch  of  CaUao,  613  Peru- 
vian pounds;  Government  seals,  24,714  Peruvian  pounds;  mining 
stamps,  770  Peruvian  pounds. 

THE  DEPOSITS  OF  COINED  GOLD  in  November  amounted  to 
5,609,675  Peruvian  pounds,  and  are  held  by  the  vigilance  committee 
as  a  guarantee  for  the  circulating  checks  issued  by  the  banks.  The 
total  value  of  the  bank  issues  on  the  aforementioned  date  amounted 
to  6,149,907  Peruvian  poimds;  thus  the  coined  gold  on  deposit 
represents  91.22  per  cent  of  the  total  value  of  the  issues.     The  fore- 


98  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

going  figures  do  not  include  the  issue  of  certificates  of  deposit  of  50 
centavos,  nor  the  gold  received  as  part  of  the  guarantee  of  the  nickel 
coins.  The  guarantees  for  the  50  centavo  certificates  of  deposit  and 
for  the  nickel  coins  amount  to  429,436  gold,  Peruvian  pounds,  on  de- 
posit with  the  vigilance  committee. 

Presidential  decree  of  October  23, 1919,  authorizes  the  coimcil  of  the 
district  of  San  José  de  Surco  to  secure  a  LOAN  from  the  tax  collection 
company  for  the  sum  of  7,435  Peruvian  poimds.  This  loan  is  to 
cancel  other  debts  of  the  district. 

The  statement  of  September  30,  1919,  of  the  SAVINGS  BRANCH 
of  the  Public  Beneficence  of  Lima,  shows  the  following  figures:  Securi- 
ties on  notes  (nominal  value),  874,637  Peruvian  pounds;  securities 
on  advances,  accounts  current  (nominal  value),  296,533  Peruvian 
pounds;  securities  held  on  deposit,  89,269  Peruvian  pounds.  These 
figures  show  a  total  of  1,260,440  Peruvian  poimds. 

In  the  month  of  October,  1919,  the  CUSTOMS  REVENUE  OF 
CALLAO  amoujQted  to  194,015  Peruvian  pounds.  Of  this  sum 
108,123  Peruvian  pounds  represent  the  imports  and  85,892  Peruvian 
pounds  the  exports. 

SALVADOR. 

Capitalists,  agriculturists,  and  business  men  of  Salvador  have  sub- 
scribed funds  for  the  founding  of  a  new  national  BANK  OF  ISSUE 
in  San  Salvador.     The  initial  capital  wiU  be  1,000,000  soles. 

On  the  suggestion  of  the  President,  the  national  assembly  passed 
on  September  12  an  addition  to  the  BUDGET  FOR  1919-20  as  pub- 
lished in  the  official  paper  of  August  9,  and  in  the  Buixetin  for  Octo- 
ber. The  addition  to  the  budget  is  as  follows:  Revenue — import  tax, 
5,600,000  pesos  (peso  =$0.8019);  liquors,  2,995,100  pesos;  stamped 
papers,  450,000  pesos;  direct  tax,  495,000  pesos;  various  incomes, 
303,500  pesos;  and  fees,  787,000  pesos,  making  a  total  of  13,685,000 
pesos.  Expenditures:  National  assembly,  97,660  pesos;  President 
of  the  Republic,  100,360  pesos;  department  of  government,  3,431,247 
pesos;  promotion,  1,705,688  pesos;  agriculture,  75,960  pesos;  foreign 
relations,  295,977  pesos;  justice,  942,060  pesos;  public  instruction, 
1,348,507  pesos;  public  charity,  745,532  pesos;  treasury,  886,442 
pesos;  public  credit,  999,491  pesos;  war  and  navy,  3,058,222  pesos; 
total,  13,687,146  pesos.  Comparison  of  the  totals  shows  a  deficit  of 
2,146  pesos.  All  the  import  and  export  taxes  have  been  calculated  at 
the  rate  of  100  per  cent  exchange,  in  accordance  with  the  new  mone- 
tary law. 

According  to  newspaper  notices,  in  October  the  value  of  all  the 
BILLS  IN  CIRCULATION  from  the  three  banking  houses  of  the 
capital — Banco  Salvadoreño,  Banco  Occidental,  and  the  Banco 
Agrícola  Comercial — amoimted  to  17,600,000  pesos.     On  the  same 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  99 

date  the  assets  of  the  institutions  in  paid-up  obligation  or  payments 
falling  due,  discounted  bills  of  exchange,  mortgage  loans,  and  current 
accounts  amounted  to  15.408,020  pesos,  which  shows  that  these  banks 
had  ample  collateral  to  back  their  bills.  Of  these  assets,  5,893,714 
pesos  were  held  by  the  first  bank,  6,595,035  pesos  by  the  second,  and 
2,919,271  pesos  by  the  third. 

A  short  time  ago  the  Banco  Occidental  received  from  the  United 
States  $750,000  GOLD  COIN  and  the  Banco  Salvadoreño  $501,000 
in  gold  coin. 

The  Mercantile  Bank  of  the  Americas,  of  New  York,  has  proposed 
to  the  Government  the  founding  of  a  BANK  OF  ISSUE  in  San 
Salvador  with  an  authorized  capital  of  $10,000,000,  gold.  If  the 
Government  accepts  the  proposition  the  bank  will  also  establish 
branches  or  have  representatives  in  all  the  capitals  of  the  depart- 
ments and  districts  wherever  there  is  sufficient  business  to  justify  it. 

A  decree  of  the  national  assembly  dated  August  22  places  a  TAX 
OF  1  DOLLAR  on  each  100  kilos  of  coffee  and  25  cents  gold  on  each 
100  kilos  of  sugar  for  the  term  of  two  years. 

URUGUAY. 

An  Executive  decree  of  October  3,  1919,  fixes  the  value  of  the  Uru- 
guayan peso  in  Austria,  in  so  far  as  concerns  article  6  of  the  consular 
tariff,  at  5.60  Swiss  francs.  The  decree  designates  the  offices  in  which 
the  duties  of  the  said  tariff  may  be  collected  in  crowns  at  the  rate  of 
exchange  on  that  day  and  for  the  equivalent  fixed  in  Swiss  francs. 

On  October  2, 1919,  congress  passed  a  law  extending  the  GENERAL 
EXPENSE  BUDGET  for  1918-19  until  congress  passes  the  budget 
bill  for  1919-20. 

In  accordance  with  a  decree  of  October  13,  1919,  the  Executive 
power  formulated  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  law  of  January  30, 
1919,  concerning  the  ad  referendum  contract  made  by  the  President 
with  the  Uruguay  Railway  Co.,  imder  which  the  State  acquires  the 
Paloma  to  Rocha  Railway  for  the  sum  of  1,000,000  pesos  in  bonds 
of  the  foreign  debt,  plus  100,000  pesos  in  bonds  of  the  same  debt 
covering  the  first  biennial  interest.  The  aforesaid  rules  and  regula- 
tions provide  that  the  foreign  debt  of  the  Republic  pertaining  to  the 
Paloma  to  Rocha  Railway  for  1,100,000  pesos  in  5  per  cent  gold  bonds 
of  1919  shall  be  divided  into  11,000  bonds  of  100  pesos  each,  dated 
August  26,  1919,  signed  by  the  minister  of  finance,  the  general  auditor 
of  the  Nation,  and  the  director  of  the  office  of  public  credit.  The 
interest  at  5  per  cent  per  annum  on  1,000,000  pesos,  corresponding 
to  the  first  biennial  period,  shall  be  paid  in  bonds  of  the  same  debt 
on  the  1st  of  December,  March,  June,  and  September,  respectively, 
of  each  year.     Beginning  with  September  1,   1921,  the  interest  is 


100  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

payable  in  cash.  The  interest  on  the  100,000  pesos  (bonds  which  wiU 
be  issued  by  virtue  of  interest  on  the  first  biennial)  shall  be  paid  in 
cash  on  the  dates  due.  The  cumulative  1  per  cent  sinking  fund  on 
the  sums  issued  shall  be  paid  semiannually  in  the  first  10  days  of  the 
months  of  March  and  September.  Interest  and  sinking  fund  are 
payable  at  the  ofiice  of  public  credit  in  Montevideo  and  in  the  banks 
of  New  York  which  the  Uruguayan  Government  designates.  The 
railway  from  Paloma  to  Rocha  is  a  subsidiary  guarant«e  of  the  bonds 
of  this  debt. 

The  GOVERNMENT  REVENUES  for  the  fiscal  year  1918-19 
amounted  to  31,851,895  pesos,  as  compared  with  28,732,391  pesos  in 
1917-18.  Of  the  increase  of  3,119,504  pesos  in  1918-19,  1,939,409 
were  customs  revenues. 

The  treaty  between  Uruguay  and  Brazil  of  July  22,  1918,  ratified 
on  December  12  of  the  same  year,  provides  for  the  payment  by 
Uruguay  to  Brazil  of  a  debt  known  as  the  INTERNATION'AL  BRA- 
ZILIAN DEBT  amounting  to  5,000,000  pesos.  This  debt  bears 
interest  at  the  rate  of  5  per  cent  per  annum  and  provides  for  a  sink- 
ing fund  of  1  per  cent  per  annum.  The  bonds  representing  this  debt 
are  issued  in  denominations  of  100  and  1,000  pesos  each,  and  the 
interest  is  payable  quarterly  on  the  first  of  the  months  of  March,  June, 
September,  and  December.  The  1  per  cent  amortization  is  payable 
semiannually. 

VENEZUELA, 

Presidential  decree  of  November  5  grants  an  ADDITIONAL 
CREDIT  of  1,000,000  bolivars  to  the  budget  of  expenditures  for  the 
department  of  the  interior. 

On  October  21  the  Banco  de  Venezuela  was  authorized  to  incor- 
porate with  the  funds  of  the  treasury  already  on  deposit  the  sum  of 
300,000  bolivars  in  25  and  50  CÉNTIMO  COINS  received  on  ac- 
comU  of  the  coining  of  5,300,000  in  silver  money  as  authorized  by 
the  law  passed  on  June  25,  1918,  and  ordered  from  the  Philadelphia 
mint  by  this  bank. 


^     INTERNATIONAL     . 
k-?  TREATIES  \; 

ARGENTINA — CHILE. 

On  October  13,  1919,  a  POLICE  AND  FRONTIER  CONVEN- 
TION between  the  Argentine  Republic  and  Chile  was  concluded  in 
Buenos  Aires.  This  convention  prescribes  the  manner  of  using  the 
police  force  at  the  frontier,  and  calk  for  reciprocal  cooperation  of  the 
representatives  of  public  order  of  both  nations,  so  as  to  prevent 
criminals  prosecuted  in  one  coimtry  from  escaping  into  the  other, 
thereby  avoiding  the  penalties  of  the  law.  Under  the  convention,  if 
criminals  cross  the  frontier  in  armed  bands  the  local  authorities  have 
the  right  to  detain  them,  and  the  police  force  following  them  may 
continue  to  do  so  in  the  neighboring  coimtry  until  the  lawbreakers 
are  captured.  Frontier  police  forces  are  authorized  to  communicate 
with  each  other  direct  and  to  solicit  mutual  cooperation. 

GUATEMALA — GERMANY. 

The  Congress  of  the  Republic  on  October  2  approved  THE 
TREATY  OF  PEACE  OF  VERSAILLES,  signed  in  that  city  on 
Jime  28,  1919,  by  the  representatives  of  GUATEMALA  and  other 
allied  nations  and  their  associates,  with  GERMANY.  The  decree 
of  approval  was  signed  by  the  President  on  the  same  day  on  which 
it  was  issued  by  Congress. 

MEX  ICO — VENEZUELA . 

In  notes  exchanged  in  Caracas  on  the  15th  and  17th  of  October, 
1919,  the  Governments  of  Mexico  and  Venezuela  concluded  an 
AGREEMENT  IN  REGARD  TO  DIPLOMATIC  POUCHES. 
According  to  this  agreement  the  pouches  shaU  be  inviolate  and 
circulate  freely  by  whatever  means  of  transport  the  countries  in 
question  may  have  available.  The  ministers  and  legations  shall 
keep  the  keys  of  their  respective  pouches,  whose  weight  is  not  to 
exceed  15  kilograms,  and  whose  dimensions  shall  be  50  centimeters 
long  and  30  centimeters  wide,  or  of  other  dimensions  which  do  not 
exceed  75  cubic  decimeters. 

URUGUAY — GERMANY. 

On  September  19,  1919,  congress  approved  the  Versailles  TREATY 
OF  PEACE  and  its  annexed  protocol. 

101 


• 


CHILE. 


•  • 


;*•./.  On  May  12  last  the  President  of  the  Republic  issued  a  decree 
\"\  regulating  the  LAW  OF  APPOINTMENTS  AND  PROMOTIONS 
•  of  employees  of  the  treasury  department.  The  decree  prescribes 
rules  for  competitive  entrance  examinations  as  well  as  for  examina- 
tions of  employees  eligible  for  promotion  to  the  posts  of  chiefs  of 
sections  or  subsections  in  any  administrative  division  of  the  depart- 
ment. The  examination  subjects  inolude  elementary  constitu- 
tional law,  administrative  law,  political  economy,  finance  and 
financial  administration,  and  a  knowledge  of  such  technical  branches 
as  employees  may  need  in  the  performance  of  their  duties.  All  these 
subjects  are  to  be  specified  in  the  decrees  calling  for  competitive 
examinations.  The  examinations  for  promotions  will  be  on  con- 
stitutional and  administrative  law,  political  economy  and  economics, 
social  economy,  and  public  and  administrative  finance.  AppUcants 
for  promotion  who  have  passed  the  university  examinations  on  the 
subjects  relating  to  the  promotion  are  exempt  from  examination. 

COSTA   RICA. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  restrictions  placed  on  trade  because 
of  the  war  have  been  removed,  the  provisional  President  issued  a 
decree  on  the  2d  of  October,  1919,  LIFTING  THE  RESTRICTIONS 
ON  TRADE  laid  down  by  the  decree  of  May  28,  1918. 

Presidential  decree  of  October  14  derogates  the  decree  of  Novem- 
ber 11,  1918,  which  suspended  the  procedure  of  securing  NATURAL- 
IZATION BY  GERMAN  CITIZENS,  which  wUl  now  be  resumed. 

With  a  view  to  protecting  the  MINING  INDUSTRY  the  decree 
issued  October  21,  1919,  brings  into  effect  the  following:  (a)  The 
modification  of  article  3  of  law  21  of  June  20,  1910,  thus,  **A11  indus- 
tries, firms,  or  companies  which  are  organized  and  established,  and 
those  which  may  be  estabUshed,  shall  be  subject  only  to  a  tax  of 
3  per  cent  on  the  gross  product  of  the  mines;''  (6)  the  15  per  cent 
gold  bar  export  law  of  Jime  15,  1915  is  repealed;  (c)  the  tax  of  10 
per  cent  established  by  the  law  of  June  30,  1917,  is  lifted  on  the 
exportation  of  bars  of  silver  from  native  mines;  (d)  mining  enter- 
prises are  compelled  to  sell  drafts  to  the  Government  for  a  sum 
equivalent  to  20  per  cent  of  their  exports  in  metal  at  20  points  less 
than  the  rate  of  exchange  of  the  day  of  the  transaction,  but  not  less 
102 


LEGISLATION.  103 

than  the  legal  rate  of  exchange;  (e)  mining  companies  may  not  he 
subjected  to  taxes  not  in  existence  at  present  until  the  concession 
expires  which  was  granted  to  the  Abanjarez  Mining  Syndicate  (Ltd.) 
on  February  3,  1898. 

CUBA. 

On  October  15  last  the  President  of  the  RepubUc  issued  the 
RULES  AND  REGULATIONS  OF  THE  SCHOOL  RETIRE- 
MENT LAW  prescribing  the  procedure  to  be  followed  by  those 
who  must  abandon  the  exercise  of  their  profession  and  retire  upon 
a  pension.  The  following  persons  are  entitled  to  pensions:  Pro- 
vincial superintendents,  provincial  inspectors,  district  and  assistant 
inspectors,  general  inspectors  and  directors  and  teachers  of  special 
branches  of  instruction,  female  directors  and  vice  directors  of  the 
normal  kindergarten  school,  directors  and  teachers  of  primary 
instruction  in  the  pubUc  schools,  and  officials  and  employees  of  the 
department  of  public  instruction. 

ECUADOR. 

The  decree  of  the  9th  of  September  made  the  following  REFORM 
IN  THE  PENSION  LAW  of  October  30,  1917.  The  third  article  of 
the  law  will  now  read:  "They  also  have  a  right  to  a  pension  who,  in 
the  exercise  of  their  official  duties  and  in  consequence  of  such  duties, 
have  acquired  a  disease  which  incapacitates  them  for  the  office  of 
teacher,  provided  also  that  the  petitioner  has  served  15  years.*' 
Those  who  are  pensioned  in  accordance  with  this  article  will  have  the 
right  to  50  per  cent  of  their  old  salary.  Article  5  of  the  same  law  is 
repealed. 

The  decree  of  September  22,  1919,  made  several  changes  and  addi- 
tions in  the  LAW  FOR  THE  ADMINISTRATION  OF  THE  INTE- 
RIOR. The  principal  ones  are  the  following:  (a)  A  new  article  is 
drawn  up,  according  to  which  whoever  feels  that  his  rights  or  inter- 
ests have  been  prejudiced  by  any  actions  or  disposition  of  the  officials 
or  authorities  or  corporations  of  the  administrative  body  may  appeal 
to  the  counsel  of  state,  who,  from  the  hearing  of  the  plaintiff  and  the 
proofs  in  the  case  within  a  reasonable  time,  not  to  exceed  eight  days, 
will  render  a  decision.  This  does  not  cover  mimicipal  decisions,  reso- 
lutions, or  ordinances,  (h)  There  shaU  be  five  secretaries  of  state 
forming  the  cabinet  of  the  Chief  Executive,  (c)  The  department  of 
the  interior  shall  comprise  the  following  branches:  Government, 
municipalities,  pohce,  prisons,  houses  of  correction,  public  works  and 
railroads,  public  health,  concessions  and  mines,  (d)  The  ministry 
of  foreign  relations  will  have  charge  of  aU  international  affairs,  consu- 
lates, telegraph  lines,  telephone  systems,  immigration  and  coloniza- 
tion, and  of  the  Province  of  Oriente  and  the  Archipelago  of  Colon. 


104  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

(e)  The  ministry  of  the  treasury  wiJl  have  charge  of  all  that  is  related 
to  the  collection  and  investment  of  the  Government  revenue,  accounts, 
public  credit,  conservation  and  administration  of  the  public  prop- 
erty, trade,  unclaimed  lands,  patents,  and  trade-marks,  (f)  The 
ministry  of  war  and  navy  will  have  control  of  everything  pertaining  to 
the  regular  army,  the  reserves,  the  navy,  and  lighthouses,  (g)  The 
ministry  of  public  instruction  will  have  charge  of  all  things  related  to 
public  instruction,  statistics,  and  civil  registration,  fine  arts,  theaters, 
public  charity,  justice,  religion,  agriculture,  promotion,  and  national 
forest  reserves. 

PANAMA. 

On  October  4  last  the  President  of  the  Republic  issued  a  decree  con- 
cerning the  ESTATES  OF  FOREIGNERS  not  covered  by  treaties. 
According  to  said  decree,  as  soon  as  the  judge  learns  the  nationality  of 
the  deceased  foreigner  it  is  his  duty  to  advise  the  consul  of  his  coun- 
try, and  in  the  absence  of  a  consul  the  department  of  foreign  relations. 
The  judge  shall  temporarily  deposit  or  place  imder  the  custody  of  the 
consul,  or,  in  the  absence  of  a  consul,  of  a  person  chosen  from  a  list  of 
names  furnished  by  the  department  of  foreign  relations,  the  property 
of  the  decedent.  The  judge  shall  fix  the  day  and  hour  to  make  an 
inventory  and  appraisement  of  the  property,  and  after  complying 
with  the  foregoing  requirements  shall  see  that  the  provisions  of  arti- 
cles 1544  and  1559  of  the  Judicial  Code  are  carried  out. 

PERU. 

On  September  24,  1919,  the  national  assembly  APPROVED  THE 
ACTS  OF  THE  PROVISIONAL  GOVERNMENT  which  invested 
itself  with  the  power  to  call  a  national  plebiscite  and  to  preserve  order. 
According  to  this  decree,  all  the  decrees  issued  by  the  provisional 
government  will  have  the  force  of  law,  as  issued  by  the  Executive 
power,  until  the  national  assembly  proclaims  a  constitutional  presi- 
dent. 

URUGUAY. 

On  October  6,  1919,  the  law  establishing  a  RETIREMENT  AND 
PENSION  BANK  for  public-service  employees  was  promulgated. 
The  law  includes  railway,  telegraph,  telephone,  tramway,  water 
works,  and  gas  company  employees.  The  capital  of  the  bank  shall 
be  contributed  as  follows  :  (a)  With  a  monthly  payment  by  the  com- 
panies mentioned  of  S  per  cent  on  the  total  amount  of  the  wages  of 
the  personnel;  (b)  with  a  deduction  of  4  per  cent  from  the  wages  of 
employees  of  railways,  telegraphs,  etc.;  (c)  with  donations  and  gifts 
made  to  the  bank;  (d)  with  fines  imposed  in  accordance  with  the  law  ; 
(e)  with  the  amount  of  the  sales  of  abandoned  articles  in  rail  and 
tram  waj^s;  (/)  with   interest   on  accumidated  funds;  (g)  with  the 


LEGISLATION.  105 

flifference  of  the  first  month's  salary  when  employees  are  promoted  to 
better  paying  positions  greater  than  50  pesos,  and  whose  duties  are 
permanent.  The  right  to  a  pension  in  the  proportions  established  by 
law  is  acquired  after  10  years'  service,  whether  continuous  or  not. 
Also  those  who,  after  10  years'  service,  are  discharged  by  said  enter- 
prises have  the  same  right,  as  well  as  those  physically  unfit  to  con- 
tinue work;  and  those  who  attain  50  years  of  age.  In  the  cases  in 
which  under  the  law  there  is  a  right  to  a  pension  and  the  employee  or 
workman  dies,  the  widow,  incapacitated  widower,  the  children,  and, 
in  the  absence  of  these,  the  parents,  and,  in  the  absence  of  the  latter, 
the  unmarried  sisters  of  the  decedent,  shall  receive  the  pension. 

On  October  14,  1919,  the  law  establishing  the  rules  for  PROFES- 
SORS who  teach  in  the  lyceums  of  secondary  instruction,  faculties, 
institutes,  and  schools  of  higher  education,  was  approved.  These 
professors  shall  be  designated  by  direct  appointment  when  two-thirds 
of  the  respective  boards  so  decide,  or  by  competitive  examination 
when  this  method  is  not  made  use  of.  The  professor  shall  not  be 
confirmed  in  his  place  until  after  he  has  served  one  year  and  shown 
his  fitness  for  same.  Upon  confirmation  he  is  entitled  to  remain  five 
years  in  the  service  and  may  be  reappointed  by  the  board.  With  the 
authority  of  the  board  any  competent  person  may  serve  as  a  pro- 
fessor in  the  schools  mentioned  and  on  subjects  relating  to  those 
included  in  the  official  programs. 

On  October  17,  1919,  the  law  concerning  CABLEGRAMS  was 
promulgated.  Under  this  law  no  privilege,  subsidy,  or  exemption 
from  taxation  are  allowed.  Authority  for  laying  and  exploiting  sub- 
marine or  subfluvial  cables  will  be  granted  by  the  Executive  in 
conformity  with  the  provisions  of  the  law.  . 


BSm^^Vi.^ 


-  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION  „ 
-   kANDEDUCATIONi.-    " 

ARGENTINA. 

The  monthly  information  circular  published  by  the  department  of 
foreign  relations  gives  the  following  data  on  PUBLIC  INSTRUC- 
TION in  the  Argentine  Republic:  Total  number  of  schools,  9,267, 
with  a  registration  of  1,190,231  pupils — an  average  attendance  of 
853,250 — and  36,615  teachers.  The  national  capital  has  646  public 
day  schools  for  minors,  with  139,019  matriculates  and  6,358  teachers. 
The  city  also  has  286  private  schools  with  38,321  pupils  and  1,529 
teachers,  as  weQ  as  81  schools  for  adults  with  11,009  registrations 
and  351  teachers.  In  the  Provinces  there  are  2,172  schools  estab- 
lished in  accordance  with  law  No.  4,874,  having  178,744  pupils  and 
2,298  teachers.  In  addition  there  are  4,148  primary  schools,  with 
466,835  pupils  and  14,222  teachers;  private  schools,  971,  with  79,914 
pupils  and  3,259  teachers.  There  are  also  175  adult  schools,  with 
12,422  pupils  and  367  teachers.  There  are  8  private  adult  schools, 
with  375  pupils  and  16  teachers.  In  the  national  territories  there 
are  429  public  schools,  with  37,612  pupils,  and  1,151  teachers;  20 
private  schools,  with  1,600  pupils  and  81  teachers;  12  adult  schools, 
with  370  pupils  and  13  teachers.  In  addition  the  country  has  59 
military  schools,  with  6,698  students  and  1,150  teachers;  79  applica- 
tion schools  annexed  to  the  normal  schools,  with  31,082  pupils  and 
1,150  teachers;  37  national  colleges  of  secondary  instruction,  with 
11,022  pupils  and  1,244  teachers;  82  normal  schools,  with  14,202 
pupils  and  1,483  teachers;  and  37  special  institutes,  with  11,261 
pupils  and  897  teachers.  The  universities  of  Buenos  Aires,  La  Plata, 
and  Cordoba  have,  respectively,  10,404,  2,835,  and  1,506  pupils. 

On  September  9  last  the  Executive  power  submitted  to  the  con- 
sideration of  congress  a  bill  for  the  construction  of  SCHOOL  BUILD- 
INGS involving  an  expenditure  of  210,000,000  pesos,  as  follows: 
One  hundred  and  fifty  school  buildings  in  the  national  capital, 
30,000,000  pesos;  570  in  the  territories,  15,000,000;  and  7,220  in  the 
Provinces,  165,000,000. 

BOLIVIA. 

The  poUce  department  of  La  Paz  has  lately  established  a  PRI- 
MARY SCHOOL  FOR  ILLITERATE  POLICEMEN. 

A  Bolivian  violinist,  who  has  completed  his  musical  education  in 
Buenos  Aires,  has  returned  to  found  a  MUSICAL  INSTITUTE  in 
the  city  of  Oruro. 
106 


PUBUC  INSTRUCTION  AND  EDUCATION.  107 


BRAZIL. 

There  was  inaugurated  recently  at  Deudoro  a  practical  course  of 
AGRICULTURE  with  an  attendance  of  26  pupils.  The  instruction 
is  under  the  direction  of  officials  of  the  department  of  agriculture. 

CHILE. 

The  local  government  board  has  ordered  the  establishment  of  a 
chair  of  MUNICIPAL  LAW  in  the  University  of  Chue. 

The  Geographic  and  Historic  Society  of  Chile,  in  cooperation  with 
the  minister  of  public  instruction,  has  appointed  a  committee  to  report 
upon  the  quickest  and  most  direct  way  to  bring  about  the  preparation 
and  publication  of  an  official  MODERN  GEOGRAPHY  of  the 
RopubUc. 

The  department  of  public  instruction  has  ordered  the  establish- 
ment of  a  number  of  MIXED  AND  RURAL  SCHOOLS  in  different 
parts  of  the  country.     These  schools  are  to  be  opened  in  March,  1920. 

About  the  middle  of  October  last  matriculation  was  begun  in  the 
different  night  courses  to  be  given  for  the  merchant  marine  in  the 
NALTICVL  MARINE  SCHOOL. 

The  department  of  public  instruction,  in  compliance  with  the 
convention  for  the  INTERCHANGE  OF  PROFESSORS  between  a 
number  of  universities  of  the  United  States  and  Chile,  has  designated 
Guillermo  Labarca  Huberston  to  give  a  course  on  architecture  in  the 
University  of  California. 

CUBA. 

An  executive  decree  authorizes  the  board  of  education  to  open  19 
SCHOOLS  in  the  city  of  Habana,  the  teachers  to  be  chosen  from  recent 
graduates  of  the  normal  school.  At  a  meeting  held  on  November  13, 
1919,  the  board  of  education  decided  to  establish  12  kindergarten 
schools  in  the  national  capital,  and  to  establish  a  lecture  hall  for 
abnormal  students  in  the  manual  arts  school  of  the  university. 

On  November  13  last  the  INSTITUTE  OF  PHYSICAL  EDUCA- 
TION  of  Habana  was  installed  in  the  experimental  laboratory. 

NICARAGUA. 

A  SCHOOL  HEALTH  DEPARTMENT  has  been  created  as  a 
part  of  the  department  of  public  instruction.  It  will  work  in  con- 
junction with  the  public  health  department  for  the  regular  sanitary 
inspection  of  the  schools,  colleges,  and  institutions  throughout  the 
RepubUc. 

The  Official  Gazette  of  September  12,  publishes  the  entire  text  of 
the  REGULATION  FOR  THE  DENTAL  DEPARTMENT  of  the 
Dental  Course  of  Nicaragua,  as  issued  by  the  President. 

In  accordance  with  the  contract  made  by  the  minister  of  public 
instruction,  as  representative  of  the  Government,  with  Mgr.  José 


108  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

Antonio  Lezcano,  archbishop  of  Managua,  as  representative  of  the 
arch  diocese  of  Managua,  the  Minister  ceded  to  the  Bishop  for  a  term 
of  eight  years,  the  use  of  the  building  known  as  the  model  school  now 
being  constructed  in  Masaya,  to  install  a  SCHOOL  FOR  YOUNG 
LADIES,  under  the  direction  of  the  Sisters  of  Bethlehem.  The 
minister  has  also  made  a  contract  with  the  apostolic  vicar  of  Blue- 
fields  for  the  latter  to  bring  to  Nicaragua  nuns  from  the  Institute  of 
the  Divine  Shepherd,  to  establish  a  primary  school  of  application 
for  girls,  with  a  directress  and  six  teachers.  The  course  wiD  contain 
a  kindergarten  and  the  five  subsequent  grades. 

The  works  of  Sr.  Marco  A.  Ortega,  on  Lessons  in  Hygiene  have  been 
adopted  as  TEXT  BOOKS  for  primary  education  as  has  also  Robin- 
son's book  for  the  teaching  of  English. 

Dr.  Luis  Sequeh-a,  of  Bluefields,  wUl  establish  a  SCHOOL  FOR 
NURSES  to  train  women  and  graduate  them  as  nurses  competent 
to  care  for  serious  cases.  The  new  school  will  begin  with  12  pupils 
and  instruction  will  be  free. 

PARAGUAY. 

In  reference  to  the  REFORM  OF  THE  PLAN  OF  SEœNDARY 
EDUCATION  the  President  executed  a  decree  October  1,  extending 
the  provisions  of  the  last  paragraph  of  Article  15  of  Decree 
10,560  to  the  students  who  at  the  end  of  the  present  academic  course 
are  promoted  to  the  fourth  year  of  the  secondary  educational  course. 
This  was  done  to  avoid  the  loss  of  a  year's  study  to  the  students  by 
reason  of  the  reform. 

The  department  of  public  instruction  has  received  notice  of  a  con- 
tract signed  July  30  between  the  Legation  of  Paraguay  in  Paris  and 
Dr.  Emmanuel  Lafás,  engaging  the  latter  to  take  the  chair  of 
PATHOLOGICAL  ANATOMY  in  the  College  of  Medicine  of  Para- 
guay.  Dr.  Lefás  is  to  arrive  in  Paraguay  about  the  middle  of  next 
February  and  will  take  up  his  duties  at  the  beginning  of  the  next 
course. 

SALVADOR. 

The  President  approved  the  program  of  the  National  ANTI- 
ILLITERACY  Committee  by  the  decree  executed  on  July  22,  1919. 
The  program  contains  the  following  provisions:  To  cause  the  organiza- 
tion of  a  central  league  for  instruction  for  workers,  to  be  composed 
of  the  heads  of  factories  or  industries;  to  make  an  effort  to  have 
evening  and  Sunday  classes  at  the  night  schools  for  the  workmen; 
to  endeavor  to  have  advanced  schools  for  adults;  to  interest  plan- 
tation and  property  owners  who  have  a  suflBciently  large  population 
to  found  and  maintain  primary  schools;  to  secure  legislation  to  regu- 
late the  working  day  so  that  workers  may  have  time  to  attend  the 
schools;    to   secure  legislation   to  exempt  persons  knowing  how  to 


GENERAL  NOT^S.  109 

read  and  write  from  military  service,  and  to  secure  the  passage  of 
laws  to  prevent  parents  from  employing  children  during  school  hours. 

URUGUAY. 

About  the  middle  of  October,  1919,  practical  NIGHT  COURSES 
were  b^un  in  Industrial  School  No.  1  in  Montevideo.  These  courses 
give  instruction  in  ceramics,  modeling,  and  wood  carving. 

A  law  of  October  3,  1919,  authorizes  the  Executive  Power  to  open 
a  NIGHT  LYCEUM  of  secondary  instruction,  in  accordance  with 
the  provisions  of  laws  of  December  30,  1911,  and  January  18,  1916, 
which  regulate  the  operation  of  lyceums  in  the  capital  and  in  the 
departments. 

The  SCHOOL  BUDGET  for  1919-20,  submitted  to  the  approval 
of  the  general  assembly  by  the  Executive,  fixes  the  total  increase  of 
expenses  in  the  Department  of  Public  Instruction  at  1,053,000  pesos. 


ARGENTINA. 

A  group  of  INTERPRETERS  of  the  traffic  section  of  the  city  of 
Buenos  Aires  has  been  employed  to  render  service  in  the  railway 
stations  and  at  the  wharves  for  the  convenience  and  protection  of 
incoming  foreigners  who  do  not  understand  Spanish. 

Press  reports  state  that  Buenos  Aires  has  been  selected  as  the 
meeting  place  in  1920  of  the  PAN  AMERICAN  POSTAL  AND 
TELEGRAPH   CONGRESS. 

According  to  statistics  published  by  La  Prensa,  a  daily  newspaper 
of  Buenos  Aires,  FOREIGNERS  in  the  Argentine  Republic  in 
1919  nimibered  2,145,000,  consisting  of  Spaniards,  734,000;  Italians, 
832,000;  Uruguayans,  87,000;  Russians,  85,000;  French,  74,000; 
and  other  nationalities,  333,000.  The  estimated  population  of  the 
Republic  at  the  close  of  1919  is  8,652,000. 

The  Museum  of  Natural  History  and  the  Section  of  History  of  the 
General  Archives  Institute  of  the  Nation  have  joined  the  AMERI- 
CAN ACADEMY  OF  HISTORY  recently  organized  in  Buenos 
Aires,  and  have  designated,  respectively,  as  their  representatives 
Anibal  Cardoso  and  Prof.  Eugenio  Corbet  Frace.  This  Academy 
has  received  communications  from  the  United  States  embassy  and 
the  legations  of  Colombia,  Bohvia,  Chile,  Salvador,  and  Cuba  that 
they  will  request  their  respective  governments  and  scientific  institu- 
tions to  cooperate  with  and  give  all  possible  support  to  the  academy. 

152788— 20— Bull.  1 8 


lio  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

BOLIVIA. 

The  ministry  of  government  has  recently  accepted  a  bid  made  by 
the  Bolivian  engineer,  Señor  Humberto  de  Asin,  to  install  three  WIREI- 
LESS  STATIONS  in  the  comitry,  to  be  located  at  Guayaramerin, 
Cachuela  Esperanza,  and  Trinidad.  The  Government  will  contrib- 
ute the  sum  of  11,000  boUvianos  (boHviano  equals  $0.3893  U.  S.) 
for  the  first,  25,000  boHvianos  for  the  Cachuela  Esperanza  station, 
and  75,686  bohvianos  for  the  Trinidad  station.  These  three  wireless 
plants  will  connect  these  outlying  regions  of  the  Republic  with  the 
rest  of  the  country. 

Señor  don  Carlos  ZavaUa  has  been  appointed  ARGENTINE 
MINISTER   to  Bohvia. 

The  post  office  department,  in  cooperation  with  the  administration 
of  the  branch  office  in  Tupiza,  has  estabUshed  A  DIRECT  MAIL 
SERVICE  between  La  Paz  and  Atocha,  without  making  the  former 
detour  to  Uyuni. 

The  President  of  the  RepubHc  has  reorganized  his  CABINET 
as  follows:  Minister  of  foreign  relations.  Dr.  Carlos  Gutiérrez; 
minister  of  government.  Dr.  Ernesto  Larrego;  minister  of  the  treas- 
ury, Dr.  Demetrio  Toro;  minister  of  promotion,  Señor  Juan  Reyes; 
minister  of  pubfic  instruction,  Dr.  Guillermo  Añez;  and  minister  of 
war,  Gen.  Pulecio. 

BRAZIL. 

A  subscription  is  being  made  by  the  Academic  Center  of  São 
Paulo  for  the  erection  of  a  MONUMENT  to  Olavo  Bilac,  the 
lamented  BrazLUan  poet,  scholar,  and  statesman. 

The  BraziUan  Military  HOSPITAL,  erected  in  Paris  on  ground 
donated  by  the  French  Government,  is  being  greatly  improved  by 
the  BrazLUan  Medical  Commission  located  in  that  city.  Steps  have 
been  taken  to  establish  a  hospital  under  the  name  of  Sao  Vicente  at 
Santa  Anna  de  Ferros,  State  of  Minas. 

On  October  1,  1919,  the  ^'Correio  do  Povo,^'  the  OLDEST  NEWS- 
PAPER in  Porto  Alegre  and  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  celebrated  its 
twenty-fifth  anniversary. 

The  Brazilian  Academy  of  Letters  has  published  the  bases  of  the 
LITERARY  CONTEST  for  the  Francisco  Alves  prizes,  the  first  of 
which  is  for  10  contos,  the  second  for  5  contos,  and  the  third  for 
3  contos.  These  prizes  are  to  be  distributed  on  September  7,  1921, 
and  will  be  awarded  to  either  Brazihan  or  foreign  authors  whose 
works,  written  in  the  Portuguese  language,  are  selected  as  the  winners 
of  the  prizes. 

CHILE. 

The  direction  of  Public  Works  has  recommended  to  the  depart- 
ment of  public  works  that  the  bid  submitted  by  Adolfo  A.  Walner 
for  the  erection,  within  the  next  two  years,  of  a  MUSEUM  OF  HIS- 
TORY in  Santiago  at  a  cost  of  999,144  pesos,  be  accepted. 


GENERAL  NOTES.  Ill 

The  President  of  the  Republic  has  authorized  an  expenditure  of 
$100,000  for  the  construction  in  different  parts  of  the  city  of  PUB- 
LIC BATHS,  in  accordance  with  plans  made  by  the  direction  of 
public  works. 

Dr.  Carlos  Noel  has  been  appointed  MINISTER  of  the  Argentine 
Republic  near  the  Government  of  Chile,  to  take  the  place  of  Carlos 
Gromez. 

A  MUSEUM  OF  ARCHEOLOGY  was  opened  in  Iquique  on 
October  19  last.  Among  other  interesting  things  in  this  museum 
are  miunmies  and  fossils  of  ancient  marine  animals. 

In  accordance  with  a  decree  of  October  22,  1919,  the  department 
of  finance  has  appointed  a  commission  to  represent  Chile  at  the 
SECOND  PAN  AMERICAN  FINANCIAL  CONGRESS  to  be  held 
in  the  Pan  American  Building  in  Washington  from  January  19  to 
24, 1920.  The  committee  is  composed  of  Luis  Izquieredo,  Jose  Ureta, 
Samuel  Claro  Lastarria,  and  Alberto  Edwards.  The  secretary  ad 
honorem  is  Arturo  Lamarca  Bello. 

An  EXPOSITION  OF  GRAPHIC  ART  was  held  in  the  confer- 
ence  hall  of  the  Valparaiso  Public  Library  during  the  latter  part  of 
October,  1919.  Exhibits  were  made  by  the  principal  printing  and 
engraving  establishments  of  the  coimtry. 

COLOMBIA. 

A  short  time  ago  a  fine  MONUMENT  to  Col.  Juan  Hose  Rondón, 
hero  of  the  Queseras  del  Medio  and  Pantano  de  Vargas,  was  un- 
veiled in  Paipa  (Boyaca). 

THE  COLOMBIA  SOCIETY  OF  EMPLOYEES  has  lately  been 
founded  and  has  a  membership  of  over  900  employees  of  all  sorts 
of  private  enterprises  and  of  the  Government. 

The  22d  of  December  was  the  two  hundred  and  ninety-seventh 
anniversary  of  the  FOUNDING  OF  BUCARAMANGA,  capital  of 
the  Department  of  Santander. 

In  Bogota  an  executive  committee  has  been  formed  of  well-known 
men  of  letters  of  the  city,  and  a  ladies^  organizing  committee  for  enter- 
tainments, to  carry  out  a  program  of  benefit  entertainments  for  f imds 
to  erect  a  MONUMENT  TO  JOSÉ  ASUNCION  SILVA  as  a  fitting 
memorial  to  the  precursor  of  modern  South  American  poetry. 

The  Society  for  Beautifying  the  Capital  of  the  Republic  has  opened 
a  contest  for  the  best  PLAN  FOR  FUTURE  BOGOTA.  The  prize 
will  be  500  pesos,  and  the  contest  will  close  on  March  31,  1920. 

Dispatches  from  Paris  state  that  the  French  chamber  has  voted 
the  necessary  amount  for  the  purchase  of  land  for  the  FRENCH 
LEGATION  in  Bogota. 

On  October  29  the  President  received  the  CUBAN  MINISTER, 
Señor  don  Rafael  Guitierrez  Alcaide. 


112  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

According  to  a  law  passed  by  the  national  congress  on  October  31 
the  capital  of  the  Republic  is  to  have  a  chemical  and  bacteriological 
laboratory  to  be  known  as  the  OFFICIAL  LABORATORY  OF 
THE  HEALTH  DEPARTMENT. 

Señor  don  Raimundo  Rivas  has  been  elected  PRESIDENT  OF 
THE  COLOMBIAN  ACADEMY  OF  HISTORY,  and  Dr.  Alfonso 
Robledo  vice  president. 

On  October  13  the  health  department  passed  a  resolution  con- 
cerning the  SANITARY  INSPECTION  OF  PASSENGERS,  which 
states  that  passengers  leaving  the  country's  ports  must  be  provided 
with  a  doctor's  certificate  to  the  effect  that  they  are  free  from  all 
contagious  diseases,  otherwise  they  will  not  be  permitted  to  depart. 

By  presidential  decree  of  November  12  the  SESSIONS  OF  THE 
NATIONAL  CONGRESS  were  extended  for  the  time  necessary  to 
approve  certain  concessions  in  oil  lands,  railroad  projects,  banks, 
certificates,  the  budget,  establishment  of  packing  houses,  military 
measures,  consular  fees,  national  forests,  and  hygiene. 

The  minister  of  government  has  signed  a  contract  with  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  Marconi  Co.  in  Bogota  for  the  installation  of  WIRE- 
LESS STATIONS  in  Medellin,  Cali,  and  Cucuta,  to  be  completed  in 
two  years.  The  press  of  Bogota  announces  also  that  the  material 
for  the  work  and  the  engineers  who  are  to  construct  the  stations  for 
wireless  and  wireless  telephone  systems  have  arrived  in  the  country. 

According  to  the  census  taken  last  year  the  POPULATION  OF 
THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  NARINO  gave  a  total  of  340,821  inhabit- 
ants,  distributed  through  the  various  Provinces  as  follows:  Pasto, 
79,504;  Tuquerres,  69,838;  Obando,  70,089;  Barbacoas,  22,914; 
Nimez,  35,609;  Juanambu,  30,342;  and  La  Cruz,  32,516.  The 
Commissariat  of  Putumayo  had  7,199,  and  estimated  the  Indian  popu- 
lation at  15,000.  This  census  shows  an  increase  of  48,286  inhabitants 
over  that  of  1912. 

COSTA   RICA. 

The  provisional  President,  Señor  Francisco  Aguilar  Barquero, 
who  took  office  on  September  2,  1919,  on  the  3d  of  September  organ- 
ized his  CABINET  as  follows:  Secretary  of  foreign  relations,  jus- 
tice, culture,  and  beneficence,  Señor  Andrés  Venegas  García;  secretary 
of  government  and  poUce,  Señor  Carlos  M.  Jiménez  Ortiz  ;  secretary 
of  public  instruction,  Señor  José  Joaquín  García  Monge;  and  secre- 
tary of  war  and  navy.  Gen.  Juan  Bautista  Quirós. 

CUBA. 

The  President  of  the  Republic  has  appointed  Sebastian  Gelabert  a 
member  of  the  Cuban  section  of  the  INTERNATIONAL  HIGH 
COMMISSION  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of 
Armando  Godoy. 


GENERAL  NOTES.  113 

According  to  press  reports  President  Menooal  has  been  elected  a 
life  member  of  the  AERO  CLUB  of  America.  It  is  reported  that 
President  Menocal  will  give  $25,000  to  the  Pan  American  Congress 
of  Competitive  Aviation. 

Official  statistics  show  that  during  the  fiscal  year  1918-19  persons 
to  the  number  of  75,288  entered  the  Republic,  42,574  of  whom  were 
immigrants. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Roosevelt  Memorial  Association  the 
directors  of  the  Habana  newspapers  were  made  honorary  presidents 
of  that  organization.  The  association  proposes  to  raise  funds  for 
the  erection  of  a  monument  and  the  selection  of  a  park  in  the  United 
States  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  COL.  ROOSEVELT. 

DOMINICAN   REPUBLIC. 

At  the  fourth  session  of  the  Congress  of  Municipal  Governments, 
held  in  Santiago  de  los  Caballeros  in  October,  it  was  agreed  to  nego- 
tiate a  CONVENTION  WITH  HAITI,  whereby  measures  might  be 
taken  to  avoid  cattle  rustUng  across  the  border. 

By  resolution  of  November  14  the  municipal  government  of  Santo 
Domingo  agreed  to  call  for  CITY  BIDS  for  the  construction  of  an 
acqueduct  and  eleotric-light  plant.  The  terms  are  that  the  initial 
power  of  the  plant  shall  not  be  less  than  600  kilowats;  and  the 
aqueduct  is  to  be  constructed  on  the  gravity  system. 

ECUADOR. 

The  national  congress  has  appointed  a  committee  for  the  celebra- 
tion of  the  CENTENARY  OF  THE  BATTLE  OF  PICHINCHA, 
which  will  take  place  on  May  24,  1919.  The  committee  is  composed 
of  the  minister  of  pubUc  works  as  chairman,  the  president  of  the 
council  of  the  canton  of  Quito,  the  chief  of  the  first  mihtary  zone, 
and  eight  members  to  be  appointed  by  the  President,  who  will  prepare 
and  organize  the  entertainments  for  the  event  and  will  also  have 
charge  of  the  sewer  system  and  paving  of  Quito,  of  the  improvement 
of  the  plazas,  parks,  and  pubHc  highways  now  in  existence  or  to  be 
constructed.  They  will  also  have  charge  of  the  construction  of  the 
legislative  palace  and  the  municipal  palace  of  Quito,  and  all  the 
works  relating  to  the  beautifying  of  the  city. 

The  CANTON  SALCEDO  has  been  formed  from  the  old  parishes 
of  San  Miguel  (which  will  be  the  capital),  Pansaleo,  Cusubamba,  and 
Mulalillo.  The  boundaries  of  the  new  canton  will  be  the  same  as 
those  of  these  parishes  with  the  Province  of  Timgurahua  and  the 
parishes  of  San  Sabastien  and  San  Filipe. 

The  Association  of  Agriculturists  of  Ecuador  has  been  authorized 
by  Congress  to  carry  on  an  active  campaign  against  HOOKWORM, 
which  has  interfered  with  agricultural  work,  and  they  are  author- 
ized to  spend  60,000  sucres  a  year  in  combating  the  disease. 


114  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

HAITI. 

President  Dertiguenave  has  appointed  M.  Justin  Barrau,  SEC- 
RETARY OF  JUSTICE  AND  FOREIGN  RELATIONS  to  replaça 
M.  Constantin  Benoît,  resigned. 

There  has  been  established  lately  in  Port  au  Prince  a  branch  of  the 
ROTARY  CLUB. 

Mr.  Perry  Belden  has  arrived  in  the  Haitian  capital  to  fill  the  posi- 
tion of  SECRETARY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  LEGATION  in 
Haiti. 

MEXICX>. 

In  accordance  with  a  law  passed  by  the  national  congress  on 
November  5,  A  NATIONAL  DAY  OF  MOURNING  was  declared 
on  November  14,  out  of  respect  to  Amado  Nervo,  the  well-known 
Mexican  poet,  whose  remains  reached  the  city  and  were  buried  on 
that  day. 

The  national  congress  has  passed  a  law  to  DIVIDE  LOWER 
CALIFORNIA  into  four  judicial  districts. 

A  MEXICAN  ADVERTISERS  CLUB  was  formed  in  the  Gty  of 
Mexico  in  the  first  part  of  November,  in  accordance  with  the  rules 
laid  down  in  the  Worid  Convention  of  Advertising,  held  in  New 
Orieans  last  September.  The  board  of  directors  consists  of  the  fol- 
lowing officers:  President,  Señor  Felix  F.  Palavicini;  vice  president, 
Sefior  Rafael  Alducin;  treasurer.  Señor  Ing.  Joaquin  Pedrero  Cór- 
dova; and  secretary.  Señor  Alfonso  E.  Bravo. 

According  to  official  information,  on  October  21  DIREXÎT  WIRE- 
LESS COMMUNICATION  was  established  between  the  Mexican 
stations  of  Payo  Obispo  and  Mazatlan  and  Santiago,  Chile. 

A  short  time  ago  a  POST  OFFICE  EMPLOYEES'  MUTUAL 
BENEFIT  SOCIETY  was  formed  in  Mexico  Gty.  Sefior  Cosme 
Hinojosa  was  elected  president  and  Señor  Arturo  J.  Valenzuela 
vice  president. 

On  November  6,  in  Mexico  Gty,  A  WOMEN'S  SOCIETY  was 
formed  corresponding  to  the  Pan  American  Roimd  Table  of  the 
United  States,  whose  object  is  the  closer  relation  of  the  nations  of 
the  Americas.  The  officers  of  the  governing  board  are  as  follows: 
Honorary  president, Señorita  Belina  de  Palavicini;  president.  Señorita 
Guadelupe  R  de  Duplán;  vice  president.  Señorita  Maria  Luisa  Ross; 
treasurer,  Señorita  Adela  Duplán;  and  secretary.  Señorita  Esperanza 
Velasquez. 

NICARAGUA. 

In  the  patio  of  the  building  occupied  by  the  mails  and  telegraph 
admmistration  a  WIRELESS  STATION  has  been  mstalled,  which 
will  be  in  communication  with  a  station  at  San  Francisco  del  Carni- 
cero, so  that  the  students  may  learn  radiotelegraphy.  They  are  low- 
powered  stations,  but  the  Grovemment  expects  to  order  others  from 


GENERAL  NOTES.  115 

outside  the  country  to  be  able  to  establish  communication  between 
New  York  and  Bluefields. 

The  middle  of  last  October  A  LABORERS'  œNGRESS  was  held 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Central  de  Obreros  (Laborers'  Club)  of  the 
city.  Several  projects  for  laws  were  discussed,  such  as  laws  govern- 
ing accidents,  relations  between  federated  societies,  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  central  fund,  etc. 

On  October  13  A  SANITARY  COMMISSION  FROM  THE 
l^ITED  STATES,  headed  by  Gen.  Gorgas,  arrived  at  Managua. 

A  SPORTS*  CLUB  has  been  organized  in  Bluefields,  which  will 
acquire  a  permanent  athletic  field  for  baseball  and  other  sports. 

Executive  decree  of  September  10  lays  down  the  rules  for  the  tak- 
ing of  the  CENSUS  and  other  branches  of  the  statistical  depart- 
ment's work  to  be  done  in  accordance  with  the  agreement  made  by 
the  Government  in  the  Fourth  Pan  American  Congress,  held  in 
Buenos  Aires  in  1910.  For  this  purpose  the  Government  has  desig- 
nated January  1  as  the  day  on  which  all  inhabitants  shall  be  regis- 
tered. 

On  October  22  an  ASSOCIATION  OF  NEWSPAPER  MEN  was 
formed  in  Managua.  The  initial  meeting  took  place  in  the  salon 
of  the  library  and  many  distinguished  persons  were  present,  includ- 
ing the  President  of  the  Republic  and  the  archbishop  of  Managua. 

Señores  José  Andrea  Urtecho  and  Juan  J.  Zavala  have  been  ap- 
pointed to  replace  Señores  José  de  la  Cruz  and  Julio  Cardenal  as 
members  of  the  NICARAGUAN  SECTION  OF  THE  INTERNA- 
TIONAL  HIGH  COMMISSION. 

PANAMA. 

At  the  request  of  the  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court,  the  Presi- 
dent issued,  on  October  24  last,  a  decree  outlining  the  following 
work  to  be  done  by  the  NATIONAL  CODIFICATION  REVISING 
COMMITTEE:  A  comparative  study  of  the  different  national  codes; 
preparation  of  proposed  laws  which  the  committee  may  deem  neces- 
sary to  clarify  doubts,  eliminate  contradictions,  supply  omissions, 
amend  improper  or  defective  provisions  contained  in  said  codes, 
and  the  preparation  of  a  penal  code,  if  it  should  deem  expedient,  to 
take  the  place  in  whole  or  in  part  of  the  one  now  in  force. 

The  President  has  ordered  a  GENERAL  POPULATION  CENSUS 
of  the  RepubUc  in  1920.  An  appropriation  of  $20,000  has  been  made 
for  the  taking  of  said  census. 

The  Santo  Tomas  Hospital  at  Hatillo  was  opened  to  public  use  on 
November  15  last. 

An  EXTRA  SEISSION  of  congress  was  held  in  the  city  of  Panama 
from  December  1  to  23,  1919. 

The  President  of  France  has  conferred  upon  Dr.  Belisario  Porras, 
Président  of  Panama,  the  great  cross  of  the  LEGION  OF  HONOR. 
The  ceremony  took  place  in  the  city  of  Panama  on  October  16  last. 


116  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

On  November  1,  1919,  the  following  officers  of  the  RED  CROSS 
of  the  Isthmus  were  elected:  S.  W.  Heald,  president;  R.  B.  Walker, 
vice  president;  Mrs.  W.  B.  Fulton,  secretary;  and  R.  W.  Glaw, 
treasurer. 

PARAGUAY. 

By  presidential  decree  of  October  2  Senor  Pedro  Seguir,  Para- 
guayan minister  to  Argentina,  and  Dr.  P.  Bruno  Guggiari,  director 
of  the  municipal  bureau  of  chemistry,  were  appointed  OFFICIAL 
DELEGATES  TO  THE  SOUTH  AMERICAN  MILK  CONGRESS. 

The  banking  house  formerly  known  as  the  Caja  de  Credito  Comer- 
cial has  changed  its  name  to  BANCO  DE  CREDITO  COMERCIAL, 
operating  under  the  conditions  prescribed  by  the  law  of  June  26, 
1903. 

The  legation  of  Austria-Hungary  in  Buenos  Aires  has  informed 
the  Paraguayan  Government  that  the  CONSULATE  OF  AUS- 
TRIA-HUNGARY in  Asunción  has  been  abolished  by  order  of  the 
Government. 

PERU. 

In  October  the  ministry  of  war  was  informed  by  the  military 
attaché  of  the  legation  of  the  United  States  in  Peru,  that  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  had  resolved  to  extend  an  INVITATION 
TO  OFFICERS  OF  THE  PERUVIAN  ARMY  to  complete  their 
studies  in  the  Military  Academy  of  the  United  States. 

On  October  25  the  new  SPANISH  MINISTER  TO  PERU,  Señor 
don  Juan  de  Ojedo,  arrived  in  Lima,  and  was  formally  received  on 
November  4  by  the  President. 

In  the  latter  part  of  October  the  ministry  of  foreign  relations  ap- 
pointed as  NAVAL  ATTACHE  TO  THE  PERUVIAN  EMBASSY 
IN  WASHINGTON,  Sefior  Luis  Aubry,  constructing  naval  engineer 
and  captain  of  the  navy  of  Peru,  who  will  make  a  special  study  of 
shipbuilding  in  the  United  States. 

Sefior  Manuel  Valderrama  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Peruvian 
commission  to  the  SOUTH  AMERICAN  CONGRESS  OF  RAIL- 
ROADS in  place  of  the  late  Señor  Enrique  Coronel  Zegarra. 

On  October  22  the  provincial  council  of  Lima  agreed  to  dedicate 
the  following  MEMORIALS  to  Señor  RICARDO  PALMA:  A  tablet 
to  be  placed  on  the  house  where  the  well-known  Peruvian  writer  was 
bom;  the  naming  of  a  public  plaza  in  his  honor;  and  having  his 
portrait  done  in  oil  placed  in  the  assembly  hall  of  the  coimcil. 

At  the  suggestion  of  the  President,  the  national  assembly,  in  session 
on  October  10,  1919,  agreed  to  confer  the  rank  of  MARSHAL  OF 
PERU  on  Gen.  Ancres  Avelino  Cáceres. 

SALVADOR. 

Early  in  October  the  President  of  the  Republic  received  the 
MINISTERS  of  Costa  Rica  and  Guatemala  to  San  Salvador,  Señores 
Licenciados  Francisco  Monterro-Barrantes  and  Roberto  Lowenthal. 


GENERAL  NOTES.  117 

In  order  to  prevent  epidemics  of  yellow  fever  the  President,  on  the 
recommendation  of  the  superior  council  of  the  health  service,  has 
appointed  a  HEALTH  COMMISSION  to  eliminate  the  disease.  They 
will  enforce  isolation  treatment  and  autopsy,  in  accordance  with  the 
laws  of  the  country  and  without  interfering  with  the  rights  of  the 
relatives  of  the  victims  of  yellow  fever.  They  will  imdertake  the 
work  of  exterminating  the  stegomya  mosquito  in  the  Republic.  Gen. 
Theodore  C.  Lyster  has  been  named  director  of  the  commission. 

In  honor  of  the  Fiesta  de  la  Raza,  on  October  12,  an  association  was 
founded  in  San  Salvador  imder  the  name  of  UNIÔN-IBERO- 
AMERICANA-SALVADOREÑA,  a  branch  of  the  association  of  the 
same  name  estabUshed  m  Madrid,  and  which  will  have  the  same 
purposes  and  ideals.     Señor  don  José  A.  March  was  elected  president. 

URUGUAY. 

On  October  1,  1919,  the  President  of  the  Republic  issued  a  decree 
providing  for  the  REORGANIZATION  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF 
ARCHITECTS  with  respect  to  the  preparation  and  construction  of 
works  in  charge  of  that  bureau.  The  following  sections  are  estab- 
lished :  The  plans  and  construction  of  schools  and  buildings  relating 
to  public  works  are  placed  xmder  the  section  of  school  edifices;  bar- 
racks, police  buildings,  etc.,  under  the  section  of  military  edifices; 
hospitals,  sanitariums,  slaughterhouses,  markets,  etc.,  are  under  the 
section  of  hospitable  edifices; .  plazas,  parks,  expositions,  stations, 
administrative  buildings,  and  buildings  for  public  use,  are  under  the 
section  for  the  beautification  of  the  citv;  and  industrial  and  other 
constructions  not  otherwise  classified  are  placed  under  the  section  of 
GENERAL  EDIFICES. 

Under  a  law  of  October  10,  1919,  the  rural  federation  is  authorized 
to  erect  a  MONUMENT  in  Montevideo  to  the  Uruguayan  cowboy  in 
commemoration  of  his  historic  work  in  obtaining  the  independence 
of  the  country. 

In  October,  1919,  a  HOSPITAL,  the  gift  of  the  rural  society,  was 
opened  at  Egido  de  Dolores. 

Congress  has  enacted  a  law  appropriating  10,000  pesos  and  allowing 
a  subsidy  of  450  pesos  per  month  for  the  NATIONAL  AVIATION 
CENTER,  with  the  imderstanding  that  the  State  is  to  make  use 
of  the  equipment  of  said  center  whenever  the  national  defense  so 
requires. 

The  department  of  foreign  relations  has  invited  the  American 
Governments  to  send  delegates  to  the  LATIN  AMERICAN  DENTAL 
CONGRESS,  which  will  meet  in  Montevideo  on  September  20,  1920. 
An  invitation  has  also  been  issued  to  send  delegates  to  the  first 
CONGRESS  OF  ARCHITECTS,  which  will  meet  in  Montevideo  in 
March,  1920. 


118  THí:  pan  AMERICAN   UNION. 

VENEZUELA. 

THE  MEDICAL  SOCIETY  OF  CARACAS,  in  its  third  annual 
meeting  held  on  November  9,  elected  the  following  executive  com- 
mittee: President,  Dr.  J.  Sanabria  Brunual;  vice  president,  Dr.  B. 
Perdomo  Hurtado;  treasurer,  Dr.  Andrés  Pie  tri;  secretary.  Dr. 
Jiménez  Rivero;  librarian.  Dr.  Salvador  Quintero;  and  editor  of 
the  Review  of  Medical  Science,  Dr.  Salvador  Córdova. 

THE  DENTAL  SOCIETY  OF  CARACAS  also  elected  a  new 
executive  committee,  in  its  second  annual  meeting.  The  oflicers  are 
the  following:  President,  Dr.  Caesar  V.  Anzola;  vice  president.  Dr. 
S.  N.  Parisca;  secretary.  Dr.  Julio  Vivas  López;  treasurer.  Dr.  Pedro 
Vicente  Azpurúa;  and  librarian.  Dr.  Fernando  Alvarez  Pérez. 


BOOK  NOTES 


:^¿:s. 


[Publications  added  to  the  Columbus  Ifemorial  Library  during  November,  1919.] 

Argentine  Repubuc. 

Alberdi  economista.    [Por]  Adolfo  S.  Carranza.    Tucumán,  Talleres  de  **La  Gaceta," 

1919.     18  p.    8°. 
Argentina  legend  and  history.    Readings  selected  and  edited  by  Garibaldi  G.  B. 

Laguardia  and  Cincinato  G.  B.  Laguardia.    Chicago,  New  York,  Boston,  Benj. 

H.  Sanborn  &  Co.,  1919.     Front,  illus.    Iviü,  411  p.     12°. 
Boletín  de  la  Escuela  Argentina  Modelo.    Año  1,  Núm.  6,  Octubre,  Noviembre  y  Di- 
ciembre de  1918.     Buenos  Aires,    illus.    240  p.    8°. 
Chucho,  malaria  o  paludismo.    Siis  causas  y  profilaxis.    Universidad  de  Tucumán. 

Buenos  Aires,  Imprenta  y  Casa  Editora     Coni,'*  no  date.    20  p.    8°. 
El  balance  de  pagos  de  la  República  Argentina  en  el  año  económico  1917-1918.    Pu- 
blicado en  la  Revista  de  Económica  Argentina,  Julio- Agosto  1919.    Buenos  Aires, 

Imprenta  A.  Mercatali,  1919.    24  p.    8°. 
Estudios  relacionados  con  la  experimentación  de  la  caña  de  azúcar.    Serie  de  seis 

conferencias  dadas  a  los  alumnos  de  agricultura  de  la  Universidad.    Por  W.  E. 

Cross.   Buenos  Aires,  ImprentayCasaMitora^'Coni,"  1918.    illus.    109(3)p.    8°. 
Etn(^;rafía  del  Plata  en  origen  de  las  boleadores  y  el  lazo.    Por  el  Doctor  Martiniano 

Leguizamón.    Buenos  Aires,  Talleres  Gráficos  del  Ministerio  de  Agricultura  de  la 

Nación,  1919.    Illus.    53  p.    4°. 
Guía  de  Corrientes  y  Resistencia.    Editor:  Ernesto  Lazarte.    Corrientes,  Talleres 

Gráficos  de  Manuel  F.  Rev,  1919.     112,  96  p.     16°. 
Guía  gráfica  y  comercial  de  la  ciudad  de  Concordia.    Editada  por  Emilio  Carrera, 

1914-1915.    Buenos  Aires,  Est.  Tip.  J.  Carbone.    8°.    1  vol. 
La  inmigración  después  de  la  guerra.    JPor]  Dr.  Emilio  Frers.    Buenos  Aires,  Estab. 

Gráfico  "Oceana,"  1919.    32  p.    8°. 
Informes  del  departamento  de  investigaciones  industriales.  Universidad  de  Tucunxán. 

No.  6  y  7.    Buenos  Aires,  Imprenta  y  Casa  Editora  '*Coni,"  1919.    4°.    2  pamps. 
Memoria  de  Relaciones  Exteriores  y  Culto  presentada  al  Honorable  Congreso  Nacional 

correspondiente  al  año  1917-1918.    Buenos  Aires,  Imprenta  y  Ene.  del  Hospicio 

de  las  Mercedes,  1919.    xix,  1007  p.    8°. 
Memoria  de  los  trabajos  realizados  por  el  Instituto  Biológico  de  la  Sociedad  Rural  Ar- 

?  en  tina.    (Mayo  de  1917  a  30  de  Abril  de  1919).    Buenos  Aires,  Imp.  **Gadola," 
919.    43  p.    8°. 
Mobiliario  escolar.    Presentado  ante  las  autoridades  escolares  por  el  Dr.  Carlos  M. 
Biedma.    Buenos  Aires,  Talleres  Gráficos,  "La  Bonaerense,"  1918.    61  p.     8°. 
La  mortalidad  y  morbilidad  en  la  provincia  de  Tucumán.     Por  Alejandro  Senéz. 
Buenos  Aires,  Imprenta  y  Casa  Editora  "Coni,"  1919.    34  (1)  p.    8°.    Cover  title. 
Psicopatologia  forense.    Informes  en  materias  criminal  y  civil.    Universidad  de 
Tucumán.    Buenos  Aires,  Imprenta  de  Coni  Hermanos,  1917.    front,    vi,  167  p. 
8**. 


BOOK  NOTES.  119 

Programas  para  el  seeundo^  tercer,  cuarto  [y]  quinto  años  de  estudios.  Publicación 
autorizada  por  el  Ministerio  ae  Justicia  e  Instrucción  Pública.  Buenos  Aires, 
Cabaut  y  Cía.,  Editores,  1918.    12**.    4  pamps. 

Propaganda  nigiénica  de  la  liga  sanitaria  del  Norte  Aigentino.  Preparada  por  Señora 
Rita  P.  de  Bertelli.    no  imprint.    22  (2)  p.    8*».    half-title. 

Rapport  sur  les  opérations  de  Tannée  1918.  Banque  Hypothécaire  Nationale. 
Buenos  Aires,  1919.    fold,  tables.    60  p.     8°. 

Reionna  del  códieo  penal.  Los  delitos  contra  la  vida,  la  integridad  or^Lnica  y  la 
salud  ante  la  legislación  argentina.  Exposición  y  crítica  por  el  Dr.  Enrique  B. 
Prack.    Buenos  Aires,  Imprenta  "San  Martin,"  1919.    139  p.    12°. 

Registro  Nacional  de  la  República  Argentina.  Año  1907.  (Tercer  trimestre,  Julio- 
Septiembre.  Cuarto  trimestre.  Octubre- Diciembre.  Buenos  Aires,  Talleres 
Giafícos  de  la  Penitenciaría  Nacional,  1916.    4°.    2  vols. 

San  Martin.    í Por]  Delfino Urquia.    Paris,  Jouvé  A  tte.,  Éditeurs,  1916.    113  p.    12°. 

Solidaridad  eaucacdonal  americana.  [Por]  Dr.  J.  B.  Zubiaur.  Buenos  Aires,  Talleres 
Gráficos  Juan  Perrotti,  1919.    22  p.    8°. 

Bolivia. 

Boli>âa,  the  heart  of  a  continent.  A  few  facts  about  the  country  and  its  activities. 
Prepared  for  the  Bolivian  Legation,  Washington,  D.  C.  By  William  A.  Reid, 
1919.    front,  port,  illus.    66  p.    8°. 

Brazil. 

A  defesa  nacional.    (Discursos.)    Olavo  Bilac.    Rio  de  Janeiro,  Edição  da  Liga  da 

Defesa  Nacional,  1917.    142  (1)  p^    12°. 
A  idéa  de  patria.    Por  Joáo  Kopke.    ílio  de  Janeiro,  1917.    35  p.    12°. 
A»  madeiras  do  Brasil.    (Extracto  organizado  pelo  serviço.)     2a  edição.     Serviço 

de  Informações.    Rio  de  Janeiro,  Imprensa  Nacional,  1918.    28  p.    4°. 
O  café.    Estatística  de  producçào  e  commercio,  1918.    Sào  Paulo,  Secretaria  da  Agri- 
cultura, Commercio  e  Obras  Publicas.    S.  Paulo,  Escolas  Profissionaes  do  Lyceu 

Salesianos.,  1919.    illus.    183 p.    8°. 
Dados  estatísticos.    Movimento  económico  do  Brasil.    Publicação  autorisado  pelo 

Exmo.  Dr.  João  Gonçales  Pereira  Lima,  Ministro  da  Agricultura,  Industria   e 

Commercio.    Rio   de  Janeiro,    Imprensa   Nacional,     1918.    illus.    54   p.    4°. 

[Text  in  Portuguese  and  Frendi.] 
Décret  N.  2918  du  9  Avril  1918,  donne  exécution  au  code  sanitaire  de  Tétat  de  S. 

Paulo.    Traduit  du  Portugais  par  le  Dr.  Spencer  Vampré.    Secção  de  Obras 

d'  "O  Estado  de  S.  Paulo. '^     178  p.    8°. 
Elogio  académico  de  Olavo  Bilac.    Fernandes  Costa.    Lisboa,  Livrerias  Aillaud  e 

Bertrand,  1919.    48  p.    8°. 
Epidemia  de  impaludismo  na  usina  esther  e  cosmopolis  e  sua  prophylaxia.     Dr. 

Octavio  Marcondes  Machado.      S.  Paulo,  Typ.   Olegario  Ribeiro,   Lobate  C. 

Ltda.,  1919.    illus.  map.    49  (1)  p.    8°. 
Guia  botánico  da  prs^  da  Republica  e  do  Jardin  da  Luz  impresso  por  ordem  da 

Prefeitura  Municipal.    Dr.  A.  Usteri.    São  Paulo,  1919.    maps.    64  p.     12°. 
Guia  geral  dos  assignantes  1919-20,  da  Companhia  Telephonica  Rio  Grandense. 

Porto  Alme,  1919.    128,  336  p.    8''. 
Guia  Levi.    Horario  geral  das  estradas  de  ferro  Brasileiras.    Publicação  mensual. 

São  Paulo,  Setembro  de  1919.    192,  xxxvi  p.    8**. 
Ilomens  da  república.    [Pelo]  Castelar  Cabral.    [Rio  de  Janeiro],  Typ.  Revista  dos 

Tribunaes,  186  p.    8°. 
Hymno  nacional  Brasileiro.    Musica  de  Francisco  Manoel  da  Silva.    Poesia  de 

Osório  Duque  Estrada.    Rio  de  Janeiro,  Edição  da  Companhia  de  Seguros  de 

Vida  "Cruzeiro  do  Sul,''  6p.    8°. 
Indicador  da  praça  de  Santos.     Alberto  dos  Santos.    Fundado  em  1919.   Anno  1. 

Santos.    65  p.    8°. 
Manual  de  infantaria.    1  Vol.     (Escola  de  Soldados.)     [Pelo]  Tte.  Cel.  Pedro  F. 

Leão  de  Souza,  Tenentes  Luiz  de  França  e  Lessa  Bastos.    Rio  de  Janeiro,  Offi- 

dnas  Graphicas  Labor,  1919.    197   (2)  p.    12°. 
Manual  pratico  para  a  distillação  da  madeira.    [Pelo  Zeferino  Serafíni.    S.  Paulo, 

Patemostro  Irmãos,  1919.    pis.    33  p.    8°. 
Memorial  apresentado  ao  Senhor  Ministro  da  Agricultura,  Industria  e  Commercio. 

Por  Affonso  Costa.    Sobre  exportação  e  commercio  de  fructas  no  Brasil.    Rio 

de  Janeiro,  Imprensa  Nacional,  1917.    14  p.    4°. 
Pamphlets  issued  by  Imbrie  &  Co.,  Bankers:  The  City  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  bonds.    4  p. 

8**.    City  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,    illus.     18  p.    4°.    (Prices  of  Rio  bonds,  1890- 

1919.    6  p.    Information  on  Rio.    [Statistical.]    Brasil.    Financial  summary. 

1820-1918.    Brazilian  Government  bonds  in  50  years.    Brazilian  investments. 

Exducts  from  articles.) 


120  THE  PAN  AMERIGAK  UNION. 

Relatório  apresentado  ao  Presidente  da  Republica  dos  Estados  Unidos  do  Bnuál 
pelo  Ministro  de  Estado  da  Aericultura,  Industria  e  Commercio,  Dr.  Joào  Gon- 
çalves Pereira  Lima.  Anno  de  1918.  Volume  1.  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Imprensa 
Nacional,  1918.    xvii,  308  p.    4**. 

Relatório  da  directoria.  Cámara  Portuguesa  de  Commercio  e  Industria  do  Rio  de 
Janeiro.  Apresentado  a  Assemblea  Geral  em  sessão  de  30  de  Janeiro  de  1919. 
Gerencia  de  1**  de  Fevereiro  de  1918  a  30  de  Janeiro  de  1919.  Janeiro,  Typ. 
do  Jornal  do  Commercio,  1919.    225  p.    8**. 

Chile. 

Anuario  del  Observatorio  Astronómico  Nacional  para  el  afio  1916.    Santiago  de 

Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1915.    vii,  127,  40,  94  p.    8**. 
Anuario  del  Observatorio  Astronómico  de  Santiago.    (Departamento  de  La  Victoria) 

para  el  año  1917  [y]  1919.   Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1916  à  1918. 

8**.    2  vols. 
Elementos  étnicos  que  han  intervenido  en  la  población  de  Chile.    Por  Luis  Thayer 

Ojeda.    Santiago  de  Chile,   Imprenta,  Litograí/a  y  Ene.    **La  Ilustración," 

1919.    238,  (2)  p.    4°. 
Guerra  del  Pacífico.    Introducción.    Tomo  1.    [Por]  Ignacio  Santa  María.    Santiago 

de  Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1919.    317  p.    8®. 
Los  primeros  años  del  Ministerio  de  Relaciones  Exteriores.    [Por]  Alberto  Cruchaga. 

Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1919.    iront,  ports.    142  p.    8°. 

Colombia. 

Compendio  de  historia  antigua.  Por  Carlos  Martínez  Silva.  Obra  adoptada  como 
texto  por  el  Ministerio  de  Instrucción  Publica  de  Colombia.  Quinta  edición. 
Bogotá  Casa  Editorial  de  Arboleda  &  Valencia,  1919.    vüi,  373  p.    12°. 

Informe  del  Ministro  de  Relaciones  Exteriores  al  Congreso  de  1919.  Bogotá,  Imprenta 
Nacional,  1919.    150  p.    4°. 

Costa  Rica. 

Invasion  oí  Costa  Rica.  Message  from  the  President  oí  the  United  States,  transmit* 
tin^  a  report  of  the  Secreta^  of  State  in  response  to  in(][uiries  containea  in  a  reso- 
lution of  the  Senate,  August  2,  1919,  in  regard  to  the  invasion  of  Costa  Rica  by 
Nicaraguan  armed  forces  and  the  reason  why  Costa  Rica  was  not  permitted  to 
sign  the  peace  treaty  at  Versailles,  no  imprint.  7  p.  8**.  (66th  Cong.  Doc. 
No.  77.    Senate.) 

Reseña  histórica  de  Talamanca.  Por  Ricardo  Fernández  Guardia.  San  José,  Im- 
prenta Librería  y  Ene,  Alsina,  1918.    198  p.    8°. 

CüBA. 

Dos  malvas  textiles  Cubanas.    Por  los  Doctores  Juan  T.  Roig.  y  Gonzalo  Martinez- 

Fortun.    Habana.  Imprenta  P.  Fernandez  y  Ca.,  1919.    illus.    47  p.    8°. 
Legislación  obrera  de  la  República  de  Cuba.    I.  Leyes  y  disposiciones  vigentes.    II. 

Proyectos  pendientes  ante  el  Congreso.    Publicación  hecha  por  la  Secretaria  de 

Agricultura,  Comercio  y  Trabajo.    Habana,  Imprenta  y  Papelería  de  Rambla, 

Bouza  y  Ca.,  1919.    290  p.    8^. 
Memoria  leída  por  el  Ledo.  José  Cabarrocas  Horta  fiscal  del  tribunal  supremo  en  el 

acto  de  la  solemne  apertura  de  los  tribunales  el  día  1<^  de  Septiembre  de  1919. 

Habana,  Imprenta  y  Papelería  de  Rambla,  Bouza  y  Ca.,  1919.    78  p.    8**. 
Sección  de  estadística.    Comercio  exterior.    Segunda  semestre  del  año  1918  y  año 

natural  de  1918.    Secretaría  de  Hacienda.    Habana,  Imprenta  y  Librería  ''La 

Propagandista*  \  1919.    fold,  tables,    xviii,  404  p.    4^. 
Una  leguminosa  gigantesca  como  yerba  forraiera  para  Cuba.    Por  el  Prof.  Dr.  Mario 

Calvino.    Habana,  Imp.  Militar,  1919.    29  p.    8°. 

Dominican  Repubuc. 

Censo  y  catastro  de  la  común  de  Santo  Domingo.  Informe  que  al  Honorable  Ayun- 
tamiento presenta  el  Director  del  Censo  y  Catastro  de  1919,  Sr.  José  R.  López,  el 
15  de  Mayo  de  1919.  Santo  Domingo,  Tip.  "El  Progreso,"  1919.  fold,  tables. 
69  p.    8°. 

El  cultivo  del  cocotero.  [Por]  Dirección  de  Agricultura.  Santa  Domingo,  Imp.  y 
Linotipo  J.  R.  Vda.  Garcia,  1919.    14  p.    8^ 

Instrucciones  para  el  cultivo  del  tabaco.  Por  José  L.  Amaigos.  Santo  Domingo, 
Imp.  y  Linotipo  J.  R.  Vda.  Garcia,  1919.    illus.  Up.    8**. 


BOOK  NOTES.  121 

Ecuador. 

Informe  de  la  Dirección  General  de  Rentas  e  Impuestos  Fiscales  al  Señor  Ministro 
del  Ramo.    Quito,  Imprenta  y  Ene.  Nacionales,  [1919].    72  p.    8^. 

Mexico. 

Industrial  Mexico.  1919  facts  and  figures.  Bv  P.  Harvey  Middleton.  New  York, 
Dodd,  Mead  and  Company,  1919.    front.  pLs.  illus.    xiii,  270  p.    8^. 

Informes  generales.  Agosto  de  1915  a  Julio  de  1919.  Museo  Nacional  de  Arqueo- 
logía, Historia  y  Etnografia.  México,  Antigua  Imprenta  de  Murguia,  1919. 
front.  34  p.    4**. 

Informe  rendido  al  H.  Congreso  de  la  Unión  por  el  Presidente  Constitucional  de  la 
República,  C.  Venustiano  Carranza  al  renovarse  el  período  ordinario  de  sesiones 
el  1^  de  Septiembre  de  1919  y  respuesta  del  C.  Presidente  de  la  Cámara  de  Dipu- 
tados.   Panamá,  Tip.  Henry,  1919.    171  p.    12°. 

Legislación  especial  soore  educación  de  la  raza  indígena.  Estado  de  Chiapas. 
Tuxtla  Gutierrez,  Imprenta  del  Gobierno,  1919.    29  p.    8**. 

Loe  temblores  de  Guadaíaiara  en  1912.  Por  Paul  Waitz  y  Femando  Urbina.  Mé- 
xico, Secretaría  de  Inaustria,  Comercio  y  Trabajo,  1919.  pis.  maps,  diagrs.  iv, 
83  p.    4''.    [Boletín  Num.  19,  Instituto  Geológico  de  Mexico.] 

NlCABAOUA. 

Declaraciones  del  partido  Unionista  Centroamericano  respecto  a  la  política  de  coali- 
ción en  Nicaragua.  (Discurso  del  Doctor  Salvador  Mondieta  en  la  manifestación 
coalicionista  de  Granada  el  20  de  Julio  de  1919).  Managua,  Tip.  Progreso,  1919. 
14  p.    8**. 

Manifiesto  de  la  comisión  permanente  del  partido  Unionista  Centroamericano,  con 
motivo  de  la  situación  política  de  las  secciones  de  Honduras  y  Costa  Rica  y 
cartas  cruzadas  entre  el  aelegado  unionista  en  Honduras  y  los  candidatos  de  esta 
sección.    Managua,  Tip.  Prc^reso,  1919.    22  p.    8**. 

Paraguay. 

Comercio  exterior  Paraguayo  en  los  afios  de  1914  a  1918.  Dirección  General  de  Esta- 
dística de  la  Nación.    Asunción,  Talleres  de  Ariel  B.,  1919.    32  p.    4°, 

Condiciones  generales  de  la  vida  orgánica  y  división  territorial.  [Por]  Moisés  S. 
Bertoni.  Puerto  Bertoni,  Imprenta  y  Edición  "Ex  Sylvis,'*  1918.  174,  (1) 
p-    8^ 

Contribución  al  estudio  de  las  lacas  coloreadas  que  forman  las  materias  colorantes 
oxhidriladas  con  los  mordientes  oxídicos.  Por  el  Dr.  Ing.  P.  Bruno  Guggiari. 
Asunción,  Talleres  de  Ariel,  1916.    15  p.    8®. 

Cuestión  de  límites  con  Bolivia.  Negociaciones  diplomáticas  1915-1917.  Tomo  1. 
Ministerio  de  Relaciones  Exteriores.  Asunción,  Imprenta  de  El  Liberal,  1917. 
329  p.    8°. 

El  alma  de  la  raza.  [Por]  Manuel  Dominguez.  Prólogo  de  Juan  E.  0*Leary.  Asun- 
ción, Casa  Editora  de  Cándido  Zamphirópolos,  1918.    xi,  340  p.    8"^. 

El  Paraguay  ilustrado.  Por  Manuel  W.  Chaves.  [Asunción.]  no  imprint,  no  date, 
illus.  284  p.    8°obl. 

Estudio  de  derecho  constitucional.  La  independencia  del  poder  judicial.  Por  el 
Doctor  Félix  Paiva.    Asunción,  Talleres  Tip.  Ariel,  1915.    170  p.    8°. 

Guía  rematador  Livieres.  Emilio  Jordan  Livieres.  Asunción,  El  Arte,  1919.  1  vol. 
12^. 

Mosaico  (Proemio  de  Viriato  Diaz-Perez).  [Por]  Federico  García.  Asunción,  1918. 
162  p.    12°. 

Nuestra  epopeya.  (Guerra  del  Paraguay.)  Juicio  de  José  Enrique  Rodó.  [Por] 
Juan  E.  O'Leary.  Asunción,  Imprenta  y  Librería  La  Mundial,  1919.  648  p. 
12**. 

Paraguay-Bolivia.  Cuestión  de  límites.  El  derecho  de  descubrir  y  conquistar  el 
Paraguay  o  Río  de  La  Plata.  Ruina  de  la  2^  tesis  Boliviana.  (2*  conferencia 
del  Dr.  Manuel  Domínguez).  Asunción,  Talleres  Gráficos  del  Estado,  1918. 
maps.    30  p.    8°. 

Peru. 

l'ontribución  al  estudio  de  las  enfermedades  venéreas  en  el  ejército  del  Perú.  Por 
José  M.  Olivencia.  Tesis  para  el  bachillerato  en  medicina.  [Lima],  Imprenta 
del  Centro  Editorial.  1914.    fold,  tables.    98  p.    8°. 

La  bastomicosis  en  America.  [Por]  Edmundo  Escomel.  Montevideo,  1919.  illus. 
57  p.    8*». 


122  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

Salvador. 

CJonference  nyen  in  the  hall  of  the  National  University  on  the  10th  of  June,  1919. 
By  the  Hon.  José  E.  Suay.    San  Salvador,  Tip.  La  Unión,  1919.    35  p.    8**. 

United  States. 

Arguments  against  Philippine  independence  and  t^eir  answers.  By  José  P.  Melen- 
do.    Washington,  D.  C.    The  Philippine  Press  Bureau,  1919.    30  p.    8®. 

Carnee  Endowment  for  International  Peace.  Founded  December  Fourteenth, 
Nineteen  Hundred  and  Ten.  Year  Book,  1919.  No.  8.  Wa^ngton,  D.  C., 
Headquarters  of  the  Endowment,  1919.    front,  port,  xiv,  209  p.    8®. 

Copper.  Cost  reports  of  the  Federal  Trade  Commission.  Wasnington,  G.  P.  O., 
1919.    26  p.    8°. 

Estados  Unidos  pela  civilisação  e  a  civilisaçáo  dos  Estados  Unidos.  Ensaios  politices 
e  sociaes.  Por  José  Clarana.  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Officinas  Graphicas  do  Jornal  do 
Brasil,  1919.    69  p.    8°. 

Federal  executive  departmente  as  sources  of  information  for  libraries.  Compiled  by 
Edith  Guerrier.    Bureau  of  Education.    Washington,  G.  0.  P.,  1919.    204 p.    8^ 

Foreign  commerce  and  navigation  of  the  United  States  for  the  six  months  July  to 
December,  1918,  and  the  calendar  year  1918.  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic 
Commerce.    Washington,  G.  O.  P.,  1919.    lix,  635  p.    4°. 

Handbook  of  aboriginal  American  antiquities.  Part  1.  Introductory.  The  lithic 
industries.  By  W.  H.  Holmes.  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology.  Washington, 
G.  P.  0.,  1919.    illus.    iviii,  380  p.    8*». 

Handbook  of  economic  agencies  of  the  war  of  1917.  Monograph  No.  3.  Prepared 
in  the  Historical  Branch,  War  Plan  Division,  General  Stan  1919.  Washington, 
G.  0.  P.,  1919.    539  p.    8°. 

Mnnesota  capitol  oflSciai  guide  and  history.  By  Julie  C.  Gauthier.  Completely 
illustrated.    St.  Paul,  1912.    illus.    74  p.    8*^. 

Nineteenth  annual  report  of  the  bureau  of  civil  service  to  the  Governor  General  of 
the  Philippine  Islands  for  the  year  ended  December  31,  1918.  Manila,  Bureau 
of  Printing,  1919.    107  p.    8°. 

Prehistoric  villages,  castles,  and  towers  of  Southwestern  Colorado,  By  J.  Walter 
Fewkes.  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology.  Washington,  G.  P.  O.,  1919.  illus. 
pis.    79  p.    8**. 

Proceedings  fifth  annual  meeting  of  the  National  Association  of  Commercial  Organi- 
zation Secretaries.  Being  the  fourteenth  annual  meeting  of  commercial  organ- 
ization secretaries.  Claypool  Hotel,  Indianapolis,  Indiana.  Monday,  Tuesday 
and  Wednesday,  October  27,  28  and  29,  1919.    Worcester,  Mass.    296  p.    8**. 

Settlement  of  differences  with  Colombia.  Treaty  signed  at  Bogotá  on  April  6,  1914, 
between  the  United  States  and  the  Republic  of  Colombia,  for  the  settlement  of 
their  differences  arising  out  of  the  event  which  took  place  on  the  Isthmus  of 
Panama  in  November,  1903,  showing  the  amendments  suggested  by  the  com- 
mittee on  Foreign  Relations.  Washington, G. P.O.,  1919.  7 p.  8®.  (66th Cong. 
Doc.  No.  64,  Senate.) 

Statistical  record  of  the  progress  of  the  United  States,  1800-1919,  and  monetary,  com- 
mercial, and  financial  statistics  of  principal  countries.  From  the  Statistical 
Abstract  of  the  United  States  1918,  with  additional  figures  for  1919,  which  are 
subject  to  revision.  Compiled  by  Edward  Whitney.  Washington,  G.  P.  O., 
1919.    p.  776-868.    8°.    (Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce.) 

Terminal  charges  at  United  States  ports.  Report  prepared  under  the  direction  of 
C.  O.  Ruggles.  Submitted  to  the  United  States  Shipping  Board,  February, 
1919.    Washington,  G.  P.  0.,  1919.    181  p.    8°. 

War  with  Germany,  a  statistical  summary.  By  Leonard  P.  Ayres.  Second  edition 
with  data  revised  to  August  1, 1919.    Washington,  G.  P.  O.,  1919.     154  p.    8°. 

Uruguay. 

Artigas  en  su  silencio  y  su  ostracismo  voluntarios.  [Por]  Delfino  Urquia.  Paris, 
Jouve  &  Cie.,  éditeurs,  1917.    113  p.    12°. 

Facultad  de  arquitectura.  Informes,  ley  y  decreto  aprobando  el  nuevo  plan  de  estu- 
dios y  distribución  de  materias  en  10  semestres  para  la  carrera  de  arquitecto. 
Universidad  de  Montevideo.    Montevideo,  Imp.  Peña  Hnos.,  1918.    32  p.    8°. 

Memoria  presentada  al  Honorable  Consejo  Directivo  años  1918  [y]  1919. 

Montevideo,  Imprenta  Nacional,  1918,  1919.    4°.    2  pamps. 

Guía  de  suscriptores.  Mayo  de  1919.  Compañía  Telefónica  de  Montevideo  (Limi- 
tada).   Montevideo,  Imprenta  Latina,  1919.    328  p.    4°. 

Programas  de  enseñanza  secundaria.  Universidad  de  la  República.  Montevideo, 
Imp.  *'E1  Siglo  Ilustrado,"  1916.    88  p.    8°. 


BOOK  NOTES.  123 

GENERAL  BOOKS. 

Xlberdi  y  la  liga  de  las  naciones.  [Por]  Adolfo  S.  Carranza.  Buenos  Aires,  Imprenta 
de  José  Tnigant,  1919.    7  p.    8**. 

Cartas  à  mi  América.  [Por]  Uelfino  Urquia.  Paris,  Jouve  &  Cie.,  éditeurs,  1918. 
160  p.    12°. 

[Catalogue  in  Spanish].  Harley-Davidson  Motor  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  no  date, 
illus.    48  p.    4**. 

Creation  of  a  world  centre  of  communication  by  Olivia  Cushing  Andersen  and  Hen- 
drik  Christian  Andersen.  Legal  alignment  from  the  positive  science  of  govern- 
ment by  Umano.    The  economic  advantages  by  Prof.  Jeremiah  W.  Jenks.    Rome, 

1918.  pis.  illus.    vii,  120,  59,  57  p.    f''. 

Discursos  leídos  ante  la  Real  Academia  Hispano-Americana  en  la  recepción  pública 
del  limo.  Sr.  D.  Ricardo  Solier  y  Vilches  el  dia  12  de  Octubre  de  1919.  Cádiz, 
Talleres  Tip.  de  M.  Alvardez,  1919.    39  p.    8°. 

Electrical  goods  in  Argentina,  Uruguay  and  Erazil.    By  Philip  S.  Smith. 

Waahi^ton,  G.  P.  O.,  1919.    133  p.  8**.    (Special  agents  series  No.  184.    Bureau 
of  Foreign  and  Domestic  (^ommerce.) 

Liga  para  asegurar  la  paz.  Progrt^ma;  conferencia  efectuada  en  el  "Independence 
Hall,*'  en  la  ciudad  de  Filadélfia,  el  17  de  Junio  de  1915;  discursos  pronunciados 
la  noche  anterior  en  el  Hotel  Bellevue-Stratford  y  otros  estudios  y  documentos, 
a  fin  de  que,  cuando  termine  la  gran  guerra,  todas  las  guerras  internacionales 

Buedan  evitarse.    Traducción  Castellana  por  Ezequiel  A.  Chavez.    New  York, 
>oubleday,  Page  A  Co.,  1917.    viü,  110  p.    12°. 
Methods  that  win  in  overseas  markets.    Published  by  Rand,  McNally  <&  Co.,  Chicago. 

1919.  illus.    50  p.    4°. 

Pan-American  Congress  of   Architects.    Program.    Montevideo,  [1919].    3  p.    4°. 
Principles  of  foreign  trade.    By  Norbert  Savay.    New  York,  The  Ronala  Press 

Company,  1919.    xx,  495  p.    8°. 
Report  of  thej)roceeding8  of  the  second  congress  of  the  Pan-American  Federation  of 

Labor.    Held  in  New  York  City,  New  York,  July  7th  to  10th,  inclusive,  1919. 

67  p.    12°. 
Same  in  Spanish.    68  p.    12°. 


PBBIODICALS. 

[Not  heretofore  listed.] 

ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC. 

Benvenuto  Cellini.    Buenos  Aires.    Monthly.    Año  1,  No.  6,  October,  1919. 
Bulletin  of  the  Chamber  of  Conunerce  of  the  U.  S.  A.  in  the  Argentine  Republic. 

Buenos  Aires.    Monthly.    Vol.  1,  August,  1919. 
(Hrcular  Informativa  Mensual.    Buenos  Aires.    Monthly. 
Ideas.    San  Fernando.    Monthly. 
El  Magazine.    Buenos  Aires.    Monthlv. 

Revista  del  Centro  Estudiantes  del  Profesorado  Secundario.    Buenos  Aires.    Monthly. 
Revista  de  Revistas.    Buenos  Aires.    Monthlv. 
Revista  Náutica  Argentina.    Buenos  Aires.    Monthly.    Añol,No.  1.    August,  1919» 

BRAZIL. 

Brazilian  American.    Rio  de  Janeiro.    Vol.  1,  No.  1.    Nov.  1,  1919.    Weekly. 

Revista.    Centro  de  (-ultura  Scientífica.    Pelotas.    Bi-monthly. 

Revista  de  Sociedade  Maranhense  de  Agricultura.    S.  Luiz.     Irregular.    Anno  > . 

No.  1,  Feb.  1918. 
Wileman*s  Brazilian  Review.    Rio  de  Janeiro.    Weekly. 

CHILE. 

Caliche.    Santiago  de  Chile.    Monthly.    Año  1,  No.  1,  April,  1919. 

La  Aurora.    Arica.    Daily. 

Revista  Chilena  de  Historia  y  Geografía.    Santiago.    Quarterly. 

COLOMBIA. 

Bulletin  Mensuel  de  la  Chambre  de  Commerce  Française.    Bogotá.    Monthly. 
El  ('atolicismo.     Bogotá.     Bi-weekly. 


124  THE  PAN   AMEBICAN   UNION. 

COSTA  HICA. 

Atheneo.    San  Joeé.    Semimonthly.  • 

Diuio  de  Costs  Bica.    Ban  Joeé.    Daily. 

Keperlorio  Americano.    San  Joeé.    Trimonthly.    Vol.  1,  No.  1,  Sept.  1,  1919. 

CUBA. 

Chic.    Habana.    Monthly. 

La  Campaña.    Habana,    Daily. 

DOMINGA  N    BE  PUBLIC. 

Elieeco.     Santiago  de  loa  Caballeras.     Weekly.     Año  1,  No.  1,  Sept.  20,  1919. 
BCtJADOR. 

Boletín  del  Laboratorio  Municipal  de  Guayaquil.    Guayaquil.    Quarterly.    Tomo  1, 

No.  I,  October,  1919. 
Revista  de  la  Aaociación  Escuela  de  Derecho.    Guayaquil.    Semimonthly. 

OUATBHALA. 

Ezcelaior.    Guatemala.    Daily.    ABo  1,  No.  4,  Oct.  6,  1919. 
El  Sol.    Guatemala.    Weekly.    Afio  1,  No.  1,  October  5,  1919. 
GufaAltenae.    Quezal  te  nango.    Monthly.    Año  1,  No.  1,  October,  1919. 


Boletín  de  la  Cámara  Nacional  de  Comercio.    Ciudad  Juárez.    Monthly.    Vol.  1, 

No.  1,  December,  1919. 
Gaceta  Menaual  del  Departamento  del  Trabajo.    Mexico.    Monthly.    Tomo  1,  No.  1, 

Aug.  1919. 


Revista  de  Agricultura,  Comercio,  Industrias  y  Obras  Públicas.    Managua.    Semi- 
monthly   Afio  1,  No.  2,  Sept.  15,  1919. 

PANAMA. 

Revista  Comercial.    Panama.    Monthly.    Vol.  1,  No.  2,  October,  1919. 


Mosaico.    San  Salvador.    Semimonthly.    ABo  1,  No.  8,  Sept.  1,  1919. 


Boletín  de  la  Asociación  de  Empleados.    Caracas.    Monthly.    Afio  1,  No.  2,  AuiruBt, 

1919. 
El  Imparcial.    Caracas.    Daily. 


»        UNION    OF    AMERICAN     REPUBLICS        T 

BULLETIN 

OF  THE 

PAN  AMERICAN 
UNION 

FEBRUARY  1920 


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I 


Page. 
Second  Pan  American  Financial  Conference 125 

Kansas  CitT— In  the  Heart  of  North  America 140 

British  and  American  Trade  with  I«atin  America 160 

Boy  Scouts'  Good  Turn  Week 171 

The  Seventeen-year  Locust 181 

Pan  American  Notes 193 

A^cultnre,  Industry,  and  Commerce 199 

ARGENTINA:  Dairy  Congress— Airplane  service— Government  lands— DecauviUe  railways- 
Annual  cotton  contest— Upper  Paraná  River— Maiie — Exi)crt8  oí  flaxseed BOLIVIA: 

Oil  fields— Nail  factory— High  cost  of  living BRAZIL:  Exports  of  coffee— €acao— Wool— 

"Lloyd  Brasileiro  Steamship  Co."— Locomotives— Victoria  to  Minas  Railway— Exports 

from  the  State  of  Bfto  Paulo— Factories— Steamship  lines CHILE:  "Compañía  Estafll- 

iera— Nitrate — Tea— Airplane  factory- Government  lands— New  steamer  service— Police 

COLOMBIA:  Irrigation  work— "Compañía  Santandereana  de  Tabaco"— Uraba  railroad- 
Breweries  and  g^ass  factories— Ibague-Cali  Railroad — German-Colombian  Air  Transport 
Co.— Air  service— Dike  of  Cartagena— Auto  bus  service COSTA  RICA:  Contracts- 
League  of  banana  planters— Telegraphs CUBA:  New  steamship  lines— Cement  com- 

pttnie»— Sugar  crop — Commerce — Tobacco— Third  Pan  American  Aeronautic  Conference 

DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC:  Commerce ECUADOR:  Steamer  line— Rubber  goods- 
Tobacco  factory— Oil  lands— Real  estate  sale— Oil  area GUATEMALA:  New  steamship 

line— Import*— Los    Altos    railroad— Coffee— Telegraph    rates HAITI:  "Les    Galeries 

Lafayette"— Highways— "Haitian  Realty  Co." HONDURAS:  Maü  service— National 

shops MEXICO:  Highways— Wheat  crop— Pullman  service — Commercial  conference — 

New  railway— Experimental  laboratory — Oil — Drained  lands— Electric  power NICA- 
RAGUA: New  magazine— Industrial  enterprises PANAMA:  Deck— Unclaimed  lands- 
Commercial  convention PARAGUAY:  Colonization— Tannin— Foreign  commerce 

PERU:  Wheat— New   wharf— Rice— Imports— Petroleum— "Italian   Steamship   Co." 

SALVADOR:  Leather — Sugar— Small  industries  commission— Highways— Electric  car 
service URUGUAY:  Beverages  with  absinthe  Ixkse— Bridge— Tobacco— Petroleum  reser- 
voirs—Exports 

Economic  and  Financial  Affairs 213 

ARGENTINA:  Mercantile     failures— Agricultural      credit*— Customhouse     receipts— Real 

estate  transactions — Bank  balance — Savings  bank BOLIVIA:  Nickel  coins— Loan 

BRAZIL:  Central  Railway— Paraná  Railway— New  French  bank CHILE:  Revenues- 
Credits  for  pubUc  works COLOMBIA:  Loan— English  bank— "Banco  Mercantil  Ameri- 
cano"  COSTA  RICA:  National  revenue — "Banco  Internacional"— Customs  receipts- 
Road  bonds— Telegrams CUBA:  Customs  receipts— New  Banks— Railroads'  receipts- 

<* Banco  Nacional  de  Cuba"— Credit DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC:  Stamp  tax— PubUc 

works ECUADOR:  Bank  commissioners — Excise  taxes— Loans — ^Judicial  fees— Stamp 

issues GUATEMALA:  Loan— Budget HONDURAS:  National    revenue— National 

printing  office  receipts MEXICO:  National  credit— Foreign  debt— New  Bank— Copper 

coins NICARAGUA:  Taxes— Revenue  stamps— Departmental  debts— Farmers'  bank- 
National  revenue PANAMA:  Budget— Postage  stamps— Slaughter  tax PARA- 
GUAY :  Customs  valuation— Foreign  debt— Internal  taxes SALVADOR:  Nickel  coins- 
Coined  gold— Imports  and  exports  of  gold  and  silver— Revenues— Customs  appraisement 

URUGUAY:  Mortgage  bonds— Tax  on  salaries— Loan— Imports   of  firewood VENE- 

ZÜE  LA:  Economic  conditions— Branch  bank— Silver  coins. 

m 


IV                                                TABLE  OF   CONTENTS. 
Intematioiul  Treaties 

ABGENTI 

Législation 

COLOMBIA^   Unclaimed  lands— Railrowls— Explorai  ion  of  oil  lands. COSTA   RICA: 

(iovernment  lands. CUBA:  Workmen's  urcidant  law, BCUADOB:  Pension  law- 
Railways— Frovineial  boundaries. PARAOUAV:  Private  colori  Mllon. URl'tlVAY: 

A  vial  ion  |>  rati  on  law^Dcpartmrnlol  nrEanicallon. 

Public  luatraetlon  and  Education 

ARGENTINA:  Antîalcoholic  fxp«ii(ion-School  fc.<llval— Nailooal  Radium  ln.<tllulr. 

BRAZIL;  Faculty  ol  odontolofcy .——(.' HI  LE;  Girls'  lyecums — Schools  rrporl— Mtrctiatit 

marine  courses— Evaminal ions. COLOUBIA;  Aviation  School- Wircloss  Iciegraphy- 

School  for  masons- Primary  (¡ralle  leachcn"- Podes  selioot. TOSTA  RICA:  National 

Teachers'  Union— Êthool  statistics. CUBA;  Public  schools-Toednoallonal  school. 

líOMlNlCAN  REPUBLIC:  Public imtniction. ECUADOR:  Arts  and  cralts school. 

GUATEMALA:  New  primary  and  secondary  schook. HAITI:   Education- Normal 

schools.^— HONDURAS;  Normal  and  ivrondar)-  schools- Directoral r  eeoeral  oi  iirimary 
education. MEXICO:  Instruct  I  on-Ortlfleale-s  and  dlplmnos— Military  Academy- 
Naval  school— Chemical  .vlenoc  whool— School  for  abnormal  chltdrcn. NICARAGUA; 

Sccondarv  education— Coeducational   school, PERI':    Prole.îwts— Beholnrshii»— Arts 

and   craft»  school, SALVADOR;   School    for   hjl    makinc—Univenilv- Polytechnic 

school.— UBfGl'AY:  Rcvalfdallon  ol  diploman. VENEZUELA:  School  ol  polilical 

science»- Fedcn 


Qeneial  Holea TM 

ARGENTINA:  Consumption  at  water— ConETCss  oMIbrarlaas— Pint  oDIee  liuilding- Botari' 

Club— Sanitary  stations—New  minister  of  Braiil. BOLIVIA:  Sewer  system,- — CHILE: 

Schooner  taunchini:— German  hospital- Intematlnnal  rommlssioa— Columbus  nK'ino- 
rial. — COLOHBIA:  Roclcefcller  institut!'',*  study  of  disenjies- Presidential  eleiiions— 
Hoalth  commission— Supreme  court  elections— Aerial  postal  «rvice- l.lihted  advcrtLw- 

menls. COSTA  RICA:  Government  lands— Free  cable  news  5cr\ice. CUBA:  Consular 

appointments- Monument  to  Gen.  Maceo— Es|)Cri mental  brecdinn  suilon— "Conttreso  de 
IuventudHi3|»uioAmericano"—MoïinK picture  compony,— DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC: 
Electric  plant- Infants'  nursery  ,^ECU  A  DOR;  Mexican  minister— Wireless  suiions— 
Populationof  Guayaquil— <'ommemorativeroluQUi— Post  omcrs. CVATEMALA;  Asy- 
lum for  children— Care  ol  children. HAITI:  GeoloRical  map — Statue  of  Toussaint  Louver. 

lure, — -HONDURAS:  Hooicwormclinlc-Chanies  in  the  diplomatic  corps. MEXICO:. 

Laborer?- New  eapital  for  the  State  of  Horelos- MCTiean  Red  Crow— Gunboats -Hospital- 
New  senim— Idenllüíation  section  In  the  police  deparlmenl. NICARAGUA:  Monu- 
ment   to   Ruben    Darlo— Electric  plant. PANAMA:    National  Assembly— New   ihwi 

odllces —Inspector  Rcnerai  of  warehousea,- PARAGUAY;  Pan  American  Commission- 

■      Hlnh  cost  o(  living. PERU:  Province  of  Grau— New  \'lce  Ih-esldents  of  the  Eepublic— 

Wharf  trafflc— New  lliththousc. SALVADOR;  New  member  ol  the  cabinet— Ward  for 

indlfienls— New  consul  in  New  Orleans— Protection  from  Arc- (Irowth  of  San  Salvador— 

Scionliflc  contest- Inslltule  MIrucI  Dueflos-Nen  minister  oI  Honduras. I'RC'iUAV: 

Map— Airplane  senioe— SUtLstiPiil  data.^VENEZUELA:  New  immigration  olTicers— 
Foreign  immlsratiiMi—lif;atlon  in  Belgium- Wire k'ss-Fnv  d i-pen'ary, 

Sublect  Mattel  of  ConsnliT  Reports 241 

Book  Notes 242 


KEBRIARY.  1920, 


SECOND    PAN    AMERICAN 
FINANCIAL   CONFERENCE 


THE  Secoiul  Pan  American  C'Diifereiicc,  an  outline  uf  which 
was  given  in  advance  in  the  January  issue  of  the  Bulletin. 
has  met  and  adjourned  alter  a  series  of  successful  general 
and  group  sessions  and  the  adoption  of  a  set  of  resolutions 
which  should  command  the  attention  of  everyone  interested  in  prac- 
tical Pan  Americanism.  Beginning  with  the  i)reliminary  session  of 
the  official  delegates  on  Januarj'  17,  and  ending  in  a  banquet  Jan- 
uary 24,  at  which  were  present  the  official  delegates,  members  of 
the  group  committees,  ami  specially  invited  guests,  the  conference 
was  characterized  by  an  intensive  work,  spirit  of  cooperation,  and 
deep  interest  that  mean  much  for  the  future  of  Pan  American  rela- 
tions. While  the  general  sessions  were  important  and  were  featured 
with  instructive  addresses,  the  real  practical  results  were  obtained 
in  the  meetings  of  the  group  committees.  The  general  sessions  were 
held  in  the  Hall  of  the  Americas  of  the  Pan  American  Building  and 
the  group  sessions  in  rooms  of  the  nearby  Navy  Building. 

I'nder  the  careful  direction  of  Dr.  L,  S.  Rowe,  chief  of  the  Latin 
American  Division  of  the  State  Department,  ns  secretary  general, 
aided  by  C.  E.  McGuire  and  Cî.  A.  Sherwcll,  as  assistant  secretaries 
general,  together  with  H.  N.  Branch,  J.  C.  Corliss,  Miss  M.  Engle, 
E.  D.  Kizer,  J.  C.  Luitweilcr,  C.  R.  McPherson,  J.  H.  Murray,  J.  Q. 
Ovalle,  J.  Brooks,  B.  Parker,  J.  D.  Rickard.  H.  R.  Ringc,  and  T. 
Thiesing  as  special  assistants,  together  with  the  o^toperation  oí  Di- 
rector General  Barrett  and  other  members  of  the  staff  of  the  Pan 
American  Union,  the  program  and  arrangements  for  the  conference 
Were  worked  out  to  the  best  advantage. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States  was  the  per- 
manent presiding  officer  of  the  conference,  of  which  the  honorary 


126  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

presidents  were  the  ministers  of  finance  of  the  participating  Republics. 
The  Latin  American  diplomatic  representatives  in  Washington  were 
special  guests  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  the  director 
general  of  the  Pan  American  Union  served  as  ex  officio  member  of 
all  group  committees. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  conference  a  special  vote  of  thanks  was 
given  to  the  secretary  general  for  his  services  and  to  the  governing 
board  of  the  Pan  American  Union  for  the  use  of  the  Pan  American 
Building. 

It  is  no  exaggeration  to  state  that  few  international  meetings  that 
have  taken  place  in  Washington  have  been  attended  by  more  rep- 
resentative men  from  both  Latin  America  and  the  United  States  than 
this  Second  Pan  American  Financial  Conference.  It  was  a  worthy 
successor  of  the  first  conference  of  this  kind,  which  met  May  24-29, 
1915,  upon  the  invitation  of  the  President  of  the  United  States  and 
the  initiative  of  William  G.  McAdoo,  then  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 
It  will  rank  among  other  notable  Pan  American  gatherings  which 
have  assembled  in  Washington,  such  as  the  First  International  Con- 
ference of  the  American  Republics  in  1889-90;  the  Second  Pan 
American  Scientific  Congress,  in  1915-16;  the  First  and  Second  Pan 
American  Commercial  Conferences  in  1911  and  1919.  The  resolu- 
tions which  it  adopted,  like  the  conclusions  of  the  Second  Pan  Ameri- 
can Commercial  Conference,  look  to  a  great  future  of  cooperative 
Pan  American  effort  which  should  give  practical  Pan  Americanism 
a  firmer  foimdation  and  more  lasting  essential  success  than  it  has 
ever  enjoyed  before. 

Among  the  vital  questions  and  serious  topics  which  had  been 
agreed  upon  for  consideration  were  the  following:  The  effect  of  the 
war  on  the  commerce  and  industry,  manufacturing  and  mining,  agri- 
culture and  public  utilities  of  the  American  Republics;  international 
loans;  the  upbuilding  of  railroads;  steamship  communication;  bank- 
ing and  currency;  gold  credits;  uniformity  in  bills  of  lading,  customs 
regulations,  checks,  warehouse  receipts,  and  consignment  of  merchan- 
dise contracts;  commercial  arbitration  and  patent  and  copyright  laws; 
modernizing  and  installing  public  utilities,  sewerage  systems,  and 
sanitation  plans;  building  of  roads:  and  other  problem'^  of  a  like 
nature. 

All  of  the  60  delegates  from  the  Latin  American  Republics,  and 
most  of  the  250  members  of  the  advisory  committees,  were  on  hand 
for  the  opening  session  Monday  morning.  Indeed,  practically  all  of 
the  official  delegates  had  reached  Washington  the  Friday  previous, 
since  they  were  scheduled  to  pay  official  calls  on  the  Secretary  of 
State  at  10  a.  m.  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  at  noon,  on 
Saturday,  the  17th.  Following  these  official  receptions,  Secretary 
Glass  entertained  the  delegates  at  a  luncheon,  which  was  served  in 


i  5 

si 


St 


128  THE   PAN   AMERICAN    UNION. 

the  Columbus  Room  of  the  Pan  American  Building,  and  which  func 
tion  merged  into  the  business  meeting  set  for  3  o'clock,  and  developed 
into  an  informal  renewal  of  old  friendships,  the  while  the  foundation 
was  being  laid  for  the  sessions  of  the  coming  week. 

When  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  was  called  away  on  official 
business,  Dr.  Luis  Toledo  Herrarte,  minister  of  foreign  affairs  of 
Guatemala,  presided.  Secretary  Glass  was  unanimously  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  conference,  and  the  delegated  ministers  of  finance  were 
named  as  honorary  presidents,  while  the  chairmen  of  the  different 
delegations  were  selected  as  vice  presidents.  The  following  were 
chosen  to  preside  over  the  general  sessions:  Dr.  Carlos  Manuel  de  Cés- 
pedes, minister  from  Cuba;  William  G.  McAdoo,  former  Secretary 
of  the  United  States  Treasury;  Dr.  Ricardo  Vecino,  minister  of 
finance  of  Uruguay;  Dr.  Rafael  H.  Elizalde,  minister  from  Ecuador; 
and  Gen.  Juan  E.  Paredes,  chairman  of  the  Honduran  delegation. 

The  delegates  were  taken  in  automobiles  to  Mount  Vernon  Sunday, 
the  18th,  and  laid  the  customary  wreathes  on  the  tomb  of  George 
Washington. 

The  Hall  of  the  Americas  presented  an  interesting  sight  on  Mon- 
day morning  when  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Mr.  Carter  Glass, 
formally  opened  the  conference  with  the  reading  of  the  following 
welcoming  message  from  President  Wilson,  who  is  still  too  ill  to 
leave  his  room: 

Gextlemex  op  the  Americas:  I  regret  more  deeply  than  I  can  well  express  that 
the  condition  of  my  health  deprives  me  of  the  pleasure  and  privilege  of  meeting  with 
you  and  personally  expressing  the  gratification  which  every  officer  of  this  Govern- 
ment feels  because  of  your  presence  in  the  national  capital,  and  particularly  because 
of  the  friendly  and  significant  mission  which  brings  you  to  us. 

I  rejoice  with  you  that,  in  these  troubled  times  of  world  reconstruction,  the  Repub- 
lics of  the  American  (.'ontinent  should  seek  no  selfish  purpose,  but  should  be  guided 
by  a  desire  to  serve  one  another  and  to  serve  the  world  to  the  utmost  of  their  capacity. 
The  great  privileges  that  have  been  showered  upon  us,  both  by  reason  of  our  geo- 
graphical positions  and  because  of  the  high  political  and  social  ideals  that  have  deter- 
mined the  national  development  of  every  country  of  the  American  Continent,  carr>' 
with  them  obligations  the  fulfillment  of  which  must  be  regarded  as  a  real  privilege 
by  every  true  American. 

It  is  no  small  achievement  that  the  Americans  are  to-day  able  to  say  to  the  world  : 
''Here  is  an  important  section  of  the  globe  which  has  to-day  eliminated  the  idea  of 
conquest  from  its  national  thought  and  from  its  international  policy." 

The  spirit  of  mutual  helpfulness  which  animates  the  conference  supplements  and 
strengthens  this  important  achievement  of  international  policy.  I  rejoice  with  you 
that  we  are  privileged  to  assemble  with  the  sole  purpose  of  ascertaining  how  we  can 
serve  one  another,  for  in  so  doing  we  best  serve  the  world. 

After  the  reading  of  the  message,  Secretary  Glass  also  welcomed 
the  delegates  and  members  of  the  committees,  declaring  that  the 
conference  was  destined  to  be  fruitful  of  results  in  the  interchange  of 
information  between  the  officials  and  financiers  of  the  two  continents» 


130  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

and  adding  that  those  in  high  places  should  know  one  another,  since 
the  policies  of  one  nation  bear  vitally  on  those  of  another. 

Secretary  of  State  Lansing  was  the  next  to  address  the  conference, 
and  he  congratulated  it  upon  the  new  manifestations  of  mutual 
interest  and  friendship  which  mean  so  much  to  the  common  welfare 
of  the  nations.  He  pictured  the  chaotic  trade  conditions  that  existed 
at  the  time  of  the  First  Pan  American  Financial  Conference  in  1915, 
stating  that  it  marked  a  distinct  advance  in  the  development  of 
constructive  Pan  Americanism,  and  he  added  : 

As  the  American  nations  came  together  in  those  early  days  of  the  great  war,  it  is 
ñtting  that  with  the  close  of  that  conflict,  when  an  exhausted  world  is  groping  amidst 
the  ruins  of  past  prosperity,  to  find  foundations  on  which  to  rebuild  its  shattered 
fortimes,  that  our  Republics  should  again  assemble  in  conference  to  consider  the 
financial  and  economic  problems  of  the  new  era,  and  to  devise  ways  of  adjusting  our 
lives  and  intercourse  to  the  new  conditions  in  harmony  with  the  impelling  spirit  of 
Pan  Americanism. 

Director  General  John  Barrett  was  the  next  to  welcome  the  assem- 
bly, which  he  did  on  behalf  of  the  Governing  Board  of  the  Pan 
American  Uoion  as  well  as  in  his  official  capacity,  calling  attention 
to  the  fact  that  the  official  delegations  and  group  committees  were 
welcomed  by  their  own  international  organization,  "during  whose 
existence  there  has  been  no  war  among  its  constituent  nations." 
Mr.  Barrett  referred  to  the  fact  that  the  growth  in  Pan  American 
commerce  since  his  association  with  the  organization  had  increased 
from  $500,000,000  m  1906  to  over  $2,000,000,000  m  1919,  or  over  300 
per  cent.     In  conclusion  he  said  : 

Long  live  that  practical  Pan  Americanism  for  which  this  organization,  this  build- 
ing, and  your  conference  stand,  and  may  the  results  of  its  deliberations  make  Pan 
Americanism  a  term  which  shall  be  full  of  both  actual  and  potential  meaning  and 
respected  by  all  governments  and  peoples  of  the  Western  Hemisphere  and  the  world. 

The  addresses  of  welcome  were  replied  to  by  the  ministers  of  finance 
and  other  representatives  of  the  19  delegations  imder  the  10-minute 
rule. 

The  informal  luncheon  following  this  session  was  tendered  to  the 
members  of  the  official  delegations  and  group  committees  by  the 
Federal  Reserve  Board  of  the  United  States  section  of  the  Inter- 
national High  Commission,  and  was  served  in  the  map  room  of  the 
Pan  American  Building.  At  3  in  the  afternoon  organization  meet- 
ings of  the  group  committees  were  held  in  the  Navy  Building. 

At  the  first  general  session  on  the  evening  of  the  19th,  to  which  the 
families  of  those  accredited  to  the  conference  were  invited,  Dr.  Carlos 
Manuel  de  Céspedes,  minister  of  Cuba,  presided.  The  general  topic 
was  **The  Improvement  of  Ocean  and  Land  Transportation  Facil- 
ities/' Of  chief  importance  was  the  speech  of  John  Barton  Payne, 
Chairman  of  the  Shipping  Board,  who  told  what  the  United  States 


132  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

was  doing  to  establish  adequate  passenger  and  freight  service  for  the 
development  of  South  American  trade.     Mr.  Payne  said  : 

The  Shipping  Board  has  felt  and  now  feels  the  keenest  interest  in  bringing  South 
America  so  close  to  the  United  States  that  we  may  shake  hands  almost  daily,  and 
we  keenly  realize  that  this  can  only  be  done  by  ships  and  more  ships.  Indeed,  the 
great  desire  of  the  Shipping  Board  to  inaugurate  and  establish  an  adequate  ser\âce 
to  the  important  cities  of  South  America  has  sometimes  manifested  itself  in  an  optim- 
ism which  the  cold  logic  of  fact  has  not  justified. 

Mr.  Payne  explained  further  that  the  program  mapped  out  and 
announced  for  the  inauguration  of  a  regular  service  had  been  inter- 
fered with  and  delayed  by  the  nondelivery  of  the  ships  to  the  Ship- 
ping Board  because  of  the  United  States  Government's  need  for 
them  for  a  longer  period  than  had  been  expected.  Mr.  Payne  pointed 
out  the  sudden  growth  of  United  States  shipping  since  the  war,  and 
stated  that  it  could  definitely  be  relied  upon  that  when  the  United 
States  enters  upon  the  business  of  shipping,  as  it  now  has,  that  it 
will  go  forward  and  establish  a  permanent  merchant  marine  service. 
In  connection  with  the  service  to  South  America  he  stated  : 

Our  present  plans  for  the  passenger  ser\nce  to  the  east  coast  of  South  America  are: 
Five  steamers,  maintaining  a  service  every  two  weeks  between  New  York,  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  Santos,  Montevideo,  and  Buenos  Aires.  Southbound  these  vessels  u-ill  pro- 
ceed directly  to  Rio  de  Janeiro;  northbound  they  will  call  at  St.  Thomas  for  fuel. 
The  five  vessels  selected  for  this  service  are  all  former  German  steamers  of  15-knot 
speed — the  Aeolus,  Iliiron,  Pocahontas,  De  Kalb,  and  Princess  Matoika. 

Following  the  policy  of  encouraging  established  American  steamship  companies, 
rather  than  competing  with  them,  the  board  will  place  in  service  under  the  manage- 
ment of  Messrs.  W.  R.  Grace  &  Co.  the  Santa  Theresa  and  Santa  Elisa,  both  13-knot 
speed,  now  reconditioning  after  release  from  Army  service. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  merchant  marine  may  be  owned  and  operated  by  private* 
persons  and  corporations  rather  than  by  the  Government.  As  a  step  in  this  direction 
we  have  advertised  for  sale  30  of  oiu*  ex-German  passenger  vessels,  and  if  these  are 
sold  we  hope  to  follow  this  by  the  sale  of  our  remaining  passenger  vessels.  This,  how- 
ever, will  not  affect  the  shipping  program  here  discussed.  It  is  provided  that  the 
ships  if  sold  are  to  be  sold  with  reference  to  the  particular  routes  selected  and  assigned 
by  the  Shipping  Board;  and  whether  we  sell  the  ships  to  private  persons  or  operate 
them  by  the  board,  the  service  here  indicated  will  be  carried  out,  and  the  board  ^-ill 
see  to  it  that  the  growing  needs  of  South  America  are  served  by  the  United  States. 

At  the  conclusion  of  Mr.  Payne's  speech  talks  under  the  10-minute 
rule  were  given  by  Dr.  Ricardo  0.  Ardao,  of  Argentina;  Dr.  Ricardo 
Martínez  Vargas,  of  Bolivia;  Dr.  Pomponio  Guzman,  of  Colombia; 
Dr.  Alberto  Edwards,  of  Chile;  Dr.  Luis  Felipe  Borja,  of  Ecuador; 
and  Dr.  Henrique  Pérez  Dupuy,  of  Venezuela. 

On  Tuesday,  January  20,  there  were  group  and  other  committee 
meetings  both  morning  and  afternoon  The  second  general  session 
was  held  in  the  Hall  of  the  Americas  in  the  evening  A%ith  the  Hon. 
W.  G.  McAdoo  presiding,  and  the  general  topic  under  consideration 
was  "Commerce  and  Finance;  International  Cooperation/' 


-A 


si 


I   I 

à    I 


134  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

Mr.  McAdoo  made  the  principal  address,  reviewing  briefly  the 
stirring  events  of  the  years  since  he  presided  over  the  first  Pan 
American  Financial  Conference,  and  declaring  that  the  future  for  all 
of  the  Americas  was  full  of  promise,  no  matter  how  dark  the  outlook 
might  appear  to  be  to  some  at  the  present  time.     He  said: 

The  financing  of  public  improvements  has  been  aided  by  our  bankers  to  some 
extent,  notwithstanding  the  grave  times  when  Europe  was  drawing  heavily  on  the 
credit  resources  of  the  United  States.  The  bonds  of  several  governments  (Argentina 
and  Panama)  and  of  several  cities  (Rio  de  Janeiro  and  Sao  Paulo)  have  been  placed  in 
the  United  States  investment  market.  Some  of  your  private  enterprises  (Central 
Kailroad  of  Argentina  and  Brazilian  Light  &  Traction)  have  obtained  funds  in  our 
market  when  Europe  could  not  respond.  Your  commercial  bills  of  credit  have  found 
a  ready  market  in  the  United  States.  Our  Federal  Reserve  banks  had,  according  to 
recent  figures,  over  $300,000,000  of  acceptances  in  their  portfolios,  of  which  South 
American  drafts  formed  a  goodly  fraction,  whereas  at  the  time  of  our  meeting  in  1915 
there  was  no  American  acceptance  market.  The  la^t  ñve  years'  developments  have 
facilitated  direct  banking  and  exchange  between  the  American  republics. 

**The  sovereign  remedy  for  the  present  day  condition  is  the  gospel 
of  work/'  Mr.  McAdoo  added,  ^*  practiced  every  day  and  practiced  to 
the  limit,  so  that  production  may  again  be  put  on  an  even  keel." 

John  Bassett  Moore  followed  Mr.  McAdoo,  describing  the  work  of 
the  International  High  Commission,  which  is  a  permanent  organiza- 
tion of  Pan  American  interests,  referring  particularly  to  the  revised 
shipping  regulations  and  the  progress  made  by  the  adoption  of  a 
uniform  statistical  classification  of  merchandise.  ^' Every  effort  has 
been  made,"  he  said,  ^'to  advance  uniform  legislation  in  regard  to 
bills  of  exchange,  checks,  bills  of  lading,  and  warehouse  receipts. 
We  seem  to  be  rapidly  approaching  a  time  when,  so  far  as  concerns 
bills  of  exchange,  there  will,  in  effect,  be  only  two  systems  in  use  in 
the  Western  Hemisphere,  based,  respectively,  on  The  Hague  rules  of 
1912  and  the  United  States  Negotiable  Instruments  Act  of  1916." 
Mr.  Moore  also  suggested  that  countries  of  the  southern  group  which 
had  ratified  the  treaty  for  international  protection  of  trade  marks 
be  permitted  to  register  trade  marks  at  the  international  bureau  in 
Habana,  pending  the  establishment  of  a  bureau  at  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
which  awaits  the  ratification  of  the  treaty  by  a  sufficient  nimiber  of 
the  southern  group. 

Dr.  Domingo  E.  Salaberry,  minister  of  Finance  of  Argentina,  who 
followed  Mr.  Moore,  discussed  among  other  things  the  steamship 
service  with  his  country  which,  he  declared,  had  not  improved  in  30 
years.     He  said  further: 

Argentina,  during  the  war,  allowed  its  products  to  be  sold  in  European  markets  at 
prices  ûxed  by  the  buyers.  The  result  was  that  practically  and  modestly  and  in  a 
manner  that  almost  escaped  the  attention  of  the  world,  the  Argentine  people  con- 
tributed to  mitigate  the  needs  of  the  countries  at  war,  selling  their  bread  and  meat 
at  cost  prices  which  meant  individual  and  collective  sacrifice.    Inspired  by  the  same 


SECOND  PAN   AMERICAN   FINANCIAL  CONFERENCE.  135 

sentiment  our  country  has  assisted  financially  in  the  reconstruction  of  the  countries 
devastated  by  the  war,  and  hopes  to  continue  lending  this  assistance  in  the  measure 
allowed  by  her  resources  and  strength. 

Dr.  Juan  Navarro  Diaz,  of  Panama,  also  addressed  the  meeting  on 
the  immediate  needs  of  his  country  in  respect  te  transportation 
facilities,  touching  on  the  value  of  the  Panama  Canal  to  future  trade; 
and  Dr.  Martinez  Vargas,  of  Bolivia,  announced  that  his  country 
had  on  hand  a  vast  amoimt  of  tin  which  it  lacks  ships  to  move. 

The  important  annoimcement  was  made  that  the  19  group  com- 
mittees, composed  of  Latin-American  delegates  and  leading  business 
men  and  bankers  of  the  United  States,  would  continue  as  permanent 
organizations,  and  it  was  hoped  that  the  members  would  not  con- 
sider their  work  completed  when  the  conference  ended. 

The  usual  committee  meetings  were  held  morning  and  afternoon  on 
the  21st,  and  in  the  evening  Secretary  of  State  Lansing  tendered  a 
brilliant  reception  to  the  official  delegations,  the  members  of  the 
group  committees,  and  their  families,  at  the  Pan  American  Building, 
attended  by  members  of  the  official  and  social  circles  of  Washington. 

On  Thursday  the  third  general  session  convened  at  10  o^clock  in 
the  morning  in  the  Hall  of  the  Americas.  Submission  was  made  of 
all  reports  of  group  conunittees  and  of  the  committee  on  transpor- 
tation for  reference  to  the  committee  on  resolutions. 

The  Hon.  Huston  Thompson,  of  the  Federal  Trade  Commision, 
formerly  United  States  Assistant  Attorney  General,  addressed  the 
assemblage  on  *' Unfair  Competition  in  International  Trade  and 
Conamerce,^'  in  which  he  discussed  the  effect  of  monopolies  and  the 
vision  of  the  United  States  Government  in  foreign  trade  as  expressed 
by  the  powers  delegated  by  the  Webb-Pomerene  Act  which  permits 
the  United  States  to  imipire  the  acts  of  its  commercial  bodies  trans- 
acting business  in  foreign  lands  just  as  fully  as  at  home. 

Dr.  Luis  Zuberbuhler,  the  delegate  from  Argentina  then  addressed 
the  Conference,  discussing  the  value  of  cooperation  and  the  kinds  of 
investments  most  desired  by  Latin  America  and  most  mutually 
helpful,  and  Dr.  Victor  V.  Robles,  of  Chile,  followed  with  remarks 
concerning  important  financial  problems  of  his  country. 

At  1  o'clock  the  official  delegates  and  the  group  conmiittees  were 
tendered  a  limcheon  by  Mr.  Lewis  E.  Pierson,  of  the  Irving  National 
Bank  of  New  York  City,  chairman  of  the  group  committee  for 
Paraguay,  in  the  Red  Room  of  the  New  Willard  Hotel,  to  meet  the 
officers  and  directors  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the  United 
States. 

Thursday  afternoon  at  3  o'clock  the  fourth  general  session  was 
convened,  presided  over  by  Dr.  Rafael  H.  Elizalde.  The  general 
topic  imder  consideration  was  *^  Fiscal  and  Currency  Reform  as 
Factors  in  National  Credit/'  which  was  the  subject  matter  of  the 


136  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

speech  of  the  Hon.  Paul  M.  Warburg,  former  member  Federal 
Reserve  Board.  Mr.  Warburg  took  the  opportunity  to  discuss  at 
some  length  the  gold  standard,  the  budget  system,  and  the  relation 
of  production  to  solvent  and  prosperous  nations.  He  urged  that  it 
was  every  citizen's  patriotic  duty  to  accumulate  savings  ^*so  that 
the  aggregate  gathered  for  investment  will  have  to  be  looked  upon 
as  a  sacred  fund  belonging  to  the  nation,  to  be  employed  only  where 
it  will  do  the  greatest  possible  good,''  and  stated  that  he  believed 
the  time  was  near  at  hand  when  international  bankers,  considering 
new  loans,  would  apply  the  strictest  principles  not  only  with  respect 
to  budgeting,  but  also  with  regard  to  the  urgency  of  applications 
and  the  purposes  involved." 

The  Hon.  MediU  McCormick,  of  the  United  States  Senate,  then 
addressed  the  gathering  on  '^The  Introduction  of  the  Budget  System 
and  the  Improvement  of  Fiscal  Methods  in  the  United  States," 
in  which  he  discussed  the  English  budget  system  and  gave  some 
outline  of  the  work  along  these  lines  now  before  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States. 

Mayor  Andrew  J.  Peters,  of  Boston,  was  present  and  spoke  a  few 
moments,  during  which  he  tendered  an  invitation  to  the  delegates 
to  visit  his  city  before  their  return  home. 

Among  other  speakers  were  Dr.  Virgilio  Rodríguez  Beteta  of 
Guatemala,  whose  address  on  "The  Solidarity  of  Interests  of  the 
Continents,"  was  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  Conference, 
and  Dr.  Florencio  Aragón  y  Etchart  of  Uruguay,  who  discussed, 
to  the  great  pleasure  of  his  hearers,  the  needs  of  his  country  along 
fínancial  and  transportation  lines,  and  its  ambitions  from  a  trade 
standpoint. 

There  was  no  session  Thursday  evening,  and  the  popular  conference 
members  were  able  to  take  advantage  of  some  of  the  great  number 
of  invitations  to  teas  and  dinners  which  had  been  reaching  them  all 
week. 

The  session  Friday  morning  was  presided  over  by  Gen.  Juan  E. 
Paredes,  of  Hondura,s,  the  principal  speaker  being  the  Hon.  G.  W. 
P.  Harding,  governor  of  the  Federal  Reserve  Board,  whose  subject 
''The  Problems  of  the  United  States  as  a  Creditor  Nation,"  was 
one  of  the  most  timely  of  the  Conference.  Governor  Harding  spoke 
briefly  of  the  position  a  new  country  occupies  in  the  financial  world, 
busy  with  internal  development  and  dependent  upon  the  older 
nations  for  financial  support,  showed  the  dependence  which  the 
United  States  as  weU  as  Latin  America  had  placed  upon  mvestments 
from  Europe,  and  stated  that  the  outbreak  of  the  world  war  caused 
a  financial  "jar  wliich  shook  the  American  continents  from  Alaska 
to  Tierra  del  Fuego."  Since  the  war  began,  Mr,  Harding  stated, 
the  United  States  has  become  a  creditor  nation  to  the  world  to  the 


SECOND  PAN   AMERICAN   FINANCIAL  CONFERENCE.  137 

extent  of  perhaps  $14,000,000,000,  in  addition  to  having  to  provide 
for  the  equipment  and  maintenance  of  its  military  and  naval  establish- 
ments to  the  extent  of  about  $15,000,000,000,  increasing  the  national 
debt  from  $1,000,000,000  in  1914,  to  about  $25,000,000,000.  Gov. 
Harding  stated  in  part  in  conclusion: 

In  doing  their  part  in  the  extension  of  credit  for  rehabilitating  Europe,  the  investors, 
bankers  and  exporters  of  the  United  States  look  with  confidence  to  the  cooperation 
and  moral  support  of  our  friends  in  the  Central  and  South  American  countries. 

Dr.  Carlos  Cesar  de  Oliviera  Sampaio,  of  Brazil,  stated  that  as 
his  country  could  not  yet  be  considered  a  creditor  nation  he  would 
speak  on  **the  problems  of  Brazil  as  a  debtor  nation.'^  Dr.  Sampaio 
aaiíl  that  Brazil's  financial  situation  had  been  greatly  affected  by 
the  war,  but  that  from  an  economic  point  of  view  it  had  been  a  real 
revelation,  since  Brazil  had  produced  more  during  that  period  than 
it  ever  supposed  it  would  be  able  to,  giving  figures  to  show  that  the 
development  had  been  truly  remarkable,  and  afforded  an  eloquent 
proof  that  South  America  was  the  place  for  the  investment  of  North 
American  funds.  . 

Dr.  Henrique  Martinez  Sobral  of  Mexico  also  spoke  concerning 
the  financial  situation  in  Mexico,  and  Dr.  José  Luis  Tejada  of  Bo- 
livia called  attention  to  the  need  of  a  helping  hand  in  his  own  country. 
Following  this,  the  report  of  the  Secretary  General,  Dr.  L.  S.  Rowe 
was  read. 

The  committee  on  resolutions  submitted  the  following  to  the 
Conference  : 

I.  Rewired,  That,  with  a  view  more  definitely  to  indicate  the  constituency  and 
sphere  of  work  of  the  International  High  Commission,  the  title  of  that  body  shall 
hereafter  be  "THE  INTER-AMERICAN  HIGH  COMMISSION." 

II.  Resolved,  That  the  conference  adopts  that  part  of  the  report  of  the  committee 
on  transportation  and  communication  relating  to  maritime  transportation,  and  di- 
rects its  transmission  to  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  for  consideration  and 
action;  and  thatso  far  as  concerns  the  subjects  of  railroad  transportation, postal  facilities, 
uniformity  of  bills  of  lading,  and  wireless,  cable,  and  telegraph  communication,  the 
report  be  transmitted  to  the  In  ter- American  High  Commission  for  suitable  action. 

III.  Whereas  banks,  both  national  and  State,  in  the  United  States,  have  estab- 
lished branches  in  various  Latin- American  countries;  and 

Whereas  restrictions  exist  under  the  laws  of  various  States  of  the  United  States, 
which,  in  effect,  prevent  the  operation  of  branches  of  foreign  banks  within  their 
iuriadiction: 

Therefore^  we  recommend  that  the  legislation  in  such  States  be  so  modified  as  to 
permit  the  establishment  of  branches  of  banks  of  Latin-American  countries,  under 
proper  regulations,  so  as  to  secure  equality  of  treatment. 

IV.  Resolved,  That  the  Inter- American  High  Commisfeion  be  requested  to  study 
the  question  of  the  possibility  of  achieving  uniformity  and  relative  equality  in  the 
lawB  and  regulations  governing  the  organLcation  and  treatment  of  foreign  corporations 
by  the  various  American  Republics. 

V.  Resolved,  That  the  conference  recommend  the  increased  use  of  acceptances 
for  the  purpose  of  financial  transactions  invohing  the  importation  and  exportation 

ir>87T7— 20— Bull.  2 2 


138  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

of  goods,  and  hopes  that,  with  the  passing  of  the  period  of  readjustment  in  which 
nations  are  now  engaged,  the  United  States  will  offer  a  constantly  widening  market 
for  the  long-time  securities  of  American  countries. 

VI.  ResolvedyTh&t  the  Inter-American  High  Commission  be  requested  to  continue 
its  efforts  to  bring  about  the  adoption  of  the  plan,  recommended  at  Buenos  Aires 
in  1916,  for  the  establishment  of  íuq  intemationsd  gold  fund;  such  plan  ha\ing  already 
been  embodied  in  a  convention  which  has  been  adopted  by  several  of  the  American 
Republics. 

VII.  Resolved,  That  steps  having  heretofore  been  taken  to  bring  about  the  adoption 
by  the  American  countries  of  a  uniform  law  in  regard  to  bills  of  exchange,  the  con- 
ference requests  the  Inter-American  High  Conmiission  to  bring  to  the  notice  of  the 
American  Governments  the  desirability  of  adopting  a  uniform  law  on  the  subject 
of  checks. 

VIII.  Resohedy  That  in  view  of  the  increase  and  diversification  of  taxes  in  the 
various  American  countries,  the  In  ter- American  High  Conmiission  be  asked  to  study 
the  question  of  the  best  method  of  avoiding  the  simultaneous  double  taxation  o^ 
individuals  and  corporations  as  between  such  countries. 

IX.  Whereas  the  International  Bureau  at  Habana  for  the  registration  of  trade-marks, 
as  provided  in  the  convention  adopted  by  the  Fourth  International  American  Con- 
ference at  Buenos  Aires  in  1910,  has  been  opened  and  is  in  successful  operation; 

Resolved,  That  the  conference  recommend  the  early  ratification  of  that  convention 
by  all  the  American  countries  that  have  not  so  far  ratified  it,  to  the  end  that  its  pro- 
visions may  be  effective  through  the  Americas. 

Meanwhile,  it  is  suggested  that,  pending  the  establishment  of  the  International 
Bureau  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  consideration  be  given  to  the  use  of  the  Habana  Bureau 
by  countries  of  the  southern  group  that  have  ratified  the  convention. 

X.  Resolved,  That  the  conference  reconmiends  the  early  ratification  by  the 
American  Republics,  so  far  as  they  have  not  already  ratified,  of  the  convention 
adopted  by  the  International  American  Conference  at  Buenos  Aires  in  1910,  con- 
cerning patents  and  copyrights. 

XI.  Resolved,  That  the  conference  reconunends  that  the  Webb  law^be  so  amended 
as  to  permit  American  companies,  importing  or  dealing  in  raw  materials  produced 
abroad,  to  form,  under  proper  governmental  regulations,  oiganizations  to  enable 
such  companies  to  compete  on  terms  of  equality  with  companies  of  other  countries 
associated  for  the  conduct  of  such  business. 

XII.  Resolved,  That  the  conference  recognizes  the  value  of  the  services  of  commer- 
cial attachés,  and  strongly  urges  a  substantial  extension  of  the  system. 

In  making  this  recommendation,  the  conference  intends  to  express  its  sense  of  the 
importance  of  appropriate  training,  linguistic  and  otherwise,  for  all  branches  of  the 
foreign  service  as  a  means  of  developing  and  facilitating  commercial  and  financial 
relations. 

XIII.  Resolved,  That  a  simultaneous  census  should  be  taken  in  all  the  American 
countries  at  regular  intervals,  not  exceeding  10  years,  in  harmony  with  the  system 
prevailing  in  the  United  States,  and  that  uniformity  should  be  observed  in  the 
preparation  of  statistical  works. 

XIV.  Resolved,  That  the  conference  recommends  that  the  metric  system  of  weights 
and  measures  be  universally  employed;  and  that  pending  the  attainment  of  that  end 
articles  weighed  and  marked,  and  shipping  documents  prepared,  according  to  the 
system  of  weights  and  measures  now  prevailing  in  the  United  States  should  be 
accompanied  with  statements  giving  the  equivalents  under  the  metric  system.    ^ 

XV.  Resolved,  That  the  plan  of  arbitration  of  commercial  disputes  put  into  effect 
between  the  Bolsa  de  Comercio  of  Buenos  Aires  and  the  United  States  Chamber  of 
Gonmnerce,  and  since  adopted  by  the  chambers  ofjcommerce  of  several  other  American 


SECOND   PAN   AMERICAN   FINANCIAL  CONFERENCE.  139 

countries,  should  be  extended  to  all  the  American  countries;  and  that  legislation 
should  be  adopted,  wherever  it  is  now  lacking,  for  the  purpose  of  incorporating  the 
arbitral  settlement  of  commercial  disputes  into  the  judicial  system,  to  be  carried  out 
under  the  supervision  of  the  courts. 

XVI.  Resolved,  That  the  Inter-American  High  Commission  be  requested  to  study 
the  question  of  the  creation  of  an  inter-American  tribunal  for  the  adjustment  of 
questions  of  a  commercial  or  financial  nature,  involving  two  or  more  American  coun- 
tries, and  the  determination  of  such  questions  by  principles  of  law  and  equity. 

XVII.  Resolved,  That  it  being  in  the  interest  of  all  nations  that  there  should  be 
the  widest  possible  distribution  of  raw  materials,  the  importation  of  such  materials 
into  any  country  should  not  be  prevented  by  prohibitive  duties. 

XVIII.  Resolved,  That  it  is  recommended  that  the  banking  interests  of  the  United 
States  study  the  possibility  of  financial  relief  to  Europe  by  repaying  Latin-American 
obligations  held  in  Europe  by  means  of  new  loans  granted  in  the  United  States  to  the 
respective  Latin-American  countries. 

FoUowing  the  adoption  of  the  resolutions  the  conference  adjourned; 
and  on  Saturday  the  members  paid  a  visit  to  the  Naval  Academy  at 
Annapolis  as  the  guests  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  Josephus  Daniels, 
returning  to  Washington  after  having  lunched  at  the  academy. 
Saturday  evening  Secretary  Glass  tendered  a  banquet  to  the  official 
delegates  and  members  of  group  committees  which  was  served  in  the 
Hall  of  the  Americas,  Pan  American  Building,  at  which  the  speakers 
were  Vice  President  Marshall,  Secretary  Glass,  Dr.  Domingo  E. 
Salaberry,  of  Argentina,  and  Señor  Don  Ygnacio  Bonillas,  Mexican 
ambassador  to  the  United  States.  A  feature  of  the  program  of 
the  banquet  was  the  reading  of  cablegrams  addressed  by  the  presi- 
dents of  various  American  Republics  to  President  Wilson  in  response 
to  his  message  of  greeting  sent  them  coincident  with  the  convening 
of  the  conference.  These  messages  were  from  the  Presidents  of 
Argentina,  Brazil,  Ecuador,  Haiti,  Honduras,  Nicaragua,  Paraguay, 
and  Venezuela. 

The  60  delegates  left  Washington  on  Sunday,  going  to  Philadelphia, 
whence  on  Monday  they  visited  the  New  York  Shipbuilding  Corpo- 
ration at  Camden,  N.  J.,  leaving  there  in  special  tugs  for  Hog  Island 
as  guests  of  the  American  International  Corporation.  Here  they 
lunched  at  1 .30,  remaining  to  witness  the  launching  of  a  vessel  later 
in  the  afternoon,  after  which  special  trains  conveyed  them  to  New 
York  City.  Tuesday  evening  a  dinner  was  given  to  the  official 
deJegations  by  the  Pan  American  Society  of  the  United  States  at  the 
Waldorf  Astoria. 


KANSAS  CITY-IN  THE 
HEART  OF  NORTH  AMER- 
ICA      

JLV'XX  ^  0    0  *  0    ^  0  0    0 


C^Cm  little  mon»  than  UH)  miU^  fn>m  the  exact  geographical 
center  of  the  United  States,  antl  separated  from  the  broad 
oceans  that  border  either  side  of  the  continent  by  two  great 
mountain  ranges,  n)lling  plains,  and  a  wide  desert,  Kansas 
City,  of  variable  importance  previous  to  1S69.  has  become  in  half  a 
century  one  of  the  foremost  cities  of  the  Union  in  production,  wealth, 
and  municipal  beaut\',  and  among  the  very  first  from  the  standpoints 
of  civic  pride  and  ambition. 

Kansas  City  sits  at  the  meeting  place  of  two  great  rivers,  the 
Missouri  (named  by  the  Indians  and  signifying  mud),  which  makes  a 
wide  detour  to  the  west  on  its  downward  course  from  the  north  and 
turns  south  until  it  meets  the  Kansas  River  (Kansaw  in  archaic 
spelling  and  pronunciation  and  still  called  the  Kaw),  which  gathers 
all  of  the  runawav  waters  from  the  foot  of  the  Rockv  Mountains 
700  miles  to  the  westwanl.  Where  they  join  they  take  the  name 
of  the  larger  river  and  flow  away  to  the  eastward  straight  across  the 
State  of  Missouri,  emptying  into  the  Mississippi  River  a  few  miles 
above  St.  Louis.  And  over  the  bluffs  or  near  mountains,  and  across 
the  deep  ravines  which  mark  the  point  of  their  confluence,  the  city 
of  wonderful  achievements  has  spread.  This  section  of  the  country 
was  a  portion  of  the  famous  Louisiana  Purchase  and  but  little 
known  to  white  men  when  that  great  international  deal  was  consum- 
mated in  1803.  It  is  notable  that  the  changes  of  national  possession 
from  French  to  Spanish  and  back  again  had  made  but  little  impress 
previous  to  its  acquisition  by  the  United  States.  Missouri's  first 
settlers  having  been  French  Canadians  from  Kaskaskia,  it  remained 
French,  while  all  of  the  country  west  of  the  Missouri  continued  prac- 
tically in  the  sole  possession  of  the  Indians  until  many  years  later. 

Kansas  City  does  not  boast  of  any  individual  founder  as  does 
New  Orleans  of  Jean  Baptiste  Le  Moyne,  or  St.  Louis  of  Pierre 
Laclede  Lignest,  trader  with  the  Indians  of  the  Missouri  by  royal 
charter,  who  named  the  city  for  his  royal  patron  of  France.  No 
ancient  ruins  bear  testimony  of  former  grandeurs,  no  monuments  are 
erected  to  heroic  ancestry,  and  no  traditions  enhance  the  glamor  of 
its  history.  A  glimpse  into  past  centuries  shows  Francisco  de 
Coronado,  Spanish  governor  of  New  Mexico,  leading  his  little  company 
of  Spaniards  in  1541,  northward,  and  across  the  buffalo  plains  m 
search  of  the  wealth  of  Quivera;  but  the  riches  that  lay  in  the  heart 

140 


•à 

ñ 

^  il 

:  « 
t  11 

S|l 

Ü 

!e 

11 


KANSAS  CITY — IN  THE  HEABT  OF  NOBTH  AMEBIOA.  143 

of  these  regions  were  not  of  the  type  that  tempted  those  early  adven- 
turers after  gold  and  glory  and  no  other  invasion  of  the  red  man's 
domain  worth  recording  occurred  for  nearly  200  years  thereafter. 

Incredible  as  it  may  seem  in  this  rapidly  moving  generation,  the 
next  mention  of  a  white  man  in  this  exact  region  is  of  Col.  Daniel 
Boone,  son  of  the  famous  himter  and  pioneer,  who  is  said  to  have 
located  here  and  to  have  trapped  beaver  for  12  years  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  rivers,  dying  at  the  settlement  of  Westport  in  1832. 
But,  although  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri  had  been  discovered  by 
Marquette  and  Joliet  in  1673  while  floating  down  the  Mississippi,  the 
primitive  craft  of  the  fur  traders  ventured  westward  very  gradually. 
It  was  not  until  the  canoe,  the  pirogue,  the  bull  boat,  the  mackinaw, 
and  the  keel  boat  had  given  way  to  the  first  steamboat  in  1819  that- 
the  outside  world  began  to  approach  the  futtire  site  of  Kansas  City 
and  to  realize  the  extent  of  that  section  of  the  country  since  found 
to  be  so  vastly  rich  in  natural  resources. 

But  even  with  this  new  method  of  transportation,  the  moccasined 
Indian  and  his  tepee  were  far  more  familiar  than  the  white  man  and 
his  shack  until  the  year  1821  when  the  Rocky  Mountain  Fur  Trading 
Co.  penetrated  to  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas  River  or  ''Kawsmouth 
Settlement.^'     This  was  the  beginning  of  commercial  activity  at  this 
point  which  later  took  its  name  from  the  settlement  of  Westport, 
four  miles  inland,  and  was  called  Westport  Landing.     It  was  then 
merely  a  snag  in  the  river  and  it  was  many  years  later  that  sufficient 
contributions  had  been  piled  upon  it  by  these  two  inland  waterways 
and  the  people  lost  their  fear  of  being  washed  away  at  every  rising 
tide.     The  extensive  French-Indian  fur  trade  brought  all  its  romance 
of  pictur^que  himters,  trappers,  traders,  and  voyageurs,  but  these 
did  not  confer  any  permanency  upon  the  embryo  Kansas  City. 
While  these  were  the  real  pioneers  of  the  West,  they  built  no  cities, 
merely  leading  the  way  into  the  wilderness  for  the  love  of  the  life 
and  the  wild  things  it  contained.     In  1830  the  American  Fur  Co. 
also  found  this  region  a  profitable  field;  but  it  was  the  final  choice 
of  this  locality  as  the  eastern  terminal  of  the  marvelously  profitable 
trade  with  northern  Mexico,  through  Santa  Fe,  popularly  known  as 
the  Santa  Fe  trade,  that  marked  the  spot  definitely  for  future  pros- 
perity.   As  the  transfer  point  from  river  boat  to  prairie  caravan 
moved  farther  westward  up  the  Missouri,  it  finally  reached  Inde- 
pendence where  it  would  have  resisted  all  efforts  to  move  it  had  the 
Mexican  caravan  drivers  not  found  accommodations  at  Westport 
and  a  whole  prairie  on  which  to  herd  their  horses  while  waiting  for 
the  boats.    And  following  the  transferring  of  the  title  to  all  of  the 
land  of  Missouri  to  the  United  States  by  the  Shawnee  Indians  in 
1825  and  their  removal  farther  westward  in  possession  of  large 
annuities,  trade  with  them  became  very  rich  and  profitable. 

Missouri  had  been  admitted  to  the  Union  as  a  State  in  1821,  and  a 
few  years  later  the  Federal  Government  took  an  interest  in  the 


ál 


ál 


ií 


146  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

rapidly  developing  Mexican  trade,  and  American  and  Mexican  mili- 
tary detachments  were  assigned  to  escort  the  caravans  on  their 
respective  sides  of  the  border.  Whisky,  prints,  groceries,  and  notions 
were  the  staples  that  came  up  the  Missouri  for  the  caravans  to  Santa 
Fe  ;  buffalo  robes,  dried  buffalo  meat,  Mexican  silver  coin,  gold  dust, 
and  silver  ore  were  brought  in  return.  With  its  other  enterprises, 
Westport  Landing  became  the  outfitting  point  for  the  California  em- 
igrant and  the  last  stop  for  the  oxen-drawn  prairie  schooner  before  it 
forged  ahead  into  the  unknown  West. 

When,  therefore,  in  1838,  the  levee  and  the  river-built  land  and 
the  bluffs  above  were  platted,  and  the  name  changed  to  the  town 
of  Kansas  in  honor  of  the  Kansas  River,  it  was  already  a  factor  in 
the  industrial  and  commercial  history  of  the  young  Nation,  and  it 
had  a  population  as  interesting  as  it  was  varied.  There  is  a  record 
of  one  of  its  pioneers,  a  Frenchman,  who  left  his  name  in  a  Canadian 
prison,  floated  down  the  Mississippi  with  some  voyageurs,  turned  his 
bateau  up  the  Missouri,  and  from  the  bluffs  above  the  joining  of  the 
rivers  shouted  **La  Liberté."  His  companions  called  him  Lalibertie, 
a  name  so  often  found  in  the  earliest  records  of  western  Missouri 
land  titles.  In  1837  the  extension  of  the  Missouri  State  line  brought 
into  being  a  ferry  across  the  Kansas  River  which  made  the  town  of 
Kansas  stiU  more  easy  of  access.  Besides  the  hosts  of  emigrants 
bound  for  Utah  and  California,  there  foregathered  the  escort  troops 
for  the  caravans,  the  jangling  spurred  Mexican  who  spent  his  gold 
dust  with  reckless  prodigality,  the  danger-inured  guides  who  acted 
as  protectors  for  the  home-seeking  prairie  schooners,  outriders  of  the 
famous  pony  express,  French  fur  traders,  careless  of  life  and  property, 
regarding  what  are  now  business  streets  of  immense  value  in  the  same 
scale  as  their  Indian  wives  and  coonskins,  and  Indians  learning  the 
value  of  the  white  man's  dollar  and  his  **fire  water." 

There  is  nothing  surprising,  therefore,  in  the  fact  that  from  the 
very  first  the  town  of  Kansas  did  not  have  an  altogether  peaceful 
reputation.  Along  about  1832  the  Mormons  had  flocked  to  this 
section  seeking  land  on  which  to  colonize.  Their  religious  faith, 
customs,  and  enmitj^  toward  the  gentiles  so  inflamed  the  people  that 
after  a  mass  meeting  in  1833  they  were  driven  away  not  without 
bloodshed,  an  occurrence  at  which  the  citizens  of  Kansas  Town  seem 
to  have  aided  with  considerable  vigor.  And  Kansas  having  been 
taken  out  of  the  mystical  ^^ Great  American  Desert"  in  which  the 
two  United  States  explorers  (Z.  M.  Pike  in  1807  and  S.  H.  Long  in 
1819)  had  placed  it,  the  tide  of  emigration  sot  in  vigorously.  In  1844, 
following  the  greatest  flood  in  the  history  of  the  Missouri  River,  the 
wharves  of  Independence  having  been  swept  away,  the  whole  of  the 
Santa  Fe  trade  removed  to  the  town  of  Kansas,  bringing  with  it 
the  town^s  first  annual  trade  in  milUons.  In  1847  the  town  was  offi- 
cially organized,  formally  incorporated  in  1853,  and  in  1857  it  was 
chartered  imder  the  name  of  Kansas  City. 


i  ! 


KXCHANCiE,  BOARD  OF  TEtADK   UllI.UINI!. 
M'nJnd  lat|:i«lsaini>l«  grain  markpiin  ihi-roiuilry  isnuiii 


KANSAS   CITY IN   THE   HEART  OF   NORTH   AMERICA.  149 

Even  after  becoming  dignified  as  a  municipality,  however,  Kansas 
City  did  not  settle  down  nor  excitement  within  its  confines  decrease. 
All  border  warfare  seemed  to  concentrate  there  and  differences,  moral, 
political,  civil,  and  industrial,  between  the  different  sections  of  the 
countr}^  culminated  on  its  rivers'  banks.  Missouri  was  proslaverj" 
and  Kansas  antislaverv,  and  armed  bands  of  southern  horsemen  were 
daily  frequenters  of  its  streets.  It  was  on  this  border  line  that  John 
Brt)wn  began  his  fateful  career,  and  it  has  often  been  referred  to  as  the 
cradle  of  the  Rebellion.  During  the  Civil  War,  however,  while  both 
Independence  and  Westport  were  the  scenes  of  battles,  Kansas  City 
escaped,  although  all  of  her  trade  went  to  Leavenworth,  where  it  had 
the  protection  of  an  Army  post  and  a  quiet  frontier. 

iVlong  about  the  time  that  our  river  snag  became  a  city,  the  rail- 
roads crept  into  its  vicinity  and  it  woke  up  in  1860  with  a  serious 
intention  of  acquiring  that  advantage.  For  40  years  the  river 
navigators  had  handled  the  trade  without  thought  of  competition, 
carrj'ing  to  and  from  the  rapidly  developing  West  every  sort  of  supply 
and  humanity  of  every  tribe  under  the  sun  and  the  enterprise  had 
been  profitable.  When,  therefore,  the  really  serious  effort  was  made 
on  the  part  of  Kansas  City  to  secure  a  railroad  service,  with  which 
they  could  not  hope  to  compete,  consternation  spread  among  the 
river  men  developing  opposition  which,  while  it  could  not  prevent, 
liindered  the  general  support  of  the  project.  In  this  year,  however, 
the  first  bonds  were  voted  to  aid  in  securing  a  line  to  connect  with  the 
Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  and  some  of  this  was  completed  in 
1861.  The  Pacific  of  Missouri  was  finished  soon  after  the  close  of  the 
Civil  War,  and  is  now  a  part  of  the  Missouri  Pacific,  while  the  Hannibal 
&  St.  Joseph  is  merged  into  the  great  Burlington  system.  These 
were  the  first  railroads  to  enter  Kansas  City,  and  with  the  beginning 
of  these  faciUties  the  old  caravan  trade  disappeared,  grown  by  1860 
to  an  annual  valuation  of  considerably  over  $5,000,000  and  employing 
3,000  wagons,  62,000  oxen  and  mules,  and  7,000  men. 

Had  Kansas  City  been  of  ancient  origin  she  would  undoubtedly 
have  erected  before  this  a  monument  to  the  god  of  transportation, 
HO  amazingly  had  the  city's  progress  and  prosperity  kept  pace  with 
«levelopmenti  on  river,  prairie,  and  railroad.  In  1867  the  branch 
roa<l  from  the  Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph  Railroad  to  a  point  on  the 
Missouri  River  just  north  of  the  city  was  completed,  and  the  place 
where  the  projected  bridge  was  to  cross  that  river  definitely  deiided 
upon.  In  1869  the  Hannibal  bridge  was  completed,  an  engineering 
feat  considered  amazing  in  those  days. 

This  bridge  was  intended  by  eastern  capitalists  to  serve  as  a 
thoroughfare  for  the  concentration  of  the  transcontinental  railroads. 
Its  immediate  effect  was  to  place  Kansas  City  on  a  basis  of  trading 
in  futures.  For  while  cattle  raising  and  agriculture  had  developed 
in  proportion  with  the  inflow  of  population  in  the  tributary  territory. 


S<;KNK  in   KANSAS  LITY'8  BETAIL  DISTRICT. 

il  eítablishnietiis  are  oí  Hie  highesl  cIbss  and  find  an  imnwdiaic  merkel  uol  only  toolly  bi 
thn>u)!h  ibe  Isniwry  for  s  radiiii  of  50  mil». 


-  5 

il 

s  1 


152  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

and  the  packing  industry  had  already  gained  considerahle  headway 
and  reputation,  future  promises  were  about  all  that  Kansas  City 
had  for  sale.  Money  brought  20  per  cent  on  loan,  and  business  men 
were  borrowers,  and  since  most  of  the  real  estate  transactions  had 
concerned  empty  lots  the  residences  had  few  advantages  over  the 
Indian  habitat.  Flimsy  shacks  of  three  rooms,  hanging  inse- 
curely to  a  declivity,  were  eagerly  sought  and  landlords  considered 
those  tenants  unreasonable  who  desired  papering, plastering,  painting, 
glass  windows,  or  occasional  repairs.  During  these  years  a  pesti- 
lence of  grasshoppers  visited  the  region,  and  drought  and  panic 
added  to  the  chaos.  In  1875  what  is  known  in  the  history  of  the 
city  as  the  '^  Boom  ''  appeared,  and  for  a  number  of  years  it  is  doubt- 
ful if  such  a  carnival  of  speculation  in  real  estate  ever  occurred  in 
any  other  locality  in  the  country.  The  platted  land  about  the  city 
extended  over  such  an  area  that  it  is  said  that  it  would  have  rivaled 
London  had  not  the  inevitable  crash  arrived,  leaving  the  city  much 
wiser  and  many  of  its  financial  institutions  sadder. 

But  so  long  as  Kansas  City^s  transportation  facilities  were  there 
the  country  about  her  flourished  and  the  real  prosperity  had  to  come. 
The  demands  of  traffic  persisted,  Kansas  City  gaineil  two  transcon- 
tinental railroads,  and  she  w^oke  up  to  find  that  the  sale  of  vacant 
lots  had  to  give  way  to  the  quadrupling  of  her  stockyards  at  short 
notice.  In  1876  the  first  stock  exchange  was  erected  by  a  body  of 
men  driven  together  for  mutual  assistance  by  the  magnitude  of  the 
trade  which  required  organization.  In  1877  a  company  consisting 
of  representatives  of  the  different  railway  interests  entering  Kansas 
City  organized  to  build  the  l^nion  Depot  on  the  State  line  and  the 
old  shed  which  had  been  used  up  to  that  time  was  abandoned. 

There  followed  three  years  of  definite  development.  Dwellmgs 
and  business  buildings  were  erected  and  property  values  became 
stationary  at  double  their  former  prices.  Early  in  the  eighties  the 
city  outdistanced  all  rivals  for  the  trade  of  the  States  and  Territories 
lying  to  the  west  and  southwest.  Capital  from  all  parts  of  the  country 
was  available  for  investment  in  Kansas  City  enterprises.  In  the 
year  1880  the  population  had  increased  to  60,000,  a  customhouse 
and  post  office  had  been  established,  it  had  become  the  leading 
western  market  for  stock,  cattle,  and  beeves,  and  the  point  to  wliich 
farmers  and  feeders  from  surrounding  States  as  far  east  as  Indiana 
resorted  for  their  supplies.  A  new  feature  of  trade  introduced  during 
this  year  was  the  purchase  of  cattle  in  Kansas  City  for  direct  export 
to  Europe.  It  was  in  1880  that  coal  mines  were  opened  in  every 
direction  and  the  coal  industry  began  to  assume  such  gigantic  pro- 
portions. The  development  of  this  vast  industry  has  been  one  of 
Kansas  City^s  greatest  blessings. 

Having  taken  rank  as  the  leading  beef  packing  metropolis  in  the 
country,  Kansas  City  added  the  grain  trade  to  her  growing  number 
of  industries.     The  wheat  fields  of  the  surrounding  country  began  to 


I 


154  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

yield  their  golden  harvests,  and  in  1883  this  item  alone  was  valued  at 
$22,147,946,  an  increase  of  more  than  $7,000,000  over  the  previous 
year.  Mining  developments  added  to  the  agricultural  pu^uits, 
swelling  the  tide  of  wealth  coursing  through  the  heart  of  the  Nation. 
Gold,  lead,  zinc,  copper,  cobalt,  silver,  and  salt  from  the  fields  of 
Kansas,  added  to  the  coal,  the  marble  and  granite,  and  to  lumber, 
made  a  list  of  necessities  for  the  upbuilding  of  the  country,  with 
Kansas  City  as  a  distributing  point,  undreamed  of  but  few  years 
before.  This  was  the  time  when  Kansas  City^s  real  estate  transac- 
tions were  an  indication  of  her  prosperity.  In  1885  they  were  re- 
i:orded  as  $11,261,781  and  two  years  later  they  had  increased  to 
$88,302,637.  All  of  that  for  land  which  50  years  before  had  not 
been  worth  legal  claiming  in  the  eyes  of  the  restless  inhabitants. 

In  1886  '^Old  Kansas"  City,  Kansas,  Armourdale,  and  Wyandotte 
were  consolidated  under  the  name  of  Kansas  City,  thus  adding  in 
directly  adjoining  territory  a  city  of  about  32,000  population.  The 
two  Kansas  Cities  are  separated  only  by  the  laws  governing  their 
different  States  and  municipalities  and  an  imaginery  line  dividing 
the  two  States.  This  passes  down  the  center  of  Main,  one  of  the 
principal  business  streets,  an  unusual  circumstance  which  has  led  to 
interesting  moral  and  political  situations  in  the  past  when  Kansas 
was  a  prohibition  State,  denying  to  its  citizens  the  use  of  both  to- 
bacco and  spirituous  liquors,  while  Missouri's  tendencies  have  always 
been  liberal,  and  Missouri's  side  of  Main  Street  was  plentifully  supplied 
with  pitfalls  for  Kansas  citizens.  However,  saving  in  interstate 
transactions,  the  cities  work  together  profitably,  and  from  the  bluffs 
of  Kansas  City,  Kansas,  a  massive  steel  and  concrete  toll  viaduct 
about  a  mile  and  three  quarters  in  length  extends  across  the  Kansas 
Valley  to  the  bluffs  of  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  for  the  use  of  pedes- 
trians, vehicles,  and  street  cai's. 

Notable  among  the  local  enterprises  inaugurated  in  Kansas  City 
following  1886  was  the  system  of  cable  and  motor  railways  designed 
to  become  the  most  extensive  and  effective  system  of  rapid  transit 
in  the  world.  Nearly  5,000  new  houses  were  built  at  a  cost  of  over 
$10,000,000.  Its  clearing  house  receipts  which  in  1885  were  $204,- 
333,144  increased  to  $353,895,458  in  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 
1887,  and  in  this  year  Kansas  Cit}^  ranked  tenth  of  all  the  cities  of 
the  country  in  this  regard.  A  national  exposition,  the  visit  of  Presi- 
dent Grover  Cleveland  and  Mrs.  Cleveland  and  other  factors  of 
Nation-wide  interest  attracted  many  thousands  of  visitors  to  Kansas 
City  and  stimulated  still  further  the  interest  of  eastern  investors, 
thereby  aiding  progi*ess  greatly. 

From  this  time  on  there  was  no  halt  in  development  and  no  back- 
ward glance.  In  1900  the  city's  factory  output  amounted  to  $23,- 
588,653  and  five  yeai*s  later  it  had  reached  the  grand  total  of  $35,- 
573,040.  In  1906  natural  gas  and  crude  petroleum  from  Kansas 
fields  became  of  industrial  importance  and  natural  gas  is  now  used 


i  I 


;l 


KANSAS  CITY— IN  THE  HEART  OF  NOBTH  AMERICA.  157 

to  light  the  residen(;e  streets  and  to  heat  mniiy  of  the  houses  in 
Kansas  City. 

One  of  Kansas  City's  historians  says  of  the  position  which  had 
been  attained  in  only  three  decades  that,  in  1900  she  was  the  greatest 
city  in  the  workl  in  a  number  of  things  and  was  entitled  to  rank  first 
and  beet  in  all,  quoting  a  few  facts  to  establish  the  contention.  It 
was  then  the  largest  agricultural  implement  market  in  the  world  and 
had  the  largest  southern  lumber  jobbing  business  in  the  United 
States,  was  second  as  a  livestock  market  and  as  a  packing  house  center, 
and  had  the  greatest  live  stock  exchange  building  as  well  as  the  largest 
horse  and  mule  sales  stables  in  the  world.  It  covered  25  miles  of  ter- 
ntory,  was  the  second  greatest  railroad  center  in  the  world,  hada 
population  of  200,000  with  60,000  more  in  adjacent  Kansas  City, 
Kuisas,  and  her  packing  houses  represented  an  investment  of  S30,- 
000,000.  Kansas  City  had  the  largest  coal  ñclds  within  a  radius  of 
lOOmilesof  any  city  west  of  St.  Louis.  It  shipped  its  packing-house 
products  to  every  civilized  country  and  received  in  1899  a  total  of 
5,992,545  head  of  live  stock,  30,000,000  bushels  of  grain,  did  a  whole- 
sale business  of  5225,000,000,  with  a  retail  business  aggregating  SSO,- 
000,000.  The  packing  houses  turned  out  $90,000,000  worth  of  prod- 
ucts. It  had  28  grain  elevators  with  a  storage  capacity  of  6,484,000 
boabels,  and  fíve  flour  mills  with  a  capacity  of  7,000  barrels  daily. 

As  late  as  1889,  so  busy  had  the  city  been  with  the  development  of 
its  money-making  enterprises,  do  thought  had  been  given  to  beauti- 
fying the  metropolis  and  there  were  neither  parks,  boulevards,  nor 
J  of  any  sort.     Having  followed  the  growth 
erial  standpoint,  it  is  interesting  to  note  that, 
le  industrial  world  assured,  its  citizens  turned 
t.    In  1918  Kansas  City  claimed  to  lead  all 
d  States  in  the  beauty  and  extent  of  its  parks 
It  now  has  over  SO  miles  of  boulevards 
including  a  famous  Cliff  Drive,  and  one  of  the  distinguishing  charac- 
teristics of  the  city  is  its  park  system  and  recreation  centers,  there 
being    more    than   3,000    acres    in    the    30    separate    parks    scat- 
tered   throughout    the   city.     Forty  supervised    playgrounds    with 
more    than    80    tennis    courts    and    other   recreative  amusements 
are  provided  for  all  classes.    Swope  Park  containing  1,354  acres  is 
just  outside  of  the  city  limits,  and  the  others  have  all  been  distributed 
so  as  to  give  each  section  a  recreation  ground  within  walking  distance. 
AU,  including  Swope  Park,  are  connected  by  parkways,  boulevards, 
and  street  car  lines.    The  Pasco  Parkway,  250  foL-t  wide,  extends  from 
north  to  south  through  the  center  of  the  city  for  a  distance  of  2i 
miles  and  adjoining  it  is  the  Parade,  or  principal  playground. 

The  residence  district,  too,  bears  not  the  slightest  resemblance  to 
earlier  days,  for  it  is  now  a  distinguishing  feature  of  the  city  and  is 
composed  of  beautiful  homes,  and  36  per  cent  of  the  people  own  their 
own,  which  is  no  small  factor  in  the  development  of  a  city. 


li 


KANSAS  CITY — IN   THE  HEART  OF   NORTH  AMERICA.  159 

Bringing  the  history  of  Kansas  City  down  to  to-day,  therefore,  we 
find  it  with  767  miles  of  streets,  615  of  which  are  paved,  and  with  75 
miles  of  continuous  boulevards.  It  is  the  third  largest  center  in  the 
country  for  grain.  Its  39  grain  elevators  have  a  combined  storage 
capacity  of  24,165,000  bushels.  It  handled  over  100,000,000  bushels 
in  1918.  Its  jobbing  trade  amounts  to  an  annual  $629,701,500  and 
its  factory  output  to  $677,942,000.  It  maintains  its  position  as  the 
second  largest  Uve-stock  market  in  the  coimtry,and  handled  8,000,000 
head  of  cattle  in  1918.  It  has  85  hotels,  school  property  valued  at 
$11,000,000,  with  schools  which  enjoy  a  national  reputation  and  a 
system  which  embraces  80  elementary  schools,  2  trade  schools,  9  spe- 
cial schools,  5  high  schools,  and  the  Polytechnic  Institute,  which  in- 
cludes a  junior  college,  teachers'  college,  and  an  intensive  business 
school  of  college  rank. 

Kansas  CSty  stands  fifth  in  bank  clearings  among  American  cities, 
and  in  1918  they  amounted  to  $9,940,000,000,  its  bank  transactions 
totaling  $13,727,357,000.  Electric  interurban  railways  operate  into 
adjacent  territory  covering  all  important  points  contiguous  to  the 
city.  This  district  has  an  enormous  purchasing  power  which  is 
thereby  directed  to  the  Kansas  City  retail  stores.  Kansas  City  is  the 
principal  headquarters  for  oU  development  and  refining  interests 
throughout  the  midcontinent  field.  More  than  one-half  million 
barrels  of  crude  oU  are  refined  daUy  in  Kansas  City 's  immediate  ter- 
ritory by  more  than  130  refineries,  about  one-half  of  the  production 
of  the  country.  Kansas  City  plants  contain  all  modem  facilities  for 
crude  oil  refining  into  all  varieties  of  by-products. 

And  Kansas  City  now  has  13  trunk  lines  and  32  subsidiary  lines  of 
railroad.  The  terminal  facilities  are  valued  at  $50,000,000  and  the 
Union  Station,  which  is  erected  on  a  portion  of  a  40-acre  tract  of 
land  which  was  not  valued  at  the  price  of  a  lady  ^s  silk  dress  in  the 
old  fur-trading  days,  cost  $6,000,000.  It  boasts  of  building  a  con- 
vention hall,  which  holds  18,000  people,  in  three  months  to  replace 
one  destroyed  by  fire.  It  has  a  steel  frame  roof  without  a  column  to 
support  it,  and  its  outer  walls  are  cut  stone  and  brick.  Nor  is  this  by 
any  means  the  extent  of  the  city's  endeavors.  Its  population  of 
about  500,000  now  enjoys  every  modem  facility  available  and  every- 
thing in  the  way  of  culture  that  is  obtainable,  and  contemplating  the 
achievements  of  the  past,  looks  upon  the  future  with  the  modest 
assurance  that  Kansas  City  will  become  the  greatest  of  aU  cities  in 
the  not  too  distant  future.  To  those  who  have  been  busy  with  the 
contemplation  of  Old  World  cities,  whose  wealth  and  grandeur  are  of 
the  past  or  whose  possibilities  are  still  available  for  modern  ingenuity, 
the  rapid  rise  of  this  middle  western  city  of  the  New  World  is  almost 
miraculoiis.  That  her  achievements  are  among  the  marvelous  is 
unquestionable;  but  Kansas  City  herself  would  be  the  first  to  claim 
that  she  owed  it  aU  to  that  greatest  miracle  of  recent  years,  modern 
transportation. 


BRITISH  AND  AMERICAN 
TRADE  WITH  LATIN  AMER- 
ICA FOR  THE  FIRST  NINE 
MONTHS  OF  1918  AND  1919 


FGURES  are  available  of  British  imports  and  exports  for 
the  first  nine  months  of  1919  (January  to  September,  inclusive) , 
for  all  of  Latin  America,  except  Paraguay,  Central  America, 
the  Dominican  Republic,  and  Haiti.  Comparing  these 
figures  with  the  figures  compiled  by  the  United  States  Bureau  of 
Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce,  for  the  like  period,  the  United 
States  exported  to  12  Latin  American  coim tries,  goods  to  the  value  of 
$630,950,122,  as  compared  with  a  British  export  to  the  same  coimtries 
of  $168,569,280.  The  United  States  imported  from  the  countries 
goods  to  the  value  of  $931,946,714,  as  compared  with  the  British 
importation  of  $520,465,195.  Again  comparing  the  figures  with  the 
like  period  of  1918,  we  find  that  the  United  States  increased  its 
exports  to  the  countries  $151,702,960,  while  the  United  Kingdom's 
increase  was  only  $11,078,396.  The  United  States  increased  its 
imports  from  the  countries  $124,261,009,  while  the  United  Kingdom 
increased  its  imports  $26,781,234. 

For  the  nine  months  of  1918  and  for  the  nine  months  of  1919  abo, 
the  United  States  pm^chased  a  larger  share  than  Great  Britain  of  the 
products  of  all  of  the  countries,  except  Bolivia  and  Argentina,  from 
which  countries  British  imports  were  the  largest.  Comparing  the  two 
periods,  the  United  States  increased  its  imports  from  Cuba,  Colombia, 
Venezuela,  Brazil,  Uruguay,  and  Bolivia,  and  decreased  its  imports 
from  Mexico,  Panama,  Ecuador,  Peru,  Chile,  and  Argentina.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  United  Kingdom  increased  its  imports  from  all  of 
the  countries  mentioned,  except  from  Chile  and  Cuba. 

Both  in  1918  and  in  1919,  the  United  States  sold  more  goods  to 
every  one  of  the  countries  mentioned  than  did  the  United  Kingdom 
and  it  increased  its  sales  for  1919  as  compared  with  1918  in  every 
one  of  them-,  excepting  Chile.  The  United  Kingdom  increased  its 
sales  in  all  except  fom* — ^Bolivia,  Chile,  Ecuador,  and  Cuba. 

The  period  January  to  September,  1918,  was  both  for  the  United 

States  and  the  United  Kingdom,  the  period  of  the  most  intense  war 

effort,  and  yet  it  shows  a  surprisingly  large  amount  of  trade  with 

Latin  America,   especially  on   the  part  of  the  United  Kingdom. 

160 


BRITISH  AND  AMERICAN  TRADE   WITH  LATIN  AMEBICA. 


161 


Figures  for  the  period  January  to  September,  1919,  since  the  signing 
of  the  armistice  (Nov.  11,  1918),  do  not  show  many  things  that  have 
been  more  or  less  assumed  to  be  true.  First,  they  do  not  sho\,  that 
the  end  of  the  war  meant  the  falling  off  of  the  United  States  trade 
with  Latin  America,  and  a  corresponding  gain  in  British  trade.  On 
the  contrary,  they  show  that  the  United  States'  gains  have  been  lai^e 
and  the  British  gains  have  been  small.  They  do  not  show  that 
British  export  trade  is  enlarging  its  territory  while  American  export 
trade  is  contracting.  On  the  contrary,  omitting  the  case  of  Chile, 
where  trade  both  on  the  import  and  export  side,  British  as  well  as 
American  has  lost,  the  United  States  has  broadened  its  territory  of 
gains,  while  the  United  Kingdom  has  lost  in  Cuba,  Ecuador,  and 
Bolivia.  On  the  side  of  imports,  however,  the  United  Kingdom  has 
enlaiged  its  trade  territory,  there  being  increases  in  its  takings  from 
all  of  the  countries  except  Cuba,  and  Chile,  while  the  United  States 
has  lost  in  six  coimtries.  This  means  that  the  United  Kingdom  is 
drawing  raw  materials  in  increased  quantities  from  a  lai^er  territory 
now  than  during  the  war,  and  this  fact  is  perhaps  the  most  significant 
one  to  be  derived  from  a  study  of  the  figures  which  are  given  below  in 
detail. 

Britith  trade  with  It  eounfrtu  of  Latin  America  (9  vumtht). 


1            Import 

Irom- 

Exponalo— 

'       ms 

1«« 

'    M 

«S 

«I 

39 
82 

78 

Jigs 

xs'i6a|«« 

43  347  031 

ai;tBo;7í. 

11,968,45* 

ArctoUua.... 

::::::::::::::::::::::;:::::::::;;.  al' 

TduI.. 

í83,6S3,»ll    6a0,«6,195 

157,490,884  1    l88,ia9,W> 

American  trade  mth  the  tame  countritt/or  the  tame  period. 

,.,«„„.„- 

Exports  to- 

1818 

191S 

1918 

,.,. 

CbU. 

*fn'5» 

m 

i 
1 

»340,«S,813 
105  873,541 
30,999,768 
S734  40B 
2«,Í8«,805 

f.ua.«n 

■ü;g;S 

"       1 

m 

183 

i 

•■as 

II 

882 

OateDbj»-.. 

S 

1M,Î3I 

Total.. 

«"'««'^ 

B31,»«,7M 

47B,M7,lfla 

«ao,95o,ia 

LEGAL  REQUIREMENTS 
FOR    CORPORATIONS   IN 


BRAZIL 


*•  #  *'  0  0      0 

0  0       ^  *  0       0  0 


THE  method  by  which  a  foreign  enterprise  enters  the  commer- 
cial field  of  Brazil  is  one  of  the  principal  problems  confront- 
ing those  interested  in  such  a  project,  and  to  a  great  extent 
often  determines  the  success  or  failure  of  the  ventiu-e.  This 
immediately  requires  careful  consideration  of  Brazilian  legislation  con- 
cerning the  rights  and  obligations  involved,  the  present  important 
problem  of  taxation,  and  the  practicability  of  each  method  as  affecting 
the  size  and  character  of  the  enterprise. 

Before  discussing  the  procediu-e  required  for  the  domestication  of 
foreign  corporations  in  Brazil,  or  the  organization  of  Brazilian  corpo- 
rations, which  form  the  subject  of  this  report,  it  is  well  to  state  that 
for  enterprises  which  do  not  wish  to  attempt  corporate  organization 
immediately  there  are  other  simpler  methods  available. 

Until  recently  the  majority  of  foreign  firms  limited  their  activities 
in  Brazil  to  the  appointment  of  an  agent  or  representative.  Such  an 
agent  or  representative  is  usually  a  locally  established  firm,  or  a  person 
sent  to  Brazil  to  represent  the  foreign  company's  interest  here.  When- 
ever a  corporation  or  firm  sends  a  representative  to  Brazil,  whether 
for  the  purpose  of  merely  traveling  through  the  country  for  a  short 
period  of  time,  or  of  permanently  establishing  himself  as  a  representa- 
tive, his  principals  should  invariably  provide  him  with  a  power  of  at- 
torney in  order  that  he  may  properly  represent  their  interests.  Count- 
less instances  may  be  cited  where  representatives  of  foreign  interests 
have  become  involved  in  serious  difficulties  with  the  local  customs 
authorities  and  other  government  departments,  where  they  have  been 
unable  to  protect  their  principals  in  matters  of  patents  and  trade- 
marks, where  they  have  been  prevented  from  closing  important  con- 
tracts for  want  of  authority,  where  they  have  lost  opportimities  of  ad- 
vantageous agency  arrangements,  and  where  they  have  been  barred 
from  the  Brazilian  courts  because  they  were  not  provided  with  a 
proper  power  of  attorney  to  prove  their  legal  capacity. 

A  power  of  attorney  may  be  prepared  according  to  the  laws  of  the 
coimtry  where  it  is  made,  as  far  as  its  form  is  concerned  ;  but  is  value- 
less in  Brazil  unless  properly  authenticated  hy  a  Brazilian  consular 

^  By  Richard  P.  Momsen,  legal  adviser  of  the  American  Chamber  oí  Commerce  for  Brazil.    Repro- 
duced from  a  report  recently  made  by  Mr.  Momsan  to  the  chamber. 

162 


LEGAL  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  CORPORATIONS  IN  BRAZIL.    163 

oJUcer  in  the  country  oj  issuance.  Powers  of  attorney  transmitted  by 
telegraph  are  legal  to  represent  a  creditor  in  bankruptcy  proceedings 
provided  they  are  authenticated  by  a  Brazilian  consular  officer.  Cer- 
tain governmental  departments  have  recently  accepted  powers  of 
attorney  sent  by  telegraph  through  Brazilian  consulates  abroad,  but 
this  method  of  transmission  is  very  expensive. 

Whenever  a  foreign  corporation  or  firm  limits  its  activities  to  the 
services  of  a  representative  in  Brazil,  it  acquires  no  legal  status  in 
Brazil,  which  frequently  proves  detrimental  and  at  times  even  dis- 
astrous. The  representative  is  not  permitted  to  carry  on  business  in 
the  name  of  the  corporation,  but  only  in  his  individual  name.  He  is 
required  to  pay  taxes  both  to  the  Federal  and  local  governments  in 
his  individual  capacity,  for  he  can  carry  on  business  only  in  such 
capacity,  although  no  objection  is  made  to  his  holding  himself  out  as 
the  representative  of  his  principals.  If  his  principals  consign  mer- 
chandise to  themselves  here — that  is,  to  the  corporation  or  firm 
which  has  no  legal  status  here — great  difficulties  will  be  encountered 
in  the  customhouses  in  clearing  the  goods.  In  case  of  the  death  of 
such  representative  the  entire  business  automatically  ceases  and  the 
firm  must  again  commence  anew.  The  burden  of  proof  of  ownership 
of  moneys  and  goods  in  the  representative's  possession  at  the  time  of 
his  death  falls  upon  the  corporation  or  firm,  and  if  his  books  are  not 
kept  with  great  scruple  and  care,  considerable  expense  and  much 
delay  are  necessarily  incurred.  Until  some  other  person  possessing 
a  power  of  attorney  appears,  the  firm's  property  can  not  be  disposed 
of  excepting  by  the  courts.  If  the  representativie  absents  himself,  he 
must  give  a  power  of  attorney  to  his  substitute  or  successor.  The 
company  abroad  expends  large  sums  in  the  maintenance  of  an  office 
and  organization  and  in  making  known  its  products,  but  these  only 
indirectly  accrue  to  the  benefit  of  the  company  as  the  representative 
may  use  his  i)osition  to  enhance  his  own  commercial  prestige  at  the 
expense  of  his  principals. 

It  is  true  that  the  company  abroad  saves  the  initial  expenditures 
of  incorporation  and  that  the  yearly  business  tax  is  somewhat  less 
than  imder  corporate  management,  but  such  a  policy  has  so  often 
been  found  "penny  cheap,  poxmd  foolish*'  that  there  are  sufficient 
examples  on  record  to  have  warranted  this  comment. 

Instances  of  carrying  on  business  by  operating  through  a  local 
partnership  by  foreign  organizations  are  exceedingly  rare,  and  are 
only  practicable  where  one  of  the  members  of  the  foreign  firm  resides 
in  Brazil,  using  his  name  in  the  firm.  Partnerships  are  general  and 
Umit^d,  the  latter  also  comprising  a  special  class  of  companies  issuing 
shares.  As  in  other  coimtries,  all  partners  in  simple  partnerships  are 
personally  liable  jointly  and  severally  for  the  debts  of  the  partner- 
ship.    The  general  partners  in  limited  partnerships  likewise  have 


164  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

unlimited  liability,  while  the  liability  of  special  p^artners  is  limited, 
with  certain  exceptions. 

Foreigners  may  freely  establish  partnerships  in  Brazil  among  them- 
selves or  they  may  associate  themselves  with  Brazilians.  Partner- 
ships of  foreign  coxmtries  can  acquire  no  legal  status  in  Brazil,  nor 
does  BraziUan  law  provide  for  the  registration  or  domestication  of 
such  partnerships.  All  partnerships  must  be  formed  locally  and  dtily 
registered  with  the  board  of  trade.  A  partner  here  may  not  sign  any 
partnership  agreement  on  behalf  of  another  party  residing  abroad 
without  a  specific  and  complete  power  of  attorney  from  such  other 
partner,  this  power  of  attorney  being  duly  authenticated  by  a  Bra- 
zilian consul. 

If  a  partnership  firm  abroad  wishes  to  operate  in  its  pwn  name  in 
Brazil  the  simplest  method  is  to  form  a  corporation  entitled  **  John 
Doe,  Incorporated,  of  Brazil"  or  a  similar  name,  and  to  apply  to  the 
Brazilian  Gbvemment  for  the  domestication  of  the  corporation.  In 
this  manner  legal  status  may  be  acquired. 

There  are  two  methods  of  corporate  organization  for  foreign  cor- 
porations permitted  by  Brazilian  law.  Those  whose  commercial 
interests  in  Brazil  are  of  a  permanent  character  imquestionably  find 
greatest  protection  imder  BraziUan  law  by  establishing  a  corporate 
legal  status  in  this  country.  The  constitution  of  Brazil  and  the  laws 
of  the  Republic  in  no  way  discriminate  against  foreign  corporations^ 
and  the  legal  formaUties  as  well  as  the  tax  assessments  are  equitable 
and  reasonable. 

The  requirements  hereinafter  outlined  do  not  apply  to  certain 
classes  of  corporations,  such  as  banks  and  insurance  companies, 
which  require  additional  guaranties,  whether  the  corporations  be 
domestic  or  foreign.     The  two  methods  available  are: 

1.  Domestication  of  the  foreign  corporation  by  obtaining  authoriza- 
tion of  the  Brazilian  Government  to  operate  in  the  Republic. 

2.  Organization  of  a  purely  Brazilian  corporation. 

Before  describing  the  legal  formalities  required  by  each  of  these 
methods,  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  each  method  of  in- 
corporation are  to  be  considered.  The  advantages  of  operating 
through  a  domesticated  foreign  corporation  are: 

1.  A  domesticated  corporation  requires  but  one  legal  representa- 
tive in  Brazil  who  is  responsible  for  the  company^s  operations  in  this 
country.  A  Brazilian  corporation  requires  at  least  seven  incorpo- 
rators and  the  same  number  of  stockholders,  as  well  as  a  board  of 
directors,  advisory  committee,  and  substitutes,  who  perform  their 
duties  in  Brazil.  The  board  of  directors  of  a  domesticated  corpora- 
tion reside  in  the  foreign  country  and  the  corporate  administration 
is  carried  on  there. 


LEGAL  REQUIBEMENTS  FOR  CORPORATIONS  IN  BRAZIL.         165 

2.  A  domesticated  corporation  is  purely  an  organization  of  the 
country  of  its  origin  and  as  such  it  is  entitled  to  diplomatic  pro- 
tection. 

3.  At  the  present  time  a  domesticated  corporation  is  exempt  from 
the  payment  of  the  Brazilian  federal  corporate  dividend  tax  of  5  per 
cent  levied  upon  corporate  dividends.  This  exemption  in  favor  of 
foreign  corporations  was  intended  to  foster  the  introduction  of  for- 
eign capital  in  Brazil,  and  as  it  is  a  provision  of  the  annual  budget 
law  there  is  no  guarantee  of  its  continuance  indefinitely.  Beyond 
the  annual  business  taxes  levied  by  the  federal  and  local  governments 
there  is  no  income  or  corporation  dividend  tax  on  domesticated  cor- 
porations, excepting  in  the  State  of  São  Paulo,  where  a  corporate  in- 
come tax  law  was  recently  enacted.  Its  provisions  and  constitution- 
aUty  have  not  yet  been  determined  by  the  courts. 

4.  The  policy  and  internal  administrative  acts  of  a  domesticated 
corporation  are  determined  and  carried  out  in  the  home  country  of 
the  corporation  according  to  the  laws  of  that  country.  The  advan- 
tages of  operating  through  a  Brazilian  corporation  may  be  enumer- 
ated as  follows: 

1.  With  the  exception  of  certain  classes  of  corporations,  such  as 
banks,  insurance  companies,  etc.,  no  special  permission  is  required 
by  the  Brazilian  Government.  As  a  matter  of  practice,  however,  the 
Brazilian  Government  does  not  oppose  domestication  of  foreign  cor- 
porations in  this  country  provided  their  operations  are  not  con- 
trary to  the  laws,  morals,  and  customs  of  the  coimtry. 

2.  The  Grovemment  does  not  have  the  authority  to  cancel  the  com- 
pany's right  to  operate,  which  it  reserves  for  itself  in  the  case  of  do- 
mesticated corporations. 

3.  It  is  frequently  desirable  for  foreign  capitalists  to  obtain  the 
participation  of  Brazilian  capital  and  Brazilian  managing  directors, 
depending  upon  the  object  of  the  enterprise. 

4.  A  Brazilian  corporation  is  not  subject  to  the  extremely  burden- 
some corporation  taxes  now  being  necessarily  levied  by  other  coun- 
tries engaged  in  the  recent  world  war. 

It  is  true  that  if  the  stockholders  of  a  Brazilian  corporation  are 
American  citizens  they  are  subject  individually  to  an  assessment  upon 
their  earnings  from  this  source,  but  the  extra  and  special  corporation 
taxes  on  surplus  profits,  été.,  are  avoided.  At  the  same  time,  how- 
ever, Brazilian  corporations  are  subject  to  a  tax  of  5  per  cent  on  de- 
clared corporate  dividends.  The  minister  of  finance  recently  held 
that  stock  dividends  are  also  subject  to  this  tax. 

Considering  the  two  methods,  the  advantages  of  each  having  been 
described  above,  the  domestication  of  a  foreign  corporation  is  the  more 
practical  when  operations  in  Brazil  are  intended  for  subsidiary  opera- 


J 


166  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

tions  of  a  foreign  corporation.  The  greatest  objection  that  can  be 
raised  concerning  this  method  of  carrying  on  business  is  the  heavy 
war  taxation  which  was  necessarily  imposed  upon  corporate  interests 
in  the  United  States. 

For  the  purpose  of  obtaining  authorization  to  operate  in  Brazil  as  a 
branch  of  an  American  corporation,  there  are  certain  legal  formalities, 
and  the  following  documents  are  necessary  : 

1.  Copy  of  the  charter  of  the  corporation  in  the  United  States. 

2.  Copy  of  the  by-laws  of  the  corporation  in  the  United  States. 

3.  Original  act  of  incorporation  showing  the  list  of  original  sub- 
scribers and  the  number  of  shares  held  by  each. 

4.  Special  power  of  attorney  of  the  corporation  in  the  United  States 
to  petition  authorization  to  operate  in  Brazil,  and  to  accept  changes 
in  the  by-laws  proposed  by  the  Brazilian  authorities. 

5.  General  power  of  attorney  of  the  corporation  in  the  United  States 
granting  full  powers  as  a  representative  of  the  company.  This  should 
be  sent  in  duplicate. 

6.  Certificate  of  special  resolution  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the 
corporation  in  the  United  States  authorizing  operations  in  BrazU 
and  stating  the  amount  of  capital  destined  for  such  operations.  This 
document  is  very  important;  otherwise  in  the  assessment  of  any  cap- 
ital or  stamp  taxes  which  may  be  imposed  the  entire  capital  of  the 
corporation  in  the  United  States  will  be  used  as  a  basis  of  calculations. 
If,  however,  the  capital  hability  of  the  corporation  for  its  operations 
in  Brazil  is  to  be  less  than  the  amount  of  its  capital  in  the  United 
States,  it  is  more  practicable  to  form  a  separate  corporation,  known  as 
''John  Doe,  Incorporated,  of  Brazil,''  and  for  the  domestication  of 
such  a  corporation  it  is  necessary  to  furnish  the  same  docimients, 
with  the  exception  of  No.  6,  the  certificate  of  special  resolution, 
which  may  be  dispensed  with  when  the  articles  of  incorporation 
expressly  provide  for  operations  in  Brazil  on  the  basis  of  the  total 
capital  liabiUty. 

It  is  absolutely  essential  that  each  of  the  above  docimients  be 
legahzed  by  a  Brazilian  consular  officer  in  the  United  States.  Inas- 
much as  correct  translations  into  the  Portuguese  language  are  diffi- 
cult to  obtain  abroad,  all  documents  should  be  sent  in  English  or 
other  foreign  language,  the  legal  effect,  when  translated  by  a  sworn 
public  translator  here,  being  fully  protected  by  Brazilian  law.  It  is 
not  necessary  for  the  corporation  to  have  officers,  directors,  or  any 
stockholders  in  Brazil,  but  a  representative  with  full  powers  to  settle 
all  questions  arising  out  of  the  corporation's  operations  in  BrazU  is 
required  before  the  corporation  will  be  permitted  to  carry  on  business. 

The  expenses  for  initiating  operations  of  domesticated  corpora- 
tions are  as  follows: 


LEGAL  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  CORPORATIONS  IN  BRAZIL.         167 

1.  Stamp  tax  for  decree  of  authorization:   Rs.  300$000.* 

2.  Stamp  tax  on  the  capital  authorized  and  realized  for  opera- 
tions in  Brazil,  at  the  rate  of  2  milreis  (Rs.  2$000)  per  conto  de  reis 
(1,000  milreis)  or  fraction  thereof,  all  calculations  made  at  the 
official  rate  of  exchange  of  the  *' Cámara  Syndical  de  Corretores" 
(official  board  of  brokers)  on  the  afternoon  of  the  day  of  payment  to 
the  national  treasury.  This  is  equivalent  to  a  tax  of  two-tenths 
per  cent  (0.002)  on  the  capital. 

3.  Expenses  for  registration  of  the  Government  decree,  by-laws, 
and  other  documents  in  the  Jimta  Coromercial  (board  of  trade)  which 
range  from  50  mibeis  (Rs.  50$000)  to  80  milreis  (Rs.  80$000). 

4.  Expenses  for  publication  of  the  decree  and  other  documents  in 
the  Diario  Official  (Official  Gazette),  which  amount  to  400  reis  (Rs. 
$400),  more  or  less,  per  line  as  published. 

5.  Expenses  for  translation  by  the  public  translator,  which  vary 
according  to  the  length  of  the  document,  or  about  8  milreis  (Rs.  8$000) 
for  each  typewritten  page. 

6.  Deposit  in  the  Bank  of  Brazil  (a  Government  institution)  of  a 
tenth  part  of  the  capital  devoted  to  operation  in  Brazil,  the  bank 
cx)llecting  a  commission  on  the  amount  of  the  deposit  according  to 
the  following  scale  :  one-half  of  1  per  cent  on  deposits  when  the  capital 
is  up  to  Rs.  50-000$000;  one-third  of  1  per  cent  on  deposits  when  the 
capital  is  from  Rs.  50-000$000  to  Rs.  100-000$000;  beyond  this 
amount  the  commission  depends  upon  the  resolution  of  the  directorate 
of  the  Bank  of  Brazil.  The  deposit  of  a  tenth  part  of  the  capital  will 
be  returned  to  the  company  as  soon  as  the  registration  of  the  decree 
and  documents  at  the  board  of  trade  has  been  effected;  therefore 
being  retained  in  the  bank  but  a  few  weeks. 

If  the  corporation  desires  to  establish  branches  in  the  several 
States  of  Brazil  there  will  be  no  additional  initial  expenses  for  obtain- 
ing permission  to  operate,  since  the  petition  for  the  first  decree  of 
authorization  will  be  so  worded  as  to  cover  the  whole  territory  of 
Brazil. 

Domesticated  foreign  corporations  if  located  in  the  federal  district 
of  Brazil  are  subject  to  the  following  taxes  : 

1.  Federal  Government  tax  on  industries  and  professions.  This 
tax  is  of  two  kinds  :  (a)  Fixed  tax  based  on  the  nature  and  class  of  the 
business  or  profession,  (b)  Proportional  tax  based  on  the  annual 
rental  of  the  place  of  business. 

*  By  reason  of  the  fluctuation  of  Brazilian  exchange  it  has  not  been  deemed  praclical  to  convert  Brazilian 
values  to  currency  of  the  United  States.  At  the  present  time  the  Brazilian  paper  milreis  which  has  been 
used  throughout  this  report  is  worth  approximately  28  cents  in  currency  of  the  United  States.  Figures 
expressed  to  the  left  of  the  $  mark  are  milreis  and  to  the  right  are  reis,  each  milreis  havhig  1,000  reis.  One 
thousand  milreis  is  equal  to  1  "conto."  Thus,  under  the  heading  of  expenses  for  initial  operations,  the 
stamp  tax  for  de:ree  of  authorization,  Rs.  30ü$000  (300  milreis)  is  at  the  present  time  equivalent  to  approx  . 
imately  $84  In  currency  of  the  United  States.  In  the  same  way  the  expen^ses  for  pubIi?ation  of  lis.  $400 
(  4(10  rels)'per  line  are  equivalent  to  approximately  11.2  cent-»  in  currency  of  the  United  States. 


168 


THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 


The  fixed  tax  is  regulated  according  to  the  various  tables  appended 
to  decree  No.  5,142,  of  February  27,  1904.  The  principal  of  these, 
Table  A,  comprises: 


Classes. 


First.. 
Seoond. 
Third. 
Fourth 


Federal. 


Urban. 


Rs.  1601000 
Rs.  SOfaoo 
Rs.  4OrO00 
Rs.  201000 


Rural. 


Rs.  801000 
Rs.  401000 
Rs.aOfOOO 
Rs.  101000 


The  exact  industries  and  professions  included  in  the  four  classes 
are  too  many  to  enumerate,  but  it  will  be  observed  that  this  tax  is 
in  no  way  oppressive. 

The  proportional  tax  is  likewise  regulated  according  to  the  nature 
of  the  business  or  profession  and  divided  into  three  classes,  which  are 
subject,  respectively,  to  a  tax  of  20  per  cent,  10  per  cent,  and  5  per 
cent  of  the  annual  rent  of  the  place  of  business.  From  the  nature 
of  this  tax  it  is  impossible  to  determine  the  exact  amoimt  which  a 
particular  corporation  will  have  to  pay  until  the  precise  location  is 
chosen. 

There  is  an  additional  Federal  tax  of  Rs.  200$000  per  year,  payable 
by  each  agent,  director,  or  manager  of  a  corporation  when  the  by- 
laws of  the  corporation  provide  for  their  remimeration.  Whenever 
the  president  of  a  corporation  receives  a  higher  remimeration  than  a 
director  he  is  subject  to  a  tax  of  Rs.  250$000  per  annum. 

Whenever  a  corporation  engages  in  the  sale  or  n^mufacture  of 
merchandise  subject  to  internal-revenue  taxation,  a  small  additional 
tax  is  paid  for  such  operations  besides  the  usual  stamp  tax  upon  the 
articles  themselves.  The  principal  classes  of  goods  subject  to  the 
internal-revenue  tax  are  the  following:  Textiles,  umbrellas,  matches, 
canned  goods,  cigarettes,  cigars,  hats,  shoes,  phonograph  records, 
crockery,  alcohoUc  beverages,  corsets,  salt,  perfumery,  patent  medi- 
cines, candles,  walking  sticks,  wall  paper,  and  hardware. 

2.  Domesticated  foreign  corporations  are  also  subject  to  the  mu- 
nicipal license  tax  of  the  federal  district,  which  is  levied  according 
to  the  amount  of  capital,  as  follows  : 


Amgunt  of  capital. 


Amount  of  tax 
per  annum. 


Up  to  Rs.  60.000*000 Rs.  300(000. 

Up  to  Rs.  500.0001000 Rs.  7001000. 

Up  to  Rs.  2,000.0001000 Rs.  I,000f000. 

Up  to  Rs.  5,000.0001000 Rs.  1,7001000. 


Amount  of  capital. 


Amount  of  tax 
per  annum. 


Up  to  Rs.  10,000.0009000 

Up  to  Rs.  20,000.0001000 

Up  to  Rs.  30.000.000*000 *  Rs.  4;700S000. 

Over  Rs.  30,000.0001000 1  Rs.  5,7001000. 


Rs.  2,7001000. 
Rs.  3,700f000. 


In  addition  to  this  tax  there  is  also  a  sanitary  tax  of  Rs.  51000  per 
month,  and  various  other  small  taxes,  such  as  those  for  signs. 


LEGAL  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  CORPORATIONS  IN  BRAZIL.    169 

At  the  present  time  duly  authorized  branches  of  foreign  corpora- 
tions are  not  subject  to  the  5  per  cent  Brazilian  Government  tax  on 
declared  dividends.  This  exemption,  however,  is  a  provision  of  the 
annual  budget  law,  and  there  is  no  assurance  that  it  will  be  contin- 
ued indefinitely. 

In  regard  to  taxes  to  be  paid  to  the  governments  of  the  several 
States  of  Brazil,  if  the  corporation  is  not  located  in  the  federal  dis- 
trict, or  if  it  establishes  branches  in  other  sections  of  the  country, 
such  taxes  are  levied  by  the  States  and  their  respective  municipalities, 
and  vary  accordingly. 

At  least  seven  subscribers  are  required  to  organize  a  Brazilian  cor- 
poration, and  at  no  time  shall  the  number  of  stockholders  fall  below 
this  number  for  a  period  of  more  than  six  months  under  the  penalty 
of  automatic  dissolution. 

Corporations  may  be  constituted  at  a  meeting  of  the  subscribers  or 
by  public  deed.     The  second  method  is  only  rarely  employed. 

Before  a  corporation  becomes  legally  constituted  its  entire  capital 
stock  must  be  subscribed.  Subscriptions  are  either  public  or  pri- 
vate, and  in  the  case  of  public  subscriptions  certain  reasonable  for- 
malities must  be  fulfilled. 

Any  part  or  even  all  of  the  capital  stock  may  consist  of  real  or  per- 
sonal property  or  other  property  rights,  the  valuation  for  capitaliza- 
tion purposes  being  determined  by  appraisers  appointed  by  the  sub- 
scribers. The  appraisement  is  loft  entirely  to  the  discretion  of  the 
appraisers,  appointed  at  the  first  meeting.  Whenever  part  of  the 
capital  stock  consists  of  property  the  corporation  can  not  be  consid- 
ered as  legally  organized  until  the  appraisers'  report  has  been  pre- 
sented and  approved  at  the  second  meeting  called  for  this  purpose. 
At  this  meeting,  a  call  for  which  must  be  issued  by  publication  in  the 
newspapers,  the  by-laws  of  the  corporation  are  voted  upon  and  the 
corporation  is  definitely  declared  as  constituted.  Whenever  the 
entire  capital  stock  consists  of  cash  the  complete  organization  may 
bo  effected  at  one  meeting. 

No  specific  authorization  of  the  Brazilian  Government  is  necessary 
for  the  incorporation  of  domestic  corporations,  excepting  in  the  case 
of  banks,  insurance  companies,  companies  dealing  in  foodstuffs,  and 
a  very  limited  number  of  other  classes,  which  are  governed  by  special 
laws. 

A  deposit  of  one-tenth  of  the  declared  cash  capital  must  be  made 
in  the  federal  treasury  or  a  bank  of  issue,  and  the  stamp  tax,  equiv- 
alent to  two-tenths  of  1  per  cent  of  the  capital  paid  to  the  treasury. 

The  by-laws,  certificate  of  deposit  of  one-tenth  of  the  cash  capital 
stock,  minutes  of  the  meetings  of  incorporation,  list  of  shareholders, 
their  residences,  and  number  of  shares  held,  and  other  documents 
proving  that  the  legal  formalities  have  been  properly  comphed  with, 

158777— 20— Bun.  2 i 


170  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

must  be  filed  with  the  board  of  trade  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  or  the  board 
of  trade  in  the  capital  of  the  State  where  the  incorporation  takes 
place. 

After  the  by-laws  and  other  documents  have  been  filed  with  the 
board  of  trade  they  must  be  published  in  the  Diario  Official  (Official 
Gazette).  A  copy  of  this  publication  must  be  filed  with  the  registrar 
of  mortgages. 

There  is  no  legal  prohibition  against  the  residence  of  stockholders 
in  foreign  coimtries,  but  it  is  generally  advised  that  a  majority 
of  the  stockholders  be  resident  in  Brazil.  Absent  stockholders,  or 
those  residing  in  foreign  countries,  may  only  be  represented  by  other 
stockholders  (not  officers,  directors,  or  members  of  the  advisory 
board)  holding  a  special  power  of  attorney  for  the  purposes  indicated. 
All  powers  of  attorney  issued  in  foreign  countries,  to  be  valid  in  Brazil, 
must  be  legalized  by  a  Brazihan  consul.  Nor  is  there  any  legal 
prohibition  preventing  corporations  in  foreign  countries  from  holding 
stock  in  a  Brazilian  corporation.  Whenever  a  foreign  corporation 
intends  to  organize  a  Brazilian  corporation,  its  representative  should 
be  given  a  full  and  special  power  of  attorney  for  this  purpose.  The 
requirement  of  at  least  seven  stockholders,  however,  can  not  be 
waived.  There  is  no  restriction  upon  the  minimum  number  of  shares 
which  may  be  held  by  any  one  stockholder. 

Inasmuch  as  the  meetings  of  stockholders  and  boards  of  directors 
of  Brazilian  corporations  must  be  held  in  this  country,  and  its  books 
must  be  kept  here,  it  is  not  possible  to  reserve  the  powers  of  manage- 
ment and  administration  in  a  foreign  coimtry,  excepting  in  so  far  as 
the  persons  holding  the  powers  of  attorney  of  foreign  stockholders 
may  be  guided  by  the  instructions  received. 

The  expenses  for  initiating  operations  of  Brazilian  corporations  are 
identical  with  those  already  described  under  domesticated  foreign 
corporations  with  the  exception  of  the  following: 

The  stamp  tax  (1)  for  decree  of  authorization  is  not  required  for 
Brazilian  corporations,  as  no  special  government  authority  is  needed. 

The  expenses  for  translation  (5)  are  saved  by  reason  of  the  fact  that 
the  by-laws  and  other  documents  of  incorporation  are  prepared  in 
the  Portuguese  language. 

The  taxes  levied  upon  domestic  (Brazilian)  corporations  are  the 
same  as  those  enumerated  under  domesticated  foreign  corporations, 
with  the  following  exception:  Brazihan  corporations  are  subject  to 
a  special  tax  of  5  per  cent  upon  declared  dividends.  The  minister 
of  finance  recently  ruled  that  stock  dividends  are  subject  to  this  tax, 
but  that  a  division  of  a  part  of  the  profits  to  the  officers  and  directors, 
According  to  by-laws  of  the  corporation,  are  exempt.  The  tax  is, 
therefore,  only  in  a  limited  sense,  an  income  tax.  The  State  of  São 
Paulo  has  this  year  enacted  an  income  corporation  tax  graduated 
upon  a  scale  of  the  net  earnings  of  the  capital. 


BOY  SCOUTS'  GOOD  TURN 


WEEK 


0      0  0  0       0  0  0       0 

0  0       0  0  0      0  0 


á 


DURING  the  week  of  February  8-14,  1920,  the  Boy  Scouts  of 
the  United  States  of  America  will  celebrate  the  tenth  anni- 
versary of  their  organization  by  holding  a  *^good  turn 
week."  Every  Boy  Scout  throughout  the  country  will  be 
pledged  to  do  some  good  deed  to  someone  else  every  day  of  that 
especial  week,  and  although  the  scouts  are  all  bound  by  their  oath 
to  be  helpful  at  all  times,  this  is  to  be  an  individual  kind  of  helpful- 
ness not  connected  with  the  witting  performance  of  regular  tasks. 
Therefore  should  a  stranger  arrive  during  this  aforesaid  week  and 
find  his  bag  lifted  from  his  hand  or  himself  rescued  from  misappre- 
hensive  horses,  or  guided  beneath  the  hoods  of  speeding  automo-  * 
biles,  and  unceremoniously  accosted  by  smiling  small  boys,  neither  ' 
his  liberty,  property,  nor  pocketbook  are  in  any  danger.  The  Boy 
Scouts  are  merely  trying  to  do  good  turns.  î 

The  *'good  tuim  week'*  is  to  be  conducted  under  a  somewhat 
general  program  which  betrays  on  its  surface  a  desire  and  intention 
on  the  part  of  the  scouts'  leaders  to  induce  everyone  in  their  several 
16,000  communities  into  joining  with  them  in  the  movement.  This 
program  gives  to  the  boys  some  idea  of  practical  performances  and 
suggests  what  might  be  the  right  sort  of  things  to  do,  or  the  things 
that  grown-ups  would  consider  good.  Among  the  proposals  are  the 
guiding  of  a  stranger  to  his  destination,  binding  up  an  injured  dog's 
foot,  stopping  a  runaway  horse,  helping  an  automobilist  to  mend  a 
punctured  tire,  feeding  and  housing  of  winter  birds,  keeping  a 
neighbor's  sidewalk  clear  of  snow,  searching  for  a  lost  child,  reporting 
fire  traps  and  unsanitary  conditions  to  the  proper  authorities,  being 
eyes  for  the  blind,  feet  for  the  busy,  hands  for  the  helpless,  and  cheer 
for  the  sad.  It  makes  no  difference  what  the  true  service  is  so  long 
as  it  is  done  in  the  spirit  of  friendline.ss.  An  explanation  of  the 
stipulation  that  all  of  these  good  turns  are  to  be  spontaneous  should 
prevent  the  staging  of  any  such  heroic  good  turns  as  the  stopping  of 
runaways,  or  the  putting  out  of  fires,  or  the  finding  of  the  lost  by  too 
ambitious  boys. 

Each  day  of  the  **good  turn  week"  is  specially  provided  for.  On 
the  Sunday  of  its  beginning,  which  is  Anniversary  Day,  the  boys 
are  expected  to  attend  church  in  a  body  in  uniform  and  each  boy  is 
expected  to  escort  a  nonmember  basides  his  own  family,  and  if 
possible  to  aid  someone  partially  helpless  to  attend  and  to  see  that 
they  have  every  attention  and  reach  home  in  safety.    On  this  day  will 

171 


BIH  BADEN-POWELL. 

Sir  Boden-Ponell,  of  I 
whose  plui  lo  enllil 
beoeflt  to  nuDUDd. 


ol  tbe  boys  o(  Sis  counltj-  haa  developed  Into  a  world  movemmt  oi 


CAMP  IN  TUE  UNITED  STATES  OF 


BOY  SC-OUTS  AT  VETERANS*  REUNION. 
Invaluable  in  performitig  kindly  mid  helpful  tasks  lor  the  a^eil  meo. 


174  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

be  started  the  drive  to  get  everyone  to  take  the  **good  turn'*  pledge 
and  as  there  are  not  very  many  even  of  the  habitually  thoughtless 
and  selfish  who  could  resist  such  an  appeal,  it  seems  safe  to  conclude 
that  the  scouts  will  be  able  to  at  least  double  their  forces  and  that 
not  less  than  800,000  people  will  be  looking  about  for  ways  in  which 
to  lighten  the  burdens  of  those  about  them.  This  looks  as  though 
it  might  be  good  turn  enough  for  one  day,  but  the  afternoon  is  to  be 
devoted  to  carrying  books  and  flowers  to  those  who  are  unable  to 
get  out  into  the  world  of  sxmlight,  the  blind,  bedridden,  and  suffer- 
ing ones  in  the  commxmities. 

The  new-member  day  will  follow,  and  it  is  not  unreasonable  to 
expect  that  if  every  member  is  allowed  to  bring  in  his  fellows  in  lus 
own  characteristic  way,  the  ranks  will  be  filled  to  overflowing  for 
the  time  at  least,  and  that  when  Community  Day  arrives  on  Tues- 
day, a  very  large  majority  of  the  boy  population  of  the  United  States 
wiU  be  on  the  lookout  for  odd  jobs  of  kindness.  It  is  especially 
suggested  that  the  good  turns  shall  be  devoted  in  a  large  measure  to 
the  foreign  bom,  or  to  the  sons  of  foreign  bom.  Wednesday  is  to  be 
Fathers'  Day  and  the  boys  are  expected  to  shower  attentions  upon 
their  own  and  other  people's  fathers  in  order  to  further  develop  man 
and  boy  companionship,  and  the  12th  will  be  ''America  Day."  On 
this  day,  besides  renewing  their  loyalty  to  the  flag  and  country,  they 
are  to  help  about  the  business  of  keeping  their  respective  communi- 
ties iri  good  order,  to  assist  in  the  handling  of  traffic  and  in  the  per- 
formance of  other  civic  duties.  Motners'  Day  will  be  Friday  the  13th, 
and  the  suggestion  that  the  scouts  get  breakfast,  reUeving  mother, 
as  a  beginning  on  that  day  might  be  rather  a  doubtful  proposition  if 
the  majority  of  them  had  not  been  so  well  trained  in  work  of  this  sort 
in  the  camps  and  during  the  war  activities.  The  final  day  of  tlie 
good  turn  week  will  be  devoted  to  play.  Hikes,  carnivals,  barbe- 
cues, community  suppers,  and  camp  amusements,  with  a  final  even- 
ing at  home,  will  complete  the  actual  activities  of  this  very  imusual 
event. 

Taming  the  Igua-Zu  or  chaining  the  massive  waters  of  the  Niagara 
is  a  mild  feat  compared  with  that  which  was  accomplished  by  Sir 
Baden-Powell  when  he  started  the  turning  into  useñd  chaimels  of 
the  formerly  superfluous,  irrepressible,  irresponsible,  mischievous,  and 
generally  misplaced  energies  of  the  small  boy.  Many  men  have 
endeavored  to  interest  one  or  two  and  have  foimd  it  a  life  work.  To 
have  devised  a  plan  such  as  the  Boy  Scouts  movement  even  for  one 
nation  was  conferring  a  blessing  upon  it;  but  when  it  was  of  such  a 
character  and  appeal  that  it  took  the  whole  world  of  small  boys  by 
storm,  instructhig,  entertaining,  and  influencing  them  imtil  its  effects 
were  felt  by  the  man  the  boy  becomes,  it  takes  first  rank  among  those 
movements  by  which  right-thinking  people  are  endeavoring  to  im- 
prove civilization. 


¡i 
s  I 
»  s 

a  s 

iti 
Ml 


il 


BOY  scouts'  good  TURN   WEEK.  177 

When  the  Boy  Scouts  of  the  Ui\ited  States  were  organized  it  was  a 
popular  belief  that  boys  were  just  boys,  and  that  they  were  bound  to 
be  wild  and  undependable  and  could  never  be  expected  to  be  any- 
thing else.  Boys  are  still  boys,  but  they  are  something  more  besides. 
Tliey  are  knights  of  a  new  order  of  service,  bound  by  an  oath  to  serve 
their  fellow  men,  their  country,  and  their  God.  This  branch  of  the 
Boy  Scouts  was  originally  incorporated  in  1910  and  was  granted  a 
Federal  charter  by  Congress  Jime  15,  1916.  The  present  membership 
in  scouts  totals  378,069,  and  there  are  14,939  scoutmasters,  17,285 
assistant  scoutmasters,  50,808  troup  committeemen,  and  15,156  local 
council  members  and  officials,  giving  a  complete  membership  of 
476,257  enlisted  in  this  movement  for  boys.  It  is  interestn\g  to 
note  that  only  250  of  the  leaders  are  paid.  The  remainder  work  for 
the  love  of  it. 

The  scoutmasters  in  the  various  parts  of  the  coimtry  have  recently 
submitted  10,000  reports  in  which  typical  cases  of  the  worth-while 
things  the  boys  are  continually  doing  have  been  enumerated.  Among 
them  are  assistance  in  a  clean-up  campaign,  the  performance  of  char- 
ity work;  kindness  to  animals;  visiting  the  sick  and  maimed,  taking 
census;  rendering  service  at  church,  u\  hospitals  and  asylums,  and 
on  various  holiday  celebrations;  helping  the  poor  and  aged;  aiding 
the  police;  performing  patrol  duty;  administering  first  aid;  estab- 
lishing a  **good  turn"  station,  a  public  drinking  fountain,  and  a 
library;  saving  lives;  repairing  bridges,  cleaning  cities,  and  helping 
to  make  good  roads.  Not  the  least  of  their  good  work  was  done 
during  parades  and  in  large  assemblages.  Especially  notable  was  the 
effort  put  forth  by  the  scouts  in  Washington,  D.  C,  on  the  occasion 
of  the  last  parade  of  the  Civil  War  veterans,  and  no  one  who  saw  the 
eagerness  of  the  lads  to  carry  water  to  those  who  looked  overwarm 
or  weary,  to  lend  aix  arm  to  those  who  looked  too  tired,  and  to  give 
strong  shoulders  to  many  of  the  strong-hearted  but  feeble-bodied  old 
warriors  who  were  marching  for  the  last  time  up  the  historic  Penn- 
sylvania Avenue,  vnW  ever  question  the  ability  of  the  Boy  Scout  to 
do  good  turns  without  having  special  weeks  set  apart  as  reminders. 

Although  the  work  of  the  Boy  Scouts  had  been  popular  with  the 
boys  themselves  and  in  high  favor  with  the  parents  for  seven  years 
before  the  Great  War,  their  efforts  during  the  struggle  assimied  enor- 
mous proportions  and  accomplished  untold  good.  In  all  of  the  rush 
of  this  coimtry^s  unpreparedncss,  it  was  not  necessary  to  go  through 
the  task  of  preparing  a  junior  army.  There  was  an  organization  of 
lads  already  trained  and  willing  and  eager  to  help.  Within  10  days 
after  the  declaration  of  a  state  of  war,  Bov  Scouts  received  their  first 
great  assignment,  '^ Every  scout  to  feed  a  soldier."  Within  a  week 
thousands  of  boys  on  thousands  of  farms,  in  thousands  of  backyards, 
coimtless  playgrounds,  unoccupied  lots,   and  in  schoolyards  were 


SKVERAL  PHASES  OF  BOY  SCOUT  ACTIVITY  IN  AROENTINA. 

Vnper:  A  tnap  of  sooiiU  «lercisinti  in  Psifrmo  Pnrk,  oae  ol  lhe  plrtiireiquc  siihiirtis  ol  Buenos  Aires 
t'enler:  An  eneampmeni  ol  seoiiis  in  a  rich  aiiriruliuTal  region  of  Ihe  Itepublic.  lj>tie¡:  A  body  ol 
sroiiCs  in  the  [orvst  ol  Peceyin. 


BOY  scouts'  good  TUKN  WEEK.  179 

busily  planting  their  war  gardens.     Boys  who  had  never  looked  with 
favor  on  spade  or  hoe  in  the  past  were  digging  and  planting  with  zest. 
Tlie  record  they  made  in  agricidtural  production  and  in  the  raising 
of  pigs  and  chickens  would  have  placed  themhigh  among  the  Nation^s 
assets.     And  when  the  President  of  the  United  States  called  upon 
tíie  Boy  Scouts  to  assist  in  floating  the  first  great  Liberty  loan,  they 
responded  to  the  last  little  man  of  them,  and  marked  to  their  credit 
in  the  five  war  loans  is  a  total  of  2,328,308  separate  subscriptions, 
amounting  to  $352,122,975,  an  average  of  $800  worth  of  loans  per  boy. 
The  soliciting  of  loans  was  work  which  could  be  done  at  stated 
times.     The  war  work  which  they  kept  at  all  of  the  time  was  the 
selling  of  war  saving  stamps,  and  they  are  still  at  it.     The  last  offi- 
cial record  shows  that  the  boys  have  sold  2,189,417  stamps  valued 
at  $43,922,044.     For  exceptional  work  in  the  sale  of  these  stamps, 
the  boys  have  received  from  the  Treasury  Department  33,21 1  achieve- 
ment buttons,  each  button  representing  sales  made  in  25  different 
homes;   12,231   ace  medals  for  sales  totaUng  $250;  40,000  bronze 
palms  for  sales  of  $350  each;  2,516  silver  palms  for  sales  amounting 
to  $1,000  and  416  gold  palms  to  scouts  who  made  sales  totaling  $5,000. 
But  only  a  small  part  of  the  Boy  Scouts'  war  service  can  be  meas- 
ured in  dollars.     The  leaders  of  the  boys  claim  to  be  more  proud  of 
that  more  individually  characteristic  scout  service  which  consisted 
in  doing  whatever  job  came  next.     Among  other  important  things, 
the  boys  helped  to  spread  broadcast  the  Government's  advertising 
material  for  the  loans.     They  acted  as  messengers  between  local 
headquarters  and  banks  and  made  lighter  the  work  of  local  and  Fed- 
eral officials.     The  posters  pasted  on  the  windshields  of  practically 
every  automobile  in  the  country  were  placed  there  by  scouts.     At 
the  loan  raUies  the  Boy  Scout  ushered  you  in,  a  Boy  Scout  handed 
out  the  subscription  blanks,  and  a  Boy  Scout  acted  as  orderly  for 
the  speaker.     Very  often  it  was  a  Boy  Scout  band  that  played,  and 
Boy  Scouts  formed  a  corps  of  assistants  to  the  poUce.     And  the 
immense  help  that  was  given  by  them  to  the  Red  Cross  must  not  be 
overlooked,   particularly  in   the  membership   and  financial  drives. 
They  collected  books  by  the  carloads  for  the  Library  Association  to 
be  sent  to  the  men  overseas.     The  Boy  Scouts  located  20,758,000 
board  feet  of  standing  black  walnut,  making  5,200  carloads,  and  col- 
lected over  100  carloads  of  fruit  pits  for  gas  masks.     They  rendered 
confidential  service  for  the  third  naval  district,  served  well  in  the 
foitól  and  fuel  conservation,  presented  a  patriotic  zeal  in  every  com- 
munity-of  incalculable  value  to  the  Government  and   performed 
countless  individual  acts  which  have  not  been  recorded. 

Nor  did  scout  service  end  with  the  war.  The  War  Risk  Insur- 
ance and  the  Treasury  Department  are  now  asking  the  boys'  help 
in  placing  posters  and  securing  positions  for  employees  who  enUsted 


OY  SCOUTS  OF  LA  PAZ,  BOLIVIJ 

'ia  has  eoroiled  in  U^    I'ppf r  picture:  Boy 


THE  SEVENTEEN-YEAR  LOCUST.  181 

in  the  Army  or  Navy.  Indeed,  so  valuable  has  this  organization  of 
well  directed  youthful  energy  become  that  no  holiday  celebration 
and  no  event  of  communal  magnitude  occurs  without  its  assistance. 
The  friendly  enthusiasm  which  they  have  taken  into  the  doing  of 
all  of  these  tasks  which  have  come  to  them,  is  being  redoubled  to 
make  this  anniversary  "good-turn"  week  so  universally  observed 
that  only  the  hopelessly  selfish  and  indifferent  will  be  able  to  refrain 
from  joining  with  the  boys  in  making  those  few  days  at  least  pleas- 
anter  for  all  of  those  with  whom  they  may  come  in  contact. 


THE    SEVENTEEN-YEAR 


LOCUST 


m  0    0  0 

0      0  0  0       0 


THE  din  created  by  the  droning  hum  of  an  immense  army  of 
17-year  cicadas   (they  are  not  locusts,   though  generally 
called  locusts)  has  been  heard  coming  from  the  trees  and 
bushes  in  many  places  during  the  past  season.     The  con- 
tinuous hum  of  millions  of  these  curious  insects  was  heard  through- 
out the  entire  day,  from  early  mom  until  sundown. 

From  the  9th  to  the  12th  of  May,  especially  where  there  are  mostly 
maples  and  oaks,  there  appeared  perfect  hosts  of  curious,  dark 
amber-colored  creatures  that  helplessly  crawled  about,  each  making 
au  effort  to  reach  something  that  it  could  creep  upon.  Mingled  with 
these  were  many  *  locusts"  of  the  kind  in  the  accompanying  illustra- 
tion. Thousands  of  the  helpless  horde  were  crushed  underfoot.  In 
some  cities  and  towns  the  sidewalks  were  absolutely  slippery  with 
the  mashed  bodies  of  the  victims,  while  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
others  had  escaped  this  fate  through  climbing  up  on  the  trees,  fences, 
and  other  supports  in  their  neighborhoods. 

These  ''bugs^*  do  not  bite  nor  sting,  and  they  fall  into  a  very  in- 
teresting family  of  insects  known  as  the  Cicadidsey  being  popularly 
called  locusts,  cicadas,  and  sometimes  harvest-flies.  However,  they 
must  not  be  in  any  way  confused  with  the  various  species  of  grass- 
hopperlike insects  that  are  the  true  locust,  such  as  our  American 
locust  (Schistocera  americana) ,  or  with  those  that  during  various  pe- 
riods of  history  formed  the  great  flights  in  the  Old  World.  Such  phe- 
nomena are  more  or  less  fully  described  in  some  of  the  very  oldest 
works  we  have,  as  the  swarms  of  ancient  Egypt.  Many  thoughtless 
people  take  our  17-year  cicada  to  be  identically  the  same  species; 

»  By  Dr.  R.  W.  Shuieldt,  C.  M.  Z.  8.,  published  In  "American  Forestry"  for  August,  1919,  and  repro- 
duced by  special  permission  of  the  author  and  of  the  editor  of  that  magazine. 


182 


THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 


and,  too,  as  a  rare  occurrence,  we  still  meet  with  some  pious  old  dame 
who  shudders  at  the  sight  and  sound  of  these  harmless  hordes,  drawing 
a  long  breath  when  the  '^flight''  is  over  and  the  people  have  escaped  the 
punishment  following  upon  some  willful  misdemeanor  of  the  Nation. 
Of  these  cicadas  there  are  a  number  of  species,  all  looking  very  much 
alike,  some  being  very  large  and  some  very  small,  with  color  in  gen- 
eral agreement;  their  common  appearance  being  well  shown  in  the 
photographs.  Several  species  are  found  in  Europe  and  several  still 
different  kinds  in  the  Americas.     All  true  cicadas  belong  to  the  order 


MAP  SHOWING  HOSTESS  STATES. 

The  territory  in  which  the  periodical  cicada  (locust)  appeared  in  1919.    The  large 
dots  indicate  dense  and  the  small  dots  scattering  colonies. 

Hemipterüj  and  constitute  the  typical  genus  of  the  family  Cicadidse. 
All  are  of  comparatively  good  size,  the  males  having  under  their  wings 
peculiar  little  ''drums"  wherewith  they  make  the  humming  note  so 
familiar  to  all,  while  the  female  has  a  most  interesting  history.  She 
deposits  her  eggs  from  about  the  end  of  May  through  the  entire  month 
of  June;  these  are  discovered  to  be  in  pairs  in  the  twigs  of  many 
kinds  of  oaks  and  other  trees,  and  are  very  small,  spindle-shaped 
objects. 

In  the  case  of  this  17-year  cicada  the  larva?  hatch  out  in  about  six 
weeks  from  the  time  the  female  lays  the  eggs.  They  then  immedi- 
ately fall  to  the  ground,  into  which  they  burrow,  to  spend  the  next 


SPECIMENS  OF  THE  191»  CICADAS. 

aï  "iprtadliie  bosrd"  lor  ^réservation  In  a  roll 
lhe  rammoD  Form  or  -'harvísi-n^  "  ol  [he  Kast; 


184  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

17  years  of  their  lives,  remaining  only  a  few  days  in  the  pupa  stage. 
During  all  this  time  their  only  food  consists  of  the  juices  of  the  roots 
of  certain  trees,  they  being  provided  with  the  means  of  sucking  the 
roots. 

It  has  been  shown  that  the  female  is  quite  indifferent  to  the  kind 
of  tree,  shrub,  or  brush  into  the  twigs  of  which  she  deposits  her  eggs. 
Often  much  harm  is  thus  done  to  fruit  trees,  such  as  the  apple  and 
pear;  and  so  severe  is  the  treatment  sometimes  and  the  number  of 
punctures  sustained  that  the  death  of  the  tree  follows.  Peach  trees 
have  been  thus  destroyed,  proving  the  cicada  to  be,  in  many  instances, 
a  harmful  insect.  When  cherry  trees  are  selected,  the  exuding  gum 
usually  seals  in  the  egg  or  young,  and  they  never  come  to  anything. 
Some  females  show  wonderful  fecundity,  the  line  of  minute  punc- 
tures for  the  eggs  on  the  twig  often  having  a  length  of  more  than  2 
feet. 

At  the  time  these  cicadas  laid  their  eggs  in  the  grooves  they  cut  in 
certain  trees,  along  toward  the  middle  of  Jime,  the  effects  very  soon 
became  apparent.  Especially  was  this  true  in  the  case  of  all  the 
species  of  oaks,  chestnut  oaks,  and  sassafras  shrubs.  The  big  twigs 
thus  operated  upon  by  the  insect  had  all  the  leaves  beyond  the  line 
of  punctures  die  and  turn  a  deep  tan  color.  Some  large  oaks  thus 
wounded  presented  a  mottled  appearance  at  a  Uttle  distance,  the 
general  body  of  the  tree  retaining  its  normal  dark  green  foliage,  with 
the  dead,  brown  patches  irregularly  distributed  all  over  it.  In  gen- 
eral the  tree  sustained  no  other  injury. 

Mr.  S.  S.  Rathvor,  Lancaster,  Pa.,  gives  interesting  facts  in  the 
life  history  of  these  cicadas,  saying,  in  part,  referring  to  the  eggs 
and  young  of  the  17-year  cicada: 

Many  people  who  endeavor  to  study  tlie  insect  fail  to  produce  the  young  by  keep- 
ing branches  containing  eggs  in  their  studios.  I  so  failed  in  1834  and  1851,  and  indeed 
I  have  never  heard  that  anyone  has  succeeded  in  that  way  who  has  kept  them  for 
any  length  of  time.  In  the  brood  of  1868  the  first  cicadas  appeared  in  a  body  on  the 
evening  of  the  second  day  of  June.  The  first  pair  in  coitu  I  observed  on  the  2lBt,  and 
the  first  female  depositing  on  the  26th  of  the  same  month.  The  first  young  appeared 
on  the  5th  of  August.  All  these  dates  are  some  10  days  later  than  corresponding  ob- 
servations made  by  myself  and  others  in  former  years. 

On  the  15th  of  July  I  cut  off  some  apple,  pear,  and  chestnut  twigs  containing  eggs, 
stuck  the  ends  into  a  bottle  containing  water,  and  set  it  in  a  broad,  shallow  dish  also 
filled  with  water,  the  whole  remaining  out  of  doors  exposed  to  the  weather,  whatever 
it  might  be.  The  young  continued  to  drop  out  on  the  water  in  the  dish  for  a  full  week. 
I  could  breed  no  cicadas  from  branches  that  were  dead  and  on  which  the  leaves  were 
withered,  nor  from  those  that  for  any  cause  had  fallen  to  the  ground .  This  was  also  the 
case  with  Mr.  Vincent  Bernard,  of  Kennett  Square,  Chester  County,  Pa.  After  the  pre- 
cise time  was  known,  fresh  branches  were  obtained,  and  then  the  young  cicadas  were 
seen  coming  forth  in  great  numbers  by  half  a  dozen  observers  in  this  country.  As  the 
fruitful  eggs  were  at  least  a  third  larger  than  they  were  when  first  deposited,  I  infer  that 
they  require  the  moisture  contained  in  li\dng  wood  to  preserve  their  vitality.    When 


DRIED,  ElIPTY  SKIN8  OF  THE  17-YEAR  CICADAS  (LOCUSTS). 

n  ihown  attached  to  the  Iobtm  and  Bowcn  o[  the  nuple-l«[  viburnum.    There  Is  on»  pCTleotln 
the  center  of  Che  picture. 

-20-nnll.  2 C 


186  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

the  proper  time  arrives  and  the  proper  conditions  are  preserved,  they  are  easily  bred, 
and  indeed  I  have  seen  them  evolve  on  the  palm  of  my  hand.  The  eyes  of  the  young 
cicadas  are  seen  through  the  egg-slrin  before  it  is  broken. 

Some  35  years  ago  the  late  Prof.  Charles  Valentine  Riley,  an  ento- 
mologist of  great  distinction,  published  an  excellent  cut,  giving  an 
upper  view  of  a  17-year  cicada  with  its  wings  spread;  two  views  of 
the  pupa;  a  twig  showing  the  position  of  the  eggs;  and  a  larva.  They 
were  all  the  size  of  nature,  and  the  illustrations  appeared  later  on  in 
many  kinds  of  publications;  but  for  some  reason  the  figure  of  the 
larva  was  omitted,  perhaps  for  the  reason  that  it  was  not  quite 
accurate. 

The  writer  believes  that  it  was  Prof.  Riley  who  first  discovered  that 
there  was  in  the  south  a  13-year  cicada;  he  always  believed  that  the 
17-year  broods  were  northern  and  the  13-year  ones  southern,  the 
dividing  line  being  at  the  thirty-eighth  degree  of  latitude,  approxi- 
mately, overlaps  taking  place  at  certain  points.  He  predicted  accur- 
ately the  probable  emergencies  for  certain  years,  and  the  insects  did 
not  fail  him  but  put  in  an  appearance  in  millions  on  schedule  time. 

Prof.  RUey  pointed,  out  that  the  development  of  the  larva  is  ex- 
tremely slow,  being  not  more  than  one-fourth  its  full  size  when  6 
years  old.  As  it  moults  more  than  once  a  year,  there  must  be  some 
25  or  30  changes  of  its  skin  when  in  its  subterranean  abode,  which  is 
not  over  2  feet  below  ground  during  the  first  6  or  7  years  of  its  ex- 
istence. At  this  time  it  is  in  an  oval  cell,  which  Prof.  RUey  showed 
was  more  often  away  from  roots  than  near  them.    Packard  states: 

Yet  it  can  descend  to  great  depths,  one  writer  stating  that  he  found  it  20  feet  below 
the  surface.  As  the  time  approaches  for  the  issuing  of  the  pupa  it  gradually  rises  nearer 
and  nearer  to  the  surface,  and  for  a  year  or  two  before  the  appearance  of  any  given 
brood  the  pupa  may  be  dug  up  within  1  or  2  feet  of  the  surface. 

During  the  present  invasion  of  these  insects  the  round  holes  where 
these  cicada  nymphs  came  out  were  extremely  numerous  around 
many  trees  and  in  pathways  through  the  woods.  Upon  several  occa- 
sions, when  turning  over  fallen  logs,  the  writer  discovered  the  pupa 
had  made  a  chinmey  closely  resembling  the  corresponding  achieve- 
ment of  the  common  crayfish.  This  has  been  noticed  by  other 
observers.  Out  at  Linden,  Md.,  the  twigs  of  the  lower  limbs  of 
hickories,  oaks,  and  maple-leaved  viburnums  were  seen  to  be  literally 
covered  with  thé  empty  cases  of  the  nymphs  or  pupae  of  this  cicada. 
They  also  covered  small  cedars  not  over  2  feet  in  height,  as  well  as 
many  bushes.  This  was  upon  the  2õth  of  May,  1919.  A  few  of  the 
perfected  insects  were  distributed  through  these  interesting  and  very 
striking  groups,  and  the  ** music''  of  the  latter  had  just  begun  in  the 
trees  and  the  shrubbery  the  day  before. 

What  strikes  us  first  upon  looking  at  one  of  these  17-year  cicadas, 
when  it  is  alive  and  in  full  health,  is  its  beautiful  coral-red  eyes,  set 


Et  CICADAS,  WITH  OKE  EUPTY  SKIN  CABE. 

Ibedlsposlllon 


188  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

off  by  its  dark  greenish-black  body.  All  about  the  base  of  its  wings 
and  costal  margins  of  the  same  the  color  is  of  a  deep,  rich,  and  very 
brilliant  orange.  The  sexes  are  distinguished  by  the  presence  of  the 
ovipositor  in  the  female,  which  is  <!}uite  conspicuous. 

While  this  emergence  was  on  the  writer  collected  over  an  hundred 
of  these  cicadas,  with  as  many  pupae  and  empty  cases.  They  were 
very  carefully  studied  and  also  used  for  photography,  the  illustra- 
tions accompanying  this  article  being  made  especially  for  it. 

The  nymphs  dig  out  of  the  ground  through  the  use  of  their  strong 
and  enlarged  forefeet,  the  matured  insect  subsequently  emerging 
from  a  slit  down  the  back.  Sometimes  we  meet  with  cases  where  the 
insect  died  when  only  partly  out  of  the  case.  In  still  others  the  wings 
crumple  up,  and  the  helpless  insects  crawl  about  on  the  ground. 
Probably  there  are  also  other  kinds  of  deformities. 

In  flight,  the  17-year  cicada  is  not  at  all  rapid,  nor  is  that  flight, 
as  a  rule,  long  sustained.  Most  often  it  is  in  a  straight  line  or  on  a 
long  curve,  either  ascending  or  decending.  They  are  very  loath  to 
move  in  a  rainstorm,  or  when  wet  from  any  cause.  There  is  no 
trouble  in  catching  the  adult  insects,  and  when  held  in  the  fingers 
they  commonly  emit  a  loud,  humming  noise.  Should  the  wings  be 
free  to  move  at  such  times,  thoy  whirl  them  rapidly,  thus  adding  to 
the  fuss  they  make.  On  even  groimd  this  cicada  walks  with  great 
deliberation,  bringing  the  forepair  of  legs  to  the  front  with  marked 
cicadian  dignity  at  regular  intervals.  Frequently,  when  on  the 
ground,  one  may  get  over  on  its  back,  when  it  will  violently  whirl 
its  wings  in  its  efforts  to  right  itself  again.  In  warm,  dry  weather, 
thoy  are  far  more  active  than  when  the  air  is  chilly  and  damp. 

When  observing  children  capture  these  'Mocusts"  they  will  call 
your  attention  to  the  W  near  the  upper,  outer  angle  of  each  forewing 
and  with  a  dubious  shako  of  their  heads  predict  that  a  war  is  near 
at  hand.  This  is  backed  up  by  inviting  attention  to  the  reddish 
color  on  the  wings  of  our  larger  species  of  cicada,  where  this  ominous 
W  is  also  to  be  seen.  As  the  Oicadidœ  have  been  in  existence  for  a 
great  many  thousands  of  years,  during  which  time  millions  of  men 
have  been  slain  in  wars,  this  harmless  superstition  is  hardly  worthy 
of  a  smile.  Strange  to  relate,  however,  we  have  many  '* grown-ups'' 
among  us  who  are  firm  believers  in  this  and  similar  *' signs." 

This  family  of  Cicadidœ  contabxs  many  other  species  besides  the 
13  and  17  year  ones.  A  larger  one  of  the  eastern  United  States  is 
well  known.  It  comes  along  during  the  *'dog  days"  of  summer  or  a 
little  later,  and  its  "song"  is  indicative  of  the  approach  of  early 
autumn.  Rarely  do  wo  hear  more  than  one  or  two  of  these  together — 
in  cities  usually  from  the  shade  trees  along  the  streets.  The  '*song" 
has  a  definite  beginning  and  ending,  and  is  not  a  continuous  hum, 
as  is  the  case  with  the  17-yoar  follow. 


THE  SEVENTEEN-YEAR  LOCUST.  189 

There  are  a  number  of  tropical  species;  and  out  west  a  very  cute 
little  form,  ^uch  lighter  in  color,  that  the  writer  has  observed  in 
thousands  on  the  sagebrush  on  the  prairies.  This  probably  is  the 
one  that  Dr.  Frank  E.  Lutz  refers  to  in  his  work,  a  Fieldbook  of 
Insects,  when  he  says: 

Of  the  geniis  Cicada  (as  now  limited,  Tettigia),  the  small  hierglyphica  with  an  almost 
transparent  abdomen,  may  be  found  in  pine  barrens,  and  is  our  only  species. 

Kirby,  in  his  Textbook  of  Entymology,  figures  ThopJia  saccata, 
Amyot,  and  says  that  it  is  an  Australian  insect,  remarkable  for  the 
large  drums  of  the  male.  It  is  rusty  brown;  the  thorax  is  banded 
with  black  and  yellow,  and  the  abdomen  is  black.  From  tip  to  tip 
this  giant  among  the  Cicàdidœ  measures  five  and  a  half  inches. 

Three  very  fine  species  inhabit  China,  and  others  are  foimd  in 
South  Africa.  The  big  one  of  the  East  Indies  (Dundubia  imperatoria 
Westw.)  measures  over  8  inches  across  the  spread  wings. 

Barby  remarks  that  the — 

Cicadas  are  improperly  called  "locusts"  both  in  America  and  Australia.  In  coun- 
tries where  they  abound,  the  larger  species  keep  up  a  perpetual  chirping,  and  they 
and  other  insects  make  the  woods  resound  with  their  song  at  almost  all  hours  of  the 
day  and  night.  Hence,  I  have  been  assured  by  travelers  who  have  spent  some  years 
in  the  Tropics,  that  nothing  struck  them  so  much  on  their  return  to  England  as  what 
seemed  the  death-like  stillness  of  our  woods,  and  that  it  was  months,  or  even  years, 
before  they  were  able  to  divest  themselves  of  the  impression  that  it  was  always  winter. 

Were  such  travelers  able  to  hear  the  din  created  by  the  thousands 
of  the  17-year  cicadas  '* singing'^  in  concert  in  the  trees  they  would 
most  assuredly  have  but  slender  grounds  for  such  complaint. 

One  of  the  very  best  accounts  of  our  cicadas  is  given  us  by  Dr.  L. 
O.  Howard,  in  his  well  known  Insect  Book,  fully  illustrated  by  many 
of  Riley's  excellent  cuts.  These  last  include  the  *'yoimg  larva''  of 
the  17-year  species,  which  stands  in  evidence  of  Dr.  Howard's  belief 
of  its  accuracy. 

**The  ultimate  fate  of  this  interesting  species,"  says  this  eminent 
authority,  ''is  imdoubtedly  extinction,  and  its  numbers  are  rapidly 
growing  less.  One  of  the  comparatively  few  insects  upon  which 
the  English  sparrow  feeds  with  avidity  is  the  periodical  cicada,  and 
many  thousands  of  them  are  destroyed  by  sparrows  each  time  they 
make  their  appearance  and  before  they  lay  their  eggs."  One  inter- 
ested in  cicadas  should  certainly  read  this  valuable  account  by  Dr. 
Howard.  According  to  Lutz,  the  adults  live  only  a  week  or  so,  'Ho 
recompense  them  for  the  long  period  of  preparation." 

Further  on  the  same  author  remarks  that  "there  are  a  score  or 
more,  of  different  broods,  each  of  which  has  a  rather  definite,  often 
restricted,  distribution  and  time  of  emergence.  Suppose  there  are 
three  such  broods  in  your  neighborhood.  One  of  them  (that  is,  the 
adults)  may  have  appeared  in  1911;    its  next  appearance  would  be 


190  THE  FAN  AMEBIOAN   UNION. 

1928.  Another  might  be  1916,  1933,  and  so  on.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
these  are  actual  broods,  although  they  may  not  be  the  ones  of  your 
Deighborhood.  However,  the  example  shows  that  we  may  have 
17-yeBr  cicadas  oftener  then  every  17  years,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
possibility  of  laggards  or  extra-spry  individuals,  in  various  broods, 
which  do  not  appear  on  schedule  time." 

It  has  been  pointed  out  that  many  thousands  of  these  cicadas  came 
forth  on  the  streets  in  Washington.  This,  be  it  noted,  could  only 
happen  where  the  ground  for  17  years,  or  a  little  more,  had  not  been 
sealed  over,  either  by  some  structure  or  other  having  been  erected 
upon  it,  or  by  the  making  of  cemented  sidewalks  and  impenetrable 
roadways.  As  Washington  extensively  encroached  upon  its  fonner 
environs  during  the  time  this  brood  of  cicadas  were  enjoying  the  17 
years  of  subterranean  existence,  many  hundreds  of  acres  being  sealed 
over,  it  is  apparent  that  all  the  cicadas  in  those  areas,  perhaps  millions 
of  them,  could  not  come  to  the  surface  at  the  appointed  time,  and 
thus  perished  at  the  points  where  they  arrived  at  such  impassable 
barriers.  It  is  claimed  that  this  factor  of  destruction  will,  in  time, 
exterminate  this  interesting  insect — an  idea  that  is  surely  quite 
unbelievable,  though  to  a  certain  extent  it  may  keep  their  numbers 
down,  as  does  the  extensive  warfare  waged  upon  them  by  the  English 
sparrows  in  and  about  our  cities. 

Extinction  or  no  extinction,  war  or  no  war,  sparrows  or  no  spar- 
rows, in  the  month  of  May,  1936,  common  reckoning,  we  shall,  with 
absolute  certùuty,  see  an  emei^ence  of  our  17-year  cicada  where  the 
present  hordes  have  appeared. 


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HIS  KXCKI.I.KNrV  DR.  JArolll)  VA11KT.\,  KNVOY  KXTR.VOllllINARY  AND  MINISTER 
I'LKNIl'OTKNTIARY    FllUM  I'Hl'liCAY  TO  THK   I'NITKU  STATKS. 

Dr.  VarclB.  who  sincp  IilsI  Ortolipr  ha»  oroiipipd  Chi.'  post  of  «nvoy  oilraoMinuy  and  mlniilpt  plenlpo- 
ImlUiy  or  L'niriuiy  lo  ihc  I'niled  Slaten.  has  had  >  nrominint  Parivr  In  his  roiinlry  biiiI  lus  oc™pi«l 
vorluiB  hi^  dIBcíbI  pasiliaiii,  lip  holds  Ihp  dE^r»  ol  daotor  at  laws  and  luliltcal  sriinn-,  coninrra  hy 
the  Univmlty  ol  Uonlevideo,  where  he  itchleved  Ihi  hiehcsi  honors  and  In  nhosr  taciilty  beheld  the 
rhninDtmlmiBlianal  law  and  philosaphy.  As  minister  of  fore! eh  rNalions  in  the  Cahinrt  hcevineed 
lusexecuUveanddiplonutleslillilv.andas  dppui y  and  senator  hP  look  an  active  pait  In  the  most  intei- 
esllnit  debatnt  ol  internalional,  flnanelal  and  nolitiral  character  the  rriipiaran  l'arllanienl  has  witnessed 
in  recent  years.    He  is  eonsldráed  ene  ol  Ibeleadlnc  parllameniarlansorhls  country  and  wai  chairman 

or theeommilteesof  ir- ■■ — '  — -■ -■  -'  ° ■-  "■-  '■- -  - '  -■■■-••  >- ■*" 

"ail.    Before  he 

te  to  lhe  pmre  _ >  - _  .,, ,. _ 

al  Lahore  onterence  held  in  Wa.thin(!ion  in  Üovemlier.  iwit).    HelsalsonrealiJeniofihet'rniniayaii 

L  of  Ihc  Inlenialionul  Htih  " '-'— 


nresldenl.    Before  he  was  appMntodto  his  presrnt_^|»st  in  Washiniiun  hi 


PAN  AMERICAN  NOTES 


LUNCHEON   TO   THE    AMBASSADOR   OF    ARGENTINA. 

ONE  of  the  most  interesting  monthly  luncheons  of  the  American 
Manufacturers  Export  Association  was  held  at  the  Hotel 
Mc Alpine   on   December    12    in   honor   of   the   Argentine 
Ambassador,  His  Excellency  Dr.  Tomás  A.  Le  Breton.     The 
muster  of  ceremonies  of  the  occasion  was  Mr.  W.  L.  Saunders,  chair- 
man of  the  board,  Ingersoll  Rand  Co.,  and  president  of  the  association, 
who  introduced  the  Ambassador  to  400  manufacturing  exporters. 

The  address  of  Dr.  Le  Breton  was  very  much  appreciated  not 
only  because  he  is  ^Vrgentina's  representajtive  but  also  because  as 
a  citizen  of  Argentina  and  a  pubhc  man,  he  has  given  much  of  his 
time  to  the  studv  of  her  economic  and  commercial  relations  and  is 
well  fitted  to  advise  the  manufacturers  of  requirements  for  success- 
ful competition  m  one  of  the  most  important  markets  of  South 
America.     The  Ambassador  spoke  in  part  as  follows  : 

The  Argentine  Republic  is  now  passing  through  an  era  of  great  prosperity  and 
everything  points  toward  a  greater  future.  In  the  past  the  Argentine  merchants 
made  their  purchases  principally  in  Europe.  The  war,  by  closing  these  sources  of 
supply,  deviated  the  current  of  their  trade  toward  the  United  States.  But  in  placing 
their  orders  in  the  United  States  they  are  confronted  with  a  difficult  situation:  The 
American  exporters  are  overflowed  with  European  orders,  and  the  domestic  con- 
sumption absorbs  a  great  part  of  the  production  of  this  country  already  curtailed 
by  labor  disturbances. 

Yet  the  American  producers  must  preserve  and  encourage  this  demand  for  American 
goods  from  those  countries  which  are  at  present  buying  from  the  United  States,  as 
it  will  greatly  help  them  to  maintain  staoiiity  in  their  industry  when  the  economic 
conditions  that  have  been  upset  by  the  war  become  normal.  Otherwise  the  current 
oí  trade  will  take  its  prewar  course,  and  this,  combined  with  increased  activity  in 
European  factories,  might  bring  about  over-production  in  the  United  States. 

The  principal  factor  in  securing  and  maintaining  regular  foreign  trade  is  a  powerful 
merchant  marine.  Of  the  steamers  that  entered  the  port  of  Buenos  Aires  in  1918 
only  10  per  cent  were  under  the  American  flag.  Up  to  the  present  not  a  single  packet 
boat  has  been  plying  between  New  York  and  Buenos  Aires.  The  United  States 
Shipping  Board  has  just  announced  the  first  ship  for  this  purpose. 

The  great  importance  of  the  Argentine  Republic  in  its  relation  with  the  foreign 
trade  of  the  United  States  is  shown  in  the  statistical  figures  with  which  you  are 
undoubtedly  familiar.  During  the  first  nine  months  of  this  year,  Argentina  imported 
$117,750,000  worth  of  goods,  which  is  three  times  larger  than  the  corresponding  sum 
for  the  entire  year  of  1910.  In  1913,  the  last  year  preceding  the  European  War, 
Argentina  bought  67.7  per  cent  of  all  the  goods  exported  by  Spain  to  South  America; 
64  per  cent  of  the  Italian;  52.7  per  cent  of  the  French;  48.01  per  cent  of  the  Belgian; 
46  per  cent  of  the  English,  and  38.2  per  cent  of  the  American  exports  to  South 
America. 

In  the  Buenos  Aires  market  there  is  an  abundance  of  money.  We  do  not  require 
long  credits  to  pay  for  the  goods;  we  are  willing  to  pay  for  them  upon  their  receipt. 

The  Argentine  merchant  is  reluctant  to  pay  cash  with  order  or  even  upon  delivery 

of  the  goods  to  the  steamer  in  New  York,  as  he  is  accustomed  to  be  treated  more 

considerately  in  regard  to  the  way  of  payment. 

193 


194  THE  PAN  AMEBICAN  UNION. 

Other  important  matters  that  must  claim  the  full  attention  of  the  shippers  if  they 
wish  to  maintain  trade  in  Ai^entina  are  the  packing  of  the  goods  and  the  question 
of  shipping  exactly  the  kind  of  goods  ordered,  so  that  they  are  of  the  quality  desired 
and  exactly  according  to  samples  submitted.  It  is  also  important  that  the  goods  be 
delivered  when  promised,  as  the  buyer  is  also  a  seller,  and  in  our  country  he  is 
responsible  for  damages  to  the  persons  who  buy  from  him  if  he  does  not  deliver  the 
merchandise  on  the  date  agreed  upon. 

It  may  not  be  amiss  to  state  here  that  in  our  trade,  like  all  countries  where  com- 
merce is  well  organized,  there  is  a  high  standard  of  honor  among  the  merchants, 
and  strict  adherence  to  the  terms  promised  is  their  rule  of  action,  even  when  the 
promise  is  only  verbal  and  without  dociunents  to  support  it. 

I  have  no  doubt  that  the  American  exporters  will  make  every  effort  in  their  power 
to  avoid  any  changes  in  the  quality  and  date  of  delivery  of  the  goods  ordered  by 
Argentine  clients,  as  this  often  results  in  the  merchants  at  the  other  end  incurring 
responsibility  for  breach  of  coijtract  and  also  brings  about  misunderstandings  as  to 
the  reason  that  prompted  the  export  merchants  to  make  the  substitution. 

Good  faith,  loyalty,  honesty  and  carefulness  should  underlie  all  transactions  of 
international  conmierce — as  well  as  all  commerce — and  only  upon  this  foundation 
can  a  permanent  foreign  trade  be  established. 

Mr.  Arthur  H.  Titus,  vice  president  of  the  National  City  Bank  of 
New  York,  and  in  charge  of  the  Latin  American  branches,  was  the 
next  speaker.  Among  other  things  Mr.  Titus  said  that  the  entrance 
of  American  banks  into  the  Argentine  field  had  been  productive  of 
two  distinct  and  exceedingly  valuable  results.  First  they  have  been 
one  of  the  most  important  factors  in  making  possible  the  vast  com- 
merce which  has  developed  during  the  past  half  decade  between  the 
two  great  coim tries  of  the  Western  Hemisphere,  and  second  they  have 
conducted  their  business  in  such  a  way  that  the  people  of  Argentina 
now  have  an  entirely  different  and  more  favorable  opinion  of  Amer- 
ican business  methods  from  the  one  that  they  had  before. 

Another  speaker  was  Mr.  Philip  B.  Kennedy,  Director  of  the  Bureau 
of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce,  Department  of  Conmierce,  who 
referred  to  the  advice  given  by  the  Ambassador  to  American  exporters 
and  stated  that  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce  was 
doing  all  in  its  power  to  create  sound  business  practices  and  the  con- 
fidence which  is  necessary  for  every  sort  of  friendly  relation.  He 
said  we  are  facing  a  critical  period  of  adjustment  in  the  world's 
economic  conditions,  but  that  the  country  is  meeting  the  situation  in 
a  way  that  again  proves  its  greatness.  Expressing  great  confidence 
in  the  future,  the  Director  of  the  Bm-eau  of  Commerce  said  among 
other  things:  **I  feel  that  in  such  meetings  as  this,  at  such  a  time  as 
this,  we  should  strike  a  note  of  confidence  and  vigor  and  determina- 
tion. The  future  is  what  we  make  it.  The  time  when  we  are  going 
to  make  it  great  is  not  a  few  years  hence,  but  is  the  present  year.  It 
is  the  time  for  sound  thinking  and  hard  work,  and  I  am  sure  that  this 
association,  with  the  great  amount  of  skill  and  experience  that  it  has 
among  its  membership,  will  be  a  leader  in  convincing  this  country  of 
the  importance  of  world  economic  conditions,  not  only  to  a  few  men 
in  New  York,  but  to  people  in  every  comer  of  this  country.*' 


PAN   AMERICAN   NOTES.  195 

THE   FIRST   PAN    AMERICAN    WOMEN's    CONGRESS. 

The  first  Pan  American  Congress  of  Women  was  held  at  San 
Antonio,  Texas,  December  1  to  3,  1919,  inclusive,  and  was  an  inter- 
esting success  in  every  way.  This  is  the  first  time  in  history  that  the 
women  of  Mexico  and  those  of  the  United  States  have  met  in  conven- 
tion, and  their  avowed  purpose  to  endeavor  to  promote  mutual  under- 
standing, friendship,  and  the  benefits  of  education  between  the  two 
countries  met  with  cooperation  and  indorsement  from  every  source. 

This  convention  was  a  development  from  the  Pan  American  Round 
Table,  which  has  been  in  existence  for  something  over  three  years, 
and  a  branch  of  it  which  was  organized  in  the  City  of  Mexico  a  few 
months  ago.  One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  Mexico  City  branch  was  to 
appoint  its  officers  as  delegates  to  attend  the  San  Antonio  meeting. 
They  were  Mrs.  Felix  Palavecini,  honorary  president;  Mrs.  Alfredo 
Duplan,  president  in  charge;  Miss  Maria  Luisa  Ross,  editor  of  the 
weekly  El  Universal  Ulustrado,  vice  president;  Miss  Adela  Duplan, 
treasurer;  and  Miss  Esperanza  Velazquez  Bringas,  editor  of  the 
Children's  Section  of  El  Universal,  secretary.  Other  registered  dele- 
gates were  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Fernando  Padilla,  representing  the  governor 
of  Michoacan;  Miguel  J.  Chapa,  of  the  City  of  Mexico;  Musquez 
Blanco,  publisher  of  La  Prensa;  and  Mrs.  Blanco;  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Roberto  RiveroU,  representing  Manual  Amaya  Francis  Olivares,  jr., 
of  Mexico  City,  and  Mrs.  Edward  M.  Boatner,  of  Tampico. 

Addresses  of  welcome  were  made  by  Mayor  Sam  C.  Bell,  of  San 
Antonio;  Guillermo  Hall,  representing  the  Mexican  Trade  Bureau; 
Mr.  Gronzalo  de  la  Mata,  Mexican  consul  at  San  Antonio;  C.  S. 
Meek,  Ph.  D.,  and  Mrs.  T.  A.  Coleman  for  Mexico.  Mrs.  A.  C.  Pan- 
coast,  assistant  director  general  of  the  Pan  American  Roimd  Table, 
read  telegrams  regretting  their  inability  to  be  present  from  Director 
General  John  Barrett,  of  the  Pan  American  Union;  Gov.  A.  O. 
Larrazola,  of  New  Mexico;  C.  E.  Mason,  director  general  of  the 
New  York  Round  Table  ;  and  a  similar  telegram  was  r  ead  by  Mrs. 
H.  S.  Mulliken,  representing  Venezuela,  from  Assistant  Director 
General  Francisco  J.  Yanes,  of  the  Pan  American  Union.  Among 
the  local  delegates  and  other  speakers  at  the  convention  were  Dr. 
Charles  H.  Cunningham,  professor  of  business  administration  and 
government  of  the  University  of  Texas;  Dr.  John  Willis  Slaughter, 
resident  lecturer  in  civics  and  philanthropy  of  the  Sharp  Foundation 
of  the  Rice  Institute;  Brig.  Gen.  W.  A.  Scott,  post  commander  at 
Fort  Sam  Houston,  Texas;  Dr.  J.  W.  Bizzell,  president  of  the  Agri- 
cultural and  Mechanical  College,  who  spoke  on  *^  Promoting  Inter- 
national Relations  Through  Educational  Ideas;''  Dr.  Julio  Uriburi, 
president  of  the  Pan  American  University  of  Riverdale,  California; 
Dr.  W.  E.  Dunn,  assistant  professor  of  Latin  American  history  in  the 
University  of  Texas;  Mrs.  John  Griswold,  foimder  and  director  gen- 
eral of  the  Pan  American  Round  Table;  Mrs.  Joseph  Dibrell,  repre- 


196  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

senting  Mexico  for  the  Round  Table  during  the  conference;  Mrs. 
Juan  Long,  who  has  been  assigned  the  task  of  establishing  branches 
of  the  Round  Table  in  other  Latin  American  countries;  Mrs.  John 
A.  Stephens,  representing  the  Women's  Club  of  San  Antonio;  Mrs. 
W.  A.  Daniels,  head  of  the  Americanization  Board  in  San  Antonio; 
Aurelio  Manrique,  ex-deputy  of  the  Union  Congress  in  Mexico;  Mrs. 
J.  K.  Beretta,  president  of  the  Housewives  League;  Senator  Harrj" 
Hertzberg;  and  John  H.  Haile,  president  of  the  San  Antonio  Chamber 
of  Commerce.  All  from  one  angle  or  another  expressed  the  desira- 
bility of  better  international  understanding  between  Pan  American 
countries,  paying  particular  attention  to  Mexico  as  the  nearest  neigh- 
bor to  the  convention.  Dr.  Hermilla  Galinda,  of  Mexico  City,  who 
was  unable  to  be  present,  sent  his  message,  which  was  read  by  Mr. 
Ramon  Gonzales. 

Resolutions  were  unanimously  passed  urging  Congress  to  modify 
the  quarantine  imposed  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture on  Mexican  fruits  and  vegetables,  in  order  to  permit  them 
to  be  imported  for  consumption  in  border  cities  at  least  ;  recommend- 
ing the  establishing  of  Latin  American  departments  in  the  univer- 
sities of  this  country;  recommending  the  introduction  of  the  Spanish 
language  in  schools  in  all  cities  where  are  congregated  large  numbers 
of  Latin  Americans,  and  the  interchange  of  students  between  all 
large  universities  in  the  United  States  and  Latin  American  comitries; 
and  giving  thanks  to  Director  General  John  Barrett  of  the  Pan  Ameri- 
can Union,  Secretary  of  State  Robert  Lansing,  Senator  Morris  Shep- 
pard,  and  others  who  had  rendered  aid  through  suggestions  and 
coiu'tesies. 

The  delegates  and  members  were  given  a  musical  at  the  San  An- 
tonio Country  Club,  a  tea  by  the  International  Institute,  and  were 
shown  other  social  courtesies  by  the  local  clubs  and  institutes  which 
cooperated  as  much  as  possible  to  make  the  convention  an  enjoyable 
success.  At  the  conclusion  of  '*  Mexico  Day,'*  which  ended  the  three- 
day  session,  a  banquet  was  tendered  to  all  those  present  by  the  Mexi- 
can consul,  Mr.  Gonzalo  de  la  Mata,  on  behalf  of  his  Government. 


THIRD   ANNUAL   MEETING    OF   TEACHERS   OF   SPANISH. 

On  December  27  the  American  Association  of  Teachers  of  Spanish 
held  its  third  annual  meeting  in  the  law  school  of  George  Washington 
University,  in  Washington,  D.  C.  The  meeting  showed  the  educa- 
tional value  of  the  association  and  its  thorough  organization,  as  well 
as  the  great  interest  and  enthusiasm  in  the  work  being  carried  on. 
The  program  was  an  excellent  one,  and  several  distinguished  diplo- 
mats as  well  as  educators  took  part. 

Dr.  Howard  Hodgkins,  dean  of  the  school  of  arts  and  sciences  of 
George  Washington  University,  as  representative  of  Dr.  William  M. 


PAN   AMERICAN   NOTES.  197 

Collier,  president  of  the  university,  made  the  principal  welcoming 
address.  Dr.  L.  S.  Rowe,  Chief  of  the  Division  of  Latin  American 
Affairs  of  the  Department  of  State  and  Secretary  General  of  the  In- 
ternational High  Commission,  and  Señor  Francisco  J.  Yanes,  Assist- 
ant Director  of  the  Pan  American  Union  and  chief  of  the  section  on 
education  of  that  institution,  also  welcomed  the  teachers  to  the  capi- 
tal. The  addresses  made  by  these  two  prominent  officials  showed 
the  triple  value  of  the  study  of  the  Spanish  Janguage,  its  cultural 
and  literary  value,  its  practical  or  commercial  value,  and  its  social 
and  political  value. 

Dr.  Rowe  defined  one  of  the  most  important  ends  which  the  teacher 
of  Spanish  should  pursue  in  his  classes  when  he  said:  *^The  Govern- 
ment of  our  country,  in  its  task  of  bringing  about  closer  relations 
between  the  nations  of  the  American  continents,  wherein  it  has  been 
my  modest  part  to  fill  the  post  of  the  Chief  of  the  Division  of  Latin 
American  Affairs,  sees  in  you  all  active  and  enthusiastic  collaborators 
and  counts  on  your  efforts  as  one  of  the  most  powerful  aids  it  may 
call  upon  to  realize  its  high  purposes  of  continental  accord/' 

Other  prominent  speakers  of  the  occasion  were  his  excellency  the 
ambassador  of  Spain,  Don  Juan  Riaûo  y  Gayangos,  and  His  Excellency 
the  Minister  of  Uruguay,  Dr.  Jacobo  Varela.  Señor  Riaño,  who  was 
present  at  the  organization  of  the  association  in  1917,  expressed  sur- 
prise and  satisfaction  at  the  development  and  success  attained  by 
the  society.  His  speech  he  styled  a  '^mere  note,''  but  it  was  a  very 
comprehensive  note  on  the  golden  age  of  Spanish  letters  and  sciences. 
Dr.  Varela's  address  was  a  stimulus  to  new  efforts  and  more  energy 
in  the  teaching  of  Spanish  and  the  sowing  of  the  seed  of  Pan  Ameri- 
canism in  the  United  States. 

In  the  afternoon  session,  scheduled  for  the  discussi'^n  of  the  pro- 
fessional affairs  and  interests  of  the  association,  Dr.  G.  Doyle, 
of  George  Washington  University,  reviewed  the  subject  of  teaching 
Spanish  in  the  high  schools  and  universities  of  the  United  States  and 
refuted,  from  the  professional  point  of  view,  the  attacks  which  are 
continually  made  against  the  prominent  place  given  to  the  teaching 
of  Spanish  in  the  curriculums  of  the  United  States.  At  the  request 
of  those  attending  the  meeting  the  greatest  possible  publicity  will 
be  given  to  Dr.  Doyle's  paper,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  it  will  be 
read  by  all  those  interested  in  the  study  of  Spanish  in  the  United 
States.  Prof.  Charles  P.  Harrington,  of  Kent  School,  read  a  paper 
on  the  subject  of  *'The  Purposes  Accomplished  by  the  Teaching  of 
Spanish  in  High  Schools.'' 

In  his  official  speech  as  president  of  the  association  Mr.  Lawrence 
A.  Wilkins  enimierated  the  different  activities  of  the  association  and 
the  problems  which  it  has  under  consideration,  one  of  the  latter  being 
the  establishment  of  a  summer  course  for  teachers  of  Spanish  in  one 
of  the  Spanish-speaking  countries.     To  this  end  three  plans  were 


L 


198  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

presented  for  the  consideration  of  the  professors;  the  course  offered  by 
Junta  de  Altos  Estudios  of  Madrid;  that  offered  by  the  University  of 
Porto  Rico  and  the  one  offered  by  the  Government  of  Costa  Rica 
through  its  Minister  of  Public  Instruction.  In  view  of  the  importance 
of  the  matter,  it  was  agreed  to  appoint  a  **  Committee  on  Studies  and 
Trips  Abroad/'  the  officers  and  members  being  as  follows:  President, 
Mr.  William  Barlow,  of  the  Commercial  High  School,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.; 
for  Spain,  Mrs.  Mar^  P.  Cos,  Los  Angeles,  Prof.  Federico  Onis, 
Columbia  University,  and  Prof.  Ortega,  of  the  University  of  Minne- 
sota; for  Porto  Rico,  Señor  Max  A.  Luria,  De  Witt  Clinton  High 
School,  New  York,  and  Mrs.  Enuna  P.  Pennoch,  Newton  High 
School,  Elmhurst,  Long  Island;  for  Costa  Rica,  Señor  Arturo  Torres, 
Pan  American  Union  and  Prof.  Henry  G.  Doyle,  George  Washington 
University,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Mr.  Wilkins,  who  for  his  perseverence  and  enthusiasm  is  known  as 
one  of  the  most  active  friends  of  the  cause,  was  reelected  president 
of  the  association  and  Dr.  Alfred  Coester,  Leland  Stanford  Junior  Uni- 
versity, was  reelected  treasurer. 

The  section  of  education  of  the  Pan  American  Union  in  its  desires 
to  contribute  in  all  possible  ways  to  the  increase  of  the  knowledge  of 
Spanish  and  the  spreading  of  Pan  American  ideas,  offered  to  send  the 
Pan  American  Buixetin  to  the  teachers  to  be  used  as  supplemen- 
tary reading.  In  this  way  the  interest  of  students  of  Spanish  in  the 
United  States  in  Pan  American  affairs  will  be  stimulated  and  they 
will  be  given  some  idea  of  the  culture  and  civilization  in  the  sister 
republics  of  the  Americas. 

This  meeting  of  the  association  was  a  pronounced  success  in  every 
way.  The  program  was  opened  with  the  singing  of  several  Spanish 
songs  by  Señorita  Estrella  Amores,  of  Cuba,  giving  the  occasion  a 
Spanish  and  Spanish-American  atmosphere.  There  were  also  selec- 
tions by  Prof.  A.  Ralón,  the  Guatemalan  violinist,  accompanied  by 
Miss  Dorothée  Boucher,  of  Washington.  The  Spanish  American 
Atheneum  gave  an  entertainment  in  honor  of  the  attending  members 
of  the  association.  Dr.  SherwcU,  president  of  the  Atheneum,  receiv- 
ing. Many  of  the  teachers  remained  in  Washington  over  Sunday  to 
visit  the  Pan  American  Building  by  special  invitation. 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  add,  in  connection  with  the  work  done  by 
the  teachers  of  Spanish  in  the  United  States,  that  in  1915  the  numbei 
of  students  of  Spanish  in  the  high  schools  throughout  the  coimtry 
was  35,000  and  in  less  than  four  years  this  number  has  increased, 
according  to  the  estimates  of  the  teachers,  to  300,000.  The  American 
Association  of  Teachers  of  Spanish,  founded  in  1917,  has  come  to  be 
a  national  organization,  in  whose  ranks  there  are  now  some  1,000 
distinguished  professors.  The  society  has,  moreover,  a  magazine. 
Hispana,  as  its  official  organ,  which  is  an  honor  to  the  association 
and  all  the  teachers  in  the  United  States. 


^' 


AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY 
i  AM)  COMMERCE  ; 


ARGENTINA. 


Among  the  recommendations  made  by  the  South  American  Conti- 
nental DAIRY  CONGRESS,  which  was  held  in  Buenos  Aires  from 
the  6th  to  the  15th  of  October,  1919,  is  one  which  provides  that  in 
order  to  secure  the  rapid  development  of  the  dairy  industry  of  the 
countries  of  Latin  America,  South  American  dairy  congresses  and 
expositions  held  in  the  future  are  to  be  Pan  American  dairy  con- 
gresses and  expositions,  and  it  is  proposed  to  hold  the  first  of  these 
in  the  United  States  in  1920  or  not  later  than  1921.  The  preliminary 
Work  is  to  be  done  by  an  organizing  committee  of  the  South  American 
Dairy  Congress  referred  to.  This  committee  proposes  to  seek  the 
cooperation  of  the  United  States  Government,  and  through  it  invite 
all  of  the  countries  of  America  to  participate.  The  place  of  holding 
the  congress  and  other  details  are  still  in  abeyance. 

The  Handley-Page  airplane  factory,  an  English  corporation,  pro- 
poses to  establish  an  AIRPLANE  SERVICE  between  Argentina, 
Uruguay,  and  Brazil  and  to  use  airplanes  having  a  capacity  of  from 
12  to  17  persons. 

The  Department  of  Agriculture  has  ordered  the  exploration,  sur- 
vey, and  subdivision  of  GOVERNMENT  LANDS  in  the  Lake 
Argentine  region  which  were  reserved  as  grazing  lands  in  accordance 
with  a  decree  of  September  2,  1903.  These  lands  are  to  be  given  to 
settlers  for  exploitation. 

The  Department  of  Public  Works  issued  a  decree  of  November  28, 
1919,  regulatmg  the  construction  of  DECAUVILLE  RAILWAYS 
with  the  object  of  reducing  the  cost  of  transporting  freight.  Under 
certain  conditions  municipalities,  private  persons,  and  railway  com- 
panies which  have  built  Decauville  lines  may  extend  the  same  to 
railway  stations,  wharves,  and  port  zones. 

The  ANNUAL  COTTON  CONTEST,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Agricultural  Museum  of  the  Rural  Society,  was  held  in  Buenos 
Aires  in  the  latter  part  of  November,  1919,  with  the  object  of  encour- 
aging the  cultivation  of  cotton  in  the  northern  zones  of  the  country. 
A  number  of  valuable  prizes  were  awarded  to  exhibitors. 

In  November,  1919,  work  was  begun  on  the  straightening  and 
dredging  of  the  UPPER  PARANA  RIVER  so  as  to  make  it  more 
navigable  for  the  inhabitants  of  the  Territory  of  Misiones  and  those 
of  the  northern  part  of  Corrientes  Province.  Special  attention  is 
to  be  given  in  this  work  to  the  removal  of  rocks  and  ledges  which 
are  dangerous  to  or  obstruct  navigation. 

199 


200  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

A  large  quantity  of  MAiZE  is  being  exported  to  Cuba,  the  first 
shipment  having  left  Buenos  Aires  in  November  last. 

In  1919  the  EXPORTS  OF  FLAXSEED  were  in  excess  of  800,000 
tons,  valued  at  200,000,000  pesos,  paper.  Last  year  the  Argentine 
Republic  was  practically  the  only  country  in  the  world  which 
exported  flaxseed,  inasmuch  as  Russia,  its  greatest  competitor , 
produced  but  little  of  this  seed  during  the  year  referred  to. 

BOLIVIA. 

According  to  newspaper  notices  the  Minister  of  Industry  has 
authorized  Señor  Jacobo  Bakus  to  carry  on  investigations  to  see  if 
there  are  any  OIL  FIELDS  in  the  Department  of  La  Paz. 

Two  BoUvian  business  men  have  established  in  La  Paz  a  FACTORY 
FOR  NAILS  of  all  kinds,  sizes,  and  thickness.  Seventy  workmen 
are  employed.  This  factory  marks  the  beginning  of  a  new  industry 
in  the  country. 

In  order  to  reduce  the  HIGH  COST  OF  LIVING  the  President  on 
September  30  approved  a  decree  of  the  National  Congress  freeing 
articles  of  prime  necessity  such  as  rice,  sugar,  wheat,  and  canned 
milk  from  import,  statistical,  and  storage  taxes,  and  authorizing  the 
President  to  buy  such  food  products  in  the  country  or  import  them 
and  turn  them  over  to  the  municipalities  for  sale.  It  also  authorizes 
the  contraction  of  a  loan  of  up  to  2,000,000  bolivianos  (boliviano  = 
$0.3893)  which  will  bo  covered  by  the  product  of  these  sales.  The 
municipalities  will  watch  the  sale  of  these  articles  so  that  the  profit 
does  not  exceed  8  per  cent,  being  empowered  in  that  case  to  appro- 
priate the  articles  on  sale.  The  President  may  reestabhsh  these 
taxes  when  the  prices  of  the  articles  mentioned  have  become  normal, 
and  also  may  prevent  the  exportation  of  such  articles  as  in  his 
opinion  may  cause  a  shortage  in  the  national  supply. 

Another  legislative  decree,  approved  October  22,  1919,  ordered  the 
directorate  general  of  customs  to  make  a  detailed  inventory  of  the 
articles  of  prime  necessity  that  are  in  the  customs,  and  to  make  a 
daily  report  to  the  directorate  general  of  the  internal  revenue  on  the 
duties  collected  for  the  importation  of  the  aforementioned  articles, 
so  that  the  directorate  of  the  internal  revenue  may  fix  the  price  of 
such  articles,  demanding  the  bills  of  lading  and  other  original  docu- 
ments if  the  surplus  of  these  articles  permits  the  resumption  of  the 
tax.  The  wholesale  merchants  will  also  be  called  upon  to  furnish  a 
list  of  the  articles  in  their  warehouses  and  the  quantities,  together 
with  the  weight,  price,  and  name  of  purchaser. 

BRAZIL. 

According  to  official  data  the  EXPORTS  OF  COFFEE  during  the 
first  eight  months  of  1919  aggregated  9,323,000  sacks,  valued  at 


AGRIGXJLTUBBy  INDUSTRY,  AND  OOMMEROE.  201 

883,314  contos  (conto,  paper  «  $280  U.  S.)i  as  compared  with  5,595,000 
sacks,  valued  at  225,873  contos  in  the  same  period  of  1918,  or  an 
increase  in  1919  of  3,728,000  sacks.  In  1919  the  average  value  per 
sack,  f.  o.  b.,  was  95  milreis  (milreis,  paper '-$0.28  U.  S.),  as  com- 
pared with  44  milreis  in  1918. 

In  the  same  period  of  1919  the  EXPORTS  OF  CACAO  totaled 
39,762  tons,  valued  at  56,997  contos,  as  compared  with  26,762  tons, 
▼alued  at  22,546  contos,  during  the  first  eight  months  of  1918.  The 
average  value  per  ton  was  844  milreis  in  1918,  as  compared  with  1,432 
milreis  in  1919. 

The  EXPORTS  OF  WOOL,  which  during  the  first  eight  months 
of  1918  amoimted  to  1,074  tons,  valued  at  5,011  contos,  rose  to 
1,582  tons,  valued  at  7,799  contos,  during  the  same  period  of  1919. 

The  Department  of  Commimications  has  authorized  the  LLOYD 
BRASILEIRO  STEAMSHIP  CO.  to  make  one  or  two  trial  trips, 
with  stops  in  Argentina,  Brazil,  Barbados,  Habana,  and  New  Orleans, 
without  interfering  with  its  regular  service  to  the  port  of  New  York, 
the  vessels  to  be  consigned  to  the  Brazilian  consuls.  This  company 
now  has  47  ships,  but  expects  within  a  short  time  to  place  11  more 
in  the  service.  A  steamship  company  has  been  organized  in  Jagu- 
arao,  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  for  the  navigation  of  Lake  Mirim, 
and  of  the  Jaguarao,  São  Gonçalo,  Taquary,  and  CeboUati  Rivers. 
Freight,  passengers,  and  mail  will  be  carried.  This  company  also 
proposes  to  build  a  railroad  from  Rio  Branco  to  Puerto  Coronilla  in 
Uruguay,  via  Puerto  Amaro,  Xarqueada,  and  San  Miguel.  Brazilian^ 
Uruguayan,  and  United  States  capitalists  are  interested  in  the 
enterprise. 

During  the  latter  part  of  last  year  the  American  Locomotive  Co. 
shipped  13  broad-gauge  and  5  narrow-gauge  LOCOMOTIVES  to 
Rio  de  Janeiro  at  a  total  cost  delivered  in  that  port  of  $757,700. 

The  VICTORIA  TO  MINAS  RAILWAY  has  at  present  591  kilo- 
meters of  line  in  operation;  that  is  to  say,  443  kilometers  from  Vic- 
toria to  Itabaya  and  148  kilometers  from  Ciuralinho  to  Diamantina. 
There  are  also  39  kilometers  under  construction — 203  kilometers  of 
approved  survey  and  241  kilometers  of  projected  survey. 

The  Government  of  the  State  of  São  Paulo  has  granted  a  concession 
for  the  construction  of  a  RAILWAY jfrom  Tiratinaya  to  the  Cataracts 
of  the  Tibirica  River,  a  distance  of  90  kilometers.  Construction 
work  must  be  commenced  within  six  months  and  completed  within 
three  years. 

EXPORTS  from  the  State  of  Sao  Paulo  in  1918  consisted  of  coffee 
valued  at  202,956  contos,  cotton  fabrics  101,443  contos,  and  meats 
34,449  contos. 

The  State  of  Parana  has  1,232  FACTORIES,  as  follows:  Tobacco 
and  tobacco  products,  231;  beveragee,_674  ;  matches,  4;  boots  and 

168777— 20— BuU. 


202  THB  PAK  AMEBIOAK  XTNIOIX.  ^ 

shoes,  235;  perfumery,  7;  pharmacists' specialties,  21  ;Tcanned^goodSy 
19;  viaegar,  9;  candles,  7;  cotton  fabrics,  11;  corsets,  2;  hats,  27; 
earthenware  and  glass,  2;  iron  products,  4;  ground  coffee,  69;  and 
butter,  10. 

Press  reports  state  that  two  foreign  companies  propose  to  establish 
new  STEAMSHIP  LINES  to  Brazil.  One  of  these  is  the  North  & 
South  Atlantic  Line  of  Bei^en,  Norway,  which  will  touch  on  the 
outgoing  trip  at  New  York,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Santos,  and  Buenos 
Aires,  and  on  the  return  trip  at  Santos,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Bahia,  Rotter- 
dam, and  Hamburg.  The  other  is  the  Marine  Navigation  Co.,  of 
Canada,  which  will  run  direct  from  St.  John  or  Halifax  to  the  prin- 
cipal Brazilian  ports. 

CHILB. 

For  October,  1919,  the  total  production  of  the  mines  of  the  COM- 
PAÑÍA estañífera,  of  Llallagua,  was  30,100  quintals  of  tin. 
The  company  sent  to  the  coast  during  the  same  month  32,728  quintals 
of  tin  and  had  on  hand  for  November  6,243  quintals. 

For  the  month  of  October  the  EXPORTATION  OF  NITRATE 
amounted  to  3,463,036  Spanish  quintals,  which  figure  added  to  the 
7,834,761  quintals  exported  during  the  months  from  January  to 
September,  inclusive,  1919,  makes  11,297,797  quintals  the  total  export 
for  the  first  10  months  of  the  year. 

The  Ministry  of  Industry  recently  requested  the  Ministry  of  Foreign 
Relations  to  secure  through  the  Chilean  Legation  in  Tokyo  some  speci- 
mens of  the  tea  plant  in  order  to  make  experiments  in  the  cultivation 
of  TEA. 

According  to  newspaper  reports,  the  Government  of  Chile  has 
lately  received  two  proposals  to  establish  an  AIRPLANE  AND 
MOTOR  FACTORY  in  the  country  and  to  operate  an  air  postal 
service.  The  enterprise  would  call  for  a  capital  of  over  10,000,000 
pesos  (peso —  $0.3650).  One  of  the  proposals  was  made  by  the 
Aircraft  Co.  whose  planes  are  well  known  in  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain. 

Official  reports  state  that  during  the  month  of  October,  1919,  the 
SALES  OF  GOVERNMENT  LANDS  for  colonization  were  as  fol- 
lows: Tamuco,  58  pieces  of  famv  property  and  40  smaller  plots  were 
auctioned  off  for  272,261  pesos;  in  Puerto  Montt,  16  pieces  of  farm 
property  and  5  smaller  plots  for  142,000  pesos;  and  in  Ancud,  28 
pieces  of  farm  property  for  59,148  pesos,  making  a  total  of  473,409 
pesos  received  by  the  Government. 

On  October  26,  1919,  the  Dutch  steamer  Van  Overstraten  left  the 
port  of  Jemaraug,  Java,  for  the  Chilean  ports  of  Arica,  Iquique,  and 
Valparaiso.  This  is  the  initial  trip  of  a  NEW  STEAMER  SERVICE 
established  by  the  Lloyd  Holland  Line  between  Java  and  Chile. 
The  Compagnie  Transatlantique  Française  has  also  established  a  new 
line  between  Bordeaux  and  Valparaiso. 


AOBIOULTUBEy  INDUSTBT,  AND  OOMMEBOB.  208 

The  Government  recently  made  arrangements  to  provide  the 
POLICE  OF  THE  ANDES  with  new  uniforms  and  to  increase  the 
force  and  the  salaries.  The  present  force  consists  of  40  members 
ondçr  the  charge  of  two  officers. 

COLOMBIA. 

The  Legislative  Assembly  approved  the  project  of  the  Ministry  of 
Agriculture  for  which  60,000  pesos  gold  (Peso  =  $0.9733)  were  appro- 
priated for  IRRIGATION  WORK  in  the  Department  of  Tolima, 
which  will  convert  these  waste  lands  into  profitable  plantations, 
productive  enough  to  satisfy  the  needs  of  home  markets. 

The  œMPANlA  SANTANDEREANA  DE  TABACO  with  a 
capital  of  100,000  pesos  gold  has  been  formed  in  Bogotá.  It  will  have 
agencies  in  Bucaramanga,  Girardot,  Honda,  Ibague,  Armenia, 
Palmira,  Manizales,  and  Cali,  and  will  engage  in  the  importation  and 
exportation  of  cigars,  cigarettes,  granulated  tobacco,  and  all  kinds  of 
tobacco  grown  or  manufactured  within  or  outside  of  the  country;  also 
the  cultivation  of  tobacco  in  the  Department  of  Santander  and  other 
sections  of  the  Republic. 

According  to  article  3  of  Law  64  of  1913,  article  10  of  Law  57, 1917, 
and  article  9  of  Ordinance  No.  31, 1919,  of  the  Assembly  of  Antioquia, 
the  Department  of  Antioquia  has  resolved  to  undertake  the  construe- 
tion  of  the  URABA  RAILROAD  and  in  consequence  will  take 
advantage  of  the  subsidy  which  the  first  law  cited  concedes. 

A  company  has  been  formed  in  Bogotá  for  the  establishment  of 
BREWERIES  AND  GLASS  FACTORIES  in  the  Department  of 
Antioquia,  Caldas,  and  el  Valle. 

Newspaper  accounts  state  that  the  Minister  of  Public  Works  has 
made  preliminary  arrangements  for  a  contract  with  a  United  States 
promoter.  Dr.  Walter  B.  Pierce,  to  construct  the  portion  of  the 
EBAGUE-CALI  RAILROAD  line  running  through  Cartago  from 
Palmira  to  Popayan  and  from  Palmira  to  Santander  (Cauca),  and 
also  the  reconstruction  of  the  Ferrocarril  del  Pacific  (Pacific  Railroad) 
from  Cali  to  Buenaventura.  The  work  will  be  begun  on  the  20th  of 
June,  1920.  The  company,  of  which  Mr.  Pierce  is  representative, 
will  provide  the  necessary  capital  for  the  work  at  6  per  cent  interest, 
agreeing  to  finish  the  work  in  five  years,  in  which  time  Bogota  will  be 
placed  in  communication  by  rail  with  the  Pacific. 

Early  in  December  in  Barranquilla  a  GERMAN-COLOMBIAN 
AIR  TRANSPORT  COMPANY  was  formed  with  a  capital  of  100,000 
pesos  gold  divided  into  1,000  shares  of  100  pesos,  half  of  which  were 
subscribed  in  that  city  and  the  other  half  in  Bogotá.  This  company 
is  to  establish  a  hydroplane  service  between  Barranquilla  and 
Bogotá,  with  stops  at  Bodega  Central,  Puerto  Wllches,  and  Puerto 
Barrio,  and  has  already  ordered  from  Germany  four  planes  and 
engaged  Grerman  pilots  and  engineers  to  come  witii  the  planes.    The 


204  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

trip  from  Barranquilla  to  Bogotá  will  be  made  in  9  hours,  since  the 
hydroplanes  will  be  capable  of  making  150  to  200  kilometers  an  hour, 
and  will  have  a  capacity  of  5  passengers  and  1,000  kilos  of  freight. 
Tickets  for  this  line  will  cost  200  pesos  (peso  =  $0.9733)  and  letters 
and  packages  10  times  the  usual  rate.  The  service  will  be  begun  in 
March  and  three  round  trips  made  per  week;  later  on  the  same  service 
wiU  be  extended  from  Barranquilla  to  Santa  Marta  and  from  Cartagena 
to  Curazao. 

Notices  from  Paris  in  the  Colombian  press  state  that  early  in 
December  the  first  of  the  airplanes  ordered  in  that  city  were  shipped 
to  Medellin,  and  a  pilot  and  five  mechanicians  were  also  sent  for  the 
opening  of  the  AIR  SERVICE  between  Medellin,  Bogotá  and  Bar- 
ranquilla. The  itinerary  of  this  company  is  as  follows:  Farranquilla, 
Calamar,  Cartagena,  Magangue,  Medellin,  Manizales,  Girardot,  and 
Bogotá.  The  landing  field  in  Medellin  is  now  being  prepared  and  the 
fields  in  Cartagena,  Barranquilla,  and  Manizales  have  also  been 
selected.  The  initial  trip  will  be  made  in  March.  Each  passenger 
from  the  coast  to  Medellin  will  pay  100  pesos,  and  from  Medellin  to 
Bogotá  60  pesos. 

The  latter  part  of  November,  1919,  the  President  of  the  Republic 
approved  a  law  of  Congress  authorizing  the  National  Grovemment  to 
construct  in  the  Department  of  Cundinamarca  a  street  car  or  railroad 
line  between  the  cities  of  Facatativa  and  Sasaima,  Villeta,  Guaduas, 
and  Honda,  which  wiU  be  a  branch  of  the  Sabana  Railroad  to  be 
built  at  such  time  as  not  to  interfere  with  the  prolongation  of  the 
Sabana  Railroad  to  Bajo  Magdalena.  The  law  states  that  for  the 
construction  of  this  new  line  the  national  highways  may  be  used 
which  now  exist,  or  may  be  constructed  between  Facatativa  and 
Honda,  via  Alban,  Sasaima,  ViUeta,  and  Guaduas.  This  same  law 
also  authorizes  the  nation  to  construct  either  alone  or  in  conjunction 
with  the  Departments  of  Cundinamarca  and  Boyacá,  directly  or  by 
means  of  special  concessions,  a  railway  to  open  communication 
between  the  cities  of  Chonconta  and  Guateque  and  Garagoa.  The 
Government  will  provide  half  the  funds  in  joining  with  each  of  the 
Departments  mentioned  for  the  construction  of  the  railways  running 
through  them,  and  shall  be  half  owner  of  the  enterprise,  being  au- 
thorized to  contract  the  necessary  loan  for  the  carrying  out  of  the 
work  defined  by  the  law. 

The  President  has  approved  the  signing  of  a  contract  by  the  Ministry 
of  Public  Works  with  Señores  José  María  Pasos  and  OscarA.  Gromez 
for  the  CANALIZATION  OF  THE  DIKE  OF  CARTAGENA  for 
the  sum  of  600,000  pesos  gold.  The  company  will  carry  out  the  work 
according  to  the  plans  drawn  by  the  engineer,  Señor  C.  L.  Vander- 
bough.  The  channel  is  not  to  be  less  than  6  feet  in  any  part  of  the 
system,  so  as  to  permit  of  the  passage  of  ships  of  300  tons  burden. 


AGRICITLTURBy  INDUSTBT,  JlJSTD  COMMERCE.  205 

and  the  work  is  to  be  commenced  not  later  than  eight  months  after 
the  first  payment. 

An  AUTO  BUS  SERVICE  has  been  inaugurated  between  the 
stations  of  Cisneros  and  Santiago  on  the  Antioquia  Rauroad.  The 
fare  is  1  peso  50  centavos. 

COSTA   RICA. 

On  November  20,  1919,  the  President  of  the  Republic  issued  a 
decree  canceling  CONTRACTS  made  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
for  the  storage  and  wholesale  of  liquors  and  alcohol  made  by  the 
national  distillery.  Instead  of  carrying  out  such  contracts  the 
Government  will  create  the  office  of  agent  of  liquors  in  such  places 
as  are  considered  convenient,  and  these  agents  will  supply  accredited 
dealers  with  the  liquor  in  question.  The  discounts  on  liquor  sales 
formerly  granted  to  the  contractors  will  be  converted  into  a  new 
revalue  to  be  used  for  the  Sanatorio  Carit,  and  boards  of  education 
of  the  country. 

In  December,  1919,  the  LEAGUE  OF  BANANA  PLANTERS 
of  Costa  Rica  was  formed.  The  league  is  to  improve  the  culture  of 
the  fruit  and  increase  the  market  prices;  its  members  are  all  the 
important  planters  producing  bananas  in  the  country. 

At  the  end  of  the  year  1918  the  number  of  TELEGRAPH  OFFICES 
in  the  Republic  was  122,  which  transmitted  416,831  telegrams  and 
collected  223,045  colons  (colon» $0.4653).  At  the  end  of  the  same 
year  there  were  1,614  telephones  and  2,291  miles  of  wire  in  Costa 
Rica. 

OUBA. 

During  November  TEN  NEW  STEAMSHIP  LINES  were  estab- 
lished  between  Cuban  ports  and  those  of  other  countries.  These 
lines  run  from  Panama  to  Habana;  Halifax  to  Habana;  Puerto  Rico 
and  Santiago  de  Cuba  to  Habana;  China  and  Indo-China  to  Cuba; 
Gijon  to  Habana;  the  new  service  established  by  the  South  Atlantic 
Corporation  between  American  and  Cuban  ports;  Hull,  England,  to 
Habana;  a  new  line  making  fortnightly  trips  between  New  Orleans, 
Santiago  de  Cuba,  Guantanamo,  and  Manzanillo  ;  Holland-American 
line  service  between  Rotterdam,  Bilbao,  Santander,  Coruna,  Vigo, 
and  Habana;  and  one  from  Memphis  to  Habana. 

According  to  newspaper  reports  there  is  a  CONSOLIDATION  OP 
CERTAIN  CEMENT  COMPANIES  of  Cuba,  Argentma,  Uruguay, 
and  Texas.  The  companies  consolidated  are:  The  Cuban  Portland 
Cement  Co.,  the  International  Portland  Cement  Corporation,  the 
Compaftia  Uruguaya  de  Cemento  Portland,  and  the  Texas  Portland 
Cement  Co.  The  organization  will  be  called  the  International  Port- 
land Cement  Corporation,  and  will  have  a  capital  of  $400,000.  The 
corporation  will  be  equipped  to  produce  3,000,000  barrels  of  cement 
annually  in  the  following  proportions:   1,500,000  barrels  from  the 


206  THE  FAN  AMBRIOAN  UIHOK. 

Texas  Co.,  700,000  from  Argentina,  500,000  from  Cuba,  and  300,000 
from  Unrguay. 

A  commercial  paper  of  Habana  states  that  the  Shipping  Board  of 
the  United  States  has  provided  for  the  TRANSPORTATION  OF 
THE  SUGAR  CROP  of  1920  as  follow  :  Cuban  shippen  of  raw  sugar 
are  to  put  aboard  monthly  10  per  cent  of  their  estimated  crop,  and 
the  United  States  promises  to  supply  shipping  to  transport  300,000 
tons  of  sugar  per  month. 

Statistics  of  the  COMMERCE  OF  THE  PORT  OF  HABANA 
show  that  during  the  period  from  January  to  August  of  1919  the  total 
value  of  merchandise  entered  through  the  port  amounted  to  171,821,435 
pesos,  and  the  exports  for  the  same  period  amounted  to  67,964,259 
pesos  (pesos» $1).  According  to  the  same  statistics  the  value  of  the 
exports  for  the  month  of  September,  1919,  amounted  to  $8,337,597, 
and  in  October  to  $8,629,493,  whidi  added  to  the  first  sum  give  a  total 
of  $84,931,349  for  the  10  months  noted. 

In  1918  and  1919  the  PRODUCTION  AND  EXPORTATION 
OF  TOBACCO  was  as  follows:  In  1918  the  total  production  was 
508, 989  bales  (125,122  bales  more  than  in  1917);  147,882  bales  were 
of  Vuelta  Abajo;  27,865  Semi-vuelta;  84,590  from  Partido;  281  from 
Matanzas;  238,885  from  Remedios;  3,714  from  Camaguey,  and  5,772 
from  Oriente.  The  exportation  of  tobacco  for  1918  through  the  port 
of  Habana  was  280,097  bales  weighing  11,753,245  kilos.  In  the 
period  from  January  to  September,  1919,  the  production  amounted  to 
434,932  bales,  of  which  210,226  were  of  Vuelta  Abajo;  21,196  bales  of 
Semi-vuelta;  36,147  from  Partido;  62  from  Matanzas;  163,661  from 
Remedios;  1,582  from  Camaguey,  and  2,058  from  Oriente.  During 
the  same  period  253,417  bales  weighing  10,983,733  kilos  were  exported 
through  Üie  port  of  Habana. 

The  THIRD  PAN  AMERICAN  AERONAUTIC  CONFERENCE 
will  take  place  in  Habana  in  February.  It  is  estimated  that  the 
countries  attending  the  conference  will  spend  $50,000,000  in  the 
purchase  of  aerial  equipment. 

DOMINICAN   REPUBLIO. 

According  to  official  statistics  the  COMMERCIAL  CONDITION 
of  the  commune  of  Santo  Domingo  at  the  beginning  of  1919  was  as 
follows  :  The  industries  and  commerce  of  the  commune  represented  a 
value  of  $142,866,674,  and  the  average  monthly  production  exceeded 
$810,000.  On  the  date  mentioned  there  were  114  machines  in  opera- 
tion and  1,188  persons  employed  in  production. 

ECUADOR. 

According  to  information  given  out  by  the  consul  of  Ek^uador  in 
New  Orleans,  the  Hodge  Shipbuilding  Co.,  of  Moss  Point,  Miss.,  has 


I 

I 


AGBICITLTUEEy  INDUSTBT,  JlJSTD  COMMERCE.  207 

determined  to  establish  A  DIRECT  LINE  OF  STEAMERS  for  pas- 
sengers and  freight  between  New  Orleans  and  Guayaquil.  The  ton- 
nage of  the  largest  steamer  will  be  3,500,  and  there  will  be  three 
smaller  ships. 

Two  Ecuadorean  promoters  have  obtained  a  concession  from  the 
Government  to  import  machineiy  and  equipment  to  MANUFAC- 
TURE RUBBER  GOODS,  which  will  be  the  beginnmg  of  a  new 
industry  for  Ecuador. 

A  new  TOBACCO  FACTORY  has  been  established  in  the  town  of 
Daule. 

The  President  has  decided  that  the  CLAIMANTS  FOR  CONCES- 
SIONS IN  OIL  LANDS  whose  claims  are  now  under  consideration 
will  not  be  considered  as  fulfilling  the  requirements  of  the  law  made 
by  the  last  legislature  on  October  28,  1919. 

The  law  passed  by  Congress  and  signed  by  the  President  on  October 
31, 1919,  fixes  the  requirements  for  raffles  or  drawings  for  the  SALE 
OF  PERSONAL  OR  REAL  PROPERTY  in  a  manner  not  to  conflict 
with  the  law. 

An  OIL  AREA  has  been  discovered  and  denounced  in  the  parish  of 
Calacali,  Canton  of  Quito,  Province  of  Pichincha.  The  claim  has  been 
named  the  ''MoriUo,"  and  embraces  20  pertenencias. 

GUATEMALA. 

The  Massey  Steamship  Co.  has  put  a  ship  into  service  which  will 
By  the  Guatemalan  flag  and  make  VOYAGES  FROM  PUERTO 
BARRIOS  TO  NEW  YORK.  The  steamer  is  of  6,000  tons  burden 
and  is  the  first  to  sail  under  the  flag  of  Guatemala, 

During  the  first  six  months  of  1919  the  IMPORTS  FROM  GREAT 
BRITAIN  amounted  to  175,450  pounds  sterling.  In  1917  Guatemala 
imported  merchandise  from  Great  Britain  valued  at  298,380  pounds. 

On  November  22,  1919,  work  was  begun  on  the  RAILROAD  OF 
LOS  ALTOS.  The  engineers  in  charge  of  the  construction  of  the 
road  are  Messrs.  Shaw  and  Hudson. 

During  the  month  of  November,  1919,  the  EXPORTATION  OF 
COFFEE  to  the  port  of  San  Francisco,  Calif.,  was  2,539  sacks.  At 
the  end  of  the  month  there  was  on  hand  in  the  aforementioned  port  a 
supply  of  17,603  sacks  of  Guatemalan  coffee.  On  November  29, 
1919,  the  President  issued  orders  for  the  reduction  of  the  TELE- 
GRAPH RATES.  This  reduction  establishes  the  price  at  4  pesos 
(paper)  for  the  first  six  words  and  1  peso  for  each  additional  word 
for  telegrams  in  Spanish  not  written  in  cipher  or  code,  directed  to 
any  office  in  the  Republic  or  in  Central  American  countries.  For 
special  telegrams,  and  those  in  which  codes  or  ciphers  or  foreign 
languages  are  used  the  existing  price  will  be  doubled 


208  THE  PAN  AMEBIGAK  UNION. 

HAITI. 

Announcement  has  been  made  in  Port  au  Prince  that  one 
of  the  largest  department  stores  of  Paris,  "LES  GALERIES 
LAFAYETTE,"  will  establish  a  branch  in  the  Haitian  capital.  A 
site  has  already  been  chosen  in  the  business  center,  and  a  laige 
consignment  of  goods  is  reported  to  have  arrived. 

By  presidential  decree,  the  sum  of  $30,000  has  been  placed  at  the 
disposal  of  the  secretary  of  public  works  for  the  construction  of 
NATIONAL  HIGHWAYS.  Another  credit  of  $15,000  has  been 
provided  for  the  construction  of  the  Cayes  Road  which,  when  com- 
pleted, will  make  it  possible  to  travel  by  motor  car  from  Port  au 
Prince  to  the  chief  town  of  the  Department  du  Sud. 

A  new  firm  with  headquarters  in  Port  au  Prince  has  been  incorpo- 
rated under  the  name  of  HAITIAN  REALTY  CO. 

HONDURAS. 

In  November  the  President  ordered  the  ESTABLISHMENT  OF 
MATIi  SERVICE  between  Tegucigalpa  and  the  coast  of  the  north. 
The  new  service  will  include  the  carrying  of  the  mails  from  Teguci- 
galpa to  Comayagua  and  from  Comayagua  to  Potrerillos,  touching 
the  intermediate  points. 

By  recent  presidential  sanction  the  destruction  of  the  cells  of  the 
national  penitentiary  and  the  CONSTRUCTION  OF  SHOPS  in 
their  place  was  ordered.  These  shops  will  be  equipped  and  the 
prisoners  employed  there,  where  they  may  learn  a  useful  occupation 
or  trade. 

MEXICO. 

The  Minister  of  Communications  and  Public  Works  m  cooperation 
with  a  committee  of  topographic  engineers  proposes  to  make  a 
general  MAP  OF  THE  HIGHWAYS  of  the  country,  and  to  recom- 
mend the  roads  that  should  be  repaired  and  oiled  so  as  to  make 
them  suitable  for  automobile  traffic.  The  budget  of  the  present 
year  provides  several  million  pesos  for  the  improvement  and  recon- 
struction of  highways. 

The  present  WHEAT  CROP  of  the  country  is  estimated  at  550,000 
tons,  or  the  largest  in  the  history  of  the  country  for  the  last  20  years. 
From  1891  to  1895  the  annual  production  of  wheat  in  Mexcio  was 
between  494,000  and  500,000  tons. 

The  representatives  of  the  National  Railways  in  New  York  state 
that  arrangements  have  been  made  for  the  renewal  of  direct  PULL- 
MAN SERVICE  between  Mexico  and  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  for  the 
interchange  of  freight  cars  between  the  two  countries. 

The  Board  of  Trade  of  the  United  States  will  hold  a  COMMER- 
CIAL  CONFERENCE  in  the  aty  of  Mexico  from  February  11  to 


AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  JÚSTD  COMMERCE.  209 

13,  1920.  The  Mexican  Government  is  planning  to  give  the  delegates 
an  opportunity  to  visit  different  parts  of  the  country. 

The  American  Smelting  &  Refining  Co.  has  arranged  with  the 
National  Railways  of  Mexico  for  a  year's  extension  of  their  right  to 
run  their  cars  over  the  railway  lines  upon  the  monthly  payment  of 
a  certain  sum  of  money.  It  is  stated  that  during  the  present  year 
the  smelting  company  intends  to  invest  a  large  sum  of  money  in  the 
exploitation  of  ores  and  coal  mines,  and  for  the  establishment  of  a 
large  up-to-date  smelter. 

The  Government  has  contracted  with  the  Mexican  Steel  Railway 
Co.  of  Lower  California  to  build  a  RAILWAY  from  Iron  Mountain 
in  the  interior  of  that  territory  to  a  point  on  the  Pacific  coast.  This 
will  be  the  first  railway  to  cross  the  peninsula  of  Lower  California. 
The  concessionaires  propose  to  build  a  terminal  building,  a  wharf, 
customhouse,  etc. 

An  mdustrial  EXPERIMENTAL  LABORATORY  was  recently 
opened  in  the  City  of  Mexico  for  the  purpose  of  making  scientific 
investigations  of  Mexican  raw  material  with  the  intention  of 
developing  same. 

Press  reports  are  to  the  effect  that  in  December  of  last  year  French 
inta*ests  bought  of  Mexican  companies  7,500,000  barrels  of  OIL 
largely  for  use  by  French  railways. 

By  order  of  the  Department  of  Fomento  a  division  of  the 
DRAINED  LANDS  of  Lake  Texcoco,  near  the  Peñón  baths,  was 
recently  made. 

During  the  latter  part  of  December,  1919,  ELECTRIC  motive 
power  was  substituted  for  steam  power  in  the  movement  of  trains 
between  Merida  and  Progreso. 

NICARAGUA. 

The  Minister  of  Promotion  and  Public  Works  has  made  a  contract 
with  Sr.  Fernando  Ignacio  Martínez  for  the  printing  and  publishing 
of  an  AGRICULTURAL,  COMMERCLàL,  AND  INDUSTRLAIi 
MAGAZINE,  which  is  to  be  the  official  organ  of  the  Ministry  and 
will  be  devoted  to  the  purposes  of  the  Government  in  promoting 
development  in  all  branches  of  the  country's  natural  resources. 
The  magazine  will  appear  twice  a  month  in  pamphlet  form,  and  wiU 
contain  30  pages  of  the  size  prescribed  for  Government  publications. 

Newspaper  notices  state  that  various  banking  houses  have  decided 
to  invest  the  sum  of  $20,000,000  in  AGRICULTURAL,  INDUS- 
TRIAL, and  RAILROAD  enterprises  in  Nicaragua,  and  are  awaiting 
an  arrangement  with  the  Minister  of  the  Treasury  in  regard  to  the 
details  of  the  investment. 

PANAMA. 

According  to  newspaper  reports  the  Panama  Railroad  is  con- 
structing a  DOCK  in  Colon  for  merchantmen  and  coastwise  boats. 


210  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

Presidential  decree  No.  158  of  December  12,  1919,  changes  article  1 
of  decree  No.  126  of  October,  1919,  concerning  UNCLAIMED  and 
EXEMPT  LANDS,  extending  for  90  days  more  the  time  set  in  the 
aforementioned  article  for  advancing  and  deciding  the  claims  for 
titles  to  land  which  are  still  pending  in  the  various  offices  of  the 
branch.  Article  1  of  the  decree  of  October  1, 1919,  gave  land  seekers 
60  days  to  push  their  claims. 

On  January  1  the  CONVENTION  OF  COMMERCIAL  ARBI- 
TRATION  went  into  effect,  which  was  recently  signed  by  the  Asso- 
ciation of  Commerce  of  Panama  and  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of 
the  United  States.  The  object  of  this  agreement  is  to  preserve 
cordial  commercial  relations  between  the  residents  and  merchants 
of  the  respective  comitries  using  a  system  of  arbitration  to  decide 
trade  controversies  in  an  impartial,  economical,  and  expeditious 
manner.  The  clauses  of  this  convention  are  the  same  as  those  of  the 
convention  signed  by  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the  United  States 
and  similar  associations  of  Buenos  Aires,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  Monte- 
video. Sr.  Jorge  D.  Arias  signed  for  Panama,  and  Mr.  H.  L.  Ferguson 
for  the  United  States. 

PABAGUAY. 

Following  out  the  plan  of  AGRICULTURAL  COLONIZATION 
of  the  country,  the  Government  of  Paraguay  on  September  26,  1919, 
issued  a  decree  authorizing  the  sm^^^eying  and  division  of  3,000  hectares 
of  Government  lands  for  colonization.  These  lands  are  in  Picaray 
in  the  district  of  Ygamiti,  and  will  be  divided  into  lots  of  10  and  20 
hectares  for  colonists. 

During  the  period  of  seven  months  from  January  to  July,  1919,  the 
EXPORTATION  OF  TANNIN  amounted  to  102,000  tons  as  agamst 
68,000  tons  exported  in  the  same  period  of  time  during  1918,  or  an 
increase  of  34,000  tons. 

In  September,  1919,  the  total  value  of  the  FOREIGN  COMMERCE 
of  Paraguay  was  1,891,495  pesos  gold  (gold  peso  =  $0.9648).  Of  this 
siun  767,368  pesos  represented  importations,  and  1,124,127  expor- 
tations, showing  a  balance  in  favor  of  the  country  of  356,769  pesos 
gold.  In  September,  1918,  the  foreign  commerce  amounted  to 
1,105,792  pesos  or  785,606  pesos  gold  less  than  in  1919;  the  imports 
were  370,606  pesos  gold,  or  396,762  pesos  gold  less  than  in  1919,  and 
the  exports  were  735,186  pesos  gold,  or  388,941  pesos  gold  less  than 
in  1919. 

PERU. 

An  executive  order  of  November  12,  1919,  regulates  the  SALE  OF 
WHEAT  produced  in  the  vicinity  of  Arequipa  and  in  the  valleys  of 
the  Sihuas  and  Vitor  Rivers.  This  oMer  requires  wheat  growers  in 
the  places  mentioned  to  deUver  one-fourth  of  their  crop  to  the 
Peruvian  Saline  Co.  at  a  maximiun  price  of  10  soles  per  fanega  of 


AGRIGULTUREy  INDUSTBT,  JlJSTD  COMMERCE.  211 

205  net  pounds,  and  prescribes  that  the  Arequipa  millers  shall  give 
preference  in  grinding  the  same,  and  shall  only  charge  the  regular 
prices.  The  Saline  Co.  will  sell  this  flour  at  cost  to  the  bakeries  in 
Arequipa. 

The  Malabrigo  WHARF  was  opened  to  public  service  in  November, 
1919.  This  wharf  was  constructed  by  the  Chicama  Railway  and  is 
ample  for  the  needs  of  the  port. 

During  the  first  ten  months  of  1919  the  production  of  Peruvian 
RICE  was,  approximately,  49,306  tons,  grown  in  the  following  places: 
Lambayeque,  26,220  tons;  Pacasmayo,  13,007;  Chicama  and  Moche, 
6,109;  Tembladora  y  Casca,  1,014;  Tambo,  1,000;  Moropon,  887; 
Viru,  469;  Santa,  450,  and  Camana,  150.  The  exports  of  Peruvian 
rice  in  1918  were  3,744  tons.    In  1919  exports  of  rice  were  prohibited. 

In  August,  1919,  the  value  of  IMPORTS  FROM  AMSTERDAM 
were  32,702  florins,  consisting  of  chinaware,  candles,  and  electric 
apparatus. 

On  October  24,  1919,  the  President  of  the  Republic  appointed  a 
committee  to  study  the  PETROLEUM  deposits  of  the  country. 

The  ITALIAN  STEAMSfflP  CO.  ''La  Veloce''  has  decided  to 
establish  a  monthly  service  between  Italian  and  Peruvian  ports. 

SALVADOS. 

In  order  to  protect  the  national  shoe  industry  the  President  has 
prohibited  the  RESHIPMENT  OF  FOREIGN  MANUFACTURED 
LEATHERS  until  further  notice. 

The  press  of  Salvador  has  annoimced  the  arrival  in  the  country  of 
the  chief  engineer  of  the  International  Railroads  of  Central  America 
to  make  the  necessary  surveys  and  plans  for  a  RAILROAD  from 
San  Salvador  to  Metapan,  to  join  tíie  Guatemalan  section  at  the 
Zacapa  station.  In  addition  to  the  fact  that  this  line  puts  the  capital 
and  other  Salvadorean  towns  in  connection  with  Guatemala  City, 
it  win  cross  fertile  regions  which  it  will  open  to  commerce  and  agri- 
culture. The  engineer  states  that  this  line  will  be  constructed 
within  two  years. 

On  December  2,  1919,  the  President  issued  a  decree  limiting  the 
EXPORTATION  OF  SUGAR  so  as  to  keep  sufficient  supply  on 
hand  for  national  consmnption,  the  annual  amoimt  exported  to  be 
not  over  110,500  quintales. 

On  October  21,  1919,  the  President  issued  a  decree  creating  a 
SMALL  INDUSTRIES  COMMISSION,  with  headquarters  in  the 
capital  of  the  RepubUc,  and  to  be  a  branch  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  this  commission  to  study  the 
conditions  of  small  industries  in  regard  to  the  development  of  those 
already  existing  and  others  which  may  be  profitably  developed;  the 
improvement  in  quaUty  of  products  and  the  reduction  of  the  cost  of 


212  THE  FAK  AMBRIGAN  UKIOK. 

production,  as  well  as  to  study  the  most  advantageous  markets. 
The  Department  of  Agriculture,  in  connection  with  this  branch,  will 
establish  shops  provided  with  machineiy  and  tools  where  the  new 
industries  may  be  taught.  In  addition  a  permanent  exposition  will 
be  estabUshed  for  the  products  of  small  industries. 

The  Ministry  of  Promotion  has  made  a  contract  with  Sr.  Neal 
Hampton,  who  undertakes  to  organize  on  his  own  account  a  corps  of 
engineers  who  will  take  charge  of  the  LAYING  OUT  OF  ROADS 
AND  HIGHWAYS,  and  superintend  the  work  of  roadbuilding 
planned  by  the  Government.  The  first  project  will  be  to  macadamize 
the  highway  from  Sonsonate  to  Santa  Ana  via  Ahuachapan. 

According  to  newspaper  reports  ELECTRIC  CAR  SERVICE  will 
soon  be  established  between  the  cities  of  San  Salvador  and  Santa 
Tecla,  as  work  is  being  carried  on  rapidly. 

UBUGUAY. 

On  October  16  last  the  general  assembly  enacted  a  law  regulating 
the  laws  prohibiting  hnports  of  BEVERAGES  WITH  AN  AB- 
SINTHE  base.  The  penalties  for  the  violation  of  said  laws  are  the 
fines  imposed  by  article  14  of  the  license  law  plus  25  per  cent. 

A  law  of  October  15, 1919,  authorizes  the  Minister  of  Public  Works 
to  construct  a  BRIDGE  over  the  Cebollati  River,  and  to  negotiate 
a  loan  for  the  carrying  on  of  the  work. 

A  law  enacted  by  Congress  on  October  14,  1919,  concerning 
TOBACCO,  cigar,  and  cigarette  sales  requires  manufacturers,  im- 
porters, and  consignees  to  register  in  the  bureau  of  internal  revenue. 
The  Government  will  fix  the  percentage  of  waste  to  be  discounted 
by  importers,  manufacturers,  growers,  and  consignees,  will  designate 
the  zones  in  which  tobacco  culture  may  be  carried  on  and  will 
provide  Government  warehouses  in  which  to  store  home-grown 
tobacco.  Unstamped  tobacco  found  on  sale  in  the  country  will 
be  confiscated. 

The  Texas  Oil  Co.  has  bought  land  near  Bella  Vista  for  220,000 
pesos  on  which  to  build  PETROLEUM  RESERVOIRS.  Pipe  lines 
are  to  be  laid  for  the  convenient  deUvery  of  oil  to  consumers  in  the 
vicinity. 

In  August,  1919,  the  EXPORTS  OF  STOCK  PRODUCTS  from 
Montevidqp  were  as  follows:  Wool,  4,554,470  kilos,  valued  at 
4,575,199  pesos;  149,885  dry  hides  weighing  1,498,125  kilos;  98,573 
salt  hides  weighing  2,618,879  kilos;  25,631  dry  calfskins  weighing 
11,805  kilos;  69,420  salted  calfskins  weighing  96,519  kilos;  1,500 
hides  of  still-bom  calves  weighing  3,962  kilos;  10,000  dry  horse- 
hides;  102,151  kilos  of  pickled  sheepskins;  33,145  nutria  skins; 
376,579  kilos  of  sheepskins;  68,381  kilos  of  bristles;  255,838  kiloe 
of  horns,  and  1,530  kilos  of  ostrich  plumes,  valued  at  3,056,000  pesos. 


ECONOMICandFINANCIAL 
•*^   AFFAIRS  %¿ 

ABOENTINA. 

MERCANTILE  FAILURES  during  the  first  10  months  of  1919 
showed  liabilities  amounting  to  37,238,384  pesos  as  compared  with 
46,963,389  pesos  in  the  same  period  of  1918. 

The  Bank  of  the  Province  of  Buenos  Aires  has  decided  to  establish 
a  section  of  AGRICULTURAL  STOCK  CREDIT  for  the  purpose  of 
giving  greater  encouragement  to  stock  transactions  based  on  mort- 
gage loans  to  agriculturists  and  stockmen.  The  bank  will  have 
branches  at  Balcarce  and  Coronel  Suarez. 

The  revenues  of  the  CUSTOMHOUSE  IN  BUENOS  AIRES  for 
storage,  lighterage,  stamps,  etc.,  from  January  1  to  October  31,  1919, 
amounted  to  131,488,309  pesos  as  compared  with  109,230,824  pesos 
dxiring  the  same  period  of  1918. 

During  the  first  nine  months  of  1919  there  were  5,666  transfers  of 
REAL  PROPERTY  in  Buenos  Aires,  covering  an  area  of  3,558,413 
square  meters,  valued  at  131,619,230  pesos,  or  at  the  rate  of  36.94 
pesos  per  square  meter.  The  mortgages  on  real  property  during  this 
period  numbered  3,045,  representing  an  area,  of  1,283,637  square 
meters  and  a  total  of  53,811,587  pesos. 

On  October  31,  1919,  the  BANK  BALANCE  published  by  the 
Department  of  Finance  shows  the  following  figiu-es:  Accoimt  current, 
time  and  savings  deposits,  11,465,214  gold  pesos  and  2,933,379,751 
pesos,  currency;  discounts  and  advances  7,061,790  gold  pesos,  and 
2,069,831,047  pesos,  currency. 

The  amounts  deposited  in  the  NATIONAL  POSTAL  SAVINGS 
BANK  of  Buenos  Aires  up  to  the  beginning  of  November,  1919,  were 
20,000,000  pesos,  currency.  Of  the  340,000  depositors  78.7  per  cent 
are  Argentine  citizens  and  21.3  per  cent  foreigners. 

BOLIVIA. 

Early  in  October,  1919,  NICKEL  COINS  from  England  arrived 
in  Bolivia  and  were  put  into  circulation.  There  were  1,200,000 
pieces  of  10  centavos,  worth  120,000  bolivianos  (boliviano  =  $0.3893), 
and  1,200,000  5-centavo  pieces,  or  60,000  bolivianos. 

During  the  latter  part  of  November  the  President  published  a  law 

by  the  National  Congress  authorizing  the  contraction  of  a  LOAN  of 

2,500,000  bolivianos  to  continue  the  work  on  the  railroad  from  La  Paz 

to  Yungas. 

213 


214  THE  PAK  AMEBIOAK  IJinON. 

BRAZIL. 

The  receipts  of  the  CENTRAL  RAILWAY  of  Brazil  during  the 
first  eight  months  of  1919  amounted  to  3,430  contos  (conto,  paper= 
about  $280  U.  S.),  or  a  monthly  average  of  430  contos.  These  are 
considerably  in  excess  of  the  receipts  for  the  same  period  of  1918. 

In  1918  the  gross  receipts  of  the  PARANA  RAILWAY  were  5,172 
contos  and  the  expenditures  4,095  contos,  leaving  net  receipts  of 
1,077  contos. 

At  the  close  of  October,  1919,  a  branch  of  the  ''Banque  Française 
pour  Le  Brésil"  was  opened  in  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  main  office  of 
this  BANK  is  in  Paris. 

OHILE. 

During  the  period  from  January  to  August,  1919,  the  total  receipts 
of  the  REVENUE  OF  THE  REPUBLIC  amounted  to  47,784,608 
pesos  gold  (peso  »  $0.3650)  and  36,026,480  pesos  paper  money. 

According  to  statistics  on  September  30,  1919,  the  MORTGAGE 
BONDS  in  circulation  in  the  coimtry  amounted  to  619,081,600  pesos. 
The  paper  currency  in  circulation  on  the  same  date  amoimted  to 
246,050,677  pesos. 

In  the  month  of  October,  1919,  the  CUSTOMS  REVENUES 
were  as  follows:  Exports  4,528,596  pesos  gold;  imports,  3,992,079 
pesos;  and  other  taxes,  200,068  pesos,  making  a  total  of  8,720,743 
pesos  gold. 

In  a  session  held  November  12,  1919,  the  council  of  state  approved 
the  following  CREDITS  FOR  PUBLIC  WORKS:  250,000  pesos 
for  the  construction  of  wards  in  the  hospitals  of  the  Beneficence 
Association,  and  another  of  75,000  pesos  for  the  establishment  of 
two  children's  hospitals  known  as  ''Roberto  del  Rio"  and  **Diaz 
Muñoz."  The  council  also  voted  a  credit  for  the  expenses  of  the 
Chilean  delegation  to  the  Pan  American  Financial  Congress  to  take 
place  in  Washington,  and  the  maintenance  expenses  of  the  com- 
mercial commission  sent  to  Chile  by  the  Government  of  Colombia. 

OOLOMBIA. 

According  to  newspaper  notices  the  Government  of  Antioquia  has 
authorized  the  Government  agent  of  the  Department  in  the  United 
States  to  contract  a  LOAN  in  New  York  for  $7,000,000  for  the 
construction  of  the  railways  in  the  Department  of  Antioquia. 
Immediately  upon  the  signing  of  the  contract  the  departmental 
assembly  ^^11  be  called  in  special  session  to  ratify  the  contract  if 
satisfactory. 

The  council  of  ministers  has  authorized  the  minister  of  the  treasury 
to  grant  permission  to  Sr.  John  M.  Vaughn  to  establish  an  ENGLISH 
BANE  in  Colombia  which  will  be  a  branch  of  the  London  and  River 
Plate  Bank,  Limited,  of  London. 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIBS.  215 

The  municipal  council  of  Palmira  has  contracted  a  LOAN  FOR 
$200,000  with  the  firm  of  Amsinck  &  Co.  of  New  York  for  the  con- 
struction of  an  aqueduct  and  other  city  improvements  of  importance. 

A  BRANCH  OF  THE  BANCO  MERCANTE  AMERICANO 
of  Colombia  has  been  established  in  the  city  of  Cucuta,  the  capital 
of  the  Department  of  Santander  del  Norte. 

COSTA  BIOA. 

During  the  period  from  January  to  July,  1919,  the  total  NA- 
TIONAi.  REVENUE  amounted  to  7,135,391  colons  (colon -$0.4653) 
as  against  5,439,489  colons  for  the  like  period  of  1919,  showing  an 
increase  of  1,695,902  colons.  This  national  revenue  for  the  first 
8  months  of  1919  was  collected  as  follows:  Slaughter  tax,  65,364 
colons;  customs,  1,423,229  colons;  Uquors,  2,023,071  colons; 
stamped  paper,  68,172  colons;  stamps,  341,990  colons;  mails, 
90,734  colons;  telegraphs,  111,726  colons;  railroad  of  the  Pacific, 
807,390  colons;  fixed  export  tax,  1,079,095  colons;  Government 
printing  office,  7,969  colons;  public  registry,  32,116  colons;  exporta- 
tion of  bananas,  105,475  colons;  direct  taxes,  883,560  colons;  miscel- 
laneous taxes,  95,500  colons. 

The  latter  part  of  October  the  new  officers  of  the  board  of  direc- 
tors of  the  BANCO  INTERNACIONAL  de  Costa  Rica  were  elected 
as  follows:  President,  Sefior  Juan  Rafael  Chacón  Paut;  Sefior  Luis  J. 
Trejos  Fernández,  vice  president;  and  Señor  Juan  F.  Echeverría, 
secretary. 

For  the  month  of  August,  1919,  the  sum  total  of  CUSTOMS 
RECEIPTS  was  173,667  colons  and  in  the  period  of  8  months  from 
January  to  August  of  the  same  year  was  1,423,229  colons  collected  as 
follows:  Customs  of  San  Jose,  755,899  colons;  Limon,  373,306 
colons;  Pimta  Arenas,  250,850  colons;  and  Sixaola,  43,174  colons. 

On  October  31,  1919,  the  state  of  the  BANKS  was  as  follows: 
Banco  de  Costa  Rica,  coin  on  hand  in  reserve  fund,  814,947  colons; 
bills  in  circulation  293,440  colons;  and  on  hand  1,706,560  colons. 
Banco  Anglo-Cost  arrícense,  coin  on  hand  in  reserve  fimd,  787,412 
colons;  bills  in  circulation,  484,490  colons;  bills  on  hand,  1,207,010 
colons.  Banco  Mercantile  de  Costa  Rica,  coin  on  hand  in  reserve 
fund,  1,214,691  colons;  bills  in  circulation,  637,115  colons;  bills 
on  hand,  1,612,885  colons.  Banco  Internacional  de  Costa  Rica, 
coin  on  hand,  in  reserve  fimd,  2,983,496  colons;  bills  in  circulation, 
16,441,035  colons;  and  bills  on  hand,  1,232,965  colons. 

On  November  27,  1919,  the  President  authorized  an  ISSUE  OF 
ROAD  BONDS  up  to  the  sum  of  500,000  colons.  The  issue  wiU 
contain  375  bonds  class  A  of  1,000  colons  each,  and  1,250  bonds  of 
class  B  worth  100  colons  each. 

In  the  month  of  September,  1919,  the  total  sum  of  RECEIPTS 
FROM  GOVERNMENT  TELEGRAMS  was  22,470  colons  collected 


216  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UinON. 

as  follows:  San  Jose,  12,610  colons;  Alajuela,  1,457  colons;  Carti^, 
1,176  colons;  Heredia,  431.  colons;  Guanacaste,  2,185  colons;  Pun- 
tarenas,  3,087  colons  and  Limon,  1,524  colons. 

CUBA. 

• 

In  the  nine-year  period  from  Jmie,  1910,  to  Jmie,  1919,  the  total 
value  of  the  CUSTOMS  RECEIPTS  of  the  port  of  Habana  amounted 
to  $195,525,937.  The  same  customs  house  from  the  month  of  Jan- 
uary to  November,  1919,  inclusive,  collected  the  sum  of  $30,261,915. 

The  COLLECTIONS  OF  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMUNI- 
CATIONS for  November,  1919,  amounted  to  192,444  peso^,  which 
compared  with  the  sum  of  179,140  pesos  collected  in  the  same  period 
of  1918,  shows  an  increase  of  13,304  pesos. 

Newspaper  reports  state  that  there  are  to  be  several  NEW  BANKS 
in  the  Republic.  The  Canadian  Bank  of  Conunerce  is  preparing  to 
install  branches  in  various  parts  of  the  island,  the  Banco  Mercantil 
Americano  already  has  a  branch  in  Ciego  de  Avila,  and  the  Local 
Bank  is  a  new  institution  lately  established  in  the  town  of  Limonar. 

During  the  period  from  July  1,  to  October  25,  1919,  the  RE- 
CEIPTS of  the  GOVERNMENT  CONTROLLED  RAILROADS 
amounted  to  1,585,765  pounds  sterling,  which  compared  with  the 
sum  collected  in  the  same  period  of  1918,  shows  an  increase  of  982,645 
pounds  for  the  United  Railroads  of  Habana;  285,484  pounds  for  the 
Cuba  Central  Railroad;  168,473  pounds  for  the  Habana  Central  and 
149,163  pounds  for  the  Railroad  of  the  West. 

In  a  meeting  held  December  11,  1919,  by  the  board  of  directors 
of  the  BANCO  NACIONAL  DE  CUBA  it  was  decided  to  declare  a 
dividend  of  4  per  cent  for  the  second  half  of  the  year  and  an  extra 
dividend  of  1  per  cent,  both  payable  on  January  2  of  the  present 
year.  This  bank  decided  also  to  deposit  in  the  fund  for  pensions 
the  sum  of  10,000,000  pesos,  the  fund  with  this  new  deposit  now 
amounting  to  100,000,000  pesos.  The  profits  obtained  by  the  in- 
stitution in  the  first  six  months  of  1919  were  approximately  1,500,- 
000  pesos. 

The  law  of  December  11,  1919,  authorizes  a  CREDIT  of  175,000 
pesos  for  the  building  of  the  sewer  system  of  Mariano.  The  credit 
is  to  be  in  the  fiscal  zone  of  Habana  or  in  the  treasury  of  the  Republic 
from  the  funds  collected  as  the  price  of  the  houses  constructed  for 
workmen  in  the  town  of  Marianao. 

DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC. 

Order  No.  348  of  October,  1919,  modifies  article  87  of  executive 
order  No.  197  of  the  internal-revenue  law  concerning  the  STAMP 
TAX  on  customs  documents  as  follows:  Import  and  export  mani- 
fests of  a  value  of  $1  and  not  in  excess  of  $100,  will  pay  $1  tax;  when 
value  exceeds  S 100  and  is  less  than  $500^  $2  tax;  when  the  value 


^, 


ECONOMIC  AKD  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  217 

exceeds  $500  and  is  less  than  $2,000,  $4  tax,  and  when  the  value 
exceeds  $2,000,  $6  tax.  Custom  liquidations  of  import  and  export 
duties,  or  port  charges,  of  whatever  value,  shall  pay  a  tax  of  $6. 

About  the  middle  of  November,  1919,  the  Grovemment  voted  a 
credit  for  PUBLIC  WORKS  up  to  $20,000  for  use  in  the  construc- 
tion of  a  cart  road  between  the  National  Capital  and  the  town  of 
Bani. 

ECUADOR. 

On  November  12,  the  President  signed  a  law  of  the  National 
Congress  which  appointed  two  GOVERNMENT  BANK  COM- 
MISSIONERS, described  their  duties,  and  laid  down  certain  rules 
relative  to  the  sale  of  drafts  and  other  banking  business.  These 
officers,  one  of  whom  will  have  charge  of  the  banks  in  the  interior, 
and  the  other,  the  banks  of  the  coast,  shall  give  account  to  the 
President  at  the  end  of  60  days,  of  the  sum  of  the  issues  of  the  banks 
and  the  guarantees  for  the  same;  they  will  be  present  at  the  verifica- 
tion of  the  gold  reserve  and  at  the  destruction  of  the  old  paper  bills. 

The  LAW  OF  EXCISE  TAXES  was  changed  by  Congress  on 
October  27,  1919,  and  approved  by  the  President  on  the  29th  of  the 
same  month. 

The  Banco  Agrícola  (Farmers  Bank)  made  a  LOAN  OF  5,000,000 
SUCRES  (sucre  =  $0.4867)  to  the  National  Government  for  adminis- 
trative expenditures. 

The  legislative  body  has  made  a  ruling  that  after  January  1 
uniform  JUDICIAL  FEES  will  be  collected  in  all  parts  of  the 
Republic,  in  the  interior  as  well  as  on  the  coasit. 

The  President  has  authorized  the  contraction  of  two  LOANS,  one 
for  150,000  sucres  to  construct  schoolhouses  in  the  Province  of  Guayas, 
and  the  other  for  3,000,000  sucres  to  construct  the  railroad  from 
Sibambe  to  Cuenca. 

In  accordance  with  a  law  of  Congress  approved  by  the  President 
November  3,  ADDITIONAL  STAMP  ISSUES  were  authorized  in 
order  to  increase  the  funds  for  the  celebration  of  the  Independence 
of  Guayaquil.  These  documentary  stamps  will  be  of  2,  5,  10,  20, 
and  50  centavos  value,  and  will  be  used  for  receipts,  checks,  letters 
of  exchange,  certificates,  bank  shares,  contracts,  and  generally  on  all 
documents  relating  to  debts  and  quittance,  both  mercantile  and  civil, 
in  the  proportion  fixed  by  the  law. 

GUATEMALA. 

On  November  7,  1919,  the  President  authorized  the  municipality 
of  Ciudad  Estrada  Cabrera  to  contract  a  LOAN  FOR  $30,000. 
This  loan  will  be  used  for  piping  water  from  the  River  Raicero  into 
the  city. 

158777— 20— BoIL 


218  THE  PAN  AMEBIOAN  UNION. 

On  October  27,  1919,  the  President  of  the  Republic  issued  a  decree 
authorizing  AN  INCREASE  IN  THE  BUDGET  made  monthly  for 
the  police.  The  increase  amounts  to  the  sum  of  76,593  pesos  (paper) 
and  went  into  effect  on  November  1,  1919. 

HONDURAS. 

For  the  month  of  June,  1919,  the  total  of  the  NATIONAL 
REVENUE  amounted  to  817,849  pesos  (pesos -$0.9271)  of  which 
229,847  pesos  were  collected  by  the  customs;  177,678  pesos  liquor 
revenue;  5,292  pesos  from  the  mails;  11,047  pesos  from  the  telegraph 
lines,  and  the  rest  in  miscellaneous  taxes. 

According  to  data  furnished  to  the  Department  of  (Government 
and  Justice  during  the  year  1918-19,  the  INCOME  FROM  THE 
NATIONAL  PRINTING  AND  BOOKBINDING  SHOPS  was  86,- 
998  pesos.  Of  this  sum  63,934  pesos  were  expended  in  materials  for 
these  shops  and  the  employees'  salaries,  leaving  21,064  pesos  as  net 
profit  for  the  State. 

MEXICO. 

The  Executive  Power  has  asked  Congress  to  authorize  a 
NATIONAL  CREDIT  up  to  50,000,000  national  gold  pesos,  pay- 
able in  not  less  than  5  nor  more  than  25  years,  the  proceeds  of 
which  are  to  be  used  toward  liquidating  the  foreign  loan  and  for  the 
value  of  the  real  property  of  foreigners  within  the  100-kilometer 
zone  along  the  frontiers  and  the  50-kilometer  zone  along  the  ocean 
fronts  of  the  Republic,  which  real  property  is  to  be  acquired  by  the 
Government  for  public  utility  purposes,  for  division  and  sale  to 
Mexicans,  and  in  the  payment  of  indemnities  for  which  the  National 
Government  is  legally  responsible,  due  to  the  Executive  having 
declared  void  any  contract  or  concession  made  by  former  Govern- 
ments. The  President  enimierates  in  hectares  the  lands  in  the 
possession  of  foreigners  as  follows:  Lower  California,  10,439,527; 
Sonora,  3,125,052;  Chihuahua,  1,082,586;  Coahuila  and  Nuevo 
Leon,  1,484,117;  Tamaulipas,  374,444;  Chiapas,  2,353,101;  Cam- 
peche, 332,315;  Quintana  Roo,  699,558;  Guerrero,  581,626;  Sinaloa, 
369,981;  Nayarit,  135,286;  and  Vera  Cruz,  1,315,320. 

The  minister  of  finance  and  public  credit  has  informed  the  Mexican 
press  that  the  National  Government  will  set  aside  10,000,000  pesos 
to  renew  the  service  of  the  FOREIGN  DEBT  during  the  current 
year. 

In  order  to  encourage  the  economic  development  of  the  Lagima 
r^on,  the  Lagima  BANK  and  the  Paris  and  Mexico  Bank  recently 
commenced  business  in  Torreón.  Press  reports  state  that  the 
Industrial  Bank  of  Commerce  of  Habana  will  soon  establish  a  branch 
in  the  City  of  Mexico. 


ECX)NOMIO  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIKS.  219 

There  are  now  being  minted  in  Mexico  daily  100,000  pieces  of 
C50PPER  COIN  of  the  denomination  of  10  centavos  for  use  in 
lessening  the  shortage  in  small  change.  Under  present  conditions 
little  or  no  silver  is  being  coined  in  México,  since  the  intrinsic  value 
of  Mexican  silver  coin  is  greater  than  its  nominal  value,  which 
encourages  the  melting  of  same  and  its  sale  in  the  form  of  bullion. 

NICABAOUA. 

According  to  a  memorandum  sent  out  by  the  Ministry  of  Govern- 
ment to  each  mimicipality  for  the  formation  of  plans  for  the  collec- 
tion of  mimicipal  TAXES,  the  tax  should  be  sufficient  in  each 
municipality  so  that  after  the  deduction  of  40  per  cent  for  the  upkeep 
of  schools,  streets,  roads,  and  other  public  utilities  there  shall  be 
sufficient  to  pay  the  salaries  of  the  officials  of  the  mimicipality, 
including  the  local  judges.  The  mimicipalities  may  create  new  taxes, 
but  only  as  empowered  by  a  special  law. 

REVENUE  STAMPS  for  the  telegraph  and  telephone  service 
have  been  issued  to  the  amoimt  of  20,000  córdobas  in  the  following 
values:  5,000  córdobas  in  50-centavo,  5,000  in  10-centavo,  and 
10,000  in  5-centavo  stamps.  These  stamps  will  bear  the  marks 
**TT  y  TT." 

During  the  month  of  October,  1919,  the  Ministry  of  the  Treasury 
paid  DEPARTMENTAL  DEBTS  to  the  value  of  94,816  córdobas, 
of  which  49,455  were  contracted  by  the  Department  of  Managua 
and  the  rest  by  the  other  Departments  of  the  Republic. 

A  newspaper  of  Managua  states  that  a  FARMERS'  BANK  is  soon 
to  be  founded  in  that  city  with  a  capital  of  $50,000,  taken  from  the 
surplus  of  the  budget,  which  will  be  increased  the  next  year  to 
$150,000.  The  institution  will  make  long-time  loans  with  8  per 
cent  interest,  but  such  loans  must  not  exceed  $1,000  each.  The  man- 
ager as  well  as  the  board  of  directors  of  this  bank  will  be  chosen  by 
the  National  Congress. 

The  NATIONAL  REVENUE  amounted  to  263,795  córdobas  for 
the  month  of  September,  1919 — 149,159  córdobas  being  the  customs 
receipts. 

PANAMA. 

The  MUNICIPAL  BUDGET  OF  EXPENSES  for  Panama  City 
for  the  year  of  1920  amoimted  to  165,267  balboas  (balboa=$l).  Of 
this  sum,  16,527  balboas  were  for  public  instruction;  16,527  for  street 
cleaning,  lighting,  and  public  ornamentation;  49,580  for  public 
works  and  their  preservation;  66,107  balboas  for  the  salaries  of  the 
employees;  and  8,263  balboas  for  payment  on  the  mimicipal  debt. 

By  presidential  decree  of  December  12,  1919,  100,000  POSTAGE 
STAMPS  of  one-half  centisimo  of  a  balboa  are  to  be  adopted  for 
documents  described  in  article  66  of  law  63,  1917. 


220  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

The  President  ordered  through  the  department  of  treasury  that 
after  January  1  the  administration  should  collect  the  SLAUGHTER 
TAX  for  cattle,  sheep,  and  goats  throughout  the  Republic.  The 
work  of  collection  has  been  assigned  to  the  executive  judges  and 
treasury  tax  collectors,  who  are  Government  'employees. 

PARAGUAY. 

The  President  on  September  10,  1919,  issued  a  decree  creating  a 
conmiission  to  revise  and  modify  the  RATES  OF  CUSTOMS  VALU- 
ATIONS. The  decree  states  that  the  commission  shall  be  composed 
of  the  director  general  of  customs,  the  director  general  of  statistics, 
and  a  member  of  the  chamber  of  commerce.  The  commission  is  to 
study  the  commercial  situation  in  relation  to  imports  and  exports 
and  render  periodical  accounts  to  the  ministry  of  the  treasury  defining 
the  necessary  changes. 

A  presidential  decree  issued  on  November  4,  1919,  provides  that 
the  loan  secured  from  the  Banco  de  la  Republica  be  used  entirely  to 
liquidate  FOREIGN  INDEBTEDNESS.  This  loan  was  authorized 
by  decree  of  October  14,  1919,  and  raised  the  country's  indebt- 
edness to  the  Banco  de  la  Republica  to  the  simi  of  130,000  poimds 
sterling. 

In  October,  1919,  the  total  value  of  the  collections  of  the  INTER- 
NAL TAXES  amounted  to  17,860  pesos  gold  and  1,736,443  currency 
(paper)  as  against  11,370  pesos  gold,  and  590,000  paper  collected 
during  the  month  of  September. 

SALVADOR. 

The  treasury  of  the  Republic  has  lately  received  a  remittance  of 
110,000  pesos  (peso  equals  $0.5000)  in  NICKEL  COIN  of  5  and  1 
centavo  denominations  which  has  been  distributed  by  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  public  revenue  to  facilitate  the  business  transactions 
of  the  whole  country. 

The  following  remittances  of  COINED  GOLD  have  lately  arrived 
from  the  L^nited  States:  $500,000  for  the  Banco  Agricola  Comercial, 
$500,000  for  the  Banco  Salvadoreño  of  San  Salvador,  and  $700,000 
consigned  to  different  individuals.  The  gold  was  ordered  solely  to 
increase  the  currency  of  the  country  and  facilitate  trade. 

Figures  on  the  IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS  OF  GOLD  AND 
SILVER  in  the  first  11  months  of  1919  show  that  through  the  port 
of  La  Libertad  538,000  pesos  silver  were  exported  and  $2,358,800 
in  coined  gold  were  imported. 

The  administration  of  indirect  taxes  and  Government  accoimts 
lately  published  a  table  which  shows  the  receipts  from  the  REVE- 
NUES AND  GOVERNMENT  TAXES  for  the  first  8  months  of  1919, 
that  is  from  January  to  August  inclusive,  to  have  been  8,235,440 
pesos,    as    follows:  Import   duties,    3,095,123    pesos;  export    taxes 


ECONOMIC   AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  221 

1,776,672  pesos;  liquor  tax,  1,726,481  pesos;  receipts  from  sealed 
papers  and  stamps,  334,9U6  pesos;  direct  tax,  457,126  pesos;  other 
taxes,  845,042  pesos.  Comparing  this  total  with  that  of  like  period 
of  1918,  which  was  7,890,567  pesos,  1919  shows  an  increase  of  344,873 
pesos.  This  increase  was  derived  from  the  import  tax,  sealed  paper 
and  stamps  and  direct  taxes,  as  the  export  tax,  liquor  tax  and  miscel- 
laneous taxes  suffered  a  slight  reduction  in  comparison  with  the 
previous  year. 

A  conmiission  composed  of  Doctors  Belarmino  Suárez  and  Lisandro 
Villalobos  and  Sres.  Victor  Noubleau,  Guillermo  Salazar  and  Alonso 
Argueta,  has  been  chosen  to  draft  a  new  TARIFF  OF  CUSTOMS 
APPRAISEMENT  which,  after  receiving  the  approval  of  the  Presi- 
dent, will  be  submitted  to  Congress. 

URUGUAY. 

Under  date  of  October  27, 1919,  the  Executive  Power  sent  a  message 
to  the  general  assembly  recommending  the  enactment  of  a  law  author- 
izing the  Mortgage  Bank  to  make  a  new  issue  of  MORTGAGE 
BONDS  up  to  the  amoimt  of  10,000,000  pesos.  These  bonds  are  to 
bear  interest,  payable  quarterly,  at  the  rate  of  6  per  cent  per  annimi. 

A  law  of  October  22,  1919,  repeals  the  10  per  cent  TAX  ON 
SALARIES  of  persons  connected  with  the  military  service,  including 
those  in  the  active  service,  those  who  have  retired,  and  those  on  the 
pension  list. 

The  general  assembly  passed  a  law  on  October  14,  1919,  authoriz- 
ing the  Board  of  Guardians  of  Delinquents  and  Minors  in  Montevideo 
to  negotiate  a  LOAN  with  the  Mortgage  Bank  of  Uruguay  for  the 
construction  of  a  group  of  buildings  in  the  National  Capital  for  the 
use  of  the  board  in  carrying  on  its  work. 

The  law  of  October  15,  1919,  prescribes  the  duties  on  IMPORTS 
OF  FIREWOOD  intended  to  take  the  place  of  coal.  The  law  pro- 
vides that  the  special  duties  imposed  by  the  law  of  July  8,  1916, 
which  considers  1,600  kilos  of  firewood  as  the  equivalent  of  1,000 
kilos  of  coal,  shall  govern.  Fuel  oil  is  subject  to  the  same  duties  as 
coal  plus  40  per  cent  per  1 ,000  kilos. 

VENEZUELA. 

The  National  Government  has  acquired  the  right  to  publish  and 
distribute  a  work  on  the  ECONOMIC  CONDITIONS  of  Venezuela 
by  N.  Veloz  Goiticoa.  Press  reports  state  that  this  book  vividly 
portrays  the  potential  possibilities  of  the  country,  sets  forth  the 
sources  of  production,  and  dwells  on  the  financial  and  commercial 
development  of  the  nation,  etc.  Detailed  information  is  given  con- 
cerning the  agricultural  and  forestal  zones  of  the  country,  its  mining 
and  fishing  resources,  its  natural  wealth,  present  state  of  develop- 
ment, transportation  and  monetary  systems,  manufactures  and  indus- 


222 


THE  PAN  AMEBIOAN  UIHON. 


trial  establishments,  prospects  of  immediate  development,  and  means 
of  improving  the  financial  condition  of  the  Hepublic.  The  statements 
made  in  the  book  are  based  on  carefully  prepared  statistics  which 
form  part  of  the  contents. 

The  American  Mercantile  Bank  of  Caracas,  which  is  closely  con- 
nected with  the  Bank  of  the  Americas  of  New  York,  recently  estab- 
lished a  BRANCH  BANK  in  the  city  of  Maracaibo,  one  of  the  great 
ports  and  an  important  commercial  center  of  the  Republic.  This 
branch  will  be  of  great  service  to  United  States  importers  and 
exporters,  since  about  80  per  cent  of  the  foreign  commerce  of  the  port 
is  with  the  United  States. 

On  December  18,  1919,  the  National  Treasury  received  5,000,000 
bolívares  (bolivar  =  $0.1 93)  in  SILVER  COIN,  the  balance  of-  the 
amoimt  minted  in  Philadelphia  in  accordance  with  a  decree  of 
January  10,  1919.  This  coin  is  now  on  deposit  in  the  Bank  of 
Venezuela  awaiting  the  decision  of  the  Treasury  Department  as  to  its 
disposition. 


^ 


INTERNATIONAL 
\i  TREATIES  \k 


AKGENTIN  A-SPAIN . 


On  November  27,  1919,  a  TREATY  OF  RECIPROCITY  for 
indemnities  for  accidents  to  workmen  was  concluded  in  Buenos 
Aires  between  the  Argentine  Republic  and  Spain.  The  high  con- 
tracting parties  agree  that  citizens  of  their  respective  countries  who 
suffer  accidents  in  the  territory  of  the  other,  together  with  their 
heirs,  shall  have  the  right  to  indemnities  and  other  privileges  which 
the  local  law  grants  to  nationals.  Irrespective  of  any  requirements 
of  the  local  law,  the  right  to  indemnity  obtains  if  the  injured  laborer 
or  employee,  or  his  heirs,  should  leave  the  territory  of  the  State 
where  the  accident  occurred  and  take  up  residence  in  another  country. 
When,  due  to  a  workman's  accident,  a  Spanish  workman  dies  in  the 
Argentine  Republic,  or  an  Argentine  workman  in  Spain,  the  heirs  of 
same  shall  have  the  right  to  receive  the  proper  legal  indenmity 
regardless  of  the  country  in  which  they  reside.  When  in  one  of 
the  two  contracting  countries  a  workman  dies,  due  to  a  workman's 
accident,  regardless  of  the  nationality  of  the  workman,  the  heirs  of  the 
latter  who  reside  in  the  other  contracting  country  shall  have  the 
right  to  receive  the  proper  legal  indemnity.  The  treaty  is  for  five 
years  and  may  be  extended  from  year  to  year  if  not  denounced  by 
one  of  the  high  contracting  parties. 


UGISLATION.  223 

EOÜADOE-UNITED  STATES. 

On  December  31,  1919,  in  Washington,  the  Governments  of  the 
UNITED  STATES  and  ECUADOR  signed  a  CONVENTION 
CONCERNING  TRAVELERS.  The  terms  of  the  agreement  are 
the  same  as  those  of  the  conventions  signed  by  the  United  States 
with  Guatemala,  Panama,  El  Salvador,  and  Venezuela. 

PEEU-GBRMANT. 

The  National  Assembly  approved  on  November  17,  1919,  the 
TREATY  OF  PEACE  signed  at  Versailles  on  June  28  last  between 
Peru  and  the  other  allied  and  associate  powers  on  the  one  part  and 
Grermany  on  the  other. 


,     LEGISLATION     , 


COLOMBIA. 

On  October  14,  1919,  the  President  of  the  Republic  published  law 
No.  35  on  UNCLAIMED  LANDS  which  changed  the  first  article  of 
legislative  decree  No.  48  of  1905.  According  to  the  new  law,  after 
the  publishing  of  this  law  claims  for  lands  in  the  old  Province  of 
Marmato  may  be  denounced  and  adjudged,  with  the  provision  that 
the  state,  for  the  present  reserves  all  rights  and  title  to  all  minerals 
existing  in  this  territory. 

The  President  of  the  Republic  on  November  22,  1919,  approved  a 
law  governing  the  CONSTRUCTION  OF  RAILROADS.  According 
to  article  6  of  this  law  the  departments  which  on  their  own  account 
build  street  railways  or  electric  or  steam  railways  shall  have  the  right 
to  a  subsidy  of  35  per  cent  of  the  cost  of  construction,  payable  as  each 
section  of  5  kilometers  is  ready  for  public  use. 

The  President  of  the  Republic  on  November  26, 1919,  abrogated  the 
decree  relating  to  the  EXPLORATION  OF  OIL  LANDS  which  was 
issued  on  June  30,  1919. 

COSTA  RICA. 

On  December  19,  1919,  the  President  of  the  Republic  issued  a 
decree  on  CLAIMS  ON  GOVERNMENT  LANDS.  According  to 
the  decree,  from  the  date  of  the  issue  on  the  same  up  to  the  30th  of 
June  of  the  present  year  no  claims  of  Government  property  can  be 
made  even  when  the  property  is  not  administered  by  the  Government. 


224  THE  PAN   AMERICAN  UNION. 

CUBA. 

In  pursuance  of  the  WORKMEN^S  ACCIDENT  LAW  of  June  12, 
1919,  the  President  of  the  Republic  issued  a  resolution  on  November 
28,  1919,  providing  that  within  30  days  from  the  publication  of  the 
decree  all  the  heads  of  industries  or  businesses  held  responsible  in 
accordance  with  the  law  for  accidents  occurring  to  workmen  in  pur- 
suit of  their  occupations  shall  give  an  accoimt  to  the  Department  of 
Agriculture,  Commerce,  and  Labor  of  the  kind  of  industry  or  business 
in  which  they  are  engaged,  the  number  of  workmen  employed,  the 
companies  in  which  the  workmen  are  insured,  or  whether  the  industry 
or  business  has,  according  to  law,  insured  its  own  workmen.  Compa- 
nies or  industries  which  may  be  established  in  the  future  will  fulfill 
these  conditions  not  more  than  20  days  after  beginning  operations. 

ECUADOR. 

According  to  the  legislative  decree  published  on  September  6, 
1919,  the  3d  article  of  the  PENSION  LAW  has  been  changed  so  that 
those  persons  may  have  a  right  to  a  pension  who  have  suffered  a 
disability  incident  to  their  service  which  incapacitates  them  for  the 
duties  of  teacher,  provided  that  they  have  had  over  15  years  of 
service. 

On  October  21,  1919,  the  President  published  a  LAW  FOR  RAIL- 
ROADS AND  CTTY  STREET  RAILWAYS,  stating  that  when  a 
concession  was  granted  for  the  establishment  of  such  enterprises  it 
should  include  only  the  streets,  plazas,  and  sites  occupied  by  the 
complete  installation  in  use.  Other  streets,  plazas,  and  sites  not 
occupied  by  the  concessionaire  shall  be  considered  free  from  restric- 
tions and  available  for  the  use  of  other  street  railways.  Concerning 
franchises  granted,  the  concessionaire  will  have  a  term  of  four  years, 
counting  from  the  date  of  the  law,  to  occupy  streets,  plazas,  or  sites 
not  yet  occupied.  Any  street  railway  or  railroad  shall  have  the 
right  to  cross  another  line,  provided  that  it  leaves  the  line  imdamaged 
and  in  a  perfect  state  of  service,  without  interrupting  the  construc- 
tion work. 

The  National  Congress  passed  a  law  on  October  31,  1919,  in  regard 
to  DEFINING  PROVINCIAL  BOUNDARIES,  according  to  which 
in  the  Provinces  in  which  the  President  judges  necessary,  a  commission 
shall  be  established,  composed  of  a  delegate  appointed  by  the  Gover- 
nor of  the  Province  and  an  engineer  and  a  lawyer  appointed  by  the 
ministry  of  municipalities,  to  define  the  limits  of  the  section  in 
question,  taking  into  consideration  the  claims  of  each  municipality 
and  the  governmental  facilities.  All  the  recommendations  made  by 
the  commission  must  be  approved  by  Congress  before  going  into 
effect. 


LEGISLATION.  225 


PABAGÜAY. 


The  President  of  the  Republic  on  September  26,  1919,  issued  a 
decree  regulating  the  LAW  OF  PRIVATE  COLONIZATION  of 
June  24,  1904.  The  person  who  wishes  to  found  a  colony  on  private 
property  will  be  obliged  to  meet  the  following  conditions:  (a)  He 
must  present  his  petition  to  the  Administration  of  Lands  and  Colonies, 
with  a  description  of  the  extent  of  the  land  which  he  wishes  to  col- 
onize, the  bounderies  thereof,  location,  nature  of  the  land,  a  state- 
ment as  to  the  wages  to  be  paid  according  to  contract  with  the  col- 
onists, profession  and  nationality  of  the  immigrants  to  be  brought 
in,  and  abUity  to  care  for  them  imtU  they  are  settled  in  the  colony; 
(6)  the  petitioner  must  show  also  the  title  of  the  property,  the  plan 
and  expert  information  relating  to  the  lands  which  he  wishes  to  col- 
onize. When  the  proposal  is  approved  by  the  Ministry  of  the  Treas- 
ury it  is  given  over  to  the  Administration  of  Lands  and  Colonies  to  be 
inscribed  on  the  proper  register.  Lands  occupied  by  houses  or  farms 
of  the  colony  shall  be  exempt  for  five  years  from  the  date  of  acquisition 
from  the  payment  of  direct  taxes.  It  is  forbidden  to  introduce  mem- 
bers of  the  black  or  yellow  races  in  the  character  of  colonists.  Colo- 
nizing enterprises  can  not  sublet  or  mortgage  the  lands  of  a  private 
colony  to  any  foreign  Government  or  State,  nor  seek  the  protection 
or  intervention  of  any  foreign  Government  or  State,  nor  make  such 
Government  or  State  party  to  the  enterprise  of  the  colony  without 
previous  permission  from  the  President  of  the  Republic.  Pro- 
prietors of  colonies  must  admit  imder  equal  conditions  foreign  col- 
onists and  native  fanners. 

URUGUAY. 

The  AVIATION  PENSION  LAW,  which  was  promulgated  on 
October  29,  1919,  provides  that  in  case  of  death  of  military  aviators 
and  pilots,  as  well  as  of  members  of  the  personnel  of  the  Military 
Aviation  School,  from  aviation  accidents  while  on  duty,  their  relatives 
or  dependents  shall  have  the  right  to  pensions  as  follows:  If  the 
decedent  was  an  officer  but  not  of  as  high  a  rank  as  captain,  the 
pension  shall  be  equal  to  a  captain's  salary,  and  if  he  was  of  a  lower 
grade  than  lieutenant  the  pension  will  be  the  full  salary  of  that  rank. 
The  pension  of  one  who  had  the  rank  of  captain  or  a  higher  rank  shall 
be  equal  to  the  salary  of  the  higher  rank  inmiediately  above.  In 
case  of  the  disability  of  an  aviator,  the  retirement  pension  shall  be 
based  on  the  full  amoimt  of  the  salary  in  accordance  with  the  rules 
governing  in  the  case  of  death. 

On  November  13,  1919,  the  law  concerning  the  ORGANIZATION 
OF  THE  DEPARTMENTS  became  operative.  Each  one  of  the 
Departments  into  which  the  Republic  is  divided  shall  be  governed 
by  a  representative  assembly  whose  members  shall  be  elected  by 
popular  vote.     The  assemblies  have  the  power  to  levy  taxes,  formu- 


226  THE  PAN  AMERIOAN  UNION. 

late  budgets;  examine  the  accounts  of  administrative  boards,  and 
authorize  the  making  of  loans  for  public  works.  The  administrative 
boards  shall  be  composed  of  the  number  of  members  fixed  and 
appointed  by  the  assembly.  Their  duties  are  to  see  that  the  consti- 
tution and  laws  are  complied  with,  submit  bills  to  the  assembly,  pre- 
pare the  annual  budget,  use  the  police  force  in  having  their  acts  com- 
plied with,  protect  individual  rights,  administer  the  property  of  the 
Department,  order  the  taking  of  a  departmental  census  every  10 
years,  exercise  hygienic  and  sanitary  police  power,  organize  and  care 
for  public  roads,  formulate  rules  for  the  construction  of  private 
buildings,  and  participate  in  matters  concerning  public  charity.  It  is 
the  duty  of  the  boards  to  see  that  the  ordinances,  decisions,  and  other 
municipal  resolutions  are  complied  with,  cooperate  in  local  improve- 
ments, supervise  the  collection  of  revenues,  attend  to  matters  con- 
cerning hygiene  and  health,  and  comply  with  any  other  duties  im- 
posed upon  them  by  law.  Private  persons  have  the  right  to  petition 
the  assemblies  and  boards  for  a  reconsideration  of  their  acts  within 
10  days  from  the  date  of  their  publication.  Appeals  concerning  the 
ordinances  and  resolutions  of  said  bodies  may  be  made  to  the  courts, 
to  the  legislative  power,  and  by  means  of  a  plebiscite  to  the  people. 


S> 


PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION 
„  AHDEDUCATION  t 


ARGENTINA. 

During  the  latter  part  of  November,  1919,  an  ANTIAIXX)HOLIC 
STUDENTS'  EXPOSITION  was  organized  in  Buenos  Aires  by  the 
Women's  National  Temperance  Board,  for  the  purpose  of  demon- 
strating to  the  public  in  a  simple  and  convincing  manner  the  pernicious 
influence  on  the  himian  organism  caused  by  the  use  and  abuse  of 
Uquor. 

On  November  29  last  a  great  SCHOOL  FESTIVAL,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  National  Board  of  Education,  was  held  in  Colon 
Theater,  Buenos  Aires.  The  celebration  was  given  in  connection 
with  the  ceremonies  incident  to  the  closing  of  the  school  year. 

At  the  beginning  of  November,  1919,  the  Executive  Power  approved 
Law  10904,  under  which  the  National  Congress  estabUshes  a 
NATIONAL  RADIUM  INSTITUTE  in  the  city  of  Buenos  Aires. 

BRAZIL. 

On  October  29,  1919,  the  President  promulgated  a  law  of  the 
National  Congress  authorizing  him  to  change  the  present  dental 
course  of  the  faculty  of  medicine  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  into  a  separate 


PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION  AND  EDUCATION.  227 

FACULTY  OF  ODONTOLOGY.  UntU  a  proper  buüding  can  be 
constructed  for  it  this  faculty  will  be  temporarily  installed  in  one  of 
the  national  buildings  of  the  Federal  district,  together  with  all  the 
dental  material  now  on  hand  in  the  faculty  of  medicine,  as  well  as 
the  laboratories  of  technical  odontology  and  the  odontologie  clinic. 
A  four  years'  course  is  required  by  the  new  faculty. 

CHILE. 

By  governmental  decree  issued  in  October,  1919,  the  Ministry  of 
Public  Instruction  will  hold  annual  competitive  examinations  to 
provide  competent  teachers  for  the  GIRLS'  LYCEUMS.  These 
examinations  will  take  place  in  the  month  of  February  of  each  year; 
in  the  event  of  a  vacancy  in  the  facidty  of  the  lycemns  at  other 
times  in  the  year,  the  appointments  will  be  considered  temporary. 

According  to  the  Bulletin  of  Statistics  for  the  month  of  October, 
1919,  the  report  on  SCHOOLS  for  the  month  of  August  showed  that 
there  were  2,994  schools  in  the  coimtry  with  an  enrollment  of  282,653 
pupils,  whose  average  daily  attendance  was  63.7  per  cent. 

In  the  session  held  November  3,  1919,  the  coimcil  of  public  instruc- 
tion appointed  the  members  of  the  committee  created  by  the  Ministry 
of  Education  to  outline  a  PLAN  OF  CORRELATION  BETWEEN 
THE  SCHOOLS  of  primary  and  secondary  education,  the  main  object 
being  to  utilize  the  preparatory  schools  of  the  lyceums  as  real  primary 
sections  or  public  schools  imder  the  direction  of  the  rector  of  the 
lyceum  in  regard  to  the  selection  of  the  faculty.  The  persons  chosen 
to  compose  the  committee  are  the  rector  of  the  National  Institute, 
Seftor  Juan  N.  Espejo;  the  dean  of  the  School  of  Theology,  Señor 
Martin  Rucker;  and  Señor  Claudio  Matte. 

On  November  10,  1919,  the  courses  for  the  MERCHANT  MARINE 
in  engineering  and  navigation  were  opened,  the  first  in  the  Instituto 
Comercial  and  the  second  in  the  Naval  School. 

On  November  10,  1919,  the  coimcil  of  public  instruction  approved 
the  foUowing  CHANGES  IN  THE  EXAMINATIONS  for  bachelor  of 
arts.  The  aspirant  must  select  one  of  the  five  following  schedules: 
First.  Spanish,  physics,  and  French.  Second.  Mathematics,  philos- 
ophy, and  one  optional  language.  Third.  History,  biological  science, 
and  one  optionid  language.  Fourth.  Civic  instruction,  cosmography, 
and  one  optional  language.  Fifth.  Geography,  chemistry,  and  one 
optional  language.  When  the  schedule  has  been  chosen  in  which  the 
student  is  to  be  examined,  he  is  to  select  the  branch  of  the  subject  on 
the  schedule  he  is  to  be  examined  in,  excepting  in  the  case  of  languages, 
which  can  not  be  divided.  The  examination  of  the  first  subject 
indicated  on  each  schedule  shall  be  written  and  oral;  the  other 
subjects  shall  be  only  oral  though  indispensable  written  exercises  will 
not  be  excluded.  The  marks  of  the  examination  will  be  as  follows: 
The  first  subject  will  coimt  20  points,  and  each  of  the  others  10;  21 
points  will  be  the  minimiun  passing  grade. 


228  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

COLOMBIA. 

According  to  newspaper  notices  the  Colombian  Government  has 
acquired  in  the  United  States  6  aeroplanes  of  the  military  type  and  4 
for  ordinary  service  to  be  used  in  the  SCHOOL  OF  AVIATION  to 
be  ^established  in  the  capital  of  the  Republic.  It  has  been  decided 
to  send  10  yoimg  men  to  study  aviation  abroad,  and  the  budget  of  the 
present  year  provides  the  sum  of  170,000  pesos  (peso  =  $0.9733)  for 
the  purchase  of  aviation  fields,  planes,  and  the  equipment  for 
aviation  service. 

The  National  Government  has  accepted  the  invitation  of  the 
Marconi  Telegraph  Co.  of  London  to  send  a  number  of  young  Colom- 
bians to  STUDY  WIRELESS  TELEGRAPHY  in  the  company's 
schools  from  which  they  will  return  to  take  charge  of  the  wireless 
stations  to  be  installed  by  that  company  in  Colombia  on  behalf  of 
the  Government. 

At  the  end  of  the  year  1919  the  equipment  for  a  SCHOOL  OF 
TELEGRAPHY  arrived  at  Cucuta.  The  school  wnll  be  for  young 
ladies  and  will  be  operated  by  the  Government  of  the  Department 
in  the  city. 

On  October  26,  1919,  a  SCHOOL  FOR  MASONS  was  inaugurated 
in  '  Barranquilla  by  representatives  of  different  labor  associations, 
to  increase  the  efficiency  of  this  class  of  skilled  labor. 

According  to  a  decree  of  the  Ministry  of  Public  Instruction  dated 
October  9,  1919,  the  Normal  School  for  Women  Teachers  of  Medellin 
is  granted  the  right  to  confer  the  degree  of  TEACHER  OF  PRI- 
MARY GRADES  upon  such  students  in  the  fifth  year  of  their  course 
who  in  the  judgment  of  the  professor  have  merited  the  title. 

Decree  No.  449  of  November  15,  1919,  of  the  Department  of  Atlán- 
tico has  created  a  SCHOOL  FOR  THE  DEPARTMENTAL  POLICE 
in  Barranquilla. 

COSTA   RICA. 

THE  NATIONAL  TEACHERS^  UNION  OF  COSTA  RICA  has 
formulated  its  by-laws  and  completed  its  organization.  Among  its 
purposes  are  the  following:  (a)  To  prepare  the  draft  of  a  law  to 
establish  salaries,  pensions,  and  permanency  of  teachers'  positions; 
(b)  to  create  a  teachers'  bank;  (c)  to  orçanize  teachers'  conferences 
to  discuss  matters  relative  to  instruction  which  affect  the  education  of 
the  country;  (á)  to  establish  popular  and  children's  libraries;  (e) 
to  form  friendly  societies  to  take  charge  of  providing  food,  clothing, 
and  necessities  to  the  poor  children  of  the  schools;  and  (/)  to 
encourage  hygiene  and  improved  living  conditions  in  the  home. 

During  the  month  of  Jantiary,  1919,  the  statistics  on  SCHOOLS 
in  the  Province  of  Guanacaste  was  as  follows:  Total  enrollment, 
2,155  pupils,  of  whom  1,052  were  boys  and  1,103  girls.  The  average 
boys'  daily  attendance  was  759,  and  girls'  783,  or  a  total  of  1,542. 


puBuc  i:s:sTRrcnoN  axd  education.  229 

In  a  meeting  held  the  latter  part  of  Xovember,  1919,  the  board  of 
education  decided  to  change  the  HOUR  FOR  SESSIONS  OF 
PUBLIC  SCHOOLS.  City  schools  wiU  hold  morning  sessions  from 
8.30  to  11  a.  m.  and  in  the  afternoon  from  1.30  to  4.30  p.  m.; 
country  schools  will  have  only  one  session  from  10.45  a.  m.  to  4.15 
p.  m. 

On  January  30,  1919,  the  board  of  education  decided  to  open  a 
COEDUCATIOXAL  SCHOOL  in  the  city  of  Habana.  This  school 
will  contain  six  grades  of  the  primary  course  and  one  kindergarten. 

In  November  the  board  of  education  appropriated  the  necessary 
funds  for  the  opening  of  NEW  SCHOOLS  in  the  capital,  eight  of 
which  will  be  primary  schools  and  four  kindergartens. 

DOMINICAN    REPUBUC. 

PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION  in  the  commune  of  Santo  Dommgo,  in 
which  the  city  of  Santo  Domingo  is  located,  is  being  developed  and 
improved.  In  1915  there  were  100  schools  in  this  conmiime  with  236 
teachers  and  4,387  pupils;  in  1916  the  schools  diminished  to  82,  the 
teachers  increased  to  242,  and  the  number  of  pupils  fell  to  4,160;  in 

1917  there  were  62  schools,  189  teachers,  and  3,455  pupils,  and  in 

1918  the  schools  increased  to  107,  the  teachers  to  292,  and  the  pupils 
to  10,415.  In  addition  there  were  in  operation  quite  a  nimiber  of 
primary  schools,  both  official  and  private,  a  nimiber  of  schools  of 
secondary  instruction,  as  well  as  vocational  schools,  such  as  the  Pro 
fessional  School  for  Girls,  The  Lyceimi  of  Music,  the  Commercial 
Institute,  and  the  Normal  High  School.  The  xmiversity  located  in 
the  commune  is  also  in  a  flourishing  condition. 

ECUADOR. 

A  SCHOOL  OF  ARTS  AND  CRAFTS  is  under  construction  in 
the  city  of  Ibarra,  being  erected  with  the  funds  left  for  this  piuT)ose 
by  the  Ecuadorean  philanthropists  Señores  Fernando  Perez  Quiñones 
and  Antonio  Grijalva. 

GUATEMALA. 

According  to  newspaper  reports,  in  1892  there  were  1,284  schools 
for  primary  instruction  for  children  in  Guatemala;  since  then  616 
more  have  been  opened,  the  total  number  reaching  1,900  schools, 
whose  daily  attendance  is  60,000  children. 

On  November  21,  1919,  NEW  PRBLiRY  AND  SECONDARY 

SCHOOLS  were  opened  in  various  parts  of  the  RepubUc,  this  day 

being  chosen  for  the  opening  because  it  was  the  birthday  of  the 

President. 

HAITI. 

There  has  been  established  recently  in  Port  au  Prince  a  league 
for  the  promotion  of  EDUCATION  in  Haiti.     This  new  association, 


230  THE  PAN  AMEKICAN  UNION. 

which  is  called  ''Ligue  nationale  d'éducation/'  will  carry  out  a  nation- 
wide campaign  for  the  betterment  of  teaching  methods.  The  fol- 
lowing officers  have  been  elected:  President,  P.  Thoby;  vice  presi- 
dent, Victor  Cauvin;  secretary  general,  Victor  Thomas. 

The  new  rules  governing  the  admission  of  pupils  to  NORMAL 
SCHOOLS  have  been  published  in  the  Moniteur,  the  official  news- 
paper, of  November,  1919. 

HONDURAS. 

On  October  14,  1919,  the  President  approved  the  new  curriculi 
for  the  NORMAL  AND  SECONDARY  SCHOOLS.  These  curriculi 
make  the  plan  of  studies  uniform  so  that  no  matter  what  school 
the  pupil  begins  in,  he  can  continue  in  another  without  difficulty. 

On  the  9th  of  November  the  President  issued  an  order  that  the 
DIRECTORATE  GENERAL  OF  PRIMARY  EDUCATION  be 
placed  imder  the  charge  of  the  Government  section  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Education. 

MEXICO. 

By  order  of  the  government  of  the  Federal  District  a  permanent 
committee  has  been  established  to  look  after  pubUc  INSTRUCTION 
in  accordance  with  present  needs,  and  to  recommend  the  system 
which  should  be  adopted  for  the  present  year. 

On  December  20,  1919,  the  Executive  Power  issued  rules  and  regu- 
lations governing  the  issuance  of  CERTIFICATES  AND  DIPLOMAS 
by  the  schools  of  the  Federal  District. 

An  Executive  decree  of  January  1  last  abolishes  the  Academy  of 
the  Chief  of  Staff,  which  has  been  in  operation  in  the  Capital  for 
three  years,  and  reopens  in  its  place  the  MILITARY  ACADEMY 
at  Chapultepec. 

In  January  last  the  cornerstone  of  the  NAVAL  SCHOOL  at 
Mazatlan  was  laid.  The  building  is  to  cost  300,000  pesos,  and  is 
expected  to  be  completed  about  the  middle  of  the  present  year. 

At  the  close  of  December,  1919,  the  courses  of  study  for  the  pres- 
ent year  in  the  SCHOOL  OF  CHEMICAL  SCIENCES  in  the  Gty 
of  Mexico,  were  adopted. 

The  President  has  appointed  a  committee  of  professors  consisting 
of  Leopoldo  Rodriguez  Calderón,  Alberto  Lozano  Garza,  and  Miss 
Natividad  H.  Alvarez  to  go  to  the  United  States  to  study  SCHOOLS 
FOR  ABNORMAL  CHILDREN. 

NICARAGUA. 

According  to  a  contract  made  with  the  Ministry  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion, Doctor  Estanislao  Vega  has  agreed  to  work  out  the  plans  for 
the  32  subjects  in  the  COURSE  OF  SECONDARY  EDUCATION. 
In  the  program  for  physics  and  natural  sciences  he  will  incorporate 
the  latest  inventions  and  discoveries  and  the  most  advanced  theories; 


PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION  AKD  EDUCATION.  231 

in  iiniversal  geography  he  will  make  the  changes  established  by  the 
treaty  of  peace. 

The  President  has  approved  the  plan  of  the  Ministry  of  Public 
instruction  to  establish  œEDUCATIONAL  SCH(X)LS  in  Ihe 
wards  of  Candelaria  and  San  Sebastian  of  the  city  of  Managua; 
in  the  towns  of  Santa  Rita  and  San  Cristobal  of  the  Department  of 
Managua;  in  the  town  of  Esquipidas  of  the  Department  of  Mata- 
galpa;  and  in  the  Valle  de  Santa  Isabel  of  the  Department  of  Nueva 
Segovia.  He  has  also  authorized  the  founding  of  an  elementary  school 
for  boys  in  the  Valle  de  Nueva  Segovia. 

PERU. 

On  November  3;  1919,  the  National  Assembly  enacted  a  law 
regulating  the  appointment  of  PROFESSORS  in  the  universities  of 
the  Republic. 

The  Argentine  Government  has  recently  oflfered  four  SCHOLAR- 
SHIPS to  Peruvian  students  who  desire  to  prepare  for  the  profession 
of  teaching  and  three  scholarships  to  students  who  wish  to  follow 
a  military  calling.  This  training  will  be  given  in  normal  school 
No.  2  of  Buenos  Aires  and  in  the  mihtary  college  at  San  Martin. 

Under  a  decree  of  November  14, 1919,  the  Executive  Power  ordered 
a  change  in  the  operation  of  the  SCHOOL  OF  ARTS  AND  CRAFTS 
and  a  revision  of  the  curriculimi.  The  director  of  the  school  will 
formulate  a  plan  covering  more  intensive  practical  work  in  the  shops, 
better  disciplinei  and  punctual  attendance. 

SALVADOR. 

The  Small  Industries  and  Agricultural  Commission  has  determined 
to  found  a  SCHOOL  FOR  HATMAKTNG  in  the  building  in  which 
the  committee  of  agriculture  is  located  in  San  Salvador. 

The  directing  committee  of  the  Federation  of  Labor  of  El  Salvador 
has  decided  to  foimd  in  the  capital  of  the  RepubUc  a  UNIVERSITY, 
with  extension  courses  similar  to  those  in  other  coimtries  which  have 
contributed  to  the  education  of  the  populace. 

In  November,  1919,  the  President  issued  a  decree  authorizing  the 
standardization  of  the  course  of  the  Mihtary  Polytechnic  School  and 
the  schools  of  secondary  education,  stipulating  that  each  year's 
curriculum  in  the  first  four  years  course  be  considered  equal  to  the 
corresponding  year  in  the  secondary  educational  school.  Students 
who  obtain  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  science  and  letters  in  the  Mihtary 
Polytechnic  School  may  thus  enter  the  preparatory  professional 
schools. 

URUGUAY. 

On  October  15,  1919,  the  General  Assembly  passed  a  law  providing 
for  the  discontinuance  of  the  REVALIDATION  OF  DIPLOMAS 


232  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

in  BO  far  as  they  refer  to  Uruguayans  who  have  obtained  durées  from 
official  foreign  universities.  In  order  to  be  exempted  from  these 
revahdations  the  persons  interested  must  submit  to  the  university 
all  their  certificates  of  study  and  the  programs  and  plans  of  instruc- 
tion which  they  have  followed. 

VENEZUELA. 

An  executive  decree  of  October  24,  1919,  provides  for  the  establish- 
ment of  a  SCHOOL  OF  POLITICAL  SCIENCE  in  Caracas,  as  well 
as  for  a  chair  of  civil  and  criminal  procedure  in  the  law  college. 

A  FEDERAL  PRIMARY  SCHOOL  has  been  estabUshed  in  the 
village  of  Mariara,  State  of  Carabobo,  with  a  full  complement  of 
teachers. 

On  December  9,  1919,  the  first  meeting  of  students  was  held  in  the 
National  Capital  to  form  THE  GENERAL  ASSOCLA.TION  OF 
STUDENTS.  At  the  next  meeting  the  question  of  the  statutes  of 
the  association  will  be  considered. 


ARGENTINA. 

• 

The  total  CONSUMPTION  OF  WATER  in  Buenos  Aires  during 
the  five  years  from  1914  to  1918,  inclusive,  was  540,838,892  cubic 
meters.  This  consumption  by  years,  in  cubic  meters,  was  as  follows: 
1914,  76,372,720;  1915,  90,665,047;  1916,  110,815,469;  1917,  123,- 
423,867,  and  in  1918,  139,561,789.  The  average  daily  consumption 
in  1918  was  382,361  cubic  meters,  as  compared  with  209,240  cubic 
meters  in  1914. 

A  CONGRESS  OF  NATIONAL  LIBRARIANS  met  in  Buenos 
Aires  dming  the  latter  part  of  November,  1919,  with  the  object  of 
fmrthering  the  interests  of  the  libraries  of  the  country  and  for  the 
purpose  of  organizing  a  League  of  Argentine  Popular  Libraries. 

The  simi  of  673,254  pesos  has  been  appropriated  for  the  construc- 
tion of  a  POST  OFFICE  AND  TEI^GRAPH  BUILDING  in  the 
city  of  Bahia  Blanca. 

On  November  8,  1919,  a  branch  of  the  ROTARY  CLUB  of  Chicago 
was  established  in  Buenos  Aires.  Jorge  Mitre  was  chosen  president 
of  the  club. 

The  Executive  Power  has  approved  plans  and  estimates  for  the 
construction  of  SANITARY  STATIONS  in  the  Provinces  of  La 
Rioja  and  Jujuy. 


GBNERAL  KOTBS.  288 

On  November  15,  1919,  the  President  issued  afjdecree  regulating 
law  No.  10,998  which  authorizes  the  construction  of  sanitary  works 
in  the  cities  and  villages  of  the  Republic. 

Dr.  Pedro  de  Toledo,  MINISTER  OF  BRAZIL  near  the  Argentine 
Government,  was  officially  received  by  the  President  of^the  Republic 
on  November  6,  1919. 

BOLIVIA. 

By  direction  of  the  President  work  was  begun  in  December  on  the 
SEWER  SYSTEM  OF  LA  PAZ  according  to  the  plans'andjestimates 
of  the  Uhlen  Constructing  Co.* 

CHILE. 

In  the  latter  part  of  October  the  SCHOONER  CONDOR  was 
launched.  It  is  the  largest  vessel  cons  true  t-ed  up  to  the  present  in 
the  shipyards  of  the  coxmtry,  measuring  60  meters  from  stem  to 
stern,  10  meters  beam,  and  5.60  meters  depth  of  hold.  Its  regis- 
tered tonnage  is  656  tons  and  it  has  capacity  of  1,100  tons;  the  total 
spread  of  canvas  is  1,200  meters.  These  new  schooners  will  be  used 
for  coastwise  trade. 

On  November  12,  1919,  the  work  of  construction  was  begun  on 
the  GERMAN  HOSPITAL  in  the  city  of  Valdivia,  which  is  being 
built  by  the  German  society  of  Valdivia. 

In  the  meeting  of  the  Council  of  State  held  November  12,  1919, 
the  President  of  the  Republic  presiding,  the  draft  of  a  law  was 
approved  to  constitute  a  PERMANENT  INTERNATIONAL  COM- 
MISSION to  take  up  the  controversies  between  Great  Britain  and 
Chile  wliich  have  not  been  settled  by  diplomatic  means. 

On  the  day  of  the  Fiesta  de  la  Raza  (Feast  of  the  Race)  a  TABLET 
was  placed  in  the  monastery  of  La  Rábida,  in  Huelva,  Spain,  where 
Columbus  lived  before  his  first  voyage  to  America.  The  stone  is 
the  gift  of  Chile  in  honor  of  the  great  discoverer,  and  was  placed  in 
the  monastery  by  a  mission  from  Chile. 

COLOMBIA. 

Early  in  December  Dr.  Luis  Chápiro  arrived  from  the  United 
States,  sent  by  the  Rockefeller  Institute  to  make  a  carefid  STUDY 
OF  LEPROSY,  MALARIA,  AND  HOOKWORM,  with  a  view  to 
their  extermination.  Dr.  Chápiro  was  lately  in  charge  of  similar 
work  in  the  Institute  of  Costa  Rica  and  has  studied  leprosy  in  the 
Philippines. 

On  November  27  the  chamber  of  representatives  and  the  Senate 
in  joint  session  elected  as  DESIGNATES  (vice  presidents)  of  the 
Republic  Gen.  Pedro  Nel  Obispo  and  Gen.  Jorge  Holguin,  members 
of  the  Conservative  Party. 

158777— 20— Bull.  2 ^8 


234  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

Early  in  December  the  HEALTH  CÎOMMISSION  was  established. 
It  is  formed  of  three  members  chosen  by  Congress  and  two  by  the 
municipal  council  of  the  city  and  wiU  have  the  management  of  all 
the  ftmds  appropriated  by  Congress  for  the  sanitation  of  Bogotá. 

Sres.  Augusto  N.  Samper  and  Francisco  A.  Diago  were  elected 
PRESIDENT  AND  VICE  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  SUPREME 
COURT  for  the  next  term. 

A  contract  has  been  signed  by  the  Minister  of  Government  and  the 
Compania  Colombiana  de  Navegación  Aerea  permitting  the  company 
to  stamp  special  covers  used  for  AEREAL  POSTAL  SERVICE. 
The  Government  has  not  subsidized  the  company  nor  given  it  a 
contract  to  carry  the  mails,  but  merely  permission  to  fly  in  Colombia 
when  wind  and  weather  permit.  If  the  trial  year  of  service  is  satis- 
factory the  company  will  be  given  the  preference  under  equal  condi- 
tions over  other  applicants  for  the  carrying  of  the  mails. 

The  Society  of  Embellishment  of  Bogotá  has  approved  a  contract 
made  by  the  municipality  with  a  promoter  of  the  city  for  the  placing 
of  LIGHTED  ADVERTISEMENTS  in  the  trees  of  the  Avenida  de 
la  Republica.  The  contractor  will  pay  the  city  400  pesos  annually 
for  each  sign  that  he  puts  up. 

COSTA  BIOA. 

According  to  presidential  decree  of  November  3,  1919,  a  LOT  OF 
GOVERNMENT  LAND  is  to  be  ceded  to  the  College  of  Lawyers, 
the  Schools  of  Medicine,  Technology,  Dental  Surgery,  and  Pharmacy, 
for  the  construction  of  suitable  buildings  to  contain  these  schools 
and  form  the  nucleus  of  the  University  of  Costa  Rica,  which  is  now 
being  formed.  This  lot  of  land  is  situated  between  the  Parque  de 
Morazon  and  the  National  Library  in  San  Jose. 

The  Government  of  Costa  Rica  has  lately  established  a  new  FREE 
CABLE  NEWS  SERVICE  for  the  newspapers  of  the  country. 

CUBA. 

Early  in  December,  1919,  the  foUowing  CONSULAR  APPOINT- 
MENTS  were  made:  Sefior  Emilio  Lufrfu,  consul  to  Lyons,  France; 
Williback  F.  Pais,  consul  to  Bombay,  India;  lector  Ceballoa,  consul 
to  Quito,  Ecuador.  The  chancellors  appointed  were  Sefior  Lorenzo 
Aragonés  y  Machado,  in  the  Cuban  consulate  at  Tampico  ;  Sefior  Igna- 
cio Agramente  y  Bosa  chancellor  at  Gonaives,  Haiti.  Sefior  Enrique 
Costa  y  Pano  was  recognized  as  vice  consul  of  Mexico  in  Santiago  de 
Cuba;  Sefior  Charles  Forman,  as  consul  of  the  United  States  in  Nueva 
Gerona,  Isle  of  Pines;  Sefior  Roger  Le  Febusey,  as  consid  of  Roumania 
in  Ebtbana;  and  Sefior  Juan  Camayo  as  consular  agent  of  France  in 
Holguin. 


GENERAL  IZOTES.  235 

Lately  several  parts  of  the  MONUMENT  TO  GENERAL  MACEO 
have  arrived  and  will  be  conveyed  to  the  town  of  Bauta,  where  the 
monument  is  to  be  erected.  The  statue  is  of  bronze  and  is  the  work 
of  the  Spanish  sculptor  Sefior  F.  Mateu. 

Presidential  decree  of  November  11,  1919,  authorizes  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  Commerce,  and  Industry  to  construct  an 
EXPERIMENTAL  BREEDING  STATION  m  Camaguey. 

A  delegation  has  been  appointed  to  attend  the  CONGRESSO  DE 
JUVENTUD  HISPANO  AMERICANO  (Congress  of  Spanish- 
American  Youth)  which  is  to  take  place  shortly  in  Madrid.  The 
delegation  is  made  up  of  students  of  law,  medicine,  letters,  and 
sciences,  and  is  headed  by  Dr.  GuiDermo  Alonzo  Pujol. 

On  December  11,  1919,  a  MOVING  PICTURE  COMPANY  was 
formed  in  Habana  to  produce  Cuban  films. 

DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC. 

On  November  20,  1919,  the  ELECTRIC  PLANT  at  Barahona  was 
put  in  operation,  and  on  the  same  date  work  was  commenced  on  the 
improvement  of  the  intercommunal  highway  from  Barahona  to 
Cabral. 

An  INFANTS*  NURSERY  was  opened  in  the  city  of  Santo 
Domingo  on  November  25,  1919,  under  the  direction  of  the  Benevo- 
lent Society.  The  building  in  which  this  society  is  located  has  a  hall 
with  12  cradles  fitted  up  in  the  most  modem  manner,  a  medical  con- 
sulting office,  a  milk  department,  and  a  bathing  department. 

ECUADOR. 

On  November  26th  the  President  of  the  Republic  received  in  formal 
audience  Sefior  don  Qersain  Ugarte,  MEXICAN  MINISTER  to 
Ecuador. 

The  Ecuadorean  press  announces  the  arrival  in  the  country  of  the 
necessary  material  for  the  installation  of  three  WIRELESS  STA- 
TIONS, which  the  Government  has  contracted  for  with  the  "Société 
Française  Radio  Electrique,"  whose  construction  engineer  has  also 
arrived.  These  stations  will  be  at  Guayaquil,  Quito,  and  Esmeraldas; 
they  will  be  100  meters  high  and  high  powered  for  long  distance 
communication.  The  first  station  at  Guayaquil  was  begun  in 
December. 

According  to  the  census  taken  on  November  16,  1919,  the  POPU- 
LATION OF  GUAYAQUIL  is  93,851  mhabitants,  according  to 
parishes,  as  follows:  Pedro  Carbo,  21,739;  Rocafuerte,  16,269; 
Bolivar,  16,592;  Olmedo,  12,140;  Ayacucho,  23,131;  La  Ría,  397; 
number  registered  directly  in  the  office  of  the  census,  1 14  ;  and  margin 
of  5  per  cent  to  cover  those  not  registered,  4,469. 


236  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

During  November  the  President  approved  a  decree  of  the  legis- 
lative body  to  appropriate  funds  for  the  erection  of  a  COMMEM- 
ORATIVE COLUMN  to  the  Colombian-Ecuadorean  entente  cordial 
on  the  boundary  line  of  the  Carchi. 

The  President  also  approved  a  decree  of  Congress  appropriating 
funds  for  the  construction  of  POST  OFFICES  in  the  cities  of  Quito 
and  Guayaquil. 

GUATEMALA. 

In  November  an  ASYLUM  FOR  CHILDREN  was  opened  in  the 
city  of  Guatemala.  This  asylum  is  a  part  of  the  National  Orphan 
Asylum,  and  is  constructed  so  as  to  be  safe  in  case  of  earthquakes. 

The  President,  on  November  21,  1919,  issued  a  decree  offering 
prizes  to  foster  the  CARE  OF  CHILDREN  m  Guatemala.  Accord- 
ing to  the  decree  on  August  21  of  each  year  a  committee  in  the  capital 
and  department  capitals  will  select  the  children  in  best  condition. 
To  the  mothers  of  the  prize  winners  5,000  pesos  in  paper  cun-ency 
will  be  given. 

HAITI. 

A  credit  of  $40,000  has  been  provided  by  a  presidential  decree 
to  cover  the  expenses  of  extensive  surveys  which  will  be  soon  under- 
taken in  order  to  gather  the  necessary  material  for  the  establishment 
of  an  accurate  GEOLOGICAL  AND  TOPOGRiVPHIC.VL  MAP 
of  the  Republic. 

The  Government  has  decided  to  erect  a  STATUE  OF  TOUSSAINT 
LOUVERTURE,  the  celebrated  hero  of  Haitian  independence. 
The  monument  will  be  placed  in  the  beautiful  public  gardens  fronting 
the  harbor  office. 

HONDURAS. 

The  Government  of  Honduras  has  recently  asked  the  Rockefeller 
Institute  of  New  York  to  establish  in  the  country  THREE  HOOK- 
WORM CLINICS.  These  clinics  will  be  established  on  the  same 
conditions  as  those  installed  in  Salvador. 

During  1919  CHANGES  IN  THE  DIPLOMATIC  CORPS  were  as 
follows:  On  January  6  Señor  Lie.  Alberto  C.  Franco  was  received  as 
Resident  Minister  of  Mexico  ;  on  March  10  the  Gk)vemment  appointed 
Señor  Doctor  Policarpo  Bonilla  Honduran  minister  to  France,  and 
Señor  Doctor  Rafael  Calderón  Muñoz  presented  his  credentials  as 
minister  from  Costa  Rica. 

MEXICO. 

During  the  first  10  months  of  last  year  47,978  persons  loft  the 
country  and  60,048  entered. 

The  Secretary  of  Industry,  Commerce  and  Labor,  is  carrying  on  an 
active  propaganda  with  the  object  of  bettering  the  relations  between 
Mexican  and  United  States  LABORERS.     Julio  Poiilat  has  been 


GENERAL  NOTES.  237 

sent  to  New  York  to  confer  with  labor  leaders  of  the  United  States 
for  the  purpose  of  making  mutual  agreements  or  arrangements 
favorable  to  the  laborers  of  both  countries. 

Since  January  1,  1920,  the  city  of  Cuemavaca  has  been  the 
CAPITAL  of  the  State  of  Morelos,  instead  of  Cuautla  which  was  for 
a  time  its  temporary  capital. 

A  meeting  of  the  MEXICAN  RED  CROSS  was  recently  held  m 
the  City  of  Mexico  to  select  a  new  administrative  board,  and  to 
reorganize  the  institution  and  extend  and  develop  the  work  of  the 
same. 

The  Government  has  ordered  the  construction  of  two  GUNBOATS 
in  the  national  shipyards  at  Guavmas,  Sonora,  for  use  on  the  coast 
of  Lower  California  in  the  prevention  of  smuggling,  illicit  pearl  fish- 
ing, etc. 

The  petroleum  companies  of  Tampico  have  bought  land  near 
Tequisquiapam,  State  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  as  the  site  of  a  modem 
HOSPITAL  for  the  use  of  employees.  The  location  is  one  of  the 
healthiest  in  the  State. 

The  superior  board  of  health  of  Mexico  advises  that  a  Mexican 
physician  has  discovered  a  SERUM  that  will  cure  typhoid  fever 
within  48  hours.  About  80  per  cent  of  the  virulent  cases  treated 
are  reported  to  have  been  cured  under  this  treatment. 

The  municipal  government  of  the  City  of  Mexico  has  established 
an  IDENTIFICATION  SECTION  in  the  police  department  of  that 
city,  organized  after  methods  followed  in  the  United  States.  Two 
physicians  have  been  sent  to  the  United  States  to  study  methods 
in  use  there  and  to  purchase  the  necessary  equipment. 

NICARAGUA. 

In  Bluefields,  in  the  latter  part  of  October,  a  committee  of  promi- 
nent citizens  met  to  discuss  plans  for  the  erection  of  a  MONUMENT 
TO  RUBEN  DARIO,  deciding  to  place  a  statue  of  the  well-known 
poet  in  the  Parque  Reyes  of  that  city.  The  monument  will  be 
unveiled  in  April. 

In  November  the  motors  and  equipment  for  the  installation  of  an 
ELECTRIC  LIGHT  PLANT  arrived  at  Granada. 

PANAMA. 

Presidential  decree  No.  238  of  December  22,  1919,  prolonged  the 
extra  session  of  the  NATIONAL  ASSEMBLY  from  the  24th  of 
December  to  January  12. 

On  December  16,  1919,  the  mayor  of  the  municipal  district  of 
Panama  issued  a  decree  naming  the  organizing  conmiittee  of  22 
members  for  the  carnival  of  1920.  The  decree  states  that  this 
committee  is  authorized  to  collect  and  expend  funds  for  the  carnival 


238  THE  PAN  AMEBIOAN  UIHON. 

in  whatever  maimer  it  sçes  fit,  and  to  call  other  committees  and  sub- 
committees as  necessary.  The  carnival  will  begin  on  February  14 
and  end  three  days  afterwards. 

The  inspector  of  mails  of  Panama  has  informed  the  press  of  that 
country  that  the  plans  are  now  ready  for  the  construction  of  TWO 
POST  OFFICES  in  the  terminal  points  of  the  Canal,  that  is,  in 
Cristobal  and  Ancon.  The  Cristobal  office  will  cost  $100,000  and 
the  one  in  Ancon  $76,000. 

The  post  of  INSPECTOR  GENERAL  OF  WAREHOUSES  has 
been  created;  Sr.  Damián  Preto  is  appointed  inspector. 

PARAGUAY. 

Presidential  decree  of  October  30,  1919,  orders  the  constitution  of 
a  PAN  AMERICAN  COMMISSION  who  will  take  charge  of  Pan 
American  affairs.  The  commission  will  be  under  the  control  of  the 
Ministry  of  Foreign  Relations.  In  another  decree  of  the  same  date 
the  President  appointed  Dr.  Antolfn  Irala  president  of  this  commis- 
sion; Dr.  Cardús  Huerta,  secretary;  and  Dr.  Arsénio  Lopez  Découd, 
Dr.  Luis  Migone,  and  Juan  Francisco  Pérez  members  of  the  com- 
mission. 

The  Government  of  Uruguay  about  the  middle  of  October  invited 
Paraguay  to  select  a  delegate  to  the  CONFERENCE  ON  REDUCING 
THE  COST  OF  LIVING  to  be  held  at  Montevideo  by  the  five 
countries — ^Argentina,  Brazil,  Chile,  Paraguay,  and  Uruguay. 

PERU. 

A  law  enacted  by  Congress  on  November  4,  1919,  changes  the 
name  of  the  Province  of  Catabambas  to  the  PROVINCE  OF  GRAU, 
the  capital  of  which  is  the  city  of  Chiquibambilla. 

Gen.  César  Canevaro  and  Dr.  Augustin  de  la  Torre  González  have 
been  appointed,  respectively,  first  and  second  VICE  PRESIDENTS 
of  the  Republic  for  the  constitutional  period  beginning  October  12, 
1919,  and  ending  October  12,  1924. 

A  bureau  was  recently  organized  under  the  statistical  section  of 
the  Department  of  Fomento  to  compile  the  WHARF  TRAFFIC 
STATISTICS  of  the  Republic. 

A  new  LIGHTHOUSE  is  to  be  mstalled  at  Punta  de  Coles.  There 
are  now  on  the  coast  of  Peru  the  following  lighthouses:  To  the  north 
of  Callao;  at  Lobos  de  Afuera;  at  Lobos  de  Tierra;  on  the  Guanape 
Island;  on  the  Mayorca  Island;  on  the  Palominos  Island;  at  Huarmey, 
at  Supe,  and  at  Punta.  Three  luminous  buoys  are  now  being  con- 
structed in  England  for  Camotal  and  also  a  luminous  buoy  and 
whistle  for  Punta  Pifieyro.  Bids  have  been  requested  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  lighthouse  at  Chincha  Island,  Punta  Parada  de  Santa 
Maria,  and  at  Punta  Ático. 


GENERAL  NOTES.  239 

SALVADOR. 

The  President  has  appointed  Dr.  Baltasar  Estupinián  MINISTER 
OF  GOVERNMENT,  PROMOTION,  AND  AGRICULTURE,  to 
succeed  Dr.  Miguel  Tomás  Molina,  who  resigned. 

On  November  16, 1919,  a  WARD  FOR  THE  POOR  was  opened  in 
connection  with  Asilo  Sara  of  San  Salvador.  This  ward  will  shelter 
all  indigents  who  are  in  the  capital  and  has  been  built  through  the 
cooperation  of  the  Government  and  private  individuals^ 

Dr.  Leonilo  Montalvo  has  been  appointed  Salvadorean  CONSUL 
to  New  Orleans. 

The  National  Government  has  commissioned  the  chamber  of  com- 
merce and  Sefiores  Victorino  Ayala,  Max  Martinez,  Bartolo  Mclntire, 
and  a  representative  of  the  fire  insurance  companies  to  draft  a 
REGULATION  FOR  PROTECTION  FROM  FIRE. 

Aocordmg  to  newpaper  reports,  the  LEGATION  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES  in  San  Salvador  will  soon  be  in  a  home  of  its  own,  as  the 
site  has  been  chosen,  and  in  the  latter  part  of  November  the  materials 
arrived  and  the  work  of  building  commenced.  It  will  be  remembered 
that  the  Government  of  Salvador  acquired  several  sites  for  the  build- 
ing of  legations  for  different  friendly  nations,  presenting  them  as 
gifts  to  the  countries  which  wished  to  construct  their  own  legations. 

According  to  the  Salvadorean  press,  the  GROWTH  OF  SAN 
SALVADOR  is  wonderful.  The  city  population  has  increased  con- 
siderably and  the  increase  in  buildings  is  very  noticeable,  while  many 
new  streets  have  been  opened. 

The  Ministry  of  the  Treasury  and  Public  Credit  has  opened  a  SCI- 
ENTIFIC CONTEST  for  students  of  law  and  social  science  and 
Üioee  who  have  recently  obtained  their  degrees,  to  submit  themes  on 
"Systems  of  Taxation  in  General  and  a  Plan  of  Taxation  for  El 
Salvador/'  The  winner  of  the  contest  will  be  sent  abroad  by  the 
State  to  study  the  tax  systems  of  the  cities  of  Paris,  Berlin,  and 
Brussels.  He  will  have  1,000  francs  a  month  and  his  imiversity  ex- 
penses paid.    The  contest  will  close  May  1,  1920. 

The  President  has  permitted  the  incorporation  of  the  INSTITU- 
TION MIGUEL  DUEÑAS  organized  and  operating  in  San  Sal- 
vador. This  institution  was  founded  for  the  purpose  of  providing 
hygienic,  comfortable,  and  cheap  houses  for  the  workmen  and  em- 
ployees in  the  capital.  With  this  end  in  view  two  wards  of  the  city 
are  being  built,  one  for  clerks  and  people  of  small  means  and  the 
other  exclusively  for  laborers.  The  houses  will  be  on  the  style  of 
chalets  surrounded  by  gardens  and  will  have  all  modem  conveni- 
ences. 

The  President  of  the  Republic  received  the  new  MINISTER  OF 
HONDURAS,  Dr.  Joaquin  Mondragón,  in  pubhc  audience  on  No- 
vember 29,  1919. 


240  THE  PAN  AMBBIOAN  TJNION. 

URUGUAY. 

The  mxinicipal  council  has  bought  a  MAP  of  Montevideo  pre- 
pared by  Julio  Piffaretti,  chief  of  the  section  of  nomenclature  of  the 
municipality.  The  map  is  up  to  date  and  shows  the  new  official 
names  of  the  streets  and  wards  of  the  city. 

An  AIRPLANE  SERVICE  of  the  River  Plate  between  Buenos 
Aires  and  Montevideo  was  inaugurated  on  November  18,  1919,  by 
French  aviators.  The  time  required  for  the  trip  either  way  is,  ap- 
proxhnately,  two  hours. 

The  following  STATISTICAL  DATA  for  the  City  of  Montevideo 
has  been  pubhshed  for  September,  1919:  Births,  737;  deaths,  577; 
marriages,  236;  total  registration  of  vehicles  at  the  end  of  September 
was  24,059,  of  which  4,800  were  automobiles.  The  three  theaters 
which  were  in  operation  diu'ing  the  month  referred  to  gave  82  plays 
which  were  attended  by  20,322  persons.  The  Hippodrome  had  five 
race  meetings  attended  by  16,638  persons,  and  the  moving-picture 
shows  gave  1,716  performances  with  a  total  attendance  of  449,092 
persons.  The  attendance  at  the  pubUc  schools  numbered  33,733, 
and  at  private  schools  15,098.     The  hbrary  had  54,475  volumes. 

VENEZUELA. 

Early  in  September,  1919,  the  following  officers  of  the  board  of 
directors  of  the  bureau  of  immigration  of  the  Department  of  Fo- 
mento were  appointed:  F.  de  Sales  Pérez,  president;  Dr.  Alfredo 
Jahn,  first  vice  president;  and  Diego  Guzman  Blanco,  second  vice 
president. 

An  executive  decree  of  October  16,  1919,  provides  an  appropria- 
tion of  100,000  bohvars  for  the  use  of  a  FOREIGN  IMMIGRA- 
TION AGENT  to  June  30,  1920.  Simón  Barceló  has  been  ap- 
pointed immigration  agent. 

Gen.  Carlos  Cuervo  Marquez,  minister  of  Colombia  near  the  Gov- 
ernment of  Venezuela,  was  officially  received  by  the  Provisional 
President  of  the  Republic  on  November  29  last. 

An  executive  decree  of  December  1,  1919,  establishes  a  LEGA- 
TION in  Belgium. 

Frequent  interruption  of  fluvial  cable  service  between  Ciudad 
BoUvar  and  Soledad  has  induced  the  Executive  Power  to  establish 
WIRELESS  communication  between  these  points.  Three  towers 
are  to  be  utilized. 

The  supreme  coimcil  of  the  Venezuelan  Red  Cross  has  decided  to 
estabhsh  a  FREE  DISPENSARY  in  Caracas  for  the  treatment  of 
venereal  diseases,  and  in  connection  therewith  to  distribute  cloth- 
ing to  the  needy,  and  especially  to  indigent  children  and  to  the  aged. 
This  is  the  first  dispensary  to  be  estabUshed  in  Venezuela  under  the 
Red  Cross  League  of  Geneva. 


BEPOBT8  BECBIVED  TO  DBCEKBBB  31,  1919. 


Subject. 


AfiOENTINA. 

Arf«itine  exports  of  cereals 


Destination  of  principal  Argentine  exports,  first  9  months  of 
1919» 

Spanish  publication  on  Argentine  railways 

Argentina's  foreign  trade  during  the  first  half  of  the  year  1919. . 

COLOMBIA. 

Facilities  for  surety^p  in  Colombia 


Date. 


Author. 


Restrictions  upon  importation  into  Colombia  of  ammunition 

and  explosives. 
Exports  for  the  month  of  September,  1919 


Supplementary  report  on  the  use  of  laoUx  vehicles . 

COSTA  RICA. 

Telqihone  and  telegraph  statistics 


Report  on  commerce  and  industry  for  the  month  of  NoTem- 
ter,  1919. 

CUBA. 

Market  for  baled  tin  cans 


Market  for  fireworks 

New  railroad  projected,  Cueto  to  Baracoa . 


DOMINICAN  REPUBUC. 

New  steamship  service  for  Dominican  Republic. 
Tobacco  crop  for  1919  and  prospects  for  1920 


Municipal  ownership  of  local  wat«w(H'ks  probable. 

Santiago  highway 

The  cacao  crop 


ECUADOR. 

Commercial  report  for  September,  1919. 


1919. 
Oct.     3 

Oct.   10 

Oct.   15 
Oct.  28 


Oct.  16 
Oct.  30 
Oct.  31 
Nov.    9 

Nov.  14 
Dec.     5 

Nov.  10 

Nov.  11 
Nov.  22 

Nov.  6 
Nov.  18 


..do 

...do 

Dec.  10 


Revised  commercial  directory  of  Ecuador 

Important  imports  at  Guayaquil  for  first  half  of  1919. 
Facilities  for  suretyship  in  Ecuador ; . . 


Oct.   13 

Oct.  16 
Nov.  7 
...do 


HONDURAS.  1 

Market  for  fireworks I  Nov.  11 


No  market  for  motorcycle  i . . . 

Facilities  for  suretyship 

Highway  transportation 

Improvement  in  mail  service. 


Nov.  12 
Nov.  13 
Nov.  19 
Nov.  17 


MEXICO. 


Facilities  for  suretyship \  Nov.    8 


Use  of  motor  vdiides 

The  growing  of  chick  peas. 


.do. 
.do. 


Food  market  at  Ciudad  Juarez 

Proposed  publication  of  Mexican  tariffs 

Brokerage  charges  on  shipments  into  Mexico. . 

Ready  sale  of  American  drugs  in  Ciudad  Juarez 

Economic  report  for  October,  1919 

Tdephone  habit  growing  in  northern  Mexico. . . 


Establishment  of  Commercial  School  in  Ciudad  Juarez 


Nov.  14 

Nov.  22 

Nov.  29 

Pec.     9 

Tec.   11 
Dec.   11 

Dec.   17 


W.    Henry    Robertson,    consul 
general  at  Buenos  Aires. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 


Claude  E.   Ouyant,  consul  at 
Barranquilla. 
Do. 

S.  7.  Fletcher,  vice  consul  at 
Barranquilla. 
Do. 


Benjamin  F.  Chase,  consul  at 
San  Jose. 
Do. 


Harold  D.  Clu  m,  consul  at  Ean 
tiago  de  Cuba. 
Do. 
J.  F.  Buck,  vicecónsul  at  A ntilla. 


Geo.  A.  Makinson,  vice  consul 

at  Santo  Domingo. 

W.  A.  Bickers,  consul  at  Puerto 

PlaU. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


Frederic    W.    Coding,    consul 
general  at  Guayaquil. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


C.  Cletus  Miller,  vice  consul  at 
Puerto  Cortez. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
O.K.  Donald,  consul  at  Teguci- 
galpa. 

William  A.  Ward,  vice  consul 
at  Tampico. 
Do. 

Joseph  W.  Rowe,  vice  consul  at 
Mexico  City. 

K  d  ward    A.    Dow,    consul    a< 
Ciudad  Juarez. 

Harry  L.  Walsh,  consul  at  Man- 
zanillo. 

Francis  J.  Dyer,  consul  at  No- 
Rales. 

Edward    A.    Dow,    consul    at 
Ciudad  Juarez. 
Do. 

J.  B.  Stewart,  consul  at  Chi- 
huahua. 

Edward    A.    Dow,    consul    at 
Ciudad  Juarez. 

241 


242 


THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 


Reports  received  to  December  Si,  1919 — Continued. 


Subject. 


PANAMA.. 

Highway  transportation 

Automobile  repair  shop  to  be  opened  in  Panama. . 


Postaffe  to  Panama 

New  une  between  Valparaiso  and  New  York  (Royal  Mail 

S.  S.) 
Pier  for  local  shipping  at  Colon. 


Date. 


PERU. 


The  use  of  motor  vehicles . 

Compulsory  arbitration  in  labor  conflicts . 


1919. 
Nov.  20 
Nov.  28 

Dec. 
Dec. 

1 
2 

Dec. 

6 

Nov. 

10 

Nov. 

20 

Author. 


Julius  D .  Dreher,  consul  at  Colon. 
Alban  0.  Snyder,  consul  general 
at  Panama. 
Do. 
Julius  D.  Dreher. 

Do. 


James  H.  Roth,  vice  consul  at 
Callao-Lima. 
Do. 


L  BOOK  NOTES  J 


[Publications  added  to  the  Columbus  Memorial  Library  during  December,  1919.] 

ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC. 

Argentine  grain  grower's  grievances.  By  Gert  Holm.  Buenos  Aires,  Imp.  Ruge- 
roni  Hnos.,  1919.    228  p.    8°. 

Busineas  conditions  in  Argentina.    Report  No.  146.    Ernesto  Tomquist  &  Cía., 
Limitada,  Buenos  Aires.    26  p.    4**. 

Conferencia  económica  nacional.  Setiembre,  1919.  Buenos  Aires,  Imp.  G.  Kraft, 
1919.    32  p.    8°.    Cover-title. 

Correspondencia  de  la  dudad  de  Buenos  Aires  con  los  Reyes  de  Espafia.  Documen- 
tos del  Archivo  de  Indias.  Publicación  dirigida  por  D.  Roberto  Levillier. 
Tomo  1-3.    Buenos  Aires,  1915;  Madrid,  1918.    8**.    3  vols. 

La  desocupación  de  los  obreros  en  la  República  Argentina.  [Por]  Ministerio  del 
Interior.    Buenos  Aires,  Imprenta  de  Coni  Hermanos^  1915.    234  p.    8^. 

Estudios  económicos.    [Por]  Alfredo  Labougle.    [Buenos  Aires],  Imprenta  Tiagant, 
1919.    44  p.    12^ 

Guía  telefónica  ae  la  red  general.  Noviembre,  1919.  Buenos  Aires,  United  River 
Plate  Telephone  Co.,  Ltd.  (Compañía  Unión  Telefónica).    368  p.    4''. 

Informe  de  la  comisión  investigadora  de  los  trusts.  Setiembre  de  1919.  Cámara  de 
Diputados.  Buenos  Aires,  Talleres  Gráficos  Argentinos  de  L.  J.  Rosso  y  Cía., 
1919.    fold,    tables.    299  p.    12"». 

Memoria  de  la  "Sociedad  Fomento  Educadonal"  de  La  Paz  (E.  R.)  correspondiente 
al  XV  ejercicio  económico  de  1918-1919  (1*  septiembre  1918  al  31  agosto  1919). 
Paraná,  Talleres  Gráficos  "La  Acción,"  1919.    45  p.    12*». 

Proyecto  de  rolamento  para  los  laboratorios  de  la  Escuela  Industrial  de  la  Nación 
elevado  al  Ministerio  de  Instrucción  Pública  y  tari&  de  precios  para  loe  ensayos 
pe^culares  que  podrán  efectuarse  en  los  primeros.  Buenos  Aires,  de  la  Revista 
del  Centro  Estudiantes  de  Ingeniería,  Afio  XX,  No.  206,  1919.    8  p.    8''. 

Rutas  del  comercio  intemadonsJ  Aj^ntino  en  1913-1917.  Dirección  general  de 
Comercio  é  Industria.  Buenos  Aues,  Talleres  Gráficos  del  Ministerio  de  Agri- 
cultura de  la  Nación,  1919.    91  p.    4**. 

Workiiu^-actB  and  projects  of  the  executive  power.  The  present  book  contains  a 
collection  of  working-acts  in  force  in  the  Argentine  Republic  and  the  main  project, 
which,  relating  to  uiis  matter,  has  the  executive  power  presented  to  the  pû'lia- 
ment  diuing  the  year  1919.  Argentine  delegation  to  the  International  Conference 
of  Washin^n.    Buenos  Aires,  Estab.  Gráf .  Rodríguez  Giles,  1919.    88  (1)  p.    8''. 

Same  in  Spanish.    84(1)  p.    8**. 

Same  in  Ftench.    82  (1)  p.    8®. 

BOLIVIA. 

Comercio  especial  de  Bolivia.  Exportación — ^Impcurtadón — ^Bancos.  Afio  1918. 
Dirección  Creneral  de  Aduanas.  Sección  de  Estadística  Comercial.  La  Faz, 
Imprenta  y  Litografía  Boliviana.    625,  vüi  p.    f^. 


BOOK  NOTES.  243 

Memoría  de  Guerra  y  Colonización,  1919.    La  Paz,  Intendencia  de  Guerra,  Talleres, 

1919.    100,  Ixxxviüp.    4*». 
Memozia  ]»reeentada  al  EL  Congreso  Nacional  de  1919.    Por  el  Ministro  de  Gobierno  y 

Justicia.    La  Paz,  Talleres  Gráficos  "La  Prensa,''  1919.    11, 153  p.    4"». 
Memoria  y  anexos  que  presenta  el  Ministro  de  Instrucción  Publica  y  Agricultura, 

Señor  Luis  ZaUes  Calderón  al  Congreso  ordinario  de  1919.    La  Paz,  Lit.  e  Imprenta 

"Moderna,"  1919.    351,  xvi  p.    4*». 

BRAZIL. 

AUiança  guerreira.    Scena  allegorica  em  um  acto  e  luna  apothéose  de  Alipio  Cezar. 

Para.  Typ.  do  Instituto  Lauro  Sodró,  1919.    8  p.    8"^. 
Guerra  oa  Europa.    Documentos  diplomáticos.    Attitude  do  Brazil,  1918.    Minis- 
terio das  Relações  Exteriores.    Bio  de  Janeiro,  Imprensa  Nacional,  1918.    230 

p.    8^. 
Medical  report  oí  the  Hice  expedition  to  Brazil.    By  W.  T.  Councilman,  M.  D.^  and 

R.  A.  Lambert,  M.  D.    Cambridge,  Harvard  University  Press,  1918.    illus. 

126  p.    8^ 
Revista  trimensal  do  Instituto  do  Ceará.    Sob  a  direcção  do  Bar&o  de  Studart.    Tomo 

XXXIII— Anno  XXXIII,  1919.    Ceará,  Fortaleza,  Typ.  Minerva,  1919.    368, 

up.    8^ 

CHILB. 

Anuario  del  Ministerio  del  Interior  correspondiente  a  los  afios  de  1909,  1910,  1911, 
1915, 1914, 1915, 1916.    Santiago  de  Chile.    8°.    7  vols. 

Anuario  del  Servicio  Meteorolójico  de  la  Dirección  del  Territorio  Marítimo.  Corres- 
pondiente a  los  años  1909,  1910.  Yalpuraíso,  Imprenta  de  la  Armada.  4^.  2 
vols. 

Anuario  sucesos  1918.  Gxifa  general  de  Chile.  Informaciones  generales  de  comercio, 
industria,  importación,  exportación,  roles  de  comerciantes,  industriales  y  pro- 
fesionales. AjQo  1.  Editores  projnetarios:  Gomez  y  Ugalde.  Valparaíso, 
Sociedad  Imprenta  y  lit.  Universo,  1918.    454,  ccxlüi  p.    4^. 

Baedeker  de  la  Provincia  de  Valdivia,  1918.  Editado  por  la  Sodeded  de  Turismo  i 
Embellecimiento  de  Valdivia.    Valdivia,  Imprenta  Central,  1918.    72  p.    12^. 

Boletín  de  las  sesiones  extraordinarias.  Cámara  de  Diputados,  en  los  afios  de  1905-^, 
1906-7,  1907-8,  1909-10,  1910-11,  1911-12,  1912,  1912-13,  1913-14,  1914,  1914-15, 
1915-16.  1916-17,  1917-18.    Stotiago  de  Chüe.    4*».    14  vols. 

Boletín  de  las  sesiones  ordinarias.  Cámara  de  Diputados,  en  los  afios  de  1910,  1911, 
1912,  1913,  1914,  1915,  1916^  1917,  1918.    Santiago  de  Chile.    4^.    9  vols. 

Boletín  de  las  sesiones  extraordinarias.  Cámara  de  Senadores,  en  los  afios  de  1913-14, 
1914-15,  1915-16,  1916-17,  1917-18,    Santiago  de  Chile.    4*».    5  vols. 

Boletín  de  las  sesiones  ordinarias,  Cámara  de  Senadores,  en  los  afios  de  1913,  1914, 
1915,  1916,  1917,  1918.    Santiago  de  Chile.    4''.    6  vols. 

Canal  de  Matde,  derivado  del  Río  Maule.  Estudio  definitivo  del  Injeniero  Don 
Francisco  Cereceda.  Dirección  Jenend  de  Obras  Públicas.  Santiago  de  Chile, 
Imprenta,  Lit.  i  Ene.  Fiscal  de  la  Penitenciaría,  1917.    map.    viii,  294  p.    4^. 

Canal  ael  Melado,  derivado  del  Río  Melado.  Estudio  definitivo  del  Injeniero  Don 
Carlos  Ponce  de  León.  Dirección  Jeneral  de  Obras  PúbUcas.  Santiago  de  Chile, 
Imprenta,  lit.  i  Ene.  Fiscal  de  la  Penitenciaría,  1918.  fold,  tables,  vi, 
204  p.    4^ 

Códigos  chilenos  anotados.  Código  de  Minería.  Orígenes,  Concordancias.  Juris- 
prudenda.  [Por]  Santiago  Lazo.  [Santiago],  Poblete  Cruzat  Hnos.,  Editores, 
xii,  180  p.    12*». 

CódÍ£os  chilenos  anotados.  Código  Penal,  Orígenes,  Concordancias,  Jurisprudencia. 
[Santiapo],  Poblete  Cruzat  Hnos.,  Editores,  1915.    xix,  560  p.    12''. 

Códigos  chilenos  anotados.  Códijgo  de  Procedimiento  Penal.  Orígenes,  Concordancias, 
Jurisprudencia.  [Por]  Santuigo  Lazo.  [Santiago],  Poblete  Cruzat  Hnos.,  1916. 
xxxvii,  504p.    12^ 

Código  Sanitario  de  la  República  de  Chile.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Nacional, 
1918.    52  p.    12<». 

Cuenta  jeneral  de  las  entradas  i  gastos  fiscales  de  la  República  de  Chile  correspondiente 
a  los  afios  de  1915,  1916,  1917.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Nacional.  4®. 
3  vols. 

Cuestión  chileno-peruana.  Breve  história  diplomática  de  las  relaciones  chileno- 
peruanas,  1819-1879.  Por  Adolfo  Calderón  Cousifio.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Emp. 
Z^-:&g,  1919.    197  p.    12*». 

Diagnostico  del  tifus  exantemático.  La  reacción  de  Weil-Felix.  [Porl  Enrique 
Laval  M.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Univerátaria,  1919.    37  p.    8^. 


244  THE  PAN  AMEBICAN   UNION. 

Diccionario  de  chilenismoe  y  de  otras  voces  y  locuciones  viciosas,  por  Manuel  Antonio 
Román.  Tomos  1-5.  Santiago  de  Cnile,  Imprenta  de  San  José,  1901-1918. 
4°.    5  vols. 

Estado  intelectual,  moral  y  económico  del  Araucano.  Conferencia  dada  en  la  Sociedad 
chilena  de  Historia  y  Geografía  el  31  de  mayo  de  1913  y  publicada  en  el  No.  11, 
Tomo  VII,  de  la  '^Revista"  de  la  misma  Sociedad.  Temuco,  Imp.  y  Ene. 
"Modernista,»'  1916.    28  p.    4*». 

Explotación  del  ferrocarril  longitudinal.  Por  Santiago  Marín  Vicufia.  (Artículos 
publicados  en  El  Mercurio.)  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1914. 
map.    fold,  table.    53  p.    8°. 

Ferrocarriles  internacionales.  Por  Santiago  Marín  Vicufia.  Trabajo  publicado  en  el 
Número  14  de  la  '*  Revista  chilena  de  Historia  y  Geografía,*'  (Tomo  X).  Santiago 
de  Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1914.    map.      51  p.    8°. 

Fósiles  secúndanos  de  Chile.  Por  el  Dr.  Rodulfo  Amando  Philippi.  Publicado 
por  orden  del  Gobierno  de  Chile    Santiago  de  Chile,  1899.    pis.    104  p.    4®. 

Futiira  ley  de  caminos.  Problemas  nacionales.  fPor]  Santiago  Marín  Vicufia. 
Santiago  de  Chile^  Imprenta  Cervantes,  1919.    illus.    19  p.    4°. 

Guía  comercial,  administrativa  e  histórica  de  Coquimbo,  1919.  Por  Pedro  León 
Gallo  R.    Coquimbo,  Imp.  y  Ene.  "La  Favorita,"  1919.    8**.    1  vol. 

Historia  de  la  Calle  de  las  Monjitas.  Por  B.  Vicuña  Mackenna.  Santiago,  Guillermo 
E.  Miranda,  Editor,  1904.    66  p.    12**. 

Historia  de  Chile  para  la  enseñanza  primaria.  9*  edición.  [Por]  Francisco  Valdee 
Vergara.  Valparaíso,  Sociedad  **  imprenta  y  Litografía  Universo,"  1916.  front, 
ülus.    374  p.    12**. 

Informe  correspondiente  a  las  operaciones  del  año  1918.  Caja  de  Crédito  Hipotecario. 
Santiago  (fe  Chile,  Soc.  Imprenta-Lit.  Barcelona^  1919.    158  p.    8°. 

Lei  de  presupuestos  de  los  gastos  jenerales  de  la  administración  publica  de  Chile  para 
los  años  de  1914,  1915,  1916,  1917,  1918  y  1919.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta 
Nacional.     4°.    6  vols. 

Memoria  de  la  Caja  Nacional  de  Ahorros  1918.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc.  Imprenta- 
Litografía  Barcelona,  1919.    fold,  tables.    96  p.    8°. 

Memoria  del  Consejo  de  Defensa  Fiscal  correspondiente  al  año  1915.  Santiago  de 
Chile,  Imprenta  Cervantes^  1918.    x,  658  p.    4®. 

Memoria  del  Ministerio  de  Ferrocarriles  correspondiente  a  los  años  1912,  1914,  1915 
i  cinco  primeros  meses  de  1916.  Correspondiente  a  los  últimos  meses  de  1916  i 
al  año  1917.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imp.,  Lit.  i  Ene.  Fiscal  de  la  Penitenciaría. 
8®.    2  vols.    2  pamps. 

Memoria  del  Ministerio  de  Guerra  presentada  al  Congreso  Nacional  [para  los  años  de 
1896-97,  1898,  1902,  1903,  1908,  1909,  1910,  1913,  1915,  1916,  1917.  Santiago  de 
Chile,  Imprenta  Nacional,  Imprenta  del  Ministerio  de  Guerra.    8®.    11  vols. 

Memoria  del  Ministerio  de  Industria  i  Obras  Públicas  presentada  al  Congreso  Na- 
cional en  los  años  de  1898,  1909,  1910,  1917.  Santisq^o  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Cer- 
vantes.   8°.    4  vols. 

Memoria  del  Ministerio  de  Hacienda  presentada  al  Congreso  Nacional  en  los  años  de 
1907,  1909,  1911,  1912,  1913,  1915,  1916,  1917,  1918.  Santiago  de  Chile.  8**. 
8  vols. 

Memoria  del  Ministerio  de  Instrucción  PúbÜca  correspondiente  a  los  años  de  1911. 
1912-1915, 1915-16, 1917.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria.    8^.    4  vols. 

Memoria  del  Ministerio  del  Interior  presentada  al  Congreso  Nacional  en  los  años  de 

1910,  1912,  1913,  1914,  1915,  1917.    Santiago  de  Chfle.    8°.    6  vols. 

Memoria  del  Ministerio  de  Marina  presentada  al  Congreso  Nacional  en  los  añce  de 

1911,  1912,  1913,  1914,  1915,  1916,  1918.    Santiago  de  Chile.    8°.    7  vols. 
Memoria  del  Ministerio  de  Relaciones  Fsteriores,  Culto  y  Colonización,  V  de  junio 

de  1910  al  1°  de  septiembre  de  1911  [y]  diciembre  de  1914  al  diciembre  de  1915. 
Santiago  de  Chile.    8°.     2  vols. 

Mensaje  leído  por  S.  E.  el  Presidente  de  la  República  en  la  apertura  de  las  sesiones 
ordnarias  del  Congreso  Nacional.  P  de  junio  de  1899;  P  de  junio  de  1912; 
1°  de  junio  de  1913;  P  de  junio  de  1915;  P  de  junio  de  1918.  Santiago  de 
Chile.    8®.    5  pamps. 

Memoria  presentada  al  Congreso  Nacional  en  1911.  Resumen  de  las  \'isita8  i  de  les 
actos  estadísticos  de  los  establecimientos  particulares  subvencionadra  corres- 
pondientes a  los  meses  de  marzo  a  junio  inclusive  de  1911.  Ministerio  de  Ins- 
trucción Pública.     Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Nacional,  1911.    612  p.    8*. 

Narraciones  históricas.  [Por]  Luis  Thayer  Ojeda.  Santiago,  Guillermo  E.  Miranda, 
Editor,  1905.     59  (4)  p^     12°. 

Problemas  nacionales.  [Por]  Santiago  Marín  Vicuña.  Santií^go  de  Chile,  In*- 
prenta  "El  Mercurio**,  1917.    iv,  102  p.    8°. 


BOOK  NOTES.  245 

Prospecto  para  1919.  Loe  Colejios  Ingleses.  Temuco,  Imprenta  de  la  Misión  Arau- 
cana, 1919.     12®.    pamp. 

Prospecto  para  1918  y  1919.  Concepción  College.  Cole^  inglés  para  señoritas, 
kindergarten  para  niñitos.  Concepción,  Imprenta  y  Lit.  José  Y.  Soulodre,  1919. 
31  p.    8**. 

Recopilación  de  leyes,  reglamentos  e  instrucciones  sobre  la  administración  en  general 

Î  especiales  de  obras  públicas.    Aprobada  por  el  Gobierno.    Santiago  de  Chile, 
mnrenta  universitaria,  1914.    835  p.    8°. 

Becu eraos  de  treinta  afios  (1810-1840).  Por  José  Zapiola.  Quinta  edición.  San- 
tiago, Guillermo  Miranda,  Editor,  1902.    310  (1)  p.    8®.  _ 

Reeeña  histórica,  presentada  por  el  Consejo  General  de  Administración  a  los  señores 
accionistas  en  conmemoración  del  25°  aniversario  de  su  ñmdadón  1**  de  enero  de 
1894.    Banco  de  Chile.    Santiago  de  Chile,  1919.    diagrs.    58  p.    4''. 

Sobre  tifus  exantemático.  Nota  paaada  a  la  Dirección  del  Instituto  de  Higiene  por 
el  jefe  de  la  Sección  de  Bacteriología,  Dr.  Arturo  A  tria,  14  de  abril  de  1919.  San- 
tiago de  Chile,  Imprenta  Franco-CSnlèna,  1919.    64  p.    8°. 

Tropas  de  zapadores  i  la  fortificación  de  campaña.  Algunas  esperiencias  recojidas 
dimtnte  los  dos  primeros  afios  de  la  guerra  europea  1914  a  1916,  como  agriado 
militar  en  el  cuartel  jeneral  alemán.  Por  A.  Ahimiada.  Santiago  de  ChUe, 
Talleres  del  Estada  Mayor  Jeneral,  1919.    illus.    116  p.    12°. 

Turismo  en  la  Provincia  de  Llanquihue  a  través  de  la  Suiza  Chilena  y  Argentina  con 
datos  de  los  canales  de  Chiloé.  Por  Jermán  Wiederhold.  Santiago,  Soc.  Imp. 
y  Lit.  Universo,  1917.    maps.    149  p.     12°. 

Turismo  en  la  Provincia  de  Concepción.  Por  Ramiro  Troncóse  y  Eduardo  von  Ca- 
privi.    maps.    224  p.    12°. 

Viajes  por  Sud- América  diu»nte  los  años  1819,  20  i  21.  Esposición  del  estado  actual 
de  Brasil,  Buenos  Aires  i  Chile.  Por  Alejandro  Caldcleugh.  Parte  relativa  a 
Chile  seguida  del  artículo  **  Valparaíso  i  ía  Sociedad  Chilena  en  1847".  Por 
Max  Raoiguet.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1914.  vii,  215  p. 
12°, 

COLOMBIA. 


Informe  del  Ministro  de  Hacienda  al  Congreso  de  1919.    Bogotá,  Imprenta  Nacional, 

1919.    cxciy,  478  p.    4°. 
Memoria  del  Ministro  del  Tesoro  al  Congreso  de  1919.    Anexos.    Bogotá,  Imprenta 

Nacional,  1919.    256  p.    8°. 

CUBA. 

En  el  estado  actual  de  la  ciencia,  ¿puede  determinarse  donde  residen  las  sensaciones 
del  hambre  y  de  la  sed?  Por  el  Dr.  Julio  F.  Arteaga.  Habana,  Talleres  tipo- 
gráficos de  Seoane  y  Ferhández,  1919.    57  p.    8°. 

Pro^ma  del  partido  conservador  nacional.  (Aprobado  en  la  sesión  especial  cele- 
brada por  la  Asamblea  nacional  en  día  27  ae  octubre  de  1919.)  Habana,  Im- 
prenta "La  Prueba,"  1919.    32  p.     12*^. 


ECUADOR. 

Actas  de  las  sesiones  efectuadas  por  el  Ilustre  Concejo  Municipal  de  Guayaquil  en 
1915.    Tercer  trimestre.    Guayaquil,  Imprenta  Municipal,  1918.    269,  ii  p.    8°. 

Anuario  de  Legislación  Ecuatoriana,  1918.  Volumen  17--Segunda  parte.  De- 
cretos ejecutivos.  Apéndice  II  (Clave  de  la  Legislación  Ecuatoriana).  Quito, 
Imprenta  y  Encuademación  Nacionales,  1919.    494  p.    4°. 

AuxiUar  para  los  contadores  militares.  Escrito  por  Amable  Valencia.  Quito,  mayo 
de  1913.    Quito,  Imprenta  y  Encuademación  Nacionales,  1915.    360  p.    4°. 

Diccionario  bic^;ráfico  de  la  BepúbUca  del  Ecuador.  Por  Gustavo  Arboleda  R. 
Quito,  Tip.  de  la  Escuela  de  Artes  y  Oficios,  1911.    194  p.    8°. 

Documentos  relativos  a  las  rentas  y  gastos  de  Instmcción  Pública  1916-17.  Minis- 
terio de  Hacienda.    Quito,  Imprenta  y  Ene.  Nacionales.    62  p.    4°. 

Gobelinos.  [Por]  F.  J.  Falquez  Ampuero.  Quito,  Imprenta  y  Encuademación 
Nacionales,  1919.    xl,  171,  ii  p.    8°. 

Informe  que  el  Ministro  de  Hadenda  presenta  a  la  Nación,  1919.  Quito,  Imprenta 
Y  Encuademación  Nacionales,    xxxvi,  293,  243,  90  p.    4°. 

Iniciativa  de  la  independencia  de  Sud-América.  [Por]  A.  T.  Barrera.  Quito, 
Imprenta  Nacional,  1909.    60  p.    8°. 

La  prensa  en  el  Ecuador  y  los  juicios  de  imprenta.  Tesis  leída  x)or  el  Dr.  V.  Larrea 
y  Alvarado.  Guayaquil,  Tip.  y  Lit.  de  la  Sociedad  Filfmtrópica  del  Guayas, 
^  1919.    front.    42  p.    8°. 

Pidcología  y  sociol(^ía  del  pueblo  ecuatoriano.  Obra  postuma  y  definitiva  de  Al- 
fredo Espinosa  Tamayo.    Guayaquil,  Imprenta  Mimicipal,  1918.     200  (1)  p.    8°. 


246  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

GUATEMALA. 

Cuadro  general  de  loe  miembros  de  la  Sociedad  de  Axixilioe  Mutuos  del  Comercio 
de  Guatemala.  Septiembre  de  1919.  Guatemala,  Imp.  ''Casa  Coloiada,"  1819. 
26  p.    16^ 

Programas  detallados  para  los  institutos  de  s^unda  ensefianza  y  escuelas  normales 
de  la  República.  Ministério  de  In0trucción  Pública.  Guatemala,  Tip.  Na- 
cional, 1915.    81  p.    4*». 

HONDUBAS. 

Revista  Económica.  Tegucigalpa^  Tipo-Litografía  y  Fotograbado  Nadonalee, 
no  date.    9  p.    12''. 

MEXICO. 

Descripción  histórica  de  la  red  seismoló^ca  nacional.  Por  Manuel  Mufioz  Lum~ 
bier.  México,  Secretaría  de  Industna,  Comercio  y  Trabajo,  1919.  illus.  68 
p.    4^.    (Boletín  del  Instituto  Geológico  de  México,  Núm.  18.) 

International  Labor  Forum.  (Contents:  1.  Introduction  to  labor  law  of  Yucatan, 
Mexico,  by  M.  C.  Rolland.  2.  Labor  law  of  Yucatan,  Mexico.  3.  Appeal  to 
Ü.  S.  workers  by  Mexican  workingmen.  4.  President  Gompers  issues  odl  for 
unity  of  labor  in  all  Pan-America.  5.  Appeal  to  Mexican  labor,  by  Samuel 
Gompers.  6.  Conies  of  appeal  to  Mexican  leaders,  by  Samuel  Gompers.  7.  The 
great  pact;  signed  by  Mexican  and  American  labor  representatives  in  Washing- 
ton.   New  York,  Latin-American  News  AssodationO    1916.    16  p.    4^. 

Intervention  in  Mexico.  By  Samuel  Guy  Inman.  New  York»  Association  Pkees, 
1919.    xi,  248p.    8*». 

Libreta  biológica  escolar.  Por  el  Dr.  Hircano  Ayuso  y  O'Horibe.  [Yucatan],  Im- 
prenta Constitucionalista,  no  date.    18  p.    8^. 

Mon^rafía  en  los  mamíferos  de  Yucatán.  Por  Greo.  F.  Gaumer.  México,  Depto.  de 
Talleres  Gráficos  de  la  Secretaría  de  Fomento,  1917.  pis.  map.  xxxviu,  329, 
xlip.    8^ 

Old  university  of  Mexico.  [By]  Herbert  Ingram  Priestley.  [Reprint  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  California  Chronicle^  Vol.  XXl.  No.  4.1    19  p.    8**. 

Salvemos  la  patria.  Impuesto  único.  Por  M.  C.  Rolland.  New  York,  Latin-Amer- 
ican News  Association.    46  (1)  p.    8^. 

Técnica  para  el  examen  de  la  vista  y  del  oído  en  las  escuelas  primarias.  Yucatán, 
Imprenta  Constitudonalista,  1919.    illus.    15  p.    8®. 

NICARAGUA. 

La  conversión  monetaria  de  la  República  de  Nicaragua,  por  el  Dr.  Don  Frutos  Ruis  y 
Ruiz.    Granada,  Tip.  de  "ElCorreo,"  1918.    vi,  93  p.    12*^. 

Preliminary  report  of  the  commission  on  public  credit.  Blinisterio  de  Relaciones 
Exteriores,    no  imprint.    1919.    34  p.    8^. 

PERU. 

Arequipa.    Polisanatorio    Americano.    Por    el    Dr.    Edmundo    Escomel.    Lima, 

Ofidna  Tip.  "La  Opinión  Nacional,"  1918.    illus.    93  p.    8'*. 
Cristiada.    Discurso  leíao  en  el  Ateneo  de  Madrid  el  8  de  diciembre  de  1917.    [Por] 

Pedro  José  Rada  y  Gando.    Madrid,  Imprenta  Clásica  Espafiola,  1917.    nont. 

pis.    52  p.    8**. 
Efemérides  Arequipefias.    Anuario  histórico  para  Arequipa  de  todos  loe  días  del 

afio.    Arregladas  y  redactadas  por  A.  P.  Arequipa,  Tip.  Franklin,  1917.    40  p. 

12^.    [Month  of  January.] 

— ; ;   Sàie  segunda.    Arequipa,  1918.    p.  43-71.    12**.    [Month  of  February]. 

Historia  de  Arequipa.    Por  Germán  Leguía  y  Martínez.    Tomo  1.    lima,  Imp. 

Moderna,  1912.    xxvi.  392,  iü  p.    8**. 
II  Perú  antico.    [Por]  Pedro  José  Rada  y  Gamio.    Roma,  Tipografía  Cuggiani,  1917. 

pis.    47  p.    4*». 

aALVADOR. 

Algunos  apuntes  sobre  las  construcciones  en  San  Salvador.  Por  el  Sefior  Ingeniero 
Francisco  G.  Moctezuma.    México,  Imprenta  "Victtffia,"  1919.    illus.    37  p. 

Mis  opiniones  sobre  educación.  [Por]  Francisco  Machón  Vilanoya.  San  Salvador, 
Imprenta  Nacional,  1919.    71  p.    8**. 

Reglamento  de  franquicias  y  telegnificas  y  telefónicas.  San  Salvador,  Imprenta  Na- 
cional, 1919.    21  p.    12*». 

UNrnSD  OTATES. 

Air  service  medical  manual.  War  Department.  Air  Service.  Division  of  Military 
Aeronautics.    Washington,  G.  P.  ó.,  1919.    front,  illus.    38  p.    4®. 


BOOK  iroTES.  247 

American  walnut  "  the  cabinet- wood  of  the  elect."    New  York,  The  American  Walnut 

Manufacturers'  Association,  no  date,    front,  illus.    45  p.    8^. 
Amoica's  opportunity  in  foreign  investments.    New  York,  Guaranty  Trust  Company 

of  New  York,  1919.    12  p.    8*^. 
Annual  report  of  the  Director  of  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce  to  the 
Secretary  of  Commerce  for  the  ñacal  year  ended  June  30,  1919.    Washington, 
G.  P.  0.,  1919.    82  p.    8**. 
Annual  report  of  the  Director  of  the  Census  to  the  Secretanr  of  Commerce  for  the  fiscal 

year  ended  June  30,  1919.    Washington,  G.  P.  O.,  1919.    40  p.    8**. 
Annual  report  of  the  Governor  of  the  Panama  Canal  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30, 

1919.    Washington,  G.  P.  O.,  1919.    xi,  366  p.    8**. 
Annual  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1919. 

Wadungton,  G.  P.  O.,  1919.    xii,  218  p.    8**. 
Annual  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  on  the  state  of  the  finances  for  the 

fiscal  vear  ended  June  30,  1919.    Waahin^n,  G.  P.  O.,  1919.    x,  719  p.    8**. 
Atlas  AmÃica  Latina.    New  York.  General  Drafting  Co.  (Inc.),  1919.    196  p.    4**. 

(Text  in  Spanish,  English,  and  Portuguese.) 
Bibliography  of  home  economics.    By  Carrie  Alberta  Lyford.     Bureau  of  Education. 

Waahin^n.  G.  P.  0.,  1919.    103  p.    8*». 
Birth  statistics  for  the  birth  redstration  area  of  the  United  States,  1917.    Bureau  of 

the  Census.    Washington,  G.  P.  O.j  1919.    299  p.    4^ 
Indian  notes  and  monographs.    A  senes  of  publications  relating  to  the  American 
aborigines.    Museum  of  Üie  American   Indian.    Heye  Foundation.    Vol.   1, 
No8.ir2.    Vol.  5,  No.  1.    Vol.  6,  No.  2. 
Mortality  statistics,  1917.    Bureau  of  the  T^ensus.    Eighteenth  annual  rei>ort.    Wash- 
ington, Q.  P.  O..  1919.    597  p.    4*». 
Official  congressional  directory  for  the  use  of  the  united  States  Congress.    66th  Con- 
gress, 1st  session,   beginning  May  19,  1919.    Compiled  imder  the  direction  of 
the  joint  conunittee  on  printing.    Washington,  G.  P.  O.,  1919.    front,    xvi, 
533  jp.    8**. 
Proceedings  of  the  United  States  National  Museum.    Volume  54.    Washington, 

G.  P.  0.,  1919.    iUus.  pis.    XV,  653  p.    8**. 
Report  of  the  Chief  of  the  bureau  of  Insular  Affairs  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  1919. 

Washington.  G.  P.  O.,  1919.    16  p.    8*». 
Bepon  of  the  Governor  of  Porto  Rico  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  1919.    Washington, 

G.  P.  O.,  1919.    map.    pis.    ülus.    741  p.    8*». 
Report  o!  the  Secretary  of  tne  Smithsonian  Institution  for  the  year  ended  June  30, 

1919.    Washington,  G.  P.  O.,  1919.    106  p.    8*». 
Rules  and  regulations  for  the  opeiation  and  navigation  of  the  Panama  Canal.    Sailing 
directions.    General  information.    August  15,  1919.    Mount  Hope,  C.  Z.,  The 
Panama  Canal  Press,  1919.    133  p.    8*». 
Stabilizing  the  dollar.    By  Prof.  Irving  Fisher.    An  address  given  before  the  Elec- 
trical Manufacturers'  Club,  May  15,  1919.    Published  by  The  Electrical  Manu- 
factuiers'  Club,  May,  1919.    12  p.    4**. 
Third  annual  report  of  the  United  States  Council  of  National  Defense.    For  the  fiscal 
vear  ended  June  30,  1919.    Washington,  G.  P.  O.,  1919.    fold,  tables.    160  p. 

Why  we  foudit  By  Thomas  G.  Chamberlain.  Foreword  by  Hon.  William  Howard 
Taft.    New  York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  1919.    ix,  93  p.    12'^. 

Fabric  of  civilization.  A  short  survey  of  Õie  cotton  industry  in  the  United  States. 
New  York,  Guaranty  Trust  Company  of  New  York,  1919.  map.  illus.  62  p. 
8  . 

Work  of  the  American  Red  Cross  during  the  war.  A  statement  of  finances  and  accom- 
plishments for  the  period  July  1,  1917,  to  February  28,  1919.    90  p.    8**. 

UBUOUAT. 

Boletín  de  la  Asistencia  PtibUca  Nacional  No.  61.  (Volumen  complementario  del 
afio  1917.)  Sumario  de  las  sesiones  del  consejo,  de  setiembre  a  diciembre  de 
1917.    Montevideo,  Imp.  Peña  Hnos.,  1917.    440  p.    8**. 

Loe  parásitos  vestales  y  animales  de  las  plantas  cultivadas  y  espontáneas,  observados 
en  la  República  Oriental  del  Uruguay.  Por  Juan  Puig  y  Nattino.  Montevideo, 
Imprenta  Nacional,  1919.  94  p.  8**.  (Inspección  Nacional  de  Ganadería  y 
Agricultura.    Boletín  No.  36.) 

GENERAL  BOOKS. 

Delegates,  official  guide.    International  Labor  Conference.    Washington,  October  29, 

1919.    28  p.    8**. 
Direct  and  indirect  costs  of  the  great  world  war.    By  Ernest  L.  Bogart.    Carnegie 

Endowment  for  International  Peace.    New  York,  Oxford  Univennty  Pteee,  1919. 

VI,  338  p.    4®. 


248  THE  PAN  AMEKICAN  UNION. 

Ferrocarril  Intercontinental  Panamericano.  Sus  nuevas  orientaciones.  Ferrocarril 
Internacional  Americano.  Conferencia  pronunciada  en  el  Centro  Nacional  de 
Ii^nieros  el  día  26  de  mayo  de  1919.  Buenos  Aires,  Talleree  Gráficos  de  la  Guía 
"Expreso",  1919.    map.    60  p.    8°. 

Ferrocarril  Panamericano.  (Segunda  edición.)  [Por]  Santiago  Marín  Vicuña.  Anexo: 
Cartas  y  juicios  de  los  Señores  Carlos  F.  Gómez,  Mardaf  Martínez,  Rafael  Reyes, 
Eduardo  Poirier,  Omer  Emeth  y  John  Barrett.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta 
Cervantes,  1917.    39  p.    4*». 

Hacia  la  Sociedad  de  las  Naciones.  Por  el  Doctor  Alfredo  Hudson,  no  imprint,  no 
date.    19  p.    8°. 

Organización-réglamento  y  programa.  Congreso  Juventudes  Hispano-Americanas. 
no  date,  no  imprint.    55  p.    8°. 

Quest  and  occupation  of  Tahiti  by  emissaries  of  Spain  during  the  years  1772-1776. 
Told  in  despatches  and  other  contemporary  documents.  Translated  into  Eng- 
lish and  compiled,  wiüi  notes  and  introduction,  by  Boleton  Glanvill  Comey. 
Volume  3,  containing  the  diary  of  Máximo  Rodriguez.  London,  Printed  foj 
the  Hakluyt  Society,  1919.    front,    illus.    map.    xiix,  271p.    8°. 

Report  on  the  Lands  and  Mines  Department,  for  the  year  1918.  British  Guiana. 
Georgetown,  "The  Argosy"  Co.  (Ltd.),  1919.    15,  x  p.    4**. 

Spanish  program.  By  J.  Warshaw.  [Reprinted  from  Hispânia.  Vol.  II,  No.  5, 
November,  1919.]    p.  223-235.    8°.    [The  teaching  of  Spanish.] 

Texto  de  taquigrafía,    ror  A.  Alemán.    Diriam ba,  1919.    59  (1)  p.    8°. 

PERIODICALS. 

[Not  heretofore  listed.] 
ARGENTINE    REPUBLIC. 

Buenos  Aires  Herald.    Buenos  Aires.    Weekly. 
El  Gráfico.    Buenos  Aires.    Weekly.    Afio  1,  No.  2,  July  4,  1919. 
El  Monitor  de  la  Educación  Común.    Buenos  Aires.    Monthly. 
Revista  Industrial  de  Electricidad.    Buenos  Aires.    Monthly.    Año  1,  No.  4,  No- 
vember, 1919. 

BRAZIL. 

Boletim  Mundial.    Rio  de  Janeiro.    Weekly. 

A  Independencia  do  Ypiranga.    Ypiranga.    Weekly.  ^  • 

Diario  do  Povo.    Campinas.    Daily. 

COLOMBLA. 

Anales  de  la  Escuela  Nacional  de  Minas.    Medellín.    Monthly. 

El  Siglo  XX.    Barranquilla.    Monthly.    Año  1,  No.  6,  October,  1919. 

El  Triunfo  del  Granadero.    Bogotá.    Monthly. 

La  Vanguardia  Liberal.    Bucaramanga.    Daily.    Año  1,  No.  59,  Nov.  7,  1919. 

COSTA    RICA. 

Maranatha.    San  José.    Monthly.    Tomo  1,  No.  1,  October,  1919. 

ECUADOR. 

Boletín  Trimestral  de  la  Oficina  de  Censo,  Estadística  y  Despacho.    Guayaquil. 
Quarterly.    Año  1,  No.  3,  July-Sept.,  1919. 

GUATEMALA. 

América  y  España.    Guatemala,  Guatemala.    Irregular. 

Revista  de  Ciencias,  Farmacéuticas,  Médicas  y  Naturales.    Guatemala.    Monthly. 

HAm. 

Bulletin  du  Conseil  Communal  de  Port-au-Prince.     Port-au-Prince. 

NICARAGUA. 

Educación.    Managua.    Bimonthly.  La  Patria.    León.    Semimonthly. 

PARAGUAY. 

Revista  Comercial.    Asunción.    Bimonthly. 

PERU. 

El  Mundo  Infantil.     Lima.    Monthly.    Año  1,  No.  1,  July,  1919. 


^ 


T        UNION    OF    AMERICAN     REPUBLICS        T 

BULLETIN 

OF  THE 

PAN  AMERICAN 

UNION 

MARCH  1920 


SEVENTEENTH  AND  B  STREETS  NW.,  WASmNGTON.  D.  C,  D.  S.  A. 

CABLE  ADDRESS  FOR  UmOIf  AND  BULLKTIH     :     :     :    :    "PAO,"  VASHtNOTOH 


SUBSCRIPTION    RATES   FOR  THE   BULLETIN 

EacUth  «ditioB,  ia  «11  cooatriM  of  tlM  Pan  Am«ricaa  Uaioa,  9U0  p«r  jaar 
Spaaiah  «ditioa, "        2.00 


*« 


«• 


** 
«« 


« 


1.S0 


** 


PortoffueM  aditioa, 

Aa  ADDITIONAL*  CHARGE  of  50  o«att  p«r  year,  oa  each  aditioa,  for 
rabtcriptioat  ia  coaattiat  outside  Úm  Paa  Anericaa  Uaioa. 

SINGLE  COPIES  ¿kar  b«  procured  from    the  Superiateadcat  of  Docu* 
Bseatt,  Gorerameat  Prfatiac  Office,  Wathiagtoa,  D.  C,  at  25  ceatt  each. 


WAMIINOTON I  QOVCRMMCNT  peiNTIMO  Or»IOC  t  ItM 


fev-^ 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

A^  ^A 

Page. 
The  Great  Possibilities  of  Amazonia 249 

Intellectual  Deyelopment  in  Ecuador 265 

Mexican  Mines  and  Mining 276 

Tiade  Balance 289 

Boys'  and  Oirls'  Club  Work  in  the  United  States 300 

Foreign  Banks  in  Chile 311 

Agriculture,  Industry,  and  Commerce 318 

ARGENTINA:  Quebracho  forests— Foreiifn  oommerco— Railways— CcMnmercial  arbitration 
convention— Transatlantic  steamers— Cereal  cultivation— Agricultural  cooperative  society— 
Chilean- Argentine  Trans- Andean  railway. BOLIVIA:  Potosi -Sucre  railroad— Bridge- 
Oil  lands— Milk  inspection— Alcohol— Cable  service— Rubber  factories— American  Chamber 

01  Commerce  of  Bolivia. BRAZIL:  Destination  of  exports. CHILE:  Transfers  of  real 

property— Wine»— Nitrates— Association  of  millers— Bridge— Chilean  steamers — Revenue 

cutters— Slaughterhouse. COLOMBIA:    Canalization    of   the    Atrato    river- Packing 

house— Railroads— Lighthouses— Cattle  and  meat  inspection— Highway— Tolima  rail- 
road—Mete<nrological   service— Carare   railroad- Aluminum,    marble   and   platinum. 

COSTA  RICA:  Water  concession— "Magdeburg  Fire  Insurance  Co." CUBA:  Com- 
merce—Bureau  of  commercial  information — Cigars— New   industries— New   system   of 

colonization— Line  of  steamers— Sugar  export— Sugar  mills— New  steamers— Oil  tanks. 

DOMINICAN     REPUBLIC:     Irrigation— Immigrants— Monthly     steamer    service. 

EUCADOR:  Canals  and  roads— Gold  mines— Direct  line  of  steamers— Arbitration  of  com- 
mercial controversies— Highways. GUATEMALA:  Community  flour  mill— Steamship 

service— Highway— Telegraph  Une. HAITI:    "United  West   Indies  Corporation." 

HONDURAS:  Air  mail  service— Telegraph  and  telephone  service. MEXICO:  New 

railroad— Road— Packing  houses  for  fish  products— Land  leased— Explmtation  of  the 
Islands  of  Lake  Chapwa— Petroleum  wells— Silver  exports— Production  of  petroleum- 
Storage   of  netroleum. NICARAGUA:    Decauvillc   railwav— Automobile   highway— 

"Compañía  Mercantil  Ultramar"— Cultivation  of  cotton- Geological  commission— Puerto 
Chamorro— Construction  of  a  port— Docks  of  Puerto  Diaz. PANAMA:  Warehouses- 
Cultivation  of  rice. PARAGUAY:  C/oastwise  trade  service— Commerce  with  the  United 

States— Samples  of  Paraguayan  products— "Compañía  Internacional  de  Productos"— 

Production   of  sugar— Foreii^i  commerce. PERU:   Imports— Export   of  sugar— New 

steamer— Cable   station— Food    products— Foreign    trade. SALVADOR:    Automobile 

rood — Electric  Street  Railway— "  CompafUa  Nacional  de  Espectáculos" — Hat  making- 
Direct  line  of  steamers— Dock  fees. ^URUGUAY:  Salt— Cultivation  of  potatoes- 
Foreign  commerce— New  cable. VENEZUELA:  Oil  lands— Women's  Industrial  club- 
Mineral  spring— Fish  company— Sugar  plant— Agricultural  exhibition— Highway. 

Economic  and  Financial  Affairs 335 

ARGENTINA:  Territorial   tax— Checks— Central   Cordova    Railwav— Agrarian   pledges- 
Stock    companies— Customs    revenues— Internal    tax BOLIVIA:  Credits    for    Public 

works— Club  of  La  Paz — Gold  as  a  medium  of  exchange. BRAZIL:  Public  wealth- 

Clearing  house. CHILE:  Savings  banks— Bank  deposits—"  Banco  Proveedor  de  Chile  "— 

Customs  receipts. COT^OMBIA:  Treasury  certificates— Consular  fees— Coin(xl  gold. 

COSTA  RICA:  Imnoriatlon  of  sliver— Tax  on  warehouses— National  telegraphs  receipt.*». 

(^UB.\:  Cuban  Railroad  Co.— "Banco  Nacional  de  Comercio"— Electric  Traction  &  Light 
Co.-Treasury— Customs  revenues— Cuban- American  Sugar  Co.— *  Banco  Español  de  la  isla 

de  Cuba  "—Bond  issue. DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC:  General  administration  account - 

Internal  tax— Public  works— Telegraph  stamps— Budget— Customs  receipts. ECUA- 
DOR:  Special  stamp  issue— Budget— .additional  stamps— Liquor  tax. GUATEMALA: 

Public  works— Los  Altos  Railway. HONDURAS:  Legal  scaled  paper.- National  Treas- 

urv. MEXICO:  National  debt — Exports  of  copper— Export  of  petroleum— Now  bronze 

com— Public  land  law— Paper  notes. NICARAGUA:  Loan— Economic  situation- 
External  debt. PANAMA:  National  receipts  and  expenditures. PARAGUAY:  Cus- 
toms valuations— Bond  issue. PERU:  Coinage  of  pestw- PeruWan  Corporation  (Ltd.)— 

Loan— Society  of  public  charity— Cancellation  of  Paris  loan. SALVADOR:  New  bank 

notes — Scaled  paper  and  stamp  tax— Importation  of  corned  gold— Cooperative  savings 
fimd. URUGUAY:  Taxes  on  cigars— Roval  Bank  of  Canada— Customs  receipts— Rail- 
way receipts— Capital  of  the  Bank  of  the  Republic. VENEZUELA:  "Banco  do  Vene- 
zuela "—Branch  bank— "Compañía  Venezolana  de  Navegación"— Foreign  debt— Issue  of 
bills. 

International  Treaties 346 

BOLIVIA-COLOMBIA:  General  arbitration  treaty. COLOMBIA:  League  of  Nations. 

UNITED  STATES-GUATEMALA:  Convention  for  the  establishment  of  a  gold  fund. 

HAITI:  Geneva    Convention. PANAMA-GERMANY:  Treaty    of   peace. PARA- 
GUAY-JAPAN: Treaty  of  friendship,  commerce,  and  navigation. PERU-PANAMA: 

Parcel  post  conventicm. URUGUAY:  Geneva  Convention. 

in 


IV 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page. 
Legislatioii 348 


COLOMBIA:  Deposits  of  hydrocarbons— Strikes. DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC:  Forestal 

service — Sanitation  law. PERU:  Admission  of  foreigners. 


Public  Instruction  and  Education. 


ARGENTINA:  School  of  aviculture— Physical  education— Industrial  school— National  col- 
lege—Y.  M.  C.  A. BOLIVI.\:  Interchange  of  professors  and  students— Boarding  school. 

-—-CHILE:  Reformatory  school— Technical  school — School  buildings — School  of  arts  and 

crafts— Medical  school— Umversity  of  Concepción. COLOMBI.\:  Course  in  agriculture 

aifd  industries— School  of  arts  and  crafts. COSTA  RICA:  Public  instruction— Gift  of  a 

building. CUBA:  English  course— Second  congress  of  normal  schools— Private  school- 
Consular   school. DOMINICAN    REPUBLIC:  University    examinations— Meeting    of 

school    superintendents- Pharmacy    course. ECUADOR:  National    colleges— French 

professor  of  horticulture— Night  school  for  workmen— Course  of  electric  traction. GUATE- 


MALA: Public  school  builolngs— Liceo  for  girls. 

HONDURAS:  School  census— National  school  of  arts  and  crafts 


HAITI:  Domestic  science  course. 

MEXICO:  National 


préparât  ory  school — Now  classes  m  mechanics,  agnculture,  vetennary  trainmg,  and  agronomy 
—Scholarship. NICARAGUA:  Study  of  sanitation— Course  of  medicine. PARA- 
GUAY: Corps  of  auxiliary  teachers— New  curriculm  for  country  schools— National  text- 
book— School  committee— New  school. PERU:  Educational  centers— Scholarships- 
Students   abroad— School  for  policemen— Educational   system. S.VLVADOR:  Model 

gymnasium— Examination    rules— l*rimary   and   secondary   education. ITRUCîUaY: 

Credits— Institute  of  h vgiene— School  census— Exchange  of  professors  between  Argentina 
and  Uruguay. VENEZUELA:  Medal  of  public  Instruction 

Qeneral  Notes 

ARGENTINA:  Monument  donated  by  the  Italian  colony— Foot-and-mouth  disease— Asylum 

for  abandoned  children— Reformatory  for  dnmkards. BOLIVIA:  National  exposition- 

Biographies— New  province— Vital  statistics— Public  works. BRAZIL:  Immigrants- 
Children's  hospital— Olavo  Bilac  mausoleum. CHILE:  Underground  retiring  room- 
General  census — Mortality — Savings  bank  building— Brazilian  music— Chilean  plants  and 
trees — History  museum— Jail  census — Postal  congress. — -COLOMBIA:  Quarantine  sta- 
tion.— Milk  stations — Public  works— Bolivar  estate  and  museum  committee — Army — New 

national  holiday— Lawyers'  club. COSTA  RICA:  New  administrative  district— New 

social  club— College  of  lawyers. CUBA:  Volunteer  firemen's  corps — General  Congress  of 

the  Allied  Nations— Census— New  United  States  minister— Aerial  station. DOMINICAN 

REPUBLIC:  Dominican  Claims  Commission— Bust  of  Duarte— New  theater. ECUA- 
DOR: Statue  of  F.  G.  Suáre»— Civic  improvement  committee— Maps— Medals. GUATE- 
MALA: Minister  of  Colombia— Public  works — General  census— Department  of  Estrada 
Cabrera— Olympic  games. HAITI:  Botanical  collections— Haitian  tiag. HON- 
DURAS: Electric  light- Unionist  society— New  Cabinet— MEXICO:  Typhus  serum- 
Department  of  identification— Postal  system— Mexican  boundary  commission— Inter- 
national bridge.- Discovery  of  a  great  pjrramid— New  Salvadorean  minister. NICARA- 
GUA: Metropolitan  cathedral  of  Managua— Prophylaxis  hospital— New  secretary  of  public 
instruction— Review  of  the  Central  American  Medical  Associatian— Women's  Labor  Union 

of  Nicaragua— New   Cuban   minister. PANAMA:  General   census. PARAGUAY: 

Mutual  aid  society— Postal  convention— Telegraph  lines. PERU:  Library  of  the  minis- 
try of  justice— Statues  of  Cahuldeand  Oscollo— Peruvian  archœoli^ical  museum— Mombine 
prize— Floricultural  exposition. SALVADOR:  Plans  for  the  municipal  palace — "Popu- 
lar Bulletin"— Dental  society  of  Salvador— City  council  of  San  Salvador— Sanitation  of 
Acajutla — Sanitation  of  the  Republic— New  dally  paper— New  counselor  to  the  mlnlstiy  of 
foreign  relations— Consular  appointment— Reorganization  of  the  ministry  oí  war. URU- 
GUAY: Rodo  Park— International  refrigerating  association— International  American  Con- 
gress of  History— First  Pan  American  Congress  of  Architects— Competitive  contests. 

VENEZUELA:  Campaign  agahist  diseases— Opening  of  a  new  plaza  in  Caracas— New  coun- 
selor to  the  ministry  oi  the  treasury— Venezuelan  I^icague  against  Tubernilosis- New  Consul 
General  of  Peru. 


350 


357 


Subject  Matter  oí  Consular  Reports, 
Book  Notes 


367 
369 


VERNAL  FALLS,  VOSEUITE  VALLEY,  CAL. 


MARCH,  1920 


THE  GREAT  POSSIBILITIES 
OF  AMAZONIA     •/      /,      •/ 


(  f  jLMAZOXIÃ"  is  the  name  given  by  Brazilians  to  the  immense 
/%  valley  drained  by  the  Amazon  River  and  its  thousands 
^^^  of  affluents.  It  is  over  3,000,000  square  miles  in  ex- 
tent, and  comprises  northern  Brazil  and  large  areas 
of  the  neighboring  Republics  of  Bolivia,  Peru,  Colombia,  and 
Venezuela.  The  world  is  only  now  beginning  to  appreciate  the 
immense  possibilities  the  region  offers  in  the  way  of  development  of 
its  natural  resources.  The  war  and  the  fall  in  the  price  of  rubber 
are  contributory  causes  for  this  new  world-interest  in  the  undeveloped 
resources  of  the  valley.  So  long  as  rubber  commanded  a  high  price 
on  the  market — (it  was  once  as  high  as  $2.50  a  pound;  to-day  it  is 
under  50  cents) — it  completely  overshadowed  all  other  development 
work,  and  the  hundreds  of  valuable  products  which  grew  wild  in  the 
foreste,  or  were  readily  capable  of  extensive  cultivation,  were  alto- 
gether neglected.  The  fall  of  rubber  in  popidar  estimation,  and  the 
fact  that  landowners  and  the  leading  men  are  no  longer  dazzled  by 
its  possibilities,  mark  the  close  of  an  epoch  in  the  history  of  the 
valley,  and  there  is  every  reason  for  believing  that  Amazonia  stands 
to-day  on  the  threshold  of  an  era  of  intensive  development. 

While  the  rubber  fever  lasted  all  labor,  attracted  by  the  high 
wages,  was  engaged  in  that  industry,  and  none  was  available  for 
agriculture.  No  foodstuffs  were  raised  locally  on  anything  like  a 
commercial  scale,  and  the  supplies  of  the  necessaries  of  life  for  the 
inhabitants  of  the  valley  had  to  be  brought  in  from  the  outside.  The 
food  for  the  rubber  gatherers  had  then  to  be  transported  up-river, 
often  for  great  dbtances — 2,000  to  3,000  miles — -thereby  adding 
enormously  to  the  cost  of  producing  "Para"  rubber.    The  war 

>  By  John  F.  But;. 


í    9 


252  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

brought  a  shortage  of  world  tonnage;  there  were  no  steamers  avail- 
able to  carry  food  to  the  Amazon,  and  the  valley  was  thrown  on  its 
own  resources.  It  proved  a  fortunate  ''misfortune/*  To-day  there 
is  scarcely  a  house  or  a  settlement  to  be  found  that  has  not  its  culti- 
vated lands  along  the  river  banks,  on  which  corn,  beans,  rice,  man- 
dioca, vegetables,  and  fruits  of  many  kinds  are  planted.  The 
laborers  are  eating  better  and  more  wholesome  food  than  the  dried 
fish  and  meat  on  which  they  lived  before,  and  the  conditions  of  life 
and  the  cost  of  living  have  been  immeasurably  improved.  It  is 
estimated  that  the  actual  cost  of  gathering  rubber  is  lower  to-day 
than  ever  before  in  the  history  of  the  valley.    The  new  era  is  breaking. 

There  is  a  surprising  lack  of  knowledge  in  the  United  States  regard- 
ing climatic  and  health  conditions  in  Amazonia.  The  popular 
conception  of  the  much  maligned  region  is  somewhat  on  a  par  with 
the  views  which  prevailed,  and  still  prevail,  in  Europe,  among  people 
otherwise  quite  intelligent,  as  to  conditions  of  life  in  the  United 
States.  There  are  Americans  who  have  a  definite  mental  picture  of 
the  Amazon  region  as  a  land  of  dark,  swampy  forests,  full  of  giant 
snakes  and  dangerous  wild  animals,  where  the  air  is  laden  with  deadly 
fevers;  of  dank,  tropical  growth  and  noisome  streams  infested  with 
alligators;  a  land  where  the  heat  is  intense  and  human  life  is  held 
cheaply.  The  picture  is  as  inaccurate,  as  overdrawn,  as  that  of  the 
United  States  in  Europe,  based  on  thrilling  moving  pictures  of  life 
in  the  "Wild  and  Woolly  West''  and  old-time  novels  of  Indian  fight- 
ing. There  are  Europeans  who  are  convinced  that  the  traveler, 
once  he  leaves  the  more  or  less  ordered  security  of  the  environs  of  the 
larger  cities  of  the  United  States,  is  in  hourly  danger  of  being  scalped 
by  bloodthirsty  redskins,  or  at  least  being  ''shot  up''  by  playful 
cowboys  who  wear  enormous  fleecy  "chaps." 

Such  an  opinion  of  the  Amazon  was  uppermost  in  my  mind  when 
I  sailed  for  Para  for  the  first  time  one  afternoon  last  May.  Since 
then  I  have  traveled  over  10,000  miles  on  the  rivers  of  the  Amazon 
Valley,  and  along  the  coast  as  far  as  the  Oyapock  River,  which  is  the 
boundary  between  Brazil  and  the  Guianas.  As  a  member  of  the 
expedition  headed  by  Henry  S.  Fleming,  of  New  York,  which  was 
organized  in  connection  with  the  recently  formed  "  Industrial  Depart- 
ment of  the  Port  of  Para"  for  the  purpose  of  studying  the  present 
industrial  position  of  the  valley  and  the  possibilities  of  developing 
its  great  natural  resources,  I  had  an  unusual  opportunity  for  acquir- 
ing a  more  or  less  comprehensive  idea  of  Amazonia  as  a  whole.  As 
a  result,  the  views  I  hold  now  as  to  the  climatic,  health,  and  general 
living  conditions  are  as  different  from  my  preconceived  ones,  which 
were  founded  mainly  on  the  narratives  of  adventure  from  the  pens 
of  sensation-loving  Amazon  explorers,  as  the  day  is  from  the  night. 

We  traveled  up-river  for  2,500  miles,  as  far  as  Iquitos,  Peru,  and 
made  side  trips  up  the  Javary,  Purús  (for  1,100  miles),  Negro,  Branco, 


TilE  RUBBER  INDUSTRY  OF  THE  AMAZON. 

Unlilrocentlj rubber irturoiBnlfdaslheprinripalproducloflhisrtiloii.    I'pper  L*ri,iftpptngiirubbpr 

rubber  tree  a[  Braill.    Laner:  Loft,  ciiIIIiie  the  riibb«i  "[iFllca"  belorc  gradlã;  Bud  shipping:  rlgbl, 
oalian  o(  rubber  Taltlng  to  b«  UDloadc  J  tit  ran. 


254  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

Xingu,  Mojú,  and  Tocantins  Rivers,  for  varying  distances.  We 
foimd  to  our  surprise  that  there  are  immense  areas  of  the  valley 
which  are  not  forest  covered,  where  there  are  vast  rolling  plains 
suitable  for  cattle  raising  and  agriculture.  We  discovered  that  the 
banks  of  the  rivers  in  by  far  the  greater  part  are  not  subject  to  inim- 
dation  after  the  rains,  as  the  casual  reader  of  books  on  the  Amazon 
would  be  led  to  believe;  and  we  also  learned  that  the  farmers  and 
landowners  in  the  areas  subject  to  annual  inundation  view  this  over- 
flow of  the  river  banks,  not  with  fear  and  regret,  but  with  pleasure. 

It  is  the  same  in  Egypt.  The  annual  June  flood  of  the  Blue  Nile 
and  the  Atbara  Rivers  inimdates  aU  Lower  Egypt,  and  is  the  cause 
of  its  extreme  fertility.  This  inundation,  by  its  annual  deposit  of  rich 
alluvial  silt,  has  created  the  delta  of  Lower  Egypt,  upon  the  over- 
flow of  which  Egypt  depends.  If  the  coimtry  were  deprived  of  this 
annual  flood  it  would  merely  exist,  in  the  opinion  of  many  writers, 
and  cultivation  would  be  confined  only  to  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
the  river  banks.  The  layer  of  alluvial  silt  deposited  on  the  lands 
inundated  by  the  Amazon  is  an  excellent  fertilizer.  As  soon  as  the 
waters  subside  the  ground  is  found  cleared  and  ready  for  immediate 
planting.  It  is  only  within  very  recent  years  that  the  farmers  have 
come  to  appreciate  the  value  to  them  of  this  annual  inundation,  and 
to-day  rice,  com,  sugar-cane,  beans,  mandioca,  cotton,  fruits,  and 
vegetables  of  aU  kinds  are  planted  as  soon  as  the  floods  subside. 
The  soil  thus  fertilized  is  amazingly  productive.  Beans,  for  instance, 
mature  in  30  days;  mandioca  and  corn,  in  five  months;  sugar-cane, 
in  nine  months  or  less. 

We  ascended  the  Purús  River  for  1,100  miles,  and  I  can  say  defi- 
nitely that  wherever  there  was  a  house,  or  a  settlement,  or  an  estate 
along  the  river,  the  banks  in  the  neighborhood  were  cultivated  and 
foodstuffs  of  all  kinds  could  be  seen  growing.  Our  steamer  captain, 
Senhor  Antonio  de  Lima,  a  veteran  of  the  Amazon  River  Navigation 
Co.,  who  has  been  sailing  these  rivers  for  upward  of  38  years,  remarked 
again  and  again  that  the  change  was  little  short  of  a  revelation. 
Three  years  ago,  he  says,  there  was  little  or  no  cultivation  along  the 
banks  of  the  Purús  River. 

Cotton  is  going  to  play  an  important  rôle  in  the  future  history  of 
the  development  of  Amazonia  I  venture  to  predict.  Already  there 
are  multiplying  signs  that  farmers  and  landowners  view  the  planting 
of  this  crop  with  growing  favor.  The  assistance  of  trained  technical 
men,  with  a  knowledge  of  the  best  modern  methods  of  cotton  growing 
and  gathering,  to  teach  the  caboclos  is  urgently  needed  if  the  future 
of  this  very  valuable  industry  is  to  be  built  on  firm  foundations. 
The  planting  and  gathering  are  now  being  done  in  primitive  fashion, 
there  is  little  ginning  machinery  in  the  valley,  and  the  compresses 
in  some  of  the  places  we  visited  were  antiquated  and  inefiicient.  I 
remember  one  town,  Montalegre,  which  will  one  day  be  the  center 


CooRfcr  tf  Jeto  r.  BWTT.  Nio  Vork  Cftr. 

A  SKTTLER'S  COTTAGE  IN  THE  FOREST. 
Tbiiclouing  hu  bwu  nude  by  selllcr»  on  Hie  bonk  ol  the  l'unis,  1,000  milis  Iro 


256  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

of  a  great  cotton  industry,  as  the  region  is  peculiarly  suitable  for 
this  crop.  Two  years  ago  cotton  was  planted  near  the  town  for  the 
first  time  ;  last  year  500  bales  were  shipped.  This  year  they  expect  to 
increase  the  output  to  1,500  bales.  It  is  smaU,  but  it  is  a  beginning. 
At  the  present  time  this  output  is  being  handled  by  an  uneducated 
Portuguese  trader,  who  possesses  an  antiquated  wooden  hand  com- 
press for  baling  the  cotton.  The  consequence  is  that  the  freight  rates 
charged  transporting  it  to  Pará  for  shipment  to  Portugal,  where 
most  of  the  Amazon  cotton  now  goes,  are  prohibitive,  and  as  the 
output  of  this  district  increases  he  will  be  unable  to  cope  with  the 
increase,  and  a  valuable  nascent  industry  may  be  killed. 

In  Iquitos,  Peru,  we  noted  the  most  encouraging  outlook  for  the 
future  of  Amazon  cotton.  The  leading  merchants  of  the  city  and  the 
government  officials  are  making  use  of  newspaper  advertising  and 
handbills  to  encourage  the  growing  of  cotton  in  the  Department  of 
Loreto.  Already  this  product  has  replaced  rubber  in  importance  on 
many  of  the  rivers  in  that  section,  and  there  are  now  four  gins  and  a 
fine  modem  compress  in  Iquitos,  which  will  be  sufficient  to  handle 
the  output  for  the  present.  There  ought  to  be  an  excellent  oppor- 
tunity now  for  the  establishment  of  a  textile  industry  in  Iquitos, 
which  is  the  business  center  of  a  large  area  of  Peru  east  of  the  Andes. 
Cotton  fabrics  have  always  been  the  most  important  commodity 
handled  by  the  river  traders,  since  the  poorer  classes  wear  cotton 
garments  exclusively  the  year  round,  and  there  should  be  a  profitable 
local  market  among  the  Indians  and  townspeople  along  the  many 
rivers  in  Peruvian  Amazonia.  We  were  informed  by  local  cotton 
men  that  Amazonian  cotton  is  of  excellent  quality  and  has  an 
unusually  long  staple. 

Amazonia  is  an  agricultural  El  Dorado,  and  it  is  an  amazing  incon- 
gruity that  food  should  ever  have  been  imported  into  the  valley, 
where  enough  rice,  for  instance,  could  be  raised  to  feed  the  entire 
world;  yet  until  two  or  three  years  ago  rice  was  imported,  some  of 
it  from  China.  From  the  city  of  Para  to  the  Andes  maize  can  be 
grown  with  great  success,  but  to-day  it  is  being  planted  only  in  a 
haphazard  way,  mainly  by  individuals  for  their  own  use.  The 
Indians  are  entirely  untrained  in  modem  methods  of  agriculture  and 
are  without  implements  of  any  kind.  Cacao  is  one  of  the  oldest 
products  of  the  valley  and  has  been  an  important  industry  for  over 
200  years.  It  got  a  severe  setback  on  the  advent  of  the  rubber-tired 
automobile,  when  rubber  began  to  soar  in  value  on  the  world's 
markets,  and  a  great  many  of  the  plantations  had  to  be  abandoned 
because  of  the  lack  of  labor.  Within  the  past  year  or  two  cacao  has 
been  coming  into  its  own  again,  and  the  total  amount  being  exported 
is  over  4,000  tons  annually,  and  it  should  be  40,000  tons.  Amazonian 
cacao  is  of  first-rate  quality,  despite  the  fact  that  little  or  no  care  is 
taken  of  the  growing  trees,  which  are  often  planted  too  closely  to- 


ill 


258  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

gether,  and  the  methods  of  treating  the  ripe  beans  are  more  or  less 
primitive.  Despite  this  the  cacao  of  the  Amazon  has  good  standing 
in  the  European  markets,  and  if  better  care  were  expended  on  the 
growing  plants  and  on  the  treatment  of  the  beans  when  gathered 
there  would  be  no  Unfit  to  the  future  possibilities  of  this  valuable 
industry.  The  State  government  of  Amazonas  is  awake  to  these 
facts,  and  while  we  were  in  Manaos  I  read  in  the  newspapers  that 
inspectors  had  been  appointed  in  certain  cacao  centers  to  teach  the 
planters  how  to  handle  their  crop  so  as  to  obtain  the  highest  prices 
in  the  world's  markets. 

So  fertile  is  the  soil  of  the  Amazon  that  it  is  claimed  that  for  every 
bushel  of  maize,  rice,  or  beans  planted  over  800  bushels  are  har- 
vested. Cane  growing  and  the  manufacture  of  sugar  was  another 
important  industry  in  certain  areas  in  times  gone  by.  Thirty  years 
ago  sugar  manufacturing  was  the  main  industry  on  many  of  the 
rivers  near  the  city  of  Para.  There  can  be  seen  to-day  the  abandoned 
ruins  of  what  were  once  fine  sugar  mills,  and  large  areas  are  now  cov- 
ered with  '* second  growth''  forest  that  were  once  fields  of  sugar  cane. 
The  abolition  of  slavery  30  years  ago,  and  a  disinclination  for  work 
on  the  part  of  the  slaves  newly  freed,  re.tarded  the  sugar  industry. 
There  are  few  parts  of  the  entire  valley  where  cane  can  not  be  grown 
with  abundant  success.  Cane  patches  are  to  be  seen  to-day  along 
the  river  banks  throughout  the  valley,  but  always  on  a  small  scale, 
and  no  effort  appears  to  have  been  made  to  build  up  a  large  sugar 
industry.  There  is  one  honorable  exception  to  this,  however,  of 
which  I  shall  say  something  further  on. 

We  passed  many  small  distilleries  on  certain  of  the  rivers,  where 
cachassa  was  made.  Cachassa  is  a  fiery  rum  made  from  the  fermented 
juice  of  green  sugar  cane  and  is  exceedingly  popular  with  some  classes 
in  northern  Brazil  and  the  Guianas.  Wherever  we  saw  these  little 
factories  or  distilleries  there  were  fields  of  cane  of  varying  size  about 
the  homes  in  the  vicinity  along  the  river  banks  on  both  sides.  It 
illustrated  the  old  law  of  supply  and  demand.  Without  the  factories 
there  would  be  no  cane  planted.  It  is  the  same  with  other  products 
in  the  valleys.  A  man  went  to  Iquitos  a  few  years  ago  and  spread 
the  news  that  he  would  pay  a  certain  sum  per  kilo  for  babassú  and 
vegetable  ivory  nuts.  In  a  few  days  canoes,  paddled  frantically  by 
Indians,  arrived  from  all  directions  loaded  down  with  ivory  nuts 
which  would  otherwise  have  been  allowed  to  rot  in  the  forest.  The 
shortage  of  shipping  deprived  the  river  steamers  of  their  coal  supplies 
during  the  war,  and  they  were  compelled  to  burn  wood  for  fuel,  and 
so  to-day  the  building  of  woodpiles  at  certain  points  where  the  river 
steamers  call  is  a  new  ''industry,"  and  since  the  decline  of  rubber  it 
gives  much  needed  employment  to  the  caboclos,  and  is  a  new  source 
of  revenue  for  families  that  otherwise  might  have  been  bard  set  to 
make  a  living. 


MONTALEGRE,  A  TOWN  OF  THE  LOWER  AUAZON 

The  buiti  ot  lhe  Anuiion  at 


L'NLÜADlNíi  AT  A  WAREIIOISE  IN  UONTALRORE. 


163645-aU-Bull. 


260  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

I  venturo  another  prediction.  Sugar  will  again  be  a  great  Ama- 
zonian industry.  An  interesting  and  instructive  object  lesson  in  the 
possibilities  of  developing  a  sugar  industry  was  furnished  by  the 
Hacienda  San  Pablo,  which  the  traveler  passes  going  upriver  about 
100  miles  beyond  the  Brazilian  frontier  and  about  200  miles  below 
the  city  of  Iquitos,  Peru.  The  hacienda  is  owned  by  Dr.  Enrique 
Vigil  and  its  main  products  are  sugar,  lumber,  and  rubber.  It  is  im- 
possible to  visit  this  progressive  hacienda  on  the  banks  of  the  Peru- 
vian Amazon  and  not  come  away  sharing  the  owner's  optimism  and 
infectious  enthusiasm  as  to  the  future  development  of  Amazonia, 
and  especially  the  possibilities  of  sugar  manufacture  and  its  by- 
products. Dr.  Vigil  is  outspokenly  delighted  that  rubber  is  no  longer 
the  attractive  proposition  it  once  was.  He  looks  for  an  era  of  in- 
tensive development,  of  real  national  progress,  now  that  men's  eyes 
are  no  longer  blinded  by  the  auriferous  stream  which  flowed  from  the 
bark  of  the  Hevea  hrasiliensis. 

^^That,''  he  said,  pointing  to  a  lone  rubber  tree  which  stands  in  the 
middle  of  a  great  field  of  waving  green  sugar  cane  near  his  residence, 
*4s  the  lazy  man's  tree."  We  stood  on  top  of  a  little  knoll  in  Peru. 
About  us,  distributed  over  a  large  area,  were  the  office  buildings,  the 
sawmill,  the  sugar  mill  and  refinery,  and  the  workmen's  quarters, 
which  are  of  the  bungalow  type  of  architecture,  with  porches,  raised 
floors,  and  many  modern  conveniences.  They  are  built  along  the 
same  lines  as  those  of  the  Panama  Canal  Zone,  where  the  doctor 
worked  as  a  medical  officer  at  the  time  the  American  Government 
was  carrying  on  its  vigorous  and  successful  campaign  for  its  sanita- 
tion. Dr.  Vigil  has  applied  the  lessons  he  learned  in  Panama  to  his 
hacienda,  with  the  result  that  his  workers  live  healthy,  clean,  com- 
fortable lives,  and  fevers  have  been  entirely  eradicated. 

The  Hacienda  San  Pablo  is  lighted  by  electricity;  the  electric  plant 
is  small  and  primitive  to  modern  eyes,  but  it  works.  Electricity 
speaks  of  modern  progress  and  civilization  to  the  traveler  in  out-of- 
the-way  places  of  the  world  more,  perhaps,  than  any  other  develop- 
ment work.  Additional  buildings  were  in  process  of  construction 
when  we  were  there.  A  large  heap  of  bricks  had  just  been  discharged 
from  a  passing  steamer  which  will  be  used  in  erecting  new  boilers,  and 
the  doctor  told  us  confidentially  that  he  hopes  soon  to  erect  a  60-foot 
brick  chimney,  which  will  be  visible  for  milc»s  up  and  down  the  Mara- 
ñon,  and  he  wants  this  to  be  his  monument. 

Dr.  Vigil  is  a  believer  m  work.  The  Hacienda  San  Pablo  is  the 
fruit  of  his  enthusiasm,  perseverance,  and  indomitable  determination 
to  win  out  in  spite  of  all  difficulties  and  obstacles.  Of  all  the  men  we 
met  during  our  trip  on  the  Amazon  he  is  the  one  whose  dominant 
personality  remains  most  clearly  impressed  on  my  memory.  His 
friends  and  relatives  laughed  when  he  first  proposed  the  idea  of  grow- 
ing sugar  cane  and  abandoning  the  '^gentlemanly,"  easy-going  occu- 


IA1LIN<Í  ON  THE  AMAZON. 


■cubiTiB."    The  triji  is  now  nudo  lijr  s(< 


THE  IIEAIII  AT  S 


262  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

pation  of  passing  his  time  idling  in  Iquitos,  while  rubber  gatherers 
eked  out  a  wretched  existence  in  the  forests  of  his  estate,  housed  in 
miserable,  leaky,  palm-leaf  huts,  with  unwholesome  food  and  an  utter 
ignorance  of  the  rudiments  of  sanitation  or  hygiene.  Plenty  of  cane 
is  grown  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Andes,  along  the  Pacific  coast, 
but  it  was  the  acme  of  imbecility,  everyone  told  him,  to  think  of 
growing  cane  east  of  the  Andes.  There  were  plenty  of  failures  to 
point  to  as  examples — ^men  who  had  spent  much  money  on  sugar- 
mill  machinery  and  had  later  been  compelled  to  *' scrap  ^^  it  because 
**sugar  could  not  be  grown  east  of  the  Andes.^' 

When  Dr.  Vigil  went  ahead  with  his  plans  and  erected  a  small  saw- 
mill, where  planks  were  made  out  of  the  logs  of  cedar,  mahogany,  and 
other  valuable  cabinet  woods  brought  in  as  the  forest  was  cleared  to 
make  room  for  the  cane  fields,  they  called  him  ^*loco*'  and  dismissed 
him  and  his  plans  with  knowing  shakes  of  the  head  and  a  gentle  tap- 
ping of  foreheads.  That  was  eight  years  ago.  To-day  the  traveler 
going  up  river  passes,  one  day^s  journey  below  Iquitos,  a  fine,  mod- 
ern hacienda,  one  of  the  most  inspiring  sights  on  the  entire  trip  of 
over  2,000  miles  from  Para.  The  doctor  had  ridiculously  small  cap- 
ital to  work  with.  He  told  us  confidentially  that  he  never  had  as  much 
as  $8,000  at  any  time.  Second-hand  machinery  for  the  sawmill 
and  the  sugar  mill  was  picked  up  here  and  there  from  ^' failures,'^  and 
with  the  help  of  his  very  clever  Peruvian  mechanic  he  patched  it  up 
and  made  it  serviceable.  The  trees  of  the  forest  were  cut  up  and  sold 
in  Iquitos,  bringing  some  grist  to  his  financial  mill.  The  rubber  trees, 
however,  were  left  standing  as  the  forest  disappeared,  and  the  ^'lazy 
men''  who  preferred  to  gather  rubber  to  planting  and  cutting  cane 
were  at  work  every  day  tapping  these  and  gathering  the  latex,  which 
meant  that  a  little  more  grist  became  available  for  the  main  work — 
the  building  up  of  a  sugar  plantation. 

Every  day  he  puts  5,  10,  20  men  to  work  planting  fresh  cane  stalks. 
It  thrives  extraordinarily  well,  and  within  nine  months  after  planting 
the  first  cuttings  are  made,  and  there  are  seven,  and  sometimes  nine, 
cuttings  before  the  stubble  is  burned  and  the  land  is  ready  for  a  new 
planting.  To-day  for  miles  about  the  hacienda  there  are  fields  of 
growing  cane.  Dr.  Vigil  is  manufacturing  good  sugar  and  other  by- 
products, and  the  local  demand  far  exceeds  the  supply.  The  stage 
will  soon  be  reached  where  his  present  plant  will  not  be  large  enough 
to  take  care  of  the  increasing  output.  His  sawmill  is  working  over- 
time to  meet  the  demand  for  limiber  in  Iquitos,  and  the  cost  of  gath- 
ering rubber  from  the  trees,  which  are  now  readily  accessible  as  the 
forest  has  been  cleared,  has  been  reduced  to  a  minimum.  He  has 
over  600  men  working  for  him,  and  nowhere  throughout  the  length 
and  breadth  of  Amazonia  is  there,  I  believe,  a  more  popular  emplo)'er. 
His  foremen  are  employed  on  a  profit-sharing  basis;  his  people  are 
better  housed  and  better  fed  than  they  had  ever  been  in  the  old  days, 


DIDOS  UN  TUE  AMAZON. 

naion,  wher*  lhe  river  is  at  ¡1<  narrowesi.    The  narrow  passais  tí 
e  ADiaion.    Obidaa  is  un  atliBCI  ii-c  lawn,  clean  and  hrslihy,  and 


THE  HACIENDA  SAN  PABLO. 


264  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

when  gathering  rubber  was  practically  the  only  means  of  earning  a 
livelihood. 

There  are  plenty  of  North  Americai\3  who  will  remember  how 
friends  and  relatives  criticized  the  pioneers  who  went  west,  even 
only  as  far  as  Kansas,  not  so  many  years  ago.  They  were  n^garded 
as  harmless  lunatics  and  every  effort  was  made  to  dissuade  them 
from  sucha  mad  adventure.  It  was  those  pioneers,  determined  men 
and  women,  who  did  not  fear  hard  work,  who  have  built  up  the  pros- 
perity and  gieatness  of  the  middle  and  the  far  West.  Dr.  Vigil  is 
to  Peru  what  the  western  pioneers  were  to  the  l^nitml  States — a 
leader  who  has  dared  to  break  away  from  convention,  who  is  blazing 
a  trail  for  others  to  follow,  and  incidentally  building  up  his  own  for- 
tune while  laying  a  foundation  for  the  well-being  of  his  country.  lie 
deserves  well  of  his  fellow  countrymen. 

I  have  spoken  mainly  of  agricultural  possibilities  in  Amazonia, 
because  agriculture  is,  after  all,  the  basis  of  real  national  prosperity. 
Thç  valley  possesses  mineral  and  forest  resources  which  have  as  yet 
been  almost  untouched,  if  wo  exclude  rubber.  The  forests  contain 
fibers  in  infinite  variety,  many  of  them  of  great  commercial  value. 
There  are  oil-bearing  nuts  from  which  illuminating,  lubricating,  and 
edible  oUs  can  be  extracted,  and  the  British  and  Italians  are  actively 
engaged  in  development  along  these  lines  at  the  present.  The  forests 
of  the  State  of  Para  alone  contain  upwards  of  300  varieties  of  timber, 
and  there  are  many  cabinet  woods  which  would  be  almost  priceless 
if  placed  on  the  New  York  market.  There  are  trees  which  give  a  pulp 
suitable  for  paper  making;  bark  needed  in  the  tanning  industrv^; 
vegetable  dyes;  balata;  gums;  resins;  medicinal  plants  in  endless 
variety.  Kapok  grows  extensively  throughout  the  valley,  both  the 
white  and  yellow  varieties.  Of  Brazil  nuts  and  sapucayas,  not  a 
tenth  part  is  gathered  each  year.  The  rest  rot  on  the  ground  or  are 
devoured  by  the  parrots  and  monkeys. 

The  mineral  wealth  includes  coal,  iron,  tin,  platinum,  gold,  silver, 
and  many  other  precious  metals,  some  of  which  have  already  been 
worked  in  a  small  way.  Although  these  minerals  are  known  to 
exist,  it  is  not  yot  known  in  what  quantities,  as  the  upper  reaches  of 
the  Amazon  and  its  affluents  have  not  yet  been  properly  explored, 
much  less  prospected  for  minerals.  Most  of  the  explorers  have  con- 
fined their  attention  exclusively  to  the  river  banks,  and  the  interior 
back  of  these  is  still  a  closed  book.  The  mineralized  areas  are  mainly 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  headwaters  or  the  rapids  of  the  rivers,  the  rim 
of  the  iVmazon  Basin,  as  it  is  called.  Oil  has  been  discovered  near 
Iquitos  and  on  the  border  of  Bíüivia,  up  the  Madeira  River.  We 
secured  samples  of  the  Iquitos  oU  and  found  it  to  be  of  fine  quality, 
with  a  parailin  base. 

The  i\jTiazon  Vallev  has  been  blessed  bv  nature  with  an  iuexhaus- 
tibie  supply  of  the  raw  materials  which  the  world  needs  to-day  in  the 


INTELLECTUAL  DEVELOPMENT  IN  ECUADOR.  265 

work  of  reconstruction  following  years  of  war,  and  that  the  European 
countries  are  beginning  to  find  this  out  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 
since  the  armistice  the  British,  Italians,  French,  Germans,  and  Scan- 
dinavians have  been  actively  making  investigations  in  the  valley. 

In  the  past,  rubber  overshadowed  aU  other  development,  but  much 
water  has  run  over  the  dam  during  the  past  five  years.  The  Amazon 
Valley  is  to-day  on  the  eve  of  an  era  of  industrial  activity,  and  all 
the  signs  point  to  a  future  prosperity  such  as  it  has  never  known. 


INTELLECTUAL  DEVELOP- 
MENT IN  ECUADOR    ',' 


0       0 


A  MONG  the  greatest  intellectuals  of  Ecuador  were  Almedo 
/%  and  Montalvo,  who  were  praised  by  such  critics  as  Menén- 
^^■■^  dez  and  Palayo,  Rodó,  Varela,  and  Blanco  Fombona,  not 
to  mention  foreigners.  Numa  Pompilio  liona  was  another, 
a  poet  who  followed  the  spirit  in  his  Odyssey  and  sung  the  deep  pain 
of  a  soul  in  the  eternal  solitude  of  night  in  the  mountains;  also  Juan 
León  Mera,  the  true  national  poet  who  composed  the  national  hymn 
and  the  legend  of  the  virgins  of  the  sun;  and  César  Borja,  the  colorful 
artist  of  the  countryside  about  Esmeraldas.  All  these  were  men  of 
the  past.  It  may  be  that  in  the  hasty  list  we  give  of  the  present-day 
writers  we  have  forgotten  some  names,  but  if  so  it  is  unintentional. 
Those  who  have  taken  up  the  work  definitely,  those  who  have  only 
made  occasional  attempts,  masters  and  pupils  who  have  come  out 
victoriously,  all  who  have  handled  the  pen  even  for  a  time  in  the 
present  period,  are  here,  with  the  exception  perhaps  of  some  profes- 
sors, like  Quevedo,  Drs.  Alberto  Gómez  J.,  Alberto  Larrea,  and 
Alfonso  Moscoo,  who  have  composed  verses  or  made  addresses,  and 
are  not  now  following  the  literary  path. 

There  are  very  few  latter-day  men  who  have  published  their  works 
in  book  form.  There  is  no  modern  anthology  to  aid  in  the  search. 
This  present  article,  though  it  does  not  reproduce  verses  nor  selected 
lit<?rary  passages,  gives  without  criticism  an  idea  of  the  themes  and 
writers  of  Ecuador.  Much  will  remain  hidden  in  spite  of  us,  for  it 
has  been  difficult  to  find  the  source;  but  this  feeble  attempt  may 
serve  as  an  incentive  to  a  more  pretentious  catalogue  or  an  index  to 
Ecuadorean  intellectuality. 

Some  of  the  later  writers  and  prominent  men  are  poets,  like  Remigio 
Crespo  Toral;  scholars  and  orators,  like  Carlos  R.  Tobar  and  Honorato 

*  By  Alejandro  Andrade  Cocllo.    Englbb  version  of  an  article  In  Revista  de  la  Universidad  de  Cordoba. 


266  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

Vasquez;  students  of  history,  like  Albert  Muñoz  Vernaza,  who  wrote 
the  biography  of  Espejo;  great  jurists,  like  Luis  Filipe  Borja,  Rafael 
M.  Arizaga,  and  J.  M.  Borja,  author  of  an  abstract  of  general  history 
of  the  Roman  law,  who  are  awaiting  the  judgment  of  posterity, 
some  having  already  been  honored. 

Ecuadorean  literature  in  less  than  a  year  has  lost  three  of  its  ablest 
and  best  exponents;  in  the  field  of  science  and  history,  Federico 
González  Suárez,  who  was  a  famous  religious  orator,  critic,  poet, 
archeologist,  and  naturalist;  among  the  writers,  Nicolás  Augusto 
González,  novelist,  lyric  poet,  dramatist,  and  newspaper  writer;  in 
the  field  of  politics  and  journalism,  Manuael  J.  Calle,  who  wrote 
articles  on  current  subjects,  American  legends,  necrologies,  numerous 
editorials,  and  founded  newspapers  and  magazines. 

Shortly  before  the  death  of  these  men,  Abelardo  Moncayo  died, 
the  classic  poet  of  Bolivar  and  Sucre,  eulogistic  philosopher  of  "Soli- 
tude," who  was  inspired  by  our  mountains,  such  as  Chimborazo. 
This  ironical  political  writer  of  keen  judgment  taught  for  a  long  and 
and  golden  period  as  rector  of  the  Mejia  National  Institute.  He 
figured  as  a  dramatist  with  his  play,  '*The  Tenth  of  August,"  given 
several  times  in  Quito.  He  left  to  his  native  country  his  memoirs,  in 
w^hich  he  praises  the  virtues  of  the  illustrious  doctor  from  Ibarra, 
Mariano  Acosta,  and  of  that  talented  woman.  Marietta  de  Veintemilla, 
a  star  of  such  magnitude  on  the  Ecuadorean  horizon  'Hhat  she  alone 
would  suffice  not  only  to  inspire  pride  in  a  cultured  nation,  but  in  a 
whole  continent."  The  memoirs  also  give  praise  to  ''The  two  patri- 
archs of  Ecuadorean  liberalism,"  Pedro  Moncayo  and  Pedro  Carbo; 
applause  also  for  Dr.  Antonio  Borrero  C.  for  his  work  of  reviewing 
the  historic  testimony  of  Berthe,  which  he  refutes  reasonably  and 
with  proofs;  the  defense  of  Gen.  Lamas;  the  political  letters  from 
Ijma  of  *'Montalvo  Civilizador;"  and  discussion  of  the  boundarv 
question,  such  as  the  reply  to  Dr.  Luis  Cordero  in  behalf  of  the  in- 
tegrity ot  the  territory. 

The  alter  ego  of  Abelardo  Moncayo,  as  Dr.  Felicisimo  López  was 
called,  died  in  New  York.  He  was  an  austere,  practical  man,  as 
shown  in  his  Virutas  (Conmien taries).  In  "The  Story  of  an  Excom- 
munication "  he  narrates  the  misfortunes  of  one  persecuted  for  justice 
by  fanaticism.  He  was  much  interested  in  national  affairs.  He 
prepared  a  geographical  atlas  and  showed  the  progress  of  other  na- 
tions, especially  in  regard  to  highways,  in  Pro  Patria. 

Eudofilo  Alvarez  died  in  April,  1917,  young,  earnest  and  appre- 
ciative of  art.  In  ''Cuentos  v  otras  cosas  "  he  has  a  series  of  articles  on 
customs,  critiques,  and  travels  through  the  east  of  Ecuador.  His 
artistic  novel,  written  in  the  form  of  letters  and  a  psychological  study 
under  the  title  of  "Abelardo,"  received  recognition  even  outside  of 
the  country.     Ocho  Cartas  Halladas  (Eight  letters  that  were  found) 


INTELLECTUAL  DEVELOPMENT  IN  ECUADOR.  267 

is  a  continuation  of  the  same  theme.  He  also  left  some  unpublished 
articles.  He  wrote  on  the  question  '^Is  History  superior  to  Drama 
and  Fiction  ?  "  in  reply  to  the  ideas  of  Señor  Jacinto  Jijón  y  Caamaño, 
showing  a  rather  unusual  culture  and  artistic  sense. 

Oscar  Ignacio  Alexander  died  December  29,  1917.  He  was  a  musi- 
cian and  interested  in  literature.  His  opinions  of  Toledo,  the  poet 
who  composed  Brumas,  of  Noboa  Caamaño,  and  of  delightful  En- 
rique Gómez  Carrillo,  confirm  his  tastes.  His  comedy,  **The 
String  of  Pearls,*'  made  its  first  appearance  in  Quito. 

Another  of  those  who  have  disappeared  from  the  literary  field  is 
the  late  Dr.  Alfredo  Espinosa  Tamayo,  who  made  famous  the  pseu- 
donym of  Capitán  Xero.  He  lived  in  Guayaquil,  devoted  to  science 
notwithstanding  his  torturing  illness.  His  book,  **  Guide  for  the 
Teaching  of  Hygiene,''  is  one  of  his  best  known  works. 

Dr.  Ulpiano  Pérez  Quiñonez  died  in  Riobamba  on  December  27, 
1918.  He  was  a  great  preacher,  his  sermons  and  funeral  discourses 
as  well  as  the  address  made  on  the  centennial  of  the  martyrdom  of 
the  patriots  of  Quito  and  in  memory  of  Juan  Claverie,  and  his  other 
eulogies,  all  show  the  ease  and  perfection  of  his  language.  In  Ibarra 
he  gave  lectures  on  his  journey  to  Palestine  to  the  priests  of  his 
diocese,  and  lectures  on  labor  questions  to  workmen.  In  familiar 
conversations  he  gave  his  impressions  of  Egypt,  his  arrival  at  Cairo, 
and  his  visit  to  the  Pyramids. 

Fray  José  María  Aguirre,  lawyer  and  pulpit  orator,  died  on  Feb- 
ruary 13,  1919,  in  Quito.  He  was  bom  in  Cuenca.  There  was  a 
poetic  quality  in  the  smoothness  of  his  language,  simplicity  and  deep 
humility,  and  his  sermons  had  the  force  of  clear  similies  and  the  ring 
of  sincerity.  He  was  a  great  student  of  the  Bible,  and  his  commen- 
taries were  of  real  value. 

Félix  Valencia  was  a  poet  who  died  of  hunger  in  a  hospital  of 
Quito.  He  had  published  in  pamphlet  form,  in  1911,  his  Cuentos  de 
Vida  y  Muerte,  and  in  1914  La  Epopeya  de  San  Mateo,  dedicated 
to  legendary  and  heroic  Colombia.  His  friends  wished  to  honor  the 
memory  of  Valencia  and  in  vain  sought  for  his  body,  which  was 
never  found. 

About  the  same  time  Molestina,  writer  of  coplas  and  well  known  for 
his  little  comedies,  died,  at  the  age  of  70,  in  Guayaquil. 

Antonio  Alomid  Llori,  poet  and  journalist,  died  in  November,  1918, 
in  Guayaquil.  He  was  born  in  Esmeraldas,  June  13,  1867,  educated 
in  Quito,  where  he  spent  most  of  his  life.  His  poem  '^La  Ultima 
Noche  del  Inca^'  received  the  second  prize  in  an  academic  contest  on 
the  10th  of  August,  1888.  He  published  a  volume  for  El  Día  under 
the  pseudonym  of  ''Eliseo,^'  and  was  employed  in  the  statistical 
branch  of  the  department  of  public  instruction. 

Arturo  Borja,  a  poet  of  Quito,  died  an  early  death.  His  short 
collection  of  rhymes  show  delicacy  and  feeling.     He  read  the  French 


268  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

j)oets  extensively.  When  he  came  back  from  Paris  he  brought 
reminders  of  the  symbolist  Mallarmé  with  his  shivering  winter,  which 
makes  the  spiders  shake  overhead  in  the  long  windows,  while  one 
hears  below  the  tick-tock  of  the  Saxony  clock.  He  came  back  full 
oí  the  mournful  accents  of  Alberto  Samain,  who  voices  the  sadness  of 
autumn  dropping  the  golden  leaves  ^*like  memories,  slowly,  on  the 
grass;"  or  speaks  of  the  tired  twilight  when  the  garden  rose  '* seems 
to  breathe  an  incurable  sadness."  He  returned  reciting  the  poems  of 
Enrique  de  Régnier,  filled  with  the  modern  daily  traflic.  He  delighted 
in  the  mystic  tendernesses  of  Francisco  Jammes,  natural  and  sincere 
and  much  admired  by  modern  Spanish  poets.  Borja  departed  from 
the  academic  style  of  Toledo  and  the  high-sounding  declamations 
of  the  style  oí  Nunez  de  Arce  and  of  certain  old  seers  of  Azuay,  to 
discover  the  language  of  the  fountain  which  laughs  or  weeps  in  the 
poignant  afternoons  of  summer.  Meetings  in  the  white  cemetery, 
longings  to  remedy  the  melancholy  lees  of  pleasure,  even  jingling 
folly's  bells  of  real  madness,  prayers  of  anguish  on  the  path  of  forget- 
fulness,  or  in  the  pursuit  of  chimeras,  these  were  the  themes  that 
occupied  him  and  led  him  to  read  the  works  of  Juan  Ramón  Jiménez, 
for  he  was  steeped  in  melancholy.  Borja  died  in  1912  in  the  dawn  of 
a  *' mystic  and  moonlit  springtime." 

Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  more  than  five  years  have  passed 
since  his  death,  we  mention  Borja  among  the  recent  writers  because  a 
group  of  fervent  young  admirers  continue  to  read  with  affection 
that  short  and  harmonious  poetic  work  which  they  still  comment 
upon  and  reproduce.  Neither  is  the  sentimental  Emilio  Gallegos 
del  Campo  to  be  foi^otten,  for  his  mournful  verses  will  Hve  a  long 
time.     He  wrote  the  play  ''Honra  de  Obrero." 

PRESENT   VERSE. 

Let  us  take  a  rapid  glance  at  the  youthful  poets  of  the  present 
literary  era.  Those  of  other  ages,  like  Victor  M.  Rendon,  of  Tele- 
fonemas y  Telepatías,  or  Juan  Abel  Echevarría,  who  mourned  in  a 
beautiful  elegy  the  death  of  Dr.  Gonzalez  Suárez,  or  Leónidas  Palla- 
rese  Artcta,  author  of  the  rhymes  and  songs  of  the  national  heroes, 
remain  for  the  judgment  of  another  period  and  separate  study.  I 
tm*n  to  the  new  troubadours. 

Ernesto  Xoboa  Caamaño,  lingering  in  Paris,  is  the  poet  who  has 
gone  to  the  soul  of  things  and  given  them  expression.  iVs  yet  nis 
verses  have  not  been  published  collectively,  but  will  appear  under 
the  title  of  ^*  Romanza  de  las  Horas."  He  is  perhaps  the  most 
gifted  and  sweetest  poet  of  the  younger  generation,  and  charms  with 
his  sj)ontaniety,  giving  the  suggestion  of  a  flute  in  a  hushed  night. 

The  Colombian,  Martinez  Mutis,  in  a  poem,  has  expressed  the 
restlessness  of  the  spirit  on  reading  a  poem  of  Noboa's  descril)ing  the 


INTELLECTUAI^  DEVELOPMENT   IN   ECUADOR.  269 

mystery  of  the  romantic  afternoons,  when  one  wishes  to  travel,  per- 
haps to  (lie,  to  vanish.  He  invites  us  to  hear  under  the  mystic  spell 
''the  vague  and  poignant  melody  of  the  sleeping  and  silent  night." 
Xohoa,  who  has  told  the  twilight  secret  full  of  unvoiced  desires  in  his 
plaints,  refuses  solace  for  his  sad  hours.  Before  the  grave  realities 
of  life  the  poet  lets  us  understand  that  his  heart  is  a  sad  cemetery, 
with  only  cn)sses.  His  **poor  eyes  of  a  child  grown  old"  watch  the 
«lying  day,  an<l  we  feel  his  sadness.  At  times,  as  a  relief  to  his 
habitual  depression,  he  composes  light  and  playful  strophes. 

Miguel  Angel  Corral  is  also  a  member  of  the  spiritual  center  of 
Ecuador.  With  his  erotic  poetry  he  invokes  the  always  adored  and 
continual  fount  of  inspiration.  When  the  muse  fails  him  the  poet 
considers  himself  a  derelict.  He  is  the  living  embodiment  of  adora- 
tion of  femininity.  From  the  Castillo  de  If,  his  lyrics  of  travel  were 
dedicated  to  Amado  Nervo,  some  of  them  composed  near  the  sea. 
His  novel,  ''Voluptuosidad,"  featured  some  of  his  companions  of 
Quito  in  the  setting  of  revelry  in  Ma<lrid.  The  novel  describing 
native  customs,  called  the  "Las  Cosechas,"  was  awarded  a  prize,  but 
the  prize  never  reached  his  hands. 

Victor  Hugo  Escala  is  traveling  through  foreign  countries  as  con- 
sul and  is  the  author  of  Motives  Galantes,  a  little  volume  of  simple 
verse  and  love  poems.  Next  to  the  sonnet  of  lighter  theme  there  is 
the  pleasing  madrigal,  elegantly  winged,  like  a  gorgeous  butterfly. 

Another  poet  living  in  the  neighboring  Republic  of  Peru  is  Aurelio 
R<»mán.  He  has  sung  the  down-trodden  Indian  in  his  poem  "Los 
Pn>scriptos  del  Nuevo  Mundo,"  full  of  blood  and  tears.  This  poet, 
in  sonnets  and  other  filigree-like  rhymes,  sings  the  melancholy  of  his 
heart.  He  has  translated  the  first  works  of  Teodoro  de  Banville, 
Enrique  de  Régnier,  and  Edmond  Rostand.  His  usual  pseudonym 
is  "Foreigner." 

In  early  youth  César  E.  Arroyo,  who  lives  in  Spain,  devoted  some 
lime  to  verse.  Having  a  poetic  temperament,  he  has  a  warm  and 
rythmic  style  of  prose,  in  which  he  writes  about  the  mother  country, 
whi>se  literary  development  he  watches  with  filial  interest,  and  espe- 
riallv  the  drama,  which  he  has  reviewed  for  several  seasons.  He 
continues  in  Mirando  a  España,  interesting  clu-oniclcs  of  Spain. 
He  also  wrote  Al  Margen  de  la  Epopeya,  and  has  published  some 
dramatic  works,  El  Caballero  and  La  Muerte  y  el  Diablo.  He  híus 
contributed  to  the  best  magazines,  the  Cervantes  being  the  most 
important. 

T.  Trajano  Mera,  born  of  the  strain  of  troubadours,  first  produced 
his  Sonetas  y  Sonetillas,  then  delighted  us  with  his  farces,  Guerra  y 
Foz  and  La  Visita  del  Poeta,  all  sparklingly  pointed.  His  serious 
work.  Cónsules  y  Consulados,  merits  the  triumj)h  received  beyond 
the  country,  for  it  has  been  of  great  assistance  to  those  who  represent 


270  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

South  America  in  an  official  capacity  in  Europe.  His  Batalla  de  las 
Espuelas  de  Oro  is  an  epic  sketch  of  Belgium;  **The  Condor/'  a  tale 
of  suffering  of  a  blind  Indian. 

Wenceslao  Pareja,  with  his  ''Voces  lejanas  y  otros  versos"  true  to 
the  rules  of  rhythm,  obtained  onomatopoeic  effects  to  give  voice  to  the 
old  sorrows  and  the  old  plaints.  In  Cuento  he  gives  a  love  scene,  in 
which  he  portrays  weeping  Marguerite.  In  1918  he  read  a  paper  on 
**  Algunos  datos  sobre  la  peste  bubónica  en  Guayaquil  y  Anhelo 
Universitario"  at  the  beginning  of  the  school  year. 

Since  Manuel  Maria  Sanchez  wrote  his  beautiful  poem  **Paz?'*  in 
which  before  the  ensanguined  world  there  comes  like  a  terrible  re- 
proof the  suffering  and  gentle  figure  of  Jesus,  who  in  vain  opens  his 
arms  in  supplication  from  the  cross,  and  his  classic  sonnet  in  honor  of 
González  Suárez,  no  other  great  poem  has  enriched  the  literary  field. 
He  is  president  of  the  chamber  of  deputies,  and  is  thus  in  a  position 
to  exercise  a  great  influence  in  legislation  dealing  with  educational 
matters,  in  which  he  is  greatly  interested. 

In  the  midst  of  his  duties  as  lawyer  N.  Clemente  Ponce  finds  time 
to  translate  with  ease  and  in  musical  language  canto  I  of  the  iEneid. 
He  is  also  devoted  to  hymns  to  the  Virgin. 

Remigio  Tamariz  Crespo  had  written  an  idyl,  Lucia  Apoteosis, 
dedicated  to  Dr.  Crespo  Toral,  when  it  was  suggested  that  he  be  made 
poet  laureate.  He  also  wrote  Malvaloca  as  an  offering  to  Ricardo 
León.  The  latter  poem  has  been  praised  by  critics  for  its  sponta- 
neity, imagery,  and  feeling. 

Francisco  Falquez  Ampuero  translates  gracefully  from  the  French 
the  works  of  modern  poets.  In  Rondeles  Indígenas  and  Mármolos 
Lavados  will  be  found  examples  and  also  in  the  elegant  edition  of 
Gobelinos.  As  introduction  to  the  poetry  there  is  an  essay  on  Here- 
dia  and  the  development  of  poetry,  with  Leconge  de  Lisle,  Sully 
Prudhomme,  Catulle  Mendes,  etc.  In  prose  he  touches  upon  the 
European  war  in  Sintiendo  la  Batalla.    He  also  wrote  ^^Lujo  de  pobre." 

Luis  Filipe  Borja  has  written  a  sonnet,  *'A  Paris,"  in  which  he 
admires  the  "double  strength  of  the  Latin  hearth."  He  is  devoted 
to  his  legal  studies.  One  of  his  lectures  is  on  ** González  Suárez,  su 
vida  y  su  obra." 

Francisco  Guarderas  has  composed  '*La  Cita,"  **Mi  Suplica,"  and 
*'Tu  burla,"  all  sonnets.  He  has  a  subtly  critical  spirit,  and  his 
style  in  prose  ranges  from  the  description  of  a  carpenter,  Beltran, 
to  the  profound  studies  of  deep  thinkers  in  regard  to  the  European 
war. 

Gonzalo  Cordero,  of  the  well-known  family  of  Cuenca,  to  which 
belong  the  Luises  and  Migueis,  wrote  an  elegy  on  the  death  of  his 
father,  who  was  an  ex-President  of  the  Republic.  The  12  sonnets 
are  full  of  the  quiet  grief  of  the  artist,  and  are  so  well  connected  that 


INTELLEOTÜAL  DEVELOPMENT  IN  ECUADOR.  271 

they  seem  to  be  a  single  chord.  They  are  called  *^Por  mi  Tristeza." 
In  Bartolo  there  are  seven  sonnets  of  local  color,  describing  the  death 
of  a  native  of  his  country. 

J.  M.  Astudillo  Ortega,  in  ''Ecuatoriales/'  sketches  the  country- 
side of  Cuenca  and  praises  the  country  atmosphere.  Devoted  to 
art,  he  does  not  forget  his  artistic  obligations  even  in  the  midst  of 
the  serious  study  of  medicine,  full  of  the  themes  of  human  suffering, 
with  which  he  deals  in  his  literary  work. 

C.  A.  Arroyo  del  Rio  dedicated  a  few  well-turned  verses  to  Quito, 
the  heroic,  the  shining.  His  sonnets  are  tender,  madrigal-hke. 
The  one  entitled  ''Ojos  Claros ^^  is  a  eidogy  in  the  manner  of  Cetina. 

Guillermo  Bustamente,  steeped  in  melancholy,  in  his  alexandrine 
verse,  "Soy  Triste  Peregrino,"  shows  very  early  that  he  "has  a 
fragile  soul  and  sick  heart."'  The  theme  of  most  feeling  is  "  Y  seguir 
.  .  .  seguir."  His  sonnets  to  the  moon,  his  "  Blanca  Fugitiva,"  "  En  la 
playa,"  picture  of  a  maiden  asleep  m  the  sands,  are  well  done.  His 
short  poem,  "Moderna  Heroina,"  sketches  a  decadent  and  erotic 
woman,  described  as  the  "flesh  of  misery  and  of  vice." 

Rafael  S.  Romero  y  Cordero  choases  gallant  motives  with  a  fugi- 
tive and  impressionistic  note,  as  "cuento  de  la  última  Cenicienta." 
His  unpublished  book,  Rosas  de  Ensueño,  contains  his  well-known 
Misticismos  Crepusculares.  Responsos  Capitales  are  little  sonnets 
dedicated  to  Baudelaire,  Foe,  Verlaine,  Walt  Whitman,  Darío,  and 
Valde  Inclán,  which  shows  his  modern  technique  and  his  sympathy 
for  those  who  are  tormented  by  an  ideal.  He  is  the  son  of  Dr. 
Romero  León,  who  wrote  Levendas  Olvidadas. 

Emilio  Alzuro  Espinosa,  as  recreation  from  the  profession  of 
architect,  regales  us  from  time  to  time  with  graceful  verseas. 

The  younger  generation  have  three  poets  who  are  promising — 
César  and  Jorge  Carrera  Andrade,  two  brothers,  and  Gonsalo  Escu- 
dero Moscoso,  all  editors  of  La  Idea,  under  the  direction  of  another 
literary  branch  of  sturdy  stock  that  furnished  many  with  its  wisdom. 
There  are  also  Luis  Aníbal  Sánchez,  grandson  of  the  dear  old  maestro, 
Don  Quintiliano  Sánchez,  author  of  the  epic  poems  to  Cotopaxi, 
Chimborazo,  and  Agoyán,  and  of  the  long  Leyenda  del  Fadre  iVlmeida 
and  the  elegies  Mis  Tristezas;  and  César  and  Jorge  Carrera  Andrade, 
who  tell  us  with  fine  perception  of  the  soul  of  things  and  the  intensity 
of  life.  Both  have  been  made  poets  laureate,  the  first  in  the  Juegos 
Florales  of  the  university  and  the  second  in  the  annual  literary 
contest  of  the  Instituto  Mejía. 

In  these  same  contests  Gonsalo  Escudero  obtained  the  first  prize. 
His  sonnets  are  delicate  and  beautiful.  He  is  inclined  to  the  historic 
style  and  has  dedicated  poems  to  the  literary  geniuses  of  the  world. 
His  tripodeas  are  sentimental,  the  Fauno  Dolor  being  worthy  to 
appear  in  any  anthology. 


272  THE   PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

PROSE. 

Prose  has  been  more  cultivated  than  verse,  and  the  spirit  of 
Montalvo  has  left  reverent  disciples  like  Aparicio  Ortega,  Federico 
Proaño,  and  others  who,  though  with  very  different  ideas,  yt*t  main- 
tained the  purity  of  his  style,  such  as  Modesto  Espinosa,  Manuel  de 
J.  Proaño,  Alejandro  López,  Cornejo,  Matovelle,  and  Miguel  Val- 
verde, whose  soul  cried  out  against  the  crime  whose  victim  was 
Edith  Cavell,  "a  violet  of  London  fields/'  It  is  not  our  purpose 
to  refer  to  the  early  writers,  such  as  José  Antonio  Campos,  he  of  wit 
and  sparkling  episode,  who  gave  such  pleasant  and  enjoyable  lessons 
in  his  journals  with  his  pointed  stories,  applied  to  the  social  and 
political  sides  of  life;  nor  to  Camilo  Destrugo,  who  over  half  a  cen- 
tury ago  was  the  author  of  many  bibliographical  histories,  such  as 
La  Entrevista  de  Bolívar  y  San  Martín  en  Guayaquil,  short  stories, 
biographies,  and  treatises;  nor  Celiano  Monge,  antiquarian  and  a 
patient  investigator  of  history;  nor  Roberto,  a  keen  writer  who  put 
so  much  spirit  into  the  pages  of  his  Garcia  Moreno  and  the  play 
6  de  Agosto  and  the  Life  of  Eloy  Alfaro.  Our  purpose  is  to  mention 
the  names  of  the  present  period,  as  represented  by  the  promising 
youth  of  the  present  day. 

Gonzalo  Zaldumbide,  who  showed  his  love  for  fine  analysis  in  the 
Life  of  D'Annunzio,  has  essayed  higher  criticism.  With  poetic  senti- 
ments and  the  outlook  of  a  philosopher  he  has  discussed,  in  Elogio 
de  H^nri  Barbusse  the  work  of  that  author,  especially  Los  Suplicantes, 
and  El  Infierno.  His  desire  was  to  show  ''a  manner  of  seeing  life 
and  the  world  so  that  they  might  reveal  to  man  all  the  astounding 
grandeur  which  ordinarily  he  fails  to  see  in  it";  to  enter  into  the 
mystery  of  things  and  of  human  nature.  H  s  Égloga  Trágica  is  a 
psychological  study  of  Indian  nature,  of  the  wild  instinct  of  the  sav- 
age against  giving  his  affections  to  the  white  man,  the  master,  or 
approaching  him.  Such  are  the  pictures  he  draws,  and  he  writes 
charming  hymns  to  nature,  also  love  stories.  His  admiration  for 
France  is  immense;  he  takes  care  that  the  winged  nation's  happy 
influence  shall  be  felt,  for  it  is  the  country  of  liberty  antl  refined  art. 
His  critical  mind  is  devoted  to  Ecuador  and  South  America  and  the 
presentation  of  its  legends. 

Nicolás  Jiménez,  modestly  and  with  the  power  of  concentration, 
has  triumphed  with  his  calm  reflective  study  of  Dr.  González  Suárez. 
This  biography  was  much  applauded.  The  perspicacity  with  which 
he  studied  the  subject's  heart  and  displayed  its  secrets  is  remarkable, 
even  to  protraying  the  soul.  He  yearns  for  the  coming  of  a  book 
which  will  picture  us  in  our  true  state,  so  we  may  profit  by  seeing 
ourselves  as  others  see  us.  H?  has  written  several  critical  sket<*hes 
with  fairness  and  good  judgement,  having  reviewed  the  work  of 
G.  Martinez  Sierra,  and  also  of  Juan  Ramón  Jiménez. 


INTELLE(;TUAL  development  in  ECUADOR.  273 

Julio  E.  Moreno  reviewed  the  much-praised  work  of  Dr.  Remigio 
Toral,  finding  many  lessons  in  sincerity  and  art.  Of  exceptional 
talent,  his  probing  criticism  sees  the  clear  vision  of  men  and  their 
reaction  to  events,  lessons  which  his  philosophy  makes  of  use.  His 
work  in  public  instruction  has  not  left  him  time  to  devote  himself 
entirolv  to  literature. 

Marcos  B.  Espinel,  a  consul  for  many  years,  has  written  accounts 
of  the  war.  H  )mero  Viteri  is  painstaking  and  energetic  and  works 
for  the  advancement  of  public  instruction.  His  long  and  detailed 
monograph  on  the  development  of  public  instruction  in  Ecuador  is 
more  than  an  ordinary  thesis;  it  is  a  complete  investigation  of  history 
an<l  teaching  which  should  be  of  great  use  to  the  country.  He  under- 
took to  show  the  great  necessity  of  introducing  into  the  course  of 
philosophy  and  literature  easy  and  suitable  lectures.  He  is  fond  of 
historical  studieiî,  particularly  the  prehistoric  phases  of  our  own 
countrv,  and  is  not  unknown  in  the  cultural  movement  of  the  countrv. 

Luis  N.  Dillon,  with  the  energy  and  activity  of  an  American,  has 
>*TÍtten  of  important  reforms  for  public  instruction.  As  head  of  that 
department  he  has  set  teaching  on  the  right  path.  In  the  magazine 
of  the  Sociedad  Figaro  there  have  appeared  fine  bits  of  his  writing. 
He  has  founded  magazines  and  written  for  numerous  papers. 

Carlos  Tobar  y  Borgoño  in  the  midst  of  his  public  duties,  his  codifi- 
cation of  the  International  Code  of  Private  Law  and  national  prob- 
lems in  engineering,  takes  time  to  cultivate  the  amenities  of  letters. 
He  has  written  interesting  tales,  such  as  Y  fué  General,  telling  of  the 
old  days  of  the  South  American  independence;  and  his  lifelike 
sketches,  such  as  Pedro  de  la  (^ruz,  are  interesting  and  original  studies 
of  character.  He  lat^*ly  delivered  an  address  full  of  hope,  ideals,  and 
resolution  to  the  students  when  the  Universidad  Central  opened  its 
doors  with  him  as  rector. 

Luis  Robalino  Dávila  maintains  an  interest  in  the  coming  impor- 
tance of  his  countrv  in  the  concert  of  nations  from  northern  Europe. 
Hi»  is  a  novelist  and  journalist,  and  is  now  devoting  himself  to  con- 
sular subjects  and  international  themes,  which  may  be  of  use  to  his 
countrv. 

José  Rafael  Bustamante,  a  soldier-writer  of  promise,  since  his 
novel,  Para  Matar  el  Gusano,  has  done  nothing  in  letters,  but  the 
country  e.vpects  more  from  him. 

Luis  Eduardo  Bueno,  an  unconditional  admirer  of  Montalvo,  as  he 
frankly  admitted  on  reproducing  a  letter  of  Cosmopolita  in  defense 
(if  Don  ^Vntonio  Flores,  likes  to  assay  literary  values.  His  criti- 
cLsmM  are  reasonable  and  analytical.  H.^  has  published  several  books 
of  social  and  lit<»rary  criticism,  and  written  on  the  drama  and  the 
novel. 

César  Alfonso  Pastor  is  wandering  in  French  cities.  H.»  is  much 
int<Te«teii  in  science,  but  is  not  unmindful  of  literature.     H?  speaks 


274  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

of  the  need  of  dreaming  and  keeping  one's  spirit  fresh.  He  des- 
cribes scenes  in  young  Bohemia,  and  sends  chronicles  of  his  travels. 
He  has  analysed  the  philosophy  of  Ortega  and  Gasset  and  published 
an  essay  and  a  pamphlet,  *'La  educación  democrática.'' 

Eduardo  Mera  has  devoted  himself  with  enthusiasm  to  the  des- 
cription of  customs.  His  language  has  great  charm,  and* 'Serraniegas" 
is  a  collection  of  gems  of  description  of  the  country  and  of  nature 
well  observed.     He  is  writing  a  novel  called  "  Al  pueblo  dc  los  Andes  ' ' . 

Isaac  Berrera  is  editor  of  the  magazine  Letras.  He  is  fond  of 
writing  criticisms  and  follows  closely  not  only  Latin  American  cul- 
ture, but  that  of  France,  of  which  he  is  a  decided  admirer.  He  has 
written  articles  of  various  kinds,  but  mostly  political  and  critical 
sketches.  He  has  published  a  biographical  book  on  Rocafuerte  and 
a  dramatic  work  **La  melancolía  de  una  tarde." 

Victor  Félix  Toscano  writes  on  educational  themes.  He  has  taken 
up  the  methods  of  several  subjects  with  the  criticism  of  a  teacher  of 
correct  diction.  He  is  well  prepared  not  only  in  Spanish  but  in  the 
philosophy  of  the  language  and  the  psychology  of  the  student. 

Reinaldo  Cabezas  Borja  has  delivered  some  lectures.  In  July  he 
devoted  one  to  the  laborer,  '  'La  suerte  de  los  Débiles."  His  thesis 
on  the  founding  and  evolution  of  the  penal  code  was  favorably  com- 
mented upon  in  foreign  countries.  He  has  lately  written  a  book, 
*  'Introducción  para  un  Estudio  Crítico  del  Código  Penal  Ecuatoriano," 
in  which  he  suggests  education  as  a  remedy  for  crime,  among  other 
reforms  in  accord  with  the  laws  and  customs  and  state  of  advance- 
ment. He  also  gives  a  draft  of  laws  for  the  government  of  the  peni- 
tentiary of  Quito. 

Daniel  Hidalgo,  occupied  with  sociological  problems,  tells  of  the 
development  of  such  questions  in  Ecuador,  the  evils  of  militarism, 
and  other  social  wrongs.  He  has  studied  the  constitution  of  the 
country  and  has  recently  gi^en  a  lecture  on  exportation  and  trade. 

Augustin  Cueva,  a  profound  sociologist,  has  shown  the  peonage 
and  miserable  condition  of  the  Indian.  He  is  very  enthusiastic  over 
the  university  extension  course,  which  will  spread  education  over 
all  parts  of  the  Republic. 

THE    SCIENCES. 

The  science  of  archaeology  is  represented  by  Jacinto  Jigon  y 
Caamaño,  who  devoted  his  fortune  to  this  pursuit.  He  has  pub- 
lished some  very  valuable  works  on  prehistoric  periods  of  Ecuadorian 
life,  descriptions  of  ancient  Indian  treasures,  and  descriptions  of  the 
early  handiwork  of  the  Guayas;  also  notes  on  the  Incas  and  American 
archaeology.  He  has  collected  some  of  the  best  works  of  art,  thus 
encouraging  national  art,  ami  possesses  a  collection  of  pre-Colombian 
treasures  and  a   fine   S]  anish  library.     Ile  hopes   to  inaugurate  a 


INTELLECTUAL  DEVELOPMENT  IN  ECUADOR.  275 

museum  and  a  club  for  public  lectures.  He  is  director  of  the  Boletín 
de  la  Sociedad  Ecquatoriana  de  Estudios  Históricos  Americanos, 
and  president  of  the  association. 

Carlos  M.  Larrea  is  another  archaeologist  whose  works  deserve 
attention.  The  introduction  and  notes  to  the  impublished  work 
of  Miguel  de  Estete  on  the  discovery  and  conquest  of  Peru  are  his. 

J.  Grabriel  Navarre  has  compiled  the  epigraphs  of  Quito,  a  work 
which  is  well  done  and  useful,  containing  a  collection  of  ancient  and 
modem  inscriptions  in  churches,  convents,  pictures,  and  all  kinds  of 
monuments  throughout  the  city  of  San  Francisco  de  Quito,  with  a 
short  historical  introduction. 

J.  Jorge  Lanivar  Ugarte  has  also  assembled  copies  of  inscriptions 
on  the  monuments  of  Quito. 

Julio  Tobar  Bonoso  has  written  on  the  second  elections  of  1875 
and  a  biography  of  Dr.  Pedro  José  de  Arteta. 

Juan  Félix  Proaûo  has  cleared  up  several  historical  and  prehis- 
torical  questions,  in  particular  that  of  the  Indians  of  Rio  Bamba. 

Francisco  de  Paula  Soria,  who  has  engaged  in  civic  and  educa- 
tional pursuits,  has  prepared  a  synopsis  of  the  volcanoes  of  Ecuador. 
In  his  unpublished  work,  **Cenesis  of  the  School  of  Alexandria,"  he 
goes  to  the  Orient,  not  omitting  China,  Persia,  and  India. 

Guillermo  Destruge  has  written  Correlación  de  las  Fuerzas  Na- 
turales, which  will  soon  be  in  its  second  edition. 

Carlos  T.  García  has  devoted  himself  to  teaching.  He  is  director 
of  El  Magisterio  Ecuatoriano. 

Carlos  A.  Roland  is  a  chemist,  whose  last  textbook,  Apimtes  de 
Química  Médica,  is  highly  recommended. 

With  his  own  funds  Julio  E.  Rueda  maintains  the  Revista  Comercial, 
which  is  a  great  aid  to  trade  and  does  us  credit  outside  the  coimtry. 

Alfredo  Flores  Caamaño  has  made  some  historical  corrections.  In 
Europe  he  published  a  voluminous  book  on  Mejia  and  his  oratory. 
He  has  an  historical  work  which  has  not  yet  been  published. 

Luis  G.  Tufino  writes  on  astronomy;  Rafael  Andrade  Rodríguez  on 
trigonometry.  Nicolas  F.  I^pez,  in  addition  to  his  military  notes, 
has  published  articles  of  an  international  character.  Ilis  last  lecture 
was  on  Pan  Americanism.  Angel  Polibio  Chavez  has  written  on  the 
subject  of  the  urbanity  of  yoimg  ladies;  and  his  Nociones  de  Pede- 
gogia  received  the  gold  medal  in  the  last  exposition  at  Guayaquil. 

Angel  Isaac  Chiriboga  has  written  on  the  subject  of  explosives, 
with  chapters  on  military  hygiene  and  other  subjects  useful  to  the 
soldier.  Gustavo  Lemos  R.  has  written  on  grammatical  changes  and 
the  simplification  of  spelling. 

Luis  F.  Andrade  Moreno  sees  the  method  of  rooting  out  of  Ecuador 
civil  revolts  by  means  of  organization  of  ^'Obligatory  military  service.'' 

Carlos  Matamoros,  jr.,  of  the  normal  school,  who  studied  in  Quito, 
has  published  Exposiciones  Pedigógicas  en  Guayaquil. 
16364&-20— Bull.  3 8 


MEXICAN    MINES    AND 
MINING' 


#    #  «  #     #  0 

•  •    •  •  0    0 


FROM  time  immemorial  Mexico  has  enjoyed  an  envied  fame  be- 
cause of  her  excellence  over  all  other  comitries  in  her  seem- 
ingly limitless  possessions  of  mineral  wealth;  and  ever  since 
the  days  of  Cortez  the  cupidity  of  men  the  world  over  has 
been  aroused  by  the  wondrous  tales  dealing  with  these  hidden  treas- 
ures. The  estimated  value  of  Mexico's  total  mineral  output  fairly 
staggers  one's  imagination,  and  yet  these  resources,  instead  of  being 
exhausted  at  the  present  time,  appear  greater  than  ever  and  are  pro- 
viding alluring  fields  for  investment,  as  well  as  for  practical  application 
of  the  most  scientific  equipment  of  the  up-to-date  mining  engineer. 
During  the  year  1918,  according  to  official  reports  of  the  Mexican 
department  of  industry,  commerce,  and  labor,  the  total  value  of  the 
mined  products  in  the  country  amounted  to  $180,000,000,  United 
States  currency;  the  total  number  of  mines  in  operation  were  33,186; 
and  the  number  of  concessions  granted  totaled  2,287. 

As  a  silver-producing  country  without  parallel  Mexico  claimed 
special  attention  for  many  decades  ;  but  the  rare  exploits  of  the  Spanish 
cavaliers,  whose  horses  were  said  to  be  shod  with  the  precious  white 
metal,  have  been  overshadowed  by  recitals  of  the  discovery  of  some 
of  Mexico's  most  noted  mines,  the  princely  returns  of  the  most 
boimtiful  bonanzas,  and  the  frequent  metamorphosis  of  the  penniless 
prospector  into  a  millionaire  mine  operator. 

In  the  year  1548  some  mideteers  are  reported  to  have  pitched 
their  night  camp  on  the  hills  that  mark  the  present  site  of  Guana- 
juato, where,  according  to  their  practice,  they  built  several  bonfires. 
The  following  morning  one  of  the  party  chanced  to  disturb  some  of 
the  embers  of  these  fires  and  noticed  that  the  heat  had  molted  the 
virgin  silver  out  of  the  rock.  An  exploration  of  the  neighborhood 
followed  and  the  foundation  of  one  of  the  most  celebrated  mining 
camps  of  Mexico's  colonial  period  was  the  result. 

It  is  said  that  the  owner  of  the  far-famed  '^Quintera  Mine,"  Señor 
Almada,  on  the  occasion  of  his  daughter's  marriage,  overspread  the 
bridal  chamber  in  his  palacio  with  coimtless  silver  bars,  and  lined 
with  the  same  chaste  metal  the  path  from  the  house  to  the  church, 
thereby  enabling  the  bridal  party  to  tread  upon  fabulous  wealth  as 
it  proceeded  to  the  altar. 

iBy  Luther  K.  Zabriskie,  Consul  of  the  United  States  of  America  at  Aguascal lentes,  Mexico. 
276 


278  THE  PAÎT  AMEBICAN  UNION. 

In  various  parts  of  the  Indian-inhabited  regions  of  the  Republic 
prospectors  and  miners  were  forced  to  abandon  many  rich  mines. 
These  are  being  rediscovered  from  time  to  time,  and  in  the  case  of 
innumerable  so-called  worked-out  mines  it  has  been  found  that  the 
methods  employed  by  the  early  Spaniards  were  so  crude  that  the  dis- 
carded tailings,  when  worked  over  by  modem  processes,  yield  returns 
almost  equal  to  those  secured  by  the  original  operators. 

Mining  has  always  been  the  most  lucrative  source  of  Mexican 
revenue,  and,  despite  the  troublous  periods  of  the  country's  history, 
giant  strides  have  been  taken  in  the  development  of  not  only  her 
silver-producing  resources,  but  other  precious  and  near-precious 
mines  as  well,  until  now  Mexico  stands  forth  as  the  second  greatest 
copper-producing  country  in  the  world  and  holds  fifth  place  as  a  gold 
producer.  The  amount  of  money  invested  in  the  mines  and  smelters 
of  Mexico  exceeds  $250,000,000,  and  fresh  capital  is  still  clamoring 
for  investment  in  both  the  ancient  and  the  newest  mining  districts. 
As  a  country  of  profitable  investments  Mexico  must  very  soon 
assume  a  foremost  place,  and  imder  favorable  conditions,  as  a  con- 
sequence of  this  influx  of  capital,  the  United  States  of  Mexico  can 
not  fail  to  attain  an  important  sphere  as  one  of  the  leading  nations 
of  the  world. 

For  the  most  part  the  immense  wealth  of  Mexican  mines  is  due 
more  to  the  abundance  of  ores  rather  than  to  their  rich  values. 
The  mines  are  generally  located  in  sierras  or  mountain  ranges,  and 
the  vein  courses  branch  out  to  all  points  of  the  compass.  The  major 
part  of  the  silver  and  gold  ores  are  discovered  in  veins  whose  extent 
varies  to  a  marked  degree.  For  example,  the  Veta  Madre  in  Guana- 
juato is  said  to  run  from  9  to  about  50  meters  in  width;  the  Mellado 
vein  has  a  width  of  over  100  meters  in  certain  places,  the  workings 
measuring  16  kilometers  and  the  greatest  depth  being  630  meters; 
the  width  of  the  San  Rafael  vein  varies  from  16  to  32  meters;  and 
the  Coronas  and  the  Coronas  y  Borda  veins  are  from  8  to  10  meters 
wide  and  are  worked  to  a  depth  of  200  meters. 

Owing  to  improvements  in  the  processes  for  the  treatment  of  gold- 
bearing  ores  a  steady  increase  in  the  production  of  this  metal  in 
Mexico  can  be  noted.  Gold  is  found  here  in  alluvial  deposits,  in 
pure  gold-bearing  veins,  mixed  with  silver,  mixed  with  silver  and 
copper,  and  mixed  with  silver,  copper,  and  lead. 

The  gold  placers  of  Mexico  have  not  attained  a  great  commercial 
importance,  but  the  most  noteworthy  occur  in  the  States  of  Durango, 
Guerrero,  Sinaloa,  and  Sonora,  and  the  Territory  of  Lower  California. 
Pure  gold-bearing  veins  are  foimd  in  the  States  of  Chihuahua, 
Michoacan,  Oaxaca,  Sinaloa,  Sonora,  Zacatecas,  and  the  Territories 
of  Lower  California  and  Te  pic;  gold-silver  veins  in  the  States  of 
Chihuahua,   Durango,   Guanajuato,   Guerrero,   Mexico,   Michoacan, 


280  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

Oaxaca,  Queretaro,  Sinaloa/ Sonora,  and  Zacatecas,  and  the  Terri- 
tories of  Lower  California  and  Te  pic  ;  gold-copper  veins  in  the  States 
of  Chiapas,  Guerrero,  Puebla,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Sonora,  and  Veracruz, 
and  the  Territory  of  Te  pic;  gold-silver-copper  veins  in  the  State  of 
Sinaloa;  and  gold-silver-copper-lead  veins  in  the  State  of  Zacatecas. 

Silver  deposits  are  to  be  found  in  practically  every  Mexican  State, 
though  the  most  important  silver  camps  are  located  in  Chihuahua, 
Guanajuato,  Guerrero,  Hidalgo,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Sinaloa,  and 
Zacatecas.  Silver  mines  are  also  worked  in  the  States  of  Durango, 
Jalisco,  Mexico,  Morelos,  Oaxaca,  Pachuca,  Puebla,  Queretaro,  and 
Sonora,  and  the  Territory  of  Lower  California.  As  a  rule,  the 
Mexican  silver  ore  is  found  mixed  with  copper,  lead,  gold,  or  quick- 
silver. Some  of  these  mines  turn  out  ore  that  contains  from  7  to  20 
kilograms  per  ton,  but  the  largest  silver  production  comes  generally 
from  low-grade  ore,  and  much  that  is  treated  contains  only  from  400 
to  800  grams  per  ton. 

Copper  is  mined  in  various  States,  notably  in  Sonora  and  Michoa- 
can  and  the  Territory  of  Lower  California,  the  ores  appearing  in 
Michoacan  being  a  combination  of  sulphides  of  copper  and  iron  in 
the  proportion  of  34.60  to  30.51  per  centum.  The  usual  yield  in  the 
Inguaran  mines  is  said  to  average  35  per  cent  of  copper,  the  profit 
being  about  $5  per  carga  of  300  pounds.  The  profit  on  the  same  carga 
in  the  Oropeo  mines  runs  from  $12.50  to  $18.50,  while  in  the  Chura- 
maco  mines  the  profit  ranges  from  $22  to  $30.  An  abundance  of 
native  copper  is  found  in  the  State  of  Mexico,  as  well  as  in  Jalisco 
and  Cliihuahua. 

Large  deposits  of  lead,  which  is  frequently  mixed  with  silver, 
gold,  copfx^r,  and  zinc,  exist  all  over  tlie  Republic.  The  chief  silver- 
lead  mines  are  in  Chihuahua,  CoUma,  Durango,  and  Zacatecas;  and 
silver-lead-copper  mines  are  found  in  San  Luis  Potosi  and  Sonora. 
Important  silver-lead  and  silver-lead-zinc  mines  have  been  found 
in  Nuevo  Leon;  and  in  addition  there  are  well-defined  lead  deposits 
in  Aguasealientes,  Guerrero,  Hidalgo,  Jalisco,  Mexico,  Morelos, 
Oaxaca,  Puebla,  Queretaro,  Tamaulipas,  and  Tlaxcala.  The  great 
camps  of  Almaloya,  Niaca,  Santa  Eulalia,  and  Sierra  Mojada  are 
situated  in  the  central  plaü^au  country,  whence  comes  the  main 
output,  although  the  lead  production  from  the  scattered  mines  in 
the  northeastern  States  is  large.  In  the  production  of  lead  Mexico 
takes  third  place,  and  is  outranked  in  this  respect  by  the  United 
States  and  Spain. 

The  Cerro  de  Mercado,  in  the  State  of  Durango,  is  an  enormous 
mountain  of  iron,  about  1,900  yards  long  and  900  wide,  with  an  ele- 
vation of  about  700  feet  above  the  surrounding  country.  Expert 
calculations  place  the  contents  of  this  hill  at  about  460,000,000  tons 


I 

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if 

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282  THE  PAK  AMERICAN  UNION. 

of  ore,  whose  assayed  yields  amount  to  from  70  to  75  per  cent  of 
pure  iron.  A  cubic  foot  of  the  metal  is  estimated  to  weigh  29 If 
pounds.  Iron  deposits  have  also  been  found  in  many  other  States, 
and  some  of  them  appear  to  be  very  large.  These  appear  in  the 
form  of  oxides,  a  portion  being  magnetic  iron  and  in  combination 
with  other  metals.  Meteoric  iron  is  likewise  found  in  various  parts 
of  the  Republic.  Immense  deposits  of  various  kinds  of  iron  exist 
in  the  States  of  Jalisco  and  Guerrero,  also  in  Hidalgo  and  Oaxaca, 
where  the  ores  generally  yield  from  50  to  70  per  cent,  the  poorest 
producing  from  20  to  25  per  cent. 

Zinc  blende,  combined  with  silver  ores,  shows  up  all  over  Mexico 
in  vast  quantities;  while  calamine,  the  carbonates  and  silicates  of 
zinc,  also  exist  here.  Frequently  the  ore  runs  as  high  as  50  per  cent 
zinc. 

Some  supplies  of  tin,  appearing  in  the  form  of  black  oxide  and  yield- 
ing from  35  to  75  per  cent  of  tin,  have  been  discovered  in  the  States 
of  Aguascalientes,  Durango,  and  Guanajuato.  Smaller  quantities 
exist  in  the  granite  of  the  Sierra  de  la  Estañera  in  Jalisco,  as  weU 
as  in  the  States  of  Queretaro^  San  Luis  Potosi,  and  Sonora, 

Rich  deposits  of  manganese  occur  in  the  States  of  Durango, 
Guerrero,  Hidalgo,  Mexico,  Puebla,  and  Zacatecas,  and  in  the  Terri- 
tory of  Lower  California;  but  on  account  of  the  small  local  consmnp- 
tion  and  the  difficult  transportation  facilities  for  shipping  this  metal 
abroad  these  mines  have  been  somewhat  neglected.  During  the  years 
1918  and  1919,  however,  enormous  quantities  of  high-grade  man- 
ganese were  mined  in  Zacatecas  and  shipped  to  the  United  States  at 
a  highly  profitable  figure,  and  the  production  is  still  being  continued 
on  a  large  scale. 

Mexico  holds  seventh  place  in  the  production  of  graphite.  This 
metal  is  being  actively  exploited,  especially  in  the  State  of  Sonora, 
where  extensive  and  valuable  deposits  have  been  foimd. 

Quicksilver  is  common  to  many  States,  and  during  the  years  1918 
and  1919  a  considerable  impetus  was  given  to  thb  branch  of  the 
mining  industry  by  successful  workings  in  Aguascalientes  and 
Zacatecas. 

Bismuth  has  been  found  in  various  forms,  principally  in  the  Cristo 
mine  in  the  State  of  Zacatecas,  where  can  be  seen  the  native  sulphate 
of  bismuth.  In  the  State  of  Jalisco  the  tellural  variety  exists  and 
contains  48.50  per  cent  of  bismuth;  while  in  the  State  of  Guanajuato 
the  selenite  form  is  foimd  which  yields,  according  to  assays,  from  60 
to  70  per  cent  bismuth. 

In  several  places,  more  especially  in  the  States  of  Guerrero  and 
Hidalgo,  discoveries  have  been  made  of  platinum,  which  usually 
lies  in  ferruginous  clay. 


I 

i 


í 


284  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

The  important  antimony  mines  of  the  Republic  are  located  in  the 
States  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  Queretaro,  Zacatecas,  and  Guerrero  and 
are  large  producers. 

Nickel,  cobalt,  osmium,  sodium,  and  other  such  metals  have  been 
found  in  Mexico,  but  not  in  worth-while  quantities.  However,  there 
are  many  rich  coal  fields,  and  abundant  supplies  are  evident  in 
Coahuila,  Puebla,  Michoacan,  and  Sonora;  while  immense  petro- 
leum deposits  exist  in  Oaxaca,  Tamaulipas,  Tabasco,  and  Veracruz. 

Considerable  quantities  of  sulphur  have  been  foimd  in  the  States 
of  Durango,  Michoacan,  and  San  Luis  Potosi,  and  the  Territory  of 
Lower  California,  as  well  as  in  the  crater  of  Popocatepetl,  State  of 
Mexico;  but  its  distribution  in  these  deposits  is  so  irr^ular  the  ex- 
ploitations have  been  difficult,  and  those  made  up  to  the  present  day 
have  not  been  very  successful. 

Beautiful  specimens  of  onyx  and  marble  are  quarried  in  the  States 
of  Oaxaca  and  Puebla,  same  being  noted  for  their  transparency, 
variety  of  coloring,  and  the  facility  for  carving  into  thin  slabs,  as  well 
as  for  the  brilliancy  of  the  finished  product  when  polished.  Several 
marble  outputs  are  noted  in  the  district  of  Galeana,  in  the  State  of 
Chihuahua,  one  variety  being  as  white  as  snow,  with  a  very  fine 
grain;  another  is  partially  transparent  and  is  tinted  in  delicate 
shades;  while  still  another  variety  contains  a  manganese  hue,  with 
softly  blended  markings  of  white,  gray,  and  blue.  Enormous  depos- 
its of  marble  are  still  untouched  in  the  State  of  Nuevo  Leon,  and 
lesser  quantities  are  found  in  several  districts  of  Oaxaca  and  in  a 
dozen  other  States. 

The  special  prominence  given  to  the  mining  activities  in  Mexico 
has  slightly  tended  to  obscure  the  wealth  of  the  country  in  precious 
stones.  Many  kinds  of  precious  and  semiprecious  stones  are  found 
in  the  following  places:  Opals  of  excellent  quality,  in  porphyry,  in 
various  localities  in  the  States  of  Guerrero  and  Queretaro;  the  emer- 
ald, the  dichroite,  and  beryl  in  Hidalgo;  different  varieties  of  the 
garnet  in  the  States  of  Chihuahua  and  Sonora;  sapphires  and  topazes 
in  Guanajuato,  San  Luis  Potosi,  and  Guerrero;  obsidian  in  Michoacan, 
Veracruz,  Jalisco,  Queretaro,  and  elsewhere;  diamonds  in  Guerrero; 
rubies  in  Lower  California  and  Durango;  and  jaspers,  cornelians, 
agates,  and  other  precious  stones  are  found  in  different  parts  of  the 
Republic.  Pearls  and  pearl  shells  abound  in  certain  spots  in  the 
Gulf  of  California,  and  the  privilege  of  diving  for  pearls  is  given  by 
the  Government  to  parties  under  contract. 

The  salt  that  originates  in  Mexico  has  a  splendid  reputation. 
The  largest  deposits  are  those  of  Peñón  Blanco,  in  San  Luis  Potosi, 
and  the  vast  deposits  in  the  island  of  Carmen,  in  the  Gulf  of  California, 
whose  quantity  of  salt  is  practically  inexhaustible,  and  whose  largest 
excavation  measures  about  3  miles  in  length  by  2  in  width.     This 


I 


286 


THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 


salt  is  in  the  form  of  crystals  and  contains  pure  salt  as  high  as  98  per 
cent.  The  salt,  indeed,  is  of  such  purity  it  can  be  shipped  direct 
from  the  mines  without  any  preparation  whatsoever. 

The  official  statistics  covering  the  production  of  minerals  in  the 
Mexican  Republic  during  the  years  1914  to  1918,  inclusive,  as  pub- 
lished by  the  bureau  of  mines  of  the  department  of  industry, 
commerce,  and  labor  in  May,  1919,  are  given  as  follows: 


Kilograms. 


Gold. 

Silver. 

Lead. 


Copper 

Antimony 

Tin. 

Tungsten 

Zinc 

Graphite 

Molybdenum. 

Mercury 

Manganese 

Aluminum . . . 
Arsenic 


1914 


8,635 
810,647 


1915 


7,358 

712,509 

6,703,206 

205,978 


1916 


1917 


5,800,028 


11,748  I  23,558 

926,142       1,306,987 

19,970,986     64,124,752 

28,411,248     50,985,923 

828,767  ,    2,646,544 

292  9,214 

12,250  '        187,637 

37,449,226     14,757,333 

470,343  420,046 


33,132 
73,387 


1,284,820 


1918 


25  314 

1,942,968 

98,837,154 

70,223,454 

3,268,546 

13,537 

149,486 

20,608,995 

6,190,849 

27,371 

163,598 

2,878,383 

1,881,011 


As  previously  indicated  the  Mexican  mines  represent  great  values, 
as  a  rule,  because  of  the  enormous  quantities  of  their  ores  and  not 
because  of  their  superior  richness;  and  when  labor  was  cheap  the 
final  balances  of  many  mines  possessing  even  low-grade  ores  showed 
a  goodly  profit.  The  cost  of  mining  labor  has  doubled  and  trebled 
and  in  some  instances  quadrupled  within  the  past  20  years,  and  this 
circumstance  added  to  the  taxations,  higher  freight  rates,  and 
excessive  costs  of  fuel  and  other  necessities  have  had  a  rather  detri- 
mental effect  in  the  working  of  low-grade  mines,  although  the  present 
high  prices  for  silver  and  copper  if  continued  may  have  a  tendency 
to  equalize  matters. 

The  present  tax  on  oil  lands  in  Mexico  amounts  to  5  pesos  ($2.50, 
United  States  currency)  per  pertenencia  (2.47  acres)  per  annum, 
and  the  taxes  on  mining  lands  are:  Pertenencias  (2.47  acres),  1  to  5, 
each  6  pesos  per  annum;  pertenencias,  6  to  50,  each,  9  pesos  per 
annum;  pertenencias,  51  to  100,  each,  12  pesos  per  annum;  per- 
tenencias^  101  and  over,  each,  18  pesos  per  annum. 

The  existing  taxes  on  silver,  gold,  copper,  and  lead  in  ores  smelted 
to  bullion  within  the  country  are  as  follows: 

Silver  and  gold:  Federal  tax,  7  per  cent  on  gross  value;  plus  Federal, 
0.5  per  cent  (about)  on  gross  value,  in  paper;  plus  stamps,  0.5  per  cent 
(about)  on  gross  value;  plus  State  tax,  2  per  cent  (about)  on  gross 
value;  total  10  per  cent  of  total  silver  and  gold  contents,  whether  the 
metals  are  exported  or  sent  to  the  mint  in  Mexico  City.     If  sent 


ONE  OF  THE  GREAT  OIL  WELLS  OF  TAMPICO,  MEXlCtt 

fs  greatest  mineral  product  Igall.     Rflportj  conceniliiE  the  production  olpelruleum  Id  IBIS  show 

,.  ...—...  ..  o«  „-  li»  , ,.     T^.  „., ,  .^B  enport  of  this  prodiirl  wns  lsfl.443,K5  pesos. 

In  ifiB,  Tleldlnc  ■  loUl  dally  output  ol  Al.ud 


288 


THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 


to  the  mint,  there  are  further  melting,  assaying,  refining,  and  minting 
charges. 

Copper  in  bars  or  matte,  assaying  over  50  per  cent  copper,  over 
300  gross  silver  per  ton,  or  over  5  gross  gold  per  ton;  at  23^  cents, 
New  York  electrolytic  quotation:  Federal  tax,  5  per  cent  on  gross 
value;  plus  (for  paper  currency),  0.35  per  cent  on  gross  value;  plus 
stamps,  etc.,  0.35  per  cent  on  gross  value;  plus  State  taxes,  2  per  cent 
on  gross  value;  total,  7.70  per  cent  on  gross  value. 

Lead:  Federal  tax,  2  per  cent  on  gross  value;  plus  (for  paper 
currency),  0.15  per  cent  on  gross  value;  plus  stamps,  etc.,  0.10  per 
cent  on  gross  value;  plus  State  tax,  1  per  cent  on  gross  value;  total, 
3.25  per  cent  on  gross  value. 

Before  titles  to  mining  properties  are  issued  to  foreigners  they 
must  agree  to  consider  themselves  as  Mexicans  in  matters  relating 
to  the  property  rights,  and  they  must  further  agree  not  to  invoke 
for  the  same  or  for  that  which  relates  to  them,  the  protection  of 
their  governments,  under  the  penalty  that  in  case  they  fail  to  keep 
this  agreement  they  will  lose  their  rights  in  the  property  acquired 
by  virtue  of  the  agreement  to  the  benefit  of  the  nation. 

As  will  be  observed  from  the  statistical  table  herein  given  there 
has  been  a  steady  and  notable  increase  of  mineral  production  in 
Mexico  since  1914;  and  it  is  believed  that  the  1919  mining  figures 
will  completely  overshadow  all  the  others.  Discoveries  of  new 
mineral  deposits  and  uses  for  which  the  metals  may  be  put  are  occur- 
ring right  along;  old  capital  is  being  turned  over  and  new  capital 
is  coming  in  for  the  development  of  these  hidden  resources,  and 
with  the  return  of  stable  conditions  a  new  era  must  ensue  in  Mexican 
mining,  which  is  likely  to  furnish  the  basis  for  the  brightest  chapter 
on  the  subject  that  has  ever  been  written. 


THE  TRADE  BALANCE 


0      t 


THE  financial  events  and  processes  of  the  war,  especially  the 
large  direct  Government  loans  made  by  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain  to  the  allied  continental  countries, 
including  the  loans  made  by  the  United  States  to  Great 
Britain  and  loans  made  by  certain  neutrals  to  the  belligerents  of  one 
or  both  sides,  have  had  an  overpowering  influence  on  international 
commerce,  finance,  and  exchange  which  extends  to  the  present  time. 
Governments  in  effect,  in  the  international  field,  have  substituted 
themselves  for  private  initiative  and  enterprise,  and  in  doing  so 
more  or  less  have  paralyzed  or  destroyed  the  ordinary  agencies  and 
blocked  up  the  ordinary  channels  of  commerce.  The  ground  purpose 
is  not  to  be  censured,  for  that  purpose  was  the  preservation  of  the 
civilization  of  the  world;  but  we  may  question  whether  or  not  the 
end  might  not  have  been  better  served  and  at  a  less  cost  by  more 
conservative  and  less  destructive  methods;  and  for  a  stronger 
reason  we  may  doubt  the  advisability  of  continuing  war  methods 
now  that  the  war  is  over.  The  ordinary  agencies  and  devices  of 
commerce  and  of  finance  were,  so  some  thought,  as  well  suited  to 
the  purposes  and  conditions  of  war  as  they  were  of  peace.  All  that 
was  necessary  was  that  they  shoidd  be  controlled  and  directed  to  meet 
the  exigencies  of  the  former  as  they  have  been  evolved  to  meet  the 
exigencies  of  the  latter. 

The  present  unsatisfactory  condition  of  foreign  money  exchange 
is  due  to  two  causes:  The  first  of  these  is  direct  Government  loans 
above  mentioned,  and  the  doubt  whether  there  has  been  an  end  to 
these  loans  and  to  the  artificial  exchange  status  created  thereby. 
Private  capital  must  know  to  what  extent  the  Government  will 
continue  to  muddy  the  credit  waters.  The  second  is  a  more  or  less 
justifiable  incertitude  as  to  just  how  near  to  bankruptcy  the  bellig- 
erent governments  have  arrived,  but  especially  as  to  how  and  when, 
if  at  all,  they  may  be  expected  to  reduce  expenditures  and  retire  any 
considerable  part  of  their  enormously  inflated  paper  currencies. 

Will  the  Governments — will  Great  Britian,  France,  and  the  United 
States — ^return  to  before-the-war  sanity,  or  will  they  persist,  still 
obsessed  by  the  lingering  belief  in  the  superefficiency  of  over-all 
control  as  practiced  in  Germany,  in  projecting  and  continuing  them- 
selves in  positions  in  wûich  no  government  has  ever  been  anything 
but  grossly  inefficient  ?    The  British  Government  has  answered  this 

1  By  William  C.  Wells,  chief  statistician,  Pan  American  Union. 

289 


290  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

inquiry  sanely  in  one  particular.     It  has  withdrawn  Government 
support  from  British  exchange  in  New  York. 

It  is  assumed  by  many  persons  that  the  present  "favorable" 
trade  balance  of  over  $4,000,000,000  a  year,  representing  the  excess 
of  commodity  sales  over  purchases,  is  an  obligation  of  foreign  coun- 
tries to  the  United  States  which  must  be  paid  in  cash  or  otherwise, 
or  be  funded  in  loans  by  the  United  States  to  these  coimtries,  or 
somehow  accounted  for.  It  was  upon  this  theory  that  the  Grovern- 
ment  made  direct  loans  to  the  allied  countries  in  order  to  take  care 
of  their  '^unfavorable''  trade  balances  during  the  war.  Upon  this 
theory  is  predicated  the  idea  that  this  great  balance  will  exhaust,  if 
it  has  not  already  exhausted,  the  ability  of  foreign  coimtries  to  con- 
tinue purchases  in  the  United  States  unless  there  be  some  adjust- 
ment of  the  obligation  represented  by  the  trade  balance.  If,  after 
having  sent  all  the  commodities  they  are  able  to  send  and  which  the 
United  States  will  receive,  there  remains  due  from  England,  France, 
and  the  others  such  a  balance  as  this,  then  it  is  assumed  the  United 
States  must  capitalize  the  balance  as  a  loan  or  cease  to  do  the  business. 
The  argument  would  be  logical  enough  were  it  not  that  the  assump- 
tions are  incorrect. 

International  trade  balances  when  commerce  functions  in  the 
usual  way  do  not  need  to  be  paid  or  funded  as  loans  because  they  do 
not  of  themselves  represent  indebtedness  or  in  fact  necessarily  any 
obligation.  A  country  may  continue  indefinitely,  if  the  commercial 
situation  be  left  to  itself  free  of  extraneous  interference,  with  a  pro- 
digiously large  ''favorable''  trade  balance  without  exhausting  the 
credit  or  the  cash  of  its  customers;  and  as  a  corollary  a  country  may 
continue  indefinitely  with  an  equally  large  "unfavorable"  balance 
without  exhausting  its  own  credit  or  cash.  In  fact,  a  continuing 
"imfavorable"  trade  balance,  except  during  the  period  of  actual 
war,  is  always  the  accompaniment  of  national  growth,  and  is  fre- 
quently the  accompaniment,  as  before  the  war  in  England,  Holland, 
France,  and  Belgium,  of  rapidly  increasing  cash  and  credit  reserves. 

A  trade  balance  is  not  a  true  balance,  or  any  balance  at  all,  because 
it  is  derived  from  the  addition  and  subtraction  of  incongruous  units. 

For  the  year  December  1,  1918,  to  November  30,  1919  (the  armis- 
tice was  signed  Nov.  11 ,  1918),  the  customhouse  value  of  United  States 
imports  was  $3,734,570,000  and  exports  $7,808,053,000.  These 
figures  are  supposed  to  show  a  trade  balance  favorable  to  the  United 
States  of  $4,073,483,000. 

During  the  period  United  States  imports  from  Europe  alone 
amounted  to  only  $679,053,000,  while  the  exports  to  Europe  were 
$5,117,186,000;  so  that  the  favorable  balance  in  respect  to  Europe 
was   greater   than    that   of   the   whole— viz,    $4,438,133,000.     The 


THE  TRADE  BALANCE.  291 

European  balance  was  partially  offset  by  an  unfavorable  balance 
of  $364,650,000  to  other  sections  of  the  globe. 

The  balance  in  respect  to  Great  Britain  was  $1,997,815,000;  im- 
porte, $275,637,000;  exports,  $2,273,453,000.  In  respect  to  France 
it  was  $786,953,000;  imports,  $110,295,000;  exports,  $897,248,000. 
These  two  countries  account  for  nearly  70  per  cent  of  the  total  favor- 
able trade  balance  of  the  United  States  in  the  year  inmiediately  fol- 
lowing the  close  of  the  war. 

Manifestly  if  England  and  France,  not  to  mention  Italy  and  Bel- 
gium with  proportionately  equally  heavy  balances  against  them,  did 
pay  from  December,  1918,  to  December,  1919,  over  $2,750,000,000 
to  the  United  States,  there  would  be  records  of  such  transfers  of 
cash  or  seciu*ities.  If  they  contracted  loans  to  cover  any  such 
indebtedness  the  issue  of  these  loans  would  be  fully  known.  There 
was  some  transfer  of  cash  and  securities  back  and  forth,  and  there 
is  a  credit  in  EngUsh  and  French  banks  due  to  Americans,  but  nothing 
was  added  to  these  credits  and  no  loans  during  the  year  that  will 
accoimt  for  $2,750,000,000  of  added  indebtedness  or  any  considerable 
portion  thereof.  It  is  absurd  to  say  that  Frenchmen  and  English- 
men yet  owe  these  billions.  If  so,  to  what  individuals  do  they  owe 
them  and  what  the  evidences  of  the  debt  ?  Any  increase  of  indebted- 
ness occurring  in  the  year  following  the  signing  of  the  armistice, 
which  could  not  have  been  large  outside  of  the  unpaid  interest  on 
direct  government  loans,  is  accounted  for  otherwise  than  as  arising 
from  any  favorable  or  imfavorable  trade  balance.  There  are  those 
who,  still  clinging  to  the  notion  that  a  trade  balance  is  and  always 
must  be  settled  for,  believe  in  offsets  which  are  supposed  to  go  to  pay 
a  part  or  even  the  whole  of  the  balance.  These  offsets  are  such  as 
interest  on  loans,  profits  of  investments,  cash  carried  by  travelers, 
emigrants'  remittances,  freights,  insurance,  and  the  like,  more  or 
less  imponderable  items  not  stated,  or  capable  of  being  stated,  in 
exact  trade  statistics.  There  is  a  large  now  of  liquid  credits  to 
Europe  on  these  accounts,  and  it  does  inñuence  money  exchange  to 
a  high  degree;  but  it  does  not  go  to  pay  any  debt  which  Europe  is 
thought  to  owe  the  United  States  on  account  of  the  trade  balance. 
In  these  cases  Europe  is  not  giving  but  is  receiving,  and  receiving 
not  as  loans  or  investments  but  as  payments  or  gifts.  These  items 
may  and  no  doubt  do  have  some  influence  on  the  volume  of  trade, 
but  the  balance  is  struck  after  this  influence  is  accounted  for.  The 
error  in  this  view  of  how  trade  balances  are  settled  for  is  the  same 
error  that  runs  throughout  the  whole — the  assumption  that  the 
balance  represents  an  obligation. 

No  one  can  state  in  general  what  a  trade  balance  in  its  credit 
aspect  is  in  reality,  except  to  say  that  in  its  chief  phase  it  is  an  unsub- 
stantiality  resulting  from  the  juxtaposition  of  elements  not  compara- 

163e4&-"20— Bull.  3 4 


292  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

ble  and  not  related.  As  an  index  of  international  obligations,  and 
therefore  a  base  of  cash  and  credit  operations,  it  is  worse  than  useless. 
We  must  go  below  that  trade  balance  into  the  particular  commercial 
transactions  themselves  in  order  to  understand  what  financial  obliga- 
tions result  therefrom. 

If  it  be  true  that  the  United  States  and  also  the  Latin  American 
countries  are  now  conducting  a  business  with  Europe  which  creates 
obUgations  of  overwhelming  magnitude  that  can  only  be  adjusted  on  a 
long  credit  basis,  then  this  fact  must  be  ascertained  from  an  exami- 
nation of  the  particxilars  of  the  business.  It  can  not  be  assumed  from 
its  volume  or  the  resultant  trade  balance.  We  can  not  here  examine 
all  the  transactions;  many  of  them  are  very  intricate;  each  is  more 
or  less  involved  with  others;  and  often  the  facts  are  not  ascertainable 
by  any  outside  investigator.  Worse  than  all,  those  participating 
in  the  transaction  more  often  than  not  are  like  the  soldier  in  battle — 
they  see  only  that  which  is  immediately  before  their  eyes.  Bankers, 
exporters,  merchants,  manufacturers,  and  other  producers  and 
traders  are  very  apt,  in  drawing  conclusions  about  international 
trade  to  which  they  each  contribute  a  single  element,  to  judge  as 
did  the  seven  blind  men  of  Hindoostan,  each  of  whom  touched  but 
one  part  of  the  elephant  and  consequently  rendered  different  verdicts 
as  to  what  the  beast  was  like.  One  thought  he  was  like  a  rope;  this 
one  had  felt  the  tail.  Another  that  he  was  like  a  pillar;  this  one  had 
clasped  a  leg.  Another  that  he  was  Uke  a  spear,  that  was  the  tusk; 
another  a  fan,  that  was  the  ear;  another  a  wall,  the  side;  or  a  snake^ 
the  trunk.  It  is  necessary  to  know  all  the  details  of  all  the  transac- 
tions in  order  to  appraise  the  precise  extent  of  financial  obligations 
created  by  the  whole.  It  is  impossible  to  know  all  these  things; 
the  elephant  is  too  big  and  all  of  us  are  to  an  extent  blind  and  over- 
given  to  generalizing.  But  we  can  discover  sufficient  of  the  particu- 
lars to  show  that  very  frequently  they  offset  each  other  in  a  financial 
sense,  so  that  what  appears  in  a  national  trade  statement  as  a  sum- 
mary should  be  stated  in  a  national  obligation  statement  as  a  can- 
cellation. We  can  also  discover  the  larger  processes  of  financial  inter- 
change, and  especially  cash  (gold,  silver,  and  bullion)  interchange; 
and,  what  is  even  more  valuable,  we  have  the  past  history  of  indus- 
trial development  from  which  we  may  judge  whether  or  not  like 
conditions  in  the  past  have  produced  the  results  now  apprehended. 

A  few  illustrations  may  be  pertinent.  The  United  States  imported 
from  Mexico  in  1919  some  two  billions  of  gallons  of  crude  mineral  oils 
worth  $25,000,000.  There  was  an  ''unfavorable"  trade  balance  in 
respect  to  Mexico  of  nearly  the  same  amoimt.  The  superficial 
observer  would  state  the  facts  thus: 

On  balance  struck  the  United  States  owed  Mexico  $25,000,000  on 
account  of  excess  of  purchases  over  sales  for  the  year. 


THE  TRADE  BALANCŒi.  293 

This  balance  has  been  or  must  be  paid  to  Mexico  by  a  transfer  of 
cash  or  other  valuable  consideration,  or  it  must  be  funded  into  a 
Mexican  loan  to  or  fixed  investment  in  the  United  States. 

The  balance  and  consequently  the  obligation  of  debt  would  not  have 
existed  except  for  the  imports  of  oil. 

The  statement  is  incorrect  in  every  part.  The  oil  exported  by 
Mexico  to  the  United  States  was  from  wells  owned  or  leased  by  for- 
eigners, chiefly  citizens  of  the  United  States.  The  importers  in  the 
United  States  did  not  buy  the  oil  in  Mexico  and  they  never  owed 
anyone  in  Mexico  its  price.  The  Mexican  exporter  and  the  American 
importer  were  in  most  cases  the  same  individual  or  corporation. 
Incidently,  Mexico  derived  profit  from  the  extraction  of  the  oil  in 
taxes,  royalties,  wages,  and  in  industrial  development,  the  latter 
many  times  the  value  of  the  oil  extracted.  But  Mexico  derived  no 
profit  from  the  exportation  of  the  oil,  except  in  the  view  that  exporta- 
tion was  necessary  in  order  to  maintain  production.  Mexico  would 
have  had  a  largely  enhanced  profit  if  it  had  been  otherwise  indus- 
trially developed  to  the  point  of  consuming  its  own  oil,  in  which  case 
there  would  have  been  no  "favorable^'  trade  balance. 

Apply  this  example  to  Great  Britain.  A  very  large  proportion  of 
British  imports  are  of  the  same  or  of  a  similar  kind  as  American 
imports  of  Mexican  oil.  They  involve  no  liability,  or  at  the  most, 
in  cases  not  exactly  parallel,  only  a  slight  liability  of  debt  or  obligation. 
They  are  not  cases  in  which  Britain  is  buying  abroad  goods  for  which 
it  must  pay  abroad  to  the  value  which  its  customhouse,  or  the  custom- 
houses of  the  exporting  coimtry  places  upon  the  goods.  The  British 
*'imfavorable^'  trade  balance  derived  from  the  inclusion  of  such  im- 
port values  is  to  that  extent  not  unfavorable  and  not  a  true  index 
of  Britain's  foreign  obligation. 

Another  example,  which  for  clearer  comprehension  we  will  reduce 
to  its  simplest  form: 

A  Boston  merchant  adventurer,  as  they  were  called  a  hundred  years 
ago,  freights  a  ship  for  the  South  Sea  Islands  and  the  Orient  with  a 
cargo  of  trade  goods  valued,  when  it  leaves  the  Boston  dock,  at 
$100,000.  The  customhouse  enters  on  its  ledger  $100,000  as  ex- 
ports. Six  months  later  the  ship  returns  with  a  cai^o  of  hides, 
skins,  silk,  and  spices  worth  $200,000.  This  is  entered  on  the  other 
side  of  the  ledger  as  imports  and  the  two  entries  show  an  ^^imfavor- 
able''  trade  balance  of  $100,000.  Must  we  jump  to  the  conclusion 
that  the  Boston  merchant  has  purchased  goods  abroad  for  which  he 
has  incurred  an  obligation  of  $100,000  in  excess  of  what  he  sold 
abroad  ?  Quite  the  contrary;  the  exports  paid  in  full  for  the  imports. 
The  transaction  was  a  trading  one,  from  which  a  profit  of  100  per 
cent  was  derived.     The  ^' unfavorable ''  trade  balance  was  the  measure 


294  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

not  of  decrease  but  of  increase  in  national  wealth.  If  the  ship  had 
been  lost  at  sea  so  that  there  would  have  been  no  import  entry  the 
'^  favorable''  trade  balance  resulting  from  the  export  entry  of  $100,000 
would  have  been  the  measure  not  of  national  enrichment  but  of 
national  impoverishment. 

Most  trade  is  or  can  be  reduced  to  barter.  No  matter  how  com- 
plex the  threading  may  be  it  works  more  or  less  to  a  straight  line. 
Do  ut  des.  Britain's  trade  tentacles  are  far  flung  throughout  all 
the  world.  Everywhere  there  is  buying  and  everywhere  there  is 
selling.  The  resultant  profits,  it  may  be  in  credits,  more  often  it  is 
in  commodities,  by  direct  or  by  indirect  channels,  reach  the  central 
storehouse,  which  is  Britain  itself.  They  come,  not  earmarked  with 
debt  or  obligation,  but  as  the  reward  of  British  skill  and  enterprise 
free  from  all  gauge.  They  go  to  swell  Great  Britain's  "unfavorable" 
trade  balance,  but  upon  such  balances  did  it  and  France,  Holland, 
and  Belgium  grow  fat.     Trade  balances  tell  nothing  of  this  tale. 

So  much  for  the  character  of  the  trade  itself. 

A  true  balance  of  obligation  (we  will  later  try  to  point  out  how 
this  is  arrived  at),  when  all  other  means  prove  inadequate,  must  be 
paid,  immediately  in  gold  and  silver  or  mediately  by  fimding  into 
loans.     The  latter  is  only  a  postponement  of  the  former. 

For  the  year  1919  the  United  States  imports  and  exports  of  gold 
and  silver  (coin  bullion  and  ore)  were: 


Importe. 

Exports. 

Gold 

$79,534,046 
89,389,536 

1368,144,545 
239.001.051 

Silver 

Total 

163.923.582 

607.145.596 

I  Excess  oí  exports  over  Imports,  $443,222,014. 

The  United  States,  with  the  greatest  '^favorable"  trade  balance 
in  the  world,  and  possibly  with  the  greatest  true  balance,  lost  in  one 
year  over  $440,000,000  in  gold  and  silver.  The  logic  of  the  trade 
balance  is  supposed  to  be  that  the  country  is  absorbing  or  is  about  to 
absorb  the  liquid  assets  of  all  the  world.  Instead,  it  appears  to  be 
losing  its  own. 

It  may  be  objected  that  these  figures  reflect  an  artificial  condition 
of  government  control  of  gold  and  silver  exports.  True,  they  do. 
The  United  States  and  about  every  other  coimtry  still  exercises  con- 
trol, in  various  degrees  up  to  the  point  of  absolute  prohibition,  over 
gold  and  silver  exports.  The  figures  represent  with  a  single  exception 
what  the  Government  of  the  United  States  has  done  to  maintain  the 
parity  of  the  United  States  dollar  exchange  in  certain  coimtries; 
$94,114,189  of  gold  was  exported  to  Japan,  $56,560,000  to  Argentina, 
$40,045,266   to   Hongkong,   $39,109,769   to   China,   $34,300,660   to 


THE  TRADE  BALANCE.  295 

India,  and  $29,778,000  to  Spain.  The  silver  exports  were  to  India, 
China,  and  Hongkong  chiefly.  These  countries  were  among  those 
with  which  the  United  States  had  '*  unfavorable '*  trade  balances — 
i.  e.,  from  which  the  United  States  imported  commodities  of  greater 
value  than  it  exported.  It  was  assiuned  that  the  trade  balance  was 
an  obligation  of  debt  which  must  be  paid  by  exporting  gold,  and  that 
by  paying  the  debt  the  dollar  would  return  to  parity.  Well,  it  hasn't. 

It  can  not  be  shown,  as  we  have  above  attempted  to  demonstrate, 
that  an  unfavorable  trade  balance  is  a  liability.  It  is  equally  apt  to 
be  an  asset.  Nor  can  it  be  shown  that  the  transfer  of  gold  and  silver 
to  meet  an  obligation,  due  or  not  due,  supposing  that  such  in  reality 
exists,  will  restore  the  value  of  a  paper  credit  when  that  credit  is 
impaired  (although  only  to  a  slight  degree)  by  a  suspicion  of  insol- 
vency. 

At  this  point  it  may  be  worth  while  to  call  attention  to  a  more 
correct  use  of  terms  when  speaking  of  foreign  money  exchange.  We 
say  British  pound  exchange  in  New  York  is  $3.40  (par  $4,865),  or 
American  dollar  exchange  in  Buenos  Aires  is  $0.94  (par  $1.00).  In 
the  latter  case  for  clearness  the  corresponding  United  States  values 
are  given  instead  of  the  actual  Argentine  values.  This  does  not  mean 
that  the  British  pound,  the  coin,  the  sovereign,  is  worth  only  $3.40 
in  New  York,  or  that  the  American  gold  dollar  is  at  a  6  per  cent  dis- 
count in  Argentina.  The  gold  sovereign  and  the  gold  dollar  are  worth 
as  much  anywhere  in  all  the  commercial  world  which  measures 
values  in  gold,  as  they  were  ever  worth;  and  so  are  French,  Italian, 
Grerman,  and  all  other  gold  coins.  So  they  will  remain  unless  govern- 
ments begin  to  clip  the  coinage,  a  favorite  '* get-rich-quick"  device 
of  some  ancient  and  medieval  rulers,  a  suggestion  of  which  for  present 
use  has  quite  recently  been  made,  apparently  in  all  seriousness,  in 
the  United  States. 

The  sovereign  and  the  gold  dollar  are  always  at  par.  They  are 
themselves  the  par.  What  is  depreciated  is  a  paper  credit.  A  man  in 
his  own  country  may  not  be  conscious  of  any  difference  in  value 
between  a  gold  dollar  and  a  paper  dollar,  or  between  the  pound  note 
and  the  sovereign;  even  a  rise  in  commodity  prices  may  not  convey 
this  consciousness  to  him;  but  when  ho  goes  abroad  he  finds  the 
foreigner  draws  a  sharp  line.  He  finds  that  funds  in  bank  in  his  own 
coimtry  are  not  considered  the  same  as  gold  dollars  and  sovereigns, 
but  as  payable  in  paper  currency.  He  finds  that  the  foreigner  dis- 
counts such  fimds  to  the  extent  that  he  doubts  the  piu*pose  or  the 
ability  of  the  holder  of  the  funds  to  pay  in  gold.  The  doubt  is  not 
diminished,  rather  it  is  increased,  by  loud  protestations  of  solvency 
and  palpably  artificial  devices,  such  as  government  transfer  of  gold 
and  government  purchase  of  exchange.  The  British  Government 
was  wise  in  withdrawmg  support  from  exchange.    The  foreigner's 


296  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

doubt  is  to  be  removed  only  by  considerations  that  are  satisfactory 
to  the  foreigner  himself.  He  can  not  be  argued  with,  he  can  not  be 
bullied,  he  can  not  be  bamboozled;  he  must  be  shown.  The  only 
showing  he  will  accept  is  a  return  to  specie  payments  within  the 
country  whose  solvency  he  doubts.  Paying  specie  abroad  to  hand- 
picked  countries,  even  although  his  be  one  of  them,  while  denying 
or  withholding  it  from  other  countries  and  at  home,  does  not  operate 
to  remove  the  doubt.  Rather  it  increases  it,  for  these  things  are 
well-recognized  squirmings  of  about-to-fail  debtors. 

United  States  commodity  imports  for  the  10  years  immediately 
preceding  the  war  amounted  to  $14,730,000,000  and  exports  to 
$19,470,000,000.  The  favorable  balance  of  trade  was  therefore 
$4,740,000,000.  For  the  last  year  of  the  series,  the  year  ending  June 
30,  1914,  the  imports  were  $1,893,926,000  and  the  exports  $2,364,- 
579,000;  balance,  $470,653,000. 

Except  for  four  years  (those  ending  June  30,  1888,  1889,  1894,  and 
1895)  there  have  been  favorable  balances  of  trade  since  1876.  Prior 
to  1876  the  balances  were  generally  unfavorable.  Beginning  with 
about  1897  the  excess  of  exports  over  imports  has  been  very  large. 
Altogether,  from  1876  to  1914,  there  was  a  balance  close  on  to  $10,000,- 
000,000.  As  against  Europe  alone  the  balance  was  much  greater. 
According  to  the  accepted  logic  of  the  trade  balance  Europe  must 
have  paid  this  great  sum  to  the  United  States  in  some  form  or  the 
United  States  must  have  loaned  it  to  Europe.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
well  known,  Europe  never  made  any  American  borrowings;  on  the 
contrary  it  made  loans  and  invested  capital  in  the  United  States. 
Furthermore,  Europe  never  paid  any  such  debt  in  cash. 

On  the  contrary,  since  1800  and  up  to  1914  there  was  a  large  excess 
of  both  gold  and  silver  exports  over  imports.  On  the  side  of  silver 
every  year  from  1864  to  1914,  and  every  year  since,  shows  an  excess 
of  exports.  On  the  side  of  gold  there  have  been  a  number  of  years 
in  which  imports  were  in  excess,  but  the  aggregate,  up  to  July  1,  1915, 
shows  a  large  excess  of  exports.  For  the  10  years  before  the  war 
the  account  stands  thus: 

July  1,  1904,  to  June  30,  1914,  coin,  bullion,  and  ore:  Gold  imports 
$758,338,352;  gold  exports,  $734,734,900;  silver  imports,  $413,286,- 
718;  silver  exports,  $596,567,761. 

Excess  of  imports,  gold,  $23,603,452. 

Excess  of  exports,  silver,  $183,281,043. 

Excess  of  exports,  gold  and  silver,  $159,677,590. 

It  is  to  be  assumed  that  no  one  believes  that  the  enormous  gold 
import  balance  in  the  second  and  third  years  of  the  war,  July  1,  1915, 
to  June  30,  1917  ($1,089,014,554;  there  was  an  export  balance  for 
the  first  and  fourth  years  of  $91,783,348)  went  to  pay  any  debt  which 
Europe  might  have  owed  the  United  States  before  the  war  began. 


THE  TRADE  BALANCE.  297 

Gold  and  silver  furnish  the  only  means  of  payment  of  all  final 
obligation  balances  after  all  other  payments  and  credits  are  exhausted 
and  after  all  postponements  have  been  made  and  accounted  for;  in 
short,  they  are  the  sole  tenders  that  acquit  the  ultimate  balance 
remaining  after  all  other  balances  have  been  discharged. 

But  gold  and  silver  serve  other  purposes.  They  are  the  acquit- 
tances of  intermediate  balances,  and  they  are  the  mediums  of  com- 
mercial exchange  and  the  measures  of  value  of  commodities;  and 
either  may  be,  and  is,  according  to  whether  we  be  in  New  York  or 
Hongkong,  the  measure  of  value  of  the  other.  Last  of  all,  they  are 
themselves  commodities — the  raw  material  of  many  arts  and  crafts. 

The  relative  gold  and  sUver  imports  and  exports  of  the  United 
States  might  be  conditioned  upon  three  separate  and  distinct  uses. 
First,  as  representing  payments  of  ultimate  balances  of  indebtedness; 
second,  as  representing  the  balance  of  international  coinage  needs, 
the  United  States  being  a  large  user  of  the  metals  for  coinage  and  a 
large  producer  since  1850;  third,  as  representing  the  balance  of 
manufacturing  needs  in  the  arts  and  crafts.  The  writer  believes  the 
third  to  be  unquestionably  the  chief  factor  in  the  balance  of  gold 
and  silver  exports  and  imports  since  1850  and  up  to  1915.  In  other 
words,  the  excess  of  imports  over  exports,  or  the  reverse,  was  a 
simple  commodity  excess  like  copper  or  iron,  not  influenced  in  any 
large  degree  by  coinage  needs,  and  in  practically  no  degree  whatever 
by  debt  obligation,  which  last  in  fact  did  not  exist. 

The  error  made  by  those  who  have  advanced  beyond  the  point  of 
conceiving  the  trade  balance  to  be  a  final  balance  which  must  be 
settled  as  a  debt,  is  in  conceiving  it  as  the  point  of  departure  from 
which  the  true  obligation  balance  is  to  be  computed  or  estimated  by 
including  further  entries  of  debits  and  credits,  such  as  services, 
interest  payments,  investments,  travelers'  cash,  emigrants'  remit- 
tances,  etc.  All  of  these  things  are  real  enough,  but  they  can  not 
be  imposed  upon  the  trade  balance,  because  they  measure  obligation 
and  payment  and  it  does  not.  The  trade  balance  is  a  measure  (as 
such  inexact,  but  not  unusef ul)  of  the  kind,  degree,  and  magnitude  of 
national  development  and  industry  and  does  not  touch  debt  obligation 
or  payment  in  any  vital  point.  The  fundamental  error  is  in  viewing 
exports  and  imports  as  the  complementary  parts  of  a  single  whole. 

The  import  and  export  trades  are  separate  and  distinct.  Only  by 
secondary  processes  are  they  connected  or  provocative  the  one  of  the 
other,  and  each  has  its  credit  and  its  debit  side.  The  excess  of  one 
over  the  other  means  the  degree  of  industrial  development,  by  com- 
parison, of  manufacturing;  the  industry  that  creates  values  chiefly 
by  applying  skill  and  labor  to  raw  material,  with  what  may  be  called 
the  extractive  industries  of  mining,  agriculture,  grazing,  lumbering, 
etc.,  that  create  values  chiefly  through  making  available  the  resources 


298  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

or  the  products  of  nature.  In  one  case  the  country  is  using  up  or 
exporting  labor  and  skill  which  repeats  or  recreates  itself,  while  in 
the  other  case  it  may  be  using  up  or  exporting  its  capital  reserves 
to  a  wasteful  degree.  A  large  exportation  of  the  products  of  the 
extractive  industry  does  not  mean  a  corresponding  increase  in  wealth, 
and  may  even  mean  a  net  loss,  while  a  large  importation  of  products 
of  extraction,  even  although  it  be  chiefly  food,  must  mean,  if  con- 
tinued under  normal  conditions,  a  corresponding  or  greater  increase 
in  wealth. 

The  true  balance  results  from  the  balancing,  debits  and  credits,  of 
two  separate  accounts  in  the  ledger — the  import  account  and  the 
export  account.  This  is  true  in  the  large  economic  sense,  and  it  is  also 
true  in  the  narrower  sense  of  international  financial  obligation. 

It  is  easier  to  understand  that  there  are  two  accoimts,  instead  of 
one,  and  that  each  must  be  balanced  before  the  combined  balance  can 
be  struck,  if  we  remember  that  all  selling  is  either  active  or  passive. 
Likewise  and  reciprocally  all  buying  is  active  or  passive.  Grenerally, 
although  not  at  all  times,  nor  in  all  cases,  the  products  of  manufac- 
turing industry  are  actively  sold,  and  the  products  of  extractive 
industries  passively  sold.  Active  selling,  in  the  international  field,  is 
where  the  seller  creates  the  channels  and  puts  in  force  the  agencies 
that  lead  to,  or  near  to,  the  final  buyer.  Active  buying  is  the  same 
in  reverse.  In  active  buying  and  selling  at  every  step  from  the  point 
of  impulse  (forward  or  back)  there  is  the  occasion  and  the  oppor- 
tunity for  profit.  These  steps  are  numerous,  complicated,  and  in- 
volved. We  may  think  of  the  operation  as  that  of  a  simple  line, 
but  it  is  in  reality  a  mesh  of  entangled  and  crossing  lines;  but,  like 
a  great  net  stretched  over  a  sloping  roof,  the  drain  of  profit  is 
always  in  one  direction,  from  the  passive  to  the  active. 

Countries  like  England  are  in  the  channel  between  two  such  slopes. 
Profit  flows  down  aUke  from  what  it  buys  and  from  what  it  sells, 
because  Elngland's  trade,  both  exports  and  imports,  is  active.  Such 
a  countiy,  as  long  as  this  condition  exists,  and  no  matter  what  may 
be  the  relative  size  of  the  two  roofs,  will  grow  richer  and  the  more 
rapidly  as  the  imports  more  largely  exceed  the  exports.  Such  a 
country  will  not  have  any  balance  of  obUgation  against  it.  The  bal- 
ance will  be  the  other  way.  But  a  country  whose  trade  is  passive 
is  one  on  the  hip  of  the  roof.  Wealth  is  fished  up  from  the  interior, 
but  profits  on  both  sides  drain  away.  Such  a  country  may  grow 
richer  if  the  interior  source  of  wealth  be  great  enough  and  its  own 
activities  be  sufficient;  but  its  main  hope  is  in  leveling  the  two  sides, 
and  finally  in  tilting  them  inward.  No  coimtry,  as  long  as  it  remains 
on  the  hip  of  a  steep  roof  is  ever  going  to  have  any  large  balance  of 
obUgations  due  to  it,  no  matter  in  how  great  a  proportion  its  exports 

».  the  type  of  coimtries  in  deep 


THE  TRADE  BALANCE,  299 

channels,  and  Egypt  of  those  on  high  peaked  roofs.  Between  the 
two  types  there  are  those  with  every  angle  of  slope.  It  is  not  a  ques- 
tion of  the  absolute  development  of  manufacturing  industry  as 
between  countries.  The  manufacturing  industries  of  the  United 
States  in  the  aggregate  far  exceeded  (before  the  war,  and  greater  now) 
the  like  industries  of  England,  France,  and  the  others;  but  the  mag- 
nitude of  its  manufacturing  industries  in  comparison  with  its  extrac- 
tive industries  was  not  as  preponderant;  and  on  the  whole  the  United 
States  was  a  passive  trader. 

But  the  war  changed  everything.  To  a  degree,  yes.  The  greatest 
change  was  in  the  relations  of  governments  to  industry  and  conmierce. 
France,  England,  Italy,  and  the  United  States  in  turn,  each  as  it 
came  into  the  struggle,  rushed  blindly  to  the  over-all  control  policy. 
This  was  a  war,  not  of  governments  and  rulers,  but  of  peoples  arrayed 
against  each  other,  in  which  all  material  and  all  forces  must  be  mar- 
shaled. True.  Then  why  push  aside  the  greatest  force,  the  most 
perfect  and  most  powerful  engine  of  modem  civiUzation — ^individual 
initiative  and  energy  already  coordinated  into  system — in  order  to 
substitute  bureaucracy  in  an  untried  field  Î  There  may  have  been  a 
reason.  Perhaps  the  bureaucrat  alone  was  free  from  the  suspicion  of 
unpatriotic  motive.     But  why  now  continue  Î 

The  German  system  was  not  efficient  in  time  of  peace,  as  anyone 
who  makes  a  careful  study  of  Grerman  before-the-war  commerce  can 
discover;  and  it  was  only  seemingly  efficient  in  war,  and  that  in  the 
first  two  years,  although  Germans  had  been  trained  and  accustomed 
to  the  system  for  30  years  and  more.  Germany  broke  down  because 
it  could  not — no  country  can — mobiUze  its  full  strength  imder  direct 
and  all  comprehensive  government  control.  There  has  never  been 
any  advancement  that  was  not  due  directly  to  individual  enterprise 
and  skill.  The  hand  of  the  government,  of  any  government,  when 
it  reaches  beyond  its  own  proper  sphere  is  the  hand  of  palsy.  To  pro- 
vide panem  et  circenses  has  been  the  aim  of  many  governments  from 
republican  Rome  to  bolshevik  Russia;  it  has  been  the  bane  of  all. 

Left  free,  the  air  itself  is  scarcely  more  Uquid  than  international 
trade.  Credits  on  lightning  wing  pass  over  land,  imder  sea,  or  through 
the  clouds,  adjustments  come  with  the  speed  of  Phoebus,  and  the 
surety  of  Moera. 

Direct  government  loans  retard  the  readjustment  and  lead  to 
waste. 

The  wrack  of  war  was  in  all  conscience  dreadful  enough,  but  the 
unsoxmd  poUcies  of  war  are  yet  more  dreadfid. 


BOYS'  AND  GIRLS'  CLUB 
WORK   IN  THE   UNITED 


00  0  00  0  00 

0  #  #  0  00  0 


BOYS'  AND  GIRLS'  CLUB  WORK  is  a  part  of  the  distinctly 
American  type  of  education  which  is  provided  for  in  the 
national  system  of  extension  work  in  agriculture  and  home 
economics  conducted  cooperatively  by  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture,  the  State  agricultural  colleges,  and  other 
State  and  local  agencies.  It  attempts  to  do  for  the  boys  and  girls  of 
the  farm  what  the  county  agricultural  agent  work  and  the  home 
demonstration  agent  work  do  for  the  adult  farm  people.  It  imder- 
takes  to  cultivate  love  of  country  life,  strengthen  the  school  work,  set 
higher  standards  of  achievement,  increase  productive  capacity,  and 
promote  character  building.  Through  it  over  2,000,000  boys  and 
girls  between  the  ages  of  10  and  18  years  are  now  being  taught  self- 
support,  self-reliance,  love  of  nature,  dignity  of  labor,  and  the  value 
of  personal  accomplishment. 

Dr.  Seaman  A.  Knapp,  who  was  the  founder  of  agricultural  exten- 
sion work  in  the  United  States,  declared  that  *' efforts  having  for  their 
piupose  the  general  uplift  of  humanity  to  accomplish  the  greatest 
measure  of  good  must  begin  at  the  bottom  and  work  up."  He  rea- 
lized that  one  of  the  quickest  ways  to  reach  the  adult  farm  people  and 
permanently  improve  farm  practices  and  conditions  was  through  the 
young  people.  He  therefore  strongly  encouraged  the  organization  of 
extension  work  for  farm  boys  and  girls.  The  best  way  to  conduct 
this  work  appeared  to  be  through  clubs  organized  for  the  purpose. 
The  work  began  in  a  small  way,  with  contests,  usually  between  school 
children,  in  the  growing  of  crops  and  the  raising  of  poultry,  without 
either  regular  supervision  or  financial  aid;  but  it  was  taken  up  so 
eagerly  and  enthusiastically  not  only  by  school  children  but  by  those 
not  in  attendance  at  the  schools,  that  it  soon  overwhelmed  the  modest 
beginnings  of  the  pioneers  and  came  to  the  attention  of  State  and 
national  leaders  in  agricultural  education,  who  saw  in  it  an  effective 
way  to  reach  the  farms  and  farm  homes,  and  therefore  were  led  to  aid 
it  in  every  possible  way. 

When  the  cooperative  extension  act,  making  permanent  provision 
for  extension  wor^  in  agriculture  and  home  economics  in  the  different 
States,  was  passed  by  Congress  in  1914,  boys'  and  girls'  club  work 
had  developed  to  such  an  extent  and  its  value  had  become  so  firmly 
astablished  that  it  was  embodied  in  the  national  system  of  extension 
300 


I  I'' 


DOYB  COHN  CLUTÎ8  IN  THE  CNITED  STATES, 
lbs  tuva  prov«d  tliB  mcuit  pnpulAr. 
housftiid  tight  hundiMl  u 


BOYS    AND  GIRLS    CLUB  WORK  IN  UNITED  STATES.  303 

work.    At  the  time  of  the  passage  of  the  bill  the  Hon.  A.  F,  Lever, 
chairman  of  the  House  Committee  on  Agriculture,  said: 

If  rural  life  is  to  be  readjusted  and  agriculture  dignifi  d  as  a  profession  as  it  should 
be,  the  country  boy  and  girl  must  be  made  to  know  in  the  most  positive  way  that  suc- 
cessful agriculture  requires  as  much  brains  as  does  any  other  occupation  in  life. 
»  »  «  'pjjg  iB,rm  boy  and  girl  can  be  taught  that  agriculture  is  the  oldest  and  most 
digAified  of  the  professions  and  with  equal  attention  and  ability  can  be  made  as  suc- 
cessful in  dollars  and  cents  to  say  nothing  of  real  happiness  as  any  of  the  other 
professions. 

When  the  club  work  was  undertaken  the  problem  of  keeping  the 
boys  and  girls  on  the  farms  had  become  a  serious  one.  The  young 
people  were  not  interested  in  work  which  was  merely  drudgery  and 
from  which  they  gleaned  nothing  but  weariness  of  body  and  loneli- 
ness of  spirit.  They  followed  the  lure  of  the  cities  in  search  of  oppor- 
timity,  companionship,  and  rewards  for  their  labor.  But  after  the 
boys'  and  girls'  club  movement  began  to  spread,  all  of  this  was  brought 
to  them,  as  well  as  other  things  which  the  crowded  city  could  not 
give — the  clear  air  of  the  hills  and  meadows,  the  joy  of  growing  things, 
the  delight  of  reaping  the  harvests,  and,  in  addition,  the  practical 
returns  in  the  shape  of  prizes  and  of  real  money  all  their  own.  There 
was  never  any  endeavor  to  make  work  of  their  play.  It  made  of  the 
farm  and  home  duties  an  interesting  game  and  dignified  the  most 
commonplace  task. 

A  primary  object  of  club  work  is  to  make  each  boy  and  girl  a 
producer  with  a  personal  sense  of  ownership  and  responsibility.  They 
are  therefore  given  plats  to  tend  or  animals  to  raise  or  other  definite 
kinds  of  productive  work.  With  small  undertakings  the  ambition 
to  do  greater  and  better  things  is  stimulated. 

A  r^ular  program  is  arranged  for  their  guidance,  and  that  sort  of 
club  formed  which  Ls  most  likely  to  be  of  practical  value  in  the  par- 
ticular locality.  There  are  more  than  20  different  kinds  of  clubs  in 
successful  operation,  among  which  are  bean,  corn,  home  garden, 
potato,  tomato,  sorghum,  sugar  beet,  dairy,  pig,  poultry,  rabbit,  calf, 
bee  farm,  baby  beef,  sheep,  home  craft,  garment  making,  millinery, 
bread,  and,  of  course,  canning  and  drying  clubs. 

The  definite  and  practical  method  of  organizing  a  club  is,  of  course, 
through  a  school  or  other  community  gathering,  since  its  chief  values 
lie  in  competition  and  cooperation.  The  determination  to  start  the 
club  is  followed  by  a  decision  as  to  what  is  best  adapted  to  the  locality 
and  best  suited  to  the  abilities,  tastes,  and  opportunities  of  the 
children.  When  this  question  has  been  settled  the  teacher  or  leader 
then  enrolls  the  members,  secures  all  possible  literature  and  infor- 
mation on  their  club  work  that  is  available,  and  when  the  club  is 
ready  to  start,  with  its  organization  complete  and  its  officers  elected 
from  its  own  membership,  the  county  agent  or  county  school  super- 
intendent^is  notified,  the  club's  name  and  purpose  entered  on  the 


[PEED  FOR  CRIMSON  C 


irRE  OF  PEANUTS. 


BOYS     AND  GIRLS     CLUB  WORK  IN  UNITED  STATES.  305 

roster  of  the  State  agricultural  collie,  and  the  club  is  then  placed 
in  direct  line  to  receive  its  proportion  of  beneficent  help  from  both 
State  and  Federal  Grovemments. 

The  oldest  and  by  far  the  most  widespread  is  the  corn  club.  The 
members  of  such  a  club  enter  into  competition  in  com  growing  on  an 
acre  of  ground,  on  their  fathers'  farms,  as  a  rule.  Prizes  are  provided 
and  the  basis  of  award  is  the  largest  production  at  the  lowest  cost, 
with  the  best  exhibit  of  10  ears,  and  the  best  written  account  ot  the 
year's  work.  Definite  instructions  in  preparation  of  the  soil,  plant- 
ing, cultivation,  etc.,  are  given  to  the  members.  They  are  taught 
valuable  lessons  about  the  handling  of  the  soil,  selection  of  good  seed, 
improvement  of  varieties,  use  of  fertilizers,  cost  accounting,  etc. 
Similar  clubs  have  also  been  organized  for  the  growing  of  home 
gardens,  potatoes,  cotton,  grain,  and  apples,  as  well  as  for  the  raising 
of  pigs,  sheep,  calves,  and  poultry. 

The  girls'  club  work  was  first  b^un  with  the  home  canning  club. 
The  girls  are  enrolled  to  plant  and  cultivate  a  garden  of  one-tenth  of 
an  acre.  The  most  important  part  of  the  training,  however,  is  the 
canning  of  products  of  the  garden  for  home  and  market.  Prizes  are 
awarded  on  the  basis  of  the  quality  and  quantity  of  the  products  of 
the  garden  and  the  variety,  quality,  and  quantity  of  the  canned 
product,  the  profit  shown  by  cost  accounting,  and  the  written  account 
of  how  the  crop  was  made.  A  uniform  club  label  is  provided  and  a 
standard  weight  and  grade  of  canned  product  is  fixed  for  marketing 
purposes. 

During  1918  the  club  girls  put  up  more  than  12,000,000  cans  of 
fruit  and  vegetables,  besides  large  quantities  of  dried,  preserved,  and 
pickled  products.  They  also  produced  large  quantities  of  fniits  and 
vegetables  for  sale  in  local  markets. 

Other  clubs  have  been  formed  to  teach  gardening  and  canning  and 
drying  of  vegetables  and  fruits  for  home  and  market,  and  thus  promote 
the  utilization  of  the  surplus  and  waste  products  of  the  farm  and 
garden;  to  teach  profitable  farm  poultry  raising;  to  provide  a  means 
for  young  people  to  earn  money  at  home;  and  to  pave  the  way  for 
practical  demonstrations  in  home  economics  and  stimulate  coopera- 
tion among  members  of  the  family  and  the  community. 

The  club  work  is  supervised  by  representatives  of  the  State  agri- 
cultural colleges  and  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Generally  each  club  is  under  the  patronage  of  a  committee  of  at  least 
two  public-spirited  citizens,  for  the  business  men  of  the  country  have 
come  to  realize  and  to  appreciate  keenly  the  value  of  these  clubs  and 
have  interested  themselves  in  helping  the  boys  and  girls  to  help 
themselves.  Bankers  in  many  communities  have  loaned  money  for 
the  purchase  of  pigs  or  poultry,  taking  the  notes  of  the  club  members 
as  security — a  lesson  in  itself  of  infinite  value  to  developing  char- 
acters.    Thousands  of  dollars  are  annually  .^pent  by  bankers  and 


K  BÜUTHEBN  HOY  AND  HIS  TORN  TROP. 


se  bKn  found  añllibla. 


CUECKINC  THE  MEASfREMESTS  OF  THE  PLOT  PRE\^01;a  TO  HABVESTINfi. 

hrlsndnn  which  the  rrops  are  raJwd  niii.itht>(arelullymrssiirtd  and  th«  crop  wdgbed  In  the  praenci 
nrtwc>ilkinl#>ul«d  nltncv-vs.  One  boy's  plot  In  Delawsieln  1S18  prodiicrd  S3.4  bushsls  to  tlw  acTS 
on  s  ahelled-rom  basis,  allnwlnc  IS  per  cent  lor  crib  moisture.  Id  1817  thb  same  boy  had  clond 
11S1.2I  Irom  hia  club  nork  and  Invested  the  amount  hi  a  pure-bred  BolalvlD  heller  and  call 


BOYS     AND  girls'  CLUB  WORK  IN  UNITED  STATES.  307 

business  men  in  promoting  boys'  and  girls'  club  work  because  of  the 
direct  benefit  to  be  gained  from  this  work  by  the  community  as  a 
whole. 

The  club  members  themselves  aremadetofeel  responsibility  in  every 
way  for  the  success  of  their  venture.  Their  officers  are  elected  from 
their  own  membership.  Each  boy  or  girl  is  required  to  do  everything 
in  connection  with  his  or  her  particular  task  just  as  far  as  strength  will 
permit,  but  the  cooperation  of  the  parents  is  sought  and  encouraged. 
Exhibits  of  club  products,  accompanied  by  reports  and  a  written 
accoimt  showing  the  history  of  the  work,  must  be  made.  Such 
exhibits  are  made  on  a  given  day,  and  generally  either  at  the  com- 
munity or  county  fair  or  at  some  other  convenient  place.  It  is 
generally  a  time  of  great  joy  for  the  boys  and  girls  and  pride  for  the 
parents,  for  in  not  a  few  instances  the  young  people  win  the  prizes 
over  older  competitors.  Then,  too,  the  State  agricultural  colleges 
make  it  a  rule  to  offer  things  of  real  value  to  the  aspirants,  such  as 
higher  educational  courses  in  agricultural  schools  and  colleges,  farm 
implements,  trips  to  various  parts  of  the  country,  pure-bred  live 
stock,  and  other  useful  and  valuable  gifts.  State  and  coimty  fair 
associations  have  provided  substantial  financial  aid  in  order  to  obtain 
exhibits  and  to  secure  demonstrations  by  club  members. 

It  is  impossible  to  cover  here  the  whole  scope  and  influence  of  this 
movement,  for  it  has  developed  until  it  is  as  wide  as  the  Nation  and 
as  diverse  as  its  interests.  Club  work  seeks  to  serve  these  varied 
interests  through  the  spirit  of  youthful  energy  intelligently  organized 
and  directed.  The  material  benefits  resulting  from  this  work  are 
very  great.  The  club  boys  and  girls  are  demonstrating  the  pract- 
cal  utility  of  new  knowledge  relating  to  agriculture  and  home  econom- 
ics, not  only  for  their  own  benefit  but  also  for  the  benefit  of  the  com- 
munities in  which  they  live,  the  State,  and  the  Nation,  and  are  giving 
concrete  expression  through  the  club  activities  to  the  value  of  organ- 
ization, team  work,  industry,  and  thrift. 

The  club  work  is  a  productive  agency  of  great  economic  impor 
tance.  The  value  of  club  products  aggregates  several  million  dollars 
annually.  Meat  production  has  been  stimulated  and  improved  by 
various  live-stock  clubs,  such  as  pure-bred  heifer  and  pure-bred  pig 
clubs;  and  pure-bred  stock  raised  and  introduced  by  club  members 
is  being  very  generally  used  as  a  foundation  for  pure-bred  herds 
This  effort  to  do  away  with  scrub  stock  has  the  hearty  cooperation 
of  live-stock  breeders'  associations,  as  well  as  bankers  and  other 
business  men.  Often  the  pure-bred  pigs  raised  by  the  club  members 
are  sold  to  neighboring  farmers,  thereby  spreading  the  influence  of 
better  stock  throughout  the  community. 

A  striking  instance  of  the  influence  which  this  work  has  had  on 
the  general  farming  conditions  is  reported  from  the  State  of  Utah 
where,  two  years  ago,  the  State  club  leader  purchased  eight  carloads 

163645— 20— Bull.  3 5 


THE  BOY  AND  HIS  Pl'RE-BRED  CALF. 

Cklf olubskre dlvjdwl loto tti« bwt-OÜ(etuba and th« d>lr;-cslf chibi.  Oirla u wallu boyi havabMD 
■tiocnsiul  In  this  ]lD«  of  •rork.  Nine  hundred  and  «lEhly-Hva  mcmben  ol  b»«l-ailf  clubt  rsported 
S8S,133  p3und3  ol  bMl  >t  un  esUmaled  valut  o[  tlO.sSl,  and  1,3S2  mtmbtra  of  Uw  dalrr-olt  clubs 
Ttparted  owntrsblp  ol  2,474  calvas,  valued  at  1167,737. 


boys'  and  girls'  club  work  in  united  states.         309 

of  pure-bred  gilts  which  were  distributed  to  boy  and  girl  club  members. 
This  stimulated  the  hog  industry  to  such  a  degree  that  there  are  now 
twice  as  many  farmers  in  that  State  raising  pure-bred  hogs  as  before, 
and  in  addition  about  2,000  boys  and  girls  have  made  a  start  in  hog 
farming  and  are  firmly  anchored  to  the  farms  by  profitable  owner- 
ship. In  the  great  sheep-raising  regions  where  so  many  baby  lambs 
used  to  perish  every  year  because  the  shepherds  could  not  care  for 
them,  the  children  were,  given  the  opportunity  of  trying  to  raise 
them.  So  successful  have  they  become  that  it  is  now  a  regular 
industry  and  two  girls  in  Wyoming  have  flocks  of  their  own  which 
make  them  almost  independent. 

As  a  result  of  successful  club  work  farm  and  home  surroundings 
are  being  improved,  conveniences  increased,  and  means  provided  fqr 
educational  and  other  advantages  not  previously  attainable;  but, 
great  as  these  material  benefits  of .  club  work  are,  its  paranfiount 
influence  is  in  character  building  and  training  for  citizenship. 
Through  its  voluntary  service  it  develops  initiative,  which  is  the 
beginning  of  leadership;  and  it  develops  community  leadership  not 
only  in  the  boys  and  girls  themselves  but  also  in  the  adults.  There 
are  innumerable  evidences  that  better  community  spirit  and  higher 
ideals  of  citizenship  are  developed  through  club  work.  One  club  girl 
when  asked  what  she  liked  best  to  do  replied  that  she  preferred  to 
teach  others  what  she  had  learned  in  the  club  because  it  gave  her  an 
opportunity  to  help  pay  back  to  the  community  in  service  what  had 
been  given  her  through  the  club  work.  A  club  boy  refused  an 
offer  from  a  commercial  firm  of  $10  a  bushel  for  his  pure-bred  seed 
com,  and  instead  offered  it  to  the  farmers  of  his  community  in 
75-cent  lots  (enough  to  plant  an  acre),  with  the  result  that  he  lost 
$5  a  bushel,  but  gained  the  satisfaction  of  having  performed  a  service 
to  his  community. 

In  1917,  when  the  boys  and  girls  as  well  as  others  were  called  upon 
to  increase  the  production  of  food,  feed,  and  material  for  war  needs, 
they  enrolled  in  club  work  in  large  numbers  and  made  a  generous 
response.  And  not  only  that,  but  boys'  and  girls'  clubs  support 
orphans  in  France  and  Belgium,  and  an  Armenian  orphan  is  lucky 
enough  to  have  the  honor  of  being  brought  up  and  educated  on  the 
proceeds  from  the  fruit  and  vegetables  raised  in  club  gardens  in 
Nevada. 

Interest  in  American  methods  of  conducting  such  work  has  spread 
to  other  countries.  Clubs  for  raising  sheep  have  been  started  in 
some  sections  of  Canada  following  the  visit  of  a  Canadian  representa- 
tive to  Washington  for  details  of  the  plan  in  use  in  this  country. 
Club  work  with  the  children  has  been  introduced  into  both  Hawaii 
and  Guam,  and  is  immensely  popular;  while  in  the  Philippines  there 
are  1,165  agricultural  clubs,  with  a  membership  of  18,160  boys  and 


BL'CCESSFUL  CLUB  UEMBERS  AND  THEIR  PRIZE  WINNERS. 


a  berd  ol  purt-biMI  FoIl»d  Hersloids  laniau:  throuihoul  On  Ulddle 


'«>"■ 


HOYS  CLUB  PRIZE  WINNERS, 
The»  boys  have  earned  scholarships  In  Uielr  agricultural  oolleff*  as  rewards  lor  iheir  «icellfnee  la  club 


FOREIGN  BANKS  IN   CHILE.  311 

girls,  cultivating  about  270  acres  of  land,  which  is  planted  to  vege- 
tables and  com.  In  1918  they  owned  58,700  chickens,  2,750  hogs, 
and  cared  for  27,592  fruit  trees.  The  movement  has  also  spread  to 
Japan,  where  the  natural  love  of  growing  things  is  being  most  profit- 
ably developed  in  the  coming  generation  of  Japanese. 

It  is  difficult  to  deal  with  a  subject  of  such  great  import  and  pos- 
sibilities. Boys'  and  girls'  club  work,  however,  seems  to  bo  an  estab- 
lished educational  institution  in  the  Ignited  States  and  is  looked 
upon  as  one  of  the  finest  methods  of  character  building  that  has  yet 
been  devised.  The  movement  has  spread  into  the  cities,  where  the 
children  with  less  space  take  to  the  plan  with  even  greater  enthusiasm. 
Nothing  more  worth  while  in  organized  effort  to  improve  life 's  oppor- 
tunities, increase  home  comforts,  and  instil  the  desire  to  aid  and  the 
joy  of  possession  in  growing  humanity  has  come  to  light  in  these 
modern  days. 


FOREIGN  BANKS  IN  CHILE 


UP  to  1888  the  banking  business  of  Chile  had  been  carried  on 
solely  by  capitalists  and  Government  initiative.  All  the 
banks  founded  in  Chile  were  either  stock  companies  organ- 
ized by  Chilean  capitalists  or  by  foreigners  located  in  the 
country,  or  were  the  venture  of  some  Chilean  banker. 

To  establish  a  bank  in  Chile  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  the 
banking  law  of  1860  it  was  necessary  to  file  with  the  ministry  of  the 
treasury  an  application  stating  the  name  of  the  bank,  the  city  or 
cities  where  it  was  to  be  established  and  the  amount  of  its  capital. 
The  Government,  on  its  part,  had  to  verify  the  bank's  paid-up 
capital.  Under  these  conditions  the  foreign  capitalist  who  wished  to 
invest  his  money  in  the  banking  business  of  Chile  must  either  acquire 
shares  in  the  stock  banking  companies  of  the  country  or  found  a 
new  bank  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  the  law. 

The  first  bank  established  in  the  form  of  a  foreign  stock  company 
was  the  Bank  of  Tarapaca  and  London,  founded  in  London,  in  1888, 
by  a  group  of  capitalists  connected  with  the  nitrate  enterprises  of 
Chile.  The  main  purpose  of  the  bank  was  to  operate  as  banker  for 
the  nitrate  business,  then  almost  entirely  confined  to  the  Province  of 
Tarapaca.  This  bank  has  now  become  a  part  of  the  Banco  Anglo 
Sud  Americano. 

After  1895  foreign  banks  began  to  establish  agencies  in  the  country 
without  submitting  their  capital  to  Governmental  scrutiny.  Making 
use  of  article  468  of  the  Chilean  Commercial  Code,  some  foreign  banks 

1  By  Quillermo  Subercaseaux.    From  the  Revista  Económica  Argentina,  Buenos  Aires. 


312  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  XJNION. 

secured  the  authorization  of  the  Government  to  establish  their  agen- 
cies in  the  country.  The  article  states  that  ''foreign  stock  companies 
shall  not  establish  agencies  in  Chile  without  the  authorization  of  the 
President  of  the  Republic."  As  a  matter  of  fact,  this  provision  of 
the  code  did  not  apply  to  banks  which  were  controlled  by  a  special 
law,  but  referred  to  other  kinds  of  foreign  commercial  or  industrial 
companies.  It  was  in  the  foregoing  manner  that  the  Banco  Alemán 
Transatlántico  (Deutsche  Ueberseeische  Bank)  was  established  in 
Chile  early  in  1896,  The  Banco  de  Chile  y  Alemania  (Bank  fur  Chile 
und  Deutschland)  was  founded  soon  afterwards.  The  third  of  the 
German  banks.  Banco  Germánico  de  la  America  del  Sur  (Deutsche 
Sûd-Amerikanische  Bank)  was  established  in  1911. 

These  three  German  banks  established  in  South  America  have 
noteworthy  characteristics.  All  three  were  founded  by  large  German 
banking  institutions  like  the  Deutsche  Bank  of  Berlin,  the  Nord 
Deutsche  Bank  of  Hamburg,  the  Disconto  Gessellschaft  of  Berlin, 
the  Dresdener  Bank  of  Berlin  and  the  Schaflfhausenscher  Bankverein 
of  Cologne.  All  these  large  German  banking  houses,  instead  of  seek- 
ing authorization  to  establish  branches  in  the  countries  of  South  Amer- 
ica, have  considered  it  more  expedient  to  form  new  companies, 
supplied  with  a  relatively  small  capital,  to  attend  to  the  main  bank's 
foreign  business.  No  doubt  this  has  been  a  very  wise  method  of 
procedure,  for  if  any  of  these  German  banks,  established  in  Chile, 
Argentina,  or  other  South  American  countries,  so  mismanaged  their 
affairs  that  they  failed,  this  would  not  affect  the  capital  of  the  great 
banks  of  Berlin,  Hamburg,  or  Cologne. 

As  a  rule  the  German  banks  have  been  well  managed;  the  directors 
have  almost  always  been  competent  and  well  trained  in  the  banking 
business.  In  spite  of  the  great  fluctuations  in  international  exchange 
in  Chile,  they  have  been  astute  enough  to  obtain  profits  which  per- 
mitted of  dividends  to  the  stockholders  and  an  increase  of  capital. 
These  pilots  have  known  how  to  shape  their  course  in  the  stormy  sea  of 
our  paper  money.  The  Banco  Alemán  Transatlántico  alone,  accord- 
ing to  its  statement  for  the  31st  of  December,  1912,  with  a  paid  up 
capital  of  only  25,500,000  marks,  had  deposits  to  the  value  of 
132,539,473  marks.  These  figures  are  sufficient  to  show  the  profitable 
business  this  bank  was  doing. 

Lately  other  foreign  banks  have  established  agencies;  the  Banco  de 
Londres  y  Rio  de  la  Plata,  founded  in  1862  in  Argentina  and  Uruguay, 
by  English  capitalists,  has  also  opened  branches  in  Chile  and  there 
have  lately  been  established  in  Valparaiso  and  in  Santiago,  branches 
of  the  National  City  Bank  of  New  York.  The  English,  the  Germans, 
and  the  Americans  have  all  adopted  different  methods  in  the  banking 
business  in  South  America. 

The  great  English  banks  have  not  established  branches  in  our 
country.  The  task  of  founding  banks  to  operate  in  our  markets  and 
maintain  relations  with  those  of  England  has  been  undertaken  by 


FOREIGN  BANKS  IN   CHILE.  313 

English  capitalists  and  business  men  who  have  founded  banks  spe- 
cially for  their  own  needs.  English  banks  of  this  kind  in  Chile  are 
the  Anglo  Sud  Americano,  and  the  Londres  y  Rio  de  la  Plata. 

The  large  German  banks  have  seen  fit  to  extend  their  activities 
to  other  countries,  but  they  have  organized  separate  banks  to 
operate  in  these  countries  instead  of  establishing  branches.  It 
appears  they  do  not  care  to  assume  entire  responsibility  for  these 
subsidiary  banks. 

The  National  City  Bank  of  New  York,  when  it  proposed  extending 
its  operations  into  these  markets,  established  therein  direct  agencies, 
carrying  full  responsibility  for  the  bank  itself.  This  method  has 
the  advantage  of  giving  more  solidity  to  the  bank  operating  in  a  new 
country.  It  is  true  that  there  is  danger  of  mismanagement  or  dis- 
honesty on  the  part  of  some  high-ranking  oflBcial,  who  might  com- 
promise the  bank,  but  this  difficulty  is  obviated  by  careful  selection 
of  the  personnel  who  direct  the  foreign  branches  of  the  bank. 

The  French  capitalists  followed  a  still  different  course,  acquiring 
shares  in  a  stock  company  already  established  in  Chile,  under  the 
name  of  the  Bank  of  the  Republic.  This  bank  failed,  and  in  its 
place  was  established  the  Banco  Francés  de  Chile,  also  formed  as 
a  Chilean  stock  company,  whose  controlling  stock  is  in  the  hands  of 
French  capitalists. 

Having  given  the  foregoing  facts  permit  me  to  comment  upon  the 
influence  of  foreign  banks  from  the  point  of  view  of  Chilean  economic 
interests. 

When  the  announcement  was  made  in  Chile  of  the  founding  of 
foreign  banks,  especially  the  German  banks  founded  during  the 
crisis  of  1895,  the  news  caused  a  favorable  impression.  The  public 
imagined  that  each  of  these  institutions  would  act  as  a  communicat- 
ing channel  to  bring  the  surplus  of  European  capital  to  the  country. 
As  the  interest  on  money  had  been  very  low  in  European  markets 
and  very  high  in  those  of  Chile,  it  was  hoped  that  placing  the  two 
markets  in  communication  would  produce  an  equalization  of  interest 
on  money  which  would  be  of  benefit  to  the  nation.  Thus  each 
foreign  bank  established  in  the  country  was  very  well  received  by 
the  public. 

Unfortunately  this  supposition  was  not  correct;  such  happy  pros- 
pects have  never  been  realized.  The  foreign  banks  have  operated 
not  as  the  public  imagined,  as  channels  to  bring  about  an  equaliza- 
tion of  interest  on  money  between  Europe  and  South  America,  but 
rather  like  suction  pumps  that  in  the  form  of  profits  withdraw  a  good 
sum  of  money  annually. 

Foreign  banks,  for  the  most  part,  have  not  brought  in  foreign 
capital  for  loans  in  the  country.  The  capital  with  which  they  have 
been  established  had  been  comparatively  small;  their  principal  busi- 
ness has  been  to  receive  deposits  from  the  public  and  use  the  deposits 


314  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

in  making  loans  and  discounts,  obtaining  thus  a  profit  equal  to  the 
difference  between  the  interest  paid  to  depositors,  and  the  interest 
charged  to  creditors. 

Why  is  it  that  the  foreign  banks  have  conducted  their  business 
thus?  For  two  reasons:  First,  because  since  our  money  system  is 
paper,  whose  value  suffers  great  fluctuations  from  time  to  time,  it  is 
not  possible  to  offer  suflBcient  guarantees  to  induce  foreign  capital 
to  venture  on  loans.  What  inducement  is  it  to  a  foreign  capitalist 
to  receive  9  or  10  per  cent  interest  on  his  money  in  Chile  if  the  princi- 
pal runs  the  risk  of  suffering  much  greater  loss  ?  How  can  a  foreign 
bank,  in  such  unstable  conditions,  loan  in  Chile,  funds  received  as 
deposits  in  Europe  ?  This  weak  condition  of  our  money  market  can 
only  be  remedied  by  reformmg  the  monetary  system.  For  while 
we  retain  the  system  of  paper  money  with  the  fluctuations  of  inter- 
national exchange,  foreign  capital  will  not  venture  to  place  loans 
nor  invest  in  such  securities  as  bonds  and  bank  shares.  The  only 
way  to  invest  capital  free  from  the  dangers  involved  by  the  fluctua- 
tions of  exchange  is  in  the  establishment  of  industrial  enterprises, 
such  as  the  nitrate  plants,  Peruvian  bark  plantations,  or  stock  raising. 

The  second  reason  why  the  foreign  banks  have  not  acted  as  chan- 
nels to  bring  foreign  capital  into  the  country  is  the  nature  of  the 
banking  operations  themselves.  Really,  the  business  of  the  banker 
lies  not  so  much  in  the  interest  obtained  on  his  own  principal,  but 
on  the  gains  made  on  the  deposits  of  the  public.  Banking  operations 
consist  mainly  of  operations  with  other  people's  money.  For  this 
reason  the  less  the  capital  of  the  bank  in  comparison  with  the  deposits, 
the  greater  will  be  the  profit  obtained. 

It  has  already  been  noted  that  the  Banco  Alemán  Transatlántico,  in 
its  operations  in  Chile,  Argentina,  Uruguay,  Peru,  and  Bolivia  had, 
in  1912,  over  132,000,000  marks  in  deposits,  with  only  25,000,000 
marks  capital.  This  same  bank,  in  its  operations  in  Chile  before  the 
war,  had,  according  to  statement,  more  than  50,000,000  pesos  in  de- 
posits and  only  5,000,000  pesos  capital. 

According  to  the  statement  of  December  31,  1913,  before  the  war^ 
there  were  six  foreign  banks  (the  Anglo  Sud  Americano,  the  Alemán 
Transatlántico,  the  Chile  y  Alemania,  the  (Germánico  de  América 
del  Sur,  the  Londres  y  Río  de  la  Plata,  and  the  Mercantile  of  Bolivia) 
which  had  capital  and  deposits  as  follows: 

Pesos  paper,    i      ^^^^^^^ 


Deposits 

Paid-up  capital. 


94,604,919 
16,639,207 


28,060,408 
8,267,973 


Reducing  the  gold  pesos  to  paper  at  the  exchange  rate  of  12  pence, 
it  shows  that  with  a  capital  of  about  29  million  paper  the  banks  have 
Ved  deposits  to  the  amount  of  136  million. 


FOREIGN  BANKS  IN  CHILE.  315 

The  national  banks  on  the  same  date  showed  the  following  deposits 
and  capital: 

Pesos  paper.         Pesos  gold. 


Deposits I        316,055,823 

Paid-op  capital 142,271,047 


33,041,352 
502,000 


Reducing  the  gold  pesos  to  paper  at  the  exchange  rate  of  12  pence, 
it  shows  that  with  a  capital  of  143,000,000  the  national  banks  have 
received  deposits  to  the  amount  of  365,000,000  pesos,  in  round  numbers. 

Before  the  establishment  of  foreign  banks  the  profits  made  by  the 
banking  houses  on  deposits  at  a  low  rate  of  interest,  which  deposits 
were  later  placed  as  loans  at  a  higher  rate,  remained  in  the  country. 
But  with  the  establishment  of  foreign  banks  at  least  a  part  of  these 
profits  pass  out  of  the  country. 

When  foreign  capital  establishes  industrial  enterprises  (such  as  the 
copper-production  plants  established  with  American  capital  in  Chile, 
or  an  iron  and  steel  plant)  the  result  is  a  great  benefit  from  the 
country's  point  of  view,  since  neither  the  capital  nor  the  men  are 
forthcoming  in  Chile  who  are  capable  of  establishing  such  industries. 
It  is  a  different  matter  when  it  comes  to  the  question  of  business 
organizations  of  a  simple  kind  where  foreign  capital  is  not  needed, 
such  as  savings  banks  or  insurance  companies. 

Moreover  the  lack  of  reciprocity  must  be  noted  between  the  liberal . 
policy  of  the  South  American  Republics  in  receiving  foreign  banks  and 
the  restrictive  policy  of  many  European  nations  in  receiving  South 
American  banks.  Tlie  Banco  de  Chile,  which  has  a  branch  in  London, 
attempted  to  establish  a  branch  in  Paris,  but  met  with  so  many 
difficulties  and  such  a  high  tax  that  it  was  obliged  to  abandon  the 
idea  of  a  branch  in  the  French  capital. 

So  far  I  have  given  only  the  disadvantages  of  the  coming  of  foreign 
banks,  but  I  will  now  show  the  other  side  of  the  picture  and  the  part 
they  have  played  in  our  economic  developinent.  In  favor  of  the 
foreign  banks  in  Chile  it  is  only  fair  to  say  that  for  the  most  part  they 
have  been  well  managed,  having  trained  and  responsible  persons  in 
charge,  and  consequently  have  attained  good  results,  thus  often 
giving  a  lesson  .to  the  national  banks  whose  personnel  has  not  always 
been  competent.  In  this  sense  the  influence  of  foreign  banks  could 
not  be  otherwise  than  beneficial. 

From  the  point  of  view  of  international  commerce,  and,  generally 
speaking,  of  economic  relations  between  the  South  American  States 
and  European  countries,  the  foreign  banks  have  been  a  great  factor. 
The  German  banks  developed  trade  relations  between  Chile  and 
Germany,  and  facilitated  the  development  of  certain  German  enter- 
prises located  in  Chile.  In  addition,  they  have  taken  up  the  business 
of  credit  with  the  Government  of  Chile,  negotiating  loans  by  placing 
bonds  in  German  markets.  Those  banks  also  negotiated  with  the 
government  for  the  deposit  of  the  greater  part  of  the  conversion 


316  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

funds  in  the  great  banking  institutions  of  Germany.     The  English 
also  developed  trade  between  Chile  and  Great  Britain. 

The  National  City  Bank  of  New  York  began  operations  in  Val- 
paraiso, and  has  now  opened  a  branch  in  Santiago.  This  institution 
will  be  the  one  to  strengthen  trade  relations  between  the  United 
States  and  the  Republics  of  South  America.  A  well-directed  bank,  as 
this  no  doubt  will  be,  can  develop  Pan  American  commerce  to  a  great 
extent.  Suppose,  for  example,  that  a  merchant  or  manufacturer  who 
has  no  foreign  credit  wishes  to  buy  foreign  goods,  or  to  have  machinery 
specially  made,  the  National  City  Bank,  assured  of  sufficient  security, 
takes  charge  of  giving  the  order,  and  when  completed,  transports  the 
merchandise  to  Chile  and  turns  it  over  to  the  merchant  who  ordered  it. 

The  export  trade  in  metals,  nitrate,  and  agricultural  products  and 
other  articles  of  Chilean  origin  which  would  find  ready  sale  in  the 
markets  of  the  United  States  and  Europe  may  also  be  aided  by  the 
foreign  banks  which  have  agencies  in  Chile,  as  well  as  by  Chilean 
banks  having  agencies  abroad. 

The  economic  relations  between  countries  are  day  by  day  develop- 
ing. The  modern  economic  world  differs  from  the  old  one  in  the  de- 
velopment of  international  economic  relations.  Where  before  it  was 
possible  for  a  people  to  live  in  a  certain  isolation,  to-day  there  is  a  com- 
phcated  net  of  economic  relations  which  binds  them  all  one  to  another 
.  so  that  none  of^them  can  Uve  in  satisfactory  conditions  without  the 
assistance  of  the  rest.  Under  these  conditions  it  is  not  strange  that 
the  banking  business  has  become  to  a  certain  extent  international. 
In  order  to  meet  these  conditions  in  the  most  satisfactory  manner  the 
banks  have  been  obUged  to  extend  their  field  of  action  to  different 
countries. 

I  beUeve  that  the  lesson  in  poUtical  economy  to  be  deduced  from  the 
foregoing  facts  is  that  foreign  banks  in  receiving  deposits  of  our  cap- 
ital and  putting  this  money  out  at  interest,  as  well  as  foreign  insur- 
ance companies  which  cover  the  risks  with  premiums  paid  by  us  are 
of  no  benefit  at  all  ;  on  the  contrary,  they  relieve  us  of  a  considerable 
part  of  our  revenue.  Only  occasionally  and  with  the  right  of  reciproc- 
ity should  we  accept  them.  But  as  means  of  facihtating  foreign 
trade,  developing  the  expansion  of  credit  between  country  and  country 
and  placing  their  own  money  as  loans,  foreign  banks  can  not  but  be 
considered  a  benefit. 

In  regard  to  banks  and  insurance  companies  of  the  South  American 
RepubUcs  we  might  well  adopt  special  standards.  The  South  Amer- 
ican Repubhcs,  in  order  to  strengthen  intereconomic  relations  and 
working  for  the  purpose  of  a  higher  common  economic  development, 
could  afford  to  grant  ample  reciprocal  facilities  for  the  establishment 
of  banking  houses  and  insurance  companies.  In  these  cases,  as  in  com- 
mercial relations,  we  could  well  afford  to  reciprocate  by  doing  away 
with  restrictions,  creating  for  ourselves  an  exceptional  opportunity. 
This  would  be  the  most  practical  interpretation  of  Pan  Americanism. 


I>R.  ANTONIO  BUERO,  MINISTER  OF  FOREIUN  RELATIONS  OF  URUGUAY. 

Dr.  Burro,  sUtumui,  Joumalisl,  orator,  and  ¡urist.  was  bom  Id  Fails  or  I'rueuay&a  parents,  Hs  wis 
iiduialed  In  France,  Btaiit,  Arnentina.  ma  Uruguay,  gnd  was  graduBled  from  the  Univerally  ol 

elKtad  to  tb<  houM  of  deputies,  where  he  rendered  dLiiingLiiihed  wrvtces.  As  choü'man  of  the  oom- 
mlttea  of  fandcD  relations  nl  the  house  of  deputies  be  reported  jpon  highly  Importiint  diplomatic  gues- 
t  Idiu  In  a  style  that  attneted  attention  ior  Its  elegance  and  learnlng.  Re  was  one  ol  the  most  eloquent 
ontonof  the  bouse  of  daputin.  iDd  vaia  member  of  the  naticnal  constituent  assembly  vhlchdñllad 
lb*  new  CHuUtutiaa  nnw  Im  (orca  In  tbe  RepubUc.  He  ha;  an  enviable  record  aa  minister  of  lorelgik 
rahtlons.  He  ww  one  of  the  delegates  of  Uruguaf  to  the  Fiaca  Cunlnrence,  artd  vaa  selected  to  speak 
before  that  body  and  to  sign  the  Imty  of  p«aoe  which  terminated  the  war  with  Germany.  During 
hli  luy  IB  franee  he  was  iiivlt«d  1 3  visit  several  EuropfBn  countries  and  received  a  number  ol  deooi»- 
tico*.  He  baa  bean  aipadalambassador  to  Great  Britain,  s  professor  of  international  lawand  of  lltaia- 
tura,  and  li  a  raambec  of  various  teamed  Institutions.  He  Is  tbe  author  of  Imponanl  works,  ammg 
which  Is  tbe  Talóme  entitled  "El  tlniguay  en  te  Vida  IntemacloDal  "  (Uruguay  in  International  lila). 
Un  ntumhv  to  his  country  from  Paris  be  «as  invlud  to  officially  visit  tbe  United  Stales,  wlwra 
he  remained  seviral  days  In  January  teat,  having  been  entertained  ofBcially  and  soctotty  Sot  only  In 
WashiDglon,  but  in  other  North  American  ritiea. 


<^- 

M*^. 


^  AGRICÜLTÜPE,  mDUSTRY- 
~   ;  AND  COMMERCE  A   ' 

AKGENTINA. 

Press  reports  state  that  a  French  company  with  a  capital  of 
15,000,000  pesos  has  been  organized  to  exploit  the  QUEBRACHO 
FORESTS  in  the  Province  of  Santiago  del  Estero.  Sawmills  and 
tanning  factories  are  to  be  erected  and  railway  Unes  built  from  these 
forests  to  the  main  line  of  the  Northern  Railway.  . 

The  FOREIGN  COMMERCE  of  the  RepubUc  for  the  first  half  of 
1919  amounted  to  623,337,999  gold  pesos,  of  which  341,829,883  gold 
pesos  were  exports  and  281,508,1 16  gold  pesos  were  imports.  During 
the  same  period  of  1918  this  commerce  was  591,592,678  gold  pesos, 
made  up  of  exports  381,696,567  gold  pesos,  and  imports  209,896,111 
gold  pasos.  The  exports  during  the  first  half  of  1919  consisted  of 
stock  products,  227,082,452  gold  pesos;  agricultural  products,  100,- 
537,912  gold  pesos;  forestal  products,  7,557,072  gold  pesos;  and 
other  products,  6,652,447  gold  pesos.  During  the  first  10  months 
of  1919  the  exports  of  frozen  meats  were  1,814,794  wethers,  5,179, 
225  quarters  of  frozen  beef,  and  78,884  quarters  of  chilled  beef. 
During  the  period  referred  to  the  packing  houses  in  the  Republic 
slaughtered  2,539,322  head  of  cattle. 

A  résumé  of  the  ARGENTINE  RAILWAYS  in  1919,  just  pub- 
lished by  the  General  Bureau  of  Railways,  contains  the  following 
data:  Length  of  lines  in  operation,  35,257  kilometers,  of  which  10,717 
kilometers  have  a  gauge  of  I  meter,  2,839  kilometers  a  gauge  of  1 
meter  43.5  centimeters,  and  21,701  kilometers  a  gauge  of  I  meter 
67.6  centimeters.  These  railways  had  2,356  stations,  3,824  loco- 
motives, 3,240  passenger  coaches,  2,910  box  cars,  and  79,446 
freight  cars.  During  the  year  referred  to  38,973,050  tons  of  freight 
and  68,547,200  passengers  were  transported,  producing  a  gross  reve- 
nue of  183,426,002  gold  pesos.  The  expenditures  were  141,296,478 
gold  pesos,  and  the  net -earnings  42,129,524  gold  pesos. 

The  COMMERCIAL  ARBITRATION  CONVENTION  between 
the  Argentine-Brazilian  Board  of  Trade  of  Buenos  Aires  and  the 
Commercial  Association  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  has  been  ratified  by  the 
Argentine  and  Brazilian  Governments.  Under  this  convention  each 
board  will  estabUsh  an  arbitration  and  expert  conmaittee  to  settle 
commercial  controversies  in  the  coimtry  in  which  it  has  jurisdiction. 
The  convention  prescribes  that  controversies  arising  under  Argentine- 
Brazilian  contracts  shall  be  submitted  to  arbitration  in  accordance 
with  the  terms  of  the  convention. 

318 


AGRICULTURE,   INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  319 

During  the  first  11  months  of  1919  TRANSATLANTIC  STEAM- 
ERS and  sailing  vessels  with  a  capacity  of  2,589,365  net  tons  cleared 
from  Buenos  Aires  loaded  with  Argentine  products.  Among  these 
were  15  Belgian  vessels,  77  Brazilian,  7  Chilean,  26  Danish,  57 
Spanish,  43  French,  56  Dutch,  303  EngUsh,  55  Itahan,  19  Japanese, 
131  United  States,  111  Norwegian,  2  Portuguese,  32  Swedish,  1 
Chinese,  1  Greek,  1  Peruvian,  and  a  number  of  other  nationaUties. 

The  estimated  area  under  CEREAL  CULTIVATION  in  the 
Argentine  Republic  during  the  present  year  is  as  follows:  Wheat, 
7,606,549  hectares;  flax,  1,748,764  hectares;  oats,  1,063,119  hectares; 
and  barley  and  rye,  96,606  hectares.  During  the  previous  year  the 
area  sown  to  wheat  was  9,357,287  hectares;  to  flax,  1,537,644  hectares; 
to  oats,  1,185,879  hectares;  and  to  barley  and  rye,  14,152  hectares. 

An  AGRICULTURAL  COOPERATIVE  SOCIETY  for  the  pro- 
tection of  farmers  has  been  organized  in  Buenos  Aires.  The  society 
proposes  to  build  warehouses  at  shipping  points  in  agricultural 
sections,  lend  money  on  crops,  negotiate  direct  sales,  furnish  agri- 
cultural machinery  and  packing  material,  insurance  against  hail  and 
fire,  and  negotiate  with  railways  for  lower  freight  rates. 

Under  an  executive  decree  of  December  3,  1919,  the  executive 
power  accepts  ad  referendum,  from  the  national  congress,  the  con- 
vention made  by  the  minister  of  public  works  with  the  legal  repre- 
sentative of  the  Trans-Andean  Argentine  Railway  for  the  fusion  of 
the  administrative  offices  of  the  sections  of  the  CHILEAN-ARGEN- 
TINE TRANS-ANDEAN  RAILWAY  between  Mendoza,  Argentina, 
and  Los  Andes,  Chile,  which  provides  for  the  cooperative  operation 
of  these  lines.  In  accordance  with  this  convention  the  National 
Government  will  place  at  the  disposal  of  the  Argentine  Trans- Andean 
Railway,  Argentine  internal  5  per  cent  bonds,  with  1  per  cent  amorti- 
zation, payable  semiannually,  up  to  the  sum  of  2,500,000  Argentine 
gold  pesos,  to  be  expended  under  the  authority  of  the  executive 
power.  The  operation  of  the  road,  expenditure  of  money,  etc.,  will 
be  in  accord  with  arrangements  agreed  upon  by  the  Argentine  and 
Chilean  Grovernments. 

BOLIVIA. 

On  November  10,  1919,  the  first  section  of  the  RAILROAD  FROM 
POTOSÍ  TO  SUCRE  was  opened  for  traffic.  This  work  is  being 
carried  on  in  accordance  with  the  law  which  calls  for  the  connection 
of  Bolivian  raikoads  with  the  capital,  and  the  other  sections  are 
being  constructed  as  rapidly  as  possible. 

In  November,  1919,  the  ministry  of  fomento  accepted  the  bid 
made  by  Señor  Victor  A.  Peña  for  the  CONSTRUCTION  OF  A 
BRIDGE  across  La  Paz  River  in  the  limits  of  Obrajes. 

In  November,  1919,  the  New  York  firm  of  Richmond,  Levering  & 
Co.  made  a  proposition  to  the  Bolivian  Government  to  develop  the 


320  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

NATIONAL  OIL  LANDS.  They  propose  to  invest  some  $10,000,000 
in  the  enterprise  without  guarantees  on  the  part  of  the  Government. 

A  recent  mimicipal  ordinance  calls  for  MILK  INSPECTION.  No 
person  shall  be  allowed  to  sell  milk  without  its  being  inspected  and 
passed  by  the  inspectors,  who  will  be  under  the  National  Institute  of 
Hygiene. 

In  December,  1919,  the  President  accepted  a  bid  made  by  Señor 
Augustin  Wilde,  of  Argentina,  to  furnish  3,000,000  liters  of  ALCO- 
HOL, for  which  the  Government  will  pay  £1  sterling,  1  shilling,  and 
9  pence  for  each  case  containing  22.71  liters. 

The  telegraph  administration  of  Italy  recently  notified  the  Govern- 
ment that  CABLE  SERVICE  has  been  reestablished  over  Italian 
lines  for  Germany,  Austria,  Bulgaria,  and  Turkey.  The  Bolivian 
general  directorate  of  the  mails  ordered  the  resumption  of  mail 
service  with  Germany  on  the  same  footing  as  before  the  war. 

The  Bolivian  senate  has  approved  the  draft  of  a  law  authorizing 
the  President  to  start  RUBBER  FACTORIES  m  the  country. 

The  American  merchants  of  La  Paz  held  a  meeting  on  December  12, 
1919,  to  organize  the  AMERICAN  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE 
OF  BOLIVIA.  The  governing  board  was  elected  as  follows:  Mr. 
Greorge  Easley,  president;  Mr.  L.  M.  Salisbury,  vice-president;  and 
Mr.  Victor  L.  Tyree,  secretary  and  treasurer. 

BRAZIL. 

The  DESTINATION  OF  BRAZILIAN  EXPORTS  during  the  six 
months  from  January  to  June,  1919,  was  as  follows: 

Coffee.— Total,  7,424,816  bags  of  60  kilograms  (132J  pounds). 
The  chief  countries  of  destination  were:  United  States,  2,866,006 
bags;  France,  2,502,897  bags;  Belgium,  309,082  bags;  United  King- 
dom, 312,417  bags;  Denmark,  234,934  bags;  Sweden,  232,129  bags; 
Spain,  201,831  bags;  Italy,  189,720  bags;  Norway,  109,107  bags.  The 
chief  ports  of  shipment  were:  Santos,  5,862,636  bags;  Rio,  1,063,186 
bags;  Victoria,  233,334  bags;  Bahia,  143,268  bags;  Pernambuco, 
110,080  bags.  Compared  with  the  first  six  months  of  1918  there  was 
an  increase  of  2,939,000  bags. 

Cacao, — ^Total,  32,385  tons  (2,204.6  pounds).  The  chief  countries 
of  destination  were:  France,  13,309  tons;  United  States,  11,448 
tons;  United  Kingdom,  2,934  tons;  Denmark,  1,473  tons;  Belgium, 
1,093  tons;  Netherlands,  970  tons.  The  chief  ports  of  shipment  were: 
Bahia,  28,283  tons;  Para,  2,707  tons.  Compared  with  the  first  six 
months  of  1918  there  was  an  increase  of  11,813  tons. 

Beans, — ^Total,  25,407  tons.  The  chief  countries  of  destination 
were:  France,  16,473  tons;  Italy,  4,652  tons;  United  Kingdom, 
4,052  tons.  The  principal  ports  of  shipment  were:  Santos,  20,306 
tons;  Puerto  Alegre,  3,239  tons;  Rio,  1,693  tons.  Compared  with 
the  first  six  months  of  1918  there  was  a  decrease  of  13,663  tons. 


AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  321 

Sugar. — ^Total,  25,407  tons.  The  chief  countries  of  destination 
were:  Argentina,  5,722  tons;  United  Kingdom,  4,358  tons;  Uruguay, 
2,386  tons;  Italy,  2,100  tons;  Spain,  2,100  tons;  Portugal,  1,579 
tons.  The  chief  ports  of  shipment  were:  Pernambuco,  15,387  tons; 
Maceió,  2,217  tons.  Compared  with  the  first  six  months  of  1918 
there  was  a  decrease  of  20,677  tons. 

Rice. — ^Total,  6,510  tons.  The  chief  countries  of  destination  were: 
Ai^ntina,  3,393  tons;  Uruguay,  2,214  tons;  France,  814  tons.  The 
chief  ports  of  shipment  were:  Puerto  Alegre,  2,706  tons;  Pelotas, 
1,349  tons;  Santos,  1,411  tons.  Compared  with  the  first  six  months 
of  1918  there  was  a  decrease  of  5,369  tons. 

Indian  com. — ^Total,  2,754  tons.  The  chief  countries  of  destination 
were:  United  Kingdom,  2,653  tons;  Portugal,  99  tons.  The  principal 
I>orts  of  shipment  were:  Fortaleza,  1,030  tons;  Ilha  do  Cajuerio,  623 
tons;  Para,  535  tons;  Maranhão,  314  tons.  Compared  with  the  first 
six  months  of  1918  there  was  a  decrease  of  5,284  tons. 

Mandioca  meal. — Total,  18,199  tons.  The  chief  countries  of  des- 
tination were:  United  Kingdom,  8,389  tons;  France,  6,556  tons; 
Portugal,  2,427  tons;  Uruguay,  387  tons;  Argentina,  286  tons.  The 
chief  ports  of  shipment  were:  Rio,  9,183;  Fortaleza,  2,597  tons; 
Maranhão,  1,620  tons;  Para,  1,413  tons;  Pernambuco,  1,314  tons. 
Compared  with  the  first  six  months  of  1918  there  was  a  decrease  of 
9,776  tons. 

Yerba  maté. — ^Total,  36,618  tons.  The  chief  countries  of  destina- 
tion were:  Argentina,  21,906  tons;  Uruguay,  12,555  tons;  Chile, 
1,125  tons.  The  chief  ports  of  shipment  were:  Paranaguá,  14,681 
tons:  Sao  Francisco,  6,580  tons;  Foz  do  Iguassu,  3,902  tons;  An- 
tonina, 3,366  tons;  livramento,  3,597  tons;  Uruguayana,  1,638 
tons;  Puerto  Alegre,  1,206  tons.  Compared  with  the  first  six  months 
of  1918  there  was  a  decrease  of  223  tons. 

Cotton. — ^Total,  1,784  tons.  The  chief  countries  of  destination 
were:  United  Kingdom,  987  tons;  France,  610  tons;  Portugal,  187 
tons.  The  chief  ports  of  shipment  were:  Fortaleza,  748  tons;  Pernam- 
buco, 281  tons;  Maranhão,  267  tons;  Rio,  262  tons;  Natal,  168  tons. 
Compared  with  the  first  six  months  of  1918  there  was  an  increase  of 
236  tons. 

Rubber. — Total,  16,449  tons.  The  chief  countries  of  destination 
were:  United  States,  9,682  tons;  United  Kingdom,  4,366  tons; 
France,  2,345  tons.  The  chief  ports  of  shipment  were:  Para,  9,087 
tons;  Manaos,  6,788  tons.  Compared  with  the  first  six  months  of 
1918  there  was  an  increase  of  6,731  tons. 

Carnauba  wax. — ^Total,  3,326  tons.  The  chief  countries  of  destina- 
tion were:  United  States,  1,554  tons;  United  Kingdom,  926  tons; 
France,  683  tons;  Italy,  121  tons.  The  chief  ports  of  shipment  were: 
Fortaleza,  1,749  tons;  Ilha,  826  tons;  Rio,  302  tons;  Pernambuco, 
260  tons;  Bahia,  102  tons.  Compared  with  the  first  six  months  of 
1918  there  was  an  increase  of  707  tons. 


322  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

Tobacco, — Total,  20,508  tons.  The  principal  countries  of  destina- 
tion were:  France,  8,101  tons;  Belgium,  4,123  tons;  Argentina, 
1,968  tons;  wSpain,  1,645  tons;  Italy,  1,308  tons;  Uruguay,  1,370 
tons;  Denmark,  990  tons;  Netherlands,  520  tons;  United  Kingdom, 
317  tons.  The  chief  ports  of  shipment  were:  Bahia,  17,701  tons; 
Rio,  1,124  tons;  Sao  Francisco,  1,052  tons.  Compared  with  the  first 
six  months  of  1918  there  was  an  increase  of  7,587  tons. 

Lumber. — Total,  49,532  tons.  Thcî  cJiief  countries  of  destination 
were:  Argentina,  28,523  tons;  Uruguay,  14,683  tons;  United  States, 
2,596  tons;  Spain,  2,549  tons;  Portugal,  1,045  tons.  The  chief  ports 
of  shipment  were:  Paranaguá,  24,532  tons;  São  Francisco,  9,653 
tons;  Livramento,  4,571  tons;  Pará,  3,672  tons;  Santos,  2,588  tons; 
Foz  do  Iguassú,  1,736  tons;  Uruguayana,  1,007  tons.  Compared 
with  the  first  six  months  of  1918  there  was  a  decrease  of  58,174  tons. 

Oil  fruits, — Total,  37,371  tons.  The  chief  countries  of  destination 
were:  United  States,  18,563  tons;  United  Kingdom,  16,614  tons; 
Spain,  1,084  tens;  Belgium,  725  tons;  Portugal,  367  tons.  The 
chief  ports  of  shipment  were:  Manaos,  10,998  tons;  Pará,  8,708 
tons;  Maranhão,  3,080  tons;  Santos,  5,352  tons;  Pernambuco,  3,026 
tons;  Hha,  2,741  tons;  Rio,  1,210  tons.  Compared  with  the  first 
six  months  of  1918  there  was  an  increase  of  29,160  tons. 

Oils  (vegetable), — Total,  1,077  tons.  The  chief  countries  of  desti- 
nation were:  Spain,  337  tons;  France,  203  tons;  Italy,  210  tons; 
United  Kingdom,  128  tons.  The  chief  ports  of  shipment  wore: 
Santos,  390  tons;  Rio,  372  tons;  Pernambuco,  191  tons;  Pará,  77 
tons.  Compared  with  the  first  six  months  of  the  year  1918  there  was  a 
decrease  of  2,061  tons. 

CHILE. 

In  July,  1919,  the  TRANSFERS  OF  REAL  PROPERTY  in 
Chile  represented  a  value  of  13,471,925  pesos,  2,117,700  pesos  of  which 
were  for  rural  property,  and  11,354,225  for  urban  property. 

In  November  last  the  Grapegrowers'  Association  of  Chile  made 
its  first  sliipment  of  Chilean  WINES  to  Mexico,  and  proposes  to 
continue  similar  shipments  not  only  to  Mexico  but  to  Central  America, 
Cuba,  Ecuador,  Bolivia,  Uruguay,  and  Brazil. 

In  November,  1919,  the  EXPORTS  OF  NITRATE  amounted 
to  2,204,097  Spanish  quintals,  and  the  production  of  nitrate  to  2,714,- 
461  Spanish  quintals.  During  the  first  11  montlis  of  1919  the  exports 
of  nitrate  aggregated  13,501,894  Spanish  quintals. 

The  ASSOCIATION  OF  MILLERS  of  ChUe,  organized  in  1917, 
was  recognized  by  the  Cliilean  Government  in  December  last  as  a 
juridic  entity. 

The  Government  has  contracted  for  the  construction  of  the  Relbun 
BRIDGE,  on  the  road  from  Chilian  to  Ymigay,  for  the  sum  of  25,000 
pesos.     The  work  is  to  be  completed  witliin  four  months. 


AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  323 

Borguez  &  Co.  have  established  a  line  of  CHILEAN  STEAMERS 
to  ply  between  Chile  and  Europe.  The  first  of  these  vessels  sailed 
from  Valparaiso  for  Spain  on  December  7,  1919. 

The  Chüean  Government  has  bought  in  Germany  and  England 
six  REVENUE  CUTTERS  which  will  form  the  nucleus  of  a  fleet 
of  these  vessels. 

In  November.  1919,  the  public  SLAUGHTERHOUSE  kiUcd  47,060 
beeves,  weighing  5,094,200  kilos. 

COLOMBIA. 

According  to  law  48  of  November  4,  1919,  the  national  congress 
ordered  the  CANALIZATION  OF  THE  MOUTH  OF  THE  ATRATO 
RIVER,  setting  aside  the  simi  of  10,000  pesos  (peso  equals  $0.9733) 
for  the  preliminary  surveys  and  80,000  pesos  for  the  execution  of  the 
work. 

According  to  a  contract  made  by  the  ministry  of  agriculture  and 
commerce  on  behalf  of  the  Government  with  James  Dei  trick,  of 
New  York,  the  latter  is  to  build  and  operate  for  five  years  a  PACK- 
ING HOUSE  in  a  seaport  of  the  Department  of  Magdelana,  or  in 
the  Commissariat  of  la  Goajira.  The  plant  is  to  be  equipped  to  handle 
no  less  than  30,000  beeves  and  2,500  carcasses  of  mutton  and  pork 
per  year,  and  is  to  contain  the  necessary  equipment  to  utilize  the 
residue  of  the  slaughtered  animals.  The  slaughtered  animals  are 
to  be  subject  to  oflBcial  veterinary  inspection.  Railroads,  street  rail- 
ways, roads,  docks,  electric  plants,  a  telephone  system,  and  wireless 
station  are  all  to  be  installed  in  connection  with  the  business.  The 
Government  on  its  part* concedes  exemption  from  several  export 
and  import  taxes  to  the  contractor,  and  exempts  him  from  the  slaugh- 
ter tax  for  20  years,  coimting  from  the  first  slaughter  of  animals  for 
the  export  of  frozen,  preserved,  and  packed  meats. 

The  congress  of  1919  passed  several  laws  governing  RAILROADS, 
among  which  were  law  58  changing  article  4  of  law  69  of  1915  con- 
cerning the  construction  of  the  railroad  from  Cúcuta  to  the  Rio 
Magdalena,  and  appropriates  5  per  cent  of  the  gross  profit  of  the 
Atlantic  customs  instead  of  4  per  cent,  as  formerly,  for  the  construc- 
tion of  the  road  or  for  the  canceling  of  a  loan  contracted  for  that  pur- 
pose, in  addition  to  the  30  per  cent  of  the  gross  profit  of  the  customs 
of  Cúcuta;  and  law  59,  which  declares  the  necessity  and  public 
utility  of  a  railroad  leaving  Cartagena  and  running  through  the  sabanas 
of  Bolivar,  to  end  at  the  most  convenient  point  within  the  limits  of 
the  Department  of  Antioquia  and  to  join  with  the  lines  running  or  to 
be  run  by  this  department  connecting  with  those  of  the  interior  of  the 
Republic. 

A  sum  of  300,000  pesos  was  appropriated  for  the  ERECTION  OF 
LIGHTHOUSES  and  buoys  and  for  the  provision  of  laimches  for 
use  in  the  ports  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific. 

163645— 20— BuU.  8 6 


324  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

A  new  section  known  as  the  DEPARTMENT  OF  CATTLE  AND 
MEAT  INSPECTION  has  been  created  in  the  ministiy  oí  agriculture 
and  commerce.  This  section  will  make  a  study  of  aQ  sorte  of  con- 
tagious cattle  diseases  and  their  remedies,  and  inspect  cattle,  and 
meat  products  intended  for  export  to  countries  which  demand 
certificates  of  inspection. 

On  November  19  the  President  signed  law  73  of  1919,  passed  by 
Congress  on  the  same  day,  changing  law  65  of  1917  and  renewing  the 
work  of  extending  the  CENTRAL  HIGHWAY  OF  THE  NORTH 
from  the  point  where  work  was  suspended  within  the  limits  of  the 
municipaUty  of  La  Paz,  in  the  Province  of  Norte  de  Boyaca.  Tiiis 
highway  is  to  pass  as  close  as  possible  te  the  capitals  of  the  munici- 
paUties  of  Sativanorte  and  Susacon  and  the  city  of  Soata,  using  the 
stretehes  already  constructed  te  the  south  and  the  north  of  the  city. 

On  December  22,  1919,  the  RAILROAD  OF  TOLIMA  was  opened 
te  traffic  as  far  as  the  station  of  Picaleûa  about  10  kilometers  from 
the  city  of  Ibague,  leaving  but  a  short  distance  te  complete  before 
the  railroad  enters  that  city. 

The  National  Grovemment  has  authorized  the  director  of  the 
National  Astronomical  Observatory,  as  chief  of  the  central  meteoro- 
logical office,  te  initiate  METEOROLOGICAL  SERVICE  in  different 
parts  of  the  country  where  conditions  warrant  it. 

According  to  a  statement  of  the  work  on  the  RAILROAD  OF 
CARARE  the  surveys  and  plans  for  the  section  of  the  line  from 
Puerto  Berrio  to  Velez  as  far  as  18  kilometers  below  San  Francisco 
on  the  Carare  River  have  been  completed.  This  line  will  connect 
the  Departments  of  Santander  and  Antioquia,  and  will  be  about  140 
kilometers  long,  as  according  to  the  estimates  of  the  engineers  the 
distance  from  Puerto  Berrio  to  Carare  is  60  kilometers  and  from 
Carare  to  Velez  80  kilometers. 

Newspaper  notices  state  that  in  Cumbita,  between  the  Provinces 
of  Barbacoas  and  Tuquerres  of  the  Department  of  Nariño,  a  mine 
has  been  discovered  which  contains  ALUMINUM,  MARBLE,  AND 
PLATINUM,  as  well  as  mineral  coal.  It  also  states  that  in  this 
part  of  the  coimtry  there  are  plants  not  heretofore  known  in  the.  flora 
of  the  country,  some  of  them  when  appUed  to  the  skin  causing  a 
depilatory  caustic  effect,  and  others  which  furnish  indelible  dyes  in 
different  colors  suitable  for  the  textile  industry  and  the  manufacture 
of  aniline  dyes.  The  Government  has  sent  samples  of  all  of  them  te 
a  laboratory  in  London. 

COSTA   BICA. 

Presidential  decree  of  November  27,  1919,  gave  A  WATER  CON- 
CESSION to  Señor  Eusébio  Rodríguez  Quesada  to  furnish  hydraulic 
pressure  of  21  horsepower  to  run  a  sugar  mill,  an  electric  plant,  and 
a  machine  to  manufacture  starch.     The  concession  specifies  that  280 


AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE. 


325 


liters  of  water  per  second  may  be  taken  from  a  branch  of  the  Rio 
Sarchi  in  San  Pedro  de  la  Union. 

On  December  9,  1919,  the  President  authorized  the  MAGDEBURG 
FIRE  INSURANCE  CO.,  of  Prussia,  Germany,  to  operate  in  Costa 
Rica. 

CUBA. 

Commerce  of  Cuba,  fiscal  year  ending  June  SO,  1919. — ^The  following 
tables  show  the  imports  and  exports  of  Cuba  for  the  fiscal  year 
ending  Jime  30,  1919,  in  comparison  with  the  year  preceding: 

IMPORTS. 


United  States 

Oennany 

Spain 

France 

United  Kingdom 

Other  countries  of  America 
Other  countries  of  Kurope. 
A 1 1  other  countries 

Total 


1917-18 


$228,101,754 

264 

11,004,829 

0,874,981 

12,508,056 

21,905,975 

3,095,962 

18,442,354 


302,624,175 


1918-19 


$235,628,661 


13,331,728 
8,264,853 
9,349,063 

22,516,920 
2,186,480 

24,309,462 


315,587,167 


The  chief  items  in  imports  from  *'all  other  countries"  are  repre- 
sented by  jute  bags  and  bagging  from  India. 

EXPORTS. 


United  states. 

Germany 

Spain 


spai 
Ftai 


jnce 

United  Kingdom 

Other  countries  of  America . 
Other  countries  of  Europe.. 
All  other  countries 


Total. 


1917-1918 


$278,703,600 


4,198,741 
8,965,321 
76,722,355 
9,729,109 
347,034 
1, 118, 125 


379,784,285 


1918-1919 


$350,327,887 


6,045,196 
11,323,841 
96,813,956 
9,258,748 
2,346,594 
1,105,641 


477,221,863 


The  Department  of  Agriculture  recently  notified  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  Industry,  and  Navigation  that  it  had  decided  to  establish 
a  BUREAU  OF  COMMERCIAL  INFORMATION  in  European  and 
American  countries.  The  purpose  of  the  bureau  will  be  to  establish 
cordial  commercial  relations  between  Cuba  and  the  other  coimtries. 
The  first  bureau  will  be  established  in  France. 

During  1918  the  total  number  of  CIGARS  EXPORTED  was 
44,054,469,  as  against  44,446,020  exported  the  previous  year,  showing 
a  slight  decrease  in  the  export  of  manufactured  tobacco. 

Accordmg  to  newspaper  reports  THREE  NEW  INDUSTRIES 
are  to  be  started  in  Cuba.  They  will  be  an  oxygen  factory,  a  dye 
manufactory,  and  a  manufactory  for  automobile  engines. 

The  latter  part  of  December  the  President  of  the  Republic  ap- 
pointed Dr.  Rafael  M.  Angulo  y  Mendiola  to  study  the  question  of  a 


326  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

NEW  SYSTEM  OF  COLONIZATION  and  submit  plans  for  the 
carrying  out  of  a  system  suited  to  the  needs  of  the  country  in  this 
respect.  The  Government  wiU  aid  hhn  in  securing  aU  the  necessary 
statistics. 

The  Central  and  South  American  Cable  Co.  has  begim  to  lay  a 
CABLE  between  Rio  de  Janeiro  and  Habana,  which  will  give  direct 
service  between  the  cities. 

The  Brazilian  Lloyd  Co.  has  established  a  regular  LINE  OF 
STEAMERS  between  Brazil  and  Cuba. 

On  January  3  of  the  present  year  the  total  SUGAR  EXPORT  to 
the  United  States  of  the  new  crop  was  165,872  tons,  as  against  87,176 
on  the  same  date  in  1919,  and  92,064  in  1918.  There  were  825,767 
tons  exported  to  Europe  during  1919,  as  against  995,864  tons  in  1918. 

On  January  6  of  the  present  year  there  were  153  SUGAR  MILLS' 
The  Palma  was  the  first  to  commence  grinding,  beginning  on  Novem- 
ber 15. 

The  Compañía  Naviera  of  Cuba  has  just  bought  two  NEW 
STEAMERS,  which  it  will  add  to  those  already  in  service.  The 
company  is  to  refit  these  new  steamers  with  oil-burning  engines. 

As  the  use  of  oil  as  fuel  is  increasing  in  Cuba  the  Texas  Co.  is 
building  OIL  TANKS  in  various  parts  of  the  island.  The  company 
has  already  built  a  tank  of  64,000  barrels  capacity  in  Cienfuegos, 
and  has  purchased  land  for  the  building  of  another  tank  in  the  same 
locality;  in  An  tilla  a  64,000-barrel  tank  is  being  constructed;  in 
Nu evitas  a  64,000-barrQl  tank  and  a  55,000-barrel  tank;  in  Isabel 
de  Sagua,  a  tank  of  37,000  barrels;  in  Regla,  two  tanks  with  a  capacity 
of  64,000  barrels  each;  in-  Matanzas  one  with  a  capacity  of  64,000 
barrels,  and  another  for  55,000  barrels. 

DOMINICAN   REPUBLIC. 

• 

The  Military  Government  issued  an  order  on  October  1,  1919, 
authorizing  the  Compañía  Anónima  Tabacalera  to  use  WATER 
FOR  IRRIGATION  for  40  hectares  of  land  planted  in  tobacco. 
This  water  will  be  taken  from  the  River  Yaque  del  Norte  in  no  less 
quantity  than  a  liter  per  second  for  each  hectare. 

The  Military  Government  on  November  11,  1919,  authorized  the 
proprietors  of  Cristobal  Colon  sugar  plantation  to  bring  into  the 
country  300  IMMIGRANTS  as  laborers  from  the  neighboring 
islands  of  St.  Kitts,  St.  Martin,  Antigua,  and  the  Virgin  Islands. 

According  to  an  order  of  the  Military  Government  issued  November 
16,  1919,  the  IMMIGRATION  of  any  laborers  not  of  the  Caucasian 
race  is  prohibited  except  through  the  ports  and  frontier  posts  pre- 
scribed by  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  Immigration. 

According  to  newspaper  notices  the  Royal  Holland  Mail  estab- 
lished  a  MONTHLY  STEAMER  SERVICE  between  Amsterdam 


AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  327 

and  St.  Thomas  and  the  Domincan  ports  of  Sanchez  and  Puerto 
Plata,  stopping  at  various  ports  in  Haiti,  Jamaica,  and  Guatemala. 
The  Columbus  Steamship  Co.  advertises  a  regular  steamer  service 
between  New  York  and  Dominican  ports. 

ECUADOR. 

The  department  of  promotion  has  bought  abroad  for  the  CON- 
STRUCTION OF  CANALS  AND  ROADS  large  quantities  of  explo- 
sives,  which  it  will  sell  at  cost  to  owners  of  plantations  who  need  them. 

Newspaper  reports  state  that  an  American  geologist  has  lately 
discovered  rich  GOLD  MINES  in  the  Corderilla  de  Nabon  of  the 
Province  of  Azuay. 

A  New  York  steamship  company  has  recently  signed  a  contract 
with  the  Ecuadorian  Government  to  establish  a  DIRECT  LINE 
OF  STEAMERS  from  New  York  to  the  ports  of  Ecuador. 

The  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the  United  States  and  the  Chamber 
of  CoDMnerce  of  Ecuador  have  concluded  a  convention  r^arding 
ARBITRATION  OF  COMMERCIAL  CONTROVERSIES  which  may 
arise  between  Ecuadorian  and  American  merchants,  the  terms  being 
the  same  as  those  of  the  other  conventions  lately  concluded  by  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the  United  States  with  the  Chambers  of 
Commerce  of  Brazil,  Argentina,  Uruguay,  and  Panama. 

A  law  passed  by  Congress  and  signed  by  the  President  on  October 
22,  1919,  authorizes  the  construction  of  a  HIGHWAY  from  Quito  to 
Santo  Domingo  de  los  Colorados,  in  accordance  with  the  plans  and 
specifications  approved  by  the  directorate  general  of  public  works. 

GUATEMALA. 

A  COMMUNITY  WHEAT  MILL  has  just  been  put  in  operation 
in  the  neighborhood  of  the  town  of  Jutiapa.  This  mill  will  be  of 
great  service  in  grinding  the  next  wheat  crop  of  that  region. 

According  to  press  reports  the  Pan  American  line  of  San  Francisco 
has  established  a  REGULAR  STEAMSHIP  SERVICE  between 
United  States  ports  and  Pacific  coast  ports  of  Guatemala. 

On  December  21,  1919,  the  HIGHWAY  recently  constructed 
between  the  towns  of  Yepocapa  and  Santa  Lucia  was  opened  to 
public  service.  On  the  same  date  the  road  between  Carcla  and 
Lanquin  was  opened  to  traffic. 

The  construction  of  a  TELEGRAPH  LINE  from  San  Joaquin  to 
La  Reforma,  via  La  Conquista,  a  town  of  the  Department  of  San 
Marcos,  was  recently  begun. 

HAITI. 

In  a  recent  issue  of  Le  Moniteur,  the  Haitian  official  newspaper, 
there  were  published  the  by-laws  of  a  new  company  incorporated 
under  the  name  of  UNITED  WEST  INDIES  CORPORATION. 


328  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

This  firm,  which  has  an  authorized  capital  of  $1,000,000,  will  estab- 
lish and  operate  large  plantations  in  different  parts  of  the  Republic, 

HONDURAS. 

The  Honduran  Government  has  received  a  communication  from 
the  general  post  office  of  the  United  States  proposing  an  international 
AIR  MAIL  SERVICE.  If  this  service  is  established  the  mails  will 
be  carried  by  airplane  from  the  United  States  to  Tegucigalpa,  La 
Ceiba,  and  other  ports  of  the  northern  coast. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  present  year  the  figures  relating  to  the 
TELEGRAPH  AND  TELEPHONE  SERVICE  were  the  following: 
There  were  1,015  kilometers  of  telephone  lines  and  7,287  kilometers 
of  telegraph  lines;  512  telephones  were  in  use  and  271  telegraph 
offices  under  the  administration  of  the  Government. 

MEXICO. 

Under  the  name  of  the  Sociedad  Cooperativa  Constructora  de 
Caminos  y  Explotadora  de  Automóviles,  a  company  has  just  been 
organized  in  the  City  of  Mexico  which  will  devote  itself  to  the  CON- 
STRUCTION OF  A  RAILROAD  which  will  also  be  adaptable  to  the 
use  of  automobiles.  This  road  will  extend  from  the  town  of  Tezuit- 
lan,  in  the  State  of  Puebla,  to  Nautla,  an  important  petroleum  center 
in  the  State  of  Vera  Cruz.  The  projected  highway  is  important, 
since  it  will  establish  communication  facilities  which  have  not  hereto- 
fore  existed,  and  will  be  used  for  transporting  the  products  of  the 
region  in  which  is  situated  Papantla,  which  produces  great  quantities 
of  vanilla. 

Work  has  been  commenced  on  the  construction  of  a  ROAD  which 
will  connect  the  north  and  south  districts  of  lower  California.  This 
will  open  up  the  natiu'al  resources  of  that  important  region,  the 
wealth  of  which  has  scarcely  been  known  owing  to  the  lack  of  road 
facilities. 

By  a  contract  entered  into  with  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and 
Pubhc  Works,  Mr.  Francisco  G.  Garcia  has  secured  a  concession  for 
a  period  of  10  years  for  the  establishment  of  PACKING  HOUSES 
FOR  FISH  PRODUCTS  in  such  places  as  he  may  select  in  Lower 
California,  Sonora,  Sinaloa,  Nayarit,  Jalisco,  Colima,  Michoacan, 
Guerrero  and  adjacent  islands;  and  he  is  also  entitled  to  pack,  dry, 
preserve,  or  conserve  in  any  manner  all  kinds  of  animal  and  vegetable 
products. 

In  accordance  with  the  report  made  by  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture and  Public  Works  the  land  leased  to  farmers  during  1919 
amoimted  to  30,000  hectares,  most  of  which  was  located  in  the  States 
of  Tabasco,  Quintana  Roo,  Sonora,  Chiapas,  and  Lower  California. 

A  Mexican  magazine  has  announced  that  a  strong  company  organ- 
ized by  capitalists  of  the  State  of  Jalisco  is  carrying  out  THE  EX- 


AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AKD  COMMERCE.  329 

PLOITATION  OF  THE  ISLANDS  OF  LAKE  CHAPAIA  on  a 
large  scale,  since  traces  of  petroleum  were  found  on  some  of  these 
islands.  It  is  also  thought  that  some  of  the  lands  on  the  borders  of 
the  lake  contain  oil  deposits. 

By  a  presidential  decree  of  the  17th  of  last  January  the  terms  are 
stated  under  which  PROVISIONAL  PERMISSION  FOR  BORING 
PETROLEUM  WELLS  will  be  granted  to  such  companies  as  may 
apply  for  it.  This  permission  will  only  be  valid  imtil  such  time  as 
congress  shall  draft  a  law  in  harmony  with  article  27  of  the  consti- 
tution. In  such  permission  all  wells  are  included — those  in  the  proc- 
ess of  drilling  as  well  as  those  already  completed. 

The  value  of  the  SILVER  EXPORTS  to  the  United  States  during 
the  first  10  months  of  1919  amounted  to  102,467,604  Mexican  pesos, 
or  $51,233,802,  which  shows  a  considerable  increase  over  1918,  during 
which  year  the  silver  exports  amounted  to  only  86,913,618  Mexican 
pesos,  or  $43,471,809. 

The  data  just  published  by  the  petroleum  section  of  the  Department 
of  Industry,  Commerce,  and  Labor,  concerning  the  PRODUCTION 
OF  PETROLELTtf  of  the  Mexican  Republic  in  1919,  show  a  total 
output  of  80,557,229  barrels,  or  12,807,191  cubic  meters,  against 
63,828,326  barrels  or  10,147,588  cubic  meters  in  1918,  showing  an 
increase  of  16,728,903  barrels,  or  2,659,603  cubic  meters,  in  favor  of 
1919.  The  export  of  this  product  in  1919  reached  a  value  of  186,- 
443,975  pesos,  national  gold,  against  140,557,553  pesos,  gold,  in  1918, 
furnishing  taxes  to  the  national  treasury  amounting  to  15,824,812 
pesos,  gold,  in  1919,  as  against  11,120,398  pesos,  gold,  in  1918,  repre- 
senting an  increased  valuation  of  45,888,422  pesos,  gold,  and  a  con- 
sequent increased  taxation  of  4,704,414  pesos,  gold.  The  great 
activity  in  prospecting  and  exploiting  Mexican  petroleum  in  1919  is 
shown  by  the  establishment  of  27  new  wells,  which  yielded  a  total 
daily  production  of  462,550  barrels. 

The  above  data  indicate  the  wonderful  development  of  the 
petroleum  industry  of  the  country,  showing  not  only  the  increase  in 
production,  but  also  the  number  of  newly  drilled  wells  with  their 
productive  capacity. 

On  the  31st  of  December,  1918,  there  were  in  existence  the  following 
constructions  for  the  STORAGE  OF  PETROLEUM:  Eight  hundred 
and  thirty-seven  steel  tanks,  with  a  capacity  of  3,857,383  cubic 
meters;  1  concrete  tank  with  a  capacity  of  39,750  cubic  meters; 
15  earthen  reservoirs  with  a  capacity  of  3,506,658  cubic  meters;  and 
one  cement  reservoir,  with  a  capacity  of  136,740  cubic  meters;  and 
during  the  year  1919  there  were  constructed  45  steel  tanks  with  a 
capacity  of  268,438  cubic  meters,  and  3  concrete  tanks  with  a 
capacity  of  3,968  cubic  meters.  At  that  time  there  were  existing  84 
pipe  lines  with  a  total  length  of  1,205,387  meters  and  a  conducting 


330  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

capacity  of  268,380  cubic  meters;  last  year  there  were  constructed 
29  pipe  lines  with  an  extension  of  215,583  meters,  and  a  conducting 
capacity  of  188,836  cubic  meters.  Summing  up,  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  storage  tanks  at  present  existing  in  Mexico  represent  a  total 
capacity  of  7,812,937  cubic  meters,  while  the  number  of  pipe  lines  for 
the  shipping  of  oil  amoimts  to  113,  with  a  yielding  capacity  of 
1,429,920  cubic  meters,  and  a  conductive  capacity  of  457,216  cubic 
meters. 

NICARAGUA. 

The  Government  has  ordered  from  abroad  A  DECAUVILLE 
RAILWAY  OR  EI^VATOR,  which  will  be  used  to  go  down  to  Lake 
Asososca  situated  at  the  end  of  the  Parque  de  Piedrecitas  of  the  city  of 
Managua.  The  descent  will  be  vertical  to  the  lake,  where  baths  will 
be  installed. 

According  to  information  given  by  the  Ministry  of  Promotion  to 
the  press,  the  Government  has  resolved  to  construct  an  AUTOMO- 
BILE HIGHWAY  running  through  the  Departments  of  Chinandega, 
Leon,  Neuva  Segovia,  Matagalpa  and  Esteli,  setting  aside  for  the 
purpose  the  sum  of  250,000  córdobas,  and  expects  to  finish  the  work 
in  a  year. 

The  compañía  MERCANTIL  UT^TRAMAR,  organized  by  the 
management  of  the  National  Bank  in  conjunction  with  several  New 
York  bankers  for  the  purposes  of  importing  and  exporting,  has  in- 
stalled its  offices  in  Managua,  It  will  use  the  San  Juan  del  Norte 
route,  as  ad'vised  by  experts  of  the  United  States  merchant  marine. 
For  this  purpose  the  rivers  San  Juan  del  Norte  and  Tipitaba  are  to 
be  dredged,  so  that  San  Juan  del  Norte  may  be  used  as  a  port  where 
large  warehouses  will  be  constructed.  The  canalization  will  be  begun 
in  the  near  future  and  the  dredges  and  equipment  have  already  been 
ordered  by  the  company  from  the  United  States.  The  Tipitapa 
River  presents  some  difficulties,  as  it  is  on  different  levels,  but  the 
lock  system  will  be  used  which  will  enable  shipping  to  reach  Managua 
Lake. 

The  press  states  that  the  Government  has  made  a  contract  with  a 
firm  of  Barcelona,  Spain,  which  has  large  cotton  plantations  in  Mor- 
roco,  to  develop  the  CULTIVATION  OF  COTTON  on  a  large  scale 
in  the  coimtry,  and  to  establish  industrial  colonies  of  Spanish  labor- 
ers. Each  Spanish  colonist  shall  have  the  right  to  35  hectares  of 
unclaimed  land  but  shall  not  be  free  to  lease  to  others  until  10  vears 
after  the  adjudication  of  the  land,  or  before  if  he  has  cultivated  it. 
The  contract  will  last  25  years,  and  tíie  firm  agrees  to  invest  not  less 
than  $250,000  in  the  enterprise  and  furthermore  not  to  turn  the  con- 
tract over  to  any  other  foreign  company. 

In  the  latter  part  of  December,  1919,  a  GEOLOGICAL  COMMIS- 
SION arrived  in  Nicaragua  from  the  United  States  to  investigate  the 


AQRICULTUBE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  OOMMEBOB.  331 

regions  around  the  San  Juan,  el  Rama,  and  other  rivers  of  that  part 
of  the  country  between  the  port  of  Gray  town  and  Punta  del  Mono, 
for  possibilities  of  oil. 

The  National  Government  has  resolved  to  open  to  shipping,  under 
the  name  of  PUERTO  CHAMORRO,  the  port  of  Nacascolo,  which 
has  a  harbor  deep  enough  to  permit  vessels  of  large  draft  to  anchor 
and  can  be  easily  rendered  a  healthful  port. 

The  ministry  of  promotion  has  engaged  an  engineer  from  the  United 
States  to  sound  the  Estero  Real  to  determine  if  it  has  sufficient  depth 
of  channel  for  boats  of  3,000  or  more  tons,  in  order  to  carry  out  plans 
for  the  CONSTRUCTION  OF  A  PORT  to  develop  the  commerce  of 
the  coimtry. 

In  February  the  DOCKS  OF  PUERTO  DIAZ  were  opened  for 
public  service. 

On  December  27,  1919,  THE  AUTOMOBILE  HIGHWAY  be- 
tween Managua  and  Matagalpa  was  opened  by  the  President  and 
party,  who  left  Managua  in  20  automobiles. 

PANAMA. 

According  to  newspaper  reports  four  of  the  principal  importers  and 
exporters  of  the  city  of  Colon  have  rented  land  from  the  railway  com- 
pany on  which  to  erect  WAREHOUSES. 

Owing  to  the  methods  prescribed  by  the  Government  for  the  pro- 
duction of  articles  of  prime  necessity,  and  the  prices  reached  by  some 
of  the  articles  both  within  and  outside  of  the  country,  the  CULTI- 
VATION OF  RICE  of  late  years  has  increased  considerably,  so  that 
last  year  the  crop  was  sufficient  not  only  for  the  needs  of  the  interior 
provinces,  but  also  for  the  markets  of  Panama  and  Colon,  competing 
favorably  with  foreign  grain.  The  Revista  Comercial  of  Panama 
says  that  with  the  use  of  modem  methods  in  sowing  and  in  cleaning 
the  grain,  this  product  could  easily  be  increased  sufficiently  for  ex- 
portation, as  the  country  has  land  suitable  for  its  cultivation  and  the 
Government  is  disposed  to  render  all  sorts  of  assistance  to  the  pro- 
prietors. The  Revista  figures  that  the  country  imports  annually,  on 
an  average,  120,000  quintales  of  rice  for  home  consxmiption  at  an 
approximate  cost  of  1,000,000  balboas  a  year  (balboa  equals  $1). 

PARAGUAY. 

On  November  11,  1919,  the  President  authorized  the  CompafLia 
Minas  e  Viacfto  de  Matto  Grosse  to  establish  a  NATIONAL  COAST- 
WISE TRADE  SERVICE  which  ft  will  carry  on  with  its  own  vessels. 

In  the  three-year  period  of  1916  to  1918  the  total  value  of  the  COM- 
MERCE WITH  UNITED  STATES  was  5,981,106  pesos  gold  (peso 
gold  equals  $0.9648).  Of  this  simi  1,728,288  pesos  gold  represent  the 
exportation  and  4,252,818  pesos  gold  the  importation.  In  1916  the 
exportation  amounted  to  426,457  pesos;  in  1917  to  370,011  pesos;  and 


332  THE  PAN   AMERICAN  UNION. 

in  1918  to  931,820  pesos.     In  1916  the  importation  was  873,204  pesos; 
in  1917,  1,562,478  pesos;  and  in  1918,  1,817,137  pesos. 

The  Hispano-Britanic  Association  of  Madrid  recently  sent  a  com- 
munication to  the  Grovernment  of  Paraguay  asking  for  SAMPLES 
OF  PARAGUAYAN  PRODUCTS  for  commercial  advertising  in 
Europe.  The  association  proposes  to  exhibit  the  samples  in  its 
building  in  Madrid. 

On  December  1,  1919,  the  President  in  a  decree  recognized  the 
incorporation  of  the  stock  company  * 'Compañía  Internacional  de 
Productos,"  and  has  approved  the  by-laws  of  the  company. 

During  the  nine-year  period  from  1910  to  1918  the  production  of 
SUGAR  in  the  country  amoimted  to  9,803,681  kilos  as  follows:  1910, 
834,000  kilos;  1911,  478,000  kilos;  1912, 849,000  kilos;  1913, 1,461,000; 
1914,  2,559,000  kilos;  1915,  1,533,377  kilos;  1916,  788,570  kilos; 
1917,  732,914  kilos;  and  in  1918,  567,820  kilos.  In  this  same  period 
the  importation  of  sugar  amounted  to  15,906,335  kilos,  which  abided 
to  the  amount  produced,  made  a  total  of  25,710,016  kilos  of  sugar 
consumed  in  the  country  during  nine  years. 

During  the  month  of  October,  1919,  the  total  value  of  the  FOR- 
EIGN COMMERCE  of  Paraguay  was  1,688,564  pesos  gold  (pesos 
equals  $0.9648),  of  which  974,261  pesos  represented  the  exportation 
and  714,303  the  importation.  During  the  first  10  months  of  the  year 
1919  the  foreign  trade  reached  a  total  of  13,568,819  pesos,  of  which 
5,727,063  represented  the  importation  and  7,841,756  pesos  the  ex- 
portation. In  the  corresponding  period  of  1918  the  foreign  trade 
amounted  to  9,344,009  pesos  of  which  4,401,327  pesos  represented 
the  importation  and  4,942,682  pesos  the  exportation. 

PERU. 

During  the  third  quarter  of  1919  the  PERUVIAN  IMPORTS  by 
Ecuador  through  the  port  of  Guayaquil  amoimted  to  229,033  kilo- 
grams of  merchandise,  which  were  packed  in  7,407  packages,  repre- 
senting a  value  of  £P.  4,528. 

By  a  presidential  decree  issued  on  the  20th  of  November,  1919, 
the  establishments  of  the  Republic  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
alcoholic  beverages  were  required  to  register  the  TRADE  MARKS 
designating  the  products  of  their  respective  plants.  This  decree 
will  be  in  force  from  the  20th  of  May  of  the  present  year. 

The  President  issued  an  order  on  December  3,  1919,  providing  that 
the  customhouse  shall  not  permit  the  EXPORT  OF  SUGAR  except 
when  the  exporter  shall  have  proved  that  he  has  delivered  to  the 
Campania  Salinera  del  Peru  such  quantities  of  sugar  as  shall  have 
been  ordered  for  home  consumption.  By  another  decree  bearing 
the  same  date  the  exportation  of  raw  cotton  has  been  restricted,  as 
well  as  cotton  seed,  the  oil  and  meal  made  from  such  seed,  and  none 
of  these  products  shall  be  exported  without  the  consent  of  the  Gov- 
ernment. 


AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  333 

A  NEW  STEAMER  has  just  been  added  to  the  Peruvian  merchant 
marine  by  Messrs.  Atardi  &  Co.,  the  vessel  to  be  devoted  to  the 
Peruvian  coastwise  trade. 

According  to  press  reports  the  Peruvian  Government  recently 
authorized  the  Western  Union  Tel^raph  Co.  to  install  a  CABLE  STA- 
TION at  Pimentol.  This  station  will  be  an  auxiliary  to  the  cable 
which  it  is  proposed  to  establish  between  Panama  and  Arica. 

During  the  five  months  between  July  and  November,  1919,  the 
total  value  derived  from  the  FOOD  PRODUCTS  by  the  Government 
amounted  to  2,010,220  soles,  distributed  as  follows;  Sales  made 
durii^  July,  287,240  soles;  sales  for  August,  336,004  soles;  for 
September,  364,417  soles;  for  October,  456,760  soles;  and  for  Novem- 
ber, 565,799  soles. 

During  the  six  years  from  1912  to  1917  the  total  value  of  the 
PERUVIAN  FOREIGN  TRADE  amounted  to  £P.  115,389,024, 
£P.  74,050,435  representing  exports,  and  £P.  41,338,589  imports, 
giving  a  balance  of  trade  in  favor  of  Peru  of  £P.  32,711,846. 

SALVADOR. 

In  a  short  time  it  will  be  possible  to  motor  from  San  Salvador  to 
the  beach  at  Toluca,  as  work  is  being  hurried  to  finish  the  AUTOMO- 
BILE ROAD  between  these  two  points.  The  road  has  been  com- 
pleted beyond  the  town  of  Panchimalco  and  will  soon  reach  the  village 
of  Rosario  de  Mora. 

On  December  11,  1919,  work  was  commenced  on  the  ELECTRIC 
STREET  RAILWAY  of  Santa  Tecla,  which  will  connect  that  city 
and  the  capital  of  the  Republic. 

A  stock  company  known  as  the  COMPAÑÍA  NACIONAL  DE 
ESPECTÁCULOS  has  been  formed  in  San  Salvador,  with  a  capital 
of  400,000  colones  (colon  equals  $0.50),  to  develop  a  chain  of  theaters 
and  amusement  places  in  Salvador  and  other  countries  of  Central 
America.  Its  headquarters  will  be  in  San  Salvador,  and  it  has  already 
purchased  the  principal  theaters  of  San  Salvador  and  of  Santa  Ana. 

The  directorate  general  of  small  industries  recently  foimded  in 
San  Salvador  is  now  preparing  to  introduce  the  industry  of  HAT 
MAKING  into  the  coimtry  and  to  utilize  the  vegetable  fibers, 
especially  that  of  the  palm,  which  grows  so  abundantly  throughout 
all  the  Republic.  The  same  oflSce  is  also  trjdng  to  increase  the  manu- 
facture of  hydromel  (fermented  drink  of  diluted  honey),  since  this 
industry  should  give  large  profits,  as  it  is  easily  and  cheaply  carried  on. 

According  to  newspaper  notices  the  Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet 
Co.  will  establish  a  DIRECT  LINE  OF  STEAMERS  between  Sal- 
vadorean  ports  and  Havre,  London,  and  Rotterdam.  It  will  also 
accept  freight  via  London  for  Goteborg,  Malmo,  Stockholm, 
Norokoping,  Halmstadt,  Kalmar,  Oscarshamn,  Bremen  and  Chris- 
tiania; and  via  Rotterdam  for  Hambiu^,  Copenhagen,  Dantzig  and 
Helsingsfors. 


334  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

The  President  has  established  a  new  TARIFF  OF  DOCK  FEES 
for  the  loading  and  iinloadmg  of  vessels  m  the  port  of  La  Libertad, 
which  replaces  the  one  used  by  the  company  who  managed  the  docks 
of  this  port. 

URUGUAY. 

An  executive  decree  of  November  7,  1919,  authorizes  Miquelera 
&  Umerez  to  manufacture  SALT  by  artificial  evaporation,  for  a 
period  of  nine  years,  on  the  coasts  of  Maldonado  and  Rocha. 

The  Government  has  appointed  a  committee  consisting  of  Dr. 
Alberto  Boerger,  Jose  A.  Otamendi,  and  Juan  Puig  y  Nattino  to 
investigate  and  report  upon  the  best  manner  of  increasing  the  CUL- 
TIVATION OF  POTATOES  in  the  Republic. 

According  to  newspaper  reports  the  FOREIGN  COMMERCE  of 
Uruguay  during  the  first  nine  months  of  1919  amoxmted  to  160,311,191 
pesos,  made  up  of  exports  108,578,938  pesos,  and  imports  51,732,253 
pesos. 

Press  reports  state  that  the  Central  and  South  American  Telegraph 
Co.  wül  lay  a  new  CABLE  between  Rio  de  Janeiro  and  Montevideo, 
via  Santos.  The  cable  line  constructed  by  this  company  between 
Buenos  Aires  and  Montevideo  has  been  opened  to  service. 

VENEZUELA. 

A  Caracas  newspaper  states  that  the  Maracaibo  Oil  Exploration 
Co.,  American  owned,  has  acquired  LARGE  CONCESSIONS  IN 
OIL  LANDS  in  Venezuela,  which  are  located  in  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  districts  of  Perija,  Paez,  Miranda,  Mara  and  Sucre  in  the 
State  of  Zulia.  The  company  proposes  to  invest  $2,000,000  or 
more  if  the  development  of  the  fields  warrant  it.  These  oil  conces- 
sions are  about  1,850  miles  from  the  port  of  New  York. 

On  December  17,  1919,  the  WOMEN'S  INDUSTRIAI.  CLUB, 
founded  by  the  Protective  Society  of  Womens'  Work,  held  an  exposi- 
tion in  Caracas  of  work  done  by  women.  The  exposition  was  attended 
by  Caracas  society. 

A  new  MINERAL  SPRING  was  lately  discovered  near  Valencia 
which  has  valuable  medicinal  properties. 

The  FISH  CO.  OF  PUERTO  CABELLO  has  begun  construe- 
tion  in  this  city  of  a  three-story  building,  of  water-proof  paper 
boards  of  the  kind  manufactured  in  Hanover.  The  company  is  to 
establish  a  truck  service  for  the  delivery  of  fish. 

The  Compaûia  Mercantile  has  been  founded  with  a  capital  of 
600,000  bolivars  (bolivar  equals  $0.1930)  for  the  establishment  of  a 
SUGAR  PLANT  with  modem  improvements,  to  operate  on  a  large 
scale.  Venezuela  is  rapidly  developing  into  a  great  sugar  country 
and  contains  many  sugar  plantations.  The  new  company  will  be 
known  as  * 'Central  El  Avila,"  and  its  headquarters  will  be  in  the 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  APFAIBS.  335 

jurisdiction  of  the  District  of  Sucre,  between  Dos  Caminos  and 
Petare. 

On  December  19,  1919,  in  Caracas,  in  the  building  belonging  to  the 
inspector  general  department  of  the  army,  an  INDUSTRIAL  AND 
AGRICULTURAL  EXPOSITION  was  held.  It  was  initiated  by 
the  newspaper  La  Hacienda,  and  various  awards  were  made  for  the 
best  exhibits.  Natural,  industrial,  and  artistic  products  of  the 
country  were  exhibited. 

On  December  19, 1919,  a  stretch  of  12  kilometers  of  the  HIGHWAY 
from  Rio  Caribe  to  Yaguaraparo  and  the  highway  from  Barquisimeto 
to  Carora  were  thrown  open  to  the  public. 


i^?^ 


ECONOMICandFINANCIAL 

AFFAIRS  "^M 

ARGENTINA. 

In  1919  the  amount  collected  in  national  currency  as  a  TERRI- 
TORIAL TAX  was  19,266,945  pesos;  for  licenses,  11,371,447  pesos; 
and  for  stamped  paper,  28,196,779  pesos,  or  a  total  of  58,835,171 
pesos.    These  taxes  in  1918  amounted  to  50,962,936  pesos. 

According  to  data  compiled  by  the  compensating  board  of  Buenos 
Aires  CHECKS  drawn  in  1919  amounted  to  33,664,014,773  pesos,  as 
compared  with  26,926,528,459  pesos  in  1918. 

The  net  earnings  of  the  CENTRAL  CORDOBA  RAILWAY  for 
the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1919,  were  £519,716,  or  £95,228  more 
than  those  of  the  fiscal  year  1917-18.  The  gross  earnings  of  this  rail- 
way in  1918-19  were  £2,332,217. 

The  AQUARIAN  PLEDGES  or  mortgages  recorded  during  the 
first  nine  months  of  1919  represented  a  value  of  182,901,911  pesos, 
currency,  distributed  as  follows:  Stock  pledges,  98,832,670  pesos; 
general  pledges,  76,264,358  pesos;  and  pledges  on  agricultural  ma- 
chinery and  implements,  7,804,883  pesos. 

According  to  the  balances  of  STOCK  COMPANIES  doing  business 
in  the  Republic,  compiled  up  to  October,  1919,  the  total  capital  of 
said  companies  is  1,505,063,928  pesos,  currency,  and  their  earnings 
18.74  per  cent. 

Figures  have  been  compiled  showing  that  the  CUSTOMS  REV- 
ENUES of  the  Argentine  Government  in  1919  by  ports  were  as  fol- 
lows: Buenos  Aires,  158,371,092  pesos  gold  and  4,342,063  pesos  cur- 
rency; La  Plata,  11,273,961  pesos  gold  and  950,356  pesos  currency; 
Rosario,  10,231,443  pesos  gold  and  442,931  pesos  currency;  Campana, 


336  THE   PAN   AMERK^AN    UNION. 

6,543,853  pesos  gold  and  71,698  pesos  currency;  Zarate,  5,809,686 
pesos  gold  and  16,297  pesos  currency;  Bahia  Blanca,  3,242,790  pesos 
gold  and  50,232  pesos  currency;  Santa  Fe  694,290  pesos  gold  and 
54,534  pesos  currency;  and  San  Nicolas,  318,032  pesos  gold  and 
29,530  pesos  currency. 

In  1919  the  INTERNAL  TAXES  amounted  to  80,841,502  pesos 
currency  as  compared  with  67,643,652  pesos  in  1918. 

BOLIVIA. 

The  foUowing  CREDITS  FOR  PUBLIC  WORKS  have  been 
approved  by  Congress:  three  thousand  five  hundred  bolivianos 
(boliviano  equals  $0.3893)  for  the  construction  of  a  home  for  indi- 
gents and  repairs  to  the  municipal  palace  in  the  municipality  of 
Uyuni;  5,000  bolivianos  for  the  construction  of  the  highway  from 
Achacachi  to  Sorata;  1,000  bolivianos  for  the  automobile  road  from 
Tarija  to  Villazón  ;  30,000  bolivianos  for  the  work  of  straightening 
the  course  of  the  Rocha  River  from  the  city  of  Cochabamba;  200,000 
bolivianos  for  the  Yungas  Railroad;  and  150,000  bolivianos  for  the 
construction  work  of  the  railroad  from  Potosi  to  Sucre. 

In  a  meeting  of  the  stockholders  of  the  CLUB  OF  LA  PAZ  held 
on  November  29,  1919,  it  was  decided  to  increase  the  capital  of  the 
club  to  410,000  bolivianos  by  the  issue  of  bonds  of  1,000  bolivianos 
each,  and  to  erect  an  appropriate  clubhouse. 

On  January  5  the  National  Congress  authorized  the  circulation  of 
GOLD  AS  A  MEDIUM  OF  EXCHANGE  m  the  country.  Another 
decree  dated  January  12,  authorized  the  acceptance  of  the  American 
dollar  as  legal  tender  at  the  rate  of  exchange  of  2.57  bolivianos. 
This  rate  was  fixed  to  aid  the  banks  to  keep  their  reserve  in  coin  and 
American  gold. 

BRAZIL. 

According  to  official  data  the  PUBLIC  WEALTH  of  the  State  of 
Rio  Grande  do  Sul  amounts  to  4,963,804  contos  (paper  conto,  about 
$275),  made  up  of  the  following  items:  Stock,  1,323,914  contos; 
avicultiu*e,  18,900;  commerce,  373,789;  territorial  wealth,  1,330,190; 
industrial  wealth,  421,573;  and  real  estate,  1,495,438. 

The  following  banks  have  organized  a  CLEARING  HOUSE  in  Rio 
de  Janeiro:  Bank  of  Brazil,  Bank  of  Commerce,  London  &  Brazilian 
Bank,  French  &  Italian  Bank  for  South  America,  National  City  Bank 
of  New  York,  Mercantile  Bank,  and  the  Portuguese  Bank  of  Brazil. 

CHILE. 

On  September  30,  1919,  the  condition  of  the  SAVINGS  BANKS 
of  Chile  was  as  follows:  The  National  Savings  Bank  had  614,486 
depositors,  as  compared  with  573,375  on  the  same  date  of  1918,  and 
deposits  of  140,938,081  pesos,  as  compared  with  113,523,391  pesos 
on  September  30,  1918.    The  Santiago  Savings  Bank  had  276,921 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  337 

depositors  on  September  30  last,  as  compared  with  257,293  on  the 
same  date  of  the  previous  year,  and  deposits  of  57,971,749  pesos,  as 
compared  with  47,577,572  pesos  on  September  30,  1918. 

The  statement  of  the  27  BANBS  doing  business  in  Chile  showed 
that  on  September  30,  1919,  the  total  deposits  in  currency  amounted 
to  855,482,057  pesos,  and  in  gold  to  187,284,990  pesos. 

At  the  beginning  of  December,  1919,  the  Chilean  Government 
approved  the  by-laws  of  the  NEW  BANK  entitled  '*  Banco  Proveedor 
de  Chile."  This  bank  proposes  to  give  special  attention  to  the  pur- 
chase and  sale  of  real  estate,  the  placing  of  long-time  real  property 
mortgages,  and  the  liquidation  of  same  by  small  monthly  installments. 

In  November,  1919,  the  CUSTOMS  RECEIPTS  were  as  follows: 
Export  duties,  3,270,911  gold  pesos;  imports,  3,185,660  gold  pesos; 
and  other  receipts  278,829  gold  pesos;  or  a  total  of  6,735,400  gold 
pesos.  During  the  first  11  months  of  1919  the  total  customs  revenues 
amounted  to  63,240,749  gold  pesos. 

COLOMBIA. 

Law  No.  108,  of  December  19, 1919,  provides  that  the  TREASURY 
CERTIFICATES  issued  last  March  are  to  be  amortized  with  the 
entire  revenue  from  the  sealed  paper  and  national  stamp  tax,  which 
was  intended  for  the  cancellation  of  the  debt.  A  conmiittee  has  been 
appointed,  composed  of  the  minister  of  the  treasm^y  and  foiu*  man- 
agers of  banks  of  the  capital  to  attend  to  the  amortization. 

Law  No.  80  of  November  21,  1919,  provides  that  the  payment 
of  CONSULAR  FEES  shall  be  made  in  Colombian  money,  or  in  the 
currency  of  the  country  where  the  consulate  is  located,  reckoning 
the  rate  of  exchange  by  the  pound  sterling  in  coin  in  each  place. 

The  latter  part  of  December,  1919,  $500,000  COINED  GOLD  for 
the  branch  of  the  Banco  Mercantil  Americano  arrived  in  MedelUn. 

COSTA   RICA. 

An  executive  decree  of  December  27,  1919,  permits  the  free  IM- 
PORTATION OF  SILVER  in  bars,  ingots,  or  in  any  other  unmanu- 
factiu*ed  form,  and  in  coin  having  a  fineness  of  not  less  than  that 
established  by  law  for  national  silver  coin.  Imports  of  coin,  either 
foreign  or  national,  of  a  lower  fineness  are  prohibited. 

The  municipality  of  the  canton  of  Atenas  has  been  authorized  by 
the  President  of  the  Republic  to  collect  a  quarterly  TAX  of  25 
colones  on  warehouses. 

In  October,  1919,  the  RECEIPTS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  TELE- 
GRAPHS  amoimted  to  25,055  colones,  14,214  of  which  were  col- 
lected at  the  San  Jose  office. 

CUBA. 

During  the  month  of  October,  1919,  the  RECEIPTS  OF  THE 
CIABAN    RAILROAD   CO.    amounted   to    $1,069,773,    as    against 


338  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

$753,182  in  the  same  month  of  1918,  showing  an  increase  of  $316,591. 
In  the  period  between  July  and  October,  1919,  the  receipts  of  this 
company  amoimted  to  $4,141,606,  which,  compared  with  $3,721,860 
collected  in  the  corresponding  period  of  1918,  shows  an  increase  of 
$419,746. 

About  the  middle  of  December  the  BANCO  NACIONAL  DE 
COMERCIO  decided  to  establish  a  bank  in  Limonar,  Province  of 
Matanzas.  This  branch  will  be  the  first  established  by  the  bank  in 
the  interior  of  the  Republic. 

According  to  the  law  passed  December  16,  1919,  a  SUBSIDY  was 
granted  to  the  ELECTRIC  TRACTION  &  LIGHT  CO.  of  Sancti 
Spiritus.  The  subsidy  will  be  $12,000  for  each  kilometer  of  the  electric 
railroad  constructed  by  the  company  from  Sancti  Spiritus  to  Santa 
Lucia,  via  Guayos,  Neiva,  and  Cabaiguán.  The  same  law  states  that 
the  company  shall  transport  free  of  charge  the  mails  and  parcels 
post  and  reduce  the  base  rate  of  freight  50  per  cent  on  small  fruits. 

The  general  treasury  in  December,  1919,  submitted  a  statement  to 
the  DcT^artment  of  Hacienda,  showing  the  AMOUNT  IN  THE 
TREASURY  on  that  date  to  be  $12,208,736. 

During  the  month  of  December,  1919,  the  total  REVENUE 
FROM  THE  CUSTOMS  OF  HABANA  was  $3,147,088,  as  against 
$2,614,048  collected  in  the  corresponding  period  of  1918,  showing  an 
ncrease  of  $533,040.  The  customs  of  Guantanamo  during  1919 
collected  $418,151,  as  against  $214,819  for  1918. 

For  the  year  which  ended  September  30, 1919,  the  gross  PROFITS 
OF  THE  CUBAN  AMERICAN  SUGAR  CO.  amounted  to  $50,767, 1 64  ; 
for  the  preceding  year  they  were  $40,089,312. 

THE  PROFITS  OF  THE  BANCO  ESPAÑOL  DE  LA  ISLA  DE 
CUBA  for  the  last  half  of  1919  were  $1,624,980.  The  bank  decided 
to  add  $1,300,000  of  this  sum  to  the  reserve  fund,  raising  that  fund 
to  $4,000,000. 

In  a  meeting  held  on  January  12  by  the  governing  board  of  the 
Habana  bourse  it  was  decided  to  ISSUE  BONDS  to  the  amount  of 
$51,000.  The  bonds  will  bear  6  per  cent  interest  and  the  issue  will 
be  subscribed  by  the  members  of  the  bourse. 

DOMINICAN   REPUBLIC. 

On  October  27,  1919,  the  Military  Government  voted  a  credit  of 
$150,000  to  be  charged  to  the  GENERAL  ACCOUNT  OF  ADMIN- 
ISTRATION of  the  general  accounting  of  the  treasury  to  be  used  for 
the  purchase  of  G-ovemment  office  supplies. 

On  October  31,  1919,  the  Military  G-ovemment  abolished  the 
INTERNAL  TAX  on  articles  imported  to  the  Republic,  to  be 
effective  from  January  1,  1920. 

The  Government  has  just  voted  the  following  credits  for  PUBLIC 
WORKS:  $1,500  for  completing  roads  and  bridges  in  the  vicinity 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIBS.  839 

of  hill  El  Número;  $47,000  to  complete  and  equip  the  agricultural 
experiment  station  at  Jaina;  $175,000  to  pay  part  of  the  cost  of  the 
dredging  of  the  port  of  San  Pedro  de  Macorís;  $300,000  for  the 
completion  of  the  main  highway  between  Santo  Domingo  and  Monte 
Cristy;  $18,000  for  the  construction  of  a  fire-protection  system  in  the 
dock  and  Grovemment  storehouse  in  the  city  of  Santo  Domingo; 
$48,000  for  the  construction  of  a  customs  warehouse  in  Santo  Domingo  ; 
$50,000  to  construct  a  customhouse  in  San  Pedro  de  Macorís. 

On  November  26,  1919,  the  Military  Government  authorized  the 
printing  of  TELEGRAPH  STAMPS  to  the  value  of  $52,000.  They 
will  be  printed  in  the  following  values:  1,500  stamps  of  $5  each, 
2,500  of  $2,  5,000  of  $1,  20,000  of  $0.50,  100,000  of  $0.10,  200,000  of 
$0.05,  and  500,000  of  $0.01. 

The  Military  Government  promulgated  the  BUDGET  LAW  FOR 
1920,  in  which  it  calculated  the  receipts  for  the  year  at  $8,329,800 
and  the  expenditures  at  $8,287,970,  leaving  a  surplus  of  $41,830. 

The  total  value  of  the  CUSTOMS  RECEIPTS  for  December,  1919, 
was  $419,750.  The  customs  receipts  for  the  year  amounted  to 
$4,457,313,  which,  compared  with  thé  collection  of  1918,  show  an 
increase  of  $138,498. 

ECUADOR. 

On  November  17,  1919,  the  President  signed  a  law  passed  by 
congress  authorizing  a  SPECIAL  ISSUE  OF  l-CENTAVO  STAMPS 
to  be  used  on  all  pieces  of  mail  within  the  country  and  on  outgoing 
foreign  mail.  The  revenue  from  these  stamps  is  to  be  used  for  the 
construction  of  post  offices  and  telegraph  offices  in  the  principal  cities 
of  the  country.  The  law  states  that  the  first  post  office  shall  be  built 
in  Quito,  the  next  in  Guayaquil,  and  the  others  in  the  different 
capitals  of  the  provinces.  The  President  is  empowered  to  contract 
a  loan  of  400,000  sucres  (sucre  equals  $0.4867)  for  the  work;  and  the 
law  further  provides  that  the  taxes  defined  in  article  1  of  legislative 
decree  of  October  2,  1914,  shall  be  used  as  follows:  (a)  The  product 
of  the  bonuses  shall  be  used  for  the  payment  of  international  postage, 
and  (i)  the  rent  from  post  boxes  shall  be  used  as  common  funds. 

The  law  containing  the  BUDGET  OF  RECEIPTS  AND  EX- 
PENDITURES for  1920,  signed  by  the  President  on  October  14,  1919, 
estimates  the  revenues  for  the  year  at  19,995,660  sucres,  and  fixes 
the  expenditures  at  the  same  figure,  as  follows:  Legislation  and 
government,  227,260  sucres;  interior  and  police,  3,814,408  sucres; 
foreign  relations,  mails,  etc.,  1,450,440  sucres;  public  instruction  and 
beneficence,  3,501,980  sucres;  war  and  navy,  4,937,215  sucres; 
treasury  and  public  credit,  2,184,302  sucres;  public  debt,  3,638,800 
sucres;  miscellaneous  expenses,  241,255  sucres. 

Presidential  decree  of  November  29,  1919,  authorizes  the  ministry 
of  the  treasury,  through  the  section  of  specie  and  issues,  to  restamp 
the  ADDITIONAL  STAMPS  of  legislative  decree  of  October  28, 1919. 

163645— 26— BuU.  3 7 


340  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

The  Official  Register  of  November  20,  1919,  publishes  the  entire 
text  of  the  LAW  OF  LIQUOR  TAX  on  brandy,  alcohol,  and  other 
national  and  foreign-made  beverages,  codified  by  the  minister  of  the 
treasury  in  conformity  with  the  authorization  contained  in  article 
25  of  the  legislative  decree  of  October  28,  1919,  whose  terms  are  in 
effect  since  the  1st  of  January  of  the  present  year. 

GUATEMALA. 

The  executive  power  recently  made  available  the  following  simis 
for  PUBLIC  WORKS  :  One  thousand  eight  hxmdred  pesos  for  the  re- 
pair of  the  revenue  office  building  at  Amatitlan;  6,480  pesos  for  official 
mail  bags  to  be  used  in  the  diplomatic  and  considar  service  of  Guate- 
mala; 3,394  pesos  for  took  for  the  Altos  Railway;  10,200  pesos  for  the 
repair  of  public  roads  in  the  Department  of  Guatemala;  and  9,900  pesos 
for  the  repair  of  roads  in  the  Departments  of  Jalapa  and  Progreso. 

The  President  has  authorized  the  treasury  department  to  expend 
the  sums  necessary  for  the  construction  of  the  LOS  ALTOS  RAIL- 
WAY. 

HONDUKAS. 

By  a  decree  issued  early  in  January  of  the  present  year  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Repubhc  ordered  that  the  VALUE  OF  THE  LEGAL 
SEALED  PAPER  fixed  for  the  four-year  period  ending  January  1, 
1920,  continue  in  effect  until  the  end  of  the  present  economic  year. 

The  following  data  concemmg  the  NATIONAL  TREASURY 
was  taken  from  the  President's  message,  read  before  congress  at  the 
opening  session:  The  total  revenue  for  the  economic  year  of  1918-19 
was  5,294,097  pesos  (peso,  $0.9271),  as  against  4,805,781  pesos 
collected  in  1917-18,  showing  an  increase  over  that  year  of  488,316 
pesos.  The  expenditures  estimated  for  the  year  1918-19  were 
5,507,661  pesos  and  the  expenditiu*es  actually  made  were  5,288,471 
pesos,  leaving  a  balance  of  279,190  pesos.  In  1917-18  the  total 
expenditm^es  were  6,042,779  pesos,  which,  compared  with  the  expendi- 
tm*es  of  1918-19,  shows  a  decrease  of  814,308  pesos  in  the  latter 
year.  The  internal  debt  on  August  1,  1918,  was  3,446,622  pesos, 
silver,  and  diu*ing  the  economic  year  1918-19  376,252  pesos  were 
added,  bringing  the  total  to  3,822,874  pesos.  During  the  same 
period  399,882  pesos  of  this  debt  were  amortized,  leaving  a  balance 
3,422,992  pesos  for  the  economic  year  1919-20. 

MEXICO. 

A  Mexican  magazine  reports  that  according  to  the  last  estimates 
the  NATIONAL  DEBT  amounts  to  425,739,801  pesos,  the  interest 
on  which  amounts  to  113,170,976  pesos,  making  a  total  indebtedness 
of  538,910,877  pesos. 

On  the  first  of  last  January  a  presidential  decree  was  declared  in 
force  by  which   the  system  of  progressive  rates  of  taxation  on 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIBS.  841 

EXPORTS  OF  COPPER,  either  in  concentrated  ingots  or  metal, 
was  fixed.  The  same  decree  states  that  the  gpvemments  of  the 
States  shall  not,  mider  any  circumstances  whatever,  impose  taxes  on 
any  industries,  no  matter  what  their  character  may  be. 

On  the  first  of  last  January  there  was  also  declared  in  force  a 
presidential  decree  bearing  date  of  December  29,  1919,  by  virtue  of 
which  the  EXPORT  OF  PETROLEUM  is  taxed  10  per  cent  on  the 
net  value  per  ton.  In  accordance  with  this  same  decree,  such 
petroleum  as  is  used  in  national  vessels,  and  samples  of  petroleum 
and  its  by-products  to  the  value  of  not  more  than  10  pesos,  are 
exempt  from  the  special  stamp  tax.  The  treasury  department  shall 
every  two  months  fix  the  value  of  crude  and  refined  petroleum  as 
well  as  the  value  of  kerosene  and  gasoline,  taking  as  a  basis  the 
prices  quoted  in  the  city  of  New  York  during  the  previous  month. 

By  a  presidential  decree  of  the  7th  of  last  January  a  NEW 
BRONZE  COIN  was  established  which  has  a  nominal  value  of  20 
centavos.  This  coin  shall  be  accepted  by  the  State  in  payment  of 
taxes,  duties,  services,  etc.,  in  unlimited  quantities  at  par  with  gold, 
and  its  coinage  shall  be  governed  by  the  law  of  March  25,  1905. 

On  the  17th  of  last  January  a  law  was  approved  which  provides 
that  the  President,  in  accordance  with  article  27  of  the  federal 
constitution  and  a  law  of  January  6,  1915,  shall  indemnify  the 
owners  of  lands  awarded,  or  restored,  or  which  may  hereafter  be 
awarded,  to  villages,  settlements,  congregations,  communities,  etc., 
whenever  deemed  proper.  In  order  to  cover  such  indemnities  a 
federal  debt  has  been  created,  to  be  called  THE  PUBLIC  LAND 
LAW,  to  be  guaranteed  and  paid  by  means  of  a  bond  issue  up  to 
the  amoxmt  of  50,000,000  pesos,  bearing  an  annual  interest  of  5 
per  cent,  payable  to  bearer  annually,  over  a  term  of  20  years. 

By  a  presidential  decree  of  the  10th  of  January  last,  the  monetary 
commission  is  authorized  to  issue  PAPER  NOTES  with  a  nominal 
value  of  50  cents  and  one  peso,  national  gold.  These  notes  will 
only  be  considered  as  fractional  currency,  based  on  national  gold 
money  deposited  with  the  monetary  commission,  and  they  shall, 
therefore,  only  be  issued  after  the  deUvery  to  the  commission  of  an 
amount  of  gold  equal  to  the  amount  appUed  for  in  notes.  Said 
commission  shall  not  be  entitled  to  issue  for  the  time  being  more 
than  15,000,000  pesos  in  notes  of  50  cents,  nor  more  than  10,000,000 
pesos  in  notes  of  $1. 

NIOARàGUA. 

Cable  reports  from  Managua  to  the  press  of  the  United  States 
state  that  the  Government  has  contracted  a  LOAN  OF  $10,000,000 
to  improve  the  roads  through  the  principal  departments  and  to 
construct  a  railroad  east  from  Matagalpa  to  the  Atlantic  coast. 
According  to  the  report,  an  American  railroad  construction  company 


342  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

has  contracted  to  build  this  raihroad  in  three  years,  and  to  begin  at 
both  ends  and  work  toward  the  middle,  starting  from  the  sabanas 
of  Matagalpa  and  from  the  port  of  Prinzapolka  on  the  Atlantic. 
According  to  the  plans  the  new  railroad  will  join  the  60-inile  railroad 
which  runs  along  the  coast  from  Prinzapolka  to  the  Laguna  de 
Perlas. 

The  President  in  his  message  read  before  congress  December  15, 
1919,  showed  the  improvement  in  the  ECONOMIC  SITUATION  of 
the  country  and  of  the  internal  revenue.  On  October  31,  1919, 
there  were  3,559,100  córdobas  (córdoba  equals  $1)  in  circulation  as 
against  2,960,012  córdobas  in  1918;  and  the  reserve  fund  deposited 
in  New  York  in  1919  was  $1,875,120,  as  agamst  $1,300,000  in  1918, 
showing  an  increase  of  599,088  córdobas  in  circulation  and  $575,120  in 
the  gold  reserve.  More  than  50  per  cent  of  the  money  in  circulation 
has  been  backed  by  gold  which  is  more  than  required  by  the  present 
monetary  law  and  is  a  percentage  large  enough  to  bring  the  national 
money  up  to  par  with  American  gold.  Bills  of  exchange  on  the 
United  States  are  being  quoted  with  a  premimn  which  represents 
the  banking  commission  only.  The  sound  financial  condition  of  the 
country  is  shown  again  in  the  fact  that  the  guaranteed  bonds  of  1918> 
which  constitute  the  internal  debt  of  the  nation,  were  quoted  in  1918 
at  35  per  cent  and  at  the  close  of  1919  were  quoted  at  60  per  cent 
of  the  face  value. 

In  regard  to  the  EXTERNAL  DEBT  the  treasury  certificates, 
which  in  1917  were  reduced  to  311,128  córdobas,  in  1919  were  entirely 
canceled,  and  the  treasury  certificates  held  over  from  1917,  which 
with  those  of  1918  amounted  to  263,986  córdobas,  were  reduced  to 
196.986  córdobas,  and  a  large  part  of  the  consoUdated  certificates, 
or  the  int,erest  due  on  the  bonds  of  1909,  was  covered  before  maturity. 

PANAMA. 

According  to  official  figures  the  RECEIPTS  AND  EXPENDI- 
TURES OF  THE  NATIONAL  TREASURY  for  the  four  months 
period  from  July  1  to  October  31,  1919  were  as  follows:  Receipts, 
1,632,133  balboas  (balboa  equals  $1),  and  the  expenditures  1,207,212 
balboas,  showing  a  surplus  of  424,921  balboas. 

PARAGUAY. 

Presidential  decree  of  October  10,  1919,  changed  the  CUSTOMS 
VALUATIONS  as  follows:  Foodstuffs  and  goods  stored  will  be 
appraised  with  an  increase  of  60  per  cent  on  the  taxes  paid  up  to  the 
present;  Hquors,  100  per  cent;  tobacco  and  manufactures  thereof, 
60  per  cent;  hides  and  skins,  30  per  cent;  articles  of  saddlery,  60 
per  cent;  shoes  and  materials,  50  per  cent;  furniture,  50  per  cent; 
jewelry,  20  per  cent;  musical  instruments,  40  per  cent;  hats,  hard- 


KCONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIKS.  343 

ware,  ship-building  necessities,  electric  apparatus  and  lights,  arms, 
pottery  and  china,  glass,  drugs,  notions,  ready-made  articles,  and 
clothes  and  textiles  are  increased  60  per  cent.  The  changes  made  by 
the  decree  will  go  into  effect  on  October  1  of  the  present  year. 

The  directorate  of  the  treasury  has  been  authorized  by  the  Presi- 
dent to  ISSUE  BONDS  to  the  value  of  650,000  pesos  (peso  equals 
$0.9648)  in  accordance  with  article  42  of  law  96  of  September  25, 
1914.  The  issue  of  bonds  for  500,000  pesos  authorized  by  presi- 
dential decree  of  March  13,  1919,  has  been  canceled  and  in  its  place 
the  issue  of  bonds  to  the  value  of  350,000  pesos  has  been  decreed. 

During  the  month  of  December,  1919,  the  President  authorized 
the  following  credits:  Eighty-two  thousand  pesos  for  repairs  on  the 
building  of  the  administration  of  justice;  50,000  pesos  currency  for 
repairs  to  the  vessel  Mercedes;  20,000  pesos  gold  to  make  the  first 
payment  for  the  purchase  of  the  Quinta  CabciUero, 

PERU. 

By  a  governmental  decree  of  the  26th  of  November,  1919,  it  was 
provided  that  permission  for  the  COINAGE  OF  PESOS  REPRE- 
SENTING  ONE-FIFTH  OF  A  PERUVIAN  POUND  should  be 
granted  only  to  those  banks  now  in  existence  in  the  coimtry  which 
apply  for  it  in  order  to  meet  the  demands  of  the  monetary  circulation. 
All  previous  permissions  granted  expired  on  the  31st  of  January, 
1919. 

During  the  period  from  the  1st  of  July,  1918,  to  the  30th  of  June, 

1919,  the  COLLECTIONS  OF  THE  PERUVIAN  CORPORATION 
(LTD.),  amounted  to  12,419,155  soles,  against  12,524,030  soles  which 
were  collected  during  the  year  1917-18,  showing  a  decrease  of  104,- 
865  soles. 

Under  a  law  of  December  15,  1919,  the  President  was  authorized 
to  provide  for  a  LOAN  for  such  an  amoimt  as  might  be  necessary 
to  install  works  of  sanitation  in  the  city  of  Lima.  The  loan  is  to  be 
guaranteed  by  the  following  national  and  municipal  incomes:  That 
of  the  potable  water  service  of  the  city;  of  the  excise  taxes  derived 
from  the  sewer  system  and  paving;  of  the  subsidy  of  the  departmental 
board;  and  the  balance  derived  from  the  budget  of  Lima. 

At  a  session  held  on  the  19th  of  December,  1919,  the  SOCIETY  OF 
PUBLIC  CHARITY  of  Lima  approved  the  tentative  budget  for 

1920,  which  estimates  receipts  of  £178,481  Peruvian  and  expendi- 
tiu'es  of  £174,323  Peruvian,  plus  £4,158  for  unforeseen  expenses. 

According  to  newspaper  reports  the  Peruvian  Steamship  Co. 
recently  secured  the  CANCELLATION  OF  THE  PARIS  LOAN 
which  had  been  contracted  in  1909.  This  loan  amounted  to  350,000 
Peruvian  poimds,  and  the  proceeds  were  appUed  to  the  steamers 
MarUaro,  Panchiteaj  and  Urubamba.  The  balance  amoimted  to 
£300,680,  which  has  just  been  entirely  settled. 


344  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

SALVADOR. 

The  Salvadorean  press  announces  that  in  accordance  with  the  new 
monetary  law  established  the  NEW  BANK  NOTES  of  Salvador  will 
be  printed  in  the  United  States,  and  the  banks  have  agreed  with  the 
Government  in  regard  to  the  legends  to  be  inscribed  thereon.  In 
accordance  with  the  aforesaid  law  the  bills  now  in  circulation  which 
have  the  value  of  coined  silver,  colones  (colon  equals  $0.50),  wül  be 
exchanged  for  bills  which  Jiave  the  value  of  coined  gold,  in  the  ratio 
of  50  cents  American  gold  for  each  Salvadorean  colon. 

During  the  third  quarter  of  19 19  the  total  revenue  from  the  SEALED 
PAPER  AND  STAMP  TAX  was  133,113  colones,  as  against  a  total 
of  100,373  colones  in  the  corresponding  period  of  1918. 

The  ministry  of  the  treasury  and  pubUc  credit  has  published  a  table 
of  the  IMPORTATIONS  OF  COINED  GOLD  FROM  1904  to  1919, 
showing  that  in  15  years  $4,283,540  were  imported  in  5,  10,  and  20 
dollar  gold  pieces;  6,811,000  colones  in  pieces  of  50  centavos  and  100 
centavos  made  of  90  per  cent  silver;  1,050,000  colones  in  5,  10,  20, 
and  25  centavo  pieces  of  83.5  per  cent  silver;  85,080  colones  in  1-centavo 
nickle  pieces;  111,000  colones  in  3-cent  nickle  pieces;  and  400,000 
colones  in  5-centavo  pieces.  Changing  the  4,285,540  dollars  to  colones 
at  100  per  cent  gives  a  total  of  8,567,080  colones,  which,  added  to  the 
8,457,080  colones  representing  the  other  importations  gives  k  grand 
total  of  17,024,160  colones,  or  the  total  value  of  the  money  imported 
by  the  country  during  the  past  15  years.  Of  the  7,861,000  colones 
imported  in  coined  silver  as  above  noted  3,216,530  colones  have  been 
exported  since  the  monetary  law  went  into  effect,  2,729,730  colones 
being  exported  by  the  banfca  and  486,800  colones  by  individuals. 

The  printers'  union  of  the  National  Printing  Office,  founded  recently 
in  San  Salvador,  has  established  a  COOPERATIVE  SAVINGS 
FUND  and  mutual  aid  for  its  members.  According  to  the  statutes 
of  the  society  not  only  printers  of  the  Government  printing  office  but 
all  the  printers  in  the  coimtry  may  be  members. 

URUGUAY. 

In  November,  1919,  the  TAXES  ON  CIGARS  and  cigarettes 
amoimted  to  138,673  pesos,  as  compared  with  103,421  pesos  during 
the  same  month  of  1918. 

A  branch  of  the  ROYAL  BANK  OF  CANADA  was  opened  in 
Montevideo  on  December  4,  1919. 

In  November,  1919,  the  CUSTOMS  RECEIPTS  totaled  1,360,138 
pesos,  or  559,144  pesos  more  than  those  of  the  same  month  of  1918. 

During  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,   1919,   the  RAILWAY 
RECEIPTS  were  10,156,034  pesos,  as  compared  with  8,624,732  pesos 
collected  during  the  previous  fiscal  year.     The  gross  earnings  of  the 
Central  Railway  were  875,000  pesos;  of  the  Eastern  Railway,  128,175 
pesos;  and  of  the  Northern  Railway,  105,890  pesos. 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIKS.  345 

In  November,  1919,  the  BANK  of  the  Republic  had  a  capital  of 
16,741,060  pesos;  gold  coin  amounting  to  53,627,758  pesos;  silver 
coin,  2,434,180  pesos;  deposits  in  accoimt  total  current,  31,640,340 
pesos;  and  savings  accounts,  16,701,790  pesos.  The  total  capital  of 
Uruguayan  and  foreign  banks  on  the  date  mentioned  was  33,870,072 
pesos;  the  total  coined  gold,  60,557,072  pesos;  the  total  accoimt- 
current  deposits,  68,957,858  pesos;  and  the  total  savings  accounts, 
48,289,763  pesos. 

VENEZUELA. 

The  BANCO  DE  VENEZUELA  in  the  statement  issued  on  October 
31,  1919,  has  passed  the  100,000,000  boUvar  mark,  (bolivar  equals 
$0.1930),  which  marks  an  epoch  in  the  banking  history  of  the  coimtry. 
This  bank  began  operations  in  1890  with  a  capital  of  8,000,000  boU- 
vars  and  its  first  statement  shows  the  handling  of  16,784,919  boUvars. 
It  has  at  present  a  capital  of  12,000,000  bolivars,  and,  according  to 
the  last  statement,  issued  October  31,  1919,  it  handled  102,612,841 
bolivars,  showing  that  in  the  29  years  of  its  estabUshment  its  capital 
has  increased  4,000,000  bolivars  and  its  basiness  85,827,922  boUvars. 
An  interesting  feature  of  the  statement  is  the  increase  in  the  amount 
of  accoimts  current.  The  statement  of  December,  1890,  showed  a 
total  of  3,583,395  bolivars  in  total  accounts  current,  and  the  state- 
ment of  October,  1919,  showed  12,591,283  bolivars.  Cash  on  hand  in 
December,  1890,  amounted  to  4,153,736  bolivars,  while  in  October, 
1919,  it  amounted  to  50,650,488  bolivars,  of  which  45,157,345  were 
in  gold.     This  bank  has  about  30  branches  throughout  the  Republic. 

The  Caracas  newspapers  state  the  National  City  Bank  of  New 
York  has  opened  a  BRANCH  in  Ciudad  Bolivar,  which  is  the  commer- 
cial center  of  Guayana  and  other  rich  regions  of  the  Republic. 

The  receipts  of  the  COMPAÑÍA  VENEZOLANA  DE  NAVEGA- 
CIÓN for  the  first  six  months  of  1919  amounted  to  1,189,515  bolivars, 
as  against  729,831  bolivars  in  the  corresponding  period  of  the  pre- 
vious year. 

According  to  official  figures  the  FOREIGN  DEBT  of  the  Republic 
of  Venezuela,  which  on  December  31,  1918,  amounted  to  96,456,796 
bolivars,  on  June  30,  1919,  was  reduced  to  93,952,410  bolivars, 
showing  that  in  the  first  six  months  of  1919,  2,504,385  bolivars  were 
paid. 

According  to  a  table  pubUshed  by  the  Bulletin  of  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce  of  Caracas  to  show  the  increase  of  the  ISSUE  OF  BILLS 
by  the  Banco  de  Venezuela  and  the  Banco  de  Caracas  in  the  last  20 
years,  the  Banco  de  Venezuela,  the  most  important  of  the  Republic, 
which  in  1900  only  had  bills  to  the  value  of  1,667,600  bolivars  in 
circulation,  at  the  end  of  1910  had  increased  the  circulation  to 
3,780,000  bolivars,  and  at  the  end  of  1915  had  bills  to  the  amount  of 
21,096,000  bolivars  in  circulation.     The  Banco  de  Caracas,  which 


346 


THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 


in  1900  had  a  circulation  of  bills  to  the  value  of  1,003,760  bolivars,  in 
1910  had  increased  the  issue  to  1,824,400  bolivars,  and  at  the  close 
of  1919  to  5,200,000  bolivars.  The  congress  of  1918  modified  the 
banking  law  so  as  to  permit  banks  to  issue  bills  to  three  times  the 
amount  of  their  capital  provided  that  the  amount  of  the  same  in 
excess  of  double  the  capital  shall  be  represented  by  gold  in  the 
reserve. 


--a 


INTERNATIONAL 
i#  TREATIES 


9 


BOLIVIA-COLOMBIA. 


On  November  13,  1919,  the  Congress  of  the  Republic  of  Colombia 
approved  the  GENERAL  ARBITRATION  TREATY  concluded 
in  Bogota  between  Bolivia  and  Colombia  on  November  13,  1918. 


COLOMBIA. 


By  a  decree  of  November  3,  1919,  promulgated  on  the  4th  of  the 
same  month,  the  Colombian  congress  authorized  the  executive  power 
to  adhere,  in  the  name  of  the  Republic,  to  the  League  of  Nations  of 
the  Versailles  Peace  Conference. 


UNITED   STATES-GUATEMALA. 

The  CONVENTION  FOR  THE  ESTABLISHMENT  OF  A  GOLD 
FUND  IN  CUSTODY  between  the  United  States  and  Guatemala 
was  signed  in  Guatemala  City  on  December  4,  1919.  This  treaty  is 
similar  to  the  one  recently  made  by  the  United  States  with  Paraguay. 

HAITI. 

The  Swiss  Federal  Council,  under  date  of  December  1,  1919, 
notified  the  Department  of  State  that  one  year  having  passed  without 
any  objection  being  offered  on  the  part  of  the  contracting  powers,  the 
adherence  of  the  Republic  of  Haiti  to  the  GENEVA  CONVENTION 
of  July  6,  1906,  for  the  amelioration  of  the  condition  of  the  sick  and 
wounded  in  armies  in  the  field,  has  become  final. 

PANAMA. 

The  national  assembly  of  Panama  approved  on  January  8  last 
the  Versailles  TREATY  OF  PEACE  signed  on  June  28,  1919,  by 
the  representatives  of  Panama  and  other-  allied  nations,  and  the 
representatives  of  Germany. 


INTERNATIONAL  TREATIES.  347 

PARAGUAY. 

On  November  18  last  a  TREATY  OF  FRIENDSfflP,  COM- 
MERCE, AND  NAVIGATION  was  signed  at  Asuncion  by  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Governments  of  Paraguay  and  Japan.  Under  this 
treaty  citizens  and  subjects  of  the  contracting  countries  enjoy  the 
same  privileges  as  those  of  the  jnost  favored  nations,  in  so  far  as  con- 
cerns work,  residence,  industry,  and  manufactures,  and  have  the 
same  rights  to  trade  and  negotiate  in  all  articles  of  lawful  commerce 
in  the  respective  countries  as  citizens  of  said  countries  have.  Citizens 
and  subjects  of  the  contracting  nations  have  the  same  rights,  liberties, 
and  exemptions  as  citizens  and  subjects  of  the  most  favored  nation 
concerning  the  ownership  and  transmission  by  inheritance  of  per- 
sonal property,  and  may  acquire  and  possess  real  property  in  accord- 
ance with  the  laws  of  the  respective  countries.  Products  or  articles 
imported  shall  pay  the  lowest  duties  applicable  to  similar  articles 
imported  from  other  coimtries,  and  it  is  agreed,  as  to  industry  and 
commerce,  that  the  privileges  and  exemptions  which  may  be  granted 
to  citizens  or  subjects  of  any  other  State  shall  apply  to  the  con- 
tracting nations.  The  treaty  is  to  remain  in  force  one  year  after  it 
has  been  denounced  by  either  of  the  contracting  coimtries. 

PERU. 

On  November  3,  1919,  a  PARCEL  POST  CONVENTION  was 
signed  in  Lima  between  the  representatives  of  Panama  and  Peru. 
Under  this  convention  parcels  without  a  declared  value,  weighing 
not  more  than  5  kilos  and  whose  greatest  dimension  does  not  exceed 
60  centimeters,  are  mailable  to  either  of  the  contracting  countries. 
The  convention  is  to  remain  in  force  imtil  one  year  after  it  has  been 
denounced  by  either  of  the  contracting  powers,  or  imtil  the  Republic 
of  Panama  adheres  to  the  convention  of  Rome  of  May  6,  1906. 

URUGUAY. 

According  to  information  from  the  Swiss  Federal  Council  the 
Republic  of  Uruguay  formally  deposited  on  November  25,  1919,  its 
ratification  of  the  GENEVA  CONVENTION  of  July  6,  1906,  for  the 
amelioration  of  the  condition  of  the  sick  and  wounded  in  armies  in 
the  field. 


SP 


LEGISLATION 


COLOMBIA. 

On  December  30  last  the  new  laW  concerning  DEPOSITS  OF 
HYDROCARBONS,  comprising  subterranean .  deposits  of  mineral 
oils,  such  as  petroleum,  natural  gas  from  same,  bitumen,  asphalt, 
fossil  wax,  and  resins,  was  promulgated.  This  law  is  not  applicable 
to  asphalt  deposits  whose  output  is  for  the  manufacture  of  sub- 
stances for  use  in  Colombia. 

The  law  divides  the  Republic  into  three  zones.  The  first  zone 
covers  deposits  not  over  200  kilometers  distant  from  the  sea,  and 
places  a  minimum  tax  of  10  per  cent  on  the  gross  output  of  same. 
The  second  zone  comprises  deposits  more  than  200  kilometers  and 
not  over  400  kilometers  from  the  sea,  the  minimum  tax  on  the  out- 
put being  8  per  cent,  and  the  third  zone  comprises  deposits  situated 
more  than  400  kilometers  from  the  sea,  the  gross  output  of  which  is 
subject  to  a  tax  of  6  per  cent.  In  contracts  made  in  accordance  with 
this  law  the  minimum  tax  is  to  be  increased  one  imit  for  every  10 
years  of  exploitation.  Leases  of  deposits  of  hydrocarbons  on  Govern- 
ment lands,  and  on  lands  which  have  been  redeemed  or  acquired  by 
the  State,  are  subject  to  an  additional  tax  of  10  cents  per  hectare  the 
first  year;  20  cents  per  hectare  the  second  year:  50  cents  per  hectare 
the  third  year;  and  $1  per  hectare  the  fourth  and  subsequent  years 
until  the  expiration  of  the  lease.  Lands  other  than  those  mentioned 
in  the  foregoing  are  not  subject  to  these  additional  payments  per 
hectare,  but  only  to  the  zone  taxes. 

Foreigners  interested  in  the  exploitation  of  hydrocarbons  must 
expressly  declare  that  they  subject  themselves  to  the  provisions  of 
law  145  of  1888  concerning  foreigners  and  their  naturalization,  and  to 
^ch  other  provisions  as  may  be  added  thereto.  The  right  to  ex- 
ploit deposits  on  government  lands,  or  on  lands  which  may  be 
redeemed  or  acquired  by  the  State,  may  be  granted,  in  accordance 
with  the  provisions  of  this  law,  to  any  natural  or  juridic  person 
capable  of  contracting.  With  the  approval  of  the  Government  the 
concessionaire  may  transfer  or  sublet  the  lease,  and  if  this  be  to  a 
foreigner  he  must  agree  to  the  law  concerning  foreigners. 

Prospecting  on  adjudicable  government  lands  is  free,  but  a  permit 
must  be  obtained  to  prospect  on  nonadjudicable  government  lands 
and  on  redeemed  lands  or  which  may  be  acquired  by  the  Govern- 
ment. Persons  desiring  to  acquire  for  exploitation  the  deposits 
covered  by  this  law  shall  apply  to  the  department  of  public  works. 
If  there  is  only  one  applicant  the  contract  may  be  made  with  him 

348 


LEGISLATION.  349 

provided  the  treasury  board  and  the  board  of  mmisters  agree  thereto. 
If  there  is  more  than  one  applicant  the  one  who  discovered  the  de- 
posit, if  there  be  such,  shall  be  preferred,  otherwise  the  Government 
may  select  the  one  it  deems  most  desirable. 

Legitimate  rights  acquired  before  the  passage  of  this  law  are  not 
affected  by  contracts  made  under  it,  and  the  State  is  not  responsible 
for  any  damages  or  limitations  in  the  enjoyment  of  a  lease  arising 
from  the  legal  exercise  of  such  rights.  The  lease  forbids,  among 
other  things,  a  transfer  or  sublease  to  foreign  governments,  or  the 
acceptance  of  such  as  partners,  imder  the  penalty  of  a  forfeiture  of 
the  contract  ipso  facto.  The  State  reserves  to  itself  the  exploitation 
of  substances  such  as  radium  or  helio-radiimi. 

On  November  19,  1919,  ^  LAW  œNCERNING  STRIKES  was 
promulgated.  Under  this  law  employees,  workmen  and  laborers, 
on  the  one  hand,  and  employers  on  the  other,  may  select  arbitrators 
or  form  arbitration  courts  for  the  settlement  of  their  disputes,  and 
the  decisions  of  these  are  final.  Government  employees  who  leave 
their  employment  under  the  pretext  of  a  strike  shall  suffer  the 
penalty  prescribed  in  the  penal  code  for  abandonment  of  work,  plus 
an  increase  of  one-fourth.  The  regular  courts  shall  render  but  one 
decision  on  the  controversies  and  doubts  whiph  may  arise  from  the 
interpretation  which  the  parties  may  give  to  signed  proceedings  for 
the  termination  of  strikes.  Owners  of  factories,  or  of  industrial  or 
agricidtural  enterprises,  shall  not  close  same  without  giving  at  least 
one  month's  notice  to  their  workmen,  except  in  case  of  force  majeure 
or  unavoidable  circumstances.  Foreigners  who  take  part  in  mutinies, 
or  riots,  under  the  pretext  of  a  strike,  in  addition  to  their  legal 
responsibilities,  shall  be  expelled  from  the  coimtry.  Port  and 
frontier  officials  shall  prevent  entry  into  the  national  territory  of 
foreigners  who  have  not  authentic  passports,  viséed  by  the  proper 
consuls,  and  who  may  be  suspected  of  constituting  a  danger  to  the 
order  or  security  of  the  Republic. 

DOMINICAN   REPUBLIC. 

On  December  9,  1919,  the  Military  Government  promulgated  a 
law  concerning  the  FORESTAL  SERVICE  of  the  Republic. 

A  SANITATION  LAW,  which  repeals  former  laws  and  orders 
contrary  thereto,  was  promulgated  on  October  13,  1919.  A  depart- 
ment of  sanitation  and  charity  is  established  and  is  placed  in  charge 
of  this  branch  of  the  Government's  activities. 

PERU. 

The  President  of  the  Republic,  under  date  of  December  10,  1919, 
issued  a  decree  concerning  the  ADMISSION  OF  FOREIGNERS, 
which  decree  regulates  the  one  of  June  9  of  the  same  year.  The 
section  of  passports  and  the  general  police  bureau  are  charged  with 


350  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

the  examination  and  approval  of  the  passports  of  foreigners  who 
enter  the  Republic.  No  foreigner  can  land  in  Peru  without  a  pass- 
port containing  the  usual  data,  accompanied  by  a  photograph  and 
signature  of  the  bearer.  Passports  must  be  legalized  by  the  proper 
Peruvian  legation,  or,  in  the  absence  of  a  legation,  of  the  consulate 
at  the  port  of  embarkation.  Port  captains  and  maritime  officials 
will  prevent  the  landing  of  foreigners  who  have  been  expelled  from 
Peru  and  who  desire  to  return  to  the  Republic. 


^  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION  „ 
-   k  ANBEDUCATION  ¿   " 

ARGENTINA. 

On  December  22,  1919,  the  municipal  council  of  Buenos  Aires 
passed  an  ordinance  providing  for  the  establishment  of  a  PRACTI- 
CAL SCHOOL  OF  AVICULTURE  annexed  to  the  zoologie  gar- 
den. The  plan  of  work,  curriculmn,  etc.,  are  to  be  formulated  and 
submitted  to  the  mayor  for  approval.  During  the  apprentice  period 
pupils  of  the  school  are  required  to  give  their  services  to  the  school 
gratuitously.  On  the  completion  of  the  course  a  diploma  of  prac- 
tical aviculturist  will  be  given. 

The  national  board  of  education  has  approved  the  rules  and  regu- 
lations of  a  special  course  of  PHYSICAL  EDUCATION.  Provision 
is  made  for  the  installation  of  physical-exercise  grounds  near  the 
public  schools,  the  equipment  of  same,  and  the  appointment  of 
teachers. 

The  INDUSTRIAL  SCHOOL  of  the  nation  in  Buenos  Aires  re- 
cently graduated  16  technical  mechanics,  14  electric  engineers,  9 
technical  constructors,  and  12  industrial  chemists. 

On  December  21,  1919,  a  meeting  of  the  professors  and  pupils  of 
the  NATIONAL  COLLEGE  of  Buenos  Aires  was  held  in  the  na- 
tional capital.  It  was  decided  to  definitely  annex  this  college  to  the 
National  University.  The  National  College  has  been  in  existence 
since  the  colonial  period. 

In  January  and  February  last  the  YOUNG  MEN'S  CHRISTIAN 
ASSOCIATION  met  in  five  summer  camps  not  far  from  Buenos 
Aires.  Games,  sports,  scientific  excursions,  fishing,  swimming,  music, 
etc.,  were  the  principal  features  of  the  meetings. 

BOLIVIA. 

Mr.  Sturgis  E.  Leavitt,  the  professor  commissioned  by  Harvard  to 
arrange  the  plan  for  the  INTERCHANGE  OF  PROFESSORS  AND 
STUDENTS  with  Bolivia,  has  arrived  in  La  Paz. 


PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION  AND  EDUCATION.  351 

The  latter  part  of  December  a  BOARDING  SCHOOL  for  young 
ladies  was  established  in  La  Paz.  The  principal  of  the  school  is 
Señora  Esther  V.  de  Pérou,  who  has  made  the  following  conditions 
for  entrance  into  the  school:  The  student  must  present  a  certificate 
of  satisfactory  conduct,  morality,  and  aptitude  from  the  school  previ- 
ously attended;  must  be  vaccinated  and  free  from  contagious  dis- 
eases; and  must  have  a  guardian  who  has  an  interest  in  the  welfare 
of  the  student. 

CHILE. 

On  November  30,  1919,  a  REFORMATORY  SCHOOL  for  gbls 
was  opened  in  Santiago. 

The  President  has  approved  the  curriculimi  and  rules  and  regula- 
tions of  the  TECHNICAL  SCHOOL.  The  course  of  study  is  now 
three  years.  Graduates  from  this  school  will  be  given  employment 
as  assistants  to  government  engineers  engaged  in  the  construction 
and  inspection  of  engineering  works. 

A  communication  from  the  Bureau  of  Public  Works  states  that  up 
to  December  5, 1919,  the  smn  of  10,474,171  pesos  had  been  invested  in 
the  ERECTION  OF  SCHOOL  BUILDINGS. 

The  Chilean  Government  has  sent  N.  Alliende  Castro  to  the  Argen- 
tine Republic  to  study  the  SCHOOLS  OF  ARTS  AND  CRAFTS  of 
that  country,  and  to  study  and  report  upon  the  weaving  industry  in 
Salta. 

Congress  has  appropriated  100,000  pesos  for  the  completion  and 
equipment  of  the  ANATOMY  BUILDING  of  the  medical  school, 
and  2,000,000  pesos  for  the  construction  of  the  building  for  the  school 
of  engineering  and  architecture  in  Santiago. 

In  December  last  the  UNIVERSITY  OF  CONCEPCIÓN,  which 
was  recently  founded  in  the  city  of  Concepción,  held  its  conmience- 
ment  exercises.  Among  the  subjects  taught  are  advanced  English, 
dental  surgery,  pharmacy,  and  mdustrial  chemistry. 

COLOMBIA. 

Law  No.  5L  of  November  5,  1919,  concedes  a  subsidy  of  10,000 
pesos  in  installments  of  500  pesos  for  the  establishment  of  a  COURSE 
IN  AGRICULTURE  AND  INDUSTRIES  m  the  University  of 
Narifio  in  accordance  with  the  needs  of  the  department.  The  monthly 
subsidy  received  by  this  college  from  the  treasury  has  been  raised 
to  500  pesos.  This  same  law  also  subsidizes  the  following  colleges: 
Colegio  de  San  Pedro  Claver  of  Bucaramanga,  4,500  pesos;  Colegio 
de  Ocafia,  720  pesos;  Colegio  de  San  José,  of  Pamplona,  720  pesos; 
Colegio  de  San  José  of  Guanentá,  720  pesos;  Colegio  de  Varones  de 
Vêlez,  720  pesos;  Colegio  de  Varones  de  Zapateca,  600  pesos;  and 
the  Colegio  Municipal  de  Señoritas  de  Málaga,  600  pesos. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  ARTS  AND  CRAFTS  SCHOOL  OF 
CUNDINAMARCA  has  over  300  pupils  and  can  not  admit  more  for 


352  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

lack  of  space,  congress  passed  a  law  on  November  27,  1919,  appro- 
priating the  sum  of  30,000  pesos  for  the  subsidy  created  by  article 
6  of  law  31,  1917,  for  the  construction  of  a  building  for  the  school  in 
the  capital  of  the  Republic. 

COSTA  RICA. 

In  a  communication  sent  on  January  2  last  by  the  secretary  of 
public  instruction  of  Costa  Rica  to  the  assistant  secretary  of  public 
instruction  of  Nicaragua  concerning  expenditures  for  PUBLIC 
INSTRUCTION  IN  COSTA  RICA,  the  statement  is  made  that  the 
annual  disbursements  by  the  State  for  this  purpose  is  now  1,540,000 
colones.  The  board  of  education  and  the  school  directors  supply 
money  for  desks  and  instruction  materials,  equipment  for  indigent 
children,  school  kitchens,  etc.,  out  of  fimds  at  their  disposal  and  from 
their  own  revenues.  One  of  the  most  important  of  these  is  the  build- 
ing fimd  known  as  the  national  educational  fund,  which  at  present 
amounts  in  cash  to  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  million  colones. 

In  accordance  with  a  decree  of  December  13,  1919,  the  executive 
power  DONATED  A  BUILDING  in  the  national  capital,  belonging 
to  the  State,  to  the  board  of  education  of  San  Jose  to  be  used  exclu- 
sively for  schools. 

CUBA. 

The  department  of  pubhc  instruction  is  preparing  a  new  ENGLISH' 
COURSE  for  the  public  schools,  which  will  begin  in  the  second  grade 
and  continue  up  to  the  eighth  grade. 

The  SECOND  CONGRESS  OF  NORMAL  SCHOOLS,  which  took 
place  on  December  29,  1919,  in  Santiago  de  Cuba,  discussed  educa- 
tional matters  and  methods  of  improving  the  course  of  study. 

On  January  13  of  the  present  year  the  department  of  pubUc  instruc- 
tion authorized  the  establishment  of  a  PRIVATE  SCHOOL  in  the 
town  of  Cartagena,  Province  of  Santa  Clara.  The  name  of  the  school 
will  be  El  Amparo. 

About  the  middle  of  January  a  CONSULAR  SCHOOL  was  opened 
in  the  National  University,  where  those  who  desire  to  .enter  the  con- 
sular service  may  learn  all  the  necessary  subjects,  such  as  commerce, 
Cuban  laws,  economics,  etc.  AU  consuls  will  be  obliged  to  take  this 
course. 

DOMINICAN   REPUBLIC. 

The  university  council  on  December  10  passed  a  resolution  stating 
that  UNIVERSITY  EXAMINATIONS  m  courses  for  special  stu- 
dents should  take  place  in  July  or  October,  and  after  passing  the 
examination  in  a  course  the  students,  special  or  registered,  should  not 
be  allowed  to  present  themselves  for  examination  in  the  next  higher 
course  until  the  end  of  a  civil  year. 

On  December  22,  1919,  there  was  a  MEETING  OF  SCHOOL 
SUPERINTENDENTS  in  the  city  of  Santo  Domingo.    The  object 


PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION  AND  EDUCATION.  353 

of  the  meeting  was  to  arrange  the  work  for  the  school  year  of  1920 
and  the  national  budget  for  public  instruction. 

The  municipality  of  Sabaneta,  Province  of  Monte  Cristy,  has  asked 
for  bids  for  the  construction  of  two  schoolhouses,  to  be  built  of  con- 
crete according  to  the  plans  held  by  the  municipality. 

The  department  of  health  and  public  charity  recently  ruled  that 
to  be  admitted  to  the  PHARMACY  COURSE  the  candidate  must  be 
examined  in  the  following  subjects:  Elementary  grammar,  arithme- 
tic, elementary  physics,  botany,  toxicology,  general  geography,  gen- 
eral and  national  history. 

ECUADOR. 

Congress  has  authorized  the  governing  boards  of  the  NATIONAL 
COLLEGES  (Bolivar  College  at  Ambato  and  Maldonado  College  at 
Riobamba)  to  proceed  with  the  construction  of  the  buildings  for 
these  institutions  and  to  provide  them  with  the  furniture,  labora- 
tories, and  equipment  necessary  for  teaching,  and  assigning  the  neces- 
sary fimds  therefor. 

Through  the  Ecuador  legation  in  Paris  the  directorate  general  of 
promotion  of  agriculture  has  engaged  a  FRENCH  PROFESSOR  OF 
HORTICULTURE  and  viticulture  for  the  agricultural  experiment 
station  at  Ambato. 

A  NIGHT  SCHOOL  FOR  WORKMEN  has  been  founded  in  Quito, 
and  named  after  the  distinguished  philanthropist,  Hector  Vaca. 

The  tax  of  one-half  centavo  per  kilogram  gross  weight  imposed  on 
articles  exported  through  the  customs  of  Puerto  Bohvar  is  to  be  used 
for  the  repah-  of  the  building  of  the  COLLEGE  OF  THE  9th  OF 
OCTOBER  of  Máchala,  and  for  the  purchase  of  equipment  for  the 
courses  of  physics  and  natural  sciences. 

According  to  a  contract  made  by  the  ministry  of  public  instruc- 
tion, Carlos  Rintelen,  a  German,  is  engaged  to  teach  the  course  of 
ELECTRIC  TRACTION  in  the  school  of  sciences  in  the  Universi- 
dad  Central. 

OUATEMALA. 

On  November  30,  1919,  construction  was  begtm  on  the  PUBLIC 
SCHOOL  BUILDINGS  at  San  Joaquin  Villa  Canales.  The  comer- 
stone  was  laid  by  the  President  of  the  Republic  with  appropriate 
ceremonies. 

A  LICEO  FOR  GIRLS  has  just  been  established  in  the  city  of 
Guatemala  imder  the  direction  of  Miss  Ofelia  Rodriguez  Cerna. 
The  curriculum  comprises  moral,  intellectual,  physical,  and  religious 
instruction. 

HAITI. 

The  secretary  of  public  instruction  has  decreed  the  establishment 
of  a  course  in  DOMESTIC  SCIENCE  which  will  be  given  in  the 
Elie-Dubois  School.  All  girls  over  13  years  of  age  may  be  admitted 
to  this  course,  which  will  extend  over  a  period  of  two  years. 


354  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

HONDURAS. 

The  departmental  government  of  Tegucigalpa  recently  ordered 
the  takmg  of  a  SCHOOL  CENSUS  in  the  mmiicipalities  of  the  depart- 
ment, and  preparations  have  already  been  b^mi. 

The  director  of  the  NATIONAL  SCHOOL  OF  ARTS  AND 
CRAFTS  has  announced  the  requirements  for  a  pupil  to  obtain  a 
scholarship  as  follows:  The  student  must  be  between  14  and  18 
years  of  age;  he  must  have  passed  the  five  grades  of  primary  instruc- 
tion ;  he  must  have  certificates  of  good  conduct  and  health  and  physi- 
cal fitness;  he  must  pass  a  written  and  oral  examination  in  the  ele- 
ments of  arithmetic  and  the  Spanish  language;  students  who  win 
scholarships  will  be  lodged  in  the  institution  and  their  allowance  will 
pay  for  their  maintenance. 

MEXICO. 

The  general  board  of  public  education  has  just  drafted  and  ap- 
proved a  new  CURRICULUM  for  the  National  Preparatory  School 
of  the  City  of  Mexico. 

The  opening  of  the  new  CLASSES  IN  MECHANICS,  AGRI- 
CULTURE, VETERINARY  TRAINING,  AND  AGRONOMY  took 
place  on  the  14th  of  last  January  at  the  department  of  agriculture, 
th^  director  of  that  institution  presiding.  Nearly  200  students  have 
enrolled  in  these  classes. 

At  the  request  of  the  governor  of  the  State  of  Michoacan  the  State 
legislat\u*e  voted  an  appropriation  of  10,000  pesos  to  be  applied  by 
each  Indian  town  of  that  State  for  the  purpose  of  sending  a  child  to 
the  schools  of  Morelia,  all  of  the  expenses  to  be  paid  from  this  fund. 
This  measure  has  produced  excellent  results,  many  pupils  already 
having  arrived,  some  enrolling  in  the  primary  grades  and  others  in 
the  free  University  of  San  Nicolas  of  Hidalgo. 

NICARAGUA. 

The  President  of  the  Republic  has  given  instructions  to  the  Nicara- 
guan  consuls  in  the  United  States  to  see  that  Nicaraguan  medical 
students  give  special  attention  to  the  STUDY  OF  SANITATION  of 
cities  so  that  the  country  may  profit  thereby. 

Presidential  decree  of  November  14,  1919,  makes  some  changes  in 
the  rules  governing  the  COURSE  OF  MEDICINE  as  laid  down 
April  19,  1917,  in  order  to  perfect  the  clinical  course,  stimulate  a 
desire  to  study  medicine,  and  prevent  the  illegal  practice  of  medicine 
in  the  Republic. 

PARAGUAY. 

In  a  meeting  held  about  the  middle  of  November,   1919,  the 

teachers'  association  decided  to  organize  a  CORPS  OF  AUXILIARY 

TEACHERS  from  the  advanced  pupils.    The  members  of  this  corps 

after  some  years  of  experience  in  teaching  mav  take  the  place  of 
teachers  when  the  latter  are  pensioned  or  retired. 


PUBUO  INSTRUCTION  AND  EDUCATION.  355 

Presidential  decree  of  November  24,  1919,  approved  a  NEW 
CURRICULUM  FOR  COUNTRY  SCHOOLS  of  the  primary  and 
elemental  grades.  The  objects  of  this  new  plan  of  studies  is  to 
divide  the  subjects  so  that  there  may  be  a  suitable  distribution  and 
correlation  of  courses. 

In  a  meeting  held  on  December  17,  1919,  the  national  council 
of  education  decided  to  adopt,  as  a  NATIONAL  TEXTBOOK 
for  rix  years,  the  work  of  Señor  Fermín  Domínguez,  called  ^Toesías 
Escolares." 

By  a  decree  issued  the  middle  of  December,  1919,  the  ministry  of 
justice,  culture,  and  public  instruction  assigned  to  the  SCHOOL 
COMMITTEE  of  the  Gen.  Diaz  ward  of  the  capital  the  sum  of  30,000 
pesos,  ciUTency. 

An  American  missionary  society  has  just  bought  a  piece  of  groimd 
to  build  a  SCHOOL  for  150  pupils.  The  school  will  be  contained  in 
two  buildings,  together  worth  $114,000,  and  all  equipment  and 
fixtures  will  be  purchased  in  the  United  States. 

PERU. 

The  Government  of  Peru  has  just  issued  the  necessary  provision 
for  the  construction  of  several  EDUCATIONAL  CENTERS  in  the 
Department  of  Cuzco,  for  which  an  appropriation  of  40,000  soles  has 
been  made. 

The  Government  of  Argentina  recently  offered  additional 
SCHOIiARSHIPS  TO  YOUNG  PERXAOAJi  MEN  who  might  be 
desirous  of  foUowing^upX their  studies  in  the  Argentine  Repubhc. 
The  scholarships  in  question  will  be  granted  for  the  agricultural 
schools  of  Casilda,  Tucuman,  Cordoba,  and  Mendoza. 

The  President  issued  a  decree  on  the  13th  of  December,  1919,  re- 
lating to  STUDENTS  RECEIVING  A  PENSION  ABROAD  which 
contained  the  following  provisions:  (1)  Pensions  will  be  imderstood 
to  be  for  the  term  of  one  year  and  for  such  extension  of  time  as  may 
be  agreed  upon;  (2)  the  quarterly  report  made  by  consuls  designated 
for  the  purpose  will  be  taken  into  consideration  when  a  continuation 
of  the  pension  is  requested;  (3)  the  student  who  receives  a  pension  is 
required  to  render  service  for  a  term  equal  to  that  during  which  the 
pension  was  received,  in  such  trade  or  profession  as  may  be  acquired; 
and  in  order  to  guarantee  the  compliance  with  the  foregoing  clause 
the  parents  or  attorneys  shall  deposit  a  bond  for  reimbursement  to 
the  State  of  the  amount  of  the  pension  received  in  case  of  the  failure 
of  the  student  to  render  such  service. 

By  a  decree  under  date  of  September  20, 1919,  the  President  ordered 
a  contract  to  be  entered  into  with  a  group  of  instructors  for  the 
establishment  of  a  SCHOOL  FOR  POUCE,  created  by  the  law  of 
August  17,  1919.  These  instructors  are  to  be  engaged  in  Spain,  and 
will  be  composed  of  a  director,  an  assistant  director,  two  vigilance 

163845--2(>--Bull.  3 8 


356  THE  PAN  AMEMCAK   UNION. 

captainS;  two  safety  captainS;  and  two  captains  of  the  Benemérita 
Espaûola. 

The  Peruvian  Government  has  just  designated  Dr.  Humberto 
N^rón  to  study  the  EDUCATIONAIi  SYSTEMS  employed  in  the 
principal  European  coimtries,  the  application  of  which  might  be  use- 
ful for  the  educational  advancement  of  Peru. 

SALVADOR. 

The  national  committee  of  physical  culture,  whose  President  is  Dr. 
Alfonso  Quiñones  Molina,  will  promote  sports  and  carry  out  a  course 
of  physical  culture  for  the  physical  development  of  the  students,  and 
is  now  constructing  a  MODEL  GYMNASIUM  in  San  Salvador  for  the 
purpose. 

At  the  suggestion  of  the  university  council  the  President  of  the 
Republic  has  changed  article  11  of  the  RULES  FOR  EXAMINA- 
TIONS in  the  School  of  Medicine,  and  article  11  of  the  rules  for  ex- 
amination in  the  School  of  Chemistry  and  Phannacy  as  follows: 
Article  11.  Marks  shall  be  expressed  by  figures  from  0  to  10.  The 
minimum  passing  mark  shall  be  5  as  the  average  of  the  subjects  cov- 
ered by  the  examination.  Fractions  of  a  figure,  if  they  are  half  or 
more,  shall  be  considered  in  the  student's  favor. 

In  the  latter  part  of  1919  a  COIJ.EGE  OF  PRIMARY  AND 
SÉœNDARY  EDUCATION  was  founded  in  the  city  of  Jucuapa, 
which  is  imder  the  direction  of  a  competent  professor  and  maintained 
by  the  principal  citizens. 

ÜBUGUAY. 

An  executive  decree  of  Nov^ember  11,  1919,  approves  the  plan  of 
the  Central  University  board  providing  CREDITS  to  medical  and 
dental  students  who  have  studied  anatomy  or  physiology  in  either 
the  dental  or  medical  departments  of  the  university,  and  who  change 
their  course  of  instruction  from  dentistry  to  medicine,  or  vice  versa. 

On  November  18,  1919,  the  general  assembly  passed  a  law  author- 
izing the  mstallation  and  operation  of  an  INSTITUTE  OF  HY- 
GIENE in  Montevideo,  and  appropriating  15,000  pesos  for  the  ex- 
penses of  same. 

A  SCHOOL  CENSUS  of  the  department  of  Montevideo  was  taken 
in  December  last. 

The  department  of  foreign  relations  recently  received  a  communi- 
cation from  the  Argentine  Government  proposing  an  EXCHANGE 
OF  PROFESSORS  between  Argentina  and  Uruguay. 

VENEZUELA. 

The  National  Government  has  conferred  the  MEDAL  OF  PUBLIC 
INSTRUCTION  on  Dr.  Miguel  Páez  Pumar,  a  veteran  teacher  in 
Venezuela,  and  on  Señor  Samuel  Lillo,  vice-rector  of  the  University 
of  Chue. 


ARGENTINA. 

On  December  21  last  the  MONUMENT,  representiog  the  Roman 
wolf,  donated  by  the  Italian  colony,  was  unveiled  in  the  city  of 
Mendoza. 

The  National  Dairy  Association  has  appointed  a  committee  to 
arrange  for  the  holding  of  an  international  congress  to  treat  of  the 
FOOT-AND-MOUTH  DISEASE,  and  to  organize  the  board  of  dairy 
products  recommended  by  the  South  American  Dairy  Congress 
which  met  in  Buenos  Aires  in  September,  1919. 

On  December  30,  1919,  an  ASYLUM  FOR  ABANDONED  CHIL- 
DREN was  opened  in  Buenos  Aires.  This  asylum,  which  was  donated 
by  a  distinguished  woman  of  Buenos  Aires,  has  at  present  accommoda- 
tions for  30  children. 

Steps  liave  been  taken  for  the  construction  and  operation  of  a 
REFORMATORY  FOR  DRUNKARDS,  the  expenses  of  same  to  be 
paid  from  the  bequest  of  Estaquio  Cardenas.  This  is  said  to  be  the 
first  institution  of  the  kind  in  Latin  America.  Two  hundred  hectares 
of  land  near  Manazares  and  Etchegoyen  station  are  to  be  utilized 
for  this  purpose. 

BOLIVIA. 

Congress  is  considering  favorably  the  draft  of  a  law  calling  for  a 
NATIONAL  EXPOSITION  during  the  month  of  August,  1925, 
which  will  be  the  centennial  of  the  founding  of  the  Republic.  This 
exposition  will  contain  collections  of  all  the  industrial  and  agricul- 
tural products  of  the  coimtry,  as  well  as  commercial  and  artistic 
exhibitions. 

About  the  middle  of  November,  1919,  Mr.  William  Belmont 
Parker  arrived  in  La  Paz,  commissioned  by  the  Hispanic  Society  of 
America  to  write  the  BIOGRAPHIES  of  the  most  distinguished 
men  of  Bolivia  and  other  South  American  countries. 

According  to  a  law  passed  about  the  middle  of  November  a  NEW 
PROVINCE  was  created  in  the  Department  of  Santa  Cruz.  The 
new  Province  is  to  be  called  Warnes,  and  will  be  composed  of  the 
canton  of  that  name,  which  will  also  be  the  capital,  as  well  as  those 
of  Azuzaqui,  Chuchio,  Tacomechi,  Montero,  and  General  Saavedra. 
The  boundaries  of  the  new  Province  will  be  the  following:  On  the 
north  and  east  the  Rio  Grande  and  the  Province  of  Velasco;  on  the 
south  a  straight  line  from  the  port  of  Toledo  to  Clara  Poronguito,  and 
from  there  another  line  to  the  RioJPiray  ;'on  the  west  along  the  course 

367 


358  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

of  the  Rio  Piray  to  its  confluence  with  the  Rio  Grande  at  Puerto 
Velasco. 

According  to  statistics  furnished  by  the  director  of  the  Municipal 
Institute  of  Hygiene  covering  the  first  10  months  of  1919  there  were 
3,223  DEATHS  IN  LA  PAZ.    The  most  prevalent  diseases  were: 
Grippe,  339  cases;  whooping  cough,  447  cases;  pneumonia,  310  cases,  . 
and  tuberculosis,  122  cases. 

On  December  20,  1919,  the  chamber  of  deputies  approved  the 
budget  for  PUBLIC  WORKS  presented  by  the  President.  The  pro- 
gram contained  the  following  projects:  (a)  A  branch  railway  line  to 
Tarija;  (6)  a  railway  between  Atocha  and  Tupiza;  (r)  a  railway 
between  Potosi  and  Sucre;  (4)  a  railroad  between  Cochabamba  and 
Santa  Cruz;  (e)  the  sewer  system  of  Cochabamba;  (f)  the  sewer 
system  of  I^a  Paz  ;  (g)  the  sewer  system  and  paving  of  Sucre;  (h)  supply 
of  drinking  water  and  paving  of  La  Paz  ;  (i)  drinking  water  supply 
and  paving  of  Cochabamba;  (j)  various  sanitary  improvements  in 
Potosi  ;  and  (Jc)  sanitary  improvement  in  Oruro.  The  budget  for  the 
public  works  comes  to  £8,711,560  sterling. 

BRAZIL. 

According  to  data  recently  published  by  a  Rio  de  Janeiro  magazine 
the  number  of  IMMIGRANTS  arriving  in  Brazil  from  1887  to  1896 
was  1,186,440^  or  an  annual  average  of  118,644.  The  number  entering 
from  1897  to  1906  was  681,103,  or  an  annual  average  of  68,110;  from 
1907  to  1917,  which  includes  the  war  period,  the  number  entering 
was  1,027,261,  or  an  annual  average  of  93,205.  Before  the  war — that 
is  to  say,  from  1907  to  1913 — the  annual  average  was  120,755;  and 
during  the  war — that  is  to  say,  from  1914  to  1917 — the  annual  average 
was  44,993.  The  following  is  the  yearly  niunber  of  immigrants  who 
came  to  Brazil  from  1907  to  1918:  1907,  67,787;  1908,  94,695;  1909, 
85,410;  1910,  88,564;  1911,  135,967;  1912,  180,182;  1913,  192,683; 
1914,  82,572;  1915,  32,206;  1916,  34,003;  1917,  31,192,  and  1918, 
20,501. 

On  December  21,  1919,  the  CHILDREN'S  HOSPITAL,  erected 
by  the  Brazilian  Red  Cross  in  Sao  Paulo,  was  officially  opened. 

The  Olavo  Bilac  MAUSOLEUM,  constructed  by  the  League  of 
National  Defense  in  the  Sao  João  Baptista  cemetery  in  Rio  de  Ja- 
neiro, was  imveiled  with  appropriate  ceremonies  on  December  28, 
1919,  first  anniversary  of  the  death  of  the  illustrious  Brazilian  poet 
and  writer. 

CHILE. 

An  underground  public  RETIRING  ROOM  is  being  built  in  San- 
tiago at  an  estimated  outlay  of  43,327  pesos.  Cement,  iron,  mosaics, 
and  marble  will  be  used  in  the  work. 

The  bureau  of  statistics  has  been  allotted  180,000  pesos  to  be  ex- 
•  pended  in  taking  a  GENERAL  CENSUS  of  Chile  during  the  present 


GENERAL  NOTES.  359 

The  deaths  in  Santiago  during  the  first  11  months  of  1919  totaled 
17,661.  In  November  last  the  MORTALITY  of  the  national  capital 
was  2,166. 

The  new  SAVINGS  BANK  BUILDING,  Spanish  renaissance  style, 
was  inaugurated  ill  Concepción  on  December  5  last. 

The  BRAZILIAN  MUSIC,  recently  donated  to  Chile  by  the  prin- 
cipal Brazilian  composers,  has  been  placed  by  the  national  library 
at  the  disposal  of  the  public. 

The  director  of  parks  and  grounds  of  La  Plata,  Argentine  Republic, 
has  requested  the  municipality  of  Santiago  to  furnish  specimens  of 
CHILEAN  PLANTS  AND  TREES  to  be  placed  in  a  garden  in  La 
Plata  which  it  is  proposed  to  dedicate  to  Chile. 

The  Government  has  ordered  the  commencement  of  construction 
work  on  the  HISTORY  MUSEUM,  which  forms  part  of  the  national 
library. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  National  Institute  of  Criminology  it 
was  decided  to  make  a  JAIL  CENSUS  of  the  Republic. 

The  Chilean  Government  has  been  invited  to  participate  in  a 
POSTAL  CONGRESS  which  wül  be  held  m  Buenos  Aires  during  the 
present  year. 

COLOMBIA. 

According  to  a  law  passed  by  congress  and  signed  by  the  Presi- 
dent on  November  15,  1919,  30,000  pesos  was  appropriated  for  the 
construction  of  a  QUARANTINE  STATION  and  hospital  in  the 
port  of  Riohacha;  8,000  pesos  have  also  been  voted  to  the  city  for 
the  construction  of  an  aqueduct  to  bring  in  drinking  water  for  the 
population. 

This  same  law  also  gives  5,000  pesos  annually  to  each  of  the  FREE 
MILK  STATIONS  (Gotas  de  Leche)  established  in  the  capitals  of 
the  departments,  or  which  may  be  established  at  some  future  time. 

The  municipal  council  of  Bucaramanga  has  resolved  to  complete 
the  following  PUBLIC  WORKS:  The  aqueduct  for  the  city;  a  street 
railway  to  connect  Bucaramanga  with  the  towns  of  Piedecuesta,  La 
Mesa,  and  Los  Santos;  a  public  slaughterhouse;  the  municipal  build- 
ing; the  mimicipal  theater;  and  the  sewer  system  of  the  city. 

Law  53  of  November  10,  1919,  creates  the  COMMITTEE  OF  THE 
BOLIVAR  ESTATE  AND  MUSEUM  which  will  be  composed  of  the 
minister  of  government,  the  governor  of  Cundinamarca,  the  mayor  of 
the  capital,  and  the  president  of  the  Society  of  Civic  Improvement  of 
Bogota,  to  take  charge  of  the  management  and  investment  of  20,000 
pesos  which  the  nation  contributed  to  the  acquisition  of  the  estate 
where  the  liberator  lived,  and  the  founding  of  the  Bolivar  museum 
containing  objects  once  the  property  of  the  liberator  and  a  library  of 
works  concerning  the  life  and  deeds  of  the  hero.  The  estate  and 
museum  will  be  the  property  of  the  nation  and  will  remain  in  the 
custody  of  the  committee. 


860  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

Early  in  December  a  law  of  Congress  was  signed  by  the  President 
which  raised  THE  AEMY  of  the  country  to  6,000  men. 

The  national  congress  passed  a  law  declaring  the  9th  of  October, 
1920,  a  NATIONAL  HOLIDAY,  it  being  the  first  centennial  of  the 
independence  of  Guayaquil. 

A  LAWYERS'  CLUB  has  been  formed  in  Bogotá  to  preserve  the 
ideals  and  traditions  of  the  profession,  to  aid  in  the  administration  of 
justice,  to  urge  the  system  of  arbitration  for  the  adjustment  of 
differences,  and  to  organize  the  college  of  lawyers  in  the  capital  of 
the  Republic. 

COSTA  RICA. 

Presidential  decree  of  December,  1919,  created  a  NEW  ADMINIS- 
TRATIVE DISTRICT  of  the  Tierra  Blanca  ward,  which  formerly 
was  part  of  the  third  district  of  the  central  canton  of  Cartago.  This 
new  district  will  be  known  as  No.  10,  and  take  in  the  wards  of  Los 
Aolanos,  Los  Horcones,  Sabanilla,  and  El  Rodeo. 

Early  in  the  year  the  Avenida  Central  was  renamed  '*  Rogelio 
Fernández  Gûel,''  and  the  Calle  Central  is  now  called  ** Alfredo 
Volio.'' 

A  NEW  SOCIAL  CLUB  has  lately  been  organized  in  San  Jose  by 
some  of  the  most  prominent  citizens  of  the  coimtry.  The  club  is  to 
raise  a  fund  of  200,000  colones  (colon  equals  $0.4653)  by  the  issue  of 
shares  of  500  colones  each,  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  a  suitable 
building  and  furnishing  it. 

On  January  7  the  officers  of  the  governing  board  of  the  COLLEGE 
OF  LAWYERS  were  elected  as  follows:  President,  Lie.  Alejandro 
Al varado  Quiros;  treasurer.  Lie.  Jorge  Herrera  Paut;  and  secretary, 
Lie.  Arturo  Sâens  Pacheco. 

CUBA. 

A  VOLUNTEER  FIREMEN'S  CORPS  has  been  organized  by 
firemen  who  belonged  to  Comercio  No.  1  and  to  the  Red  Shirts.  The 
members  of  the  new  organization  will  lend  their  services  without 
pay  from  the  city. 

The  department  of  state  recently  received  a  communication  from 
the  Prince  of  Monaco  inviting  the  Government  of  Cuba  to  take  part 
in  a  GENERAL  CONGRESS  OF  THE  ALLIED  NATIONS  which 
will  meet  during  the  month  of  April  under  the  patronage  of  the  prince. 
The  object  of  this  congress  is  to  extend  the  season  for  summer,  winter, 
and  seaside  resorts  generally. 

According  to  the  CENSUS  of  Cuba  lately  completed  the  country 
has  2,888,895  inhabitants,  divided  as  follows:  Pinar  del  Rio,  261,198; 
Habana,  698,383  ;  Matanzas,  312,704;  Santa  Clara,  657,697;  Cama- 
guey,  228,913,  and  Santiago  de  Cuba,  730,000  inhabitants. 

On  January  8  Mr.  Boas  Long,  the  new  minister  of  the  United  States, 
presented  his  credentials  to  the  Cuban  Government. 


OBlílBEAL  HOTES.  361 

The  Compañía  Aérea  Americana-Cubana  has  determined  to  con- 
struct an  AÍ3RIAL  STATION  in  Santiago  de  Cuba  in  order  to  estab- 
lish air  mail  service  between  that  city  and  Habana. 

DOMINICAN  BEPUBLIC. 

By  executive  order  No.  371,  Señor  John  Brewer  was  appointed 
MEMBER  OF  THE  DOMINICAN  CLAIMS  COMMISSION,  sue- 
ceeding  Señor  Martín  Travieso,  who  recently  resigned. 

The  bureau  of  education  has  ordered  that  the  BUST  OF 
DUARTE,  executed  by  the  sculptors  Tuto  Baez  and  Simón  Domín- 
guez, be  cast  in  plaster  and  copies  distributed  among  the  schools 
of  the  department  of  Santiago. 

Accordhig  to  newspaper  reports,  a  NEW  THEATER  is  to  be  built 
in  Santo  Domingo. 

ECUADOB. 

Early  in  December,  1919,  a  meeting  of  leading  citizens  of  Quito 
took  place  in  the  Universidad  Central  to  discuss  bids  for  the  erection 
of  a  STATUE  to  the  eminent  patriot  and  historian,  don  Federico 
González  Suárez,  late  archbishop  of  Quito. 

A  CIVIC  IMPROVEMENT  COMMITTEE  has  been  formed  in 
Quito  which  will  have  as  objects  the  beautifjdng  and  progress  of  the 
city. 

On  November  12,  1919,  the  president  issued  a  decree  forbidding 
the  importation,  publication,  sale,  exhibition,  or  sending  to  any 
private  or  public  school  of  any  special  or  general  MAPS  of  the  con- 
tinent wherein  the  proper  boundaries  of  the  country  are  not  defined. 

The  committee  of  the  centennial  of  Guayaquil  has  decided  to  have 
the  MEDALS  recoined  which  by  decree  of  September  28,  1820,  were 
coined  in  honor  of  the  heroes  of  the  Independence.  When  recoined 
they  will  be  distributed  as  mementos  of  the  historic  day.  There  will 
be  25,000  silver  medals  the  size  of  a  half  sucre,  5,000  the  size  of  a  sucre, 
and  5,000  of  bronze  larger  than  a  sucre,  and  500  gold  medals  in  cases. 

GUATEMALA. 

On  October  25,  1919,  Manuel  Esquera,  MINISTER  OF  COLOM- 
BIA near  the  Government  of  Guatemala,  was  officially  received  by 
President  Estrada  Cabrera. 

On  December  21,  1919,  the  following  PUBLIC  WORKS  were 
opened  to  service:  A  municipal  building  at  Panajachel;  a  bridge 
over  the  Nica  River  at  Chicacao;  alazarrette  atComalapa;  a  potable 
water  conduit  at  Sumpango;  and  a  library  and  reading  room  in  the 
city  of  Guatemala. 

The  President  of  the  Republic  has  issued  a  decree  ordering  the 
taking  of  a  GENERAL  CENSUS  of  Guatemala  during  the  present 
year,  and  authorizing  the  expenditure  of  $5,000  in  this  work. 


362  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

An  executive  decree  of  December  25,  1919,  changes  the  name  oí  the 
department  of  progreso  to  the  DEPARTMENT  OF  ESTRADA 
CABRERA.  El  Progreso,  the  name  of  the  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment, remains  imchanged. 

The  OLYMPIC  GAMES,  consisting  of  races,  athletic  contests, 
and  wrestling,  were  celebrated  in  the  city  of  Guatemala  on  January 
1,  4,  and  6  last.  The  celebration  was  held  in  the  stadiimi  constructed 
for  that  purpose  in  the  Campo  de  Marte. 

HAITI. 

A  press  notice  states  that  members  of  the  Division  of  Plants  of 
the  United  States  National  Museum  will  leave  in  the  near  future  for 
Haiti  for  the  purpose  of  makmg  BOTANICAL  COLLECTIONS  in 
this  country.  Several  months  will  be  needed  to  complete  the  work, 
as  it  is  intended  to  gather  a  large  number  of  specimens  of  the  Haitian 
flora. 

A  decree  published  in  the  official  newspaper  prescribes  that  here- 
after the  18th  day  of  May  shall  be  observed  as  a  national  holiday  in 
honor  of  the  HAITIAN  FLAG,  which  was  unfurled  for  the  first  time 
on  May  18,  1803. 

UONDUBAS. 

On  January  3  of  the  present  year  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  was  installed 
in  the  town  of  Cantarranas,  Province  of  Tegucigalpa. 

A  UNIONIST  SOCIETY,  called  ^'Francisco  Morazán,"  has  lately 
been  founded  for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  in  Honduras  the  move- 
ment to  unite  the  five  Central  American  coimtries.  The  Govern- 
ment has  granted  franks  on  the  mails  and  telegraph  lines  to  this 

society. 

Señor  Rafael  Gutierrez,  recently  elected  President  of  Honduras, 
formed  a  NEW  CABINET  of  ministers  as  foUows:  Minister  of  inte- 
rior. Dr.  José  María  Ochoa  Velazquez;  minister  of  foreign  relations, 
Señor  Vicente  Mejia  Colindres;  minister  of  public  works.  Señor 
Ernesto  Alvarado;  minister  of  public  instruction,  Dr.  Jesús  M. 
Al  varado;  minister  of  hacienda.  Señor  Eduardo  Guillón;  and  minister 
of  war.  Señor  Carlos  Lagos. 

MEXICO. 

The  general  board  of  health  has  reported  to  the  press  that  a 
Mexican  physician  has  discovered  a  TYPHUS  SERUM  which  cures 
this  disease  in  48  hours..  This  has  been  tried  with  perfect  success 
in  more  than  80  serious  cases. 

The  municipal  government  of  Mexico  has  decided  to  establish  a 
DEPARTMENT  OF  IDENTIFICATION  in  connection  with  general 
police  headquarters.  The  modem  methods  employed  in  the  United 
States  will  be  followed,  and  two  physicians  will  be  detailed  to  visit 


GENERAL  NOTES.  363 

the  principal  cities  in  the  United  States  for  the  purpose  of  studying 
the  system  in  detail  and  purchasing  such  apparatus  and  equipment 
as  may  be  needed. 

About  the  middle  of  last  January  a  POSTAL  SYSTEM  was  installed 
in  the  petrolexmi  regions  which  had  previously  lacked  this  service. 
Up  to  this  time  the  petroleum  companies  had  been  compelled  to 
employ  messengers  in  order  to  provide  their  own  postal  service. 

By  a  presidential  decree  of  the  3d  of  last  January  Licentiate  J. 
Munguia  was  appointed  legal  advisor  to  the  MEXICAN  BOUNDARY 
COMMISSION.  Mr.  Mimguia  has  already  commenced  to  study  the 
l^al  documents  which  refer  to  the  rights  of  Mexico  over  certain 
portions  of  land  in  order  to  make  a  final  decision  with  regard  to  the 
demarcation  of  the  dividing  line  l^etween  Mexico  and  the  United 
States. 

Work  on  the  construction  of  the  INTERNATIONAL  BRIDGE 
over  the  Suchiato  River  between  Mexico  and  Guatemala  has  already 
been  begun.  Each  Government  has  agreed  to  supply  one-half  of  the 
material  that  may  be  required  and  to  pay  half  of  the  expenses. 

Dr.  Francisco  A.  de  Lima,  envoy  extraordinary  and  MINISTER 
PLENIPOTENTIARY  TO  MEXICO  FROM  SAN  SALVADOR, 
was  received  in  public  audience  by  the  President  of  Mexico  on  the 
29th  of  last  January. 

The  work  of  exposing  the  base  of  a  GREAT  PYRAMID  recently 
discovered  on  the  plains  of  San  Juan  Teothuacan,  said  to  be  an 
unusual  specimen,  has  been  conunenced.  Many  men  of  science  and 
experts  in  archaeology  have  already  visited  the  monument,  and 
several  have  pronoimced  it  one  of  the  most  remarkable  of  its  kind  in 
America. 

NICARAGUA. 

It  has  finally  been  decided  to  bmld  the  METROPOLITAN 
CATHEDRAL  OF  MANAGUA  in  the  northern  part  of  the  city, 
as  this  is  the  direction  toward  which  the  town  is  spreading,  and  is 
also  the  pleasantest  section. 

Construction  has  been  conunenced  on  the  building  of  the  PRO- 
PHYLAXIS HOSPITAL  of  Managua. 

On  January  1,  Dr.  Sebastian  Nunez  entered  upon  his  duties  as 
SECRETARY  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION. 

The  REVIEW  OF  THE  CENTRAL  AMERICAN  MEDICAL 
ASSOCIATION  is  now  being  published  in  Managua  imder  the 
direction  of  Dr.  Rodolfo  Espino.  Its  object  is  to  bring  about  closer 
relations  of  the  medical  practitioners  of  the  five  coimtries  of  Central 
America,  and  to  promote  a  Central  American  medical  congress  to 
meet  on  September  15,  1921,  the  centennial  of  the  independence  of 
the  States. 


364  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

In  the  latter  part  of  1919  a  meeting  was  held  in  Leon  by  the 
principal  women  workers  of  the  city  to  form  the  WOMEN'S  LABOR 
UNION  OF  NICARAGUA,  which  will  try  to  open  up  new  fields 
of  activity  for  women  in  Nicaragua,  and  will  publish  a  paper  with 
that  end  in  view. 

Early  in  December,  1919,  the  President  of  the  Republic  received 
the  CUBAN  MINISTER  TO  NICARAGUA,  Señor  Manuel  Piedra 
Martell. 

PANAMA. 

On  February  2  the  taking  of  the  GENERAL  CENSUS  of  the 
Republic  was  begun  in  accordance  with  the  administrative  code. 
The  first  census  of  the  Republic  was  taken  in  1911,  and  gave  a  total 
population  of  336,742  inhabitants,  including  36,178  uncivilized 
Indians. 

PARAGUAY. 

On  October  13,  1919,  the  President  approved  the  by-laws  of  the 
MUTUAL  AID  SOCIETY  known  as  ''Union  Siria,"  and  granted  the 
application  for  incorporation. 

The  Paraguayan  Government  has  authorized  Señor  Juan  B. 
Nachniento  to  sign  a  POSTAL  CONVENTION  with  the  United 
States  relating  to  parcels  post. 

During  1919  there  were  716  kilometers  of  TELEGRAPH  LINES 
in  use  in  the  country,  of  which  268  kilometers  were  put  to  public 
use  in  1918  and  447  kilometers  in  previous  years.  There  were 
127,892  messages  transmitted  and  100,378  received  in  1918. 

PEBU. 

By  a  presidential  decree  of  the  15th  of  November,  1919,  the  organ- 
ization of  the  LIBRARY  OF  THE  MINISTRY  OF  JUSTICE  and 
the  arrangement  and  cataloguing  of  the  documents  of  this  ministry 
were  provided  for.  The  work  has  been  intrusted  to  Mr.  Eugenio 
Chocano. 

The  Peruvian  Government  recently  ordered  the  acquisition  of  the 
STATUES  OF  CAHUIDE  AND  OSCOLLO  made  by  the  Peruvian 
artist,  Mr.  Benjamin  Mendizabal.  These  statues  are  to  be  erected  in 
the  Department  of  Cuzco. 

In  order  to  facilitate  the  installation  of  a  PERUVIAN  ARGHM- 
OLOGICAL  MUSEUM  at  Lima  the  Government  recently  authorized 
Mr.  Victor  Lardo  Hererra  to  transfer  several  collections  of  Pre-Inca 
and  Inca  articles,  free  of  charge,  from  the  Department  of  La  Libertad 
to  the  Peruvian  capital. 

According  to  newspaper  reports  the  Academy  of  Medicine  of  Paris 
has  just  awarded  the  MOMBINE  PRIZE  to  Dr.  Edmundo  Escomel 
as  a  reward  for  his  scientific  works.    The  Academy  of  Medicine  of 


QENEBAL  NOTES.  865 

Rio  de  Janeiro  has  also  conferred  upon  him  the  title  of  honorary 
academician. 

A  FLORICULTURAL  EXPOSITION  was  opened  on  the  8th  of 
last  December  at  the  watering  place  of  Barranco.  The  purpose  of 
this  exposition  is  to  promote  the  cultivation  of  Peruvian  fruits  and 
flowers. 

SALVADOB. 

The  Diario  Oficial  of  December  13,  1919,  published  the  terms  for 
the  international  contest  opened  by  the  city  council  of  San  Salvador 
for  the  presentation  of  PLANS  FOR  THE  MUNICIPAL  PALACE 
of  the  city.  Two  prizes  will  be  awarded — 10,000  francs  and  5,000 
francs  for  the  two  best  plans  submitted.  The  prize-winning  plans 
will  then  become  the  property  of  the  city.  An  appropriation  of 
$800,000  has  been  reserved  for  the  construction  of  this  building,  as 
the  miinicipaUty  wishes  to  erect  the  finest  municipal  palace  in  Cen- 
tral America. 

The  department  of  agriculture  and  industry  has  begun  to  publish 
a  magazine,  entitled  POPULAR  BULLETIN,  to  promote  agriculture 
and  industry  throughout  the  coimtry. 

In  a  meeting  held  by  the  dentists  of  San  Salvador  it  was  decided  to 
organize  a  DENTAL  SOCIETY  OF  SALVADOR,  whose  aim  would 
be  to  bring  the  dental  profession  in  the  coimtry  to  the  level  attained 
by  the  most  progressive  coimtries. 

At  the  instance  of  the  President  the  National  Government  has 
ceded  to  the  CITY  COUNCIL  OF  SAN  SALVADOR  the  buüding 
occupied  by  the  National  Institute,  so  that  the  municipal  palace 
which  is  to  be  built  may  extend  over  this  property. 

The  Superior  Board  of  Health  has  undertaken  the  SANITATION 
OF  THE  PORT  OF  ACAJUTLA  and  has  begun  the  drainage  of 
swamps  and  lakes,  the  cutting  of  underbrush,  and  the  using  of  kero- 
sene to  prevent  the  breeding  of  mosquitoes. 

The  latter  part  of  December  the  work  of  SANITATION  OF  THE 
REPUBLIC  undertaken  by  the  commission  from  the  Rockefeller 
Institute  was  finished,  stamping  out  the  mosquito  which  transmits 
yellow  fever,  and  thus  preventing  the  spread  of  this  pestilence. 

On  December  11,  1919,  a  meeting  of  leading  citizens  was  held  in 
Santa  Ana  to  plan  the  foimding  of  a  DAILY  PAPER  of  high  standard 
to  circulate  in  the  city  and  throughout  the  rich  western  region. 

Dr.  Manuel  Castro  Ramirez  succeeds  the  late  Dr.  Salvador  Rodri- 
guez González  as  COUNSELOR  to  the  ministry  of  foreign  relations. 

Seflor  Don  Juan  José  Fernández  has  been  appointed  CONSUL 
GENERAL  OF  HONDURAS  in  San  Salvador. 

The  MINISTRY  OF  WAR  has  been  reorganized  and  the  work 
divided  among  various  departments  and  their  correspondmg  sec- 
tions. 


366  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

URUGUAY. 

In  accordance  with  an  executive  order  of  November  11,  1919,  the 
name  of  Urbano  Park  in  Montevideo  is  changed  to  RODO  PARK. 

The  President  has  issued  a  decree  confirming  the  adhesion  of 
Uruguay  to  the  INTERNATIONAL  REFRIGERATING  ASSO- 
CIATION, which  has  its  headquarters  in  Paris,  and  has  also  con- 
firmed the  order  of  December  17,  1910,  providing  an  annual  subven- 
tion of  $1,000  for  said  Association. 

The  Institute  of  History  and  Geography  recently  sent  to  the  de- 
partment of  public  instruction  the  program  of  the  thesis  of  the  section 
of  history  of  Uruguay  for  the  purpose  of  incorporating  it  in  the  gen- 
eral program  of  the  INTERNATIONAL  AMERICAN  CONGRESS 
OF  HISTORY  which  is  to  be  held  m  Rio  de  Janeiro  m  1922. 

The  department  of  industry  has  been  authorized  by  the  President 
to  subvention  the  INTERNATIONAL  SHEEP  AND  CATTLE 
EXPOSITION  which  is  soon  to  be  held  in  Montevideo. 

The  organization  committee  of  the  FIRST  PAN  AMERICAN 
CONGRESS  OF  ARCHITECTS,  which  is  planned  to  be  held  in 
Montevideo  during  the  present  year,  has  appointed  the  following 
corresponding  members  of  the  American  Republics:  Brazil,  Adolfo 
Morales  de  los  Rios;  Bolivia,  Gerardo  Zalles;  Chile,  Ricardo  González 
Cortes  and  A.  J.  Cordero  Baños;  Cuba,  Luis  Bay  and  Aurelio  San- 
doval; Colombia,  Dr.  Francisco  J.  Casal;  Central  America,  Rafael  J. 
Fosalba;  Mexico,  Juho  Corredor  La  torre;  Dominican  Republic,  Oc- 
tavio A.  Acevedo;  and  Paraguay,  Mateo  Talla  and  G^bhard  de  Nor- 
rone. 

The  committee  in  charge  of  the  construction  of  the  legislative 
palace  has  decided  to  hold  a  number  of  COMPETITIVE  CONTESTS 
in  which  only  national  talent  will  take  part. 

VENEZUELA. 

A  decree  issued  December  13,  1919,  by  the  Président  of  the  State 
of  Apure,  orders  a  campaign  against  MALARIA  and  intestinal  dis- 
eases caused  by  parasites. 

The  later  part  of  December,  1919,  a  new  PLAZA  was  opened  in 
Caracas,  which  was  constructed  by  orders  of  the  ministry  of  public 
works  on  the  site  of  the  old  Mercado  de  San  Pablo. 

Presidential  decree  of  December,  1919,  created  the  oflSce  of  COUN- 
SELLOR TO  THE  MINISTRY  OF  THE  TREASURY,  with  the  fol- 
lowing duties:  To  give  legal  advice  in  all  matters  submitted  by  the 
ministry;  to  prepare  information  on  matters  which,  from  their  nature, 
require  special  legal  considerations  for  the  further  determination  of 
the  ministry;  and  to  collaborate  with  the  ministry  when  required  in 
the  viewing  of  the  drafts  of  laws,  rules,  resolutions,  circulars,  and 
instructions  which  have  to  do  with  any  of  the  services  of  the  treasury. 


SUBJECT  MATTEB  OF  CONSULAB  REPORTS. 


367 


According  to  data  just  published  by  the  VENEZUELAN  LEAGUE 
AGAINST  TUBERCULOSIS,  from  its  foundation  in  1905  up  to  the 
end  of  1919,  the  institution  has  helped  11,000  sick  persons,  given 
more  than  800,000  prescriptions,  and  about  100,000  liters  of  anti- 
septics. The  mortality  from  tuberculosis  in  Caracas  has  diminished 
considerably  since  the  foimdation  of  the  league,  which  proves  the 
efficiency  of  its  efforts. 

Señor  Don  José  María  Barreto  has  been  given  the  post  of  CONSUL 
GENERAL  OF  PERU  in  Venezuela. 


SUBJECT  MATTÎR  Of  CONSULAR  ROTO 


<>¿''v^:.,y¿ 


BEPOBTS  BECEIVED  TO  FEBBTTABY  15,  1920. 


Subject. 


ARGENTINA. 

The  use  of  motor  vehicles  in  Rosario . . 


Manufacturers'  agents  in  Argentina. . . 
Market  for  preserves,  Jams,  and  jellies. 


CommereuU  and  private  failures  during  October ,  1919 

Paints  and  varnish  at  Rosarlo 

Annual  report  of  Japanese  Chamber  of  Commeree 

Destination  of  principal  Argentine  exports  for  first  10  months  of 
1919. 

Publication  "  Business  Conditions  in  Argentina" 

Argentina's  foreign  trade  during  the  first  half  of  1919 

Market  for  cereals,  cornstarch,  and  wheat  starch 


BOUVU. 

Practice  of  handling  UUs  of  exchange , 


Motion  pictures  in  Bolivia 

American  Chamber  of  Conmierce  of  Bolivia . 

BRAZIL. 

Market  desires  for  sirconium  oxide 

Market  for  American  made  gloves 


Market  for  tanks,  silos,  kuns,  stacks,  conduits,  flumes,  trunk 
sewers,  and  silo  hardware. 

The  marxet  for  safety  pins  in  Pernambuco 

Opportunities  for  safe  of  fruit  trees  and  other  nursery  stock 

Living  conditions  in  the  dty  of  8fio  Paulo 

Market  for  fresh  fruit  in  southern  Brazil 


ceux. 

The  cooperative  movement  in  Chile 

Market  for  cleaners'  and  dyers'  machinery 

Mailcet  for  American-made  gloves 

Market  tor  certain  classes  of  confectionery . 


COLOMBIA. 

Commerce  and  Industries  of  Cartagena  for  October,  .1919. 


Vegetable  oll-bearlng  products  and  the  vegetable-oil  Industry  in 

Cartaeena. 
Establishment  of  a  sugar  mill 


1919 
Oct.  25 

Oet.  23 
Oct.   30 

Oct.   31 
Nov.    3 
Nov.  19 
do  — 

Nov.  25 
Dec.  1 
Dec.    4 


Nov.  25 

do... 
Dec.   13 


Oct.   10 

Nov.    8 

Nov.  14 

Nov.  21 
Nov.  28 
Dec.  11 
Dec.   19 

Nov.  19 
...do.... 


Nov.  20 
do ... . 


Nov.  22 
Dec.  23 
Dec!  29 


Author. 


Wilbert  L.  Bonney,  consul 
at  Ro»rio. 
Do. 
W.  Henry  Robertson,  consul 
general  at  Buenos  Aires. 
Do. 
Wilbert  L.  Bonney. 
W.  Henry  Roberttson. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


Ross  Hazeltine,  consul  at  La 
Paz. 
Do. 
Do. 


A.  T.   Haeberle,  consul  in 
charge,  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

Charles  L.  Hoover,  consul  at 
S&o  Paulo. 
Do. 

Edmond  Powers,  vice  consul. 

Do. 
Charles  L.  Hoover. 
Samuel  T.   Lee,  consul    at 
Porto  Alegre. 


Carl  F.  Deichman,  consul  at 

Valparaiso. 
Austin  C.  Brady,  consul  at 
Punta  Arenas. 
Do. 
Do. 


E.  J.  Fletcher,  vice  consul  at 
Cartagena. 
Do. 

Do. 


368 


THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 


Reports  received  to  February  Í5,  Í920 — Continued. 


Subject. 


008TA.  BICA. 

Possibility  of  intiodudng  agricultural  machinery,  etc.,  in  Costa 
Rica. 

DOIOMXCAN  REFUBUC. 

Possible  revival  of  banana  shipments 

KCUADOB. 

First  official  census  of  Ouayaquil 

Progress  of  temperance  in  Ecuador 

Foreign  commercial  activities  in  Ecuador 

KBXIOO. 

Prospects  for  electrical  trade 

Apiculture  on  Tehuantepec  Isthmus 

Market  in  northern  Mexico  for  canned  milk  products 

Manufacture  and  use  of  candles  in  northern  Chihuahua 

Requirements  for  success  in  trade 

Sale  of  cotton  goods 

Exports  of  iron  ore  from  Ensenada 

Improved  train  service,  Ciudad  Juarez  to  Mexico  City 

Permitting  pajrment  of  import  duties  at  Mexico  City  instead  of 

at  ports  of  arrival. 
Cotton  cultivation  in  Lower  California 

Leather  industry  in  the  Juarez  consular  district 

Suggestions  relative  to  commerce  between  the  United  States  and 

Mexico. 
Cotton  growing  in  Sonora 

PANAMA. 

Black  Star  Steamship  Line  Corporation 

More  bonded  warehouses  for  Colon 

PARAQUAT. 

Market  for  ready-to-wear  clothing  in  Paraguay 

Report  on  commerce  and  industries  for  month  of  October 

Incorrect  use  of  parcel  post 

PEBU. 

Motion-picture  market  in  Peru 

Regarding  the  export  market  for  rugs  and  blankets 

Agncultural  machinery 

Cultivation  of  sisal  hemp  in  Peru 

URUGUAY. 

Departments  of  Uruffuayan  Government  devoted  to  agricultural 

and  cattle  raising  interests. 
American  registered  cattle  in  Uruguay 


1919 
Dec.  29 


1920 
Jan.   20 


1919 
Nov.    9 

Dec.    6 
Jan.     9 


1919 
Dec.  17 

Dec.  19 

Dec  22 

Dec.  23 

Dec.  30 

Dec.  31 

Dec.  23 

1920 
Jan.     3 

...do 

Jan.     5 

Jan.     9 
Jan.   23 

Jan.   26 


1919 
I>ec._!23 

1920 
Jan.    14 


1919 
Nov.  12 

Nov.  25 
Dec.    6 


Nov.  24 

Dec.  2 
Dec.  3 
Dec.    9 


Nov.    4 
Dec.  17 


Author. 


Benjamin  F.  Chaae,  consol 
at  San  José. 


W.   A.  Bickers,  consul  at 
Puerto  Plata. 


Frederic  W.  Goding,  consul 
general  at  Guayaquil. 
Do. 
Do. 


Paul  H.  Foster,  consul  at 

Veracruz, 
lioyd   Burlingham,    ooosifl 

at  Salina  Cruz. 
Edward  A.  Dow,  consol  at 
Ciudad  Juarez. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
William  C.  Burdett,  consul 
at  Ensenada. 

J.  B.  Stewart,  consul  at  Chi- 
huahua. 

Cornelius  Ferris,  jr.,  consul 
general  at  Mexico  City. 

miter  F.  Boyle,  consul  at 
Mexican. 

Edward  A.  Dow. 
Do. 

Frands  J.  Dyer,  consul  at 
Nogales. 


Theodore   M.    Fish^,   vice 
consul  at  Colon. 

Julius  D.  Dreher,  consul  at 
Colon. 


Henry  H.  Baloh,  consul  at 
Asuncion. 
Do. 
Do. 


James  H.  Roth,  vice  consul 
at  Callao-Iima. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


David  J.  D.  Myers,  consul  at 
Montevideo. 
Do. 


L  BOOK  NOTES  J 

(Publications  added  to  the  Columbas  Memorial  Library  during  January,  1920.] 

AROBNTINB  BEPUBUC. 

Estadística  minera  de  la  República,  año  1916.  Dirección  General  de  Minas,  Geología 
e  Hidrología.  Boletín  No.  11.  Serie  A  (Minas).  Buenos  Aires,  Talleres  Gr&ficos 
del  Ministerio,  1919.    diagr.    93  p.    S"*. 

Estatutos  de  la  Sociedad  Biblioteca  del  Consejo  Nacional  de  Mujeres,  Buenos  Aires, 
Imp.  La  Mignon,  1919.    10  p.    8*". 

Informes  del  departamento  de  investigaciones  industriales.  No.  6  [y]  No.  7.  Uni- 
versidad de  Tucumán.  Buenos  Aires,  Imprenta  y  Casa  Eklitora  ''Coni,"  1918. 
illus.    8^.    2  pamps. 

Juicio  de  interdicción  civil.  Informe  médico-legal.  Por  el  Doctor  José  de  Pereira 
Rego.    Buenos  Aires,  La  Semana  Médica,  1919.    44  p.    8^. 

Ley  orgánica  del  notariado.  Proyecto  que  ha  presentado  al  poder  ejecutivo  de  la 
provincia  de  Buenos  Aires  la  comisión  nombrada  por  el  mismo.  La  Plata,  Imp. 
•Dante  Oliva,  1919.    46  p.    8*". 

Memoria  de  la  comisión  de  la  biblioteca  del  Consejo  Nacional  de  Mujeres  de  la  Re- 
pública Argentina  6  de  Diciembre  de  1913-31  de  Diciembre  de  1917.  Buenos 
Aires,  1918.    112  p.    8*^. 

Nota  geológica  sobre  el  Cerro  San  Agustín.  Balcarce  (Provincia  de  Buenos  Aires). 
Por  el  Dr.  Juan  José  Nágera.  Buenos  Aires,  Talleres  Gráficos  del  Ministerio  de 
Agricultura  de  la  Nación,  1919.    maps.    7.  p.    8®. 

Pequefio  atlas  general  de  la  República  Argentina.  Trazado  según  los  datos  más 
recientes  por  Aquilino  Fernández.  Acompañado  de  la  descripción  de  cada 
una  de  las  provincias  y  gobernaciones.  Escrita  por  Carlos  H.  Pizzumo.  Buenos 
Aires,  Talleres  Gráficos  de  la  Compañía  General  de  Fósforos,  1919.  maps.  72  p. 
4^ 

La  Sierra  Baya;  estudio  geológico  y  económico.  Por  el  Doctor  Juan  José  Nágera. 
Buenos  Aires,  Talleres  Gráficos  del  Ministerio  de  Agricultura  de  la  Nación,  1919 . 
maps.    pis.    60  p.    8®. 

The  story  of  the  Irish  in  Argentina.  By  Thomas  Murray.  New  York,  P.  J.  Kenedy 
à  Sons,  1919.    front,  port.    pis.  .  xlii,  512  p.    8''. 

BOLIVIA. 

Informe  anual.    Dirección  General  de  CJorreos  y  Telégrafos.    Presentado  el  Sr. 

Ministerio  de  Gobierno  y  Justicia.    Gestión  administrativa  de  1918-1919.    La 

Paz,  Talleres  Gráficos  "La  Prensa,  "  1919.    140,  iü  p.    8*^. 
Memoria  que  el  directorio  presenta  a  los  socios.    Cámara  de  Comercio.    Presidencia 

del  Sr.  Victor  Navajas  Trigo.    Setiembre  de  1919.    Tarija,  Tip.  La  Velocidad 

de  J.  Adolfo  León,  1919.    x,  84  p.    8°. 

BRAZIL. 

A  campanha  sanitaria  de  Santos;  suas  causes  e  seus  efíeitos.    Dr.  Guilhermo  Alvaro . 

Serviço  Sanitario  do  Estado  de  S.  Paulo.    S.  Paulo,  Casa  Duprat,  1919.    illus. 

187  p.    8^ 
Discursos  do  Exmo.  Sr.  Vice-Presidente  da  República  Dr.  Urbano  Santos  da  Costa 

Araújo  e  do  Dr.  Achilles  Lisboa,  pronunciados  por  occasião  da  installação  desta 

sociedade  em  24-2-1918.    Maranhão,  Imp.  OflBcial,  1918.    35  p.    8®. 
índice  das  obras  por  autores  bibliotheca  do  Senado  Federal  da  República  dos  Estados 

Unidos  do  Brazil.    Rio  de  Janeiro,  Imprensa  Nacional,  1919.    429  (2)  p.    8®. 

369 


370  THE  PAK  AMEBICAK  UNION. 

Indiutrift  aasucareira  no  Bnudl.  Directoria  Geral  de  Estatística.  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Typ.  da  Estadistica,  1919.    front,  col.  pi.    102  p.    8*». 

Mensagem  e  proposta  de  orçamento  enviadas  á  Assemblea  dos  Representantes  do 
Estado  do  Rio  Grande  do  Sul.  Pelo  Presidente  Antonio  Angosto  Bofges  de 
Medeiros.  Na  3a  sessão  ordinaria  da  8a  legislatura  em  20  de  Setembro  de  1919. 
Porto  Alegre,  OflScinas  graphicas  d*A  Federação,  1919.    67,  36  p.    4**. 

Pontos  de  conta^acto  das  civilizações  prehistóricas  do  Brasil  e  da  Argentina  com  os 
paizes  da  costa  do  Pacifico.  Memoria  apresentada  ao  XVIII.  Ckmgresso  Inter- 
nacional de  Americanista  realizado  em  Londres  em  Junho  de  1912,  no  idioma 
Inglez.  Pelo  Dr.  Antonio  Carlos  Simoens  da  Silva.  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Imprensa 
Nacional,  1919.    illus.    19  p.    4*. 

Relatório  apresentado  ao  Exmu  Sr.  Dr.  Ruai  da  Cunha  Machado,  Governador  do 
Estado  do  Maranhão.  Referente  ao  anno  de  1918,  pelo  Secretario  Dr.  Henrique 
José  Couto,  Secretario  do  Interior,  em  10  de  Janeiro  de  1919.  Maranhão,  Im- 
prensa Official,  1919.    fold,  table.    62  p.    4*». 

Relatório  do  Director  Dr.  José  C.  da  G^una  Malcher,  1919.  Directoria  Geral  da 
Fazenda  Publica.  Pará,  Typ.  da  Imprensa  Official  do  Estado,  1919.  fold, 
tables.    59,50  p.    8". 

Relatório  da  Escola  de  Engenharia  de  Porto  Alegre  (Reconhecida  pelo  decreto  legis- 
lativo federal  N.  727  de  8  de  dezembro  de  1900)  referente  ao  anno  de  1918.  Porto 
Alegre,  Officinas  graphicas  de  Instituto  de  Electro-Technica  da  Escola  de  Enge- 
nharia de  Porto  Alegre,  1919.    pis.    8°.    vol. 

Revista  da  Academia  Maranhense  1916-1918.  S.  Luiz,  Imp.  Official,  1919.  209  p. 
8*. 

CHILE. 

Aborto  epizoótico.  Papera,  enfermedades  contagiosas  del  puerco.  Servicio  Vete- 
rinario Nacional,  1915.    no  imprint.    38  p.    8®. 

Actas  de  las  sesiones  del  consejo  administrativo  de  los  ferrocarriles  del  Estado  corres- 
pondientes al  afio  1916.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  de  los  Ferrocarriles  del 
Estado,  1916.    fold,  tables.    1392  p.    8*^. 

Antecedentes  del  concurso  de  planos  y  presupuestos  de  constarucción  de  eecueas. 
(Decreto  No.  2597  de  28  de  Junio  de  1916.)    Inspección  Jeneral  de  Instrucción 
Primaria.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imp.  y  Ene.  "El  Globo,"  1916.    12  p.    8*. 

El  aprovechamiento  de  las  aguas  i  su  lejislación.  I.  (Concesión  i  distribución  de 
las  aguas.  II.  Fomento  de  obras  de  riego.  Por  Pedro  Luis  Gonzalez.  Santiago 
deChile,Soc.  "Imprenta  y  Lit.  Universo,"  1911.    24  p.    8^ 

Apimtes  forestales.  Por  Federico  Albert.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  CJervantes, 
1910.    22  (6)  p.    4^ 

Asamblea  de  visitadores  de  escuelas.  Actas  i  conclusiones,  1912.  Inspección  Jeneral 
de  Instrucción  Primaria.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1913. 
67  p.    8^ 

La  bandera  nacional,  1915.  Inspección  Jeneral  de  Instrucción  Primaria.  Santiago 
de  Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1915.    col.    pis.    4  p.    8®. 

Bases,  temas,  relatores.  P'  Congreso  Nacional,  Educación  Popular.  Santiago  de 
Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1914.    23  p.    8®. 

Bosquejo  del  estado  actual  de  la  industria  minera  del  cobre  en  el  estranjero  i  en  Chile. 
Por  Javier  Gandarillas  Matta.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc.  Imprenta  y  Lit.  Uni- 
verso, 1915.    130  p.    8®. 

Breves  instrucciones  para  la  recolección,  conservación  y  envío  de  ejemplares  de 
historia  natural  para  los  museos.  Por  el  Prof.  Dr.  Carlos  E.  Porter,  C.  M.  Z.  S., 
F.  E.  S.  3.  edición,  aumentada.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Cervantes,  1918. 
ülus.    98  (2)  p.    8^ 

Las  cabras  i  su  esplotación  en  la  provincia  de  Coquimbo.  Por  Augusto  Opaso  G. 
Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Santiago,  1917.    illus.    36  p.    8^. 

(To  be  continued.] 


T        UNION    OF    AMERICAN     REPUBLICS        T 

BULLETIN 

OF  THE 

PAN  AMERICAN 
UNION 

APRIL  1920 


SEVBHTEBNTH  AND  B  STREETS  NW.,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C,  U.  S.  A. 

CABLK  ADDRESS  FOR  UmOH  AND  BULLETin    :    :    :    i    "PAD,"  WASHHtOTOIf 


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An  ADDITIONAL  CHARGE  of  50  cents  per  year,  on  each  edition,  for 
rabecriptiont  in  countrief  outside  the  Pan  American  Union. 

SINGLE  COPIES  may  be  procured  from    the  Superintendent  of  Docu- 
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WASHIMOTON  I  OOVCRNMKMT  miNTIlMI  0P»»C«  t  letO 


-^«^^¿ík"^ 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  , 

A*'  ^A    ", 

Page. 
Paraguay's  New  Era  in  Stock  Raising 371 

Passive  Exporting 387 

Brazilian  Fibers 394 

Contemporaneous  Uruguayan  Literature 405 

The  Throwlng-Stiek  of  Ancient  Peru 415 

Agricultural  Instruction  in  Argentina 420 

Donation  of  American  Library  to  Paraguayan  Institute 430 

Agriculture,  Industry,  and  Commerce 435 

ARGENTINA:  Fruits  and  vegetables — Com  cutter  and  huiler— Car  wheels— Cement  vessel- 
Exports  oí  quebracho— Packing  houses. BRAZIL:  Sale  of  coiTee^-Cultivation  of  hemp- 
Foreign  commerce — Cotton  production  Central  Railroad  of  Braril— Irrigation  system  -Live 
stock— Commercial  conventions. —  -CHILE:  Commercial  mission— Production  of  tin- 
Foreign  commerce — Telegraph  statistics— New  line  of  steamers— Exports  of  nitrate. 

COLOMBIA:  Southern  Railway— American  propaganda  office — Suspension  of  import 
duties  on  food  articles—Petroleum  deposits— Aerial  navigation— Lighthouse— Emerald 
mlnes—^ilk  spinner— Acclimatation  of  seeds— Cattle  company— Caqueta  Railway  -French 
air  pilots.— -COSTA  RICA:  Chamber  of  Agriculture— Turtle  Ashing-  -Beeves  slaughtered— 
Exports  of  coffee. CUBA:  Commercial  Association— Exports  of  cigars— Sugar  produc- 
tion—Contrete  dock— New  sugar  mill— New  line  of  steamers— Steamship  docks — Sales  of 
sugar— Passenger  traflic— TUe  and  brick  factorv— Sugar  refinery. DOMINICAN  RE- 
PUBLIC:   Registered    automobiles— Exports— ^ugar    crop — New    steamer    service. 

ECUADOR:  Booklets  on  the  commerce  of  Ecuador— Bridge  over  the  Puyanco  River- Direct 
line  of  steamer»— Electric  railway— Exportation  of  tagua— New  line  of  steamers -Industrial 
cotton  company. GUATEMALA:  Exposition  of  Mexican  products  -.Vgricultural  lab- 
oratory.  ^HAITI:  New  commercial  company. HONDURAS:  Branch  railroad. 

MEXICO:  Lake  Chápala  lands— Rolling  stock— Steamship  ser\ice— Exhibit  of  ores— Agen- 
cies of  the  department  of  agriculture— Exportation  of  hides  Exports  of  smelters'  products- 
Airplane  service-<^mmercial  Conference. NICARAGU.\:  Mining  company  -Purchase 

of  a  steamer. PANAMA:  The  United  Negro  Commercial  Co.— Cement  factory— Tax  on 

sugarcane— Merchandise  storage  regulations.— PA  R,\  G  U.\Y:  Compulsory  personal  labor- 
Titles  of  ownership  of  real  estate — Foreign  trade— Exports  of  products.— PERU:  New 
wireless  stations— steamer  Paita— Agricultiu^l  and  Cattle  Association— New  port— Exports 

of  products. SALVADOR:  Chamber  of  commerce— '•  Ferrocarril  de  Oriente"— Agri- 

culftuul  information  and  instruction  office— Line  of  Swedish  steamers— Exhibition  of  Mexi- 
can products. URUGUAY:  International  rules  for  bridges,  etc.— Shipping  statistics- 
Number  of  animals  slaughtered  -Agricultural  conditions— Foreign  commerce— National 

telephone  system. VENEZUELA:  Tonka  beans— Commercial  agents— Pearl  fishing— 

Rubber. 

Sconomio  and  Financial  Affairs 447 

ARGENTINA:  Revenues— Budget— (îold  coin— Traction  revenues— Receipts  of  the  Argen- 
tine railways— Commercial  failures BOLIVIA:  Valueof  the  American  dollar— Loans.- 


BRAZIL:  Foreign  and  national  banking  business — "Banco  Pelotense"— Financial  state- 
ment of  the  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul— Treasury  bills— General  budget— Loan— National 
revenue. CHILE:  Companies  recently  organized— Charity  board— Government  tele- 
graph offices— Potable  Water  Co.— Franch  Bank  of  Chile-Bank  profits. COLOMBIA: 

Savings  bank—  Loan— Exchange  rate — Social  Bank  of  Santander— National  employees- 
Bank  of  Caldas— Branch  of  the   Mercantile  American   Bank. COSTA  RICA:  Road 

boods.^— CUBA:  Credits — Registration  of  commercial  firms— Customs  receipts— Habana 
Marine  Terminal  Co.— New  bank. DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC:  Loan— Ca«îtoms  re- 
ceipts—Royal Bank  of  Canada— Municipal  revenue— Bond  issue— Municipal  budget. 

ECUADOR:  Taxes  on  whiskey— Revenue  and  expenditures— Profits  of  the  "  Banco  Hipote- 
cario"—New    taxes. GUATEMALA:  Banking    profits. HAITI:  Credits. HON- 

DUR.\8:  Receipts  of  the  "Ferrocarril  Nacional"— Roads  and  bridges— Internal  revenue — 
Internal  debt— Supplementary  credit. MEXICO:  Bank  ) à IKs— Mexican  oil  enterprises- 
Clearing  house — Export   duties   on  crude   petroleum. P.\R.\.Gl'.\Y:  Bank   profits— 

**  Banco  Agricola" — Lease  of  govemmcnt  properties  — CiLstoms  receipts — Sales  and  mortgages 
of  real  property. PERI  :  Fire  in.siu"ance  comptuiles— Tax  receipts- Branch  banks- 
Loan. SALVADOR:  Salvadorean  banks'  financial  standing— " Banco  Salvadoreño"- 

Profits  of  the  "Banco  Agrícola  Comercial." URU  (i  U.X.  Y:  Loan— í'ustoms  revenues- 
Reserve  gold— Compensation  bureau. VENEZUE  LA:  Receipts  of  the  Bank  of  Caracas- 
Stamp  tfoue— Revenue  accounts. 

in 


IV  TABLE   OF   CONTENTS, 

] 

LeflsUtion 

PERU:  New  Conslllulion. VENEZUELA:  Rfpilillon  oí  the  l«ir  of  mlnta— SftoKmry 

Public  Instruction  and  Edncatton 

unev  pin[w 
Is.— -COBT 


-COBTA  RICA:  School  budgM. CUBA:  . 

mr— Provincial   Institute  of   Malantas— NlKhl   s  " 


BiiMness  sdiool. — ECUADOR;   Scholarships— Academy  of  trachtrj— Public  school 

rcntonnial  of  GUBvaquil— Bchool  ol  mu^c. GUATEMALA:  riploiaB.s-"Llce/l  Frano 

Hcllta"- Normal  course. HAITI:  Elementary  schooLi. HOVDUBAS;  School  siai 

llis-Cost  of  public  Instruction. MEXICO:  HiUIar;  colle^e—Weclily  pcdagcsic  < 

..... — ,  o-v„,  -,  „.., ^ ,.  J.......        '■'■'■■tAliUA;  Prim 


toreuce— National  School  of  Bailway»— Courses  In  dairylnj;. NICARAGUA;  Primary 

and  inlennediale  schMik— Inspsctor  senifal  ol  public  Inalniclloii— Uedial  achool. 

PARAGUAY:    School  ^situai ion— Military  avlal&n__idicnl— MedloU ^eellm. |^U: 


ilennediale  schMik— Inspsctor  iienMal  oI  public  InalnicllOD— 1 

^,..,.     „_^__,    _,.....,__    ..„ sTlalion   ichool- Medical  „ 

_ _       _     _  -New  school  csnt era. BALVaCoR;  Poptilar 

I — Award  of  scholanthlDs — University  «turva— Curriculum  of  jwecmdary  education — 


tatlstlra— Law  of  puhlicin!<tniction— New  school  centers. BALVADOR;  F 

. ._ — Award  of  scholanthlDs — University  «turva— Curriculum  of  jwecmdary  eduo. 

ning  commiHee  of  secondary  cdiicstion.- L'RUOUAY:  Cmirsain  Italian  Uleraluro— 

--  ■-  ■-■ '-■  -'-  —  'stry— School  slnilslies. VENEZUELA:  Sdioot  of  arts  ai' 


Oenenl  Motes.. 


ARGENTINA:  l^eapie  uf  Nations— National  Commlsaion  of  Fine  Arts— New  plaj-s- Muni- 
cipal Museum- Atilomallc  fire  slgnals—Commorclal  propaganda— Vacation  coi<mie»— 
Scientific   and  literary    work— Tensor  commit  lee— Intellectual   work- New   minister  of 

Mexico. BOLIVIA:  Diplomatic  service— Consularlaw. BRAZIL:  Inlematlonal  CoD- 

KresaofAniBrieanists— Territorial  division— Chi  Wren's  hospital, CHILE:  Arboriculture— 

(fold      medal— Irrigation-Naval    law— Ployiechnic    school— Municipal    waiehousa. 

COLOMBIA:  Statue  of  Dr.  Manuel  Murillo  Toro— Wirolpss  slal ion— Modern  hotel— Isola- 

tlon  hospital— National  army— Radium— Parcel  poet  office— Tioplcel  anemia. COSTA 

RICA;  Sanitarv  stal torn— Factory  bridge— Intematlooal  Institute  of  Agriculture— Hispa- 
nic American  Congress— Campaign  against  malaria. ClShA:  Highway— New  proidetiilBl 

Klace-rtEtal  convention -I'orto  Rlean  riub-Caliio   Carda    Hospital— Bigh  ccst  of 
ing— National  Hasooic  Hospital.. DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC:  RelorniBIory- Vene- 

luolan  trera— Modern  public  market— Insane  asylum- New  tlieater- Reconslniction  of 

"Calle  30  de  Mano." ECUADOR:  Centennial  committee— School  hymn— Improvement 

of  (luito— Bov  Scouts— Supreme  court— Census  of  I  larra— Campaign  against  hookwiHTn- 
New    rresident    of   the    Republic. — -GUATEMALA:  Nailonal   sanTiarlum-H  unid  pal 

llhfary— Water  syitem- Now  ipvemmental  palace, HAITI:  New  vice  ransul  of  the 

United  States.— HONDURAS:  International  Central  American  Bureau- I'ollce  larcc— 

Rlivtinn    of    povernmenl     nlltclnk. uifxlCO:  Children's    congrus — New    minister    of 

ntolheaith-RallwavemplDvers— SlilhNallcBul 

■_... , .  .     ...    -"■■  ir„  Amerl- 

*m — Consular 
iBppeab, 


f  AN  AMA:  CIUldren'sBSyluni- Public  n^istrv-Amiivcrsary  of  loimrling  of 

Diroctorjjf  Census — New  Président — Penal  colonv — Special  seosloD  of  the  i  .  .  _ 

'"'"";  EstabUshmenl  ol  a  consulate  general  in  Cwla  Rica— OfBciul  pub- 

"         '  -  .      .  _¡¡o^g,j,  gi  Engineers— I'roteclion  ol 

he  Province  of  Casttovirdna. SAL- 

«neni  ™«iri  <<(  «rhlini Ion— Sanit stloD 
—URUGUAY; 
Sixth  Intema- 
Tcmonj-- Topog- 


PARAGUAY'S  NEW  ERA  IN 
STOCK  RAISING     ■/     .'.      •/ 


WHEN  the  call  for  latter  supplies  of  food  is  still  echoing 
around  the  world  it  seoms  a  great  pity  that  in  some  sec- 
tions of  South  America  only  a  few  years  ago  many  cattle 
were  allowed  to  perish  by  drowning.  Such  an  instance 
came  under  the  observation  of  the  writer  while  traveling  through 
the  lowlands  of  Paraguay  during  the  wet  season.  Extensive 
areas  of  this  part  of  the  country  were  submerged,  owing  to  a  period 
of  unusually  heavy  rains,  and  although  hills  and  rolling  uplands  lay 
near,  lack  of  human  <Urection  and  foresight  resulted  in  the  loss  of 
vast  numbers  of  fino  beef  cattle.  Such  occurrences,  however,  are 
not  likely  to  continue,  for  to-day  the  demand  for  meat  products  has 
quickened  the  activities  of  stockmen  the  world  over,  and  skilled 
cattle  raisers  have  sought  newer  fields,  where  suitable  and  natural 
conditions  will  enable  them  to  develop  their  industry;  and  in  their 
search  they  have  gone  far  away  and  to  hitherto  undevolopod  regions. 
Few,  if  any,  countries  furnish  a  bettor  illustration  of  this  statement 
than  Paraguay — a  Republic  comprising  a  large  part  of  the  heart 
of  South  America.  Situated  far  distant  from  the  pulsating  activities 
of  a  manufacturing,  mining,  seafaring,  or  even  a  modernized  agricul- 
tural or  stock-raising  worhl,  Paraguay  stretches  in  undulating  hills 
and  plains  over  an  area  from  the  Gran  Chaco,  the  terra  incognita  on 
the  west,  to  the  Alto  Parana  on  the  east — a  region  of  the  earth  cover- 
ing an  area  of  196,000  square  miles,  which  has  only  about  five  persons 
per  square  mile,  or  a  whole  population  estimated  at  1,000,000  people. 
This  scarcity  of  human  population,  so  far  below  what  might  and 
eventually  will  be  maintained  on  Paraguay's  fertile  lands,  is  one  of 

'  By  WilJIam  A.  Rsid,  Pan  Amcilcun  Union  stall. 

371 


Ill 
lit 


III 


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sill 

i  ih 

Nil 
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i    lili 

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s     Hl  I 

r       8|s| 


374  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

the  conditions  that  tend  to  draw  outside  capital^  tempting  the  great 
corporation  with  its  various  activities  to  develop  these  virgin  fields. 

Foreign  corporations  operating  enterprises  in  Paraguay,  while  not 
as  numerous  as  in  some  of  the  countries  of  the  southern  continent, 
are  now  sufficient  in  number  to  make  themselves  felt  in  the  commer- 
cial and  industrial  world;  and  the  fact  that  the  newer  companies 
are  progressing  if  not  already  returning  dividends  speaks  well  for 
futiu-e  prospects. 

The  ** flowing  road'*  to  Paraguay  is  one  of  the  best  traffic  arteries 
in  the  world,  and  ocean-going  vessels  navigate  this  great  river  as 
far  as  Asuncion,  nearly  a  thousand  miles  from  the  Atlantic.  The 
actual  experience  of  passing  from  the  rough  waters  of  the  southern 
ocean  onto  the  broad  and  yellowish  current  of  the  Plata  is  not  without 
interest — as  far  as  the  eye  can  see  the  vast  and  rather  tranquil 
expanse  suggests  a  river  of  gold  rather  than  silver  (plata).  A 
himdred  miles  inland  stands  Buenos  Aires,  nearly  30  miles  from  its 
little  neighbor,  Colonia,  on  the  opposite  shore  in  Uruguay. 

The  water  route  to  Paraguay  is  not,  however,  the  only  practical 
means  of  access  to  this  inland  country,  for  the  railway  from  Buenos 
Aires  affords  an  even  quicker  if  not  less  expensive  service.  Water 
transportation  for  freight,  however,  seems  destined  to  be  the  cheaper 
means  of  transport  for  some  time  to  come;  and  in  the  case  of  Para- 
guay's commerce  and  industry,  the  well-watered  country  affords  a 
vast  number  of  cheap  fluvial  arteries  toward  outside  markets. 

Interesting  as  it  usually  is  to  enter  the  mouth  and  lower  reaches 
of  a  great  river,  it  is  still  more  appealing  to  many  travelers  to  embark 
on  one  of  the  small  steamers  at  Asuncion  and  proceed  toward  the 
interior  and  little-known  lands  of  a  great  continent,  where  population 
is  extremely  sparse,  life  primitive  to  a  degree,  and  where  forest  and 
plain  appear  to  be  about  as  they  were  molded  by  the  Creator.  But 
along  the  winding  course  of  the  Paraguay,  a  name  borne  by  the  upper 
waters  of  this  natural  artery,  small  trading  posts  have  gradually 
grown  to  hamlets  or  villages  and,  in  the  case  of  Concepción,  to  a  place 
claiming  25,000  people. 

Most  virgin  countries  adaptable  to  live  stock  are  producers  of 
meat  foods  before  they  become  great  in  agricultural  production.  In 
the  United  States  this  statement  is  illustrated  in  the  gradual  en- 
croachment of  agricidture  on  lands  that  formerly  abounded  in  cattle, 
sheep,  and  other  animals  that  are  grown  for  human  foods. 

Not  many  years  ago  the  United  States  was  the  world's  greatest 
exporter  of  beef.  To-day  the  vast  pampas  of  Argentina  are  furnish- 
ing more  beef  for  foreign  consumption  than  do  the  plains  of  our 
Golden  West;  in  the  United  States  the  growing  of  cattle  is  declining 
year  by  year,  the  farmer,  the  mechanic,  the  miner,  taking  the  place  of 
the  romantic  cowboy,  and  cereal  crops  being  grown  where  the  lowing 


^ 


TYPICAL  PLAIN  AND  FOREST  SCENES  IN  PARAGUAY, 

tippw:  OiicoItbabreeilnKhwdsoftlioIntemntlotiat  Producía  Co, '3  prapertlas  tmt  o(  the  Paraguay  Hirer  [n 
the  region  of  I'ueito  I'innsco,  Lower:  A  butler]'  o[  qiiebrucbo  carts,  betweeu  the  big  wheels  ol  wblch  the 
awijiat  logs  are  Iransported  to  the  railroad  for  shipment  Co  Cbe  Puerto  Plnasco  Bi tract  plant.  The 
carU  are  drawn  by  lour  01  more  oxen. 


TWO  OF  THE  INTERNATIONAL  PHODUCTS  COMPANY'S  MAIN  STRUCTURES. 

Upper:  aeneralvlewofihetiuFbrafhooiitrartplsnIM  Puirto  Plnasro.  This  15,000-ton  unit  is  tobeenlargod 
IhisyewtodnultloprFScnt  capnrlty.  L<iv>'«r:  Onei^thcbiiildingjOlthcaliallcilraiid  ranniHK  plmitutSau 
Antonio.  naaTAsiiTK'iiSii.  .^OOmll^  aoiuh  ot  l^lnosco.  Tbisillpstratvsthetypeofconcreteconslnjctionoftho 
principal  tniiiilings  of  this  group. 


Paraguay's  new  era  in  stock  raising.  377 

herds  once  grazed.  In  other  words,  the  post  two  decades  have  seen  a 
decrease  m  certam  western  cattle  lands  of  from  over  half  a  billion  acres 
to  230,000,000  acres.  Still,  to  use  another  comparison  and  quoting 
from  a  report  of  the  Federal  Trade  Commission,  it  is  shown  that 
while  our  population  (from  1880  to  1910)  increased  more  than  83  per 
cent,  the  production  of  beef  cattle  grew  only  about  22  per  cent. 
From  1910  to  1919  the  United  States  popidation  increased  about  14 
per  cent,  while  the  number  of  cattle  decreased  something  like  10  per 
cont. 

Bearing  such  facts  and  tendencies  in  mind,  it  is  no  wonder  that 
cattlemen  and  packers  should  seek  new  lands  for  producing  food 
animals.  Argentina  with  her  29,500,000  beef  cattle,  not  to  mention 
vast  herds  of  sheep  and  swine,  is  gradually  extending  her  grazing 
lands  northward  to  the  Gran  Chaco.  This  fact  and  the  success  that 
has  followed  such  enterprises  have  turned  the  eyes  of  at  least  a  few 
great  corporations  to  the  virgin  lands  of  Bolivia  and  Paraguay;  and 
it  is  particularly  of  the  stock  industries  in  the  latter  country  that  we 
write. 

Let  us  look  briefly  at  some  of  the  imderlying  facts  that  have  re- 
cently attracted  capital  from  the  United  States  to  Paraguayan  cattle 
and  aUied  industries.  In  the  first  place,  stock  raising  is  promising 
where  cheap  and  well-watered  grazing  lands  are  available,  where  fat- 
tening grasses  are  more  or  less  sufficient  or  abundant,  and  where 
breeding  of  the  herds  can  be  given  proper  and  modem  attention. 
These  are  at  least  three  essentials  among  various  other  requirements. 

In  the  case  of  one  of  the  important  United  States  corporations 
(International  Products  Co.)  which  entered  Paraguay  several  years 
ago,  and  on  whose  properties  the  writer  spent  some  time,  it  was 
learned  that  about  60  cents  per  acre  represented  the  cost  of  lands 
acquired  by  this  company.  These  lands  are  comprised  in  several 
tracts  lying  largely  north  of  Asuncion  and  numbering  millions  of 
acres.  One  of  the  tracts,  locally  known  as  Pinasco,  comprises 
1,250,000  acres  and  is  located  west  of  the  Paraguay  between  latitudes 
28°  and  30°.  This  vast  area  embraces  grazing  lands  as  well  as  exten- 
sive forests  of  quebracho  wood,  the  latter  a  by-product  of  the  prop- 
erties and  about  which  wo  shaU  speak  later.  The  westernmost  lands 
are  being  used  for  young  stock,  and  as  the  latter  grow  through  a 
period  of  about  three  years  they  are  gradually  moved  eastward  to  the 
Paraguay  River.  Opposite  the  larger  properties,  on  the  eastern  side 
of  the  river,  lies  another  tract  of  more  than  60,000  acres  where  the 
cattle  are  driven  and  kept  during  the  fourth  year  and  whore  fattening 
grasses  are  best.  From  the  latter  pastures  they  are  driven  to 
slaughterhouses  and  later  the  carcasses  are  removed  to  San  Antonio, 
just  below  Asuncion.     Between  the  latter  city  and  Pinasco,  a  distance 


(ILANCES  AT  TRANS I'ORTATION  FACILITIES. 

IS  Punpity  Rlvor  licl»»n  nueiios  Aire)  lud  Asundân.    UriiMr 

—'  via  I'lirHD  Hlaasco.toCanimbiiü)  BniU.adlsUaccolhiui- 

oad  station  U  I'uerta  I'lnasco.  «lUi  h  Eltmpw  of  ont  o(  ihc 

t  road^    The  open  car  Js  used  for  the  offldals  of  theeompaay 


I 

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il 


380  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

of  300  miles,  the  same  company  has  ako  acquired  two  large  tracts  of 
land. 

In  Paraguay  the  fattened  steer  suitable  for  market  on  the  average 
is  nearly  5  years  old.  About  8  acres  of  land  are  required  to  support 
one  steer.  At  a  land  cost  of  60  cents  per  acre,  the  interest  at  7  per 
cent  is  slightly  more  than  4  cents  a  year;  and  allowing  8  acres  per 
head  we  have  something  like  33^  cents  per  year  or  a  total  of  $1.60  as 
the  interest  on  land  which  produces  a  steer  ready  for  the  slaughter- 
house. In  other  parts  of  South  America  where  cattle  activities  are 
well  developed  an  interest  charge  of  $16  a  year  and  upward  is  not 
uncommon.  In  the  United  States  similar  charges  are  much  larger 
than  those  given  for  South  America,  although  these  figures  are  only 
approximate  and  vary,  of  course,  m  different  locahties.  But  the 
comparison  of  range  values  in  Paraguay  and  the  cost  of  raising  a  steer 
from  calf  to  the  fattened  product  for  the  abattoir  is  of  interest. 

To-day  Paraguay  has  only  about  1,000,000  cattle,  the  ofl&cial 
estimate.  The  grown  cattle  range  in  weight  from  850  to  1,000 
pounds;  they  are  therefore  considerably  lighter  than  the  average 
Argentine  or  United  States  steer.  But  the  live  stock  of  both  of  these 
countries,  it  must  be  remembered,  have  been  undergoing  improvement 
in  breeding  for  a  number  of  years,  and  in  many  cases  a  condition  bor- 
dering on  perfection  in  the  beef  steer  has  been  reached.  Paraguayan 
interests,  therefore,  appear  to  fully  realize  that  to  meet  the  fullest 
measures  of  success  a  series  of  years  of  stock  upbreeding  must  be 
applied  to  their  activities,  just  as  has  been  the  case  in  other  countries. 
Many  improved  cattle  have  already  been  imported  by  the  company 
above  mentioned,  and  it  is  the  plan  to  continue  this  activity  and  thus 
improve  the  native  herds.  Such  stock  as  Durham  and  Hereford 
have  been  successfully  introduced.  At  the  present  time  the  Inter^ 
national  Products  Co.  o\vtis  about  50,000  cattle,  half  of  which  range 
over  the  western  breeding  pastures  of  the  company. 

It  has  long  been  doubted  by  some  of  the  leading  cattlemen  of  the 
United  States  that  a  tropical  country  like  Paraguay  could  produce 
the  class  of  stock  desired  by  modern  packing  houses.  This  idea, 
however,  seems  to  have  been  dispelled  during  recent  years,  and  some 
of  the  most  experienced  breeders  and  packers  of  the  United  States 
have  obtained  important  interests  in  Paraguayan  lands  and  are 
aiding,  not  only  financially  but  also  by  lending  the  value  of  their  long 
experience,  in  the  management  of  ranches  and  the  production  of 
foodstuffs. 

Grasses  of  Paraguay  are  abundant  and  provide  an  all-the-year  food 
for  stock,  grain  not  being  generally  used  for  fattening  purposes.  In 
past  years  the  various  cattle  companies  or  individual  stockmen  found 
it  best  to  cure  beef  by  the  sun-dried  process,  the  product  being  known 
as  jerked  beef.    The  new  company's  advent  and  its  modern  system 


officials  of  tht  cumpony.    I 
Nole  Ili«  cnmlorUible  niipoi 


SCENES  AT  PUERTO  PlNASro,  3m  MILES  NORTH  OF  ASUNCIÓN. 

il  lhe  (luplirscho  pilrwl  plant.  Il  ptcwnlsaviewol 
ti  itic  rlïhi  ihi>  iiihlpiir  nrJrl  in<üiil»m«l  foi  IhtEvnei 
cw  at  a  hpii^e  ifrcii|iii>d  by  chid  of  the  iifhnaJïi  of  ilie  c 
mdm,  ancl  Lho  rathor  picturesque  fence  by  wliJch  thi 


382  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

of  slaughtering  and  packing  not  only  places  Paraguayan  beef  pro- 
duction upon  a  footing  comparable  with  that  of  the  most  advanced 
cattle  countries,  but  the  company's  enterprise  opens  markets  for  the 
small  cattle  raiser  who  in  the  past  has  been  compelled  to  dry-cure 
his  beef  in  accordance  with  the  custom  of  the  country. 

Meat  canning  and  packing  in  Paraguay,  it  may  be  said,  is  now  a 
fairly  well-established  industry.  Slaughterhouses  and  plants  are 
operated  by  the  company  already  mentioned  at  convenient  places 
on  the  Paraguay  River.  The  former  are  now  in  operation  near  Puerto 
Pinasco,  which  is  the  northern  headquarters  of  the  company.  At 
San  Antonio,  a  short  distance  below  Asuncion,  stands  the  packing 
plant,  a  cluster  of  buildings  constructed  of  brick  and  reinforced  con- 
crete. In  the  several  buildings  there  are  modem  appliances  and 
machinery  for  all  of  the  operations  that  belong  to  up-to-date  beef 
production.  This  equipment  is  capable  of  handling  3,000  head  of 
cattle  per  week,  and  ample  provision  has  been  made  for  caring  for 
hides,  horns,  hoofs,  casings,  bones,  blood,  grease,  and  fertilizer. 
To  give  the  reader  an  idea  of  the  completeness  of  the  establishment 
we  mention  the  following  separate  units  as  being  a  part  of  the  whole  : 
Abattoir,  cold  storage,  fertilizer,  boiler,  powerhouse,  machine  shops, 
store,  box  factory,  can  factory,  cooperage  shops,  general  offices,  and 
other  structures. 

Grazing  cattle  and  its  closely  allied  industry,  raising  hogs,  and  pack- 
ing these  products,  are  not  all  of  the  activities  of  the  company.  On 
its  vast  possessions  numerous  varieties  of  growing  timber  is  another 
source  ot  latent  wealth.  At  present  the  general  demand  for  que- 
bracho wood  and  its  extract  for  tanning  purposes  is  being  given 
special  attention.  This  one  branch  of  the  company's  business 
alone  gives  employment  to  a  large  number  of  laborers  at  the  plant  at 
Pinasco.  Indeed,  the  latter  little  port  has  grown  within  the  last 
year  or  so  to  a  community  of  1,200  or  more  people,  mostly  employees 
;of  the  company,  while  himdreds  of  other  workers  are  scattered  over 
the  cattle  and  timber  properties  of  the  surroimding  region. 

The  quebracho  tannin  extract  plant  at  Puerto  Pinasco  is  of  modern 
design  which  embodies  the  features  of  entering  the  logs  at  one  end 
and  carrying  them  through  various  processes  to  the  finished  product, 
and  to  the  shipping  dock;  and  the  several  processes  are  accomplished 
without  any  rehandling.  As  necessary  adjuncts  of  the  main  plant 
there  are  a  grinding  room;  engine  room;  extractor  building  108  feet 
long  and  32  feet  wide;  a  boiler  house,  somewhat  larger  than  the 
extractor  house;  an  evaporating  building;  and  a  cooling  and  storage 
building  200  feet  long.  There  are  also  sawmills,  carpenter  and 
wagon  shops,  iron  and  brass  foundry,  ice  plant,  etc. 

In  addition  to  these  extensive  buildings  the  company  naturally 
must  maintain  a  field  force  to  cut,  haul,^and^otherwise  provide  the 


384  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

raw  materials.  In  the  first  place  there  is  a  narrow-gauge  railroad, 
and  lines  35  miles  or  more  in  length  radiate  into  the  several  sections 
of  quebracho  lands,  which  comprise  something  like  1,000,000  acres. 
The  road's  rolling  stock  includes  two  locomotives  and  half  a  hundred 
cars  of  the  necessary  type.  According  to  latest  reports  the  company 
had  58,600  tons  of  logs  cut,  on  sidings  or  en  route  to  the  Pinasco 
plant.  At  present  the  plant  is  probably  producing  more  than  650 
tons  of  quebracho  per  month.  A  second  plant  is  planned  to  be  in 
operation  by  midsummer  of  1920. 

By  far  the  most  primitive  features  of  the  quebracho  enterprise 
are  the  oxen  and  the  laborers  in  the  forest.  The  former  are  used 
largely  to  transport  the  logs  from  stump  to  railroad.  Teams  of 
oxen  are  hitched  to  carts  having  enormous  wheels,  between  which 
hangs  the  swaying  log,  the  smaller  end  dragging  on  the  ground 
unless  the  timber  has  been  cut  in  short  lengths.  More  than  1,000 
oxen  are  now  in  this  service,  together  with  many  horses  and  mules. 

Much  of  the  inspiration  behind  these  varied  activities  is  due  to 
the  veteran  of  Latin  American  development,  Percival  Farquhar, 
whose  activities  in  Cuba,  Guatemala,  Brazil,  etc.,  are  so  well  known 
in  financial  circles  of  the  United  States,  Europe,  and  the  Southern 
Continent.  Mr.  Farquhar  and  his  associates  evidently  realized  the 
stupendous  undertaking  involved  in  their  Paraguayan  concessions,, 
and  accordingly  selected  able  lieutenants.  Entrusted  with  the  direc- 
tion of  the  company's  affairs  is  the  general  manager,  Mr.  C.  R.  Strotz, 
who  for  more  than  20  years  was  schooled  in  the  United  States  and 
Canadian  packing  houses  of  Swift  &  Co.,  and  also  on  the  vast  cattle- 
raising  estates  of  that  corporation.  In  that  long  period  he  naturally 
acquired  experience  along  all  lines  of  the  stock-raising  and  packing 
industries,  which  no  doubt  has  largely  contributed  to  the  company's 
initial  successes.  He  spent  a  year  or  so  in  Paraguay  in  planning  and 
organizing  the  operations.  The  general  manager  in  the  field  is  Mr. 
A.  E.  Rogers,  with  headquarters  at  Asuncion.  This  gentleman  is 
also  a  veteran  in  the  service  of  stock-raising  and  packing  industries 
in  the  Ignited  States  and  Canada,  and  carries  to  his  arduous  duties 
a  training  that  bespeaks  success.  A  number  of  other  men  experi- 
enced in  cattle  raising,  in  timber  and  sawmills,  etc.,  were  selected, 
and  a  corps  of  such  workers  are  in  the  field  equipped  by  training  and 
experience  to  handle  the  details  of  the  several  branches  of  the  enter- 
prise. For  laboring  forces,  Paraguay,  Argentina,  Uruguay,  and 
Brazil  supply  the  needed  aid,  Paraguayans  naturally  predominating. 

As  we  have  observed,  the  big  corporation  often  opens  the  door  for 
the  man  of  moderate  means.  In  conversation  recently  with  a  man 
who  has  been  successful  in  raising  hogs  in  Texas  the  writer  learned 
that  one  of  the  officials  of  the  International  Products  Co.  gave  some 
encouragement  to  the  Texan,  who  proposed  to  go  to  Paraguay  and 


3| 
Î5 


1Î 


i  là 


886  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

raise  hogs  on  a  large  scale  on  the  property  of  the  company.  The 
latter,  it  appears,  was  not  willing  to  hear  all  the  expenses,  butmado 
a  proposition  on  something  like  a  50  to  SObasis— an  arrangement  that 
apparently  provides  an  incentive  to  a  competent  man,  who,  if  his 
eEEorts  prove  successful,  not  only  prospers  himself,  hut  provides  the 
packing  plant  with  the  hogs  which  are  likely  to  be  slaughtered  in 
great  numbers  in  the  future. 

The  company's  own  steamer  service  on  the  Paraguay  will  natiu*- 
ally  be  in  keeping  with  its  enormous  activities,  and  at  present  half  a 
dozen  tugs  and  18  lighters  are  in  service.  This  equipment  is  said 
to  be  sufficient  for  tranaportuig  cattle,  heef,  and  quebracho  extract 
between  the  pastures,  lands,  and  packing  houses  and  the  Buenos 
Aires  market.  For  shipping  refrigerated  beef  from  San  Antonio  to 
Buenos  S.ires  the  company  is  now  building  at  Newark,  N.  J,,  two 
vessels,  each  of  750  tons  capacity. 

Stock  raising  and  quebracho  exploitation,  industries  which  are  so 
closely  associated  in  Paraguay,  have  long  passed  the  experimental 
stage.  The  fact  that  this  inland  Republic  in  the  past  has  not  sup- 
plied the  foreign  markets  with  greater  quantities  of  its  products  can 
not  be  attributed  to  lack  of  rich  grazing  pastures  or  to  scarcity  of 
timber  lands.  Lack  of  capital  to  develop  these  industries  on  a  large 
scale  may  be  ascribed  as  the  cause.  Capital  can  and  often  does 
accomplish  wonders,  while  the  individual  with  the  same  degree  of 
enei^y  may  meet  dismal  failure.  In  Paraguay,  as  in  other  parts  of 
South  America,  and,  speaking  generally,  it  has  been  the  big  corpora- 
tion that  meets  with  the  best  success;  and  the  latter  carries  in  its 
A'ake  a  multitude  of  smaller  opportunities  wherein  the  man  of 
moderate  means  and  the  day  laborer  may  find  chances  of  profitable 
employment. 


PASSIVE  EXPORTING 


#     # 


N  order  to  understand  what  effect  the  German  war  has  had  upon 
the  export  trade  of  the  United  States  it  is  necessary  to  differ- 
entiate the  temporary  from  the  permanent.  But  first  we  must 
have  a  comprehensive  insight  of  the  before-war  trade  in  order  to 
see  what  has  been  changed;  it  may  be  in  kinds  of  commodities,  or  in 
methods  and  agencies  of  selUng,  or  it  may  be  in  both. 

Before  the  war  exports  might  have  been  classified  under  three 
headings,  which  may  be  expressed  with  a  reasonable  degree  of  accu- 
racy by  the  use  of  geographic  terms: 

First.  Exports  to  manufacturing  countries  on  a  high  cultural 
plane.     These  we  may  call  European  exports. 

Second.  Exports  to  nonmanufacturing  countries  also  on  a  high 
cultural  plane.  These  we  may  call  Latin  American  and  colonial 
exports. 

Third.  Exports  to  nonmanufacturing  countries  on  a  low  cultural 
plane.     These  we  may  call  Asiatic  exports. 

The  classification,  while  not  exact  in  the  geographic  sense,  is  remark- 
ably apt  as  descriptive  of  three  different  kinds  of  exports,  but  more 
especially  is  it  apt  as  differentiating  three  classes  of  trade,  differing 
in  manner,  means,  and  methods  by  and  through  which  they  were 
carried  on. 

The  commodities  were  different  because  they  supplied  different 
economic  needs  arising  from  the  different  industrial  developments 
of  three  large  sections  of  the  world. 

Exports  to  underpopulated  sections  like  Latin  America,  Canada, 
Australia,  and  South  Africa,  in  the  beginning  stages  of  industry 
represented  by  mining,  lumbering,  grazing,  and  agriculture,  all  on 
the  export  basis  and  with  little  or  no  manufacturing,  are  essentially 
different  from  exports  to  densely  populated  sections  Uke  western 
Europe,  with  large  and  preponderating  manufacturing  industries. 
They  are  different,  notwithstanding  the  cultural  status  of  the  peoples 
is  approximately  the  same,  and  consequently  their  needs  and  wants 
as  individuals  are  the  same.  The  difference  is  not  in  the  cultural 
but  in  the  industrial  plane.  It  is  not  in  what  they  need  (their  needs 
may  be  taken  as  the  same)  but  in  what  the  home  industry  suppUes 
in  contribution  to  these  needs.  Sections  Uke  Latin  America  produce 
but  little  demanded  by  their  peoples  except  base  foodstuffs  (ordi- 
narily, but  not  everywhere,  in  surplus  quantities),  and  the  products 
of  simple  handcrafts  (their  chief  products,  beside  foodstuffs,   are 

1  By  William  C.  Wells,  o(  Pan  American  Union  Staff. 

387 


388  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

such  as  can  be  utilized  only  by  manufacturing  plants  that  are  non- 
existent), while  England,  France,  and  Germany  produce  nearly  every- 
thing needed  for  home  consumption,  and  want  only  raw  material  to 
keep  their  mills  going  and  basic  foods  to  supply  the  deficiencies  of 
their  own  agriculture. 

Exports  to  countries  such  as  China,  overpopulated  like  Europe 
and  industrially  underdeveloped  like  Latin  America,  are  different 
from  either,  because  of  the  difference  in  the  cultural  plane.  Their 
needs  as  individuals  are  simpler  and  more  basic.  The  individual 
Frenchman  and  the  individual  Argentinian  want  and  need  the  same 
things;  the  one  because  of  the  sufficiency  of  home  industry  uses 
homemade  products,  the  other  because  of  the  insufficiency  of  home 
industry  must  import.  The  standards  of  living  are  approximately 
the  same  and  the  financial  ability  to  maintain  the  standard  is  about 
the  same.  But  with  the  Asiatic  it  is  different;  his  standard  is  low 
and  he  has  but  little  ability  to  maintain  any  standard.  At  the  best 
he  is  able  to  keep  himself  just  one  degree  above  starvation.  He 
imports  only  what  he  must  have. 

The  differences  in  the  three  different  kinds  of  exports  are  funda- 
mental. Commodities  going  to  one  section  are  not  to  be  switched  to 
another  section  on  a  different  industrial  or  cultural  plane.  This  is 
not  to  say  that  the  United  States  did  not  export  some  raw  materials 
to  Asia  and  to  Latin  America,  and  some  finished  manufactures  to 
Europe,  and  some  high  class  goods  to  Asia.  It  did,  but  those  were 
exceptional  trades.  The  war  has  had  but  little  effect  in  changing 
fundamental  conditions.  It  has  given  a  slight  impetus  to  manufac- 
turing in  Latin  America  and  Asia,  and  to  this  extent  there  is  and  will 
continue  a  slightly  increased  demand  from  these  sections  for  un- 
wrought  or  partly  wrought  materials.  The  most  notable  change  is 
in  the  increased  demand  from  Europe  : 

First,  for  fully  wrought  manufactures.  This  demand  at  present  is 
chiefly  in  the  Une  of  what  may  be  called  tools. 

Second,  a  largely  increased  demand  for  raw  materials  and  base 
foods. 

The  tool  demand,  with  which  we  may  class  clothing,  is  manifestly 
temporary.  The  raw  material  demand  is  excessive  to  the  extent  that 
stocks  have  become  depleted.  The  excess  only  is  temporary.  Food 
demands  are  also  excessive,  not  only  because  stocks  are  depleted,  but 
especially  because  of  underproduction  and  more  especially  on  aocoimt 
of  Russia.  This  country,  until  recently  one  of  the  chief  sources  of 
food  supply  for  western  Europe,  no  longer  occupies  that  position. 
Its  agricultural  and  grazing  industries  have  broken  down  so  that 
Russia,  at  the  best,  like  China,  can  not  now  or  for  a  long  time  in  the 
future  be  reckoned  on  to  supply  more  than  its  own  food  needs.     It 


PASSIVE   EXPORTING.  389 

has  no  place  of  consequence  in  the  world's  balance  of  industrial 
exchange. 

We  may  summarize  the  situation  briefly:  The  demand  from  Eu- 
rope for  raw  materials  for  manufacture  must  soon  return  to  the  before- 
war  normal  volume;  but  there  will  be  a  small  increased  demand  from 
Latin  America  and  Asia  for  like  materials.  The  demand  from  Europe 
for  full  manufactures  will  not  continue  on  a  scale  greater  than  before 
the  war;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  the  demand  from  the  nonmanufac- 
turing  countries  will  increase,  and  the  Ignited  States  will  be  called  on 
to  supply  the  chief  part  of  this  increase.  The  increased  European 
demand  for  food  on  account  of  the  Russian  break  down  will  con- 
tinue for  many  years  to  come.  The  chief  source  of  supply  will  be 
the  United  States,  until  Latin  America,  Canada,  Australia,  and  other 
food-producing  countries  are  able  to  increase  their  supplies  at  least 
to  the  extent  of  replacing  Russia's  former  contribution. 

On  the  whole,  the  position  of  the  United  States  in  the  matter  of 
exports  from  the  point  of  demand  is  not  much  changed  as  a  result  of 
the  war  except  in  food  supplies.  The  increased  demand  from  non- 
produoing  countries  for  full  manufactures  would  have  come  without 
the  war.  This  increase  looks  large  when  measured  in  values,  but 
when  measured  in  quantities  is  only  about  equivalent  in  the  five-year 
war  period  to  the  increase  in  the  five-year  period  just  preceding  the 
war. 

The  world  demand  for  commodities  will  continue  and  the  United 
States  will  be  looked  to  to  supply  a  large  share  of  these.  The  trade 
will  remain  fundamentally  the  same  as  before  the  war  (i.  e.,  divided 
into  the  same  three  groups),  but  there  are  secondary  effects  upon  the 
trade  with  two  of  these  groups,  the  Latin  American  and  colonial  and 
the  Asiatic. 

The  dangers  to  be  apprehended  come,  if  at  all,  in  changes  in  the 
manner,  means,  and  methods  by  and  through  which  the  three  trades 
are  carried  oil. 

Commodities  are  bought  or  they  are  sold,  and,  paradoxical  as  it 
may  appear,  buying  and  selling  in  international  trade  are  not  correla- 
tive terms.  The  series  of  transactions  leading  from  the  producer  in 
one  country  to  the  consumer  in  the  other,  by  means  of  which  goods 
from  the  one  pass  to  the  other,  may  be  dominated  and  energized  from 
one  end  or  from  the  other.  If  the  impulse  comes  from  the  consuming 
country,  if  the  importers  of  that  country,  through  agencies  simple  or 
complex,  direct  or  indirect,  draw  the  commodities  to  themselves,  the 
trade  is  a  buying  one.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  current  of  commer- 
cial energy  runs  from  the  producing  to  the  consuming  country,  if  in 
effect  the  commodities  are  pushed  out,  the  trade  is  a  selling  one. 
Every  line  of  exports  is  either  pulled  or  pushed.     Seldom  or  never  is 


390  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

a  trade  in  its  international  aspect  neutral  or  mixed;  the  exporter  is 
wholly  active  or  he  is  wholly  passive. 

Before  the  war  Europe  pulled  commodities  from  the  United  States; 
the  United  States  pushed  commodities  into  Latin  America,  Canada, 
Australia,  and  Asia. 

Exports  of  the  class  called  European,  as  has  been  said,  were 
passively  sold.  The  initiative  came  from  the  buyer.  He  sought 
out  the  markets  and  estabUshed  or  energized  the  agencies  of  pur- 
chase.    Competition  was  among  the  buyers. 

Exports  of  the  classes  called  Latin  American  and  Asiatic  were 
actively  sold.  The  initiative  was  in  the  United  States.  The  markets 
were  sought  out  and  the  trade  energized  from  the  seUing  end.  Com- 
petition was  among  the  sellers. 

The  effect  of  the  war  was  instantaneous  and,  as  touching  the 
second  and  third  groups,  radical.  In  international  trade,  selling  as 
an  active  function  ceased.  All  selling  became  passive  and  all  buying 
active.  Competition  developing  into  a  mad  rush  and  scramble,  was 
confined  to  the  purchasers.  So  great  was  the  demand  from  all 
sections,  Europe,  Asia,  Latin  America  and  Africa,  for  United  States 
products  of  all  kinds,  raw  material,  foods,  miUtary  suppUes,  and  other 
full  manufactures,  that  exporting  lost  its  normal  status  of  being  a 
trade  in  surpluses  over  and  above  domestic  needs.  In  many  Unes — 
foods,  raw  materials  and  full  manufactures — ^foreign  and  domestic 
buyers  together  were  in  the  scramble. 

The  result  of  all  this  was  that  the  direct  agencies  for  active  selling 
in  international  trade  went  to  smash  or  became  atrophied.  There 
was  no  more  need  for  active  selling. 

The  advantages  of  passive  over  active  selUngare  readily,  too  readily, 
comprehended;  the  disadvantages  are  not  so  apparent.  It  is  per- 
haps too  much  to  ask  of  any  trader,  so  long  as  all  the  world  gathers 
at  his  door  to  buy  his  goods  at  his  own  price,  that  he  send  agents 
into  foreign  countries  to  seek  new  markets.  His  answer  is  that  the 
best  market  is  on  his  own  doorstep.  But  for  how  long  and  what 
will  happen  if  the  foreign  buyer  goes  home  ? 

First  and  foremost,  passive  sellers  have  no  control  of  their  own 
market.  In  truth,  they  are  at  the  mercy  of  the  buyers,  and  no  less 
so  when  the  buyer  seems  to  be  most  at  their  mercy.  Even  when 
buyers  flock  to  buy,  bidding  with  reckless  extravagance  against 
each  other,  it  is  the  buyer,  the  one  who  offers  the  most,  that  domi- 
nates the  transaction  and  fixes  the  price.  The  condition  changes  in 
a  twinkling  when  there  are  other  places  to  buy.  No  passive  seller 
can  compete  with  an  active  seller  if  both  be  in  the  field.  When  the 
buyers  no  longer  go  abroad,  but  wait  for  sellers  to  congregate  aroimd 
their  doorsteps,  the  former  active  seller  who  has  scrapped  his  selling 
machinery,  or  the  new  trader  who  has  not  built  any,  finds  himself 


PASSIVE  EXPORTING.  391 

with  no  control  of  the  market;  in  fact,  with  no  market  except  the 
domestic.  It  is  then  that  he  will  appreciate  the  radical  difference 
between  an  export  trade  that  needs  to  be  pushed  from  one  that  is 
pulled.  It  is  then  that  he  will  appreciate  the  truth  that  different 
lines  of  trade  themselves  naturally  fall  into  the  pulling  or  into  the 
pushing  class,  and  that  it  is  only  abnormal  conditions  that  throw  all 
into  the  former.  If  his  trade  be  one  that  naturally  falls  into  the 
pulling  class — that  is,  if  normally  it  belong  to  the  first  or  European 
class  above  mentioned,  raw  materials  and  foodstuffs — ^then  the  war 
in  no  ways  changed  the  status,  and  return  to  normal  conditions  in 
all  probability  will  make  no  change,  at  least  none  for  the  worse. 

But  if,  on  the  contrary,  his  line  of  trade  be  one  that  naturally  falls 
into  the  pushing  class,  if  it  be  of  the  kind  mentioned  above  belonging 
to  the  second,  Latin  American  and  colonial,  or,  third,  Asiatic  class, 
full  manufactures,  the  war  did  cause  a  material  change,  and  no  matter 
how  great  might  have  been  the  immediate  profits  therefrom,  the 
change  is  boimd  to  have  detrimental  effects  in  the  future. 

The  change  back  does  not  follow  but  precedes  the  restoration  of 
normal  conditions.  It  comes  unheralded  and  overnight.  Just  so  soon 
as  Europe  ceases  to  go  abroad  to  buy  the  kind  of  goods  that  Europe 
itself  before  the  war  exported,  the  change  has  come.  It  may  have 
already  arrived.  Like  many  great  continental  divides  the  traveler 
never  discovers  he  has  passed  it  imtil  he  is  well  down  on  the  other 
slope. 

Take  Europe  out  of  the  United  States  market,  not  for  raw  material 
and  food  that  Europe  was  accustomed  to  buy,  but  for  full  manufac- 
tures of  the  kinds  that  Europe  itself  was  accustomed  to  produce  in 
surplus  for  exportation,  and  the  United  States  export  market  for 
the  like  class  of  manufactures  to  Latin  America,  Asia,  and  elsewhere 
can  no  longer  remain  a  passive  one.  It  must  become  active  or  it 
must  cease.  It  is  not  necessary  to  wait  until  Europe  returns  to  the 
normal  and  becomes  an  active  seller  on  the  before-war  scale;  it  is 
only  necessary  that  it  cease  to  be  an  active  buyer  of  the  things  it 
once  sold.  Its  own  necessities  force  it  to  become  a  seller  even  before 
the  normal  wants  of  its  own  people  are  supplied.  The  competition 
the  United  States  now  meets  in  Latin  America  and  Asia  is  a  European 
competition  imbacked  by  any  condition  of  surplus.  The  after  effect 
of  the  war  is  to  give  an  added  force  to  European  competition.  If 
the  effect  in  the  United  States  was  the  same  there  would  be  nothing 
serious  in  the  condition;  but  it  is  not,  as  anyone  can  clearly  see. 
The  domestic  demand  for  full  manufactures,  even  with  the  with- 
drawal of  European  buyers,  continues  so  great  that  production 
scarcely  equals  it.  There  is  therefore  at  present  no  incentive  to 
recreate  or  to  reenergize  the  machinery  of  foreign  selling. 


392 


THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 


It  is  not  intended  to  convey  the  impression  that  manufacturers  are 
displaying  less  interest  in  Latin  American,  colonial,  and  Asiatic  trade — 
there  is  more  talk  on  this  subject  than  ever  before — but  that  ex- 
porters who  were  in  the  trade  before  the  war  are  disposed  to  accept 
the  war  status  of  passive  selling  and  new  exporters  know  nothing 
else.  All  are  interested  to  the  extent  that  they  see  the  advantages 
to  be  derived  from  maintaining  the  trade,  and  are  quite  willing  and 
even  anxious  to  sell  their  wares  to  these  countries.  They  are  willing 
that  the  trade  be  kept  by  any  means  short  of  individual  effort. 
Many  have  come  to  believe  that  such  effort  is  not  required.  They 
favor  banks,  loans,  ships,  industrial  investment,  propaganda,  for- 
getting that  the  before-war  exports  to  the  sections  of  the  second 
and  third  groups  of  about  $1,000,000,000  a  year  was  not  built  upon 
any  of  these  things,  but  upon  the  individual  efforts  of  active  sellers, 
and  upon  these  efforts  alone.  One  does  not  decry  the  advantages 
of  ships,  banks,  loans,  etc.;  they  are  aids  to  commerce  and  have 
been  of  great  assistance  to  Great  Britain  ;  but  they  follow,  they  do  not 
lead.  The  Uuited  States  was  making  more  rapid  progress  prior  to 
the  war  in  the  sale  of  full  manufactures  without  any  of  these  aids 
than  any  other  country  on  the  globe,  no  matter  how  well  equipped 
with  such  aids.  Without  individual  effort  nothing  else  counts. 
Active  selling  is  necessary  whenever  there  are  other  active  sellers  in 
the  field. 

We  must  not  overlook  the  fact  that  at  no  time  during  the  war 
or  since  did  Europe  cease  to  export  full  manufactures  to  Latin 
America,  although  the  exports  of  England  and  France  were,  like 
exports  from  the  United  States,  passive. 

The  trade  of  the  four  chief  exporting  countries  with  Latin  America 
in  the  year  before  and  the  years  during  the  war  was  as  follows: 


1913. 
1914. 
1915. 
1916. 
1917. 
1918. 


Latin  American  imports  from— 


United  States. 


$330,915,000 
253,613,000 
341,385,000 
538, 727, 000 
749,174,129 
764,091,000 


United 
Kingdom. 


$322,758,000 
217,189,000 
166,981,000 
186,190,000 
203,599,000 
255,768,000 


Germany- 
Spain.» 


$218,828,000 
132,707,000 
32,096,000 
41,728.000 
59,122.000 
67, 860, 000 


France. 


$109,965,000 
60,345,000 
39,098,000 
46,265,000 
50,674,000 
58,644,000 


1  For  1913  and  1914  the  figures  in  this  column  are  for  imports  from  Germany;  from  1915  to  1918 from  Spain. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  Latin  American  imports  from  the  United 
Kingdom,  as  shown  by  the  above  table,  were  only  one-third  the  im- 
ports from  the  United  States.  The  figures  for  1919,  when  available, 
will  probably  show  no  great  variation;  British  trade  was  not  then 


PASSIVE  EXPORTING. 


393 


revitalized;  but  1920  will  unquestionably  show  larger  British  propor- 
tional gains.  They  will  not,  however,  show  to  the  full  extent  the 
increasing  strength  of  the  British  position,  no  matter  how  much 
British  trade  for  the  year  may  be  shown  to  have  increased.  The 
strength  of  the  British  position  is  in  its  already  recreated  selling  ma- 
chmery  on  the  old  individualistic  base.  The  British  producer  has 
long  passed  the  stage  of  believing  that  his  wares  can  be  sold  through 
government  agencies,  ship  companies,  bankers,  or  by  any  one  else 
except  by  himself.  The  experienced  before-the-war  American  pro- 
ducer knew  the  same  thing,  but  the  war  has  produced  a  crop  of 
inexperienced  exporters  and  conditions  that  have  blinded  the  expe- 
rienced ones. 

The  Briton  is  back  in  his  old  stride,  and  so  soon  will  be  the  French- 
man and  the  Belgian.  The  German  in  the  past  was  not  a  dangerous 
competitor,  notwithstanding  the  belief  to  the  contrary.  The  clatter 
about  German  efficiency  meant  German  teamwork — in  other  words, 
overhead  government  control  and  direction — which  in  practice 
developed  the  most  patent  inefficiency.  The  individual  German 
producer  and  trader  is  efficient  if  left  to  himself,  or  when  he  learns 
and  practices  American  or  British  methods,  but  not  so  when  he  lends 
himself  to  further  the  aims  of  an  imperialistic  and  predatory  govern- 
ment. In  respect  to  German  competition  in  the  future  it  all  depends 
upon  whether  Germany  recreates  itself  upon  a  new  model  allowing 
freedom  to  German  individual  effort,  or  whether  the  old  idea  of 
keeping  the  citizen  in  a  strait-jacket  prevails. 

But  whether  Germany  enters  the 'field  or  not  (there  is  room  enough 
for  all),  the  fact  is  that  England,  in  respect  to  international  trade,  is 
already  in  the  game  with  France  and  Belgium  at  the  British  heel. 
The  United  States  is  spinning  cobwebs  and  otherwise  amusing  itself. 


BRAZILIAN  FIBERS 


#  0     y 


TO  anyone  who  studies  Brazilian  import  and  export  statistics 
on  one  hand,  and  Consular  Reports  on  the  other,  a  curious 
condition  at  once  becomes  apparent.  Brazil,  although  sup- 
posedly covered  with  fibrous  plants  closely  related  to  those 
now  under  cultivation  in  the  east,  imports  about  $5,000,000  worth  of 
jute  and  Indian  hemp  annually.  Of  course  Mexico,  despite  Yucatan, 
imports  jute;  but  the  traveler  who  watches  a  long  line  of  carregadores 
staggering  under  the  weight  of  bags  of  coffee  in  the  port  of  Santos  has 
only  to  turn  his  glasses  toward  the  neighboring  hills  to  discover  some 
of  the  best  specimens  of  fiber-yielding  plants. 

The  apparently  inexplicable  is  quite  easy  of  explanation. 

Brazil  is  so  huge  and  at  the  same  time  so  underpopidated  that  all 
of  her  resources  will  not  be  developed  for  years  to  come.  The  recent 
announcement  that  the  federal  government  is  ready  to  receive 
40,000,000  inrniigrants  will  give  some  idea  of  the  existing  ratio 
between  the  popidation  of  the  country  and  its  area. 

Specialization  in  industry  has  always  been  necessary  in  this 
country.  In  colonial  times  the  search  for  gold  and  precious  stones 
or  the  culture  of  the  sugar  cane  occupied  the  attention  and  energies 
of  the  Portuguese,  and  later  development  only  brought  concentration 
in  a  few  fields  of  industry.  Rubber  became  king  on  the  Amazon, 
cocoa  in  Bahia,  coffee  in  São  Paulo,  and  cattle  raising  in  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul.  Capital  sought  employment  only  in  those  fields  that  offered 
a  quick  return  on  the  investment.  Coffee  raising  was  far  more  profit- 
able than  the  culture  of  fibrous  plants  and  the  manufacture  of  coffee 
bags  from  the  fibers  so  obtained.  In  the  last  decade,  however,  the 
whole  economic  situation  in  Brazil  has  been  changing.  The  Amazon 
finds  it  difficult  to  compete  with  the  rubber  plantations  of  the  Far 
East;  coffee  has  been  overplanted;  and  there  are  no  more  cattle 
lands  for  sale  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul.  As  a  result,  new  items  of  export 
are  finding  their  way  into  the  holds  of  ships  clearing  from  Brazilian 
ports,  and  manufacturing  has  felt  the  stimulus  of  the  diverted 
energy  and  capital. 

In  due  coiu'se  the  matter  of  native  fibers  began  to  attract  the  atten- 
tion of  investors.  The  Indians,  long  before  the  discovery  of  Brazil 
by  Cabral,  or  Pinzón,  as  you  will,  had  learned  to  utilize  the  leaves  of 
plants  and  the  barks  of  trees  in  the  making  of  bow  strings,  fishing 
lines,  and  nets.  Owing  to  the  lack  of  adequate  machinery,  the 
''praieiros,'*  as  the  inhabitants  of  the  coastal  belt  are  known,  prepare 

>  By  Joseph  E.  Agan. 
394 


THE  PIABSAVA  l'ALM  OF  BRAZIL. 

«T  tbat  BKurM  snuraE  UraiillaD  «xports  at  pr«WDt  Is  plaisBva.  It  ia  a  kind  of  trunklua 
Il  nothing  but  a  clump  of  tall  nnd  Ii«tIIt  stemmiti  leaves,  wblcb  grows  In  extiemalf 
;  «acb  tree  b  supposed  to  yield  Iram  ID  to  20  pounds  of  fiber  per  annum. 


396  THE   PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

their  ropes  and  nets  much  after  the  same  fashion  as  the  vanishing 
Guaranis.  Nearly  every  Brazilian  is  familiar  with  these  fibers,  and 
an  insistent  propaganda  was  begun  for  their  exploitation.  The  gov- 
ernment at  once  offered  its  assistance,  and  experiments  made  under 
its  auspices  demonstrated  that  there  exist  within  the  national  bounds 
at  least  seven  fibers  of  high  commercial  value.  Small  as  this  number 
is,  it  represents  millions  of  plants  and  untold  possibilities  for  the 
development  of  a  great  industry. 

The  following  are  the  more  important  Brazilian  fibers: 

Piassavãf  member  of  the  thymeleaceas  family. — ^The  only  fiber  that 
figures  among  Brazilian  exports  to  the  United  States  at  present  is 
piassava.  It  is  a  kind  of  hairy,  pliable  bark  that  winds  around  the 
trunks  of  two  species  of  palms  known  as  Attalea  funifera  (Mart)  and 
Leopoldina  piassaba  (Wall). 

The  Leopoldina  species  is  found  only  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Negro, 
a  northern  tributary  of  the  Amazon,  and  although  quite  superior  to 
Bahia  piassava  (Attalea  funifera) ^  its  exploitation  is  much  more  lim- 
ited both  by  reason  of  the  comparative  inaccessibility  of  the  region 
where  it  grows  and  the  fact  that  the  energies  of  the  Amazon  Valley 
are  almost  entirely  absorbed  by  the  rubber  industry.  A  small 
amount  is  collected  yearly  and  marketed  in  Manaos  in  the  form  of 
brushes,  cordage,  and  ropes.  Neither  the  raw  fiber  nor  its  products 
are  exported  from  that  region  and  themselves  do  not  satisfy  the 
needs  of  Manaos  alone. 

The  Attalea  funifera  J  generally  known  as  Bahia  piassava,  is  found 
growing  in  great  abundance  in  the  ^'restinga''  of  southern  Bahia 
and  northern  Espirito  Santo,  but  chiefly  in  the  districts  of  Santa 
Cruz,  Belmonte,  and  Porto  Seguro,  in  Bahia,  where  the  palms  form 
veritable  forests. 

Centuries  ago  the  '* restinga"  formed  part  of  the  bottom  of  the  sea» 
and  its  soil  is  extremely  poor  and  sandy.  Nevertheless  the  piassava 
palm  flourishes  throughout  its  extent,  and  one  fiber  company  claims 
to  have  6,000,000  trees  on  its  property  just  north  of  Bahia  City. 
Another  important  source  of  supply  is  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Preto,  a 
tributary  of  the  Rio  São  Francisco,  in  northern  Bahia. 

Piassava  is  simply  wealth  of  the  wilderness  and  no  culture  of  the 
tree  is  necessary  or  practical.  Twice  a  year  the  bark,  which  is  a 
kincl  of  hairy  twine  wound  spirally  about  the  trunk  of  the  palm,  is 
removed  by  means  of  combs  of  the  most  primitive  sort  and  generally 
made  from  pieces  of  wood  fitted  with  nails  for  teeth. 

A  single  tree  yields  from  5  to  10  pounds  of  fiber  at  a  gathering,  and 
the  yield  can  bo  increased  by  almost  one-half  if  the  tree  is  cut  down. 
This  destructive  practice  is  quite  common  on  the  **  terras  devolutos,'^ 
or  state  lands,  and  will  eventually  result  in  the  concentration  of  this 
industry  in  the  hands  of  large  syndicates  that  can  afford  to  lease  the 
land  and  exercise  due  care  in  the  preservation  of  the  trees. 


The  J'iteira  líi 
35  erams  ol  f 


J-IT 

EIB.' 

l  IMrEUIAL. 

H  yrarly; 

;ï" 

are  Itom  1(1 

rio 

168301— no— Bui].  -í 


398  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

After  gathering,  the  mass  of  bark  is  soaked  in  water  for  some  days 
until  the  pulp  and  useless  tissues  have  rotted  out.  Then  it  is  alloweil 
to  dry  for  some  time  under  cover,  is  cleaned,  combed  oflp,  and 
assorted  as  to  length  and  grade.  The  fibers  so  obtained  measure 
from  8  to  15  feet  in  length,  the  longer  ones  being  used  in  the  making 
of  ropes  and  twine  and  the  heavier  coarser  kinds  cut  into  short  strips 
for  a  number  of  uses,  chief  of  which  are  the  manufacture  of  brooms, 
brushes,  hats,  and  sandals. 

A  peddler  bending  imder  a  load  of  piassava  products  is  no  uncom- 
mon sight  in  the  streets  of  the  one-time  capital  of  Brazil,  and  every 
Sunday  morning  the  '^  praieiros '*  from  the  neighboring  islands  and 
lagoons  sail  into  the  Porto  da  Barra,  their  little  vessels  laden  with 
piassava,  to  be  sold  on  the  beach  under  the  guns  of  the  fortress  of 
Santa  Thereza. 

The  exportation  of  this  fiber  from  Bahia  and  Hlheos  to  the  United 
States  and  Europe  as  well  as  to  other  parts  of  Brazil  and  South 
America,  is  increasing  yearly  as  new  applications  are  found  for  it. 
In  the  United  States  it  is  used  only  in  the  manufacture  of  snow 
sweepers  for  street  cars. 

Piteira  {Fourcroya  gigantea  Vent)j  member  of  the  amxiryUidaceas 
family. — ^The  traveler,  sailing  up  the  straits  that  lead  into  the  pic- 
turesque little  bay  of  Victoria,  will  notice  what,  at  first  glance, 
appear  bundles  of  huge  broadswords  tied  together  at  the  handles  and 
pointing  in  every  direction.  A  closer  examination  reveals  these 
bundles  as  green  bushes,  the  roots  of  which  must  certainly  be  pasted 
against  the  sides  of  the  cliffs  to  keep  the  plant  from  falling  into  the 
water.  A  common  stalk  can  not  be  detected,  and  in  fact  does  not 
exist,  the  bush  being  simply  a  collection  of  mammoth  leaves,  from  10 
to  12  feet  long,  that  sprout  independently  from  a  single  root. 

It  is  the  piteira,  a  cousin  of  the  famous  agave  of  the  Philippines, 
which  has  the  distinction  of  being  the  first  fibrous  plant  to  be  culti- 
vated by  Europeans  in  Brazil,  where  the  first  Portuguese  colonists 
found  the  Indians  gathering  the  leaves  of  this  plant  for  use  in  the 
making  of  moccasins.  In  the  seventeenth  century  the  Dutch,  who 
then  occupied  Pernambuco  and  Ceara,  cultivated  this  plant  for  the 
first  time  and  obtained  such  good  results  in  the  manufacture  of  a 
cloth  from  its  fibers  that  they  introduced  it  into  their  other  colonies, 
from  which  it  was  carried  into  Africa  and  Asia.  Dr.  Pio  Correa,  one 
of  Brazil^s  leading  botanists,  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  plant  is  not 
indigenous  to  Brazil,  but  rather  to  Central  America  or  the  West 
Indies,  where  it  is  known  as  ''cabulla,"  or  ''cabuya.'^ 

Although  a  foreigner  in  the  plant  world  of  Brazil,  it  is  found  to-day 
in  all  parts  of  the  country,  growing  in  soils  of  entirely  different  chem- 
ical compositions  and  doing  quite  well  among  bowlders  and  in  sand. 
Shade  is  prejudicial  to  this  vegetable  pariah,  and  it  flourishes  best  on 


Il 

¿2 


SB 
a  ?5 


Si 

H 


4    II 

I  il 


400  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

ê 

sandy  patches  of  arid  land  under  a  burning  tropical  sun.  Ground 
that  is  bare  of  any  vegetation  whatever  can  be  made  to  support 
thousands  of  piteira  plants  to  the  acre.  It  requires  no  special  time 
of  the  year  for  planting,  and  once  planted  little  or  no  cultural  atten- 
tion is  necessary.     It  '*  just  grows.'' 

The  plants  require  from  4  to  6  years  to  mature,  but  live  from 
12  to  16  years  in  comparison  with  sisal,  which  lives  from  10  to  12 
years.  Bettor  fiber,  however,  is  obtained,  if  the  plants  are  renewed 
5  or  6  years  after  the  first  yield. 

The  leaves  ripen  twice  a  year  and  are  cut  when  they  begin  to  droop. 
The  only  vigilance  necessary  in  the  culture  of  this  plant  is  that  the 
ripening  leaves  be  cut  before  they  turn  yellow,  for  once  they  acquire 
this  color  they  shrivel  and  break  into  brittle  fragments.  A  plant 
averages  40  leaves  yearly.  They  are  from  10  to  12  feet  long  and  yield 
approximately  35  grams  of  fiber  each.  Although  twice  as  large  as 
the  sisal  leaf,  piteira  yields  no  more  fiber  to  the  1,000  leaves. 

The  leaves  are  cut  by  hand,  one  man  being  able  to  cut  from  2,000 
to  2,500  leaves  a  day,  and  machinery  now  in  use  decorticates  5,000 
leaves  in  10  hours.      ^ 

The  fiber  so  obtained  is  lighter  than  Indian  hemp  and  finer  than 
hennequen  from  Yucatan.  If  it  were  properly  prepared  and  spared 
of  immersion  in  water  it  should  have  no  difficulty  in  competing  with 
Mauritius  fiber  or  Manila  maguey,  for  it  can  scarcely  bo  distinguished 
from  the  latter,  and  the  Mauritian  product  is  a  descendant  from  the 
piteira  plants  carried  away  from  Brazil  by  the  Dutch. 

There  are  at  present  but  two  large  plantations  of  piteira — one  in 
Rio  Grande  do  Sul  and  the  other  in  the  State  of  Rio.  The  plantings 
on  both  ''fazendas"  are  increasing  steadily  year  by  year,  and  the 
quality  of  rope  produced  has  aroused  a  degree  of  interest  that  is 
bound  to  give  stimulus  to  the  culture  of  tho  plant. 

The  supply  of  bags  and  bag-making  material  is  a  matter  of  para- 
mount importance  in  a  country  three-fourths  of  whose  exports  must 
be  handled  in, bags,  and,  as  has  been  previously  stated,  about 
$5,000,000  worth  of  fibers  are  imported  annually  from  India  to  be 
made  into  bags  by  São  Paulo  factories,  that  could  as  well  be  using 
national  fibers,  the  respective  values  of  which  have  been  repeatedly 
demonstrated. 

For  a  time  the  possibility  of  utilizing  the  piteira  plant  in  the  manu- 
facture of  bags  excited  considerable  interest,  but  a  report  submitted 
by  an  investigating  committee  to  the  National  Society  of  Agriculture, 
in  Rió  de  Janeiro,  declared  that  the  piteira  is  unsuited  to  bag  making. 

However,  this  should  disappoint  no  one,  with  the  possible  ex- 
ception of  piteira  growers,  for  three  members  of  the  Mahaceas  family 
and  two  representatives  of  the  Bromeliaceas  family,  already  accli- 
mated to  the  country,  can  be  made  to  supply  its  needs. 


I 


402  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

The  first-mentioned  group  includes  aramina,  or  Guaxima  Roxa; 
Papoula  de  São  Francisco ^  or  Perini  fiber;  and  Sjda  of  several  species. 

Aramina  or  Guaxima  Roxa  (  Urena  lobata  L.). — The  most  important 
of  these,  aramina,  has  had  a  rather  spectacular  history.  Mention 
was  first  made  of  this  plant  by  José  Henrique  Ferreira  who  read  a 
paper  dealing  with  it  before  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences,  in  Lisbon, 
in  the  year  1789.  Further  details  soon  became  known  to  the  scien- 
tific world,  for  the  plant  is  found  in  almost  every  tropical  country 
in  the  world,  being  quite  common  in  Florida  where  it  is  known  as 
'^  Caesar  Weed.'*  Repeated  experiments  made  in  Africa,  India,  and 
Brazil  so  encouraged  botanists  in  the  latter  country  that  an  intense 
propaganda  for  the  manufacture  of  coffee  bags  from  this  plant  was 
begun  and  resulted  in  the  building  of  a  factory  in  Sao  Paulo  for  that 
purpose.  During  the  first  year  of  operation  the  company  realtted 
a  handsome  profit,  and  immediately  the  news  was  scattered  over  the 
globe.  The  success  achieved  was  so  exaggerated  that  it  was  freely 
predicted  the  world  over  that  this  fiber  would  revolutionize  the 
textile  industry. 

Although  the  factory  attained  an  output  of  800,000  bags  a  year, 
and  found  ready,  enthusiastic  buyers,  difficulties  so  increased  that 
after  a  few  years  of  operation  the  factory  was  devoted  exclusively  to 
the  manufacture  of  bags  from  jute.  The  failure  was  not  due  to  the 
poor  quality  of  the  bags,  but  rather  to  the  lack  of  cooperation  among 
the  planters,  who  took  little  pains  in  preparing  the  raw  fiber  and 
began  to  insist  on  exorbitant  prices.  Aramina,  unfortunately,  has  a 
number  of  poor  relations,  and  these  were  not  infrequently  mixed  with 
the  genuine  fiber. 

The  plant  is  a  medium-sized  bush,  attaining  a  maximum  height 
of  9  feet,  and  in  Brazil  seldom  exceeding  6  feet.  It  bears  an  infinite 
number  of  small,  green  leaves;  blossoms  twice  a  year,  and  bears  a 
small  button-like  fruit  which  adheres  to  the  clothing  upon  the 
slightest  contact. 

The  blossoms  appear  in  February  and  July  and  shortly  thereafter 
the  fruit  begins  to  mature.  Midway  between  these  two  periods  the 
bush  is  cut  down,  for  if  the  cutting  is  delayed  too  long  tho  fibers 
become  weak  and  lusterless.  The  trunk  and  branches  are  placed 
in  steaming  water  to  loosen  tho  fibers,  which  after  some  days  are  set 
out  in  heaps  to  dry.  The  sorting  is  done  by  machinery.  After 
working,  the  plant  yields  about  one-fourth  of  its  entire  weight  in 
fibers  8  to  9  feet  long  and  endowed  with  a  much  greater  resistance 
power  than  jute.  Some  of  the  old  plantations  are  still  producing 
fiber  for  use  in  cordage,  and  the  general  impression  is  that  aramina 
will  ^'come  back.'' 

Papoula  do  São  Francisco  {Perini  Fiber)  (Hibiscus  canahinus  L.) . — 
In  addition  to  aramina,  which  is  superior  to  jute,  Brazil  can  boast 


BRAZILIAN  FIBERS.  403 

of  another  fibrous  plant  growing  wild  in  the  central  part  of  the 
country  which,  if  cultivated  and  used  in  the  manufacture  of  bags, 
would  eliminate  the  Indian  product  from  the  list  of  her  imports. 
It  is  the  Papoula  do  São  Francisco,  sometimes  called  Perini  fiber 
from  its  once  supposed  discoverer.  This  plant  was  for  some  time 
considered  peculiar  to  Brazil,  and  the  scientist  who  discovered  it.  Dr. 
Victorio  Perini,  bestowed  upon  it  his  name  and  attempted  to  exploit 
it  commercially.  A  plantation  was  begun  in  the  State  of  Rio,  but 
the  learned  scientist  did  not  receive  the  necessary  financial  support 
and  the  experiment  was  never  completed. 

The  various  agricultural  institutes,  however,  have  made  extensive 
plantings,  and  very  favorable  results  have  been  obtained.  The 
wild  plant  attains  a  height  of  about  5  feet.  When  cultivated  it 
grows  to  a  height  of  from  10  to  15  feet,  and  can  be  cut  down  twice  a 
year.  The  fibers  are  prepared  much  after  the  same  fashion  as  those 
of  Aramina,  and  have  the  qualities  of  Imen  and  hemp,  with  certain 
advantages  in  printing  and  dyeing.  The  scale  of  production  for  fin- 
ished fiber  is  given  as  3,194  pounds  per  acre,  including  fiber  of  all 
grades.  Of  this  amount  about  1,300  pounds  is  of  fine  fiber  and  about 
1,900  pounds  of  coarser  fiber.  Three  cuttings  are  taken  yearly  at 
the  experiment  station  of  the  Instituto  Agronómico  at  Campinas, 
in  the  State  of  Sao  Paulo,  but  these  plants  are  under  the  constant 
supervision  of  expert  botanists  and  not  more  than  two  crops  could 
be  expected  from  field  plantings. 

Sida. — Scattered  throughout  Brazil  are  several  species  of  sida,  of 
which  the  Sid^  rhombifolia  L.,  and  the  Sida  cordifolia  L.  are  the  most 
extensively  distributed.  It  is  a  small  shrub  which  attains  a  height 
of  about  \i  feet  and  furnishes  fiber  much  superior  to  jute.  The 
supply  is  infinite;  the  plant  matures  in  four  months.  Once  intro- 
duced, it  drives  out  all  other  vegetation  and  is  so  difficult  to  eradicate 
from  the  ground  that  farmers  consider  it  a  plague.  But,  despite  its 
rapid  growth,  prolificacy  and  staying  powers,  its  small  size  and  innu- 
merable crooked  branches  practically  remove  the  possibility  of  its 
conunercial  exploitation.  However,  if  the  plant  were  properly 
cultivated,  it  would  undoubtedly  gain  in  size  and  straightness  of 
limbs. 

Gravata  {Ananas  sag'enaria  Schult). — Member  of  the  Bromeliaceas 
family.  Gravata  de  Rede  is  the  bush  that  yields  the  fruit  known 
as  Ananas,  somewhat  like  the  pineapple,  and  from  which  is  made  the 
wine  which  adventurers  in  the  "Guarany^*  were  so  wont  to  quaff. 

It  is  an  octupus-like  plant  of  long  spiral  leaves  that  sprawl  away 
from  the  base  in  all  directions,  some  lying  flat  on  the  ground,  others 
clustering  in  the  center  to  protect  the  growing  fruit,  and  still  others 
point  skyward  only  to  bend  at  sharp  angles  after  having  attained  a 
height  of  about  5  feet.     It  is  a  sickly,  anemic-looking  plant,  and  its 


404  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

rambling  pale  green  leaves  ofter  a  decided  contrast  to  the  bright  green 
and  vigorous  piteira  leaves  marshaled  in  close  phalanxes  with  a  lance 
pointed  in  every  direction,  but  when  these  two  plants  meet  the 
piteira  is  invariably  exterminated.  And  so  it  is  with  every  other 
,  plant  that  crosses  the  path  of  this  vegetable  terrorist,  except  its 
cousin,  the  Gravata  de  Gancho,  which  is  the  scourge  of  all  scourges. 

Gravata  de  Rede  is  found  in  all  parts  of  Brazil  south  of  Pernambuco, 
where  it  is  known  as  cora  tá,  and  includes  all  the  plants  known  in  these 
various  localities  as  croa,  caraguatá,  carautá,  caravatá,  and  gravata  do 
matto.  Unlike  piteira,  it  seeks  the  shade  of  the  forest  and  is  rarely 
found  on  the  plains,  where  the  strong  winds  snap  its  leaves,  break 
its  fibers,  and  retard  its  growth. 

At  fruit-bearing  time  the  leaves  are  full  grown.  They  are  then 
about  7  feet  in  length  and  number  from  20  to  30  to  the  bush.  These 
leaves  furnish  fine  glossy  fibers,  longer  and  stronger  than  any  fibers 
now  in  use. 

The  plant  requires  very  little  attention  beyond  frequent  watering, 
but  if  it  were  to  enter  into  competition  with  jute,  only  selected  plant- 
ings could  be  used,  for  the  leaves  of  the  wild  plants  are  covered  with 
a  sort  of  epidermis  that  makes  defibering  difficult.  At  present  the 
natives  of  the  interior,  who  are  loath  to  consider  time  as  fleeting, 
utilize  this  fiber  in  the  making  of  fishing  lines  and  twine.  Despite 
the  repeatedly  proven  value  of  this  plant  it  will  probably  be  one  of 
the  last  to  receive  the  attention  of  the  commercial  world. 

Gravata  de  Gancho  {Bromelia  Tcarati^  L.). — Quite  similar  in  appear- 
ance and  often  confused  with  Gravata  de  Rede,  is  Gravata  de  Gancho, 
a  moro  virile  member  of  the  same  plant  family.  It  is  found  in  all 
parts  of  Brazil  and  literally  covers  great  tracts  of  land.  It  i)roduces 
large  quantities  of  long,  glossy  fiber,  well  suited  to  bag  making, 
but  too  little  resistant  to  the  effects  of  the  weather  for  rope.  It  is 
free  from  many  of  the  defects  common  to  Gravata  de  Redo,  and 
the  leaves  of  the  wild  plant  could  be  defibored  by  machinery  now 
used  for  pineapple  plants. 

The  above-described  seven  fibers  represent  only  fibers  of  high  com- 
mercial value  and  do  not  include  a  hundred  other  species  that  it  is 
the  good  fortune  of  Brazil  to  possess.  Uses  for  the  others  will 
probably  be  found  later.  For  the  present*  the  seven  most  con- 
spicuous among  the  host  offer  in  themselves  a  solution  for  the  fiber 
question  and  one  of  them,  piteira,  may  yet  prove  the  salvation  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  bleak,  sandy  wastes  of  Ceará,  Maranhão  and 
Piauhy. 


CONTEMPORANEOUS  URU- 
GUAYAN LITERATURE     '.' 


FOR  some  time  the  just  pleas  of  Uruguay  to  a  place  of  honor 
at  the  cordial  table  of  American  literature  have  been  pro- 
claimed aloud.  We  have  to-day  enough  talent  to  be  able  to 
speak  of  the  existence  of  a  true  national  literature  with  its  own 
characteristics,  w^ell  defined  and  even  original.  In  comparison  with 
the  literary  production  of  the  other  countries  of  South  America, 
whether  considered  collectively  or  singly,  the  intellectual  develop- 
ment of  Uruguay  occupies  an  honorable  and  prominent  place.  As  in 
every  country  on  earth  there  are  poor  writers  and  worse  poets,  who 
impiously  stain  the  altar  of  the  Graces,  being  incapable  of  worthy 
sacrifice  in  the  temple  of  immortal  beauty.  But,  if  we  consider  the 
territorial  limits  of  a  country  which  barely  numbers  a  million  and  a 
half  inhabitants,  the  comparison  will  be  flattering  to  its  intellectual 
prestige,  showing  how  many  and  how  worthy  of  consideration  are 
the  exponents  of  its  culture  in  the  growing  band  of  its  writers. 

The  ethnic  influences  of  Uruguay's  history,  which  has  so  much  of 
heroism  and  legend,  the  topography  of  the  country,  its  magnificent 
scenery,  its  smiling  natural  beauty,  its  sea  and  sky,  give  definite  and 
revealing  personality  to  its  literature,  which  has  already  put  forth 
distinctive  and  characteristic  marks  after  the  salutary  awakening 
from  the  heavy  siesta  of  colonial  days,  through  whose  enervating 
sleep  the  croóle,  mestiza,  and  Urguayan  mentality  languished  in 
storile  fashion  for  a  long  century  of  medieval  sluggishness.  Then 
were  heard  the  first  clear  notes  of  the  rebellion,  the  dominant  spirit 
which  was  to  shape  new  ends  for  the  destinies  of  the  Colombian  con- 
tinent until  at  last,  when  the  yoke  was  broken  that  bound  us  to 
colonial  tyranny,  we  were  able  with  new  strength  to  build  on  the  solid 
foundation  of  liberty  the  real  edifice  of  our  glory  and  the  greatness 
of  a  sovereign  nation. 

The  genuine  product  of  this  liberating  revolution  was  at  that  time 
the  poetry  of  our  trouvères,  our  singers  who  captured  the  '  ^  gay  saber,  '' 
like  a  banner  of  con([uest  placed  on  the  merlons  of  their  towers. 
One  Valdenegro  there  was,  according  to  Francisco  Bauza,  who,  in 
the  siege  of  1811,  made  a  warlike  "decima"  tremble  on  the  point  of  a 
lance,  challenging  the  enemy.  Then  there  were  Bartolomé  Hidalgo, 
whose  popular  muse  inspired  "Patriotic  Dialogues'*;  Acuña  de  Figue- 

*  Abbreviated  English  version  of  an  article  by  Manuel  Nufîei  Regueiro  in  Nuestra  América  of  Buenos 
Aires. 

405 


406  THK  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

roa,  who  immortalized  in  the  '* Himno  Nacional"  the  unvarying 
choice  of  *' liberty  or  death '*  made  by  all  those  of  the  East;  or  Man- 
uel de  Araucho,  who,  with  lyric  tongue  and  force  of  inspiration, 
cultivates  the  heroic  type  of  song,  begging  his  countrymen  to  be  in 
war  *' Strong  columns  of  the  beloved  native  land." 

After  the  uprising  of  May,  1810,  the  happy  advent  of  a  rich  Rio 
Platan  literature  could  be  perceived,  which,  shaking  off  all  the  colonial 
atavism,  gave  live  expression  to  a  mentality  resuscitated  by  the  life- 
giving  breath  of  independence.  Poetry — ^warlike,  epic,  heroic — was 
the  salutation  of  the  national  soul  to  the  dawn  of  poUtical  emancipa- 
tion of  the  peoples,  fusing  in  the  verse  as  in  a  red-hot  mold  the  popular 
tribute  and  the  votive  offering  of  a  patriotic  lyric  song.  Those  fer- 
vent bards  who  wrote  of  the  most  glorious  deeds  of  our  Uberation  did 
not  aspire  to  the  symbolic  myrtle  or  to  the  green  laurel  of  the  trouba- 
dours of  Provence,  but  only  to  crown  the  temples  of  the  victor  with 
the  triumphal  wreath  of  a  redeemed  country.  From  this  fervor,  more 
patriotic  than  poetic,  they  derived  a  muse  which  at  times  became 
sublime  by  being  an  expression  of  the  people,  sanguine  and  even 
joyful.  With  our  poets  the 'agaucho"  (cowboy)  appears  hke  a  sacred 
link  which  unites  the  native  land  with  the  cavaUer  soul  of  the  Castillan 
hidalgos,  being  the  fount  of  inspiration  to  the  poet  when  the  latter 
did  not  infuse  his  own  inherent,  innate,  and  indomitable  spirit  into 
the  honey  of  rythm  which  runs  through  the  strong  and  vigorous 
verse.  And  after  the  legion  of  bards,  came,  with  no  less  brilliance 
and  charm,  the  chosen  family  of  our  first  writers  of  prose,  who  with 
the  poets  confirmed  the  live  consciousness  of  nationality,  of  independ- 
ence, of  the  national  character  which  began  to  show  itself  in  a  manner 
quite  distinct  among  the  related  countries  of  the  continent. 

With  the  birth  of  international  personality  there  was  forming  in 
Uruguay  a  common  aspiration  for  the  creation  of  a  species  of  nation- 
ally individual,  intellectual  sovereignty,  generic  and  characteristic, 
which  would  show  originaUty  and  the  hall  mark  of  national  mentality. 
From  that  first  venerable  doctor  of  our  country,  Don  José  Manuel 
Pérez  Castellanos,  who  put  into  his  ^^Observations  on  Agriculture" 
the  *^ seasoned  fruits  of  his  last  years,  full  of  experience  and  wisdom'' 
(to  quote  the  immortal  founder  of  our  library,  Father  Dâmaso  A. 
Larrañaga),  until  the  arrival  of  our  young  contemporary  authors, 
Uruguayan  literature  contributes  an  element  to  the  intellectual 
atmosphere  of  South  America,  which  is  essentially  characteristic 
and  its  own.  This  something  seems  never  to  have  been  found  any- 
where else,  perhaps  because  the  orientals  (Uruguayans)  are  a  people 
who  amalgamated  before  any  of  the  others  on  the  continent  the  cul- 
tural elements  of  foreign  civilizations  with  that  Charruistic  (Indian) 
hereditary  strain,  indomitable  and  free,  which  gives  them  an  aborigi- 
nal energy  and  a  native  originality,  free  from  all  traces  of  the  exotic. 


CONTEMPORANEOUS   URUGUAYAN  LITERATURE.  407 

It  permits  the  presentation  of  a  different  psychology,  a  vigorous  and 
tempered  mentality,  which  seems,  in  the  constant  contemplation  of 
the  sea,  as  if  since  birth  we  had  been  making,  while  playing  in  the 
sand,  a  new  world  in  each  wave  which  comes  to  dash  itself  against  the 
rocks. 

Much  as  the  vigorous  Britons  of  early  times  dreamed,  though 
reduced  to  the  scantiness  of  their  wave-beaten  isle,  of  bein^  the  rulers 
of  the  seas  and  possessors  of  a  vast  empire,  so  the  orientals  (Uruguay- 
ans) it  might  be  said,  carried  on  by  the  breath  of  a  call  of  irresistible 
hegemony,  wished  to  make  themselves  masters  of  the  continent  of 
Columbus  in  the  rule  of  capability,  intelligence,  and  character,  and 
by  the  splendor  of  their  intellectual  force  and  the  puissance  of  their 
instinctive  feeling  of  race.  The  only  people  of  the  South  Americans 
who  have  seen  the  passing  of  the  ethnic  indigenous  factor  form  to-day 
a  small  clan,  which  must  necessarily  receive  the  exotic  influence  of 
European  civilization;  yet  giving  to  that  which  is  incorporated  into 
national  progress,  a  modulation,  a  rythm,  a  keynote,  a  typical  color- 
ing, which,  without  being  Charruic,  European,  nor  Asiatic,  nor  Saxon, 
nor  Latin,  are  qualities  markedly  Uruguayan.  We  possess  individu- 
ality, distinctive  features,  a  quality  all  our  own,  which  marks  us  as 
different  from  our  continental  brothers. 

Nature  is  accountable  for  a  great  part  of  this  marvel.  We  are,  as 
Zorilla  do  San  Martin  well  said  in  his  monumental  work  *'La  Epopeya 
de  Artigas,"  **  a  people  necessarily  distinct  from  the  other  peoples, 
great  or  small,  which  surround  us."  Uruguay  is  destined  to  be  the 
center  of  attraction,  the  nebulous  spiral,  never  the  satélite.  Its 
intellectual  life  reveals  the  existence  of  inward  light,  not  planetary, 
whoso  spectrum  analysis  shows  plainly  visible  rays  distinct  from 
those  of  other  suns  of  the  vast  American  firmament.  There  is  a 
tendency  to  superiority,  to  intellectual  aristocracy  which  is  more 
instinctive  than  premeditated;  an  interest  for  free  individuaUty  as 
a  factor  of  moral  and  intellectual  progress;  a  definite  end,  solid  and 
perceptible,  in  all  intellectual  and  artistic  work  which  aids  unob- 
trusively the  noble,  constructive,  and  original  spirit  which  per- 
meates everywhere,  from  the  courts  where  the  laws  are  made  to  the 
shelves  of  the  public  Ubraries  and  the  schools  and  universities. 

As  if  they  were  zealous  builders  who  aspire  to  construct  as  with  one 
accord  a  unique  and  splendid  national  art,  a  characteristic  and  ex- 
clusive literature;  as  if  they  struggled  to  obtain  the  Olympic  laurel 
of  Apollo  in  the  contest  of  the  gods,  or  the  gold  cup  of  the  intellectual 
championship  of  Latin  America,  the  writers,  poets,  thinkers,  and 
artists  have  worked  up  to  the  present  with  clear  vision  of  the  future 
and  an  invincible  faith  in  their  own  capabilities,  which  has  freed  them 
from  all  spiritual  tutalege  and  brought  them  the  realization  of  their 
fair  and  enviable  destinies. 


408  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

There  may  be  clearly  divined  at  the  bottom  of  Uruguayan  intel- 
lectual life  the  powerful  force  of  autosuggestion,  which  carries  man 
to  the  realization  of  the  highest  aspirations;  an  indomitable  desire 
to  always  conquer,  to  excel,  to  confirm  in  the  contemporary  history 
of  the  literature  of  South  America  that  glorious  ideal  of  olden  times 
in  the  happy  days  of  the  land  of  ^îîsculus,  Plato,  and  Zenophon  ;  to 
convert  the  soul  of  the  very  nation  into  a  mentor  or  healthful  leaven 
for  the  rest  of  the  continent.  It  might  be  said  that  the  Uruguayan 
mentality  dreams  of  acquiring,  like  the  classic  Greece  of  Pericles  in 
the  ancient  world,  the  supreme  guerdon  of  spiritual,  intellectual, 
and  artistic  hegemony  of  the  New  World.  In  the  opinion  of  some 
we  have  already  acquired  the  institutional,  civil,  and  moral  hegemony 
of  Latin  America,  with  our  advanced  social  legislation,  the  liberality 
and  humanity  of  our  public  institutions,  and  the  proclamation  of 
elevated  international  judicial  principles,  such  as  the  doctrine  of 
Dr.  Brum  on  the  solidarity  of  America,  and  the  existence  of  the  new 
constitution  which  rules  us  and  is  the  only  one  of  its  kind  in  the 
world. 

All  this  seems  to  reveal,  together  with  the  best  quality  of  national 
pride  which  distinguishes  us  as  a  people,  that  we  have  arrived  at  the 
consecration  of  the  postulants  of  a  superior  civilization,  in  form  and 
in  depth,  who  have  in  part  the  virtue  of  having  anticipated  some  of 
the  dictates  of  the  new  laws  published  in  the  Peace  Conference  and 
worthy  of  the  favorable  comments  and  enthusiastic  admiration  of 
some  of  the  famous  statesmen  seated  about  the  same  table.  It  was 
there  affirmed  that  certain  nations  territorially  small  were  ordained 
in  history  to  fulfill  great  destinies,  the  national  spirit  making  up  for 
the  small  native  land  with  conditions  or  characters  which  increased 
its  prestige  and  influence  in  the  concert  of  nations  of  the  world.  But, 
as  the  immortal  author  of  '^Tabaré''  pointedly  explains,  **the  terri- 
tory of  Uruguay  is  not  small;  it  extends  over  200,000  square  kilo- 
meters, four  or  five  European  nations  could  be  contained  in  it;  it 
could  have  a  population  of  80,000,000  inhabitants  and  be  no  more 
crowded  than  Belgium.** 

It  is  certainly  not  our  purpose  to  covet  the  golden  fleece  of  other 
lands;  we  do  not  aspire  to  extend  our  frontiers  beyond  those  which 
Nature  intelligently  saw  fit  to  establish  for  us.  The  Uruguayan 
soul  stands  out  in  relief  in  the  fine  work  already  accomplished  by 
its  writers,  and  showing  itself  the  exponent  of  a  feeling  of  love  for 
the  nation,  of  intellectual  elevation  whose  very  name  Ls  a  title  of 
honor  for  the  New  World.  This  may  be  said  without  depreciation 
of  anybody,  none  of  our  American  sisters,  largely  taking  into  account 
that  the  same  Rio  de  la  Plata  bathes  the  Republic  of  Argentina,  the 
largest  sister,  and  that  Argentina  is  the  admired  native  land  of  a 
brilliant  group  of  authors;  the  country  of  Andrade,  Echevarría, 


CONTEMPORANEOUS   URUGUAYAN  LITERATURE.  409 

Sarmiento,  Ameghino,  Mitre,  and  of  Lugones.  Only  the  fact  will 
have  to  be  conceded  that  Uruguay,  the  little  country  of  South 
America,  with  its  small  population,  has  produced  in  proportion  as 
select  a  number  of  brilliant  intelligence  who  hold  prominent  places 
in  the  realm  of  literature. 

A  review  of  the  different  periods  of  our  early  literary  history 
would  show  us  a  group  of  men  linked  body  and  soul  with  that  same 
Argentine  life  whose  glorious  traditions  are  related  to  ours.  Some 
of  them,  like  the  romantic  and  sentimental  Juan  Carlos  Gomes,  re- 
ceived in  Argentina,  where  they  had  lived  many  years,  the  greatest 
tributes  of  their  lives. 

In  speaking  of  contemporary  Uruguayan  literature,  I  mean  by 
that  those  most  distinguished  representatives  of  its  intellectuality 
who  have  achieved  or  are  achieving  positive  and  praiseworthy 
works  which  may  be  cited  as  worthy  examples  of  the  high  coeffi- 
cient of  our  national  culture.  It  may  be  said  again  that  the  number 
of  our  writers  and  poets  shows  in  the  intellectual  feats  of  the  country 
a  personal  literature,  characteristic  and  separate  in  form  and  in  kind 
from  the  other  ciurent  literatures  of  South  America. 

Let  us  take,  for  example,  a  glance  at  the  different  manifestations 
of  our  intellectual  life  which  are  most  striking.  We  mention  some 
names  which  serve  as  guiding  lights  to  illumine  the  path  of  analysis 
or  the  investigation  of  our  intellectual  values.  We  will  put  in  the 
balance  to  be  weighed  the  contribution  of  each  one  of  them  to  the 
general  spiritual  progress. 

We  see,  on  one  hand,  among  our  most  worthy  poets  Zorrilla  de  San 
Martín,  the  author  of  ''Tabaré ''  and  *' La  Leyenda  Patria,''  leading  the 
way.  He  is  the  greatest  poet  of  Uruguay,  and  has  been  considered  by 
some  critics  to  be  the  greatest  that  South  America  can  count.  He 
is  at  the  same  time  eloquent,  a  powerful  orator,  a  ''gran  señor,'' 
and  master  of  words.  In  addition  to  his  ''Conferencias  y  Discursos," 
he  has  written  a  magnificent  prose  poem,  elegant,  saturated  with 
beauty,  with  the  odor  of  sandalwood,  and  full  of  vigorous  eloquence. 
It  is  a  book  like  a  gothic  cathedral  of  hewn  stone,  where  the  jasper 
and  gold  show  the  magic  fretwork  which  a  brilliant  genius  made, 
one  who,  with  his  patriot's  heart  and  prophet's  soul,  welcomed  the 
vision  of  the  truth  which  shed  its  light  from  the  heart  of  Artigas,  the 
glorious  father  of  the  orientals  (Uruguayans).  This  work  is  "La 
Epopeya  de  Artigas,"  a  real  monument  raised  in  the  living  marble  and 
bronze  of  human  language  to  the  memory  of  the  famous  conqueror 
of ''Las  Piedras." 

Then  follows  Carlos  Roxlo,  whose  verses  arc  burning  points  of 
light  in  the  sky  of  the  native  land  ;  songs  with  freshness,  splendor, 
and  simple  beauty  like  the  lovelorn  shepherdesses  of  the  eclogues. 
He  is  foster  brother  of  Salvador  Rueda,  who  has  originality  and  per- 


410  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

sonal  quality  in  his  style,  full  of  color  and  sentiment.    He  is  author 
of  ^' Luces  y  Sombras,"  among  whose  beautiful  verses  is  found  the 
sad  soul  of  that  *'Andresillo,"  who  onc^  made  us  weep.    And  then 
come  the  new,  the  rare,  the  voyagers  of  the  blue  sky,  among  whom 
Baudelaire  and  Ruben  Darío  wove  versos  of  sunbeams  and  of  the 
hair  of  nymphs  and  the  burning  breath  of  the  Tritons.    Darío  was 
the  most  original  poet  that  America  has  had,  in  his  style,  his  unique 
manner  of  singing  of  beauty  in  verses  formed  in  rare  retorts,  of 
strange  rites  and  confused  murmurings.     He  belongs  to  the  futurist 
anthology,  to  the  magnificent  group  of  modernist  poets,  such  as 
José  Asunción  Silva,  Banchs,  Casal,  and  other  Americans  of  talent, 
who  can  rise  higher  than  the  their  most  eminent  Latin  brothers  of  the 
new  and  exotic  art.     The  literary  personality  of  Herrera  y  Reissig  has 
no  peer  in  this  extraordinary  art  of  superhuman  tremulous  verse, 
which  suffers  from  the  incurable  neurasthenia  of  the  sea  and  skv. 
Guzman  Papini  y  Zas,  who  is  at  once  a  great  poet  with  an  admi- 
rable richness  of  language,  of  metaphors  of  illimitable  changes,  of 
tropical  imagination,  a  poet  of  winged  eloquence,  a  cataract  of  sweet 
sounds.    Maria  Eugenia  Vaz  Ferreira,  the  genial  poetess  par  excel- 
lence, the  first  of  South  America,  fidl  of  emotion,  sentiment,  imagery, 
innocent  voluptuousness,  of  intense  goodness,  whose  inspiration  and 
fancy  are  of  a  rare  lineage;    ''more  artist  than  woman'*;   a  pagan 
goblet  of  gold  full  of  communion  wine;   a  nightingale  of  the  north, 
nebulous  and  cold,  whose  trills  are  ballads  that  reach  the  heart, 
grasping  it  with  the  fire  of  the  desire  of  things  unknown.     Delmira 
Agostini,  whose  tragic  death  moved  all  of  us  who  loved  her  for  her 
verses  full  of  light,  of  the  murmuring  plaints  of  enamoured  souls,  of 
the  inexorable  spell,  verses  brimming  with  the  juice  of  the  grape, 
erotic  poignancy,  like  fairy  hammocks  swung  fondly  by  the  enrap- 
tured breath  of  the  kiss. 

And  thus  pass  in  review  poets  of  such  fine  type  as  Armando  Vas- 
seur,  of  sumptuous  art,  epic,  señiorial,  which  gives  the  sensation  of 
magnificent  absorption  in  thought,  as  if  it  believed  itself  the  only 
inexorable  arbiter  of  glory.  Also  César  Miranda,  Emilio  Frugoni, 
Ubaldo  Ramón  Guerra,  Ovidio  Fernández  Ríos,  Raúl  Montero  Bus- 
tamante,  Ángel  Falco,  Pablo  Mirelli,  followed  by  a  hundred  more 
poets  of  exceptional  personality.  Young,  strong,  they  tread  the 
flowery  path  of  the  foothills  of  Parnassus,  carrying  with  them  the 
evergreen  laurel  of  Apollo  in  triimiphal  procession,  bringing  back 
the  music  of  the  magic  flutes  of  the  bards  who  have  gone  on  to  drink 
the  waters  of  immortal  life  from  the  sacred  fountain  of  Hippocrene. 
Af  t^r  this  company  of  poets  come  in  defile  with  the  raised  visors 
of  victorious  knights  the  chosen  prosodists  of  vigorous  stock,  who 
also  weave  into  the  cloth  of  glory  the  purple  chlamys  of  the  hiero- 
phants  consecrated  to  the  cult  of  eternal  beauty.     There  come  in 


CONTEMPORANEOUS  URUGUAYAN  LITERATURE.  411 

the  lead,  like  pillars  of  fire,  like  spirals  of  light  to  illumine  the  path, 
two  eminent  essayists  and  thinkers — José  Enrique  Rodó  and  Carlos 
Vaz  Ferreira.  The  first  already  sleeps  among  those  who  have 
closed  their  eyes,  blessed  by  gods  and  men.  He  is  the  Corinthian 
column  of  the  great  sanctuary,  the  sacred  golden  vial  which  held 
the  quintessential  drop  from  all  the  flowers  of  the  human  soul  im- 
prisoned in  lummous  and  iridescent  language. 

The  author  of  ''Motivos  de  Proteo"  and  of  ^'El  Mirador  de  Prós- 
pero'^ had  the  glorious  triumph  of  awakening  the  jealousy  of  the 
princess-like  muse  of  Darío  when  he  wrote  the  prologue  to  the  latter's 
book  of  verse.  So  high  and  sublime  was  his  style,  so  diaphanous, 
poetic,  and  magnificent  his  prose,  that  after  having  read  the  pro- 
logue the  verses  of  the  great  poet  seemed  to  pale  as  if  by  enchant- 
ment, as  if  they  said,  ** Enough!  We  do  not  wish  to  appear  on  the 
scene;  the  great  actor,  the  colossal  interpreter,  has  spoken  for  us 
and  better  than  we  could  ourselves." 

Then  comes  Carlos  Vaz  Ferreira,  who  may  be  considered  unique  in 
the  New  World  of  Latin  America,  with  his  eminent  personality  of 
philosopher  and  thinker.  The  celebrated  author  of  **  Moral  para 
intellectuales"  may  be  criticized  and  perhaps  even  disdained  because 
his  philosophy  is  discontenting  enough;  it  is  a  source  of  unrest,  and 
on  account  of  its  incredulity  offers  little  hope,  in  spite  of  the  author^s 
being  so  himian,  so  good,  so  simple.  He  has  a  horror  of  paralogism; 
and  his  best  quality  or  his  worst  intellectual  defect  is  that  he  beUeves 
he  finds  it  all  too  frequently  everywhere;  and  so  strong  and  discon- 
certing is  his  logic,  so  novel  his  argiunents,  so  magisterial  the  manner 
in  which  he  speaks  to  us  and  convinces  us  that  his  philosophy  succeeds 
in  enslaving  us.  **We  do  not  know  ourselves,^^  he  says,  and  it  is 
true  that  his  portentous  philosophical  talent  outstrips  us;  we  will 
never  catch  up  with  it.  He  is  a  great  player  of  chess,  and  knows  the 
secret  of  infinite  combinations. 

Thus,  then,  we  have  in  Uruguay  a  great  writer.  Rodó,  superior  as 
a  prosodist  to  Lugones  and  to  Darío;  a  great  philosopher,  Vaz  Fer- 
reira, superior  to  all  the  philosophers  of  Latin  America;  one,  two, 
great  poets,  Zorrilla  de  San  Martín,  Herrera  y  Reissig;  two  great 
poetesses,  María  Eugenia  Vaz  and  Delmira  Augustini.  It  is  to  be 
noted  that  the  adjective  ** great '^  is  repeated  frequently  in  qualifying 
these  authors.  It  is  a  proper  use  of  the  word,  for  they  have  conquered 
the  title  of  literary  grandeur  for  the  honor  of  America  and  the  country 
to  which  they  belong. 

We  can  add  to  this  list  other  names  equally  worthy  of  the  high 
title.  The  unfortunate  Florencio  Sanchez  as  dramatic  author  reached 
the  pinnacle  of  the  mountain.  None  along  the  Rio  Plata  nor  in 
Spanish  America  has  yet  succeeded  in  surpassing  him,  nor  even  in 
equaling  him.     He  is  the  prince  of  Latin  American  dramatic  literature. 


412  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

He  is  the  founder  of  a  new  national  art,  which  brings  out  in  the  theater 
real  life,  decomposing  the  spectrum  of  the  human  reflection,  to  show 
the  great  griefs,  conflicts  between  ideals,  purposes,  tendencies,  and 
vices  of  our  present  society;  art,  profound,  human,  full  of  light  and 
even  daring,  presaging  the  triumph  of  ideals  better  than  conventional 
inspirations,  prejudices,  hypocritical  superficiality,  and  the  ill-bora 
sentiments  of  the  present  social  life.  The  author  of  *'Los  Muertos*' 
and  ''M'hijo  el  dotor^'  will  occupy  the  place  of  honor  in  the  history 
of  Rio  Platan  dramatic  literature  for  having  achieved  the  difficult 
art  of  honoring  beauty,  reaching  the  bottom  of  our  hearts,  and  making 
us  really  feel  the  deep  sadness  of  life. 

We  can  not  mention  Sanchez  without  recaUing  one  of  his  best 
friends,  Samuel  Blixen,  that  critic  of  Attic  flavor  and  subtle  southern 
grace,  full  of  erudition,  with  a  genius  and  a  witchery  which,  in  its 
chronicles  of  things  great  and  small,  of  art,  the  theater,  customs, 
seems  to  reincarnate  the  vivacious  and  insinuating  spirit  of  the 
magical  Horace  who  wrote  the  ^* Epistle  to  the  Pisos."  In  his  elegant, 
expressive,  and  pointed  prose  is  to  be  found  all  the  penetrating  force 
of  Aristophanes. 

In  this  excursion  among  our  best  writers  and  poets  we  shall  meet 
with  lofty  spirits  distinguished  in  the  fine  art  of  diction  and  in  their 
ideals  of  beauty.  The  most  brilliant  and  those  with  the  most  com- 
prehensive knowledge  of  the  language  and  splendid  style,  speak  to 
us  of  the  undulating  fluctuations  of  things,  they  treat  of  an  infinite 
variety  of  things  with  a  luminous  and  penetrating  insight  and  the 
artistic  craf tmanship  of  goldsmiths.  The  phalanx  of  the  sons  of 
Ught  is  small;  they  are  earnest  priests  of  the  finest  literary  strain. 
They  are  Adolfo  Agorio,  Victor  Pérez  Petit,  Daniel  Martinez  Vigil, 
Raúl  Montero  Bustamante,  Francisco  Alberto  Schinca,  Horacio 
Maldonado,  César  Miranda,  Juan  Antonio  Buero,  and  others.  All  of 
them  are  authors  of  works  of  originaHty,  talent,  and  beauty;  some 
of  them,  like  Martinez  Vigil  and  Juan  Antonio  Buero,  are  moreover 
excellent  orators. 

Purposely  I  have  heretofore  omitted  the  naming  of  some  writers 
who  fortunately  do  not  belong  to  the  clan  of  the  plagiarists,  the  fail- 
ures, or  the  vanquished.  I  wish  to  make  special  mention  of  two 
names — Alberto  Nin  Frías  and  Juan  José  de  Soiza  Reilly.  The  former 
has  been  the  subject  of  much  discussion.  A  fine  essayist,  he  has  been 
styled  by  a  poor  writer  with  an  abject  soul  and  meager  inteUigence, 
a  ''flat-nosed  writer  who  did  not  know  his  language."  I  may  quote 
here  what  Miguel  de  Unamuno  said  of  Nin  Frías:  **He  is  a  white 
blackbird  in  the  hterature  of  South  America.''  No  one  in  South 
America  has  considered  so  seriously  the  religious  thought  of  his  coim- 
try  and  no  one  better  understood  and  preached  the  gentle  philosophy 
of  Taine  than  he.     His  style,  it  is  true,  suffers  from  the  lack  of  purity, 


CONTEMPORANEOUS  URUGUAYAN  LITERATURE.  413 

chaste  flexibility,  and  fine  elegance  of  our  best  writers,  and  lacks  the 
well-turned  phrases  and  profound  knowledge  of  the  language,  for  he 
had  been  educated  in  Europe  and  had  for  the  greater  part  of  his  life 
been  speaking  foreign  tongues.  But  one  will  find  the  harmony  of  his 
profound  and  beautifully  poetic  spirit  in  the  noble  orientation  of  all 
his  work,  in  the  veneration  of  high  intellectual  and  artistic  preoccupa- 
tions, and  that  apostolic  devotion  to  the  Christian  ideal,  full  of  grace, 
unction,  and  ardent  mysticism.  Of  restless  spirit  and  inclined  to  be 
changeable,  he  escapes  often  from  the  dogmatic  yoke  and  as  often 
submits  himself  to  it,  if  his  artistic  temperament  discovers  a  new 
music  in  the  deity  newly  perceived. 

With  reference  to  Soiza  Reilly,  I  wish  to  state  that  his  style  is  not 
the  ''angular  style''  which  some  have  claimed  to  have  found  it. 
No;  it  is  the  style  of  an  independent  personality,  well  defined;  it  is 
the  original  architecture  of  a  personal  langunge,  which  speaks  intel- 
ligently, pleasingly,  to  others  because  it  has  a  heroic  simplicity  and 
unclouded  clearness.  His  phrases  are  without  artifice,  at  times  bitter 
and  penetrating,  the  ruggedness  of  the  sheer  rock  which  fronts,  im- 
movable, the  anger  of  the  waves  which  lash  it.  But  within  the  rock 
is  the  profound  soul  of  the  artist,  the  poet,  a  sensitive  being  impris- 
oned. This  writer  has  an  innate  rareness  in  his  modes  of  feeling, 
thinking,  and  speaking  that  is  unusual. 

He  is  not  erudite;  he  lacks  much  of  the  learning  that  others  have; 
he  is  unacquainted  with  much  literature  familiar  to  others,  and  he 
is  ignorant  of  much  of  the  archeology  of  language  that  others  rev- 
erence: but  he  has  the  advantage  over  them  in  that,  lacking  these 
beautiful  and  necessary  elements  for  the  thinker,  artist,  and  writer 
he  is  able  to  describe  his  interior  world  and  build  thereon  his  own 
abode  with  a  wide  window  open  to  the  free  sea  air,  the  sun,  and  to 
the  contemplation  of  the  life  which  he  paints  so  vigorously,  humanly 
feeling  it,  loving  it,  and  regarding  it  with  the  devotion  of  things 
which  are  blessed. 

In  speaking  of  present  Uruguayan  literature  it  will  be  necessary  to 
mention  among  its  best  writers  those  who  have  written  history, 
novels,  or  the  short  story,  and  gained  fame.  For  historical  work 
there  are  two  who  merit  special  attention — José  Salgado  and  Hugo  D. 
Barbagelata.  The  former  is  the  author  of  ''Historia  de  la  República 
Oriental  del  Uruguay"  and  '^El  Gobierno  Indiano;"  the  tatter  wrote 
'*  Artigas  y  la  Revolución  Americana,"  with  a  prologue  by  the  famous 
Rodó.  There  arc  two  talented  novelists — Carlos  Revles  and  Ed- 
uardo  Ace  vedo  Díaz.  The  author  of  '*La  Raza  de  Cain"  has  written 
fine  novels  of  great  literary  value  and  rich  in  psychology,  which  have 
become  known  outside  of  South  America.  Dr.  Acevedo  Diaz  is  our 
first  local  colorist  writer,  giving  us  in  his  notable  novels  and  other 
works  proof  of  his  talent  and  showing  that  he  pays  tribute  to  art. 

168351— 20— Bull.  4 -4 


414  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

Next  come  the  short-story  writers,  among  whom  are  the  best  of  the 
Rio  de  la  Plata,  whether  writing  in  the  pure  Castilian  or  using  the 
obscure  language  of  the  crowds,  the  argot  or  colored  phrasing  of  the 
creóle.  Horacio  Quiroga,  Javier  de  Viana,  and  Santiago  Dallegri  by 
themselves  with  their  stories  fill  a  goodly  share  of  the  magazines  of 
both  sides  of  the  river.  Of  another  stamp  in  regard  to  literary  con- 
struction and  the  intimate  handling  of  stories  are  Manuel  Bernárdez, 
Benjamin  Fernández  y  Medina,  Manuel  Medina  Betancourt,  Juan 
José  de  Soiza  Reilly,  Victor  Arreguine,  and  even  Vicente  A.  Sala- 
verry,  who,  though  of  Spanish  birth,  has  taken  up  the  national 
Uruguayan  life  with  all  the  enthusiasm  of  a  native  citizen. 

It  is  not  necessarv  to  mention  here  those  authors  who  are  dead  and 
whose  names  will  always  be  the  pride  of  national  letters  in  the  pan- 
theon of  our  national  hall  of  fame.  It  would  be  a  long  task  to  give 
to  each  and  every  one  a  paragraph  of  merited  tribute.  But  in  this 
short  sketch  of  the  literary  work  of  those  who  are  still  \*ith  us  we 
must  not  forget  that  nucleus  of  publicist  writers,  men  of  letters,  and 
critics,  some  of  whom  lent  brilliance  in  days  past  to  the  national  liter- 
ature and  continue  to-day  with  no  less  splendor,  and  other  young  men 
who  began  a  short  time  ago  under  happy  auguries  and  to-day  promise 
even  better  realities  in  days  to  come.  Among  these  we  may  mention 
Daniel  Muñoz,  whose  pseudonym  of  '* Sansón  Carrasco*'  became 
famous  along  the  Rio  de  la  Plata.  His  is  a  mind  of  great  culture 
and  live  penetration,  and  he  wrote  with  grace  and  a  mastery  of  ex- 
quisite, epigramatic,  and  elegant  art;  and  Eduardo  Ferreira,  who 
used  the  pseudonym  of  '^Gringoire,^*  was  a  strong  and  intelligent  soul, 
who  in  his  criticisms  realized  the  difficult  art  of  being  able  to  feel  and 
imderstand,  vesting  his  thoughts  with  the  elegance  of  form.  Then 
young  Wilfredo  Pi,  who  possesses  remarkable  gifts  as  a  critic,  has 
fortunate  inteUeetual  faculties  for  good  and  varied  work.  And 
finally,  we  wiU  mention  such  weU-known  names  of  publicists  as 
Domingo  Arena,  José  Batlle  y  Ordonez,  Antonio  Bachini,  Juan 
Andrés  Ramírez,  Julio  María  Sosa,  Pedro  Manini  Ríos,  and  others, 
to  whom  the  culture  of  the  nation  owes  well  known  works  of  merit  in 
the  Rio  Platan  press. 

The  place  of  honor  achieved  by  my  country  in  the  literature  of 
South  America  is  what  has  been  justly  accorded  to  her  by  her  sisters 
of  the  continent.  In  this  I  am  not  setting  up  a  king  nor  dethroning 
one.  The  kingdom,  if  Uruguay  has  one,  has  been  gained  by  her  owti 
merits.  May  she  continue  as  at  present,  tempering  her  spirit  and 
strengthening  her  heart  with  the  epic  song  of  her  great  and  indomit- 
able sea.  The  powerful  Muse  who  swims  the  waves  will  teach  her  the 
secret  of  sailing  with  favoring  winds,  to  make  a  successful  voyage  to 
the  happy  port  of  Glory. 


THE  THROWING-STICK  OF 
ANCIENT  PERU 


0    0  P  0     f> 

0  C     0  0 


rE  most  ancient  weapon  used  by  the  natives  of  America  was 
the  throwing-stick  ;  the  arm  alike  of  the  Eskimo  and  the 
Indians  of  the  Antilles,  Mexico  and  Central  America,  the 
Muiscas  and  Indians  of  the  coast  and  mountains  of  Peru,  and 
it  is  also  found  in  more  than  one  of  the  ancient  burial  grounds  of 
Argentina  and  Chile.  It  might  well  be  called  the  American  weapon, 
if  the  simplicity  of  its  mechanism  and  use  did  not  indicate  it  as  the 
first  manifestation  of  rudimentary  invention  by  primitive  man  who 
made  it  his  tool  and  defensive  arm  in  the  dawn  of  cultural  progress. 

It  is  not  uncommon  to  find  specimens  of  the  throwing-stick  among 
the  relics  of  the  ancient  Asiatic  and  oceanic  civilizations,  and  to  judge 
from  the  notes  by  Uhle  on  the  interesting  article  by  F.  Krausse,  this 
wTiter  has  proved  the  universal  use  of  the  throwing-stick  and  the 
arrow  as  the  earliest  and  simplest  weapons  of  attack  and  defense. 

There  is,  nevertheless,  a  great  difference  in  the  mechanism  of  these 
arms,  and  this  difference  in  itself  proves  that  after  the  discovery  or 
use  of  the  throwing-stick  there  must  have  been  a  considerable  lapse 
of  time  before  the  discovery  or  use  of  bows  to  shoot  arrows.  So  far 
advanced  was  this  weapon  that  it  remained  in  use  up  to  recent 
periods  of  civilization,  being  employed  by  the  armies  of  medieval 
Europe  even  after  the  discovery  of  firearms,  as  is  shown  in  the  events 
of  the  battle  of  Crecy. 

The  use  of  the  throwing-stick  continued  even  late  into  the  advanced 
period  of  the  bow,  and  as  happens  in  more  than  one  instance  with  old 
arms,  it  was  preserved  as  a  symbol  in  political  and  religious  cere- 
monials, l^sed  by  the  Indians  hi  the  remotest  periods  of  history,  its 
use  became  greater  under  the  civilizations  of  Nazca,  Chimu  and  Tiahu- 
anaco,  and  even  in  this  latter  period  when  the  bow  came  into  use  the 
throwing-stick  remained  as  an  ancient  military  weapon  which  served 
as  a  symbol  of  power  and  rule  in  the  hands  of  the  gods. 

The  use  of  the  bow  became  general  under  the  rule  of  the  Quechuas 
of  the  second  dynasty,  or  Inca  period,  but  the  use  of  the  throwing- 
stick  continued,  though  in  a  very  limited  form.  Certainly  in  the 
Quechuan  armies  the  hurlers  of  javelins  who  used  the  throwmg-stick 
were  chosen  from  among  the  most  dexterous,  or  perhaps  an  arm  of 
such  simple  mechanism  may  have  been  used  as  an  aid  in  moments 
of  unexpected  attack.     It  is  not  improbable  that  the  use  of  the 

*  English  version  of  an  article  by  Horacio  U.  Urteaga  in  Variedadts  of  Lima,  Peru. 

415 


DIFFEKE\T  TYl'ES  OF  TUROWISti  STICKS. 

nt  IhrovLnK  sILrks  of  Ihp  lrlb«^  nr  thp  AmflKcin.and  [n  I 
:  stick!  ifliloh  belotiK  to  tli»  Mui-to 


<-olomliia.    In  giM 
lithpmimnerofu,'i 


oup  thm  an 
p  Í  an  wpro- 
le  thfl  Ihmw- 


THE   THROWING-STICK   OF   ANCIENT   PERU.  417 

throwing-stick  in  the  armies  of  the  Incas  indicated  the  interspersion 
among  the  imperial  troops  of  soldiers  from  the  conquered  provinces 
skilled  in  the  use  of  their  favorite  weapons. 

The  throwing-stick  consists  of  a  haft  of  wood  varying  from  60  to 
90  centimeters  in  length,  which  lies  along  the  forearm,  acting  as  a 
prolongation  of  the  arm,  thus  giving  much  greater  velocity  to  the 
launching  of  the  dart  or  arrow  than  could  be  given  by  the  hand  alone, 
and  aims  the  projectile  in  any  direction  according  to  the  position  of 
the  instrument.  In  order  to  hold  the  dart  on  the  throwing-stick, 
during  the  act  of  hurling  several  accessories  were  used:  hooks  on  both 
ends,  round  holes  m  one  end,  or  lateral  cords  serving  as  thimbles  or 
staples.  Some  throwing-sticks,  particularly  those  used  by  the  Mex- 
icans, had  a  longitudinal  groove,  for  the  placing  of  the  arrow  which, 
when  launched,  slipped  out  easily  in  the  direction  determined  by  the 
operator. 

These  accessories  of  the  instrument  have  given  rise  to  varying 
classifications.  The  first  type  is  of  the  simplest  form.  It  is  a  stick 
40  to  60  centimeters  long  with  one  or  more  ridges  or  knobs  at  the 
upper  end,  and  a  hook  tied  to  the  front.  The  knobs  were  to  prevent 
the  slipping  or  the  escape  of  the  arrow  from  the  instrument  which 
shouJd  remain  in  the  hand  when  the  dart  is  launched;  the  hook  holds 
the  point  of  the  arrow  under  a  bridge.  Examples  of  this  type  are 
found  among  the  reJics  of  Moche  (the  civilization  of  the  Peruvian 
lowland  valleys).  In  these  throwing-sticks  a  groove  is  observed  in 
the  upper  end  of  the  second  stick,  hollowed  on  purpose  to  put  in  the 
hook,  pointed  stone,  or  bone  which  was  held  in  place  by  a  thread  or 
cord  of  fiber  as  shown  in  the  drawing. 

One  variation  of  the  first  type  is  that  shown  in  the  second  group 
pictured,  taken  from  the  work  of  Monseñor  González  Suárez.  Here 
the  knobs  and  ridges  of  the  other  throwing-stick  have  been  replaced 
by  cylindrical  clasps  which  are  placed  at  intervals  all  the  length  of 
the  stick,  whUe  the  upper  inlaid  end  represents  the  half  of  the  body 
of  a  duck. 

The  second  type  is  the  commonest  one,  and  consists  of  a  stick  50 
to  60  centimeters  long  in  which  the  ridges  and  knobs  are  replaced 
by  a  hook  which  serves  as  a  rest  for  the  finger  when  the  arrow  is 
launched.  These  hooks  are  placed  at  right  angles  to  the  shaft,  and  a 
short  distance  from  the  end  either  inlaid  or  bound  to  the  throwing 
stick  by  cords  of  fiber,  leather,  or  wool,  like  the  specimen  found  in 
Nieveria  by  Uhle. 

Such  are  the  various  forms  of  this  arm  used  by  men  of  all  races  in 
the  earliest  stages  of  their  development.  The  use  of  the  throwing- 
stick  was  general  throughout  America  and  it  might,  as  Señor  Jijón  says, 
well  be  called  the  Pan  American  arm.  Nevertheless,  like  the  har- 
poon, it  has  been  used  by  man  doubtless  from  the  stone  age;  the 
Eskimos  and  the  Australians  used  it  as  much  as  the  Americans,  and 


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THE  THROWING-STICK   OF  ANCIENT  PERU.  419^ 

it  is  possible  that  before  the  use  of  the  arrow  it  was  the  general 
weapon  of  the  barbarous  races  of  Asia. 

In  Peru  it  is  found  among  the  relics  of  the  most  ancient  civiliza- 
tions of  Nazca  and  Chimu,  and  some  examples  are  offered  by  the 
cultural  stratum  of  Tiahuanaco.  On  vessels  such  as  pitchers  of  the 
period  of  Nazca,  we  find  excellent  drawings  showing  the  use  of  the 
throwing-stick  of  the  first  type,  and  in  the  burial  grounds  of  the 
Peruvian  lowland  valleys  examples  of  variations  of  this  type  have 
been  found.  The  specimens  found  by  Uhle  belong  to  the  early 
Chimu  period  and  came  from  the  burial  grounds  of  Ancon,  Valle  de 
Lima,  and  Nieveria,  while  those  found  by  Jijón  in  a  grave  in  Sigsig 
in  the  region  of  Jos  Canaris  (Ecuador),  belong  to  the  Tiahuanacan 
period. 

But  the  use  of  the  throwing-stick  was  prolonged  until  the  period 
of  the  Incas,  as  proved  by  the  fact  that  in  the  armies  of  Atahuallpa, 
there  were  still  soldiers  armed  with  throwing-sticks.  It  is  possible, 
as  Uhle  believes,  that  these  troops  were  taken  from  some  part  of 
Ecuador  where  the  throwing-stick  was  still  used  up  to  the  period  of 
the  conquest.  Moreover,  the  fact  that  in  the  fiesta  of  Raymy  sham 
battJes  with  the  throwing-stick  were  represented,  and  might  prove 
the  use  of  the  arm;  but  it  also  proved  that  the  use  of  the  throwing- 
stick  recalled  ancient  wars  and  archaic  military  practices,  which  were 
represented  in  the  religious  ceremonies  where  the  throwing-stick  a{>- 
peared  as  a  symbol. 

It  is  natural  that  the  Quechuans  eliminated  from  their  armies  this 
arm  which  was  so  advantageously  replaced  by  the  bow.  The  use 
of  natural  forces  added  to  human  energy  created  the  complicated 
mechanism  of  the  bow  and  arrow,  which  gave  more  precision  to  the 
aim  and  lengthened  the  distance  covered  by  the  projectile. 

The  harpoon,  the  throwing-stick,  and  the  bow  are  the  three  mani- 
festations of  offensive  arms  so  universally  known  and  used,  and  to 
which,  civilization  owes  its  periods  of  progress  and  its  crises.  The 
harpoon  marks  man's  early  struggle  with  an  inimical  nature,  when  the 
primitive  human  being,  living  a  precarious  life  in  the  forests  inhab- 
ited by  ravenous  beasts  and  subject  to  sudden  attacks,  began  to  use 
intelligence  in  the  fight  against  brute  force.  The  second  epoch  of 
this  historic  combat  is  marked  by  the  throwing-stick,  the  arm  which 
man  used  against  man,  which  foreshadowed  the  crises  of  social  rela- 
tions. With  the  bow  and  arrow  came  organized  war,  the  beginning 
of  regular  and  planned  attacks,  the  order  of  battles.  The  bow  per- 
mitted the  command  and  disposition  of  forces — at  least  in  the  first 
moments  it  was  intelligence  and  a  dawning  sense  of  tactics  which 
planned  the  fight,  and  though  the  limitation  of  the  destructive 
effects  of  the  bow  forced  close  fighting  one  must  not  fail  to  recog- 
nize that  in  a  great  many  instances  victories  are  the  result  of  the 
stimulation  given  by  the  fortunate  beginning  of  a  battle. 


AGRICULTURAL    INSTRUC- 
TION IN  ARGENTINA    V    /, 


THE  present  organization  of  agricultural  instruction  in  the 
Argentine  Republic  is  a  work  of  comparatively  recent  origin. 
Under  a  decree  of  August  7, 1823,  Bernardino  Rivadavia  es- 
tablished in  the  country  the  first  practical  school  of  agricul- 
ture. This  school  was  discontinued  a  few  years  (ater  by  Manuel  Dorrego. 
In  1870  Domingo  Faustino  Sarmiento  was  instrumental  in  providing 
three  courses  of  agricultural  instruction  in  connection  with  the  gov- 
ernment colleges  at  Mendoza,  Salta,  and  Tucuman.  The  Salta  course 
was  soon  discontinued,  and  the  Tucuman  and  Mendoza  sections  were 
separated  from  the  national  colleges,  and  later  became  agricultural 
farms,  which  subsequently  formed  the  basis  of  the  present  schools 
for  the  development  of  the  sugar  and  grape  industries. 

In  1868  congress  sanctioned  the  plan  of  Eduanio  Olivera,  an  Ar- 
gentine agronomist,  for  the  establishment  of  an  agricultural  school, 
and  in  1874  a  primary  school  of  this  kind  was  opened  in  Santa  Cata- 
lina. This  was  short  lived.  In  1883  the  Superior  Institute  of  Agron- 
omy and  Veterinary  Science,  due  to  the  tireless  efforts  of  Dr.  Mariano 
Demaria,  was  founded,  and  the  first  10  Argentine  agronomists  grad- 
uated therefrom  in  1888.  The  following  year  the  institute  was  trans- 
ferred to  La  Plata,  and  its  development  was  slow  until  1906.  It  is 
now  a  great  institution  of  higher  instruction. 

Such  was  the  condition  of  agricultural  instruction  in  the  Argentine 
Republic  in  1899,  when  Dr.  Emilio  Frers,  secretary  of  agriculture, 
established  the  first  Argentine  agronomic  stations,  which  formed  the 
bases  of  the  existing  Argentine  agricultural  schools. 

Tlie  first  government  agricultural  bureau  was  organized  umler  the 
administration  of  Dr.  Wenceslao  Escalante,  secretary  of  agriculture. 
This  bureau  or  department  was  placed  in  charge  of  Enrique  M.  Nelson, 
an  agronomic  engineer,  who  opened  schools  at  Casilda  and  Cordoba, 
and  negotiated  the  purchase  of  lands  for  a  number  of  agricultural 
schools,  which  are  now  in  operation.  In  1903-4  the  secondary 
schools  of  agriculture  and  stock  raising  of  Cordoba  and  Villa  Casilda, 
and  the  viticultural  school  of  Mendoza,  were  supplemented  by 
the  establishment  of  elementary  agricultural  schools  at  Las  Delicias, 
BeU  Ville,  Tucuman,  San  Juan,  BeUa  Vista,  and  Posadas  in  accord- 
ance with  a  decree  of  May  3,  1904.  These  schools  were  reorganized 
in  1907,  as  recommended  by  a  committee,  the  chairman  of  which  was 

1  Abbreviated  version  of  an  article  by  Engineer  Tomás  Amadeo  in  "Annals  of  the  Argentine  Rural 
Society." 

420 


422  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

Dr.  Ramón  J.  Cárcano.  The  actual  work  of  reorganization  began 
in  1908  under  the  direction  of  Ricardo  J.  Huergo,  an  agronomic  engi- 
neer, assisted  by  a  faculty  composed  entirely  of  Argentinians.  In 
1912  Alejandro  Carbó,  in  cooperation  with  Dr.  Eleodoro  Lobos, 
minister  of  agriculture,  succeeded  in  obtaining  considerable  funds 
for  agricultural  instruction. 

Advanced  agricultural  instruction  is  given  in  the  schools  of  agron- 
omy and  veterinar\^  science  of  the  national  universities  in  Buenos 
Aires  and  La  Plata.  A  four-year  course  is  given  by  the  School  of 
Agronomy  and  Veterinary  Science  of  La  Plata.  The  entrance  re- 
quirements are  a  bachelor's  degree  or  an  examination  equivalent 
thereto.  The  faculty  is  composed  entirely  of  agronomic  engineers 
and  veterinary  surgeons,  and  practical  and  laboratory  work  are  im- 
portant features  of  the  course  of  instruction.  The  Practical  School  of 
Agriculture  and  Stock  Raising  of  Santa  Catalina,  whose  specialty  is 
the  preparation  of  agricultural  and  stock  experts,  complements  and 
cooperates  with  the  La  Plata  school.  This  school  also  has  a  four- 
year  course. 

The  Santa  Catalina  School  has  800  hectares  of  exceedinglv  fertile 
lapd  within  30  minutes  of  the  federal  capital.  The  grounds  have 
a  beautiful  woodland  and  a  lake.  The  school  is  modernly  equipped 
in  all  its  departments  and  also  serves  as  an  experimental  station  for 
students  of  the  School  of  Agronomy  and  Veterinary  Science  of  Buenos 
Aires.  The  latter  school,  which  was  founded  on  September  25,  1904, 
is  located  at  La  Chacarita,  a  suburb  of  Buenos  Aires.  Its  courses 
of  instruction  are  four  years  and  are  similar  to  those  of  the  school 
in  La  Plata,  as  are  its  entrance  requirements.  It  differs  from  the 
La  Plata  school  in  that  since  1915  it  admits  day  pupils.  Both 
schools  liave  laboratories,  libraries,  and  museums,  completely 
equipped  for  the  use  of  agronomic  engineers  and  veterinary  surgeons. 

The  General  Bureau  of  Agricultural  Instruction  is  directly  under 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  is  managed  by  a  director  general, 
an  assistant  director,  and  three  chiefs  of  sections.  This  bureau  is  in 
charge  of  all  special  agricultural  schools,  practical  schools,  and 
temporary'  courses  of  home  instruction  for  women.  Until  last  year 
it  also  had  a  section  of  extension  work,  in  which  it  employed  17 
agricultural  engineers  under  the  direction  of  the  Bureau  of  Agricul- 
ture and  Agricultural  Defense,  located  at  different  points  in  the 
Republic.  Moat  of  the  special  schools  specialize  on  the  local  indus- 
tries of  the  places  in  w^hich  they  are  situated.  Their  object  is  to  train 
experts  for  the  management  of  local  agricultural,  stock,  and  industrial 
enterprises.  To  enter  these  schools  the  candidate  must  be  over  17 
years  of  age,  in  good  health,  physically  fit  for  the  work,  and  submit 
a  certificate  from  the  common  schools  shoA^âng  a  grade  of  not  less 
than  60  per  cent  or  pass  the  required  examination. 


SCHOOL  or  A1R0NOMY  AND  VETERINARY  SCIENCE  IN  LA  PLATA 

On*  of  tlw  dcrvtmenU  ol  tb«  Nallonal  Unlvgnlit  in  L«  riita.    Top:  \'tteriiury  cllnii.    Ci 
LabonloryaCcbgmlslry.    Botnm:  Main bbontorr. 


424  THE   PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

The  following  special  a(;ricultur&I  schools  are  maintained  in  the 
Republic:  School  of  Agriculture  of  Mendoza,  whose  specialty  is  viti- 
culture and  wine  making;  School  of  Agriculture  and  Live  Stock  of 
Cordoba, for  the  training  of  experts  in  agriculture  and  zootechnics; 
Schoo'  of  Agriculture  of  Casilda,  Province  of  Santa  Fe,  for  the  training 
of  rural  managers;  and  the  School  of  Agriculture  of  Tucuman,  for  the 
training  of  experts  in  agricidture  anil  the  sugar  industrj'.  The  course 
of  study  in  these  schools  is  three  years.  In  addition  to  the  regular 
pupils,  who  pay  100  pesos  quarterly  in  advance,  there  aro  students 
who  holtl  scholarships  obtained  by  competitive  examination.  With 
the  exception  of  the  school  at  CasUda,  which  requires  entrance  exam- 
inations from  all  apphcants,  certificates  showing  the  successful  com- 
pletion of  the  third  your  of  a  school  of  secondary  instruction  or  of  a 
normal,  special,  or  iniiustriul  school  or  institute  whose  courses  are 
equal  to  those  of  tlie  national  college  are  accepted  without  examina- 
tion. The  National  School  of  Agriculture  of  Casilda,  Province  of 
Santa  Fe,  has  for  its  object  the  training  of  rural  administrators  who 
have  the  technical  knowledge  and  experience  necessary  to  organize 
and  direct  agricultural  enterprises  in  accordance  with  modem 
methods.  This  school  has  a  model  farm  and  its  graduates  are  given 
a  year's  employment  on  an  important  farm  or  ranch,  where  they 
are  under  the  ol>sorvation  of  the  school,  which  receives  monthly 
reports  of  their  activities.  After  completing  the  year  referred  to, 
if  these  reports  are  favorable  the  candidate  after  examination  is 
required  to  submit  a  monograph  covering  the  work  done,  and  if  this 
is  satisfactorj-  he  is  given  the  title  of  rural  a<  I  ministra  tor. 

Each  of  the  special  schools  is  connectetl  with  an  agronomic  sta- 
tion in  charge  of  a  professor,  who  gives  personal  instruction  and 
oral  and  written  consultations  to  persons  interested  in  practical 
agriculture  and  stock  raising.  These  regional  schools  have  for  their 
object  the  training  of  agriculturists  and  stockmen.  They  issue 
certificates  for  the  successful  completion  of  special  work,  and  have 
experiment  and  demonstration  grounds  equipped  for  instructing  in 
the  specialty  taught.  There  are  five  agricultural  regional  schools 
now  in  operation  in  the  Republic  ^namely,  the  school  of  agriculture 
of  Posadas,  Territory  of  Misiones,  makes  a  specialty  of  subtropical 
cultivation;  the  school  of  agriculture  of  San  Juan  teaches  fruit  cul- 
ture and  the  utilization  of  fruits;  the  school  of  agriculture  of  Las 
Delicias,  Province  of  Entre  Rios,  teaches  agriculture  in  general;  and 
the  schools  of  agriculture  in  Bell  Ville,  Province  of  Cordoba,  and  of 
Olavarria,  Province  of  Bueni>s  Aires,  in  dairying.  The  courses  are 
for  three  years,  and  instru<'tion,  boani,  lodging,  clothing,  etc.,  are 
furnished  free.  Students  are  required  to  do  all  the  experimental 
work  of  the  establishment.  Entrance  requirements  are:  To  be 
over  15  years  of  age,  to  have  completed  the  fourth  grade  of 
))r!marv  schools,  or  ptiss  an  examination  covering  its  etiuivalent,  and 


AGRICULTURAL  SCHOOL  IN  TUCUMAN. 

>1.  Incaled  in  lhe  most  populous  provlim  of  the  RepiibllF.  spcrlnUits  In  I 
rarUal  view  of  school  bulldiajts.    Uoltom:  Üccliud. 


426  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

filing,  at  the  same  time,  age,  health  and  vaccination  certificates. 
Entrance  requests,  accompanied  by  these  documents,  must  be  sent 
to  the  director  general  of  agricultural  instruction  between  the  15th 
and  31st  of  December  of  each  year. 

The  experiment  farm  and  the  agronomic  station  at  Tandil  are 
used  almost  exclusively  for  scientific  investigations  and  practical 
experimental  work.  It  is  in  these  that  experiments  in  acclimatiza- 
tion, selection,  and  the  formation  of  varieties  of  plants  of  interest  to 
agriculturists  and  for  study  are  carried  on,  as  well  as  experiments 
showing  the  quantity  of  water  needed  in  the  irrigation  of  different 
crops,  the  desirability  of  using  for  industrial  purposes  the  products 
of  the  soil,  and  of  solving  by  observation,  investigation,  and  admin- 
istration the  problems  affecting  the  development  of  national  agricul- 
ture. Other  experiment  farms  are  located  at  the  following  places: 
Guatraché,  Territory  of  Pampa;  Alto  de  Sierra,  Province  of  San 
Juan;  Pergamino,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  Gumes,  Province  of 
Salta;  Rio  Negro,  Territory  of  Rio  Negro;  Puerta  de  Diaz,  Province 
of  Salta;  and  agronomic  stations  are  maintained  at  Concordia,  Pro- 
vince of  Entre  Rios,  and  at  Granja  del  Tandil,  Province  of  Buenos 
Aires.  Each  of  these  stations  has  an  agricultural  engineer,  a  chemist, 
two  foremen,  and  a  clerk,  and  is  allowed  a  small  fund  for  general 
expenses. 

Home  instruction  by  traveling  schools  is  in  chaise  of  the  women 
graduates  of  the  home  agricultural  school  at  Tandil.  Each  school 
is  composed  of  a  directress  and  her  assistant,  who  give  theoretical 
and  practical  instruction  for  two  or  three  months  to  farmers'  daugh- 
ters on  practical  agriculture,  stock  raising,  domestic  and  rural  econo- 
my, bookkeeping,  hygiene,  first  aid,  cooking,  sewing,  housework,  etc. 
These  traveling  schools  are  fully  equipped  for  teaching,  and  give 
certificates  to  pupils  taking  the  instruction. 

The  national  agricultural  school  atTucuman,  located,  considering 
area,  in  the  most  populous  Province  of  the  Republic,  specializes  in  the 
sugar  industry.  Coffee,  tobacco,  cotton,  vegetables,  anrí  fruits  arc 
also  grown  in  this  Province.  The  Province  of  Tucuman,  which  has 
a  fine  climate,  produces  annually  more  than  200,000  tons  of  sugar  and 
some  15,000,000  liters  of  alcohol.  The  school  has  for  its  object  the 
preparation  of  experts  for  the  sugar  industry,  wliieh  is  the  most  im- 
portant industry  of  the  northern  part  of  the  Republic.  This  school, 
which  was  founded  in  18S6  as  a  primary  regional  school,  was  con- 
verted in  1906  into  a  national  agricultural  school.  Its  course  covers 
three  years  and  embraces  the  following  subjects:  Applied  mathe- 
matics, physics  and  agricultural  meteoiology,  organic  and  inorganic 
chemistr}^  physiology  and  agricultural  botany,  general  instruction, 
general  arboriculture,  horticulture  and  gardening,  commercial  book- 
keeping, farm  industries,  special  arboriculture,  cane  growing  and  the 
manufacture  of  sugar,  and  applied  agricultural  distillation  and  chom- 


ïtlom:  Soclton  of  dairy. 


TLTURAL  SCHOOL  IN  OLAVARRÍA. 

iLaofy  aDdotberMuipmfintnpcwsurvrorttlaroiiEb  aadcomplpic  instnie- 
Hjs  B  specially.    Tup:  Schnol'a  herd.    Conlur:  A  park  roccnlly  crtwtwl 


428  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

istry.  The  school  is  divided  into  two  sections.  One,  known  as  the 
*'Intemailo/'  has  buildings  and  grounds  in  the  city  of  Tucuman 
covering  an  entire  square.  It  is  here  that  the  offices,  classrooms, 
libraries,  laboratories,  dormitorieíí,  lavatories,  baths,  dining  rooms, 
kitchen,  pantry,  living  rooms  for  employees,  gymnasium,  etc.,  are 
located.  The  other  section  consists  of  46  hectares  of  lands  in 
the  western  part  of  the  city,  distant  15  blocks  from  the  main  build- 
ings, and  accessible  b}^  two  wide  avenues.  These  sections  are  used 
conjointly  in  the  work  of  the  school.  The  forestry  department 
has  nurseries  of  intligenous  plants,  and  supplies  other  schools  and 
public  institutions  with  same.  The  fruit  department  also  has  nurs- 
eries, and  derives  a  considerable  income  from  the  sale  of  orange,  man- 
darin, citrus,  and  other  plants.  The  horticultural  department  sup- 
plies the  school  with  vegetables.  Experiments  are  made  in  the  culti- 
vation of  more  than  250  varieties  of  sugar  cane,  and  since  1908  the 
results  of  these  have  been  published  annuall3%  The  ranch  and  farm 
furnishes  food  for  the  domestic  animals  and  fowls,  and  for  other  uses. 
The  pupils  do  most  of  the  work,  and  laborers  are  only  occasionally 
employed  during  vacation  or  busy  seasons. 

The  agricultural  school  of  Casilda,  Province  of  Santa  Fe,  is  situated 
in  a  Province  having  a  good  chmate  and  a  variety  of  products.  In 
the  northern  part  of  the  Province  rice,  cotton,  sugar  cane,  grapes,  and 
fruits  are  cultivated,  as  are  dye  and  other  plants;  and  in  the  southern 
part  the  cereals  and  fruits  of  the  Temperate  Zone.  During  certain 
periods  the  school  gives  individual  instruction  to  farmers.  It  is 
located  57  kilometers  from  Rosario  and  375  kilometers  from  Buenos 
Aires.  Its  object  is  to  train  rural  administrators.  It  has  208 
hectares  of  arable  land  and  is  well  equipped  in  all  its  departments. 
The  live-stock  section  has  different  kinds  of  valuable  breeds  of  cattle, 
horses,  hogs,  and  fowls,  and  the  dairy  section  manufactures  an  excel- 
lent quality  of  cheese.  A  three  years'  practical  theoretical  course 
is  required  covering  the  following  branches:  French,  arithmetic  and 
applied  geometry,  drawing,  agriculture,  horticulture,  aboriculture, 
zoology,  zootechnics,  chemistry  and  physics,  meteorology,  botany, 
civics,  commercial  bookkeeping,  agricultural  machinery,  agricultural 
entomology  and  pathology,  diseases  of  cattle,  and  rural  construction 
and  surveying.  Graduates  who  do  satisfactory  work  for  one  year 
on  an  agricultural  and  stock  farm  are  given  the  title  of  ''rural  admin- 
istrator.'^ 

The  agricultural  school  of  Mendoza  is  in  the  capital  of  the  Province 
of  Mendoza.  Rain  seldom  falls  in  the  northern  part  of  this  Province, 
but  is  more  frequent  in  the  southern  part.  The  winters  are  dry,  but 
in  summer  the  streams  contain  an  abundant  supply  of  water  from  the 
melting  mountain  snow.  Under  irrigation  cereals,  grapes,  fioiit,  and 
other  crops  are  produced  in  abundance.  The  specialty  of  this  school 
is  to  educate  experts  in  the  wine  industry.     It  is  modernly  equipped 


AGRICULTURAL  INSTRUCTION  IN  ARGENTINA.  429 

and  the  course  covers  three  years.     The  school  has  19  hectares  of 
land,  valued  at  about  $3,000,000,  situated  in  the  city  of  Mendoza. 

The  agricultural  school  of  Cordoba  has  for  its  principal  object  the 
education  of  experts  in  agriculture  and  zootechnics.  Instruction  is 
theoretical,  practical,  and  experimental.  It  has  an  experiment  station 
and  is  thoroughly  equipped.  The  course  covers  a  period  of  three 
years. 

The  objects  of  the  practical  school  of  fruit  culture  at  San  Juan  in 
the  Province  of  the  same  name  is  to  turn  out  experts  in  fruit  culture, 
arboriculture,  and  related  industries.  The  course  covers  three  years. 
The  school  has  57  hectares  of  land  under  irrigation. 

The  subtropical  school  of  agriculture  at  Posadas,  Territory  of 
Misiones,  has  for  its  object  the  diffusion  of  the  knowledge  necessary 
for  organizing,  maintaining,  and  exploiting  lands  for  the  cultivation 
of  subtropical  products  of  that  region.  The  school,  which  was 
founded  in  1908,  has  39  hectares  of  land  and  a  farm  at  Zaiman  con- 
taining 150  hectares. 

The  practical  dairying  school  at  Bell  Ville,  Province  of  Cordoba, 
has  800  hectares  of  land,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  used  in  the  culti- 
vation of  forage  for  the  live  stock  of  the  institution.  Durham, 
Holstein,  Flemish,  and  Swiss  cows  are  used,  and  fine  grades  of  butter 
and  cheese  are  produced.  The  school  wes  established  in  1908  with 
30  pupils,  and  has  an  attendance  at  present  of  about  70. 

The  practical  school  of  agriculture  of  Las  Delicias,  Province  of 
Entre  Rios,  prepares  practical  agriculturists  with  the  scientific 
knowledge  necessary  for  their  use.  It  was  founded  in  1911,  is 
modemly  equipped,  and  has  145  hectares  of  land,  130  of  which  are 
used  for  the  cultivation  of  cereals,  and  15  for  parks,  nurseries,  build- 
ings, etc. 

The  practical  school  of  agriculture  and  dairying  of  Olavarria, 
Province  of  Buenos  Aires,  has  modern  machinery  and  the  equipment 
necessary  for  thorough  and  complete  instruction  in  the  branches  of 
which  it  makes  a  specialty.  It  has  110  hectares  of  land,  appropriate 
buildings,  a  dairy  plant,  and  is  equipped  for  the  breeding  of  dairy 
stock. 

The  agronomic  stations  referred  to  are  used  in  connection  with  the 
agricultural  schools,  and  particularly  with  those  which  teach  special- 
ties. The  agronomic  station  at  Concordia,  Province  of  Entre  Rios, 
in  addition  to  its  experimental  work,  includes  grape  culture,  fruits  in 
general,  and  especially  citrus  fruits;  the  introduction  of  useful 
v^etables;  flowers  for  the  manufacture  of  perfame;  fruit  and  other 
trees;  apiculture,  sericulture,  aviculture,  the  raising  of  hogs,  etc. 

Extension  work,  which  is  in  charge  of  regional  agronomists,  is  under 
the  charge  of  the  bureau  of  agricultural  defense.     It  employs  well- 

168351— 20— Bull.  4 5 


430  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

equipped  traveling  instructors,  who  teach  and  demonstrate  to  those 
who  so  desire  and  are  unable  to  attend  the  schools. 

Agriculture  is  also  taught  in  the  correctional  school  for  boys  at 
Marco  Paz,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires,  and  in  the  national  asyliun 
known  as  the  ^'Open  Door/'  near  Lujan,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires, 
the  instruction  being  given  to  such  inmates  as  are  in  a  condition  to 
receive  it.  During  the  last  seven  years  the  Province  of  Buenos  Aires 
has  had  a  practical  school  of  fruitculture  at  Dolores,  nurseries  at 
Baradero  and  Cazon,  and  an  experimental  dipping  pond  at  Patagones. 

Elementary  agriculture  is  also  taught  in  some  of  the  provincial 
normal  schools.  The  Province  of  Entre  Rios  maintains  a  number  of 
well-equipped  agricultural  schools,  and  the  Province  of  Tucuman 
has  an  agricultural  station  near  the  State  capital.  The  Province  of 
Rioja  has  primary  agricultural  schools;  and  the  Province  of  Santa 
Fe  maintains,  in  addition  to  other  agricultural  educational  institu- 
tions, a  practical  school  for  teaching  agricultural  mechanics.  In 
the  Province  of  Cordoba  agriculture  is  taught  in  schools,  by  lectures, 
publications,  and  expositions.  The  Provinces  of  Mendoza  and 
Salta  have  well-equipped  agricultural  schools,  and  are  active  in 
teaching  this  branch  in  accordance  with  modem  methods.  In 
addition  to  the  national  and  provincial  schools,  a  number  of  private 
associations  and  religious  bodies  maintain  schools  and  institutions , 
in  different  parts  of  the  Republic,  where  agriculture  is  taught. 


DONATION   OF    AMERICAN 
LIBRARY  TO  PARAGUAYAN 


INSTITUTE 


IN  piu^uit  of  its  purpose  to  stimulate  friendly  relations  between 
the  nations  of  the  Americas  the  Carnegie  Endo\\Tnent  for  Inter- 
national Peace  has  given  to  the  Paraguayan  Institute  and  to 
the  School  of  Law  and  Sociology  of  the  city  of  Asuncion,  several 
collections  of  books  by  well-known  North  American  authors.  The 
collection  presented  to  the  Paraguayan  Institute,  which  is  one  of  the 
foremost  cultural  centers  of  South  America,  contains  1,900  works  of 
history  and  literature  by  the  best  writers  of  the  United  States, 
The  gift  to  the  School  of  Law  and  Sociology  contains  300  volumes  on 
jurisprudence  and  relative  subjects  by  the  foremost  jurists  and  pub- 
lic men  of  North  America. 

These  donations  were  presented  on  behalf  of  the  Carnegie  Endow- 
ment by  His  Excellency  Daniel  F.  Mooney,  American  minister  to 


CELEBRATION  OF  THE  FOURTH  OF  JULY  IN   PARAGUAY. 


One  of  thr  nUBl  Inlerestlnn  lealiires  of  Psragiia)-'s  cplebradon  el  lhe  Fourth  of  Jul;,  declared  a  naUonal 
holiil»T  l«si  ymr.WBi  ibo  proajiiialion  by  lhe  I.' iillcrt  Sisim  minisiertotlie  Paranusvan  Instliute  In 
Amindiln  of  the  libraiy  donated  b,v  (he  Carneide  rndovmenl  for  Intenistioiisl  Peace,  The  upper 
picture  shows  the  aiidieiioe  «i  thp  ceremony,  and  lhe  lower  picture  shows  the  American  mlnblw 
ddiTcriDc  bia  preseulatton  speech- 


li 


ill 
ill 


o    Sí 

«If 
i  il 

^^ 

3  |o- 

S  la 

ïll 
Ml 
.  Ils 


I  PI 

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I  11 


SPANISH  AUBRICAN  SECTION  OF  THE  LIBRARY  OF  THE  PARAGUAYAN  INSTITUTE. 

An  lotereiting  part  ol  lhe  library  prewntcd  la  the  Paragiuiyaii  Institute  of  Amncidn  Is  Its  Spanish- 
AmcrcluisectlDa  shown  lu  tbe  plcliue. 


READINC:  ROOM  OF  THK  PARAOUAYAN  ISSTITl'TE, 

s  lhe  iMdlng  room  neüt  lhe  Pan  Ampricar  Salon,  where  Ihi  Parapiavan 
iced  the  don&lian  ol  lhe  Carnegie  Endowmenl  lor  Iiitpmallonal  Peare. 


484  THE   PAN    AMERICAN    UNION. 

Paraguay,  and  the  ceremony,  on  July  4,  1919,  was  one  of  the  most 
interesting  features  of  the  celebration  of  the  iiidependpnro  of  tlie 
United  States,  which  was  declared  a  national  holiday  by  the  Govern- 
ment of  Paraguay.  Press  notices  from  theAsuncion  papers  state  that 
"at  last  it  is  an  appreciable  fact  that  Pan  Americanism  has  left  the 
region  of  unrealized  ideals  and  become  a  reality,  as  exemplified  on 
the  present  occasion  of  this  donation."  A  presentation  speech  com- 
plimentary to  the  Republic  of  Paraguay  was  made  by  the  minister  of 
the  United  States  from  which  some  paragraphs  are  here  quoted; 

The  time  when  Paraguay  wa«  regarded  in  the  Unitpd  Slalea  merely  aa  a  geograpbi- 
cal  division  of  Soulh  America  has  pasaed,  and  lo-day  it  is  well  known  that  Paraguay 
ÍB  a  country  o[  abundant  and  varied  natural  reeources;  that  it  is  a  country  whoee- 
inhabitants  are  charaeterit<tically  friendly,  amiable,  and  possessed  of  a  clear  and 
active  intellÍRence,  whose  effjrlB  have  on  occasion  reached  even  my  distant  country, 
chootiin^  the  ^ood  t«  be  found  therein  and  asking  that  it  be  adapted  to  its  needs. 

We  should  give  unreserved  admiration  to  peoplcH  who.  like  Paraguay,  présent 
histories  counterbalancing  a  few  less  creditable  deeds  with  many  full  of  nobility. 
honor,  and  heroism.  Your  famous  statesman,  Don  Manuel  Gondra.  graphically  ex- 
pressed this  idea  when  he  said:  "1  accept  all  the  hislüryof  Paraguay."  And  he  did 
well,  for  BO  numerouH  are  the  glorious  pagcH  that  it  is  barely  perceptible  that  there 
are  some  which  aje  not.  Moreover  I  have  not  discovered  the  slightest  blot.  I  have- 
seen  mistakes,  it  is  true,  but  the  national  honor  has  always  been  and  is  now  preserved 
unharmed  and  unstainef!.  Few  histories  oSer  such  an  admirable  example  of  heroic 
sacrifices  for  defense  as  that  of  Paraguay. 

In  recognition  of  the  Carnegie  donation  the  Paraguayan  Institute 
has  installed  the  library  presented  to  it  in  its  principal  salon,  naming 
this  hall  the  Pan  American  Salon,  and  has  added  to  it  a  commodious 
reading  room.  In  the  Pan  American  Salon  are  displayed  between 
the  flags  of  Paraguay  and  the  United  States,  the  portraits  of  Wash- 
ington, Wilson,  and  Carnegie  ;  pictures  and  views  of  the  Pan  Ameri- 
can congresses;  and  the  complete  collection  of  their  deliberations 
and  publications,  as  well  aa  other  pertinent  exhibits. 

The  Carnegie  Endowment  fur  International  Peace  is  to  be  congrat- 
ulated on  having  made  this  donation,  which  creates  an  intellectual 
bond  between  two  friendly  nations. 


AGRICÜLTÜPE,  INDUSTRY 

i  AMD  COMMERCE  ; 


<> 


ARGENTINA. 

During  the  first  quarter  of  the  present  year  the  Argentine  Rural 
Society  held  an  exposition  of  FRUITS  AND  VEGETABLES  in 
Buenos  Aires. 

The  department  of  agricultiu*e  of  the  Province  of  Santa  Fe  has 
ordered  the  construction  of  a  œRN  CUTTER  AND  HULLER 
invented  by  an  Argentinian.  This  machine  is  to  be  tested,  and  if 
the  tests  are  satisfactory  the  invention  will  be  acquired  by  the 
Government. 

The  department  of  public  works  has  ordered  5,000  CAR  WHEELS 
from  the  United  States  for  the  use  of  the  State  railways. 

Tests  were  recently  made  in  the  port  of  La  Plata  of  a  molded 
CEMENT  VESSEL  constructed  in  the  Rio  Santiago  shipyards. 
This  vessel  has  a  displacement  of  600  tons  and  is  propelled  by  two 
petroleum  engines  of  100  horsepower  each.  It  will  be  used  in  fluvial 
traflSc. 

From  January  1  to  November  30,  1919,  the  EXPORTS  OF 
QUEBRACHO  logs  aggregated  36,456  tons  and  157,669  tons  of 
extract  of  quebracho.  These  exports  were  valued  at  36,039,672  gold 
pesos.  In  1913  the  exports  of  these  products  amounted  to  9,  962,935 
gold  pesos. 

In  1919  the  PACKING  HOUSES  exported  2,081,753  frozen 
wethers,  6,376  quarters  of  frozen  beef,  and  78,884  quarters  of  chilled 
b^ef.  In  1918  these  exports  were  1,699,794  frozen  wethers,  6,876 
quarters  of  frozen  beef,  and  21,256  quarters  of  chilled  beef. 

BRAZIL. 

The  government  of  the  State  of  Sao  Paulo,  in  order  to  obviate  the 
difficulties  of  the  dh-ect  SALE  OF  COFFEE  from  the  supply  on 
hand  of  about  3,000,000  sacks,  and  to  take  advantage  of  delivery 
direct  to  the  consuming  markets,  has  turned  over  the  business  to 
the  Banco  del  Comercio  y  la  Industria  of  São  Paulo.  The  sales  will 
be  made  by  the  bank  in  such  quantities  and  at  such  times  and  prices 
as  the  Government  considers  favorable. 

According  to  newspaper  reports  the  CULTIVATION  OF  HEMP 
will  soon  be  an  important  industry  in  the  country.  It  is  already 
being  cultivated  on  a  large  scale  and  very  successfully  on  a  plantation 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Jundiahy. 

435 


436  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

The  following  figures,  published  by  the  Directorate  of  Commercial 
Statistics,  show  the  FOREIGN  COMMERCE  of  the  Republic  for 
the  first  10  months  of  1919:  Imports,  2,373,016  tons  worth  1,116,766 
contos  (conto  paper  =  approximately  $280  U,  S.),  the  exports  being 
1,587,149  tons,  valued  at  1,846,903  contos,  showing  a  balance  in 
favor  of  the  coimtry  of  730,137  contos.  The  exports  were  divided  as 
follows:  Animals  and  animal  products,  179,520  tons,  valued  at 
296,095  contos;  minerals  and  mineral  products,  171,697  tons,  valued 
at  22,985  contos;  and  vegetables  and  vegetable  products,  1,235,932 
tons,  valued  at  1,527,823  contos.  The  principal  vegetable  export 
was  coffee  to  the  extent  of  11,273,000  sacks  of  60  kilograms,  valued 
at  1,075,379  contos. 

A  recent  article  published  by  a  Sao  Paulo  paper  on  the  COTTON 
PRODUCTION  of  the  country  states  that  Sao  Paulo  produced  some 
50,000  tons,  of  which  24,000  tons  were  to  be  exported.  This  is  a 
very  significant  fact,  especially  as  a  short  time  ago  this  particular 
State  was  an  importer  of  cotton,  and  in  1916  imported  7,550  tons, 
worth  19,480  contos  from  the  United  States.  The  Brazilian  cotton 
crop  of  1919  was  estimated  at  1 19,500  tons,  and  São  Paulo  contributed 
nearly  half. 

Presidential  decree  of  December  25,  1919,  reorganized  the  service 
of  the  CENTRAL  RAILROAD  OF  BRAZIL. 

On  December  25,  1919,  the  President  issued  a  decree  providing 
measures  for  the  construction  of  an  IRRIGATION  SYSTEM  for 
arable  lands  in  the  northeastern  part  ol  the  country. 

According  to  the  recent  message  of  the  president  of  the  State  of 
Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  during  the  past  11  years,  from  1908  to  1918, 
inclusive,  the  LIVE  STOCK  of  the  State  of  Rio  Grande  has  increased 
from  10,809,343  head,  valued  at  261,614  contos,  to  19,879,000  head, 
valued  at  1,190,668  contos.  Sheep  increased  from  8,443,400  head  in 
1917  to  8,669,000  in  1918;  horses  from  1,407,600  to  1,433,600;  mules 
from  351,900  to  359,800;  and  hogs  from  4,336,000  head  in  1917  to 
4,552,600  in  1918. 

In  the  budget  law  of  1920  there  is  a  clause  which  authorizes  the 
Government  to  conclude  agreements,  conventions,  or  treaties  with 
friendly  nations  for  the  purpose  of  industrial,  commercial,  or  financial 
benefits  to  the  country,  or  to  bring  about  better  understanding  with 
neighboring  countries  through  increased  means  of  land  and  sea 
transportation  and  increased  telegraph  service.  These  agreements 
must  be  submitted  to  Congress  for  ratification.  The  Government  is 
also  authorized  to  conclude  COAOÍERCIAL  CONVENTIONS  to 
open  credits  to  these  foreign  countries  for  the  acquisition  of  Brazilian 
products,  their  purchase  price  to  be  paid  from  the  gold  credit  opened 
by  the  National  Treasury  abroad. 


\ 


AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  437 

CHILE. 

Early  in  December,  1919,  Benedette  Accorsi,  representing  a  special 
œMMERCIAL  MISSION  from  Italy,  arrived  in  Valparaiso. 

In  November,  1919,  the  total  production  of  TIN  from  the  Estañi- 
fera  Co.  was  20,150  quintals,  as  compared  with  30,100  quintals  in 
October  of  the  same  year. 

During  the  first  half  of  1919  the  FOREIGN  COMMERCE  of 
Chile,  according  to  data  published  by  Chilean  newspapers,  was 
323,025,016  gold  pesos,  of  which  202,953,858  pesos  represented  im- 
ports and  121,071,158  exports. 

In  1919  the  372  TELEGRAPH  offices  of  Chile  received  messages 
aggregating  3,843,894  words,  and  dispatched  messages  containing 
3,406,884  words.  The  five  wireless  offices  of  the  State  received 
during  the  period  referred  to  393,453  words,  and  dispatched  328,599 
words. 

The  Chilean  consul  in  Australia  reports  that  a  new  line  of 
STEAMERS  has  been  established  between  Australian  and  Chilean 
ports,  the  first  vessel  engaged  in  this  service  having  sailed  from 
Sydney  on  December  2,  1919. 

^In  1919  the  EXPORTS  OF  NITRATE  amounted  to  20,374,691 
Spanish  quintals,  6,792,706  quintals  of  which  were  shipped  in 
December  last. 

COLOMBIA. 

Law  97  of  December  12,  1919,  authorizes  the  Government  to 
extend  the  Southern  Railway  and  equip  the  same  from  the  proceeds 
of  loans,  guaranteed  by  that  part  of  the  railway  already  constructed, 
together  with  the  part  which  may  be  built,  and  other  securities  that 
may  be  deemed  necessary.  The  construction  work  may  be  done  by 
contract  or  upon  a  percentage  basis. 

An  AMERICAN  PROPAGANDA  OFFICE  has  been  established 
at  Tumaco  with  the  object  of  encouraging  an  exchange  of  the  products 
of  the  two  countries. 

In  order  to  reduce  the  cost  of  living  the  President  has  suspended, 
from  February  10  to  July  20  next,  import  duties  on  food  articles, 
such  as  rice,  sugar,  potatoes,  Indian  com,  lard,  chick  peas,  beans, 
oatmeal,  rye  ñour,  rice  ñour,  and  commeal. 

The  Colombian  press  states  that  early  in  February  last  a  committee 
of  engineers  of  the  Colombian  Syndicate,  a  United  States  corporation, 
arrived  in  Bucaramanga  for  the  purpose  of  exploiting  the  Lebrija 
PETROLEUM  DEPOSITS.  The  committee  brought  with  it  machin- 
ery, a  house  boat,  supplies,  etc. 

Press  reports  state  that  a  French-Colombian  company  has  been 
organized  in  Paris  for  an  AERIAL  NAVIGATION  service  on  the 
Magdalena  River  and  for  the  construction  of  important  public  works 


438  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

in  Colombia.  It  is  planned  to  bring  3  airships  of  a  capacity  of 
10  passengers  each  to  fly  between  Bairanquilla  and  Puerto  Berrio, 
stopping  at  El  Banco,  and  between  Puerto  Berrio  and  Girardot,  via 
Salto  de  Honda.  The  trips  will  be  made  in  one  day.  These  airships 
will  have  a  speed  of  90  kilometers  an  hour,  and  are  to  be  driven  by 
500  horsepower  motors.  This  company  proposes  to  establish  docks 
and  ports,  start  a  French  industrial  propaganda,  and  establish  an 
aviation  school  conducted  by  French  aviators. 

The  department  of  public  works  has  contracted  with  a  Stockholm 
company  for  the  erection  of  a  LIGHTHOUSE  and  the  installation  of 
10  luminous  buoys  in  Cartagena  Bay. 

Law  109  of  1919  prescribes  the  manner  of  working  the  EMERALD 
MINES  at  Muzo  and  Coscuez.  A  consulting  treasury  board  has  been 
established  whose  duties  are  to  study  the  exploitation  of  the  emerald 
mines  of  the  nation  and  the  sale  of  emeralds  extracted  therefrcm. 

The  department  of  agriculture  has  sent  Dr.  Jorge  Cajiao  to  the 
United  States  to  study  and  report  upon  the  ACCLIMATION  OF 
SEEDS,  and  especially  of  cereals,  and  also  upon  the  parasitic  diseases 
of  plants  affecting  the  growth  of  national  agricultural  products. 

Eariy  in  January  last  a  CATTLE  COMPANY  was  oi^anized  at 
Medellin  with  a  capital  of  200,000  pesos,  with  the  object  of  engaging 
in  the  stock  industry  on  a  large  scale. 

The  National  Government  has  approved  the  plans  of  the  first 
survey  of  the  CAQUETA  RAILWAY  which  it  is  proposed  to  build 
between  Espinal  and  the  Saldaûa  River. 

Early  in  January  a  committee  of  FRENCH  PILOTS  arrived  in 
Barranquilla  with  the  first  airplanes  for  the  aerial  navigation  service 
that  the  Colombian  Aerial  Navigation  Co.  of  Medellin,  proposes  to 
establish. 

COSTA   RICA. 

At  the  general  meeting  of  the  newly  organized  CHAMBER  OF 
AGRICULTURE  the  following  executive  committee  was  elected: 
President,  Señor  Stanley  Lindo;  secretary,  Señor  Manuel  F.  Jiménez; 
and  treasurer,  Señor  Juan  Rafael  Chacón. 

On  January  20  the  Government  gave  a  concession  to  Frank  Maduro 
for  TURTLE  FISHING  along  the  Atlantic  coast. 

In  the  month  of  December,  1919,  the  total  number  of  BEEVES 
SLAUGHTERED  in  the  slaughterhouses  of  the  RepubUc  was  3,278, 
of  which  1,084  were  killed  in  San  José  Province;  550  in  Alajuela; 
502  in  Cartago  Province;  323  in  Heredia  Province;  280  in  Guana- 
caste  Province;  354  in  Limon  Province;  and  185  in  Puntarenas. 

The  COFFEE  EXPORTED  during  the  harvest  year  of  1918-19 
amounted  to  30,784,184  pounds  gross  weight,  as  against  25,246,711 
pounds  exported  in  1917-18,  or  an  increase  of  exportation  to  the 
amount  of  5,537,473  pounds. 


• 


AGRICULTURE,   INDUSTRY,   AND  COMMERCE.  439 

CUBA. 

On  January  1 6  the  merchants  of  Habana  f onned  the  COMMERCIAL 
ASSOCIATION  of  La  Habana  for  the  purpose  of  increasing  business, 
publishing  commercial  news,  and  as  an  arbiter  of  difficulties  between 
merchants. 

According  to  a  statement  published  by  the  cigarmakers^  union 
during  the  year  ending  June  30,  1919,  the  CIGARS  EXPORTED 
amounted  to  135,290,443,  as  against  129,158,543  exported  in  the 
preceding  year,  or  an  increase  of  6,131 ,900  for  1918-19.  In  the  same 
period  9,037,301  boxes  of  cigarettes  were  exported,  as  against 
11,243,679  in  the  year  of  1917-18,  showing  a  decrease  of  2,206,378 
boxes  of  cigarettes. 

The  SUGAR  production  for  1918-19  of  the  Cuban-American  Sugar 
Co.  and  subsidiary  companies  was  314,503  tons.  The  refined  sugar 
produced  by  this  company  amounted  to  43,163,954  pounds,  manu- 
factured in  the  refinery  at  Cárdenas,  Cuba,  and  143,589,696  pounds 
refined  in  the  United  States. 

The  President  has  authorized  the  Cuban  Portland  Cement  Co.  to 
construct  a  REINFORCED  CONCRETE  DOCK,  with  the  necessary 
buildings.  This  dock  will  be  used  for  the  loading  of  cement  manu- 
factured by  the  company  in  the  port. 

According  to  newspaper  reports  a  NEW  SUGAR  MILL  is  being 
constructed  in  the  Province  of  Camaguey.  It  will  be  called  *' Ver- 
tientes,*' and  belongs  to  the  company  which  owns  the  ''Agremonte". 
mill.     The  mill  is  expected  to  be  in  working  order  by  January,  1921. 

The  Cuban  American  Steamship  Corporation  has  established  a 
NEW  LINE  OF  STEAMERS  between  the  porte  of  Miami,  Fla., 
and  La  Habana.  There  are  sailings  on  Mondays,  Wednesdays,  and 
Fridays  from  Miami,  and  Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Saturdays  from 
Habana. 

Owing  to  the  commercial  prosperity  of  Cuba  and  its  attractions 
to  tourists,  the  Atlantic  &  West  Indies  Steamship  Line  has  decided 
to  build  STEAMSHIP  DOCKS  in  the  port  of  Habana,  for  which  it 
expects  to  spend  $2,000,000. 

The  January  SALES  OF  SUGAR  amount  to  $17,339,655,  mclud- 
ing  504,959  sacks  of  the  sugar  produced  from  the  present  crop, 

Figures  furnished  by  the  customs  show  that  9,735  PASSENGERS 
ENTERED  the  port  of  HABANA  during  the  year  and  paid  2,355 
pesos  (peso  equals  $1)  to  the  Government  for  the  right  to  enter  the 
country. 

Among  the  new  industries  established  in  the  country  is  a  TILE 
AND  BRICK  FACTORY  in  the  outskirts  of  Habana. 

A  new  firm  to  be  known  as  ** Refinería  Cuervo,  S.  A.,''  has  been 
formed  and  will  install  a  SUGAR  REFINERY  in  Matanzas.  The 
president  of  the  new  firm  is  Señor  Manuel  V.  Cuervo  Nunez,  and 
the  vice  president,  Señor  Eduardo  Gastón  Rossell. 


440  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

DOMINICAN   REPUBLIC. 

On  September  30,  1919,  the  Bureau  of  Registration  had  REGIS- 
TERED AUTOMOBILES  as  follows:  397  public  cars,  341  private 
cars,  61  official  cars,  44  trucks,  and  35  motor  cycles.  Up  to  the  pres- 
ent the  bureau  has  issued  1,092  licenses  for  motorists  and  19  for 
agencies. 

During  the  three  months*  period  from  July  to  September,  1919, 
the  EXPORTS  transported  to  Puerto  Plata  by  the  Central  Railroad 
were  the  following:  Tobacco,  4,893,579  kilos;  cacao,  1,486,972  kilos; 
coffee,  15,731  kilos;  cotton,  7,618  kilos;  wax,  7,031  kilos;  hides, 
36,838  kilos;  skins,  15,340  kilos;  and  campeche  wood  (logwood), 
79,000  kilos. 

The  SUGAR  CROP  OF  1918-19  was  171,519,737  kilos,  worth 
19,020,467  pesos  (peso  equals  $1),  coming  in  from  various  parts  of 
the  country,  as  follows:  San  Pedro  de  Macoris,  107,374,982  kilos; 
Santo  Domingo,  35,723,655  kilos;  Seybo,  20,459,936  kilos;  Azúa, 
6,411,894  kilos;  and  Puerto  Plata,   1,549,270  kilos. 

The  Columbus  Steamship  Co.  (Inc.)  has  established  a  NEW 
STEAMER  SERVICE  from  the  port  of  New  York  to  the  Dominican 
Republic.  The  Vesla  made  the  initial  trip,  arriving  recently  at 
Dominican  ports.  There  is  also  a  new  sea  service  between  San 
Pedro  Macoris  and  some  of  the  ports  of  Puerto]  Rico,  trips  being 
made  between  the  islands  by  three  schooners. 

ECUADOR. 

The  ministry  of  foreign  relations  of  Ecuador  has  opened  a  contest 
for  the  preparation  of  TREATISES  OR  BOOKLETS  ON  THE 
COMMERCE  OF  ECUADOR,  sotting  forth  the  natural  resources, 
products,  and  exports  of  the  country.  These  booklets  will  be  placed 
in  the  hands  of  the  Ecuadorean  consuls  as  propaganda  for  the  devel- 
opment of  the  country.  The  second  part  of  the  booklet  is  to  give  a 
synopsis  of  the  state  of  the  industries  of  the  country;  their  pro- 
ductive capacity;  their  capacity  for  development,  etc.;  as  well  as 
tables  showing  the  financial  strength  and  economic  possibilities  of 
the  country,  the  tax  system,  customs  exemptions,  and  similar  infor- 
mation. The  author  of  the  best  treatise  will  receive  a  prize  of  400 
sucres  and  50  copies  of  the  edition  published  by  the  ministry. 

On  December  20,  1919,  the  new  BRIDGE  OVER  THE 
PUYANGO  RIVER,  constructed  by  the  Government  of  the  Province 
of  El  Oro,  was  opened  for  public  use. 

The  Japanese  shipping  company,  Nanyo  Backi  Kaisha  (Compañía 
Comercial  del  Sud  Océano,  Limitada),  has  established  a  direct  LINE 
OF  STEAMERS  between  the  Japanese  ports  of  Kobe  and  Yokohama 
and  the  ports  of  Guayaquil,  Callao,  and  Valparaiso.     The  steamers 


AGRICULTUBB,   INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  441 

to  be  used  on  this  line  are  of  1,500  tons  and  fitted  for  passenger  and 
rapid  freight  service. 

A  national  company  has  planned  to  establish  an  ELEXTTRIC 
RAILWAY  between  Quito  and  Cotocallao. 

Presidential  decree  of  December  28,  1919,  abrogated  the  decree  of 
January  1,  1917,  on  the  EXPORTATION  OF  TAGUA  (VEGE- 
TABLE IVORY),  and  provides  that  the  export  tax  on  tagua  should 
be  that  established  by  article  76  of  the  customs  tariff  set  forth  in 
paragraph  5  of  Article  81  of  the  same  law,  and  all  those  created  since 
that  law  went  into  effect. 

According  to  newspaper  notices  a  new  LINE  OF  STEAMERS 
is  to  be  established  between  New  York  and  Guayaquil,  making 
Esmeraldas  a  port  of  call. 

A  new  INDUSTRIAL  COTTON  COMPANY,  with  a  capital  of 
500,000  sucr^,  has  been  formed  in  the  city  of  Ambato. 

GUATEMALA. 

Early  in  the  year  an  EXPOSITION  OF  MEXICAN  PRODUCTS 
was  opened  in  the  city  of  Guatemala  as  a  stimulus  to  increase  trade 
between  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 

Presidential  decree  of  November  29,  1919,  calls  for  the  installation 
of  an  AGRICLXTTOAL  LABORATORY  under  the  general  directo- 
rate of  agriculture,  to  test  samples  of  the  soil  of  different  sections 
and  to  select  the  seeds  most  suited  for  these  sections. 

HAITI. 

A  new  firm,  incorporated  under  the  name  of  RYAN  &  BARBER, 
has  made  application  to  engage  in  a  general  wholesale  and  retail 
business  in  Haiti.  The  by-laws  of  the  company  were  published  in  a 
recent  issue  of  the  official  newspaper  in  accordance  with  the  Haitian 
law. 

HONDURAS. 

Presidential  decree  of  November  4,  1919,  authorized  the  Truxillo 
Raih-oad  Co.  to  CONSTRUCT  A  BRANCH  RAILROAD  between 
Aguan  and  Clanchito,  in  accordance  with  plans  approved  by  the 
Government. 

MEXICO. 

An  executive  decree  of  January  30,  1920,  orders  a  partition  and 
division  for  agricultural  purposes  of  LAKE  CHÁPALA  LANDS, 
situated  in  the  States  of  Jalisco  and  Michoacan.  Not  more  than  5 
lots  of  10  hectares  each  will  be  allotted  to  any  person.  The  lands 
vary  in  value,  according  to  class,  from  100  to  400  pesos  a  hectare. 

The  ROLLING  STOCK  of  the  Mexican  railways  now  consists  of 
1,300  locomotives  and  19,000  cars.  Orders  have  been  placed  in  New 
York  for  300  freight  cars  and  100  passenger  coaches. 


442  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

Press  reports  state  that  the  Ward  Line  has  again  commenced  a 
direct  STEAMSHIP  SERVICE  between  Havre,  Tampico,  Vero 
Cruz,  and  Puerto  Mexico. 

A  permanent  EXHIBIT  OF  ORES  has  been  established  at  Mate- 
huala,  State  of  San  Luis  Potosi. 

General  AGENCIES  OF  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRia^L- 
TURE  and  of  fomento  have  been  established  in  the  States  of  Durango 
and  Chihuahua  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  in  the  introduction  of 
modern  methods  of  agriculture.  With  this  same  object  in  view,  an 
exhibit  of  agricultural  machinery  has  been  opened  in  Puebla. 

In  February  last  an  executive  decree  was  issued  prohibiting  the 
EXPORTATION  OF  HIDES  of  all  grades. 

Press  reports  are  to  the  effect  that  during  the  last  10  years  the 
smelters  of  the  State  of  Nuevo  Leon  EXPORTED  PRODUCTS 
to  the  value  of  142,028,313  pesos. 

Steps  have  been  taken  by  English  capitalists  to  establish  an 
AIRPLANE  SERVICE  between  Mexico  City  and  the  principal 
cities  and  ports  of  the  Republic. 

A  COMMERCIAL  CONFERENCE  was  held  in  the  City  of  Mexico 
from  the  11th  to  the  14th  of  February  last,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
American  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Mexico.  There  were  200  dele- 
gates in  attendance,  many  of  whom  were  from  the  United  States. 

NICARAGUA. 

The  Nicaragua  MINING  Co.,  with  its  main  office  in  Philadelphia, 
has  been  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  Delaware  to 
work  on  a  large  scale  the  Bonanza,  Marz,  Lone  Star,  and  Concordia 
gold  mines,  situated  in  the  mining  district  of  Pis-Pis. 

Press  reports  state  that  the  Bluefields  Fruit  &  Steamship  Co.  has 
bought  from  the  United  States  Shipping  Board  the  STEAMER 
Tacony  for  immediate  use  in  the  transportation  of  fruit  from  Central 
America  to  the  United  States. 

PANAMA. 

A  new  stock  company  known  as  ''The  United  Negro  Conmiercial 
Co./*  with  a  capital  of  20,000  balboas  (balboa  equals  $1),  has  been 
formed  in  Bocas  del  Toro  to  do  a  general  mercantile  business. 

About  the  middle  of  February  an  American  expert  in  the  manu- 
facture of  cement  arrived  to  direct  the  founding  of  a  CEMENT 
FACTORY  in  the  city. 

On  January  24  the  President  issued  a  decree  annulling  the  dock  tax 
on  SUGAR  CANE  transported  between  the  ports  of  the  Republic  in 
transit  to  sugar  factories. 

Presidential  decree  of  January  22  provides  for  the  ENTRY, 
STORAGE,  AND  RELEASE  OF  MERCHANDISE  in  storage 
warehouses. 


AGRICULTURE,   INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  443 

PARAGUAY. 

On  the  lOÜi  of  December,  1919,  a  commission  arrived  at  Mubebo, 
a  colony  which  has  recently  been  established  in  the  district  of  Moca- 
yaty,  for  the  purpose  of  enforcing  the  law  on  COMPULSORY  PER- 
SONAL LABOR  and  to  look  after  the  arrangement  and  conservation 
of  roads  and  the  .construction  of  works  of  utiUty  within  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  colony. 

During  the  year  1919  the  Bureau  of  Lands  and  Colonies  issued  232 
TITI.es  of  ownership  of  real  estate  which  were 
granted  under  the  colonization  and  homestead  law  of  June  25,  1904. 
From  the  time  of  the  estabUshment  of  this  law  in  1904  up  to  1919 
there  have  been  granted  1,697  of  these  titles. 

During  the  first  11  months  of  1919  the  total  amount  of  FOREIGN 
trade  of  Paraguay,  estimated  in  ''real  value,''  was  30,446,312 
pesos,  of  which  13,922,308  pesos  were  imports  and  16,524,004  pesos 
were  exports. 

In  accordance  with  the  statistical  data  available,  the  PRODL^CTS 
EXPORTED  during  the  first  11  months  of  1919  were  as  follows: 
Animal  products,  7,978  cattle,  representing  a  value  of  354,510  pesos; 
5,313,752  kilos  of  preserved  meat,  valued  at  2,530,601  pesos;  161,217 
salted  hides,  valued  at  1,934,604  pesos;  73,812  flint  hides,  valued  at 
738,120  pesos;  82,499  kilos  of  pigskins,  valued  at  78,374  pesos; 
304,921  kilos  of  horns,  valued  at  76,230  pesos;  54,401  kilos  of  wool, 
valued  at  54,401  pesos;  483,833  kilos  of  fats,  valued  at  145,150 
pesos;  and  29,163  kilos  of  jerked  beef,  valued  at  9,624  pesos.  Of 
agricultural  products  there  were  106,994,000  oranges,  worth  588,467 
pesos;  7,340,852  kilos  of  mild  tobacco,  valued  at  2,349,073  pesos; 
1,465,151  kilos  of  strong  tobacco,  valued  at  586,060  pesos;  2,994,928 
kilos  of  yerba  maté,  valued  at  748,732  pesos;  and  21,720  kilos  of 
ground  yerba,  valued  at  6,950  pesos.  Products  of  the  forest  were  as 
follows:  34,193  kilos  of  Petit  grain  oil,  worth  170,965  pesos;  29,867 
tons  of  the  extract  of  quebracho,  valued  at  4,462,050  pesos;  27,635 
beams,  valued  at  635,605  pesos;  45,674  logs,  valued  at  548,088  pesos; 
1,350  tons  of  quebracho  logs,  valued  at  27,000  pesos;  and  4,188  cubic 
meters  of  lumber,  valued  at  209,400  pesos;  as  well  as  other  products 
of  minor  importance,  valued  at  250,000  pesos.  Summing  up,  the 
animal  products  amounted  to  5,941,614  pesos;  agricultural  products 
to  4,279,282  pesos;  forestal  products,  6,053,108  pesos;  other  prod- 
ucts, 250,000  pesos,  or  a  total  value  of  the  exports  of  the  country 
during  these  11  months  of  16,524,004  pesos. 

PERU. 

In  1919  WIRELESS  STATIONS  were  opened  at  Eten  and  Tru- 
jillo.  Stations  are  now  being  constructed  at  Salaverry,  Paita, 
Cajamarca,  and  Callao.     At  present  Peru  has  wireless  stations  in  the 


444  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

interior  of  the  Republic  at  Puerto  Bermudez,  Masisea,  Orellana, 
Leticia,  Itaya,  Iquitos,  and  Putumato,  and  stations  on  the  coast  of 
Ilo,  Cachendo,  Chala,  Pisco,  El  Fronton,  Callao,  San  Cristobal, 
Huaman,  Eten,  Lima,  and  Trujillo. 

The  STEAMER  PAITA,  with  the  approval  of  the  President,  has 
been  turned  over  to  the  Peruvian  Steamship  Co.  for  operation.  The 
company  is  to  use  the  vessel  only  in  such  service  as  is  approved  by 
the  Government,  which  is  also  to  fix  the  schedule  of  freight  charges, 
etc.,  and  is  to  receive  5  per  cent  of  the  profits  derived  from  the 
business. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  AGRICULTURAL  AND  CATTLE 
ASSOCIATION  the  following  officers  were  elected:  President, 
Señor  Juan  Schafino;  secretary.  Señor  Carlos  Moran;  trustee,  Stóor 
Juan  Talvi;  attorney,  Señor  Luis  Sojos;  and  treasurer,  Señor  Genaro 
Shafino. 

On  January  14,  1920,  the  President  issued  an  order  authorizing 
Brazilian  steamers  to  make  San  Pablo,  on  the  upper  Amazon,  a 
regular  PORT,  thus  faciUtating  the  shipping  from  that  place  to 
Iquitos. 

Among  the  PRODUCTS  EXPORTED  by  Peru  in  1918  were  the 
following:  Sugar  437,438,799  pounds,  valued  at  $20,527,774;  cotton, 
47,447,231  pounds,  valued  at  $18,201,992;  wool,  14,910,292  pounds, 
valued  at  $13,156,172;  cattle  hides,  3,268,581  pounds,  valued  at 
$517,942;  and  skins,  804,912  pounds,  valued  at  $312,507.  Of  these 
exports  about  10  per  cent  of  the  sugar  and  cotton,  40  per  cent  of  the 
wool  and  cattle  hides,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  skins  went  to  the 
United  States. 

SALVADOR. 

At  the  meetmg  of  the  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE  OF  SAL- 
VADOR held  January  21  the  following  officers  of  the  board  of  direc- 
tors were  elected:  President,  Señor  Mauricio  Dreyfus;  vice  president, 
Señor  Manuel  Palomo;  secretary,  Señor  José  Du  triz;  treasurer,  Señor 
Joaquin  Arciniegas. 

By  the  middle  of  January  the  work  on  the  FERROCARRIL  DE 
ORIENTE  (railroad)  had  progressed  as  far  as  the  town  of  Cármen, 
between  Cojutepeque  and  San  Rafael  Cedros,  and  from  there  is  being 
continued  in  the  direction  of  San  Salvador. 

The  departmental  bureaus  of  promotion,  abolished  in  1915,  have 
been  reestablished  to  cooperate  with  the  Government  in  the  work  of 
civic  improvement,  sanitation,  water  supply,  and  road  building.  The 
departmental  bureaus  will  be  situated  in  the  capitals  of  the  depart- 
ments, and  will  have  as  personnel  a  president,  who  will  be  the  governor 
of  the  department,  four  members,  one  secretary,  and  one  treasurer. 

The  department  of  agriculture,  in  order  to  stimulate  an  interest  in 
farming,   has  established   an  AGRICULTURAL  INFORMATION 


AGRICULTTJBB,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  445 

AND  INSTRUCTION  OFFICE,  with  three  clerks,  who  will  travel 
over  the  agricultural  area  of  the  Republic,  instructing  the  farmers 
and  making  tests  of  the  soil  to  determine  the  proper  crops  to  be  raised 
in  each  locality.  These  officials  will  also  distribute  the  agricultural 
bulletin  through  the  three  agricultural  zones  defined  by  the  Gov- 
ernment. 

The  Salvadorean  consul  general  to  Sweden  has  informed  his  Gov- 
ernment that  the  firm  of  Hugo  Pirson  &  Co.  expects  to  run  a  LINE 
OF  SWEDISH  STEAMERS  between  the  port  of  Landskrona,  Prov- 
ince of  Escania,  one  of  the  richest  southern  jprovinces  of  Sweden,  and 
the  ports  of  Central  America,  the  Antilles,  Colombia,  and  Venezuela, 
and  making  the  ports  of  Salvador  ports  of  call. 

The  latter  part  of  January  an  EXHIBITION  OF  MEXICAN 
AGRICULTURAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PRODUCTS  was  maugu- 
rated  in  San  Salvador  to  stimulate  trade  between  Salvador  and 
Mexico. 

URUGUAY. 

Señor  Juan  Carlos  Blanco  has  been  appointed  Uruguayan  dele- 
gate to  the  COMMISSION  ON  INTERNATIONAL  RULES  FOR 
BRIDGES,  RAILWAYS,  AND  ROADS,  and  Naval  Lieut.  Hector 
Luisi  has  been  appointed  cotmselor  to  the  delegation. 

The  SHIPPING  IN  THE  PORT  OF  MONTEVIDEO  for  the  first 
11  months  of  1919  was  as  follows:  Entered  from  foreign  ports,  1,410 
steamers  and  72  sailing  vessels;  cleared  for  foreign  ports,  1,394 
steamers  and  899  sailing  vessels;  incoming  from  river  ports  and  coast- 
wise routes,  781  steamers  and  899  sailing  vessels,  and  sailing  for  river 
ports  and  coastwise  routes  772  steamers  and  915  sailing  vessels. 
Ships  from  the  high  seas  brought  10,207  passengers,  while  5,472 
passengers  sailed  for  foreign  ports  from  Montevideo.  Foreign  mer- 
chandise brought  in  amounted  to  826,591  metric  tons,  and  150,251 
tons  arrived  from  river  ports;  402,838  tons  were  shipped  to  foreign 
ports,  and  123,602  tons  to  river  ports. 

During  1919  the  roads  commission  completed  the  following  PUB- 
LIC WORBüS:  Seven  bridges — one  over  the  Dayman  River,  com- 
pleted May  20;  one  over  the  arroyo  Salsipuedes,  opened  to  public 
service  November  28;  one  over  the  arroyo  Cardozo,  completed 
August  21;  and  the  other  four  across  the  arroyos  Arenal  Grande, 
Arenal  Chico,  Pedernal,  and  Tala,  opened  for  public  use  on  June  19, 
August  27,  December  27,  and  November  7,  respectively.  During 
the  same  period  90,047  kilometers  of  roads  were  built.  Three  bridges 
are  in  course  of  construction  and  two  more  are  planned,  and  appro- 
priations have  been  made  for  the  building  of  70,047  kilometers  of 
roads. 

During  the  period  from  January  to  October,  1919,  the  number  of 
animals  SLAUGHTERED  for  meat  was  as  follows  :  For  the  packing 

108361— 20— Bull.  4 6 


446  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

houses,  579,897  beeves,  328,422  sheep,  and  30,568  hogs.  For  can- 
ning factories  there  were  killed  56,375  beeves,  199  sheep,  and  385  hogs. 

According  to  the  data  furnished  by  the  agricultural  statistical  de- 
partment the  AGRICULTURAL  œNDITION  of  the  country  in 
1919  was  as  follows:  300,680  hectares  sown  in  wheat,  27,460  in  flax, 
34,220  in  oats,  2,040  in  bariey,  and  790  in  alpiste  or  birdseed.  In 
the  same  year  the  maize  production  was  166,988,017  kilos,  harvested 
horn  223,501  hectares;  soi^hum,  265,331  kilos,  from  416  hectare  of 
land;  alfalfa,  29,734,178  kilos,  from  8,505  hectares;  peanuts,  515,338 
kilos,  from  1,048  hectares;  porotos  (peas),  6,077,992  kilos,  from 
14,551  hectares;  potatoes,  3,794,270  kilos,  from  2,430  hectares;  and 
sweet  potatoes,  29,892,469  kilos,  from  9,161  hectares. 

In  the  first  10  months  of  1919  the  total  FOREIGN  COMMERCE 
amounted  to  181,848,540  pesos,  of  which  59,952,127  pesos  repre- 
sented the  importations  and  121,896,413  pesos  the  exportations. 
The  four  countries  doing  the  greatest  volume  of  business  with  Uruguay 
were  the  United  States,  to  which  were  exported  37,563,156  pesos 
worth  of  merchandise,  and  from  which  were  imported  products  to 
the  value  of  22,394,959  pesos;  France,  exports  to,  31,432,004  pesos; 
imports  from,  1,848,605  pesos;  Great  Britain,  exports  to,  24,826,767 
pesos,  and  imports  from,  7,560,907  pesos;  and  Argentina,  exports  to, 
4,406,254  pesos,  and  imports  from,  12,189,872  pesos. 

The  directorate  of  the  mails,  telegraphs,  and  telephones  approved 
a  project  for  the  installation  of  a  NATIONAL  TELEPHONE  SYS- 
TEM  in  the  city  and  Department  of  Montevideo.  The  directorate 
has  asked  for  bids  for  the  construction  work. 

VENEZUELA. 

The  Provisional  President  of  the  Republic  has  granted  to  Aristides 
Silva  Pérez,  a  resident  of  Marcay,  the  exclusive  right  to  exploit  for 
five  years — that  is  to  say,  from  1920  to  1924,  inclusive — the  TONKA 
BEANS  foimd  on  public  lands  in  the  jurisdiction  of  the  municipality 
of  Caiçara,  district  of  Cedefio,  State  of  Bolivar.  The  concessionaire 
agrees,  among  other  things,  to  pay  the  national  exploitation  tax  at 
the  rate  of  30  boHvares  for  each  50  kilos  of  tonka  beans  which  he 
gathers,  in  accordance  with  the  tariff  prescribed  in  article  33  of  the 
law  of  woods  and  waters  now  in  force,  and  to  exploit  only  the  product 
mentioned. 

In  order  to  make  more  efficient  the  information  and  propaganda 
work  now  being  carried  on  by  the  Government  of  Venezuela  for  the 
development  of  the  foreign  trade  of  the  Republic,  an  executive  decree 
of  January  10  last  provides  for  the  sending  of  COMMERCIAL 
AGENTS  attached  to  such  legations  or  group  of  legations  as  the 
Government  may  designate.  The  duties  of  these  agents  are  to  study 
the  general  conditions  of  commerce  in  the  countries  to  which  they 
are  accredited,  and  to  take  such  steps  as  may  be  expedient  toward 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  447 

increasing  the  trade  of  said  countries  with  Venezuela.  These  com- 
mercial agents  are  to  be  directly  under  the  orders  of  the  department 
of  foreign  relations,  Bureau  of  Commerce,  and  will  cooperate  with 
the  diplomatic  representatives  and  consuls  of  Venezuela  in  commer- 
cial matters. 

On  January  25  last  the  exploitation  of  PEAKL  FISHING  was 

opened  in  the  Margarita,  Coche,  and  Cubagua  zones  and  on  the 
nearby  islets,  as  well  as  in  the  lowlands  of  Argaya  and  the  Gulf  of 

Cariaco. 

On  January  20  of  the  present  year  an  executive  decree  was  issued 

concerning  the  exploitation  of  RUBBER-producing  trees  for  the 

purpose  of  preventing  the  destruction  of  same.    The  tapping  of  trees 

of  a  diameter  of  50  centimeters  or  less  is  prohibited.     Trees  of  a 

larger  diameter  may  be  exploited  by  the  incision  method,  and  only 

•on  one  side  of  the  tree,  the  opposite  side  being  left  for  the  next 

gathering  season. 


ECONOMICandFINANCIAL 

AFFAIRS  ^¿ 

ARGENTINA. 

In  1919  the  Province  of  Cordoba  collected  REVENUES  to  the 
amount  of  11,881,303  pesos,  currency. 

The  BUDGET  of  Buenos  Aires  for  1920  gives  fhe  receipts  as 
51,120,610  i>esos,  currency,  and  the  expenditures  as  51,602,276, 
which  leaves  a  deficit  of  481,666  pesos.  The  principal  items  of  ex- 
penditure are  the  municipal  debt,  10,930,380  pesos;  materials, 
12,870,500;  and  salaries,  27,801,396  pesos. 

During  the  first  half  of  January  last  the  Bank  of  the  Argentine 
Nation  received  from  the  United  States  $11,000,000  in  GOLD  COIN. 

In  1919  the  TRACTION  REVENITES  of  the  port  of  Buenos  Aires 
amoimted  to  2,468,280  pesos,  currency,  or  35  per  cent  more  than  in 
1918. 

The  RECEIPTS  OF  THE  ARGENTINE  RAILWAYS  during  the 
fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1919,  in  pounds  sterling,  for  passengers, 
freight,  and  live  stock  were  as  follows:  Buenos  Aires  to  Pacific  Rail- 
way, 6,269,960;  Southern  Railway,  7,332,289;  Buenos  Aires  Western 
Railway,  3,724,275;  and  Central  Argentine  Railway,  6,925,789 
These  receipts  are  greater  than  those  of  1918  by  19,  25.6,  30.3,  and 
12  per  cent,  respectively. 

COMMERCIAL  FAILURES  in  1919  amounted  to  30,093,000  pesos, 
as  compared  with  38,747,000  in  1918  and  79,871,000  in  1917. 


448  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

BOLIVIA. 

In  accordance  with  the  law  of  December  31,  1919,  which  declares 
the  gold  dollar  of  the  United  States  the  basis  for  computation  of 
exchange  in  BoUvia,  on  the  same  date  the  President  issued  a  decree 
fixing  the  VALUE  OF  THE  AMERICAN  DOLLAR  in  relation  to 
the  pound  sterling  and  in  proportion  to  the  specific  gold  value  of 
both  coins.  This  decree  fixes  the  value  of  the  American  dollar  at  2 
bolivianos  57  centavos,  this  value  to  remain  fixed  imtil  the  coining 
of  national  gold  of  BoHvia. 

On  January  27  the  National  Congress  passed  a  law  authorizing 
the  President  to  contract  a  FOREIGN  LOAN  in  one  large  loan  or 
in  smaller  loans  for  the  following  purposes:  650,000  pounds  sterling 
for  the  construction  of  the  branch  railroad  to  Tarija;  1,100,000 
pounds  for  the  construction  of  the  Atocha-Tupiza  railroad  ;  1 ,100,000 
pounds  for  the  Potosí-Sucre  railroad;  4,400,000  pounds  for  the  Co-* 
chabamba-Santa  Cruz  railroad;  212,190  pounds  for  the  sewer  sys- 
tem in  Cochabamba;  249,370  pounds  for  the  sewer  system  of  La 
Paz;  200,000  poimds  for  drinking  water  and  paving  in  Cochabamba; 
200,000  potmds  for  the  public  health  of  Potosí;  200,000  pounds  for 
sewer  system  in  Oruro.  The  total  of  these  amounts  is  8,711,560 
pounds  sterling.  The  guarantees  offered  by  the  Government  are 
those  allowed  by  the  laws  in  effect  and  will  be  appUed  separately  to 
each  loan.  This  ruling  will  be  applied  very  strictly,  excepting  only 
the  guarantees  fixed  for  the  Tupiza-Atocha  and  Potosí-Sucre  rail- 
roads, which  may  be  made  conjointly,  but  the  fimds  for  the  work 
on  each  road  must  be  kept  separate. 

BRAZIL. 

According  to  figures  published  by  the  Directorate  of  Commercial 
Statistics  the  BUSINESS  OF  THE  FOREIGN  AND  NATIONAL 
BANKS  on  July  31,  1919,  is  shown  in  the  following  comparison  with 
like  date  of  the  previous  year:  TOTAL  ASSETS  in  1919—7,292,485 
contos,  as  against  5,634,885  contos  in  1918.  LIABILITIES  in  1919, 
6,090,212  contos,  as  against  4,735,088  contos. 

The  Bourse  Gazette  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  states  that  at  the  end  of  the 
year  the  CAPITAL  OF  THE  BANCO  PELOTENSE  was  raised  from 
15,000  to  30,000  contos. 

On  January  1  a  municipal  law,  passed  August  25,  1919,  went  into 
effect  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  establishing  a  tax  of  1  conto  on  advertise- 
ments, signs,  and  placards  written  in  other  than  the  national  language 
(Portuguese). 

THE  STATEMENT  OF  THE  STATE  OF  RIO  GRANDE  DO 
SUL  issued  on  the  first  of  the  year  showed  a  balance  on  hand  of  20,293 
contos  (conto  gold  equals  approximately  $546  U.  S.)  deposited  in 
various  banks. 

The  ministry  of  the  treasury  states  that  the  Government  has  re- 
deemed 30,000  TREASURY  BILLS  issued  during  the  presidency  of 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  449 

Dr.  Delfín  Moreira.  Also  that  the  AMORTIZATION  FUND  has 
been  increased  by  25,000  contos  without  necessitating  new  issues  of 
paper  currency. 

The  GENERAL  BUDGET  law  for  1920  estimates  the  revenue  for 
the  year  at  119,452  gold  contos  and  514,258  contos  paper,  and  the 
expenditures  at  72,372  contos  gold  and  599,578  contos  paper  as  fol- 
lows: Ministry  of  justice  and  interior  affairs,  24  contos  gold  and 
59,712  contos  paper;  foreign  relations,  2,301  contos  gold  and  3,945 
contos  paper;  navy,  200  contos  gold  and  50,945  contos  paper;  war, 
1,600  contos  gold  and  108,141  contos  paper;  agriculture,  industry,  and 
commerce,  1,063  contos  gold  and  31,667  paper;  railroads  and  public 
works,  28,466  contos  gold  and  208,501  contos  paper;  treasury,  48,718 
contos  gold  and  136,576  paper.  The  budget  for  1919  fixed  the  ex- 
penditirres  at  113,533  contos  gold  and  502,989  contos  paper. 

Newspaper  reports  state  that  the  governor  of  the  State  of  Santa 
Catalina  has  negotiated  a  LOAN  OF  $5,000,000  with  the  banking 
firm  of  Imbrie  &  Co.,  of  New  York,  on  a  basis  of  95  per  cent,  the  first 
installment  of  $2,325,000  being  paid  to  the  State  on  January  1. 

The  NATIONAL  REVENUE  for  the  months  from  January  to 
October,  1919,  inclusive,  amounted  to  71,838  contos  gold  and  320,043 
contos  paper,  which,  compared  with  like  period  of  1918,  shows  an 
increase  of  16,888  contos  gold  and  25,811  contos  paper. 

CHILE. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  COMPANIES  RECENTLY  ORGAN- 
IZED in  Chile:  TocopiUa  Mining  Co.,  with  a  capital  of  400,000  pesos; 
Carboniferous  Exploitation  Co.,  of  Parga,  with  a  capital  of  3,000,000 
pesos;  La  Británica  Insurance  Co.,  with  a  capital  of  500,000  pesos; 
the  Chile  Insurance  Co.,  with  a  capital  of  1,000,000  pesos;  the  In- 
dustrial &  Commercial  Glass  &  Ceramic  Co.,  with  a  capital  of 
600,000  pesos;  the  Cordillera  Insurance  Co.,  with  a  capital  of 
1,000,000  pesos;  the  Graphite  &  Copper  Mining  Co.  of  Vallenar,  with 
a  capital  of  1,500,000  pesos;  and  the  California  Nitrate  Co.,  with  a 
capital  of  £135,000.  Among  the  commercial  institutions  which  have 
recently  increased  their  capital  are  the  following:  La  Providencia 
Insurance  Co,,  which  increased  its  capital  to  5,000,000  pesos;  the 
Espino  Mining  Co.,  to  900,000  pesos;  the  Malvoa  Lumber  Co.,  to 
8,000,000  pesos;  the  Vacas  Mining  Co.,  to  3,000,000  pesos;  the  Ratones 
Mining  Co.,  to  400,000  pesos;  the  General  Commercial  Co.  of  Val- 
paraiso, to  £60,000;  the  Lota  &  Coronel  Mining  Co.,  to  54,000,000 
pesos;  the  Industrial  Co.,  to  6,250,020  pesos;  the  Totoral  Consolidated 
Tin  Co.,  to  2,350,000  pesos;  the  Cuprum  Chilean  Metallurgical  Co., 
to  500,000  pesos;  the  United  Breweries  Co.,  to  20,000,000  pesos;  the 
Chilean  Match  Co.,  to  3,500,000  pesos;  and  the  Bolsa  Products  Co., 
to  400,000  pesos. 

The  department  of  the  interior  has  granted  a  credit  to  the  CHAR- 
ITY BOARD  of  Concepción  of  21,343  pesos;  to  that  of  Valparaiso, 


450  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

66,000  pesos,  and  to  the  charity  board  of  Talca,  7,900  pesos,  for  use 
in  defraying  the  expenses  of  the  hospitals  at  these  places. 

The  total  revenues  of  the  GOVERNMENT  TELEGRAPH 
OFFICES  in  1919  were  3,965,605  pesos,  526,377  pesos  of  which  were 
for  official  service. 

The  POTABLE  WATER  CO.,  of  Valparaiso,  has  been  authorized 
to  negotiate  a  loan  of  500,000  pesos. 

The  FRENCH  BANK  of  Chile,  organized  especially  to  serve  the 
interests  of  the  French  colony  in  the  Republic,  was  opened  in  Val 
paraiso  on  January  5  last.    ' 

Figures  published  by  the  Chilean  press  show  the  following  BANK 
PROFITS  during  the  second  half  of  1919:  Banco  Nacional,  1,510,877 
pesos;  Bank  of  Curico,  398,224  pesos;  Bank  of  A.  Edwards  &  Co., 
945,088  pesos;  Mortgage  Bank  of  Chile,  1,381,321  pesos;  Mortgage 
Bank  of  Valparaiso,  129,920  pesos;  Bank  of  Industry  &  Commerce, 
150,769;  Bank  of  Santiago,  817,223;  Bank  of  Talca,  449,535  pesos; 
and  the  National  Mortgage  Bank  for  the  last  quarter  of  1919,  20,176 
pesos. 

COLOMBIA. 

A  SAVINGS  BANK,  under  the  name  of  ^'La  Popular,'^  has  been 
opened  in  the  city  of  Cucuta. 

On  January  17  last  the  President  of  the  Republic  approved  a 
contract  between  the  board  of  directors  of  the  Pacific  Railway  and 
the  American  Mercantile  Bank  of  Colombia,  by  virtue  of  which  the 
bank  lends  to  the  railway  for  one  year  $400,000  at  9  per  cent  interest» 
taking  as  security  therefor  500,000  pesos  in  Colombian  internal 
debt  bonds.  This  money  will  be  used  by  the  railway  in  improving 
the  system,. 

An  executive  decree  of  December  19,  1919,  fixes  the  exchange  rate 
on  national  silver  coins  minted  before  1911,  and  on  foreign  silver 
coins  legally  circulating  in  the  Republic  whose  use  as  a  legal  tender 
ceased  on  January  1  last,  at  125  per  cent. 

The  by-laws  of  the  SOCIAL  BANK  OF  SANTANDER,  organized 
during  the  latter  part  of  1919  in  the  city  of  Pamplona,  have  been 
approved. 

On  November  19,  1919,  the  President  approved  law  72  of  that 
year  appropriating  funds  for  NATIONAL  EMPLOYEES. 

The  net  profits  of  the  BANK  OF  CALDAS  for  the  second  half  of 
1919  amounted  to  25  per  cent  on  the  capital  invested. 

A  BRANCH  OF  THE  MERCANTILE  AMERICAN  BANK  was 
opened  at  Cucuta,  capital  of  the  northern  department  of  Santander, 
in  January  last. 

COSTA  RICA. 

In  January  the  total  value  of  BONDS  FOR  ROADS  sold  by  the 
Government  amounted  to  113,000  colons  (colon  equals  $0.4653). 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  451 

CUBA. 

F  The  following  CREDITS  FOR  ROADS  were  recently  approved: 
10,000  pesos  monthly  for  the  rebuilding  of  the  Remedios-Zudeta 
road;  $173,000  for  repairs  to  the  Manzanillo-Bayamo  road;  $40,000 
to  complete  the  Holguin-Bayamo  road;  and  $80,000  for  one  of  the 
roads  between  El  Caney  and  Ramon  de  las  Yaguas. 

According  to  newspaper  reports,  from  the  termination  of  the  war 
up  to  January,  1920,  the  REGISTRATION  OF  COMMERCIAL 
FIRMS  AND  COMPANIES  in  the  national  registry  showed  364 
with  an  authorized  capital  of  $486,279,547.  Aside  from  these  new 
firms  4  railroads,  with  a  capital  of  $9,348,000,  and  12  insurance  and 
security  companies,  with  a  capital  of  $19,473,000,  have  beeu 
established. 

The  CUSTOMS  RECEIPTS  of  Santiago  de  Cuba  for  the  month  of 
January,  1920,  amounted  to  $567,467,  or  $357,435  more  than  was 
collected  in  January  of  the  previous  year.  The  customs  of  Antilla 
collected  $183,369  for  January,  1920. 

A  new  company  known  as  the  HABANA  MARINE  TERMINAL 
CO.  has  been  organized  with  a  capital  of  $10,000,000  in  preferred 
stock,  $10,000,000  in  bonds,  and  $30,000,000  in  common  stock.  The 
new  company  acquired  the  stock  and  property  of  the  Compañía 
Cayo  Cruz  and  intends  to  construct  there  several  large  warehouses 
and  railroad  lines  to  connect  with  those  already  in  that  part  of  the 
country. 

Early  in  February  a  NEW  BANK  known  as  the  *' Banco  Federa 
de  Cuba,''  with  a  capital  of  $1,000,000,  was  established  in  the  city 
of  Cienfuegos.  The  Banco  Nacional  de  Cuba  has  also  lately  estab- 
lished a  branch  in  the  town  of  Union  de  Reyes. 

DOMINICAN   REPUBLIC. 

The  city  government  of  Santo  Domingo  recently  made  a  contract 
with  the  military  government  of  the  Republic  for  a  LOAN  of  $50,000 
for  the  construction  of  two  schoolhouses  in  the  city. 

The  CUSTOMS  RECEIPTS  OF  SANTO  DOMINGO  for  the 
month  of  November,  1919,  amounted  to  142,995  pesos.  The  sum 
collected  during  the  first  11  months  of  the  year  was  1,362,261  pesos. 

Newspaper  reports  state  that  a  new  BRANCH  OF  THE  ROYAL 
BANK  OF  CANADA  has  been  established  in  La  Romana. 

The  MUNICIPAL  REVENUE  for  the  year  1920  of  the  city  of 
San  Francisco  De  Macoris  is  estimated  at  81,348  pesos,  which  will  be 
expended  according  to  the  budget. 

The  board  of  directors  of  the  Compañía  Anónima  Cigarrera  has 
decided  to  ISSUE  BONDS  to  the  amount  of  50,000  pesos,  to  be 
placed  on  sale  at  once. 


452  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNIOK. 

The  city  government  of  La  Vega  has  approved  the  MUNICIPAL 
BUDGET  for  1920.  The  revenue  for  the  year  has  been  estimated 
at  110,000  pesos. 

ECUADOR. 

Presidential  decree  of  December  20,  1919,  gives  the  regulations 
of  the  law  of  TAXES  ON  WHISKY,  alcohol,  and  other  national 
and  imported  beverages. 

According  to  figures  published  by  the  ministry  of  the  treasury 
the  sums  of  the  REVENUE  AND  EXPENDITURES  of  the  country 
for  the  first  sbt  months  of  1919  were  7,197,662  sucres  and  6,455,527 
sucres,  respectively.  The  revenue  was  collected  as  follows:  Customs, 
4,522,028  sucres;  taxes  and  general  revenue,  2,404,849  sucres; 
balances  in  the  treasuries  and  considates  of  the  Republic  on  December 
31,  270,785  sucres.  The  expendittrres  were  made  as  follows:  L^is- 
lation  and  government,  22,359  sucres;  interior  and  police,  1,469,916 
sucres;  foreign  relations,  mails  etc.,  458,785  sucres;  public  instruction 
and  beneficence,  1,465,902  sucres;  war  and  navy,  1,962,407  sucres, 
treasury  and  public  credit,  973,002  sucres;  simdry  expenditures; 
103,156  sucres.  The  general  budget  for  1919  calcidated  the  revenue 
for  the  year  at  16,844,782  sucres  and  fixed  the  expenditures  at  the 
same  smn. 

The  PROFITS  OF  THE  BANCO  fflPOTICARIO  of  GuayaquU 
for  the  last  six  months  of  1919  amoimted  to  124,740  sucres.  Of 
this  simi  80,000  sucres  were  paid  in  dividends,  1,600  sucres  in  taxes, 
15,000  sucres  placed  in  the  reserve  fimd,  14,000  paid  in  salaries, 
and  14,140  sucres  reserved  for  emergencies  and  new  taxes. 

El  Telegrafo,  a  Guayaquil  newspaper,  in  its  edition  of  December 
31,  1919,  published  a  list  of  the  NEW  TAXES  which  went  into 
effect  all  over  the  Republic  on  January  1  last,  as  established  by 
Congress,  to  provide  for  various  national  public  works. 

GUATEMALA. 

According  to  statements  rendered  in  December,  1919,  THE 
BANKING  PROFITS  for  the  last  six  months  of  the  year  were  as 
follows:  Banco  International  de  Guatemala,  net  profit,  472,965 
pesos  (peso  $0.9271),  which,  added  to  the  surplus  of  the  contingency 
fund,  1,286,305  pesos,  makes  a  total  of  1,759,270  pesos.  From 
this  simi  200,000  was  deducted  to  be  paid  as  a  dividend  of  200  pesos 
per  share;  32,638  pesos  to  pay  the  profits  tax  of  5  per  cent;  and  30,000 
pesos  was  deposited  in  the  reserve  fimd,  leaving  1,496,632  pesos  in 
the  emergency  fxmd  as  a  balance  for  1920.  The  Banco  Agrícola 
Hipoticario  made  a  profit  which  after  paying  the  general  expenses 
raised  the  reserve  fund  to  1,430,000  pesos  and  giving  32,799  pesos 
to  charities,  amounted  to  600,000  pesos,  which  the  directorate 
decided  to  pay  as  dividends,  at  the  rate  of  120  pesos  per  share. 


X 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  453 

The  Banco  Americano  de  Guatemala  made  a  net  profit  of  1,328,371 
pesos,  which  it  distributed  in  the  following  manner:  800,000  pesos 
to  pay  a  dividend  of  200  per  share;  100,000  pesos  to  increase  the 
reserve  fund;  100,000  pesos  to  increase  the  emergency  fund;  200,000 
pesos  to  increase  the  fund  for  inequality  of  exchange;  100,000  pesos 
for  the  amortization  of  the  account  for  the  engraving  of  the  bills; 
9,113  pesos  for  the  amortization  of  the  account  of  the  furniture, 
fixtures,  and  equipment;  leavmg  19,2&8  pesos  carried  over. 

HAITI. 

Total  CREDITS  amounting  to  372,465  gourdes  and  $204,040 
were  provided  by  presidential  decree  to  meet  the  departmental 
expenditures  during  January. 

HONDURAS. 

The  RECEIPTS  OF  THE  FERROCARRIL  NACIONAL  (rail- 
road) for  1919  amoimted  to  431,858  pesos  (peso  equals  $0.9271),  of 
which  428,587  pesos  were  appropriated  for  the  running  expenses  of 
the  railroad,  leaving  a  balance  of  3,271  pesos  as  net  profit. 

During  1919,  the  Government  spent  259,386  pesos  in  the  BUILD- 
ING AND  REPAIRING  OF  ROADS  AND  BRIDGES,  of  which 
209,398  pesos  were  used  for  roads  and  49,988  pesos  for  bridges. 

During  the  year  1918-19  the  net  INTERNAL  REVENUE 
amounted  to  5,294,097  pesos,  which,  compared  with  4,805,781 
pesos  collected  as  revenue  in  1917-18,  shows  an  increase  of  488,316 
pesos. 

On  August  1,  1918,  the  INTERNAL  DEBT  amounted  to  3,446,622 
pesos  silver;  during  the  year  1918-19,  376,253  pesos  were  added 
to  this  debt,  raising  it  to  3,822,875  pesos.  But  399,882  pesos  of  it 
were  amortized,  which  diminished  it  to  3,422,993  pesos,  or  reduced 
the  debt  by  23,629  pesos. 

October  28,  1919,  the  President  authorized  a  SUPPLEMENTARY 
CREDIT  of  50,000  pesos  for  the  extra  expenditures  of  the  depart- 
ment of  war  and  navy. 

MEXI€X>. 

The  Mexican  Government  recently  destroyed  by  incineration 
3,000,000  pesos  in  BANK  BILLS  of  the  issue  called  ^'infalsicable.^^ 

The  Mexican  embassy  in  Washington  has  received  data  showing 
that  the  capital  invested  in  MEXICAN  OIL  ENTERPRISES 
amoxmts  to  700,000,000  pesos,  including  oil  deposits,  equipment, 
refineries,  ships,  and  tanks.  The  oil  wells  are  valued  at  300,000,000 
pesos;  oil  output  over  an  extent  of  1,200  kilometers,  50,000,000;  tanks, 
60,000,000  pesos;  refineries,  55,000,000 pesos;  lands,  50,000,000  pesos; 
railways,  buildings,  and  machinery,  30,000,000  pesos;  and  transport 
ships,  50,000,000  pesos. 


454  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  representatives  of  the  principal  banking 
institutions  of  Mexico  City  a  CLEARING  HOUSE  was  established, 
composed  of  the  following  banks:  Bank  of  Paris  and  Mexico,  Mexico 
City  Banking  Co.,  Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce,  Grerman  Bank  of 
South  America,  Bank  of  Montreal,  Mercantile  Banking  Co.,  Mexican 
Banking  Co.,  Lacaud  &  Son,  and  Eulalio  Roman. 

The  EXPORT  DUTIES  on  crude  petroleum  during  the  second 
half  of  1919  amounted  to  3,340,000  pesos.  The  total  export  duties 
during  said  year  aggregated  nearly  20,000,000  pesos. 

PABAGUAY. 

According  to  recent  statements  made  in  regard  to  the  PROFITS 
OF  THE  BANKS,  they  were  as  follows:  During  the  fiscal  year 
ending  Jime  30,  1919,  the  Bank  of  the  Republic  showed  a  net  profit 
of  349,720  pesos,  gold,  of  which  amoihit,  34,972  pesos  was  placed  in 
the  reserve  fund;  31,475  pesos  to  the  credit  of  the  directors  and  the 
advisory  board  and  other  administration  purposes  of  the  institution  ; 
and  280,000  pesos  to  be  distributed  among  the  shareholders  as  divi- 
dends of  7  per  cent,  the  remaining  balance  of  3,274  pesos  being  carried 
forward  to  a  new  account.  When  the  Marcantile  Bank  closed  its 
books  for  the  year  December  31,  1918,  it  showed  gross  profits  of 
5,793,638  pesos,  gold,  which,  added  to  the  balance  of  41,135  remaining 
from  1917,  made  a  total  of  5,834,773  pesos.  From  this  sum  3,616,115 
pesos  were  withdrawn  for  general  expenses,  there  being  left  a  net 
profit  of  2,218,658,  which  was  disbiirsed  as  follows:  For  reserve  fund 
for  repairs  and  damages  to  building,  900,000  pesos;  for  sinking  fund, 
22,480  pesos;  for  payment  of  debts  of  title,  39,008  pesos;  for  new 
accoimt,  7,170  pesos;  for  shareholders,  1,000,000  pesos;  for  reserve 
fund,  100,000  pesos;  for  counsel  of  the  administration,  62,500  pesos; 
and  for  the  board  of  directors,  87,500  pesos.  At  the  close  of  the 
year  1918  the  Bank  of  Spain  and  Paraguay  reported  a  net  profit  of 
1,560,481  pesos  of  national  currency,  distributed  as  follows:  109,234 
pesos  to  the  reserve  fimd;  109,233  pesos  to  the  supply  fund;  46,814 
pesos  to  the  foimders;  129,520  pesos  to  the  board  of  directors;  200,000 
pesos  to  reserve  for  building  purposes;  70,550  pesos  for  salaries  to 
employees;  1,230  pesos  as  a  balance  for  1919;  and  893,899  pesos  as 
dividends  to  be  distributed  among  the  shareholders.  At  the  end 
of  the  fiscal  year  1919  the  Bank  of  Commercial  Credit  reported  gross 
profits  of  378,786  pesos,  of  which  206,609  pesos  were  applied  to 
general  expenses,  164  pesos  to  building  and  repairs,  and  172,013 
pesos  as  dividends. 

The  LOANS  OF  THE  BANCO  AGRÍCOLA  during  1918  amounted 
to  the  sum  of  2,475,903  pesos,  national  currency,  and  1,127  pesos, 
gold. 


ECONOMIC  AKD  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  455 

In  accordance  with  data  furnished  by  the  general  treasury,  the 
LEASE  OF  GOVERNMENT  PROPERTIES  for  the  year  1918 
amounted  to  343,485  pesos,  national  currency,  and  19,204  pesos,  gold. 

During  the  period  between  January  and  October,  1919,  the 
CUSTOMHOUSE  RECEIPTS  of  Paraguay  amounted  to  1,001,651 
pesos,  gold,  and  24,103,014  pesos,  national  currency.  Of  these 
totals,  $417,783,  gold,  and  23,744,621  pesos,  national  currency, 
represent  the  amoimt  of  imports;  $582,818,  gold,  and  2,111  pesos, 
national  currency,  the  exports;  and  $1,050  gold  and  162,072  pesos, 
national  currency,  from  internal  revenue. 

During  the  first  nine  months  of  1919  the  SALES  AND  MORT- 
GAGES OF  REAL  PROPERTY  were  as  follows:  2,953  properties, 
valued  at  2,672,658  pesos,  gold,  and  48,759,386  pesos,  national 
currency,  against  2,830  properties,  valued  at  2,079,123  pesos,  gold, 
and  35,376,668  pesos,  national  currency,  in  1918. 

PEBU. 

A  statement  of  the  business  of  eight  leading  national  FIRE  INSUR- 
ANCE COMPANIES  of  Peru  showed  the  collection  of  a  total  of  gross 
premiums  amounting  to  321,645  pounds  (Peruvian  pound  =  $4,866); 
general  and  real  property  expenses  to  38,316  pounds;  paid  losses, 
56,891  pounds;  and  paid  on  reinsurance  and  commissions,  125,352 
poimds. 

According  to  a  statement  made  September  30,  1919,  by  the  TAX 
COLLECTING  CO.,  the  amoxmt  of  the  total  collections  during  the 
third  quarter  of  the  year  was  over  456,514  pounds. 

Two  new  BRANCH  BANKS  were  established  in  Peru  during 
January,  one  being  a  branch  of  the  Anglo-South  American  Bank, 
and  the  other  a  branch  of  the  National  City  Bank  of  New  York. 

A  law  of  January  2  last  authorizes  the  President  of  the  Republic 
to  negotiate  a  LOAN  of  15,000,000  soles  (approximately,  $7,500,000), 
the  proceeds  of  which  are  to  be  used  in  improving  the  sanitary 
condition  of  the  city  of  Callao,  including  street  paving,  sewers, 
potable  water,  public  buildings,  etc. 

SALVADOR. 

According  to  a  table  prepared  by  the  superior  tribunal  of  accounts 
on  the  ISSUE,  CIRCULATION,  AND  COIN  GUARANTEE  OF 
SALVADOREAN  BANKS,  the  paid-up  capital  in  colons  (colon  « 
S0.50),  the  authorized  issue,  bills  in  circulation,  and  cash  on 
hand  in  the  three  banks  of  the  coimtry  on  December  31,  1919,  was 
as  follows:  Banco  Salvadoreño:  Paid-up  capital,  3,500,000  colons; 
authorized  issue,  7,000,000  colons;  bills  in  circulation,  6,214,229 
colons;  specie  on  hand,  5,091,870  colons;  excess  over  guarantee 
required  by  law,  38  per  cent.     Banco  Occidental:  Paid-up  capital. 


456  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNIOK, 

4,000,000  colons;  authorized  issue,  8,000,000  colons;  bills  in  circu- 
lation, 6,661,987  colons;  specie  on  hand,  4,450,609  colons;  excess 
over  legal  guarantee,  20.5  per  cent.  Banco  Agrícola  Ck>niercial: 
Paid-up  capital,  1,300,000  colons;  authorized  issue,  2,600,000  colons; 
bills  in  circulation,  1,759,632  colons;  specie  on  hand,  1,475,404 
colons;  excess  over  legal  guarantee,  34.4  per  cent.  These  three 
banks  have  a  combined  total  paid-up  capital  of  8,800,000  colons,  an 
authorized  issue  of  17,600,000  colons;  bills  in  circulation,  14,635,848 
colons;  specie  on  hand,  11,017,883;  excess  over  legal  guarantee,  31.3 
per  cent.  The  legal  coinage  guarantee  is  40  per  cent  of  the  bills  in 
circulation  and  20  per  cent  on  sight  deposits  and  accounts  current. 

In  a  general  meeting  of  stockholders  of  the  BANCX)  SALVA- 
DOREÑO on  January  14  it  was  decided  to  increase  the  capital  of 
the  institution  by  1,000,000  colons  in  order  to  raise  the  subscribed 
capital  to  4,500,000  colons,  issuing  10,000  shares  of  100  colons  each 
to  raise  the  amoimt. 

The  net  PROFITS  OF  THE  BANCO  AGRÍCOLA  COMERCIAL 
of  San  Salvador  for  the  last  half  of  1919  were  421,425  colons,  of  which 
260,000  colons  were  added  to  the  capital,  26,000  to  the  reserve  fimd, 
104,000  dividends,  and  31,425  for  emergencies.  The  authorized 
capital  of  the  bank  is  5,000,000  colons;  paid-up  capital,  1,300,000; 
reserve  fund,  130,000;  and  emergencies,  243,939  colons. 

ITRUGUAY. 

The  law  passed  by  the  general  assembly,  October  13,  1919,  author- 
izes the  President  to  negotiate  a  LOAN  WITH  THE  BANK  OF 
THE  REPUBLIC  to  complete  the  appropriation  for  the  notaries 
public  referred  to  in  article  4,  of  the  law  passed  July  5,  1913.  This 
loan  will  be  paid  off  by  the  fees  collected  in  the  offices  for  which 
it  was  appropriated  and  subsequently  these  fees  will  be  turned  into 
the  general  revenue. 

For  the  fiscal  year  1918-19,  including  the  additional  months  of 
July  and  August,  the  total  value  of  the  CUSTOMS  REVENUE 
amounted  to  13,546,586  pesos. 

According  to  statements  issued  in  November,  1919,  the  RESERVE 
GOLD  in  the  banks'  of  the  country  amounted  to  60,557,072  pesos, 
distributed  as  follows:  53,627,758  pesos  in  the  Bank  of  the  Republic, 
3,201,982  pesos  in  other  Uruguayan  banks,  and  3,727,332  pesos  in 
foreign  banks. 

In  the  seven  months  that  the  COMPENSATION  BUREAU  has 
been  established — that  is,  from  June  to  December,  1919 — the  bank 
clearings  have  been  as  follows:  June,  checks  to  the  value  of  33,433,199 
pesos;  July,  63,120,533  pesos;  August,  60,742,453  pesos;  September, 
42,218,551  pesos;  October,  59,449,495  pesos;  November,  70,279,146 
pesos;  and  December,  413,582,659  pesos. 


LEGISLATION.  457 

*  VENEZUELA. 

A  report  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  Bank  of  Caracas,  covermg 
the  six  months  ended  December  31,  1919,  shows  net  RECEIPTS  of 
431,285  boli vares,  10  per  cent  of  which  was  credited  to  the  reserve 
fimd  and  5  per  cent  to  the  guarantee  fund. 

An  executive  decree  of  December  29,  1919,  provides  for  an  issue  of 
10,710,000  revenue  and  postage  STAMPS  of  the  classes,  denomina- 
tions, colors,  and  amounts  prescribed  in  said  decree.  An  executive 
decree  of  the  same  date  reorganizes  the  administration  of  the  reve- 
nues on  liquors  from  January  1  last. 

An  executive  decree  of  December  30,  1919,  requires  the  depart- 
ments of  the  Government  to  keep  REVENUE  ACCOUNTS  of  trans- 
actions under  their  jurisdictions  relating  to  the  national  revenue  not 
required  by  law,  or  rules  and  regulations,  to  be  kept  at  any  other 
national  revenue  administrative  office. 


,_  LEGISLATION  _, 

PERU. 

On  January  18,  1920,  date  of  the  three  himdred  and  eighty-fifth 
anniversary  of  the  foundmg  of  Lima,  the  NEW  CONSTITUTION 
passed  by  the  national  assembly  on  December  27,  1919,  repealing 
the  constitution  of  November  10,  1860,  was  promulgated.  This 
constitution  contains  the  following  titles  or  divisions: 

I,  The  Nation  and  the  State.  II,  National  guaranties.  Ill,  Indi- 
vidual guaranties.  IV,  Social  guaranties.  V,  Peruvians.  VI,  Citi- 
zenship, rights,  and  electoral  guaranties.  VII,  The  form  of  Govern- 
ment. VIII,  The  legislative  power.  IX,  Legislative  chambers. 
X,  Enactment  and  promulgation  of  laws.  XI,  The  executive  power. 
XII,  The  ministers  of  state.  XIII,  The  council  of  state.  XIV, 
Internal  régime  of  the  Repubhc.  XV,  Regional  congresses.  XVI, 
Mtmicipal  administration.  XVII,  The  pubUc  force.  XVIII,  Judi- 
cial power,  and  XIX,  Transient  provisions. 

The  principal  innovations  and  variations  of  the  new  constitution, 
as  compared  with  the  old  one,  are  as  follows:  The  nation  continues 
to  profess  and  to  protect  the  Roman  Catholic  apostolic  rehgion,  but 
the  provision  prohibiting  the  pubhc  exercise  of  any  other  rehgion  is 
repealed.  National  and  individual  guaranties  are  conserved  and 
amplified,  the  new  constitution  providing,  among  other  things,  a 
graded  tax  on  incomes;  a  guaranty  for  the  payment  of  the  pubhc 
debt,  and  prescribes  that  every  debt  contracted  in  accordance  with  the 


458  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

law  is  inviolable;  prohibits  the  issue  of  legal  tender  fiduciary  money, 
except  in  case  of  a  national  war,  and  gives  to  the  State  the  sole 
power  of  coining  national  money;  provides  that  a  person  arrested  or 
apprehended  has  the  right  of  habeas  corpus;  and  that  no  one  shall 
be  imprisoned  for  debt. 

The  social  guaranties  include,  although  modified  in  certain  crises 
and  with  certain  limitations,  some  which  were  granted  mider  the 
individual  guaranties  of  the  old  constitution,  and  other  guaranties 
as  follows:  Property,  whoever  may  be  the  owner,  is  subject  exclus- 
ively to  the  laws  of  the  RepubUc,  and  to  the  taxes,  imposts,  and 
limitations  estabHshed  by  law.  The  property  of  foreigners  is  gov- 
erned by  the  same  laws  as  that  of  Peruvians,  and  the  former  shall  in 
no  case  claim  rights  because  they  are  aUens,  nor  appeal  through 
diplomatic  channels.  Foreigners  shall  not  own  land,  water  rights, 
mines,  and  fuel,  directly  or  indirectly,  individually  or  collectively, 
within  50  kilometers  of  the  frontier.  The  law,  due  to  reasons  of 
national  interest,  may  impose  special  restrictions  and  prohibitions 
on  the  acquirement  and  transfer  of  certain  kinds  of  property.  The 
property  of  the  state,  of  public  institutions,  and  indigenous  communi- 
ties is  imprescriptible,  and,  when  the  law  permits,  can  only  be  trans- 
ferred through  public  title.  Mining  property  belongs  to  the  state^ 
and  only  the  possession  or  usufruct  thereof  can  be  granted  in  accord- 
ance with  the  provisions  of  the  law. 

Upon  the  payment  of  an  indemnity  the  state  may  take  over  land, 
and  maritime,  aerial,  and  other  pubhc  transportation  services  be- 
longing to  private  parties.  The  rights  of  commerce  and  industry 
are  acknowledged,  and  the  Government  may  be  authorized  by  law  to 
fix  the  limits  and  exceptions  in  the  exercise  of  these  rights.  The 
state  shall  legislate  on  the  general  organization  and  security  of 
industrial  labor,  and  also  concerning  guaranties  to  life,  health,  and 
hygiene,  prescribing  maximum  hours  of  work  and  minimimi  wages. 
The  payment  of  indemnities  to  workmen  for  accidents  while  in  the 
exercise  of  their  callings  is  made  obligatory,  as  is  also  the  submission 
to  arbitration  of  disputes  between  capital  and  labor.  Monopolies, 
commercial  or  industrial,  are  prohibited,  the  state  alone  being 
allowed  to  estabHsh  these  in  the  exclusive  interest  of  the  nation. 
The  law  shall  fix  the  maximum  rate  of  interest  to  be  charged  on 
loans.  Gambling  for  stakes  is  prohibited,  but  betting  is  allowed  on 
public  sporting  events. 

Primary  instruction  is  obligatory,  and  there  must  be  a  primary 
school  for  boys  and  one  for  girls  in  each  district  capital,  and  one 
intermediate  school  for  each  sex  in  the  capitals  of  the  provinces. 
Secondary  and  high  school  instruction  is  under  the  protection  of  the 
state,  which  will  also  encourage  scientific,  art,  and  literary  institu- 
tions.   Teaching  is  a  public  profession  and  carries  with  it  all  the 


^ 


L&QISLATIOK.  459 

• 

rights  fixed  by  law.  The  state  will  encourage  sanitation,  charitable 
institutions,  savings  banks,  insurance  and  cooperative  production  and 
consumption  for  the  benefit  of  the  people;  and,  if  necessary,  may 
pass  laws  authorizing  the  Executive  to  adopt  measures  tending  to 
cheapen  articles  of  consumption.  The  state  shall  protect  the  indige- 
nous races,  enact  laws  for  their  development  and  culture,  and 
acknowledges  the  legal  status  of  indigenous  communities,  whose 
rights  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Title  V  makes  miUtary  service  obligatory  on  all  Peruvians.  The 
exercise  of  citizenship  shall  not  be  abridged,  except  for  legal  inca- 
pacity, criminal  prosecution,  and  order  for  imprisonment  duly  exe- 
cuted, and  for  judicial  sentence  imposing  that  penalty  during  the 
term  of  same.  Citizenship  is  lost  by  naturalization  in  any  other 
country,  but  may  be  regained  by  reregistration  in  the  civic  registry. 
A  citizen  not  registered  in  the  military  register  is  not  eligible  for 
President  of  the  Republic,  senator,  or  deputy.  In  the  elections 
suffrage  shall  be  exercised  in  conformity  with  the  electoral  law. 
The  Peruvian  Government  shall  continue  to  be  republican,  demo- 
cratic, representative,  and  unitarian,  and  is  divided  into  three  pow- 
ers— namely,  the  legislative,  the  executive,  and  the  judicial.  The 
renewal  of  the  legislative  power  shall  be  complete  and  shall  coincide 
with  the  renewal  of  the  executive  power,  the  term  of  both  powers 
being  five  years.  Senators,  deputies,  and  the  President  of  the  Republic 
shall  be  elected  by  a  direct  popular  vote.  The  legislative  power  shall 
be  composed,  as  in  the  past,  of  a  senate  and  a  chamber,  the  former 
consisting  of  35  senators  and  the  latter  of  110  deputies,  which  num- 
ber shall  not  be  changed  except  by  constitutional  amendment. 
Vacancies  in  Congress  shall  be  filled  by  special  elections  and  only 
for  the  rest  of  the  legislative  term.  To  be  eligible  as  a  deputy  a  resi- 
dence of  two  years  is  required  in  the  department.  The  provisions 
requiring  an  income  of  500  pesos  or  of  being  a  professor  of  some 
science  are  repealed.  Likewise  it  is  not  necessary  for  a  candidate 
for  senator  to  have  an  income  of  1,000  pesos  or  to  be  a  professor  of 
some  science. 

The  regular  Congress  shall  be  in  session  not  less  than  90  nor  more 

than  120  days  annually,  and  a  special  Congress  shall  sit  not  more 

than  45  days.    In  order  to  organize  a  congress  it  must  have  not  less 

than  60  per  cent  of  its  members  present,  in  place  of  the  two-thirds 

formerly  required.     Congress  shall  vote  each  year  a  general  budget 

for  the  following  year,  and  if  for  any  reason  said  budget  does  not 

become  a  law  before  the  beginning  of  the  new  year,  the  budget  of 

the  previous  year  shall  be  in  force  monthly  until  the  new  budget  is 

passed. 

The  new  constitution  gives  to  the  senate  the  power  to  approve  or 
reject  diplomatic  appointments.    This  also  applies  to  members  of 


460  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNIOK. 

the  cabinet.  The  supreme  court  is  given  the  right  of  initiative  in 
the  making  of  laws  concerning  judicial  matters.  The  presidential 
term  is  made  five  instead  of  four  years,  and  the  offices  of  die  two  vice 
presidents  are  abolished.  In  case  of  the  death  or  resignation  of  the 
President,  Congress  shall  choose  a  President  within  30  days,  the 
cabinet  governing  in  the  meantime.  If  for  any  other  reason  a 
vacancy  should  occur  in  the  presidential  office,  Congress  shall  elect 
a  new  President.  Cabinet  officers  can  not  continue  in  the  discharge 
of  their  duties  after  either  the  senate  or  chamber  passes  &  vote  of 
lack  of  confidence. 

Three  legislatures  or  regional  congresses  are  established — one  each 
in  the  north,  the  center,  and  the  south  of  the  Republic.  Deputies 
to  these  legislatures  are  chosen  by  the  provinces.  The  le^latures 
referred  to  shall  sit  annually  during  a  period  of  not  more  than  30 
days,  and  their  enactments  shall  be  transmitted  to  the  executive 
power  for  enforcement.  Should  the  Executive  consider  them  con- 
trary to  the  general  laws  or  to  the  national  welfare,  he  shall  submit 
them  to  Congress,  which  shall  treat  them  in  the  same  manner  as 
though  they  were  vetoed  laws. 

As  to  the  judiciary,  members  of  the  same  shall  not  be  appointed 
by  the  President  to  any  political  office,  with  the  exception  of  judges 
of  the  supreme  court,  who  may  be  appointed  ministers  of  state. 
The  supreme  court  shall  exercise  authority  and  supervision  over 
all  the  tribunals  of  the  Republic,  and  over  judicial  and  notarial 
officers  and  the  property  registration  office  in  judicial  and  dis- 
ciplinary matters,  and  has  power  to  correct,  suspend,  and  discharge 
judges  and  other  officers.  The  judicial  calling  shall  be  determined 
by  law  specifying  the  requirements  for  promotion,  and  judicial 
appointments  of  the  first  and  second  instance  shall  be  ratLSed  by 
the  supreme  court  every  five  years.  Lastly,  the  new  constitution 
provides  that  the  present  issue  of  currency  shall  be  guaranteed  by 
coin  until  redeemed. 

VENEZUELA. 

Presidential  decree  of  December  29,  1919,  lays  down  the  REGULA- 
TION OF  THE  LAW  OF  MINES.  The  decree  is  divided  into  three 
parts,  viz:  Mining  rights,  exercise  of  mining  rights,  and  suppression 
of  mining  rights.  The  first  heading  contains  two  subjects — denounce- 
ments and  the  renewal  of  claims  declared  to  have  lapsed.  The  sec- 
ond heading  contains  eight  subjects  relative  to  general  rules  concern- 
ing the  exercise  of  mining  rights,  the  inspection  of  mines  by  the  Govern- 
ment, matters  relative  to  the  employees  in  the  mine,  the  productive 
development  of  the  mines,  the  hygiene  and  sanitary  provisions  of  the 
mines,  the  commercial  promotion  of  mines,  the  guarding  of  mines  in 
relation  to  public  safety,  accidents,  and  losses.  The  third  heading 
is  concerned  entirely  wiüi  the  lapse  of  mining  rights.    According  to 


PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION  AND  EDUCATION.  461 

this  decree  compaaies  formed  for  the  purpose  of  prospecting  aud 
developing  mines  in  the  Republic  shall  be  domiciled  on  the  site  of 
the  prospect  or  developed  claim  and  shall  cany  on  their  correspond- 
ence and  accounts  with  the  ministry  of  fomento  (promotion)  and 
other  authorities  of  the  countries  in  the  legal  language,  which  is 
Spanish. 

On  January  2  the  President  of  the  Republic  issued  a  decree  organ- 
izing a  SANITARY  CODE,  which  supersedes  that  of  the  1st  of 
August,  1918.  According  to  the  new  ruling  the  central  sanitary 
office  now  functioning  shall  be  under  the  control  of  a  director  of 
national  sanitation  and  shall  be  composed  of  the  office  of  the  director, 
staff,  statistical  branch,  archives  and  library,  leper  hospital  service, 
accoimts,  publishing  office,  equipment  and  transportation  service. 
There  will  be  chemical  and  bacteriological  laboratories  connected 
with  the  central  office.  For  the  present  suboffices  will  be  established 
in  the  cities  of  La  Guaira,  Puerto  Cabello,  Valencia,  Maracay,  Mara- 
caibo.  Ciudad  Bolivar,  Campano,  La  Vela,  Cristobal  Colon,  Pampatar, 
and  Puerto  Sucre. 


-  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION  „ 
-   kAio)EDUCATION*    ~ 

ARGENTINA. 

A  TEACHERS'  LEAGUE,  composed  of  primary  and  graded 
teachers,  has  been  incorporated  in  the  Argentine  Patriotic  League 
with  the  object  of  formulating  and  developing  a  vast  program  for  the 
improvement  of  the  condition  of  teachers  throughout  the  Republic. 
This  league  proposes  to  make  the  Argentine  schools  models  of  public 
instruction,  not  only  as  to  efficiency  and  discipline  but  also  as  to 
patriotism  and  educational  surroundings.  The  league  will  publish 
a  bulletin  showing  what  it  has  accomplished  and  what  it  proposes  to  do. 

Captain  José  Ayoroa  and  Mrs.  Ayoroa,  of  Bolivia,  who  came  to 
the  United  States  several  months  ago  as  Bolivian  Government 
students,  have  been  admitted  to  two  of  the  leading  educational 
institutions  in  Boston,  Massachusetts.  Captain  Ayoroa  has  entered 
the  Massachusetts  Listitute  of  Technology  and  will  perfect  himself 
in  topographical  and  other  branches  of  engineering,  while  Mrs. 
Ayoroa  wiU  study  the  school  system  of  Boston  and  many  other 
cities  of  the  United  States.  The  couple  will  then  return  to  Bolivia 
to  put  in  practice  in  that  country  the  experiences  and  observations 
acquired  in  the  United  States  so  far  as  they  are  adaptable  to  the 
needs  of  Bolivia. 

168361— 20— Bull.  4 7 


462  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION, 

CHILE. 

The  department  of  public  instruction,  has  appointed  Paul  Ramirez 
EXCHANGE  PROFESSOR  of  pedagogy  in  the  University  of 
California. 

In  1919  there  were  3,174  primary  SCHOOLS  in  Chile  with  approxi- 
mately 300; 000  matriculates;  15  normal  schools  with  2,000  pupils, 
and  6  primary  industrial  or  vocational  schools  with  1,000  pupils. 
The  primary  schools  of  the  Republic  employ  7,164  teachers. 

The  professional  school  of  Santiago  has  added  a  course  of  loom 
WEAVING  to  its  curriculum. 

The  President  of  the  Republic  recently  appointed  Ortiz  de  Zarate 
to  cooperate  with  the  office  of  primary  instruction  in  reorganizing 
musical  instruction  in  schools.  Prof.  Ortiz  de  Zarate  will  idso  teach 
musical  pedagogy  to  teachers  of  primary  instruction  in  order  that 
they  may  instruct  their  pupils  in  this  art. 

COSTA   RICA. 

According  to  the  new  SCHOOL  BUDGET  effective  January  1 
the  teachers  of  the  public  school  system  will  receive  the  following 
salaries:  Ordinary  teachers,  class  I  A,  125  colones  per  month;  class 

I  B,  100  colones  per  month;  class  II  A,  90  colones  per  month;  class 

II  B,  80  colones  per  month;  class  III  A,  70;  class  HI  B,  60;  class  IV, 
50  ;  and  class  V,  45  ;  and  temporary  teachers,  40  colones  a  month.  Spe- 
cial teachers,  class  I,  3.25  colones  per  lesson;  class  II,  3  colones  per 
lesson;  class  III,  2.75;  and  class  IV,  2.25  per  lesson. 

CUBA. 

On  January  21  the  President  issued  a  decree  creating  the  post  of 
ASSISTANT  SUBSTITUTE  PROFESSOR  and  chief  d  the  School 
of  Dental  Surgery  of  the  University  of  Habana.  The  same  decree 
creates  the  post  of  Assistant  Physician  to  the  clinic. 

May  20th  of  the  present  year  has  been  selected  as  the  day  f<H*  the 
opening  of  the  buUdmg  of  the  PROVINCLâiL  INSTITUTE  OF 
MATANZAS. 

The  board  of  education  of  Habana  in  a  recent  meeting  agreed  to 
establish  NIGHT  SCHOOLS  FOR  WOMEN  in  the  day  school  buUd- 
ings.  The  subjects  will  be  the  same  as  those  taught  in  the  day 
schools,  and  the  hours  will  be  from  7  to  9.30  in  the  evening.  The 
age  limits  for  entrance  to  the  schools  are  from  16  to  60  years. 

DOMINICAN   REPUBLIC. 

Under  the  presidency  of  Monsignor  Nouel,  archbishop  of  Santo 
Domingo,  a  society  has  been  formed  to  establish  a  school,  to  be  named 
COLEGIO  ALFONSO  XIII,  which  will  give  both  primary  and 


PUBUC  INSTBUCTION  AND  EDUCATION.  463 

secondary  education  as  well  as  special  courses  in  navigation,  com- 
merce, and  other  subjects. 

THE  CONSTRUCTION  OF  SCHOOLHOUSES  was  commenced 
in  January  in  the  sections  of  Yuma,  Bonao,  and  Boca  de  Yuma,  in 
the  Commune  of  Higuey,  and  in  those  of  Guaymate,  Sabana,  and 
Campo  Alegre  in  the  Commune  of  La  Romana. 

On  January  26  of  the  present  year  a  new  CURRICULUM  went  into 
effect  in  the  normal  school  of  Santiago.  This  plan  reduces  consider- 
ably the  number  of  subjects,  but  increases  the  time  of  study  of  those 
remaining.  A  BUSINESS  SCHOOL  has  just  been  opened  in  La 
Vega,  having  been  organized  by  the  society  '*Amor  al  Estudio.*' 
There  were  68  pupils  when  the  school  was  opened. 

ECUADOR. 

The  Government  of  the  United  States  has  offered  20  SCHOLAR- 
SHIPS to  Ecuador  for  officers  of  the  Ecuadorean  army  who  desire  to 
perfect  their  technical  training  in  military  matters.  The  Govern- 
ment of  Ecuador  has  accepted,  and  the  officers  are  soon  to  be  desig- 
nated for  these  scholarships. 

The  second  assembly  of  teachers  which  met  in  Quito  the  first  part 
of  January  decided  to  establish  an  ACADEMY  OF  TEACHERS,  to 
celebrate  the  teachers'  holiday,  aid  the  action  of  patriotic  com- 
mittees, and  select  its  membership  from  the  list  of  Ecuadorean 
teachers  of  both  sexes. 

Official  figures  of  the  ministry  of  public  instruction  show  that  there 
are  630  SCHOOLS  in  the  country,  not  coimting  private  schools. 

A  lai^e  school  building  to  be  known  as  the  SCHOOL  OF  THE 
SIXTH  OF  OCTOBER  is  being  constructed.  It  will  be  opened 
during  the  CENTENNIAL  OF  GUAYAQUIL,  and  will  be  the 
largest  and  best  equipped  school  building  for  primary  education  in 
the  country. 

On  the  19th  of  January  a  SCHOOL  OF  MUSIC  was  opened  by 
the  Ecuadorean  professor,  Pedro  Paz,  assisted  by  a  faculty  of  able 
teachers. 

GUATEMALA. 

Presidential  decree  of  December,  1919,  states  that  DIPLOMAS 
shall  be  given  to  students  who  have  passed  through  all  the  grades  of 
the  practical  school  and  passed  the  regular  public  examination. 

On  January  15,  1920,  the  LICEO  FRANCO-BELGA  was  opened  in 
the  city  of  Guatemala  as  an  elementary  and  complementary  school 
for  men. 

On  January  16,  1920,  the  President  issued  a  decree  Creating  A 
FOURTH  YEAR  IN  THE  NORMAL  COURSE  of  the  Normal 
School  for  Young  Ladies,  ''Joaquina,''  of  Old  Guatemala.  The 
decree  also  established  a  third  year  in  the  Liceo  Mimicipal  "Joaquina'' 
of  the  city  of  Guatemala. 


464  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

HAITI. 

By  a  decree  of  recent  date  the  secretary  of  public  instruction  has 
decided  to  give  to  each  of  the  ELEMENTARY  SCHOOLS  of  Port  au 
Prince  the  name  of  a  teacher  who  has  distinguished  himself  by  his 
long  and  meritorious  services.  In  accordance  with  this  decree  there 
has  been  published  in  Le  Moniteur  of  January  10  a  list  of  the  new 
names  of  31  schools  of  the  capital. 

HONDUKAS. 

The  message  of  the  President  read  before  congress  at  the  opening 
session  of  1920  gives  the  following  information  regarding  the 
SCHOOLS  of  the  country:  At  the  beginning  of  the  school  year,  1919, 
there  were  970  primary  schools,  of  which  926  were  public,  12  private, 
30  night  schools,  and  2  kindergartens.  The  total  attendance  was 
45,442  pupils  and  980  teachers.  There  were  also  5  normal  schools 
open,  1  for  boys  and  1  for  girls  in  Tegucigalpa,  1  in  Esperanza,  1  in 
Santa  Barbara,  1  in  Santa  Rosa,  and  1  in  Juticalpa,  which  had,  all 
told,  565  pupils  registered.  In  Tegucigalpa  the  School  of  Commerce 
for  men  had  138  pupils  and  the  commerce  section  of  the  coU^e  "La 
Instrucción"  for  young  ladies  had  19  pupils;  in  Santa  Barbara  the 
business  course  of  the  college  of  ''La  Independencia"  had  22  pupils. 
Secondary  education  was  conducted  by  the  following  5  institutions: 
National  Institute  of  Tegucigalpa,  College  "León  Alvalado"  in 
Comayagua,  College  "La  Independencia"  in  Santa  Barbara,  the 
school  of  secondary  education  in  Santa  Rosa,  and  "La  Fraternidad" 
in  Juticalpa.  The  total  enrollment  of  these  institutions  for  the  year 
was  265  pupils.  The  University  of  the  Republic  only  gave  courses  in 
law,  medicine,  and  surgery,  there  being  49  students  in  the  law  school 
and  40  in  the  medical  school. 

The  COSTS  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION  for  1919  amounted  to 
384,980  pesos  (peso  equals  $0.9271),  of  which  321,574  pesos  were  paid 
by  the  municipaUties  and  the  rest  by  the  Government. 

MEXICO. 

On  February  5  last  the  MILITARY  COLLEGE  at  Chapultepec  in 
Mexico  City  was  officially  opened  by  the  President  of  the  Republic  in 
the  presence  of  a  large  number  of  officials  and  other  persons. 

Early  in  February  last  a  WEEKLY  PEDAGOGIC  CONFERENCE 
was  inaugurated  in  Morelia,  State  of  Michoacan,  under  the  auspices 
of  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction  of  that  State.  It  was 
decided  to  publish  a  monthly  bulletin,  entitled  "El  Magisterio 
Michoacano,"  as  the  official  organ  of  the  department  of  public 
instruction  of  that  State. 

The  President  of  the  Republic  has  approved  the  plan  of  the  federal 
district  government  to  found  a  NATIONAL  SCHOOL  OF  RAIL- 


PUBLIC  INSTBUOTION  AND  EDUCATION.  465 

WAYS  in  the  City  of  Mexico  for  the  training  of  railway  machinists, 
engineers,  and  of  persons  desiring  to  follow  other  railway  occupations. 
The  bureau  of  agriculture  has  opened  practical  courses  in  DAIRY- 
ING, aviculture,  and  apiculture.  These  courses  will  last  three 
months,  and  pupils  attending  same  will  be  given  diplomas. 

NICABAGUA. 

The  Nicaraguan  press  announces  that  H.  P.  Crown,  a  North  Ameri- 
can educator,  has  been  engaged  by  the  National  Government  to 
prepare  courses  of  study  for  the  primary  and  intermediate  SCHOOLS 
of  the  Republic.  Prof.  Crown  was  commissioned  by  the  Government 
of  the  United  States  to  organize  public  instruction  in  the  Philippine 
Islands. 

The  post  of  INSPECTOR  GENERAL  of  public  instruction  has 
been  established  in  the  departments  of  Esteli,  Matagalpa,  Jinotega, 
and  Nueva  Segovia. 

An  executive  decree  of  November  14,  1919,  modifies  the  rules 
and  regulations  of  the  MEDICAL  SCHOOL  now  in  force  in  the 
Republic. 

PARAGUAY. 

Data  concerning  the  SCHOOL  SITUATION  in  Paraguay  has 
recently  become  available,  which  shows  that  in  1918  there  were 
586  public  schools,  1,607  instructors,  and  74,636  enrolled  students. 
Of  higher  educational  institutions  there  were  three  national  colleges — 
one  in  the  capital,  one  in  Pilar,  and  one  in  Villarrica.  There  were  also 
in  existence  six  normal  schools,  situated  in  the  capital,  in  Villarrica, 
Concepción,  Encarnación,  Barrero  Grande,  and  in  San  Juan  Batista 
de  las  Missiones. 

By  a  decree  of  January  3,  1919,  the  President  has  ordered  the 
construction  of  a  building  for  the  MILITARY  AVIATION  SCHOOL. 
This  decree  orders  the  work  to  be  carried  out  under  the  direction  of 
the  minister  of  war  and  navy. 

On  the  6th  of  January  of  this  year  the  President  issued  a  decree 
establishing  the  number  of  COURSES  FOR  THE  FACULTY  OF 
THE  MEDICAL  COLLEGE,  and  appointing  a  professor  and  director 
of  the  laboratory  and  institute  of  physiology,  a  professor  of  patho- 
logical anatomy,  and  two  assistant  professors. 

PERU. 

In  1919  there  were  in  operation  in  Peru,  under  the  bureau  of  public 
instruction,  2,880  primary  SCHOOLS,  29  colleges  of  secondary 
instruction,  and  3  normal  schools.  Of  the  primary  schools  138  were 
for  boys,  134  for  girls,  and  2,608  mixed  schools,  employing  4,284 
teachers,  and  having  an  average  attendance  of  195,689  pupils.  The 
school  census  of  the  Province  of  Lima  shows  16,275  pupils,  of  which 
9,060  are  males  and  7,215  females. 


466  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

The  time  for  revising  and  putting  in  operation  the  new  LAW  OF 
PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION  has  been  extended  untU  the  end  of  the 
present  school  year. 

The  bureau  of  public  Instruction  has  ordered  the  establishment  of 
new  school  centers  as  follows:  At  Llocllapampa  and  Acolla,  a  school 
for  boys;  at  Pachascucho  and  Chacon,  mixed  schools;  and  a  school 
for  girls  at  AcoUa. 

SALVADOR. 

At  a  meeting  held  in  San  Salvador  early  in  the  year  it  was  decided 
to  organize  a  COURSE  OF  POPULAR  LECTURES  as  the  best 
means  of  diffusing  knowledge.  These  conferences  will  be  held  every 
Sunday  in  the  session  hall  of  the  Society  of  Laborers  of  Salvador.  The 
course  was  inaugurated  on  January  24. 

Presidential  decree  of  January  12  regulates  the  AWARD  OF 
SCHOLARSHIPS  in  Government  schools  and  private  schools  whether 
or  not  they  receive  a  subsidy  from  the  state. 

On  January  20  the  ceremony  of  OPENING  THE  UNIVERSITY 
COURSES  for  the  year,  the  inauguration  of  the  university  library 
and  the  distribution  of  prizes  awarded  in  university  contests  took 
place  in  the  academic  hall  of  the  university. 

On  January  15  the  department  of  public  instruction  issued  a 
decree  changing  the  CURRICULUM  OF  SECONDARY  EDUCA- 
TION, which  had  been  in  force  since  1910.  The  most  important 
reform  was  changing  the  complementary  course  from  the  secondary 
course  to  the  primary. 

The  President  has  organized  the  DIRECTING  COMMITTEE  OF 
SECONDARY  EDUCATION  to  take  charge  of  secondary  education 
with  similar  functions  to  those  of  the  directorate  of  public  instruction 
in  relation  to  higher  education. 

URUGUAY. 

The  Dante  Alighieri  society,  in  order  to  increase  the  knowledge  of 
the  Italian  language,  has  inaugurated  a  COURSE  IN  ITALIAN 
LITERATURE  to  be  held  in  the  ateneo  (atheneum)  of  Montevideo. 
This  course  is  divided  into  50  lessons  under  the  direction  of  Señor 
Folco  Testena. 

The  President  issued  a  decree  on  December  16,  1919,  regulating 
article  5  of  the  law  of  June  8,  which  created  the  course  in  industrial 
chemistry.  This  decrece  states  that  pharmacists  who  have  com- 
pleted their  studies  in  the  medical  school  of  the  university  and  desire 
to  take  the  course  in  the  institute  of  industrial  chemistry  shall  be 
admitted  without  examination  in  the  following  subjects:  General 
chemistry,  physics,  quantitative  analysis,  mineralogy  and  chemical 
analysis,  mathematics,  mechanical  drawing  (drafting).  Political 
economy  and  organic  chemistry  may  be  taken  without  compulsory 


gbi^erâL  noteô.  467 

atteadance  at  the  lectures,  but  in  this  case  an  examination  will  be 
required. 

During  the  past  school  year  recent  statistics  show  that  in  Monte- 
video there  were  255  schools  of  primary  instruction,  208  of  which  were 
city  schools  and  47  suburban  schools,  51  being  for  boys  and  19  for 
girls,  and  185  coeducational.  A  total  of  48,096  pupils  attended  these 
schools.  There  were  1,478  teachers,  of  whom  1,186  were  women  and 
292  men. 

VENEZUELA. 

With  the  object  of  extending  the  practical  instruction  now  given 
in  the  SCHOOL  OF  ARTS  AND  CRAFTS  FOR  WOMEN  in 
Caracas,  the  Provisional  President  issued  a  decree  on  January  28 
last  providing  for  the  establishment  and  operation,  in  connection 
with  the  proper  departments  of  the  school,  of  a  gallery  for  photo- 
graphic instruction,  a  laimdry,  a  lace  factory,  a  bindery,  a  tailoring 
shop,  a  course  in  the  cutting  and  fitting  of  women's  garments,  and 
instruction  in  dyeing,  modeling,  and  pyro-engraving.  The  school 
is  authorized  to  sell  the  articles  manufactured  by  its  students  and 
to  do  private  work. 

The  governor  of  the  State  of  Falcon  has  issued  a  decree  under 
which  a  MUSIC  SCHOOL  is  to  be  established  in  the  city  of  Coro, 
the  State  capital.    A  Caracas  professor  will  have  charge  of  the  school. 


ARGENTINA. 

On  December  19,  1919,  the  department  of  foreign  relations  estab- 
lished an  office  of  the  LEAGUE  OF  NATIONS  m  the  poUtical 
division  of  that  department. 

An  executive  decree  of  January  9,  1920,  provides  for  the  reorgan- 
ization of  the  NATIONAL  COMMISSION  OF  FINE  ARTS.  Martin 
Noel  has  been  appointed  chairman  of  the  commission. 

The  Society  of  Authors  states  that  in  1919  the  NATIONAL 
THEATER  introduced  193  national  plays. 

The  mayor  of  Buenos  Aires  has  ordered  the  preparation  of  drawings 
and  plans  for  the  construction  of  a  MUNICIPAL  MUSEUM. 

The  mimicipality  of  Buenos  Aires  will  soon  install  in  the  central 
part  of  the  city  200  automatic  FIRE  SIGNALS  for  calling  the  fire 
department.    These  were  acquired  in  the  United  States. 

A  Buenos  Aires  newspaper  estimates  that  25,000,000  pesos  are 
spent  annually   in    the    Argentine    Republic    in   COMMERCIAL 


468  THE  PAN  AMERICAK  UNION. 

PROPAGANDA  in  advertising  in  newspapers  and  magazines, 
street  cars,  posters,  electric  signs,  etc. 

Arrangemente  have  been  made  to  install  VACATION  COLONIES 
for  working  women  at  Mirannar  beach.  The  first  colony  consists  of 
50  working  women. 

For  the  purpose  of  encouraging  the  production  of  SCIENTIFIC 
AND  LITERARY  WORK  an  executive  decree  has  been  issued 
providing  for  the  payment  of  compensation  to  authors  of  literary 
and  scientific  productions  of  a  professional  nature  adopted  as  the 
official  text  for  naval  schools  or  for  consultation. 

On  January  4  last  La  Nación,  a  celebrated  daily  paper  of  Buenos 
Aires,  held  its  fiftieth  anniversary.  This  paper  was  founded  by 
Gen.  Bartolomé  Mitre,  in  honor  of  whom  a  bronze  plaque  was 
placed  on  the  building. 

The  mayor  of  Buenos  Aires  has  appointed  a  moving-picture 
CENSOR  COMMITTEE  to  function  in  the  national  capital  m 
accordance  with  a  recent  municipal  ordinance. 

The  municipality  of  Buenos  Aires  has  appropriated  50,000  pesos 
to  be  used  in  the  payment  of  yearly  prizes  for  INTELLEXTTUAL 
WORK. 

Eliseo  Arredondo  has  been  appomted  MINISTER  OF  MEXICO 
near  the  governments  of  the  Argentine  and  Uruguayan  Republics. 

The  law  passed  February  7  of  the  present  year  modified  article  60 
of  the  CONSULAR  LAW  of  December  28,  1903.  The  change  con- 
cedes  to  consuls  travel  expenses  and  moving  expensos  equal  to  six 
months'  pay. 

The  BoUvian  Grovernment  has  under  consideration  the  readjust- 
ment of  its  DIPLOMATIC  REPRESENTATION  to  the  jomt  mission 
of  Ecuador,  Colombia,  and  Venezuela  by  the  appointment  of  a  Min- 
ister Plenipotentiary  to  the  first-named  country,  leaving  the  Colom- 
bian and  Venezuelan  missions  under  one  representative. 

BRAZIL. 

According  to  reports  from  Rio  de  Janeiro  the  INTERNATIONAL 
CONGRESS  OF  AMERICANISTS,  scheduled  to  meet  in  that  city, 
June  18-30,  1920,  has  been  postponed  until  1922,  when  Brazil  will 
celebrate  the  centennial  of  its  independence.  The  object  of  this 
congress  is  to  study  the  history  and  ethnography  of  the  native 
American  races. 

Presidential  decree  of  December  11,  1919,  supersedes  decrees 
Nos.  13,651  and  13,652  of  June  18,  1919;  and  13,674  of  July  2, 1919; 
and  13,765  of  September  17,  1919,  changing  the  TERRITORIAL 
DIVISION  and  organization  of  the  army,  creating  new  imits,  and 
reorganizing  the  Coast  Artillery. 


GENERAL  NOTES.  469 

On  December  21,  1919,  A  CHILDREN'S  HOSPITAL  was  opened 
in  Sao  Paulo  by  the  Brazilian  Red  Cross.  The  hospital  has  46,000 
square  meters  of  ground  in  the  Barrio  Indianopolis  of  this  city, 
which  was  donated  by  the  Compañía  Territorial  Paulista. 

CHILE. 

An  association  has  been  organized  to  promote  ARBORICULTURE 
in  the  Republic.  This  association  has  arranged  to  cooperate  with 
the  Agronomic  Society  of  Chile  and  the  National  Tourists  Society 
in  the  protection,  conservation,  and  planting  of  trees. 

The  Chilean  Society  of  History  and  Geography  has  awarded 
Fernando  Montessus  de  Ballore  a  GOLD  MEDAL  as  a  prize  for 
his  work  on  the  seismology  of  Chile. 

In  1919  the  general  IRRIGATION  inspection  office  completed 
the  Maule  Canal,  which  is  83  kilometers  long  and  irrigates  5,000 
hectares  of  land,  at  a  cost  of  2,150,000  pesos.  During  the  same  year 
construction  was  begun  on  a  canal  which  will  receive  its  water  supply 
from  the  Maide  River  and  wiU  have  a  length  of  200  kilometers. 
This  canal  wiU  irrigate  42,000  hectares  of  land  and  will  cost  8,400,000 
pesos.  Work  was  also  commenced  on  the  Laja  River  canal  in  the 
Province  of  Bio-Bio.  This  canal  is  to  have  a  length  of  39  kilometers, 
a  capacity  for  the  irrigation  of  38,490  hectares  and  is  estimated  to 
cost  1,341,073  pesos.  Construction  work  was  also  commenced  on 
the  Melado  River  canal  in  the  Province  of  Linares.  This  canal  is 
to  be  23  kilometers  long,  will  irrigate  31,116  acres  and  is  estimated 
to  cost  4,890,000  pesos. 

The  President  of  the  Republic  recently  promulgated  the  Chilean 
NAVAL  LAW. for  1920  providing  for  the  maintenance  during  the 
present  year  of  7  warships,  4  school  ships,  4  torpedo  chasers,  6  sub- 
marines, 7  destroyers,  3  torpedo  boats,  11  revenue  cutters,  and 
such  other  auxiUary  vessels  as  may  be  necessary. 

A  committee  from  the  POLYTECHNIC  SCHOOL  of  Rio  de 
Janiero  wiU  soon  visit  the  Republic  of  Chile  for  study  and  investi- 
gation, especially  of  the  nitrate  zone. 

The  municipality  of  Valparaiso  has  provided  for  the  establishment 
of  MUNICIPAL  WAREHOUSES  for  the  purpose  of  storing  and  sell- 
ing articles  of  prime  necessity  at  a  low  price,  thereby  reducing  the 
cost  of  living.  The  National  Government  will  cooperate  with  the  mu- 
nicipality by  furnishing  a  part  of  the  funds  for  the  operation  of  these 
warehouses. 

COLOMBIA. 

The  unveiling  of  the  STATUE  of  Dr.  Manuel  Murillo  Toro,  a 
distinguished  ex-President  of  the  Republic  and  eminent  statesman, 
took  place  with  appropriate  ceremonies  in  the  presence  of  a  large 


470  THE  I»AK  AMfiKlOAK  UKIO». 

audience  in  Independence  Park  in  Bogota  on  January  1  last.    Presi- 
dent Marco  Fidel  Suarez  made  an  eloquent  address. 

Work  has  commenced  on  the  WIRELESS  STATIONS  of  Bar- 
ranquiUa  and  Puerto  Colombia.  Experts,  who  are  to  build  the 
wirdess  stations  at  Bogota,  Medellin,  Cali,  and  Cucuta,  recently 
contracted  for  by  the  national  government  with  the  Marconi  Co.  of 
London,  have  arrived. 

Plans  have  been  prepared  for  the  construction  in  Barranquilla  of 
a  MODERN  HOTEL,  with  a  capacity  for  400  guests,  and  construc- 
tion work  is  soon  to  begin. 

Law  103  of  December  15,  1919,  cedes  the  AUsos  Hospital  to  the 
municipality  of  Bogota.  This  building  is  to  be  reconstructed  and 
made  into  a  HOSPITAL  for  the  treatment  of  contagious  diseases. 

The  NATIONAL  ARMY,  as  reorganized,  consists  of  12  regiments 
of  infantry,  1  of  engineers,  4  of  cavalry,  3  of  artillery,  3  train  battal- 
ions, and  1  railway  battalion. 

The  first  shipment  of  RADIUM  for  the  treatment  of  disease 
arrived  in  Bogota  in  January  last. 

Law  96  of  December  9,  1919,  provides  for  the  establishment  in 
Puerto  Colombia  of  a  PARCEL  POST  exchange  oflâce  for  the  inter- 
national services.  A  building,  costing  4,000  pesos,  is  to  be  con- 
structed. 

The  department  of  agriculture  has  been  authorized  to  establish  a 
service  to  combat  TROPICAL  ANEMIA,  and  has  charge  of  the 
expenditure  of  the  money  appropriated  by  congress  for  this  purpose. 

COSTA   RICA. 

The  Anti-Hookworm  Campaign  Commission  of  Costa  Rica  has 
installed  SANITARY  STATIONS  in  the  cantons  of  Guadelupe  and 
Monte  Oca,  where  they  are  paying  particular  attention  to  the  sanitary 
conditions. 

The  department  of  public  works  has  begun  the  reconstruction  of 
the  FACTORY  BRIDGE  of  San  José.  Reinforced  concrete  will  be 
used. 

The  President  of  the  Republic  has  appointed  Señor  Prof.  Benini, 
fellow  of  statistics  of  the  Royal  University  of  Rome,  Costa  Rican 
delegate  to  the  INTERNATIONAL  INSTITUTE  OF  AGRICULr 
TURE  established  in  Rome.  Prof.  Benini  replaces  Comendador 
Beño,  who  recently  resigned. 

The  committee  of  the  Central  American  Unionist  Party  agreed  on 
December  25,  to  send  Sefior  Hermán  G.  Peralta  as  delegate  to  the 
HISPANIC  AMERICAN  CONGRESS  to  be  held  in  Madrid  in  May 
of  the  present  year. 

The  Government  of  the  RepubUc  recently  appointed  the  president 
of  the  school  of  medicine,  Dr.  Luciano  Bee,  to  conduct  the  CAM- 


GENERAL  NOTES.  471 

PAIGN  AGAINST  MALARIA,  for  which  purpose  the  Government 
will  use  40,000  colons. 

CUBA. 

On  January  14  work  was  begun  on  the  CONTINUATION  OF 
THE  MAIN  HIGHWAY  from  the  Province  of  Camaguey  to  the 
Province  of  Santa  Clara,  under  the  direction  of  Señores  A.  Valdez 
&Co. 

On  January  31  the  NEW  PRESIDENTIAL  PALACE  was  in- 
augurated, the  ceremony  being  followed  by  a  ball,  attended  by  the 
diplomatic  corps  and  Habana  society. 

In  February  the  department  of  state  received  a  note  from  the 
Government  of  Norway  proposing  a  POSTAL  CONVENTION 
between  the  countries. 

On  February  4  the  PORTO  RICAN  CLUB  was  inaugurated  in 
the  city  of  Habana.  The  club  is  registered  as  a  charitable,  cultural, 
and  social  organization  under  the  direction  of  the  following  officers: 
President,  Dr.  Sergio  Cuevas  Zequera;  secretaries,  Señores  Arturo 
Morales  and  Cuevas  Zequera;  treasurer,  Sefior  Juan  Rivera  Bruno. 

In  the  session  held  February  4  the  Cuban  Senate  approved  the 
project  to  build  an  additional  ward  to  the  CALIXTO  GARCiA 
HOSPITAL,  and  approved  a  credit  of  50,000  pesos  for  the  purpose. 
The  ward  is  to  be  exclusively  for  VETERANS  of  the  independence. 

Presidential  decree  of  February  6  created  an  ADVISORY  COM- 
MITTEE to  investigate  the  high  cost  of  living  and  the  best  methods 
of  reducing  the  cost  of  articles  of  prime  necessity. 

On  February  8  the  NATIONAL  MASONIC  ASYLUM  "La  Misera- 
cordia"  was  inaugurated.  It  is  located  in  the  buildings  erected 
in  Arroyo  Apolo,  facing  the  Bejucal  road. 

DOMINICAN   REPUBLIC. 

The  city  government  of  Santo  Domingo  on  November  24,  1919, 
received  a  communication  from  the  department  of  justice  and  public 
instruction  requesting  that  it  cede  the  lands  of  Egido  de  San  Carlos 
for  the  CONSTRUCTION  OF  A  REFORMATORY,  in  conformity 
with  the  plan  of  the  Government  to  improve  the  system  of  prisons 
in  the  country. 

The  Venezuelan  consul  general  to  Santo  Domingo  on  November 
28  informed  the  city  government  that  the  VENEZUELAN  TREES 
sent  by  the  municipality  of  Caracas  have  arrived  at  the  consulate. 
These  trees  will  be  planted  in  the  Avenida  Bolivar  of  Santo  Domingo 
in  accordance  with  a  resolution  of  the  city  government. 

An  order  of  the  military  government,  dated  November  28,  calls 
for  the  construction  of  a  MODERN  PUBLIC  MARKET  on  the 
ground  owned  by  the  Commune  of  Santo  Domingo  in  the  barrio 
of  San  Carlos.  In  order  to  obtain  funds  for  the  purpose  the  Govern- 
ment has  offered  the  groimds  of  tihe  old  market  for  sale. 


472  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

On  January  7  a  committee  was  organized  to  take  charge  of  the 
construction  of  an  INSANE  ASYLUM  in  the  city  of  Santiago. 

A  NEW  THEATER  is  being  constructed  in  Santiago  which  will 
be  called  ''Eliesco."     It  will  hold  1,000  spectators. 

Work  was  recently  begun  on  the  RECONSTRUCTION  OF 
CALLE  30  DE  MARZO  under  the  direction  of  engineer  Sefior 
Alfredo  Ginecra.  The  sewer  is  being  laid  in  the  north  end  of  the 
street,  where  it  will  join  the  main  highway. 

ECUADOR. 

On  January  3,  in  Quito,  the  CENTENNIAL  COMMITTEE  was 
formed  with  the  following  executive  board:  President,  Dr.  José  Maria 
Ayora;  vice  president,  Señor  Alberto  Bustamante;  secretary,  Señor 
Isaac  J.  Barrera;  and  treasurer.  Señor  Angel  Modesto  Borja. 

The  municipal  coimcil  of  Guayaquil  has  opened  a  contest  for  the 
words  and  music  of  a  SCHOOL   HYMN  to  the  national  flag. 

On  January  1  a  presidential  decree  went  into  effect  creating  the 
COMMITTEE  FOR  CIVIC  IMPROVEMENT  OF  QUITO. 
This  committee  is  composed  of  the  minister  of  public  works,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  municipal  council,  chief  of  the  zone,  and  eight  members 
appointed  by  the  President,  who  will  be  in  charge  of  the  drainage, 
paving,  preservation,  and  improvement  of  the  plazas  and  of  the 
legislative  and  municipal  palaces. 

The  number  of  BOY  SCOUTS  in  Ecuador  is  2,000. 

THE  SUPREME  COURT  has  elected  the  following  justices: 
President  Dr.  Belisario  Alban  Mes  tanza;  associate  judges,  Drs. 
Gonzalo  S.  Cordova,  Augustin  Cueva,  Victor  OreHana,  N.  Clemente 
Ponce,  Alfonso  Moscoso,  and  José  Estupiñan. 

The  recent  CENSUS  OF  IBARRA  places  the  population  at 
7,323  inhabitants. 

The  first  part  of  January  an  active  CAMPAIGN  AGAINST 
HOOKWORM  was  initiated  in  Babahoyo,  capital  of  the  Province  of 
Los  Rios.  The  committee  in  charge  of  the  work  is  composed  of  Dr. 
Michael  E.  Connor,  of  the  Rockefeller  Foundation;  Dr.  Wenceslao 
Pareja,  of  the  board  of  sanitation;  Dr.  José  Alvarez  Lara,  in  charge 
of  the  sanitary  work  of  the  province;  and  Lie.  José  G.  Glea,  chief 
of  the  first  section  of  workers. 

On  January  11  the  liberal  candidate.  Dr.  José  Luis  Tamayo,  was 
elected  President  of  the  Republic  for  the  four-year  term  from  1920  to 
1924. 

GUATEAIALA. 

Presidential  decree  of  December  15,  1919,  ordered  the  construction 
of  a  NATIONAL  SANATORIUM  in  the  city  of  Guatemala,  funds 
for  the  purpose  to  be  furnished  by  the  treasury. 

On  January  15  the  MUNICIPAL  LIBRARY  was  opened  to  the 
public.    It  is  located  in  the  city  hall  of  Guatemala  City. 


GENERAL  NOTES.  473 

Presidential  decree  of  January  15  ordered  the  installation  of  iron 
piping  for  the  WATER  SYSTEM  of  Guatemala  City.  The  work  is  to 
be  begun  immediately. 

On  January  19  construction  of  the  NEW  GOVERNMENTAL 
PALACE  was  begun  under  the  direction  of  Señor  Aduardo  Anguiano. 
The  palace  will  contain  the  offices  of  the  various  ministries  and  their 
bureaus. 

HAITI. 

The  NEW  VICE  CONSUL  of  the  United  States  in  Port  au  Prince, 
Mr.  Ralph  A.  Boernstein,  was  officially  recognized  by  the  President 
of  the  Republic  on  January  19. 

HONDURAS. 

Presidential  decree  of  November  10,  1919,  appointed  Dr.  Ernesto 
Argueta  Honduran  delegate  to  the  INTERNATIONAL  CENTRAL 
AMERICAN  BUREAU  located  in  the  city  of  Guatemala. 

Presidential  decree  of  December  3,  1919,  calls  for  the  organization 
of  a  POLICE  FORCE  in  the  city  of  Choluteca.  The  force  will 
consist  of  a  commandant,  a  secretary,  2  sergeants,  25  patrolmen,  and 
50  policemen. 

In  the  session  of  January  6, 1920,  congress  declared  the  ELECTION 
OF  GOVERNMENT  OFFICIALS  held  October  25,  27,  and  28, 
1919,  to  be  legal.  The  officials  elected  were:  Señor  Rafael  López 
Gutierrez,  President  of  the  Republic;  Dr.  José  Ochoa  Velasquez, 
vice  president;  Drs.  Angel  Ugarte,  Federico  Uclés,  Antonio  Reina, 
Ricardo  Pineda,  and  José  M.  Sandoval,  Magistrates  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Justice;  Drs.  Felipe  Cálix,  Coronado  García,  and  José  M. 
Casco  supplementary  judges  of  the  same  court. 

MEXICO. 

A  CHILDREN'S  CONGRESS  has  been  called  to  meet  in  the  aty  of 
Mexico  from  September  17  to  25,  1920,  to  consider  questions  relating 
to  children  from  a  eugenic,  hygienic,  legislative,  and  pedagogic 
standpoint. 

Engineer  Leon  Salinas  has  been  appointed  MINISTER  of  industry, 
conmierce,  and  labor,  and  Gen.  Francisco  L.  Urquizo  has  been  given 
the  post  of  assistant  secretary  of  war  and  marine. 

On  February  9  last  a  DEPARTMENT  OF  HEALTH  was  organized 
by  the  council  of  the  Federal  District.  The  new  department  will 
have  charge  of  matters  concerning  health  in  the  National  Capital. 

At  the  suggestion  of  the  director  general  of  national  railways 
100,000  pesos  is  being  collected  from  railway  workers  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  an  institution  for  the  use  of  RAILWAY  EMPLOYEES 
who  are  in  want  because  of  accident,  sickness,  old  age,  etc.  More  than 
half  of  the  amount  required  has  been  collected. 


474  THE  PAN  AMBBICAN  UNION, 

The  SIXTH  NATIONAL  MEDICAL  œNGRESS  will  meet  in 
Toluca  from  the  18th  to  the  25th  of  April,  1920.  Physicians,  den- 
tists, pharmacists,  and  veterinary  surgeons  will  participate. 

An  executive  decree  of  January  31  last  provides  for  a  HALF 
HOLIDAY  in  the  City  of  Mexico  on  Saturdays  b^inning  with 
1  o'clock. 

Niceforo  Zambrano  has  been  appointed  CONSUL  of  Mexico  in 
San  Francisco. 

The  THIRD  PAN  AMERICAN  WORKMEN'S  CONGRESS  will 
meet  in  the  City  of  Mexico  on  July  12  next. 

NICARAGUA. 

In  accordance  with  the  suggestions  of  the  superior  boards  of  public 
health  the  executive  power  has  established  a  SCIENTIFIC  BOARD 
to  deal  with  the  eradication  of  yellow  fever.  This  board  will  have 
charge  of  all  matters  relating  to  yellow-fever  cases  and  the  prevention 
of  same.    The  board  has  telegraph,  telephone,  and  postal  franks. 

The  war  department  offers  a  prize  of  50  córdobas  for  the  best 
NATIONAL  ANTHEM  adapted  to  the  music  of  Luis  A.  Delgadillo, 
a  Nicaraguan  artist. 

Herman  Lorcher  has  been  appointed  CONSUL  GENERAL  of 
Nicaragua  at  Berne,  Switzerland. 

The  director  g^ieral  of  communications  advises  that  TELEPHONE 
conmiunication  will  soon  be  established  between  the  cities  of  Managua 
and  Matagalpa. 

The  President  of  the  Republic  has  appointed  Rómulo  Broglio 
D' Ajano,  professor  of  political  economy  in  the  University  of  Rome, 
COUNSELOR  of  the  Nicaraguan  legation  near  the  Holy  See. 

On  December  31,  1919,  the  following  ofl5cers  were  selected  by  the 
COURT  OF  APPEALS  of  Bluefidds  to  serve  for  the  year  1920: 
Dr.  Ernesto  Buitrago,  chairman;  Dr.  Enrique  Trana,  vice  chairman; 
and  Dr.  Gregorio  Pasquier,  associate  chairman. 

PANAMA. 

On  January  18  the  official  inauguration  of  the  CHILDREIN'S 
ASYLUM  took  place  under  the  auspices  of  the  National  Red  Ooes. 

Presidential  decree  of  January  13  regulates  the  PUBLIC  REXJ- 
ISTRY.  The  personnel  of  this  bureau  will  be  composed  of  the 
registrar  general,  a  .secretary,  treasurer,  chief  of  the  publication, 
chief  of  the  section  of  mortgages,  chief  of  the  section  of  persons,  and 
three  chiefs  of  the  section  of  property,  one  certifier  of  archives,  and 
one  clerk  in  charge  of  the  files. 

The  two  hundred  and  forty-seventh  anniversary  of  the  FOUND- 
ING OF  PANAMA  CITY  was  celebrated  on  January  21.  The 
present  city  of  Panama  was  founded  January  21,  1673,  by  don 


GENEBAL  NOTES.  475 

Antonio  Fernández  de  Córdoba  y  M^idoza,  after  the  burning  of 
the  old  city  of  Panama,  on  January  27,  1671. 

Gen.  Leónidas  Pretelt  has  been  appointed  as  DIRECTOR  OF 
THE  CENSUS  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of 
Señor  R.  M.  Estes.  Señor  Diogenes  Quintero  was  iq)pointed  sub- 
director. 

On  January  30  Señor  Ernesto  T.  Lefevre  was  sworn  in  as  President 
before  the  national  assembly,  succeeding  Dr.  Belisario  Porras,  who 
recently  resigned  the  presidency. 

On  January  29,  1920,  the  President  of  the  Republic  issued  a  decree 
authorizing  the  establishment  of  a  PENAL  COLONY  on  the  Island  of 
Coiba,  the  colonists  to  be  brought  from  Chiriqui  Prison  in  Panama 
city  and  from  the  prisons  of  the  provincial  capitals,  provided  that 
their  sentences  are  for  over  four  months.  Those  condemned  to  hard 
labor,  confinement,  exile,  extradition,  or  prison  will  engage  in  agri- 
cultural labor  or  other  work  undertaken  by  the  colony. 

On  February  12  the  SPECIAL  SESSION  OF  THE  NATIONAL 
ASSEMBLY  caUed  December  1,  1919,  was  closed. 

PARAGUAY. 

By  a  decree  signed  the  latter  part  of  December,  1919,  the  President 
ordered  the  ESTABLISHMENT  OF  A  CONSULATE  GENERAL 
IN  COSTA  RICA,  which  will  be  located  in  the  city  of  San  José. 
The  new  consulate  will  be  in  charge  of  Dr.  Benjamin  Hernández. 

In  order  to  properly  roister  and  regulate  the  direction  of 
OFFICIAL  PUBLICATIONS  of  the  Government  the  President 
issued  a  decree  December  24,  1919,  providing  that  such  registration 
shall  be  in  charge  of  the  minister  of  justice,  worship,  and  public 
instruction. 

PERU. 

The  CONSULAR  CORPS  m  Lima  has  elected  a  new  board  of 
directors  as  follows:  Dean,  Dr.  Olivo  ChiareUa,  consul  general  of 
Costa  Rica;  vice  dean,  Carlos  Peterson,  consul  general  of  Denmark 
and  Sweden;  secretaries,  Benjamin  Valega,  consul  general  of  Santo 
Domingo,  and  Dr.  Ignacio  Betancoiu*t  Aristeguieta,  consul  general  of 
Venezuela;  and  treasurer,  Victor  Kiefer  Marchand,  consul  of  Haiti. 

The  municipal  board  of  Progreso  de  Huacho  recently  decided  to 
place  a  BRONZE  BUST  and  a  commemorative  plaque  in  Huaura 
plaza  in  that  town.    The  unveiling  will  take  place  on  July  28  next. 

The  SOCIETY  OF  ENGINEERS  has  reorganized  its  board  of 
directors  as  follows:  Hector  F.  Escardo,  president;  J.  E.  Portocarrero, 
first  vice  president;  and  Luis  Olazabal,  second  vice  president. 

An  executive  decree  of  December  30,  1919,  provides  measures  for 
the  PROTECTION  OF  TREES  in  the  Republic.  The  felling  of 
troes  on  the  coast  of  Peru  is  prohibited,  and  in  the  mountainous 


476  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

regions  within  20  kilometers  of  the  raüway  lines.  It  is  the  duty  of 
municipal  authorities  to  plant  trees  within  a  radius  of  3  miles  of  the 
outskirts  of  towns,  and  prizes  are  offered  persons  and  institutions 
who  interest  themselves  in  arboriculture. 

An  executive  decree  of  January  5,  1920,  provides  for  the  issuance 
of  a  new  CODE  OF  CRIMINAL  PROCEDURE  in  the  form  pre- 
scribed by  law  4019  of  January  2,  1920.  The  code  is  to  become 
operative  on  March  18  of  the  present  year. 

A  law  of  December  29,  1919,  provides  for  the  removal  of  the  capital 
of  the  Province  of  Castrovireina  to  the  town  of  HUAITARA,  capital 
of  the  district  of  that  name. 

SALVADOR. 

The  REPORT  OF  THE  DIRECTOR  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT 
PRINTING  OFFICE  for  1919  states  that  5,400  works,  totaling 
8,648,678  volumes,  were  printed;  the  receipts  for  the  year  were 
104,042  colons,  of  which  80,214  were  paid  in  salaries  and  14,910  colons 
in  general  expenses,  leaving  a  balance  of  8,918  colons. 

The  President  has  appointed  the  following  persons  as  MEMBERS 
OF  THE  PERMANENT  COURT  OF  ARBITRATION  at  the 
Hague:  Drs.  Juan  Francisco  Paredes,  present  minister  of  foreign 
relations,  justice,  instruction,  and  beneficence;  don  Manuel  Castro 
Ramirez;  and  don  Alonso  Reyes  Guerra. 

The  department  of  promotion  has  commissioned  the  directorate  of 
pubHc  works  to  study  the  question  of  the  SANITATION  dF  SAN 
SALVADOR  and  make  the  proper  recommendations  for  the  improve- 
ment of  the  water  supply. 

The  figures  relating  to  VITAL  STATISTICS  m  San  Salvador  for 
1919  show  a  total  of  2,761  bhlhs  and  2,120  deaths,  making  an  increase 
of  641  in  the  popidation  during  the  year.  There  were  also  121 
marriages  and  12  divorces. 

The  Salvadorean  press  states  that  a  new  hotel  is  to  be  built  in  San 
Salvador  facing  Parque  Dueñas.  The  new  hotel  is  to  cost  500,000 
colons  and  be  the  best  equipped  and  most  comfortable  of  its  kind  in 
Central  America. 

A  now  BOARD  OF  DIRECTORS  OF  THE  SALVADOREAN 
ATHENEUM  has  been  elected  as  follows:  President,  Señor  Francisco 
Gavidia;  vice  president,  Dr.  David  do  J.  Guzman;  treasurer.  Señor  J. 
Antonio  Menendez;  secretary.  Dr.  Juan  Gomar;  and  librarian  Señor 
José  Lino  Molina.  Señor  Pedro  Floros  was  elected  director  of  the 
magazine  Ateneo  de  EI  Salvador,  and  the  editors  Soñors  Abraham 
Pineda  Quintanilla  and  Gilberto  Valencia. 

URUGUAY. 

In  the  meeting  of  the  national  coimcil  of  administration  held 
December  3,  1919,  it  was  decided  to  PURCHASE  LAND  for  the 


GOBNERÂIi  NOTES.  477 

construction  of  the  river  docks  and  for  the'constniction  of  a  building 
for  the  ministry  of  public  works.  The  lands  to  be  purchased  by  the 
Government  for  this  purpose  are  the  following:  3,639  square  meters 
of  submerged  lands,  for  which  it  will  pay  36,000  pesos,  with  a  bonus 
of  15  per  cent  if  the  pajmaent  is  long  term,  and  2,183  square  meters 
of  land,  for  which  it  will  pay  65,000  pesos. 

Presidential  de  "Tee  of  December,  1919,  ordered  a  change  in  the  form 
of  PASSPORTS.  Passports  shall  be  folded  in  a  book,  which,  beside 
containing  all  the  requisites  exacted  by  the  present  ruling,  shaU 
contain  spaces  for  six  renewals  for  consecutive  years  and  the  pages 
for  the  necessary  visés. 

With  the  approval  of  the  Grovemment  the  Banco  de  Seguros  del 
Estado,  on  December  30,  1919,  began  the  construction  of  WORK- 
MENS'  HOUSES  in  Montevideo.  The  plans  call  for  50  houses  to  be 
constructed  on  ground  acquired  by  the  bank  on  the  Cerro. 

In  the  latter  part  of  December,  1919,  the  work  of  enlarging  the 
PARK  OF  THE  ALLIES  of  Montevideo  was  begun.  The  improve- 
ments include  the  opening  of  an  avenue  of  approach,  140  meters  wide, 
including  a  driveway  26  meters  wide  and  two  sidewalks,  8  meters 
wide  each.  Landscape  gardening  along  the  sides  and  parterres  will 
take  up  the  remaining  space. 

Presidential  decree  of  January  2  of  the  present  year  fixes  the  date 
of  the  SLKTH  INTERNATIONAL  AMERICAN  SANITARY 
CONGRESS  as  December  12  to  20,  1920. 

VENEZUELA. 

Under  an  executive  decree  of  January  10,  1920,  a  BUREAU  OF 
CEREIMONY  is  established  in  the  department  of  foreign  relations  in 
accordance  with  the  provisions  of  a  decree  of  December  31,  1917, 
concerning  diplomatic  ceremony.  A  decree  of  the  same  date  estab- 
lishes a  special  conmiissioner's  oflSce,  in  charge  of  Venezuelan  ques- 
tions pending  with  foreign  nations.  The  duties  of  the  commissioner 
are  prescribed  in  a  resolution  of  the  department  of  foreign  relations 
of  January  3,  1919,  and  in  a  decree  of  Jidy  27,  1915. 

By  order  of  the  Provisional  President  of  the  Republic  the  TOPO- 
GRAPHIC FRONTIER  COMMISSION,  established  by  an  executive 
decree  of  February  27,  1914,  imder  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the 
department  of  foreign  relations  of  the  same  date,  was  placed  imder 
the  orders  of  the  department  of  foreign  relations  on  December  10, 
1919. 

New  CONSULATES  have  been  established  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and 
Montreal,  Canada,  and  a  general  consulate  at  Berne,  Switzerland. 

168351—20—60114 8 


BOOK  NOTES  J 


[Publications  added  to  the  Columbia  Memorial  Library  duriiig  Jamiary,  1020.] 

[Continued from  liarch.] 

Carnet  de  fermentacionee.    Estación  Enolójica.    [Santiago],  Imprenta  Universitaría , 

no  date.    pamp.    8®. 
Cartilla  práctica  sobre  árboles  frutales  que  debemos  propagar  en  Chile  i  especialmente 

en  la  zona  Norte.    Por  Augusto  Opazo  G.   Santiago  de  Chüe,  Imprenta  Santiago» 

1916.    116  p.    8°. 
Cartilla  práctica  para  el  cultivo  del  fréjol  i  del  maíz  en  Chile.    Por  Julio  Figueroa. 

Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Santiago,  X916.    49  p.    8^. 
Cartilla  práctica  para  el  cultivo  de  la  arveja  en  Chile.    Por  Carlos  Fuenzalida.    San- 
tiago de  Chile,  Sección  Impresiones  del  Instituto  Meteorolójico,  1914.    23  p.    8^ . 
Cartilla  práctica  para  el  uso  de  los  abonos.    Por  Koberto  Opazo  G.  Santiago  de  Chile, 

Imprenta  Santiago,  1915.    40  p.    8®. 
Cartilla  práctica  sobre  el  atriplex  semibaccata  en  Chile.    Por  Augusto  Opazo  G. 

Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Santiago,  1915.    25  (3)  p.    8^. 
Cartilla  práctica  para  el  cultivo  de  la  lenteja  en  Chile.    Por  Erwin  Bailas  y  Roberto 

Opazo  G.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Sección  de  Impresiones  del  Instituto  Meteoro- 

l<¿ico,  1914.    19.  p.    8°. 
Cartilla  práctica  sobre  el  cultivo  del  manzano.    Por  Ramón  Ola  ve  A.    Santiago  de 

Chile,  Imprenta  Santiago,  1916.    illus.    67  p.    8®. 
Cartilla  práctica  de  las  enfermedades  no  parasitarias  i  parasitarias  de  las  plantas 

cultivadas;  sus  remedios.    Por  Roberto  Opazo  G.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta 

y  Ene.  San  Buenaventura,  1915.    illus.    86  p.    8®. 
Cartilla  práctica  sobre  cultivo  de  la  cebada  en  Chile.    Por  Roberto  Opazo  G.  Santiago 

de  Chile,  Imprenta  Santiago,  1918.    illus.    33  p.    8**. 
Cartilla  práctica  sobre  cultivo  del  maíz.    Por  Julio  Figueroa.    Santiago  de  Chile, 

Imprenta  Santiago,  1916.    illus.    47  p.    8^. 
Cartilla  práctica  sobre  desecación  de  las  frutas.    Por  Augusto  Opazo  G.   Santiago  de 

Chile,   Imprenta   Santiago,   1917.    48  p.    8**. 
Los  centros  escolares  de  trabajos  manuales  i  sus  vinculaciones  dentro  del  sistema 

de  instrucción    primaria.    Por  Luis    Florez    Fernandez.    Santiago  de  Chile, 

Soc.  Imp.  i  Lit.  Universo,  1912.    25  p.    8''. 
Cenurosis — ^Lepra    triquinosis,  parásitos  del  intestino.    Tercera    edición.    Servicio 

Veterinario  Nacional.    1916.    no  imprint.    27  p.    8®. 
El  chape  del  cerezo.    Servicios  de  Policía  Sanitaria  Vejetal.    Santiago  de  Chile, 

Imprenta  i  Ene.  Chile,  1917.    illus.    8  p.    8°. 
Las  coccideas  i  los  escólitos;  su  tratamiento.    Por  Roberto  Opazo  G .   Santiago  de  Chile, 

Imprenta  Santiago,  1916.    illus.    15  p.    8°. 
La  cochinilla  negra  del  olivo.    Saissetia  oleae  Bem.    Servicios  de  Policía  Sanitaria 

Vejetal.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  Lit.    "Barcelona,"  1917.    col.pl.      2 

p.    4°. 
Cólera.    Parásitos.    Sama  de  las  aves  de  corral.    Servicio  Veterinario  Nacional, 

1916.    no  imprint.    28  p.    8°. 
El  concepto  realista  de  la  vida.    Conferencia  dada  en  el  Salón  de  Honor  de  la  Uni- 
versidad de  Chile  el  31  de  Diciembre  de  1913.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta 

Barcelona,  1913.    33  p.    12°. 
Constitución  política  de  la  República  escolar.    Escuela  Normal  de  Copiapó.    San- 
tiago de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  y  Lit.  Universo,  1914.    27  p.    12**. 

478 


BOOK  NOTES.  479 

Conveniencia  de  formar  una  "Union  Central  de  Intereses  Madereros.*'  Por  Federico 
Albert.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Cosmos,  1913.    10  p.    8°. 

La  cooperativa  agrícola  en  Alemania  i  otros  países.  Las  cooperativas  agrícolas  de 
compra  i  venta  i  de  producción,  1913.  Congreso  Agrícola  Rejional  de  Concep- 
ción.   Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  "Santiago,'*  1913.    103  p.    8°. 

La  crisis  económica  del  país.  Memorandum  elevado  al  supremo  gobierno  por  la 
Sociedad  de  Fomento  Fabril.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  y  Lit.  Universo, 
1913.    9p.    8^ 

El  cultivo  de  la  cebolla  en  Chile.  Por  Augusto  Opazo  G.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Im. 
prenta  Santiago,  1915.    22  p.    8°. 

Cultivo  del  clavel.  Por  Augusto  Opazo  G.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  y  Ene. 
CWle,  1918.    ülus.    15  p.    8°. 

El  cultivo  del  garbanzo.  Tema  agrícola  de  la  memoria  presentada  para  optar  o} 
título  de  ingeniero  agrónomo  del  Instituto  Agronómico  de  Chile.  [Por]  Ricardo 
Monserrat  Busquets. .  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1918.  129  p. 
ülus.    8°. 

Cultivo  de  la  maravilla.  Por  Roberto  Opazo  G.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  y  Ene 
.     Chüe,  1917.    8p.    8°. 

£1  gusano  del  poroto.  ^Pegomya  Chilensis.)  Servicios  de  Policía  Sanitaria  Yejetal. 
Santiago  de  Chile,  Librería  e  Imprenta  "Artes  y  Letras,"  1918.    ülus.    7  p.    8®. 

Decreto  supremo  qiíe  reglamenta  la  formación  del  anexo  al  presupuesto  de  instruc- 
ción pública.  Inspección  General  de  Instrucción  Primaria.  Santiago  de  Chüe. 
Imp.  i  Ene.  "El  Globo,"  1914.    4  p.    8**. 

Defensa  de  la  niñez  en  Alemania.  Por  Manuel  J.  Soto.  Santiago  de  Chüe,  Soc* 
Imp.  y  Lit.  Universo,  1914.    ülus.    127  p.    8°. 

Desinfección  de  los  locales  y  del  material.  Servicio  Veterinario  Nacional,  1917. 
no  imprint.    32  p.    8°. 

Disposiciones  relativas  al  servicio  de  instrucción  primaria.  Ministerio  de  Instruo' 
ción  Pública.    Soc.  Imp.  y  Lit.  Universo,  1911.    xv,  347  p.    8°. 

Disposiciones  sobre  aguas.  Ministerio  de  Industria  i  Obras  Públicas.  Santiago,  Im- 
prenta Universitaria,  1916.    39  p.    8°. 

Disposiciones  sobre  pasajes  i  fletes  libres.    Santiago  de  Chüe,  Imprenta  de  los  Ferro- 

carrües  del  Estado,  1912.    14  p.    8°.    (Publication  of  the  Ministerio  de  Ferro- 
carrües.) 

Distomasis  anemias  verminosas  de  los  rumiantes.  Tercera  edición.  Servicio  Vete- 
rinario Nacional.    1916.    no  imprint.    28  p.    8°. 

Las  dimas  de  Cartajena  i  San  Antonio.  Por  Ernesto  Maldonado.  Santiago  de  Chüe 
Imprenta  Cervantes,  1907.    18  p.    8°. 

La  educación  vocacional  i  sus  proyecciones  sobre  la  vida  de  los  futuros  ciudadanos. 
Trabajo  presentado  al  VIII  Congreso  Científico  de  Chüe.  Por  Luis  Flórez  Fer- 
nández.   Santiago  de  Chüe,  Soc.  Imp.  y  Lit.  Universo,  1913.    18  p.    8°. 

Encuesta  sobre  la  enseñanza  particular  subvencionada.  Practicada  por  la  comisión 
nombrada  al  afecto.  Ministerio  de  Instrucción  Pública.  Santiago  de  Chüe. 
diagTB.    143  p.    8°. 

Una  enfermedad  dela  vid .  Servicios  de  Policía  Sanitaria  Vejetal .  Santiago  de  Chüe , 
Sección  Impresiones  del  Instituto  Meteorolójico,  1914.    6  p.    S°. 

Enfermedades  del  nogal.  Servicios  de  Policía  Sanitaria  Vejetal.  Santiago  de  Chüe, 
Soc.  Imp.  Lit.  "Barcelona,"  1917.    iüus.    13  p.    8°. 

Estados  anexos  a  la  memoria  del  Director  Jeneral  de  Contabüidad  correspondiente 
a  1910.    Santiago  de  Chüe,  Imprenta  Cervantes,  1911.    map.    8°. 

Ensayos  de  ostriciütura.  Por  Luis  Castillo.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Cervantes, 
1910.    34  p.    8°. 

Estatutos  de  las  minas  "Los  Bronces  de  Rio  Blanco."  Santiago  de  Chüe,  Imprenta 
i  Ene.  "Central,"  1917.    22  p.    12°.    Cover  title. 


480  THE  PAK  AMWRTOAK  XJKION. 

Estatutofl  de  la  Sociedad  Empresa  de  Estafio  de  Araca.  (Sociedad  Anónima).  Apto- 
bados  por  decreto  supremo  de  19  de  Junio  de  1917.  Santiago  de  Chile,  1917. 
37  p.    8^. 

Estudio  jeolójico  e  hidrolójico  en  las  provincias  de  Tacna  i  Arica.  Por  Augusto  Orrego 
Cortes.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  y  Lit.  Universo,  1910.  map.  45  (2) 
p.    8*^. 

Exámenes  de  maestros  interinos.  Decreto  No.  1932  de  29  de  Marzo  de  1914.  Inspec 
ción  Jeneral  de  Instrucción  Primaria.    Santiago  de  Chile,  1914.    63  p.    8^. 

Ferrocarril  Trasandino  Caldera  a  Tinogasta,  Memoria  del  ante  proyecto  de  U  seccióa 
Chilena.  Desde  la  estación  Puquios  del  ferrocarril  de  Caldera  a  Copiapó  hasta 
la  frontera  con  la  República  Arjentioa.  Por  Carlos  Lanas  C.  Santiago  de  Chile. 
Imprenta  Santiago,  1912.  illus.  map.  45  p.  8^.  (Publication  of  the^  Minis- 
terio de  Industria  i  Obras  Públicas.    Dirección  de  Obras  Públicas.) 

Fiebre  aftosa  epizootia.  Servicio  Veterinario  Nacional,  1917.  no  imprint,  illus. 
19  p.    8*^. 

Fiebre  carbunclosa  carbunclo  sintomático.  Servicio  Veterinario  Nacional.  Santiago 
de  Chile,  Imprenta  Franco-Chilena,  1919.    37  p.    8^. 

El  fierro  en  Chile.  Conferencia  leida  en  sesión  del  Congreso  Científico  Pan-Americano. 
PorCh.  Vattier.    Santiago  de  Chile.    Soc.  Imp.  y  lit.  Universo,  1909.    6p.  8^ 

Funjicidas  e  insecticidas  más  usados  para  combatir  las  enfermedades  de  las  plantas. 
5a  edición.  Servicios  de  Policía  Sanitaria  Vejetal.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Librería 
e  Imprenta  "Artes  y  Letras,"  1918.    18  p.    8**. 

La  galega.  (Galega  officinalis.)  Por  Roberto  Opazo  G.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta 
San  Buenaventura,  1915.    11  (2)  p.    8°. 

£1  ganado  lanar  en  Magallanes.  Su  origen.  Condición  actual.  Su  porvenir.  Por 
José  Miguel  Yrarrázaval  L.  Obra  publicada  por  la  Sociedad  Nacional  de  Agri- 
cultura. Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Lit.  y  Ene.  Barcelona,  1910.  illus.  map. 
174  p.    8°. 

Geografía  de  América  y  de  Chile.  Edición  provisional.  [Por]  Julio  Montebruno. 
Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1919.    221  (1)  p.    8**. 

El  gran  destructor.  Discurso  del  Honorable  Kichmond  P.  Hobson,  Disputado  de 
Alabama  en' el  Congreso  Federal  de  Washington,  2  de  Febrero  de  1911.  Edición 
oficial  del  Congreso  de  los  Estados  Unidos.  Inspección  Jeneral  de  Instrucción 
Primaria.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Santiago,  1916.    31  p.    8°. 

Guia  administrativa  publicada  por  encargo  del  Ministerio  del  Interior  para  el  servicio 
de  las  intendencias,  gobernaciones  i  demás  oficinas  públicas.  Ministerio  del 
Interior.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Nacional,  1917.    198,  498  p.    4^. 

El  gusano  de  la  manzana.  Por  Carlos  Camacho.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Sección  Im- 
presiones del  Instituto  Meteorolójico,  1915.    illus.    18  p.    8°. 

Higiene  del  casco.  Herraje  del  caballo,  de  la  mula  y  del  asno.  Servicio  Veterinario 
Nacional.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Franco-Chilena,  1917.    illus.    60  p.    12* 

Los  hornos  eléctricos  para  la  fundición  de  fierro  i  acero.  Por  Antonio  Pauly.  San- 
tiago de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  y  Lit.  Universo,  1910.    illus.    11  p.    8®. 

Informe  acerca  del  control  de  entradas  del  tráfico.  Dirección  General  de  Ferrocarriles 
del  Estado.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  de  los  Ferrocarriles  del  Estado.  1918. 
diagrs.    33  p.    4°. 

Informe  preliminar.  Sobre  los  reconocimientos  jeolójicos  de  los  terrenos  petrolíferos 
de  Magallanes  del  Sur.  Por  el  Doctor  Johannes  Felsch.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc. 
Imprenta  y  Litografía  Universo,  1916.    16  (1)  p.    map.    8**. 

Informe  presentado  al  Consejo  de  Instrucción  Primaria  sonre  horarios  de  escuelas 
normales.  Por  los  consejeros  Joaquín  Cabezas  i  Rafael  L.  Díaz  Lira.  Santiago 
de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  y  Lit.  Universo,  1913.    50  p.    8®. 


BOOK  NOTBS.  481 

Iníorme  que  presenta  al  Supremo  Gobierno  la  comidóii  de  maestros  delegados  para 
estudiar  el  sistema  escolar  de  la  ciudad  de  Buenos  Aires.    Inspección  Jeneral 
de  Instrucción  Primaria.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  y  lit.  Universo,  1913. 
147  p,    8*^. 
Informe  sobre  el  agua  subterránea  de  la  rejión  de  Pica.    Por  el  Dr.  J.  Brûggen.    San- 
tiago de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  y  lit.  Universo,  1918.    map.    70  p.    8^. 
Informe  sobre  el  caibón  submarino  en  la  costa  de  la  provincia  de  Arauco.    Presentado 
por  el  Dr.  J.  Brttggen.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta,  lit.  i  Ene.  Barcelona, 
1914.    7p.    8**. 
Inspección  Jeneral  de  Ferrocarriles  en  Estudio  i  Construcción  .  .  .    Santiago  de  Chile, 
1901-1917.    40  pamphlets.    4^.    [A  series  of  pamphlets  issued  by  the  lÜnisterio 
de  Industria  i  Obras  Públicas,  bdng  engineers'  reports  and  contracts  for  various 
State  railroads.] 
Instrucciones  generales  para  los  ingenieros  jefes  encargados  de  la  construcción  de 
ferrocarriles.    Santiago   de   Chile,    Imprenta   Universitaria,    1918.    8   p.    4°. 
(Publication  of  the  lünisterio  de  Industria  y  Obras  Públicas,  Dirección  de 
Obras  Públicas.) 
Instrucciones  mete<nt)lógicas.    Instituto  Meteorológica  y  Geofísico.    Santiago  da 

Chile,  litografía  Barcelona,  1919.  illus.  124  p.  8"". 
Itinerarios  de  trenes  de  pasajeros.  Red  Central  i  Ramales  con  indicaciones  de  loe 
fletes  correspondientes  a  los  principales  recorridos  i  un  plano  anexo.  Sexta 
edición  oficial.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Sociedad  Imprenta  Universo,  1919.  map. 
20  (1)  p.  8^.  (Publication  of  the  Dirección  jeneral  de  Ferrocarriles  del  Estado) . 
Lección  práctica  sobre  cultivo  de  cereales.  Por  Roberto  Opazo  O.  Santiago  de 
Chile,  Imprenta  Santiago,  1916.    30  p.    8^. 

Por  Roberto  Opazo  G.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Santiago,  1918.    illus. 

31  p.    8^ 
Lección  práctica.    Chiidados  culturales  de  las  chacras,  viñas  i  arboledas  enailaje* 
Por  Roberto  Opazo  G.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Santiago,  1916.    34  p.    8°. 
Lección  práctica  sobre  plantación  y  cuidado  de  las  arboledas.    Por  Roberto  Opazo  G. 

Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Santiago,  1918.    30  p.    8"^. 
Lección  práctica  sobre  preparación  de  terrenos  y  siembra  de  chacras.    Vacufiación 
anti-carbunclosa.     [Por]  Roberto  Opazo  G.    2d   ed.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Im- 
prenta Santiago,  1918.    illus.    36  p.    8''. 
Lei  de  reorganización  de  los  ferrocarriles  del  Estado.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta 

de  los  Ferrocarriles  del  Estado,  1914.    22  p.    8^. 
Lei  i  reglamento.    Sobre  neutralización  i  depuración  de  los  residuos  de  los  esta- 
blecimientos industriales.    Ministerio  de  Industrias  i  Obras  Públicas.    Santiago 
de  Chile,  Imprenta  Santiago,  1917.    13  p.    8''. 
Lei  No.  3170  sobre  indemnizaciones  por  accidentes  del  trabajo  i  reglamento  jeneral 
para  la  aplicación  de  la  lei  No.  3170,  aprobado  por  decreto  supremo  de  19  de 
Junio  de  1917.    Ministerio  del  Interior.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Santiago, 
1917.    54 p.    8^. 
Lejislación  sobre  ferrocarriles  particulares.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Fiscal  de  la 
Penitenciaria,  1916.    122,  ii  p.    8°.    (Publication  of  the  Ministerio  de  Ferro- 
caniles.) 
Leyes  i  reglamento  de  pesca.    Santiago  de  Chile,    Imprenta  Universitaria,  1919. 

38  (6)  p.    12°. 
La  libreta  médico  pedagójica.    Por  Arthur  Nyns.    Santiago  de  Chile,   Sociedad 

"Imprenta  y  Litografía  Universo,"  1913.  19  p.  8°. 
Listas  de  ascensos.  Decreto  reglamentario  No.  3143  de  13  de  Mayo  de  1910.  Ins- 
pección Jeneral  de  Instrucción  Primaria.  Santiago  de  Chile,  1913.  136  (l)p.  8°. 
La  lucha  contra  el  cáncer  de  la  mujer.  Conferencia  dada  en  la  Sociedad  Científica 
de  Chile  en  sesión  de  15  de  Noviembre  de  1915.  Por  el  Dr.  Moisés  Amaral. 
Santiago,  Sociedad  Imp.  i  Lit.  Barcelona,  1915.    16  p.    S°. 


482  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

Mai  de  caderas.    Tripanosomiasis  de  los  équidos  sudamericanos.    Servicio  Vetm- 

nario  Nacional,  1917.    no  imprint.    16  p.    8®. 
Mariposas  perjudiciales.    Por  Carlos  Silva  Figueroa.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Sección 

Impresiones  del  Instituto  Meteorolójico,  1915.    illus.    13  p.    8*. 
Medios  de  fomentar  la  producción  nacional.    Por  Pedro  Liüs  Gonzalez.    Santiago  de 

Chile,  Soc.  *'Imp.  y  Lit.  Universo,  "  1909.    8  p.    8**. 
Memoria  i  anuario  del  Ministerio  de  Justicia,  Diciembre  de  1915-Junio  de  1917.    San- 
tiago de  Chile,  Imp.  Lát  y  Ene.  Fiscal  de  la  Penitenciaria,  1917.    477,  vi  p.   8®. 
Memoria  del  Consejo  de  Defensa  Fiscal  correspondiente  al  año  1914.    Santiago  de 

Chile,  Imprenta  Chile,  1916.    xüi,  637  p.    8°. 
Memoria  de  la  Delegación  Fiscal  de  Salitreras.    Diciembre  31  de  1909.    Valparaíso, 

Sociedad  Imprenta  i  Lit.  Universo,  1910.    294  p.  8®. 
Memoria  del  departamento  de  contabilidad  correspondiente  el  año  1916.    Diri&cción 
General  de  Ferrocarriles  del  Estado.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  de  loa  Ferro- 
carriles del  Estado,  1917.    fold,  tables.    103  p.    8**. 
Memoria  presentada  por  el  Director  Jeneral  de  los  Ferrocarriles  del  Estada  al  Señor 
Ministro  de  Industria  i  Obras  Públicas  correspondiente  al  año  1914.    Santiago 
de  Chile,  Imprenta  de  los  Ferrocarriles  del  Estado,  1917.    36,  68,  35  p.    4*^. 
tables. 
Memoria  del  Rector  de  la  Universidad.    Años  de  1911,  1912,  1914,  1915,  1916,  1917, 

Santiago  de  Chile.    8^.    6  pamps. 
Memoria  sobre  el  Congreso  de  Educación  Moral  de  la  Haya.    Presentada  al  gobierno 
por  el  Señor  Jorje  Huneeus  G.   Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  i  Lit.  Universo,  1914. 
30  p.    8*. 
Mensaje  leído  por  S.  E.  el  Presidente  de  la  República  en  la  apertura  de  las  sesiones 
ordinarias  <iel  Congreso  Nacional,   1®    de  Junio  de  1914.    Santiago  de  Chile, 
Imprenta  Nacional,  1914.    62  p.    8**. 
La  metalurjía  del  fierro  en  Chile.    (Siderurjía.)    Esposición  Internacional  de  Agri- 
cultura i  Nacional  de  Industrias.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp  y  lit.  Universo, 
1910.    illus.    16  p.    8^ 
Minuta  sobre  el  estado  de  la  instrucción  primaria  en  la  República  al  terminar  el  año 
1910.    Inspección  Jeneral  de  Instrucción  Primaria.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta 
Universitaria,  1911.    22  p.    8°. 
The  neutrality  of  Chile.  The  grounds  that  prompted  and  justified  it.    By  Enrique 
Rocuant.    Translated  from  the  original  treatise  in  Spanish  by  Henry  Edward 
Swinglehurat.    Valparaiso,  Sociedad  Imprenta  y  Litografía  Universo,  1919.  vii, 
210  p.    8°. 
Nomina  de  empleados  propietarios  en  el  servicio  de  instrucción  primaria  hasta  el  31 

de  Diciembre  de  1912.    Santiago  de  Chile,  1913.    49  p.    8**. 
Normas  jenerales  que  deben  servir  de  base  para  la  terminación  del  Ferrocarril  de 
circunvalación  de  Santiago.    Informe  presentado  por  la  comisión  nombrada 
por  decreto  No.  1538  de  3  de  Julio  de  1912.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc.  Imprenta 
Universo,  1915.    maps.    18  p.    4®.    (Publication  of  the  Ministerio  de  Indus- 
tria i  Obras  Públicas.    Dirección  de  Obras  Públicas,  Inspección  Jeneral  de 
Ferrocarriles.) 
Observaciones  meteorológicas  en  algunas  ciudades  de  Chile  (resúmenes),  1911-1915. 
Apéndice,  datos  climatológicos  de  California.    Instituto  Meteorológico  y  Geofísico 
de  Chile.    Santiago,  Imp.  Balcells  &  Co.,  1919.    fold,  table.    85  (1)  p.    8°. 
Oficio  del  Instructor  Jeneral  de  Instrucción  Primaria  al  Señor  Ministro  de  Instrucción 
Pública  sobre  reformas  en  el  presupuesto  de  las  escuelas  normales.    Santiago  de 
Chile,  Imprenta  Cervantes,  1912.    xix,  60  p.    8°. 
Oficio  al  Sr.  Ministro  de  Instrucción  Pública  sobre  pago  de  sueldos  de  profesorado  de 
escuelas  normales.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  y  lit.  Universo,  1912.    36  p. 
8°. 


BOOK  NOTES.  483 

Ojeada  jeneral  sobre  la  puericultura  y  enseñanza  de  la  puericultum  en  las  escuelas 
de  nifias.  Eva  Quezada  Acharan.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc.  Imprenta  y  Lit. 
Universo,  1913.    23  p.    8*. 

Las  organizaciones  administrativas  de  ferrocarriles  en  los  diferentes  países.  Minis- 
terio de  Ferrocarriles.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  de  los  Ferrocarriles  del 
Estado,  1912.    196  p.    8**. 

Petróleo.  Informe  sobre  el  reconocimiento  jeolójico  de  los  indicios  de  petróleo  en  la 
provincia  de  Tarapacá.  Por  el  Dr.  Johannes  Felsch.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc. 
Imp.  i  Lit.  Universo,  1917.    map.    18  p.    8®. 

La  picea  Europea.  Picea  excelsa.  Por  Federico  Albert.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Im- 
prenta Cervantes,  1910.    8  p.    8°. 

Las  pizarras  bituminosas  de  Lonquimai.  Informe  preliminar.  Por  el  Dr.  Johannes 
Felsch.  Santiago  de  Chile,  "Sociedad  Imprenta  y  Litografía  Universo,"  1916. 
14  p.    8^ 

Plan  de  estudios  de  la  escuela  de  medicina.  Universidad  de  Chile.  Santiago  de 
Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  y  Lit.  Barcelona,  1919,    15  p.    8®. 

¿Podíanos  educar  el  afio  próximo?  Inspección  General  de  Instrucción  Primaria. 
Santiago,  Imprenta  "El  Globo,"  1916.    30  p.    8**. 

Preparación  de  terrenos  i  siembras  de  chacras.  Vacuna  anti-carbunclosa.  Por 
Augusto  Opazo  G.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Santiago,  1916.    31  p.    8^. 

Loe  problemas  económicos  i  sociales  ante  la  próxima  elección  presidencial.  (Editorial 
del  Boletín  de  la  Sociedad  de  Fomento  Fabril  de  P  de  Setiembro  de  1910.) 
Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  y  Lit.  Universo,  1910.    7  p.    8°. 

La  producción  i  consumo  del  carbon  i  su  influencia  en  el  desarrollo  económico  de  las 
naciones.  Por  Javier  Gandarillas  Matta.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  i  Lit. 
Universo,  1917.    fold,  tables.    257  p.    8**. 

Producción  de  primores  de  hortalizas  y  chacras  en  la  provincia  de  Coquimbo.  Por 
Augusto  Opazo  G.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imp.  y  Ene.  Chile,  1917.    illus.  15  p.    8*. 

Programa  de  los  cursos  i  conferencias  de  estensión  normal.  Inspección  Jeneral  de 
Instrucción  Primaria.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  i  Ene.  "El  Globo,"  1914. 
19  p.    8^ 

Programa  de  los  cursos  de  anatomía  i  embriolojía,  histolojía,  físiolojía  i  química  físio- 
lójica  i  minuta  de  cédulas  de  los  exámenes  correspondientes,  aprobados  por  el 
cuerpo  de  profesores.  Universidad  de  Chile.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  Lit. 
Barcelona,  1918.    42  p.    S*».    Cover  title. 

Programas  de  los  cursos  de  patolojía  jeneral,  anatomia  patolójica,  medicina  legal, 
hijiene  i  bacteriolojía  i  terapéutica  i  minutas  de  cédulas  para  los  exámenes  co- 
rrespondientes, aprobados  por  el  cuerpo  de  profesores.  Universidad  de  Chile. 
Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  i  Lit.  Barcelona,  1919.    36  p.    8°.    Cover  title. 

Programas  de  los  cursos  de  botánica,  zoolojía,  química  i  física  i  minutas  de  cédulas  para 
los  exámenes  correspondientes,  aprobados  por  el  cuerpo  de  profesores.  Univer- 
sidad de  Chile.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  i  Lit.  Barcelona,  1918.  34  p.  8°. 
Cover  title. 

Programas  de  los  cursos  de  patolojía  médica,  clínica  médica,  clínica  pediátrica,  clínica 
de  enfermedades  nerviosas  i  mentales  i  propedéutica  i  minuta  de  cédulas  para 
los  exámenes  correspondientes,  aprobados  por  el  cuerpo  de  profesores,  Universi- 
dad de  Chile.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  i  Lit.  Barcelona,  1919.  28  p.  8°. 
Cover  title. 

Programas  de  loe  cursos  de  patolojía  quirúrjica,  clínica  quirúrjica,  clínica  pediártica, 
obstetricia,  medicina  operatoria  i  minuta  de  cédulas  para  los  exámenes  co- 
rrespondientes, aprobados  por  el  cuerpo  de  profesores.  Universidad  de  Chile, 
Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  i  Lit.  Barcelona,  1919.    25  p.    8°. 

Programas  de  las  escuelas  primarias  (detalle)  Inspección  Jeneral  de  Instrucción  Pri- 
maria.   Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Cervantes,  1910.    325  p.    8°. 


484  THE  PAN  AB£EBICAN  XJKION. 

Programas  de  los  cursos  de  vías  orinarías,  jinecolojía,  dermatolojía  i  sifilograíía,  oftal 
molojía  i  oto-rinolaringolojía  aprobados  por  el  cuerpo  de  profesores,  Universidad 
de  Chile.  Santiago,  Soc.  Imprenta  i  Litografía  Barcelona,  1919.  18  p.  S^. 
Cover  title. 

Protección  a  la  industria  nacional.  Ministerio  de  Industria  i  Obras  Públicas.  San- 
tiago de  Chile,  Imprenta  Santiago,  1916.    16  p.    8°. 

Proyecto  de  ley  sobre  creación  de  la  Caja  de  Retiros  de  Empleados  Públicos.  San- 
tiago de  Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1918.    fold,  tables.    170  p.    8^. 

Quincuagésima  primera  memoria  presentada  a  los  señores  accionistas  por  el  consejo 
general  de  admimistración  el  25  de  Enero  de  1919.  Banco  de  Chile.  Santiago  de 
Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1919.    30  (1)  p.    4°. 

Recomendaciones  sobre  acentuación  i  ortografía.  Inspección  Jeneral  de  Instrucción 
Primaria.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imp.  i  Ene.  Fiscal  de  la  Penitenciaria,  1916. 
11  p.        8°. 

Recopilación  de  disposiciones  en  vijencia  1912-1913.  Ministerio  de  Justicia.  San- 
tiago de  Chile,  Imprenta  Santiago,  1913.    Ix,  694  p.    8°. 

Recopilación  de  las  disposiciones  vigentes  relativas  a  la  conversión  y  emisión  de 
billetes,  a  la  acuñación  de  monedas  y  a  los  bancos.  Por  Gustavo  Ibánez.  San- 
tiago de  Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1912.    fold,  tables.    395  p.    8°. 

Reglamento  de  admisión  de  alumnos  de  las  escuelas  normales.  Inspección  Jenera 
de  Instrucción  Primaria.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Kosmos,  1913.    21  p.    8^. 

Rolamento  general  de  los  servicios  de  enseñanza  y  fomento  agrícolas.  Ministerio 
de  Industria  y  Obras  Públicas.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Sección  Impresiones  del  Ins- 
tituto Meteorolójico,  1915.    48  p.    8°. 

Reglamento  jeneral  de  los  FF.  CC.  del  Estado.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  de  los 
Ferrocarriles  del  Estado,  1914.  31  p.  8°.  (Publication  of  the  Dirección  Jeneral 
de  Ferrocarriles  del  Estado.) 

Reglamento  para  los  contratos  de  obras  de  ferrocarriles.  Aprobado  por  decreto 
supremo  No.  1223  del  16  de  Junio  de  1911.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Artes  i 
Letras,  1915.  30  p.  4°.  (Publication  of  the  Ministerio  de  Industria  i  Obras 
Públicas,  Sección  Ferrocarriles.) 

Reglamento  para  los  contratos  de  obras  de  ferrocarriles.  Aprobado  por  decreto 
supremo  No.  1223  del  16  de  junio  de  1911.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Artes  i 
Letras,  1915.  30  p.  4°.  (Publication  of  the  Ministerio  de  Industria  i  Obras 
Públicas.    Sección  Ferrocarriles.) 

Reglamento  para  contratos  de  obras  públicas  con  las  modificaciones  intnxlucidas 
hasta  el  18  de  Enero  de  1917.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imp.,  Lit.  i  Ene.  Fiscal  de 
Penitenciaria,  1918.    28  p.    8°. 

Reglamento  para  las  pisciculturas.  Dependientes  de  la  Inspección  Jeneral  de 
Bosques,  Pesa  i  Caza  i  venta  de  peces  criados  en  ellas.  Santiago  de  Chile,  1918- 
15  p.    8**. 

Reglamento  del  plan  de  estudios  de  las  escuelas  normales.  Aprobado  por  decreto 
supremo  núm.  2923  de  2  de  Mayo  de  1913.  Inspección  Jeneral  de  Instrucción 
Primaria.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  i  Lit.  Universo,  1914.    13.p.    8®. 

Reglamento  de  promoción  i  graduación  de  alumnos  de  las  Escuelas  Normales  (oon  sus 
antecedentes,  1914).  Inspección  Jeneral  de  Instrucción  Primaria.  Santiago  de 
Chüe,  Imprenta  y  Ene.  *'E1  Globo,  "  1914.    20  p.    8°. 

Reglamento  de  servicio  para  el  archivo  técnico  de  la  inspección  general  de  ferro  - 
caniles.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1918.    8  p.    4**.    (Publi- 
cation of  the  Ministerio  de  Industria  i  Obras  Públicas,  Dirección  de  Obras 
PúbUcas.) 

[To  be  contintAed,] 


T        UNION    OF    AMERICAN    REPUBLICS        T 

BULLETIN 

OF  THE 

PAN  AMERICAN 
UNION 

MAY  1920 


SKVEHTEBnTH  AND  B  STREETS  NW.,  WASHmCTOH,  D.  C,  U.  S.  A. 

CABLS  ADDRESS  FOR  DHIOK  AMD  BOLLBTtlt     :     :     :     :    "PAV."  WASHIKOTON 


SUBSCRIPTION    RATES    POR   THB    BULLETIN 

Entliih  cdMoD,  in  ill  countrici  of  the  Psd  Amcrlcu  UaIob.  (3J0  p«  reu 
Spuiiih  «lition,      "                                               "  ■'        I.OO       " 

Ponupiíte  ediUoB."  '■        l.SO       " 

An  ADDITIONAL  CHARGE  of  90  «t>M  pr  tw,  od  Mch  MUtlH.  fat 
•BbKhptis»  in  couDtcitt  ouuide  the  F.d  Americu  Union. 

SINGLE  COPIES  mn  be  pioeuted  from    the  Superinlendeat  of  Docn- 
■nenlt.  GOTfl-nment  Prmtiiit  Office.  Wuhin(lgn,  D.  C.,  it  35  «nti  euh. 


AciuiscaUeiites,  Mexico 485 

Madietiiig  b^  Motor 495 

Quebimcho  Extract  Industry  of  Argentiiia 510 

The  Tun  Indians 523 

Qeorfe  Washington  university  Honors  Ibáfiez 525 

The  Plrst  Aerial  Derby  Aronnd  the  World 532 

Argentine  Exports  in  1919 541 

Commerce  oí  the  united  States  with  Latin  America 544 

AgTicnltare,  Industry,  and  Commerce 546 

ARGENTFNA:  Imports  of   attle  for  breeding  purposes— Exports  oí  hides— United  Stales 
Board  of  Trade — Electric  subiR-ays- Telephone  service — Construction  of  a  packing  plant— 

Hydroelenric  power— Commercial  mission— New  Board  of  Trade. BOLIVIA:  Postal 

service — Enlargement  of  railway  station— New  mining  company- New  telegraph  line — Sale 

of  mines. BRAZIL:  Steamship  lines— Port  of  Santos- Exports — Chemical  products— 

A  rapuhy  irrigation  canal— Coal— Petroleum— Corp  exposition— A  gricuJtural  products— Colo- 
nixation — Hydroelectric  plants— National  analysis  laboratory. CHILE:  Commercial  cus- 
tomhouse board— Construction  of  a  bridge — Porcelain  factory— Hot  springs— Packing 
house— Sugar  industry— Copper— Spanish  Board  of  Trade— Tin  mines — Steamship  serv- 
ice.  COLOMBIA:  Exploitation  of  forests— Exports  of  coffee— New  steamship  com- 
pany—Coconuts—Purchase of  vessels— Nwtheastem  Railway— Steamship  service— Antio- 
quia Railway— Refinery— National  Petroleum  Co.— Automobile  road. COSTA  RICA: 

New  tannery  and  hide  firm- Workmen's    ooperative  store — Commercial  and  industrial 

association. CUBA:  Telegraph  and  poet  offices — Steamer  ser\ice — Sugar  plantation— 

Bf«eding  station— Registration  of  trade-marks— Aerial  line— Production  of  sugar— Move- 
ment of  sugar— Central   Mining  Co.— Port   of  Habana. DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC: 

Narcotic  drugs— Good  roads  society— Exportation  of  cattle. ECUADOR:  Animal  fair- 
Steamship  line — Oil  fields— Conunercial  and  financial  mission— Customs. GUATE- 
MALA: Guatemalan    Eastern    Railway— New    telegraph     line— Agricultural    board  - 

Automobile  service. HAITI:  Verrettes  Plantations  (Inc.) — Haitian  sugar— American 

Development  Co. HONDURAS;  Mail  service— Free  trade— Telephone  line— Unoccu- 
pied land. MEXICO:  Mexican  products— Kaolin  deposits— Live  stock— Central  Agri- 
cultural Board— Petroleum— New  steamship  services— Pet roleiun  output— New  railway 
service. NICARAGUA:  Construction  of  a  railroad— Oil  fields— Fumitur©  factory— Cul- 
tivation of  cotton— Cultivation  of  abaca— Construction  of  a  bridge— Electric  light  plants- 
Highways— Textile  factory. PANAMA:  Apiaries. PARAGUAY:  Foreign  trade- 
Lease — Railway  traffic— Colony  25th  of  November— New  steamship  service. PERU: 

Exports— Horses  and  mules — Airplane— Alapam  pa  Mining  Co.— Cereals— Petroleum  wells— 

(German  vessels. SALVADOR:  Highways— Railroad  operations. URUiiUAY:  Meat 

exports — Exports — Rivera  warehouse — Committee  of  agricultural  defense — Underground 
telephones— Commerce  with    the  United  States— Fruit  and  vegetable  exposition— Live 

stock. VENEZUELA:  Production  and  importati(m  ofcoal— Roads— Spanish  Chamber 

of  Commerce. 

economic  and  Financial  Affairs 559 

ARGENTINA:  National  and  foreign  banks— Import  and  export  duties— Stock  companies — 

Argentine  banks— Insuran  e  companies— Bank  profits— Educational  fund. BOLIVIA: 

Sucre  to  Potosi  raUway— Postal  money  orders— Clistom house  receipts. BRAZIL:  Stamp 

tax— Bills- Bank  of  Southern  Braril—Bond.s— State  of  Bahia  revenues— Branch  banks— 

Bood  issue. CHILE:  Public  works — Customs  receipts — insurance  t  om panics — Proveedor 

Bank— Santiago  fire  department. C^OLOMBIA:  National  budget— National  City  Bank  of 

New  Y«rk— Municipal  M(ntgage  Bank— Department  of  Caldas  budget— Rate  of  interest— 

Royal  Bank  of  Canada. COSTA  RICA:  Municipal  budget— Banks'  statcmenis— Roads 

and  highway»— Copper  coins. CUBA:  Branch  banks— Cuba  Railroad  Co.— (^uban  Oil 

III 


IV  TABLE  OF   CONTENTS. 

Economic  and  Financial  Affairs — Continued.  Page. 

Fields  Co.— Silver  and  nickel  coins— "Compañía  Licorera  Cubana  S.  A."— Department  oí 
Communications  revenue— Customs  receipts. DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC:  Santo  Do- 
mingo budget— Loans. ECUADOR:  Oriental  region  budget— " Ferrocarril  del  Sur*'— 

Vegetable  ivory— New  telegraph  tariff— "Banco  del  Azuay." GUATEMALA:  Public 

works— Agricultural   credit. HONDURAS:  Coconut- "Sociedad   de    Ahorros   Tesoro 

Fraternal"— Branch  bank— Introduction  of  United  States  coin— Government  credit. 

MEXICO:  Petroleum— Moving  pictures. NICARAGUA:  Guaranteed  bonds— Customs 

receipts— Dividends.— Surplus. PANAMA:  Customs  receipts— Bank  drafts— Expendi- 
tures on  lands— Branch  bank— Mimicipal  budget  of  Asunción. PERU:  Italian  Bank — 

Tax  laws— Charity  budget  of  Callao— Taxes— "  Banco  Agricola  Comercial  "-Exchange 

office. URUGUAY:  Sales  of  real  property— Mortgages — German  vessels—    National 

revenues— Rural  savings  bank. VENEZUELA:  American  Mercantile  bank— Telares 

Co.— Municipal  expenditures. 

Public  Instruction  and  Education 569 

ARGENTINA:  School  material  exhibition. BOLIVIA:  Free  day  school— Textbooks. 

CHILE:  Physical  culture — New  school  building— Physics  and  natural  sciences— Dental 

school— Institute  Zanelli— Summer  course— Chemical  Industrial  schools. COLOMBIA: 

Railway  engineering  school. COSTA  RICA:  Agricultural  courses. CUBA:  Univer- 
sity  of    Boston— Department    of    radiology— Agricultural    books— Simwner    school. 

DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC:  School-teachers— Night  school— Physics  and  mathematics. 

ECUADOR:  Management  of  agricultural   tractors— Political  and  eccraomic  debate. 

GUATEMALA:  Institute  and  normal  school— Academy  of  commerce — National  institute — 

New   elementary   school. HONDURAS:  School   children's  census— New   school. 

MEXICO:  University  degree — Pan  American  Students*  Congress— Institute  of  arts  and 

sciences— School   for  the   blind— Private  colleges. NICARAGUA:  Scholarships— New 

.schools— Complementary  schools— School  material— Normal  school— Academic  and  pro- 
fessional degrees. PANAMA:  Military  Academy. PARAGUAY:  Military  school- 
Departmental  schools. PERU:  New  schools— Care  and  education  of  children- 
Agronomy. S.\LVADOR:  Musical  contest— Patriotic  lectures— Social  hygiene— Di- 
plomacy course — Central  American  Medical  Congress — Bust  of  Rev.  Dr.  Menendet — School 
of  arts  and  crafts— Secondary  education  regulations. URUGUAY:  Collection  of  vines- 
Industrial  education — Census  of  school  children— School  tax. 

General  Notes 576 

ARGENTINA:  Centenary  Avenue— Census— Nautical  Club— Swimming  record. BO- 
LIVIA: Dentists'  Society- Ftatue.s— New  jail— Bolivian  Academy— Exposition  of  prehis- 
toric objects. BRAZIL:  Palace  of  Justice— Army— Monument  to  Francisco  do  Paula 

Rodriguez  Alves— Landing  places  for  airplanes— New  international  telegraph  tariíT. 

CHILE:  New  ward  for  children— Society  of  dramatic  authors— Internal  revenue  guards- 
National    Library— Pan    Student    A.ssocialion— Medal    of   Merit. COLOMBIA:  New 

Cabinet  ministers— Military  service — Ambulance  service— Bureau  of  information— Telephone 

service — Sanitary  station — Paving  and  sewering  of  Barranquilla— Tropical  anemia. 

COSTA  RICA:  Superior  council  of  health— Naval  aviators. CUBA:  Electric  plant- 
Aviation  field— Municipal  library- New  monument — College  of  architects- Fire  brigade — 

New  Academicians— Diploma  of  the  navy— Cooperative  labor  society. DOMINICAN 

REPUBLIC:  Dissolution  of  municipality— Construction  of  barracks— Municipal  Labora- 
tory—Construction of  a  bridge. ECUADOR:  Passports— New  Consul  General  in  Cuba- 
Sanitarium  Rocafuerte — Wireless  station— Centennial  of  the  Independence  of  Guayaquil. 

GUATEMALA:  Columbus  monument— Uniforms  for  the  army— New  minister  to  Portu- 
gal—Baths—Municipal market— Demographic  statistics. HAITI:  Bizoton-Marianl  Rail- 
way—Anthology—Roads.  HONDURAS:  Mimicipal  buildings— Central  American  Con- 
gress of  Students— Consular  posts. MEXICO:  International  relations— New  director  for 

the  National  Library— Foreign  products  exposition— Municipal  elections— Monument  to 

Amado    Nervo — Historical    documents — Diplomatic    appointment— Federal    Palace. 

NIC.VR.\(»U.\:  Mangle  Islands  census— General  army  register. PANAMA:  Fire  de- 
partment—Alcoholic drinks. PARAGUAY:  Vital  statistics— Construction  of  a  magazine 

for  army  and  navy  munit  ions— Police  headquarters. PERU:  New  Constitution — Library 

and   popular  mu.seum— Municipal  buildings— Army  airplane. SALVADOR:  Rosales 

Hospital— Fire  department. URUGUAY:  Latin  American  Odontological  Congress- 
Street  paving— Uruguayan- Brazilian  Commission— Uruguayan   Red  Cross— (Construction 

of  a  bridge— New  Consulate  General  in  Trieste— Experimental  station. VENEZUELA: 

Consular  appointments— Vargas  Hospital— Population  of  Caracas — Champion  of  Venezuelan 
typists — Free  dispensary —Streets  in  Montevideo  named  in  honor  of  Venezuela. 

Subject  Matter  of  Consular  Reports 586 

Book  Notes 687 


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AGUASCALIENTES,  MEXICO 


THE  city  of  Aguascalieiites,  capital  of  the  State  of  the  same 
name,  which  is  one  of  the  smallest  of  the  Mexican  federa- 
tion, is  situated  on  the  great  central  plateau  in  the  folds  of 
the  southern  sierras  of  Zacatecas.  The  henignity  of  its  cli- 
mate, the  fruitfulness  of  its  soil,  and  the  frank  and  sympathetic  char- 
acter of  its  inhabitants  make  of  the  place,  what  it  really  is,  one  of 
the  favorite  resorts  of  the  foreign  visitor  who  may  be  in  search  of 
rest,  recreation,  or  business.  Its  name  (aguas  meaning  waters  and 
calientes  signifying  hot)  is  due  to  the  existence  of  numerous  thermal 
springs;  and  the  health-giving  and  utilitarian  |>roperties  of  these 
gushing  fountains  are  praised  alike  by  many  invalids  possessing  an 
all-sufficient  faith  and  by  the  rank  and  file  of  all  classes  of  society  who 
profess  to  believe  that  cleanliness  is  next  to  godliness. 

A  balmy,  temperate  climate  reigns  for  almost  the  year  round 
throughout  the  entire  State,  excepting  the  municipalities  of  Asientos 
and  CalviUo.  Asientos,  which  is  an  important  mining  center,  ia  situ- 
ated at  a  slightly  higher  altitude,  is  bleak  and  dreary  and  cold,  and 
a  snow  (lurry  during  the  winter  months  is  no  unusual  happening; 
while  Calvillo  might  almost  be  styled  a  tropical  spot,  where  the 
aguacate  tree  Hourishes,  and  where  the  most  delicious  oranges  in  the 
world  are  to  be  found.  Both  of  these  municipalities  can  be  reached 
by  automobile  in  about  three  hours,  but  the  mineral  and  fuel  prod- 
ucts of  the  one  placo  and  the  fruits  and  vegetables  of  the  other  are 
usually  transported  to  the  capital  city  by  the  lowly  and  faithful 
burro,  "  the  short  and  simple  animals  of  the  poor."  The  rainy  season 
lasts  from  June  to  September;  but,  here  sa  in  Mexico  City,  the  down- 
pours generally  occur  at  a  fixed  hour  in  the  late  afternoon,  and 
within  sn  hour  or  two  after  the  final  cloudburst  shock  the  warm  rays 
of  the  sun  have  completed  their  drying  process  and  the  streets,  the 

I  By  Lui  her  K.  Zatirbkii',  consuJ  or  (he  ÜDÍlvd  Simes  oí  America  ni  .^^uoscnlienlps,  Hrxico. 


COVEKNVEVT  { 


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THE  CATUEMÍAL 
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a  Prtni-ipsl.    Dfsirtos  Ihi 


488  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

polished  adobe  walls  of  the  public  and  private  buildings,  and  the 
distant  country  sides  emerge  as  rosy  and  bright  as  a  child  from  its 
bath. 

The  city  of  Aguascalientes  is  situated  in  latitude  21°  53'  north, 
longitude  102°  17'  west,  at  an  altitude  of  6,181  feet  above  sea  level, 
and  its  population  in  1910  was  reported  to  total  45,198.  It  lies  on 
the  eastern  rim  of  a  saucer-like  configuration  of  land,  with  the  western 
extremity  appearing  to  be  slightly  elevated  above  the  rest  of  the 
circular  border  by  reason  of  the  bolder  outlines  of  El  Cerro  del  Muerto 
(Dead  Mans  Hill),  whose  shape  suggests  the  form  of  a  human  giant 
reclining,  and  is  situated  in  the  center  of  extensive,  cultivated  fields, 
good  pasture  lands,  and  straggling  forests  of  gnarled  and  thorny 
mezquite  trees.  The  miscellaneous  architectural  designs  are  not 
especially  noteworthy,  and  there  are  no  such  enchanted  vistas  as 
abound  elsewhere  and  elicit  ecstatic  exclamations  from  impression- 
able tourists.  The  city,  like  its  inhabitants,  is  devoid  of  all  frills  and 
furbelows;  it  is  a  wholesome  and  healthy  place;  and  the  climate  here 
has  the  reputation  of  being  the  finest  in  the  world. 

Its  railway  station  is  on  the  direct  line  between  Mexico  City  and 
El  Paso,  being  364  miles  distant  from  the  former  and  861  miles  from 
the  latter  place;  and  there  are  railway  branches  extending  through 
San  Luis  Potosi  to  Tampico  and  also  to  Cobre,  where  are  located 
important  copper  mines.  In  this  city  are  to  be  found  the  largest 
copper  smelter  and  the  largest  railroad  repair  shops  of  the  Republic. 
But,  aside  from  the  reputation  it  enjoys  on  account  of  its  celebrated 
hot  springs,  to  the  American  and  European  traveler  Aguascalientes 
is  chiefly  known  as  the  home  of  the  drawn-work  industry.  Guadala- 
jara is  famous  for  its  pottery  products;  Leon  for  its  wonderful  leather 
manufactures;  San  Juan  del  Rio  for  all  sorts  of  toys  and  knicknacks; 
Lagos  for  cheese;  and  Celaya  for  its  unexampled  and  delicious  cream 
candies,  and  so  on  throughout  the  entire  Republic.  But  in  the 
Ciudad  de  los  Chileros,  as  Aguascalientes  is  frequently  style<l  by  its 
neighbors  because  of  the  fondness  of  the  people  for  chili  peppers,  the 
old  and  young  among  the  women  folk  specialize  in  intricate  and 
marvelous  operations  on  linen,  silk,  and  cotton  goods  which,  in  the 
form  of  tablecloths,  napkins,  doilies,  towels,  and  nameless  lingerie, 
are  commonly  known  and  prized  as  Mexican  drawn  work. 

The  State  of  Aguascalientes  possesses  mineral  wealth,  but  is  chiefly 
noted  for  its  agriculture.  About  one-half  of  the  area  is  devoted  to 
stock  raising  or  is  under  cultivation,  the  products  being  those  of  the 
Temperate  Zone,  such  as  maize,  wheat,  beans,  potatoes,  chick-peas, 
green  peppers,  aguacates,  grapes,  figs,  pears,  oranges,  and  guavas. 
Gold,  silver,  iron,  lead,  copper,  tin,  mercury,  sulphur,  lime,  zinc, 
and  gypsum  are  found  here.  The  State  is  watered  by  small  and 
unimportant  streams,  and  usually  has  abundant  rains  during  the 


CNV9VAL  CORNERS  IN  AOVASCALIESTKB. 


s  I 


s  I 


AGUASO  ALIENTES,    MEXICO.  491 

so-called  rainy  season.  Among  the  industries  are  copper  and  lead 
smelters;  railroad  shops;  numerous  mines;  agriculture  and  stock 
raising;  factories  and  private  establishments  for  the  manufacture  of 
zarapes  (fancy  woolen  blankets),  rebozos  (shawls),  and  the  famous 
Mexican  drawn  work;  soap,  tobacco,  match,  and  shoe  factories; 
starch  and  flour  mills;  pottery  works;  cotton  mills;  and  tanneries. 
The  exports  are,  principally,  copper,  lead,  gold,  silver,  and  tin  bullion, 
zinc,  tin  and  manganese  ore,  quicksilver  (mercury),  live  stock,  hides, 
horsehair,  goat,  sheep,  deer,  wolf  and  pig  skins,  bones,  horns,  garlic, 
pottery,  cane  baskets,  beans,  chili  peppers,  drawn  work,  zarapes, 
broom  root,  ixtle,  and  beeswax. 

No  specific  fact  can  be  adduced  to  prove  or  disprove  the  existence 
of  Aguascalientes  as  a  populated  entity  previous  to  the  date  of  the 
Conquest;  although  the  prevalence  of  an  extensive  system  of  under- 
ground tunnels,  which  is  said  to  extend  not  only  underneath  all 
parts  of  the  city,  but  to  the  distant  mountains  as  well,  has  inclined 
archeologists  to  believe  in  its  occupying  an  important  rôle  long 
before  the  advent  of  the  Spaniards.  These  labyrinthian  channels 
must  have  been  excavated  by  some  forgotten,  prehistoric  tribe,  but 
it  is  said  that  neither  Aztec,  Tarascón,  nor  Toltec  annals  make  any 
reference  to  them  nor  to  their  builders. 

The  earliest  existing  records  of  Aguascalientes  date  from  1552, 
shortly  after  the  downfall  of  Tenochtitlán,  and  in  1575  a  decree  was 
given  out  by  Philip  II  permitting  the  founding  of  the  city  under  the 
name  of  Asuncion  de  Aguascalientes.  Titles  to  the  land  were  vested 
in  certain  Spanish  nobles,  under  the  condition  that  they  would  con- 
quer it  from  the  Indians  and  colonize  it.  For  a  long  while  after- 
wards the  settlement  was  simply  a  fortified  outpost  in  a  wilderness 
that  teemed  with  the  hordes  of  the  savage  and  hostile  Chichimecs, 
and  it  failed  to  acquire  any  importance  until  1596.  The  spot  was 
christened  "Villa  de  Nuestra  Señora  de  la  Asuncion  de  Aguasca- 
lientes" in  1611;  in  1824  it  became  a  ciudad,  and  in  1835  it  was 
established  as  the  capital  of  the  State  of  Aguascalientes.  The  rich 
silver  mines  of  Tepezalá  were  discovered  about  1800,  and  it  is  from 
this  period  that  the  real  importance  of  the  place  dates. 

Aguascalientes  boasts  of  a  chamber  of  commerce,  a  chamber  of 
agriculture,  and  a  board  of  health.  The  city  has  an  electric  railway 
system,  an  electric  light  and  power  plant,  a  water  system;  also  tele- 
phone and  telegraphic  facilities;  and  there  are  several  weekly  news- 
papers of  local  importance.  Here  are  good  public  and  private 
schools,  a  State  normal  school;  also  modern  hospitals,  libraries, 
several  first-class  hotels,  three  theaters,  16  churches,  and  a  cathedral. 
The  Parian  is  an  imposing  rectangular  structure  covering  an  entire 
square,  with  an  open  fruit-market  place  within  and  *' portales"  all 
about,  and  is  a  favorite   resort  for  a  Sunday  morning  paseo.    A 


t-'ppwpl'* 


O.N  THE  OUTSKIRTS  0 
:¡h  of  Ihf  Flnilfi  River  jiisl  ha 


AOUASCALIESTES. 


SKAR  CALVILLO,  MEXICO, 
Ciclol-'s"  cm  lhe  rear!  to  CbIvIIIo  and  a 


494  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

number  of  delightful,  flower-embowered  plazas  and  gardens  grace 
the  town,  each  one  presenting  its  own  individual  attractions,  and 
from  time  to  time  forming  the  scene  of  some  animated  concourse, 
especially  on  the  occasion  of  one  or  another  of  the  numerous  religious 
fiestas  or  holidays;  but  the  Plaza  de  la  Constitución,  facing  the 
stately  government  palace  on  the  one  side,  and  the  medieval-looking 
cathedral  on  the  other,  with  a  massive  and  striking  Ionic  column 
which  once  supported  the  bust  of  Ferdinand  VII,  a  kiosco  band 
stand,  and  a  tangle  of  luxuriant  vegetation  adorning  the  area  included 
within  its  spacious  walks,  is  the  most  popular  resort  of  all. 
A  well-known  Mexican  traveler  has  written: 

If  one  has  absolutely  nothing  to  do,  Queretaro  is  the  place  in  which  to  do  it.  If  he 
suffers  from  the  constitutional  disease  of  being  born  tired,  here  is  the  place  for  him  to 
rest.  At  every  corner  there  is  a  small  open  square  full  of  trees,  under  each  tree  a 
bench;  on  every  bench  a  wayfarer;  they  are  all  resting. 

The  same  might  be  applied  to  Aguascalientes.  Here,  too,  may  be 
found  many  muchachos,  who,  in  answer  to  a  question  as  to  what 
they  do,  might  truthfully  respond:  ^* Nothing,  all  day  and  all 
night,  señor/'  There  is  also  an  intermediate  group,  the  easy-going 
mañana  class;  and  in  addition  there  can  be  found  the  hustling,  bust- 
ling merchant  who  sees  well-nigh  limitless  possibilities  in  the  unde- 
veloped agricultural  and  mineral  resources  of  the  State  and  a  brilliant 
future  for  the  city,  and  who  commands  the  power  to  silence  all  pessi- 
mistic objectors  with  a  '^Gentlemen,  there^s  millions  in  it.*' 

Aguascalientes  appears  at  its  best  after  4  or  5  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon, and  during  the  long,  balmy,  moonlight  nights  the  main  plaza 
is  crowded  with  pleasure-seeking  folk,  enjoying  the  music  of  a  fairly 
reputable  band.  The  more  central  gardens,  the  principal  streets, 
and  other  favorite  resorts  are  likewise  filled  with  life,  music,  and 
animation.  The  town  is  awake  and  up  and  doing  bright  and  early 
and  during  the  fresh  morning  hours  is  a  scene  of  lively  business  activity. 
At  2  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  though,  after  the  midday  meal  has 
been  dispatched,  the  much-lauded  siesta  comes  into  its  own.  Blinds 
and  shades  are  carefully  drawn,  and  banker  and  merchant  alike 
forget  for  the  time  being  the  peso's  fluctuating  value;  the  bell-shaped 
flowers  of  the  sturdy  floripundio  droop  beneath  the  burning  sun's 
rays;  and  Morpheus  reigns  supreme.  The  spell  extends  its  somno- 
lent influence  outside  the  city  limits;  the  distant  hills  assume  a  purple 
tinge  through  the  haze;  the  whole  land  simmers  in  the  high  tide 
of  warm,  semitropical  life  ;  and  even  in  the  scorched  fields  and  dusty 
highways  the  weary  ranchero  and  travel-stained  arriero  call  a  brief 
halt  to  their  peregrinations,  tether  their  ox  or  burro,  and  seek  the 
cool  of  a  shady  mezquite  tree;  while  the  tiny  insects  render  the 
throbbing  air  vocal  by  their  ceaseless  shrillings,  and  the  locust  drones 
out  his  lazy  lay. 


MARKETING  BY  MOTOR    /. 


THE  economic  problem  of  the  distribution  of  food — getting 
the  raw  product  from  the  producer  to  the  consxmier — is  as 
old  as  agriculture  itself,  and  one  of  its  chief  factors  is  the 
question  of  transportation.  This  factor  has  increased  in 
importance  as  modem  life  has  grown  more  complex.  From  the 
narrow  trail  leading  from  one  habitat  to  another  to  the  paved  high- 
way, from  the  primitive  sled  to  the  farm  wagon  of  yesterday  and  the 
motor  truck  of  to-day,  the  evolution  of  transportation  has  quickened 
and  kept  pace  with  the  development  of  mankind  from  savagery  to 
civilization.  AU  along  the  line  of  man's  progress  it  has  been  a  domi- 
nant influence — a  fact  which  he  has  been  slow  to  recognize  since  each 
knprovement  has  met  with  more  or  less  resistance  imtil  necessity 
has  compelled  its  adoption. 

Some  one  has  called  the  establishment  of  motor  truck  routes 
throughout  the  United  States  one  of  the  greatest  economic  develop- 
ments ever  imdertaken;  yet  it  took  the  world  war,  the  combined 
cries  of  the  himgry  in  our  own  and  other  lands,  the  falling  off  of  actual 
agricultural  production,  the  warnings  of  our  public  men,  the  rotting 
of  foodstuffs  in  the  fields,  criminal  practices  in  the  waste  of  crops 
for  the  maintenance  of  high  prices,  and  the  abnormal  cost  of  living 
to  compel  recognition  of  the  motor  truck  and  its  rightful  position  in 
the  marketing  of  food. 

It  was  Herbert  Hoover  who  warned  the  world  that  it  was  never 
more  than  60  days  ahead  of  famine  between  harvests,  and  who 
declared  that  fully  50  per  cent  of  perishable  foodstuffs  were  wasted 
because  of  our  lack  of  rural  marketing  facilities.  Even  before  the 
war  grave  anxiety  was  expressed  over  the  great  difference  between 
the  prices  received  by  farmers  and  those  paid  by  consumers.  Econo- 
mists recognized  the  danger  signals  in  the  diminishing  incentive  for 
farm  production.  Cooperative  movements  looking  to  the  equaliza- 
tion of  this  serious  situation  were  begun  in  all  parts  of  the  country, 
but  opposition,  lack  of  initiative  and  leadership,  and  practical 
methods  were  too  much  for  them,  and  most  of  them  died.  The 
danger  persisted,  however.  While  the  country  teemed  with  so-called 
efficiency  in  other  callings,  it  ignored  the  claim  of  the  farmer,  who, 
unorganized  for  protection  or  demand,  far  from  the  busy  centers  of 
trade,  plowed  and  planted,  and  carted  his  production  over  impossible 
roadways,  protesting  his  unequal  rewards  to  deaf  ears. 

In  accordance  with  Biblical  lore,  agriculture  is  the  oldest  of  the 
professions  and  the  most  vitally  necessary.     Without  food,  of  what 

1  By  Muriel  Daily,  of  Pao  American  Union  staff. 
172873— 20— Bull.  5 2  495 


496  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

use  are  great  inventions,  the  conquest  of  the  air,  the  reaches  across 
the  continents,  and  the  proud  defiance  of  the  seas?  If  we  do  not 
eat  we  can  not  live.  Isolate  the  farmer,  permit  the  farm  to  suffer 
in  competition  with  the  city,  waste  the  abundant  production  of  the 
fields,  and  it  is  nature's  reprisals  and  not  man-made  laws  that  compel 
retraction  and  obedience. 

It  is  grimly  humorous,  therefore,  that,  having  spanned  impassable 
gulfs  and  climbed  time-defying  mountains,  dominated  land  and  sea 
and  air,  delved  into  the  bowels  of  the  earth  for  its  safeguarded  treas- 
ures, and  dabbled  in  the  destinies  of  nations,  we  should  be  compelled 
to  return  to  the  consideration  of  putting  in  order  those  small,  neglected 
parts  of  our  national  being — the  country  roads — in  order  that  food 
may  be  carried  over  them  to  stay  the  national  hunger.  The  glorious 
dreams  of  achievement  and  the  achicYement  of  wonderful  dreams 
which  have  been  the  portion  of  North  America  fade  in  significance, 
in  face  of  the  natural  need  for  nourishment.  The  time  has  come 
when  we  must  remove  the  mud  from  our  county  highways  and  forget 
for  the  present  the  stretches  of  thousands  of  miles;  let  the  train  de 
luxe  18-hour  trip  across  half  the  continent  take  second  place,  and 
plan  to  get  pigs,  poultry,  and  potatoes  over  the  average  9  miles 
from  the  farm  to  the  market. 

''A  new  and  scientific  method  of  marketing  is  a  problem  that  sur- 
passes every  other  economic  development  in  its  importance,"  declared 
Congressman  John  M.  Baer,  of  North  Dakota,  in  a  recent  speech 
before  the  United  States  House  of  Representatives.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  it  is  not  so  much  a  new  method  that  is  needed  as  an  adaptation 
of  a  new  system  of  carriers.  There  are  three  practical  means  of  trans- 
portation at  the  present  time — the  highways,  waterways,  and  the 
railroads.  Trade  over  the  highways  dates  from  the  caravans  of  early 
Egypt  and  the  donkeys  of  Syria  and  Palestine  to  the  roads  of  Rome 
and  the  Christian  era.  Travel  on  the  waterways  has  come  up  from 
antiquity,  primitive,  to  be  sure,  until  the  mariner's  compass  enabled 
Columbus  to  give  us  the  use  of  the  greatest  of  waterways  and  to  show 
the  way  to  the  Americas.  The  railroads  made  their  appearance  in 
the  nineteenth  century,  and  in  our  eagerness  to  w^eave  the  webs  of 
shining  steel  over  mountains  and  through  valleys  and  forests  from 
ocean  to  ocean  we  have  forgotten  that  this  marvelous  method  of 
eliminating  time  and  distance  has  its  hmitations.  The  United  States 
has  made  such  a  wonderful  world  record  in  the  rapid  evolution  of 
transportation,  transforming  the  whole  realm  of  commerce  and  in- 
dustry, enriching  social  and  educational  experiences,  and  making 
possible  amazing  developments  for  the  uplift  of  the  whole  scheme  of 
life,  that  it  was  a  shock  to  find,  even  before  the  great  war  was  upon 
us,  that  there  was  something  radically  wrong  with  our  system;  that 
it  lacked  flexibility  and  the  power  to  expand  and  contract  with  the 
fluctuations  of  supply  and  demand.     And  then  when  the  war  came 


I 


4 

M! 

¡r 

i 


498  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

with  its  sudden  and  almost  incredible  caU  for  immediate  supplies  of 
every  sort,  our  transportation  system  went  just  so  far  and  stopped. 
Embargo  after  embargo  was  issued  by  the  railroads,  and  the  freight 
rates  rose  steadily.  Industries  faced  ruin,  and  the  world  struggled 
under  constantly  rising  prices  and  diminishing  food  supphes. 

It  was  then  that  the  motor  truck  came  to  the  rescue,  600,000  strong. 

Why,  with  aU  of  the  planning  and  scheming,  aU  of  the  logical  de- 
ductions made  along  other  lines,  it  had  never  occurred  to  the  business 
world  that  a  carrier  capable  of  acting  as  an  auxiliary  between  out- 
lying districts  and  the  fixed  points  of  rail  stoppages  was  vitally  nec- 
essary, argues  either  indifference  or  the  belief  that  national  produc- 
tion was  so  abundant  that  its  handling  did  not  need  to  be  efTicient. 
To  be  sure,  the  motor  truck  has  only  been  in  practical  existence  20 
years;  but  two  decades  is  a  long  time  to  have  so  valuable  an  adjunct 
unused.  Purely  a  utility,  it  did  not  appeal  to  the  public  fancy,  and 
it  was  regarded  as  an  enemy  rather  than  an  aid  by  railroad  interests, 
and  as  a  destroyer  of  roads  by  the  suburbanites.  But  it  came  into 
its  own  in  a  blaze  of  glory.  Big  and  climisy  and  unbeautiful,  no 
gaily  caparisoned  steed  accoutred  for  war  in  olden  days  ever  thrilled 
hearts  with  gratitude  and  admiration  as  did  the  lumbering  motor 
cars  with  their  khaki-clad  human  freight,  or  their  burdens  of  neces- 
sities. No  other  vehicle  in  the  world^s  history  ever  carried  such 
precious  cargoes  in  so  critical  a  cause. 

If  it  was  hoped  that  the  heavy  burdens  of  the  war  would  cease  with 
the  end  of  the  actual  fighting,  the  world  was  disappointed.  Prices 
increased  persistently  especially  for  foodstuffs,  and  this  did  not  bring 
a  natural  tendency  toward  increased  production.  To  the  contrary, 
agricultural  output  showed  a  decided  falling  off,  farmers  purchased 
less  seed,  there  was  little  of  the  desired  movement  toward  the  farms, 
and  the  efforts  on  the  part  of  well-meaning  officials  to  place  the  re- 
turned army  in  agricultural  pursuits  met  with  slight  encouragement. 
Farming  in  the  Ignited  States  had  remained  a  calling  of  infinite  possi- 
bilities, but  failed  to  develop  into  one  bringing  commensurate  lai^e 
returns,  and  pastoral  scenes  without  profits  failed  to  appeal  to  man- 
kind attuned  to  the  bugle  caU  to  danger  and  the  thrill  of  adven- 
turous accomplishment.  And  still  the  consmner  in  the  cities  paid 
prices  higher  than  ever  before  for  that  which  the  farmer  produced. 

Investigators  have  protested  for  some  time  that  the  trouble  lay 
somewhere  between  the  farm  and  the  table.  According  to  congres- 
sional figures  the  people  of  the  United  States  have  been  paying  more 
than  $500,000,000  a  year  in  excessive  costs  for  the  transportation  of 
food.  The  chief  of  the  bureau  of  food  and  markets  in  New  York 
City  produced  figures  to  show  that  two-thirds  of  every  doUar  is  paid 
by  the  consumer  to  the  present  system  of  distribution.  The  people 
of  that  city  pay  19  cents  for  the  quart  of  milk  for  which  the  farmer 
has  been  receiving  4  cents.     The  California  Fruit  Growers*  Associa- 


if 

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i  II 

I  Ú 

\% 

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ill 


i  il 


II 


II 


500  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

tion  has  stated  that  the  average  paid  to  the  grower  for  four  years  has 
been  $1.60  a  crate  for  oranges,  for  which  the  consumer  paid  $4.80. 
Just  135  miles  from  the  market  in  the  Middle  West  the  farmer  re- 
ceived 60  cents  per  bushel  for  tomatoes,  which  subsequently  sold  for 
$3.  The  farmer  receives  75  cents  for  the  leather  in  a  pair  of  $8 
shoes.  Wool  at  the  farm  at  60  cents  a  pound  is  retailed  as  yam  at 
$4.75.  And  here  is  where  the  economic  reaction  hits  the  farmer  both 
ways,  for  while  he  sells  for  whatever  he  is  offered,  he  has  to  pay  at  the 
prevailing  price.  Labor  and  machinery,  staples,  clothing,  manufac- 
tures, by  their  cost  further  limit  his  measure  of  profit. 

The  trouble  is  that  we  had  forgotten  that  out-of-the-way  places 
serve  the  world  best  because  of  their  remoteness;  that  when  we  bring 
the  railroad  station  to  the  farm  we  make  a  city  of  it;  and  that  the 
problem  of  reversing  the  Biblical  injunction  and  making  the  farmer 
of  the  world  but  not  in  it,  resolves  itself  into  the  establishment  of 
highway  transportation  of  a  prompt  and  efficient  character.  Had 
the  war  not  thrust  upon  us  an  excess  of  burdens  to  be  transported 
to  the  world's  ends  from  our  remote  interiors,  and  given  us  with  a 
realization  of  our  shortcomings  a  means  for  correcting  them,  we 
might  even  yet  be  disregarding  the  small  but  important  link  in  our 
transportation  chain  and  offering  no  welcome  to  the  marketing 
motor. 

An  almost  unbelievable  amount  of  production  from  the  farms  of 
the  United  States  must  be  transported  over  its  2,500,000  miles  of 
roadway,  its  350,000  miles  of  railway,  and  its  15,000  miles  of  water- 
ways in  order  to  reach  its  centers  of  consumption.  It  is  the 
task  of  26,000,000  food  producers  to  feed  themselves,  75,000,000 
of  our  own  population,  and  their  foreign  friends.  Tremendous  iu 
volume  and  in  value  is  this  output.  The  agricultural  crops,  dairy 
products,  poultry  and  eggs,  wool  and  domestic  animal  produce, 
reached,  in  1918,  an  aggregate  value  of  over  $21,000,000,000.  The 
leading  cereals  totaled  in  volume  5,638,000,000  bushels;  cotton 
amounted  to  11,818,000  bales;  potatoes,  390,109,000  bushels;  apples, 
197,360,000  bushels;  sugar  beets,  5,549,000  tons;  pork,  105,500,000,000 
pounds;  poultry,  589,000,000  head;  eggs,  1,921,000,000  dozens;  and 
milk,  8,429,000,000  gallons. 

It  is  not,  of  course,  possible  to  estimate  just  how  much  of  this  is 
carried  over  the  public  roads,  but  even  though  a  large  proportion 
were  consumed  on  the  farm  and  used  for  seed,  there  must  be  taken 
into  account  the  demand  in  return  from  the  farms — thousands  of 
tons  of  fertilizers,  food,  clothing,  furniture,  and  agricultural  imple- 
ments. With  a  gross  weight  of  all  products  running  well  above 
500,000,000  tons  annually,  and  with  the  incoming  haulage  added  to 
this  great  outgoing  traffic,  it  is  conservative  to  estimate  that  an 
annual  weight  of  not  less  than  400,000,000  tons  must  pass  between 
the  farms  and  the  cities. 


No  surta  II  ing  of  produclun  is  iuh:J«i1  nhern  th«  Innner  Is  Hbl«  lo  loa<l  a  motor  truck  to  capacity  and  be 
uaoniï  that  his  pioiliiM  Kill  be  hut  a  [ew  hours  in  transit,  bo  hnndleil  canlullv.  and  receive  a  higher 
price  b»caus«  of  Its  arrival  In  good  con-Jlllon.    Ths»  crates  of  chickens  will  leath  the  corLsumet  plump 


MOTOK  TRANSPORTATION-  FOR  CATTLE, 


Umr  thoijrands  of  live  stock  are  bebu  brought  into  terminnl  m;irket' 
tag*  In  the  condition  ol  caille  over  the  ptevloiis  methods  ol  crowif 
Uotor  trucks  »re  ibw  gathering  up  cmil  numlwri  of  cattle,  sheep,  at 
■loiK  their  toil  les.  rhoroiiln  not  pronialily  ralvthem  lilhey  ha  I  h 


502  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

From  the  coolie  and  his  shouldered  burden  to  the  donkey  and  to 
the  horse  and  wagon  we  progressed  gradually,  and  there  we  left  our 
short  haul  on  our  neglected  roadways  with  all  of  its  toll  of  our  most 
productive  districts,  the  while  we  extolled  our  prowess  at  getting 
California  e^s  in  New  York  City  markets  and  perishable  vegetables 
from  Florida  as  fresh  and  as  cheap  as  those  raised  only  100  miles 
away.  Apples  5,000  miles  from  their  orchards  retailed  at  8  and  10 
cents  each,  while  those  on  near-by  farms  which  were  quite  as  excellent 
a  fruit,  rotted  on  the  trees.  From  the  point  of  achievement  it  was 
interesting  to  boast  of  sitting  down  to  a  meal  in  New  York  raised  in 
California,  but  from  an  economic  standpoint  it  was  agricultural 
waste.  Nevertheless  this  is  a  direct  result  from  the  dependence  upon 
railroads,  which  can  not  and  will  not  undertake  the  short  haul  at  as 
reasonable  a  rate  in  proportion  as  it  does  the  long  one.  In  practically 
every  section  of  the  country  railroads  refuse  to  accept  freight  of  any 
sort  in  less  than  carload  lots  except  for  long  distances.  But  even  if 
the  roads  could  accept  the  small  amounts  of  produce  which  the 
middle  class  farmer  has  for  disposal,  the  reloading,  rehandling,  and 
delays,  not  to  mention  the  hauling  required  at  both  ends,  decrease 
the  value  of  the  production.  Nor  has  our  system,  or  lack  of  it,  re- 
sulted in  improved  quality.  The  farmer  who  sells  his  products  to 
the  commission  merchant  in  the  field  knows  that  the  acres  of  vege- 
tables over  which  he  has  labored  may  be  left  to  rot,  and  he  has  no 
pride  in  nor  incentive  for  raising  high-grade  foodstuffs.  The  instance 
of  20  acres  of  cabbages  being  left  unharvested  while  cabbage  sold 
for  25  cents  a  pound  in  a  near-by  city  still  rankles  in  the  minds  of 
the  investigators. 

Late  figures  show  that  about  79,000  farmers  own  motor  vehicles — 
a  very  goodly  proportion  considering  that  the  small  agriculturist  is 
in  the  great  majority.  The  motor  truck,  however,  is  purely  a  utility, 
and  it  has  been  estimated  that  it  is  not  a  profitable  investment  for 
a  farm  under  350  acres  in  extent,  even  though  the  farmer  secures 
additional  hauling.  So  enormous  an  enterprise  as  bringing  foodstuffs 
from  the  producers  to  the  consumers  can  best  be  accomplished  by 
collective  or  cooperative  movements. 

The  efficacy  of  the  motor  truck  for  this  task  was  recently  tested 
in  a  demonstration  which  was  undertaken  by  the  United  States  Post 
Office  Department.  At  6  o'clock  one  morning  a  motor  truck  was 
loaded  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  with  18,000  eggs  in  crates,  1,000  little 
chicks  a  day  old,  and  started  off  for  New  York  City,  180  miles  away. 
At  the  same  time  a  similar  shipment  was  sent  to  the  consignee  by 
railroad.  It  took  the  truck  12  hours  to  reach  New  York.  Four  of 
the  little  chicks  were  dead  and  nine  eggs  were  broken  when  the  goods 
were  delivered  at  the  door  of  the  consignee.  The  train  shipment 
was  four  days  in  reaching  Jersey  City.  It  took  another  day  to  send 
a  notice  to  the  consignee  that  the  shipment  had  arrived.     He  was 


!  I 

i    í 


i. 


504  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

then  compelled  to  send  his  own  truck  to  Jersey  City  for  the  shipment. 
When  it  finally  reached  his  door  thousands  of  the  eggs  had  been 
smashed  and  half  the  chicks  were  dead. 

No  one  person  has  done  more  to  urge  the  motor  method  of  agri- 
cultural   and    perishable   foodstuff    transportation    than   James    I. 
Blakslee,  Fourth  Assistant  Postmaster  General,  in  charge  of  Rural 
Free  Delivery   and   Parcel  Post  Service.     He    contends    that    the 
utilization  of  the  only  available  organized  system  of  complete  con- 
veyance which  the  country  has,  and  one  that  is  already  performing 
its  fimctions  perfectly  as  an  instrument  of  transportation  and  dis- 
tribution, the  one  system  that  exacts  the  same  rate  for  service 
everywhere,  would  be  the  logical  solution  of  the  most  acute  troubles 
that  are  upon  us.     Because  of  his  urge  and  representation,  Congress 
has  appropriated  $100,000  for  experimental  purposes.     Routes  are 
now  in  operation,  laid  out  through  producing  territory  to  important 
market  centers,  and  the  effort  is  being  made  to  demonstrate  the  prac- 
ticability of  bringing  the  farmer  into  direct  touch  with  the  consumer, 
by  giving  an  expeditious  service  at  a  reasonable  cost  for  carriage, 
thus  relieving  other  avenues  of  transportation,  preventing  wastage  at 
the  farm,  thereby  conserving  other  less  perishable  food  products.     It 
is  believed  that  this  will  encourage  increased  production  and  at  the 
same  time  insure  a  reliable  market  to  the  producer,  and  give  the 
consumer  the  advantage  of  better  and  fresher  products  at  less  cost. 
Fifteen  of  these  routes  are  now  in  operation,  employing  60  trucks  of 
from  one  to  one  and  a  half  tons  capacity,  including  reserve  trucks, 
and  50  drivers.     These  routes  cover  over  2,311  miles  per  annum. 
Some  of  them  have  been  in  existence  long  enough  to  demonstrate 
their  value  as  revenue  producers.     A  tabulation  of  the  postal  receipts 
of  these  routes  from  January  1,  1918,  to  May  31,  1918,  shows  gross 
postal  receipts  of  $152,237,  with  operating  expenses  of  $27,130  and 
a  net  profit  of  $125,107,  or  about  $3,000  per  route  per  month. 

There  are  now  more  than  600  motor-truck  lines  in  operation  not 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Government,  and  more  than  150  of  these 
are  in  California.  Certain  States  have  already  been  mapped  into 
districts  and  each  district  mapped  out  into  rural  truck  routes  and 
over  these  dozens  of  lines  are  running,  making  money  for  themselves, 
for  the  farmers,  and  for  the  little  villages  around  the  central  cities. 
These  truck  express  lines  send  big  motor  trucks  out  on  a  regular 
schedule  to  cover  a  prescribed  route.  Anyone  on  any  of  these 
routes  can  have  anything,  from  a  package  of  needles  to  a  tractor, 
delivered  to  him  from  any  point  on  the  line,  and  it  will  reach  him 
the  day  it  is  ordered,  and  when  the  truck  arrives  the  vegetables, 
grain,  fruit,  eggs,  butter,  and  live  stock  of  the  farmer  can  be  loaded 
and  shipped  away  to  market. 

One  of  these  companies,  the  Highways  Motor  Transport  Co.,  of 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  has  in  operation  a  fleet  of  ten  6-ton  trucks.     Last 


LOADING  MILK  ALONO  THE  ROADSIDE. 

It  Is  xlmpla  matt»  [or  tbe  [amifr  to  d«llv«r  hl.1  !nipi>l7  of  mQk  to  tb«  loaliog  plBtlnrms  on  tbf  main  road 
Whkh  m  placed  ut  nmveDlent  Inlnrals  lor  tba  purpow.  It  wlJI  be  noticed  tbat  (h«  height  ot  tbs 
pl&tlnnn  Is  pracl Icall y  eren  s-IIh  the  truck  floor  Id  lessen  IKlinK.    On*  motor  truck  In  od»  foar  dellv- 


RECEIVINO  SUPPLIES  FOR  THE  FARUER8. 

I  CwTVlng  a  loïil  only  ono  way  Is  a  disflntt  loss,  anil  lha  rod 

nranlry  buyer,  but  has  nldBd  In  lOKerlnioperaluieoosti.     _„ ^ 

the  time  required  in  getting  the  load.    One  larmer  ital«  thai  be  now  receives  an  order  In  one  n 


506  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

spring  a  large  business  developed  in  the  handling  of  hothouse  vege- 
tables, and  later,  when  fruits  and  vegetables  began  to  come  in  the 
regular  season,  these  trucks  handled  20,000  crates  of  berries,  25,000 
bushels  of  tomatoes,  and  20,000  bushels  of  apples,  peaches,  and 
beans,  while  in  the  fall,  during  the  grape  season,  they  handled  84,000 
baskets  of  grapes — an  average  haul  of  37i  miles,  at  an  approximate 
charge  of  $7  per  ton.  During  the  winter  months  a  steady  flow  of 
v^etables  was  hauled  by  this  line.  Another  company  in  Pennsyl- 
vania has  been  hauling  potatoes  35  miles  over  mountain  roads.  The 
motor  trucks  are  carrying  115  bushels  to  the  load  in  little  over  three 
hours.  It  formerly  required  at  least  two  2-horse  teams.  In  a  few 
months  one  rural  express  line,  operating  157  motor  trucks  of  all 
makes  and  sizes,  hauled  from  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa,  to  Omaha,  Nebr., 
18,498  head  of  cattle,  158,019  head  of  hogs,  and  37,130  head  of  sheep. 

Whole  States  are  now  taking  up  the  innovation.  In  Colorado  the 
governor  of  the  State  set  aside  a  special  day  by  proclamation,  during 
which  the  entire  population  was  to  turn  its  attention  to  the  need  of 
the  hour — *'  Food  and  how  to  move  it  to  points  where  needed."  The 
result  was  35  rural  express  lines,  afterwards  increased  to  100.  New 
York  State  is  encouraging  the  establishment  of  marketing  by  motor 
truck,  and  the  farmers  on  Long  Island  became  so  greatly  interested 
that  the  enterprising  man  who  started  a  line  running  from  New  York 
City  with  two  5-ton  trucks,  was,  in  four  months'  time,  running  eight 
5-ton  trucks;  had  established  a  large  receiving  station  in  New  York 
City  and  one  in  Long  Island  City,  and  carried  everything  the  people 
needed,  including  dressed  beef,  oysters,  fish,  fresh  vegetables,  milk, 
butter,  and  eggs. 

Grain  elevators,  which  have  always  been  able  to  handle  the  grain 
which  could  be  delivered  by  the  railroads  have,  in  certain  sections  of 
the  country,  been  choked  by  the  steady  stream  of  motor  trucks  com- 
ing in  over  the  highways  from  the  farms,  some  bringing  their  precious 
loads  from  as  far  away  as  60  or  70  miles,  and  arriving  from  early 
morning  until  late  at  night.  In  fact,  in  the  great  wheat  belt  of  the 
Middle  West,  motor  trucks  were  used  to  move  500,000  tons  of  wheat, 
which  could  not  otherwise  have  been  handled.  Had  it  not  been 
possible  to  so  move  it,  and  had  the  farmers  been  compelled  to  shoulder 
so  heavy  a  loss,  it  was  stated  authoritatively  that,  even  in  face  of 
the  world's  great  need  for  food,  the  production  of  that  locality  would 
have  fallen  off  not  less  than  50  per  cent. 

The  motor-truck  route  operated  by  a  cooperative  association  has 
proven,  in  at  least  one  instance,  to  be  of  both  conservative  and 
productive  value.  Some  years  ago  a  few  of  the  leading  farmers  and 
merchants  in  Maryland  determined  to  organize  a  cooperative  associa- 
tion to  furnish  reliable  transportation  at  reasonable  rates  to  its  mem- 
bers. A  canvass  among  farmers  and  rural  merchants  was  made  for 
the  purpose  of  learning  the  sentiment  toward  the  formation  of  such 


"  ja 
>■  la 


il 


;  i= 


508  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

an  association  and  of  ascertaining  how  much  freight  each  member 
of  the  proposed  association  would  have  moving  into  and  from 
Baltimore.  This  canvass  showed  that  a  sufficient  number  of  patrons 
could  be  secured  and  that  there  would  be  sufficient  tonnage  moving 
in  both  directions  to  warrant  the  operation  of  one  truck  of  about 
4  tons  capacity. 

In  order  to  become  a  member  of  this  association  it  was  necessary  to 
purchase  at  least  one  share  of  stock,  the  value  of  which  was  $25. 
Membership  was  open  to  both  sexes.  It  was  arranged  that  dividends 
should  be  distributed  on  a  basis  of  the  amount  of  stock  owned,  but 
no  effort  has  been  made  to  earn  dividends.  Service  at  a  reasonable 
price  is  the  sole  object  of  this  association.  As  many  of  its  members 
live  on  the  main  highways  traversed  by  the  trucks,  receiving  stations 
in  the  country  are  not  necessary,  but  the  business  has  grown  to  such 
an  extent  that  the  association  recently  rented  a  building  in  Baltimore, 
which  is  used  as  a  receiving  station,  and  from  which  motor-truck 
lines  are  now  running  in  four  directions.  This  station  is  a  distinct 
convenience  to  merchants  who  ship  to  rural  patrons  living  in  different 
sections  of  the  State.  The  results  have  been  greater  than  even  the 
most  sanguine  anticipated.  The  motor  truck  does  not  recuse  to  take 
small  shipments — a  crate  of  berries,  a  can  of  milk  or  cream,  chickens 
or  eggs,  or  any  other  commodity,  large  or  small.  A  farmer  on  this 
route  had  been  feeding  his  cream  to  his  pigs  because  he  did  not  have 
enough  to  ship  by  the  railroad  and  could  not  afford  to  carry  it  to  town 
himself.  When  the  truck  line  was  started  he  immediately  sent  the 
cream  to  the  city,  where  he  received  a  good  price  for  it — ^a  gain  both 
to  himself  and  the  people  who  got  the  cream,  while  the  pigs  were 
content  with  something  less  luxurious. 

This  association  has  developed  into  a  wholesale  purchasing  and  mar- 
keting agency,  acting  as  such  for  its  members  in  addition  to  its  other 
functions,  thereby  making  it  possible  for  the  farmer  to  market  his  pro- 
duce where  there  is  the  greatest  demand. 

Last  year  78,000  trucks  were  used  in  hauling  farm  products, 
showing  a  considerable  saving  to  farmers  in  actual  hauling  expenses. 
For  hauling  in  wagons  from  farms  to  shipping  points  in  1918  the  cost 
averaged  30  cents  a  mile  for  wheat,  33  cents  for  com,  and  48  cents 
for  cotton.  For  hauling  in  motor  trucks  or  by  tractors  the  average 
costs  are  15  cents  for  wheat  or  corn  and  18  cents  per  ton-mile  for  cot- 
ton. The  average  haul  by  wagon  was  9  mile^  and  the  average  haul  by 
motor  was  11.2  miles,  while  the  truck  could  make  3.4  trips  per  day 
and  the  horse  and  wagon  1.2  trips.  Farmers  served  by  motor-truck 
lines  state  that  this  service  enables  them  to  dispense  with  one  horse 
and  one  man  in  their  work. 

These  motor-truck  lines  have  also  proved  that  nearly  all  products 
can  be  raised  in  the  country  adjacent  to  the  communities,  the  better 
for  their  freshness  and  at  decreased  cost  to  the  consumer  and  an 


MARKETING    BY    MOTOR  509 

increased  reward  for  the  farmer.  Perhaps  had  not  the  war  thrust 
upon  us,  luxury  loving  and  careless,  the  necessity  for  raising  vege- 
tables and  other  things  in  our  stony  and  astonished  back  yards,  we 
would  never  have  learned  to  recognize  the  difference  between  the 
v^etables  brought  from  their  dewy  garden  bed  and  those  brought 
from  a  long  journey  in  a  freight  car. 

And  now  that  the  country  has  come  to  recognize  that  the  auxiliary 
motor  truck  for  marketing  is  a  feasible  and  effective  plan,  the  only 
difficulty  in  the  way  lies  in  the  roads.  It  is  difficult  to  realize  that 
the  inclination  to  go  about  with  heads  in  the  clouds  and  feet  in  the 
mud  has  had  so  much  to  do  with  our  present  high  prices  and  our 
prospective  higher  ones.  When  the  motorist  first  found  road  con- 
ditions in  rural  districts  otherwise  seductive  absolutely  impassable, 
and  that  his  love  of  beautiful  scenes  and  lonely  districts  had  to  be 
curtailed  because  of  indescribable  highways,  the  rural  population 
looked  upon  his  demand  for  road  improvements  as  a  benefit  desired 
solely  for  selfish  ends  and  purely  for  the  capitalist  classes,  and  resisted 
to  the  last  muddy  ditch.  The  joy  of  the  farmer  over  an  opportunity 
to  demonstrate  the  superiority  of  the  horse  over  the  motor  by  hauling 
a  car  out  of  a  mudhole  was  never  unexpressed.  Therefore,  while  the 
Federal  and  State  Governments  awakened  gradually  to  a  realization 
of  the  vital  need  for  highway  improvements,  the  counties  have  been 
very  lax  and  seemingly  indifferent  to  the  fact  that  a  farm  has  no 
greater  handicap  than  a  bad  road. 

The  motor  truck  rural  express  lines,  however,  have  outstripped  road 
improvements.  The  demand  could  not  wait.  In  a  recent  speech 
Mr.  Redfield,  former  Secretary  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Commerce,  said: 

I  have  had  motor  trucks  put  on  the  Pribiloff  Islands  in  the  Bering  Sea.  They  are 
building  the  roads  to  run  on  before  they  can  run  on  them.  And  there,  250  miles  north 
of  the  Aleutian  Islands,  we  can  make  motor  trucks  pay  for  themselves  in  a  single  year 
by  the  force  they  add  in  effective  transportation.  We  have  a  seal  rookery  13  or  14 
miles  from  the  village  of  St.  Paul  Island.  We  have  not  been  able  to  kill  seals  there 
because  we  could  not  get  skins  down  to  the  village.  Now  a  couple  of  motor  trucks 
bring  them  down  without  the  least  difficulty,  and  in  order  to  get  the  road  there  they 
carried  down  materials  to  build  the  road.  So  in  the  same  way  we  have  a  great  many 
fishery  stations  isolated.  You  can  not  put  fish  hatcheries  in  towns.  We  get  them  as 
far  on  as  practicable.  The  problem  is  to  get  sufficient  water  and  isolation,  and  so 
those  stations  are  rather  difficult  to  reach.  In  those  places  to-day  we  have  put  motor 
trucks. 

The  brief  for  the  advancement  of  the  farmer  and  his  profits  through 
the  increase  of  motor  truck  transportation  in  outlying  districts  is  a 
plea  for  all  humanity  from  the  far  North  to  the  far  South.  If  it  were 
possible  to  begin  national  development  as  it  is  the  building  of  a  house, 
the  foundation  should  be  the  perfect  system  of  good  roads,  over 
which,  rapidly  and  effectively  and  cheaply,  communication  could  be 
maintained  with  the  larger  communities,  and  with  the  shipping  points 


510  THE  PAN   AMERICAX   UNION. 

of  railroads  and  waterways.  This  would  mean  good  roads  even  in  the 
most  remote  locality,  it  is  not  accident  that  couples  the  shadowy 
haunts  and  deeds  of  humanity  with  darkness,  mud,  dirt,  and  inacces- 
sibility. The  millions  which  the  United  States  through  the  Federal 
and  State  treasuries  is  preparing  to  spend  on  the  rehabilitation  of  its 
roadways,  over  which  the  motor  truck  may  pass  with  its  hoiu'ly  load 
of  farm  products,  will  go  a  long  way  toward  the  reconstruction  and 
reorganization  of  the  world's  activity. 


QUEBRACHO  EXTRACT  IN- 
DUSTRY   OF    ARGENTINA' 


NO  ATTEMPT  has  been  made  in  this  brief  sketch  to  give  a  tech- 
nical or  scientific  explanation  of  the  production  of  tannin, 
but  only  to  show  the  reader  the  various  industrial  phases  of 
the  manufacture  of  this  product,  which,  as  he  doubtless 
knows,  has  marked  an  epoch  in  the  industry  of  tanned  leathers  and 
been  an  efficacious  aid  in  the  dye  industry. 

For  the  operation  of  a  tannin  factory  the  presence  of  a  number  of 
elements  is  required,  beginning  with  the  raw  material  in  the  shape 
of  hundreds  of  quebracho  trees,  which  under  the  rude  blows  of  the  ax 
are  incessantly  laid  low  by  the  active  '*  Corren  tino'*  (native  of  Corri- 
ente Province),  the  most  skillful  and  vigorous  workman  for  this  hard 
labor,  which  must  be  performed  under  the  discomforts  of  a  tropical 
climate,  accompanied  by  the  inevitable  train  of  mosquitoes,  dust 
storms,  and  often  the  treacherous  bites  of  the  numerous  poisonous 
reptiles  which  abound  in  the  jungle. 

The  first  phase  of  the  industry  is  that  which  includes  the  felling  of 
the  tree,  taking  off  the  branches,  and  separating  the  bark  with  the 
white  wood  immediately  beneath  it  and  adhering  to  it.  The  wood 
thus  prepared  is  then  taken  to  the  railroad  and  shipped  to  the  fac- 
tory, where  the  extract  is  made.  For  the  transportation  from  the 
mountains  to  the  railroad  (generally  as  hard  a  task  as  is  that  of  the 
woodsman)  special  carts  are  used  which  are  called  *'cachepé''  and 
^'alzaprima.'*  The  first  type  of  cart  consists  of  a  platform  or  frame 
on  four  wheels  used  to  carry  the  lighter  logs,  and  capable  of  carrying 
a  load  of  several  with  a  combined  weight  of  from  1,000  to  3,000  kilos, 
according  to  the  state  of  the  roads  and  the  number  of  draft  animals. 
The  ^^alzaprima"  is  no  more  than  a  pair  of  large  wheels  with  a  rein- 
forced axletree,  which  is  used  to  carry  one  great  log,  wliich  on  ítfxíount 

»  English  version  oí  article  published  by  the  Revista  Forestal,  Buenos  Ain». 


A  QUEIiRACHO  TREE  IN  THE  CHACO. 
The  qucbracbo  trcc  iisiiaEI;  stands  bv  lU<']f,  eaíüy  dlsc«nilMe>at  a  disUncr,  botb  by  the  cbaracter  of 


ly  testbiK  Ihi?  thickn 

172873— 20— Bull.  1 


BIO  QUEBRACUO   LOGS  GATHERED  IN 

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516  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

of  its  length  and  weight  can  not  be  moved  in  any  other  manner 
with  safety,  suspended  by  chains  from  the  axletree. 

At  the  station  the  logs  are  spread  in  extended  piles  along  the  track 
to  be  loaded  on  cars.  A  small  hand-power  hoisting  crane  provided 
with  a  good  steel  cable  and  set  on  a  platform  of  quebracho  planks, 
capable  of  lateral  movement,  and  supported  by  strong  joists  also  of 
quebracho  wood,  forms  what  is  called  the  *' guinche  Criollo*'  (Criollo 
crane),  which  is  set  parallel  to  the  track  and  loads- the  logs  upon  the 
car.  In  most  of  the  factories  the  wood  loaded  at  the  logging  point 
reaches  the  mills  on  the  same  cars,  to  pass  from  them  to  the  grinding 
machine,  which  is  the  point  of  departure  for  the  industrial  transfor- 
mation of  quebracho  into  tannic  acid.  This  consists  of  steeping  the 
wood,  after  it  has  been  groimd  to  sawdust.  The  liquid  obtained  from 
the  steeping  is  then  evaporated  to  eliminate  the  water,  leaving  a 
solid  residue,  which  is  the  extract  of  quebracho,  tannic  acid  or  tannin. 

The  product  obtained  in  the  form  above  described  is  an  unrefine<l 
product,  containing  about  25  per  cent  water  and  10  to  15  per  cent 
foreign  substance  not  tannins,  so  that  the  tanning  substance  fluctu- 
ates between  60  and  65  per  cent  of  the  residue'obtained  after  evaporat- 
ing the  liquor. 

As  stated  in  the  beginning,  we  are  not  attempting  a  scientific  ex- 
planation, but  only  accompanying  the  reader  on  an  imaginary  visit 
to  one  of  these  plants  in  order  to  acquaint  him  with  the  manner  in 
which  tannin  is  produced  in  the  factories  of  the  north.  When  the 
wood  reaches  the  factory  the  first  step  of  the  process  to  be  followed 
begins  with  the  saws  (aserrineras),  which,  as  the  name  indicates,  are 
machines  to  grind  these  huge  logs,  which  often  weigh  1,000  kilos  or 
more,  sometimes  even  as  much  as  2  tons  and  over.  Tackle  chains 
placed  over  the  spot  where  the  cars  are  imloaded  remove  the  logs, 
carrying  them  to  the  grinding  machines,  placing  them  in  a  grooved 
canal,  which  in  some  factories  is  large  enough  for  logs  of  90  centi- 
meters diameter.  A  machine  propels  the  log  against  a  heavy  cylin- 
der provided  with  steel  blades  with  alternating  teeth,  and  when  this 
cylinder  revolves  at  high  velocity  it  grinds  the  log  to  sawdust.  The 
sawdust  is  not  uniform,  so  it  passes  through  a  sifter,  which  throws  the 
good  material  to  one  side  and  the  splinters  and  chips  to  the  other  side 
to  be  ground  again.  The  part  thrown  out  by  the  sifter  is  carried  to 
a  disintegrator  or  mill,  with  teeth  or  disks  which  revolve  at  high  speed, 
grinding  the  splinters  and  chips  as  fast  as  received  into  the  required 
size.  This  sawdust  then  goes  to  join  that  already  thrown  out  by 
the  sifter  and  is  then  taken  by  elevators  to  the  second  section  of  the 
factory,  where  it  is  steeped. 

In  the  second  stage  the  sawdust  passes  into  a  receptacle,  where  the 
entrances  to  the  tanks  are,  and  is  thrown  into  them  as  fast  as  the  pre- 
viously steeped  material  leaves  them.  The  tanks  are  large  copper 
or  wooden  receptacles,  with  a  capacity  for  steeping  2,000  to  3,000 


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522  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

kilos  of  sawdust,  which  remains  for  several  hours  in  boiling  water, 
and  is  subjected  to  compressed  air,  after  which  most  of  the  tannic 
acid  has  left  it  and  is  in  the  water.  But  the  extraction  is  not  com- 
plete, as  the  steeped  sawdust  still  contains  about  2  per  cent  of  the 
extract,  or  even  more  if  it  has  not  been  sifted.  When  the  liquid  from 
the  boiling  tank  has  been  obtained  it  is  conducted  through  copper 
pipes  to  cement  or  oak  tanks  to  be  freed  from  such  impurities  as  have 
not  been  removed  by  the  filters  of  the  boilers,  and  which  can  only  be 
removed  after  the  liquid  has  settled. 

The  sawdust  that  has  been  steeped  is  then  used  as  fuel  for  the  pro- 
duction of  steam  and  power  for  the  plant.  This  fuel  replaces  wood 
very  advantageously,  doing  away  with  much  physical  labor,  as  well 
as  reducing  the  number  of  employees,  thereby  materially  adding  to 
the  profits  of  the  plant. 

The  final  process  to  which  the  liquid  is  submitted  is  extraction, 
eliminating  by  evaporation  the  water  in  which  the  sawdust  was 
steeped  in  the  tanks.  For  this  purpose  large  containers  are  used, 
into  which  the  liquid  is  drawn  from  the  receiving  tanks.  In  these 
last  receptacles  the  liquid  is  cooked  by  steam  in  a  vacuum  created  by 
powerful  suction  pumps,  being  reduced  in  this  wav  to  the  consistency 
of  a  thick  paste,  containing  about  20  to  25  per  cent  water.  When 
the  product  has  reached  this  stage,  after  being  cooked  for  more  than 
20  hours,  it  is  placed  in  gunny  sacks,  which  is  easily  done,  owing  to  its 
soft  consistency  as  it  comes  from  the  machines.  When  the  paste  has 
cooled  it  is  quite  hard. 

For  the  packing  there  are  two  processes  differing  entirely  in  method 
and  result.  The  first  consists  of  discharging  the  paste  into  bags 
which  have  a  rim  to  hold  them  open,  and  b>  which  they  are  suspende<l 
from  an  overhead  cable,  down  which  they  slide  when  filled  to  the 
dryer.  Only  after  the  paste  has  completely  solidified  is  the  mouth 
of  the  bag  sewn  up.  In  this  system  the  warm  paste  gives  the  con- 
tainer a  round  shape  which  is  inconvenient,  resulting  in  diflSculties  in 
shipping,  storage,  moving,  etc. 

The  second  process  consists  of  sewing  the  bag  up  as  soon  as  filled 
and  placing  it  on  a  flat  surface,  the  bag  taking  a  flattened  form  and 
retaining  it  once  the  paste  cools,  making  it  easy  to  handle  and  re- 
ducing considerably  the  danger  of  damage  in  transit. 

From  1  ton  of  quebracho  logs  about  250  kilos  of  the  extract  are 
obtained,  equaling  a  yield  of  25  per  cent  from  the  raw  material;  some 
woods,  especially  those  from  the  Chaco  Santa  Fe,  giving  as  high  as  30 
per  cent.  The  labor  required  for  making  1  ton  of  extract,  including 
the  woodsman  and  the  factory  workmen,  does  not  exceed  20  pesos 
paper,  and  the  value  of  the  raw  material,  sacking,  oils,  repairs,  etc., 
at  the  present  high  market  prices,  run  from  120  to  130  pesos  paper, 
making  the  cost  of  1,000  kilos  of  tannin  worth  from  140  to  150  pesos 
paper  on  leaving  the  factory. 


THE  YURA  INDIANS    /.    /. 


A  MONG  the  different  branches  of  the  great  Quechua  family 

/\^  are  found  in  the  southern  part  of  Bolivia  the  Yura  Indi- 
^  \,  ans,  who  were  forgotten  by  Garcilaso  in  his  Comenta- 
rios Reales,  and  who  were  brought  subject  to  the  great 
Empire  of  Tahuantinsuyo  by  the  Inca  Malta  Kcapac.  They  inhabit 
a  valley  some  30  miles  long,  watered  by  the  Yura  River,  whose 
principal  watersheds  are  among  the  snowy  peaks  of  the  Cordillera 
de  los  Frailes  and  the  Serrania  de  Nazacara,  which  joins  the  Rio  de 
Caifea  to  form  the  Toropalca. 

In  a  mining  region  rather  than  an  agricultural  one,  like  the  whole 
Province  of  Porco,  where  the  Rio  Yura  flows,  the  aboriginal  inhabit- 
ants of  its  banks  are  found  grouped  in  little  settlements  of  rustic  and 
primitive  aspect,  or  hidden  among  the  volcanic  fissures  of  those 
inhospitable  mountain  ranges. 

A  part  of  the  year  the  Indian  devotes  to  the  pasturage  of  his 
numerous  flocks  of  llamas  and  sheep,  and  to  the  cultivation  of  small 
tracts  of  land,  which  yield  scant  crops.  His  principal  occupation 
consists  of  making  long  journeys  to  the  valleys  of  the  south  and 
east,  particularly  to  the  Rio  de  Mataca  and  to  the  Pilcomayo,  bring- 
ing on  the  backs  of  his  gentle  but  sturdy  llamas  the  salt  from  Lipez, 
Uyuni,  and  Garci  Mendoza,  to  return  later  with  the  corn  and  wheat 
which  are  denied  him  by  the  gold-veined  mountains  where  he  lives. 
It  is  characteristic  of  the  Indian  to  make  these  journeys  like  a  real 
nomad,  crossing  on  foot  the  rugged  lofty  mountain  ranges,  the  vast 
plains,  and  the  deep,  warm  valleys  accompanied  by  his  whole  family. 
It  is  not  uncommon  for  the  traveler  in  the  course  of  his  journey  to 
run  across  some  of  these  wandering  groups,  encamped  wherever 
night  overtakes  them,  or  wherever  their  beasts  of  burden  refuse  to 
go  farther,  whether  in  the  snows  of  the  Cordillera  or  in  the  shade  of 
some  gigantic  tree  on  the  bank  of  a  swift  running  river. 

The  llama  is  the  providence  of  the  Yura  Indian.  It  is  his  wealth, 
his  companion,  his  means  of  livelihood,  his  very  life.  To  his  llama 
he  gives  more  loving  care  than  to  his  wife  and  children.  The  animal 
is  handsome  and  docile,  and  for  its  utility  has  been  compared  to  the 
camel  of  the  desert.  Its  flesh  is  food  for  its  master;  it  clothes  him 
with  its  wool;  and  provides  tools  and  household  utensils  from  its 
large,  solid  bones;  it  gives  light  from  its  fat;  fuel  from  manure;  tom- 
toms and  drums  for  his  feast  days;  from  its  hide,  leather  straps  for 
his  farm  implements  and  pack  saddle;  and,  finally,  the  llama  spends 
its  life  as  a  beast  of  burden  making  the  fortune  of  its  master.     It  is 

1  By  Louis  Subieta  Sagámogn. 

523 


524  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

even  useful  in  war,  providing  weapons  of  defense  in  the  sling  and 
sharp  lances.  One  of  the  chief  Indian  feasts  is  the  adoration  of  the 
llama. 

The  Indian  is  frugal  in  the  extreme.  His  food  is  limited  to 
very  few  things.  Parched  corn  and  wheat  ('*pito"),  or  this  same 
parched  grain  ground,  a  little  coca,  and  occasionally  a  piece  of  jerked 
beef,  form  his  daily  provender.  Nevertheless  he  is  very  hospitable; 
he  shares  his  frugal  meal  gladly  with  the  stranger. 

The  most  striking  thing  about  the  inhabitant  of  the  Yura  Valley 
and  the  more  so  because  uncommon  among  Indians,  is  his  natural 
ability  and  earnest  desire  to  learn.  The  greater  part  of  this  tribe 
can  read  and  write,  with  the  result  that  there  are  many  citizens 
from  the  river  region  inscribed  upon  the  civil  registries.  In  the 
civic  festivities  of  the  6th  of  August  at  Potosi  I  saw  one  of  these 
Indians  in  native  costume  stand  at  the  foot  of  the  columji  of  liberty 
and  deliver  a  patriotic  discourse  from  memory.  I  saw  another 
Yura  Indian  look  up  his  name  among  the  post-office  lists,  ask  for 
his  mail  in  correct  Spanish,  open  his  letters  and  acquaint  himself 
with  their  contents  without  asking  the  aid  of  any  other  person,  as 
generally  occurs  with  the  Indians  of  other  Provinces. 

In  the  colonial  period  this  tribe  was  greatly  appreciated  and  its 
members  were  sought  for  the  work  in  mines  and  production  of  metals 
because  of  the  care  and  accuracy  with  which  they  performed  these 
particular  tasks;  but  the  abuse  to  which  they  were  subjected  and 
the  cruelty  of  the  Spaniards  obliged  them  to  refrain  from  leaving 
their  mountains,  except,  as  we  have  said,  to  undertake  long  journeys 
with  the  whole  family  in  search  of  food. 

Recently  they  have  been  producing  a  vegetable  charcoal  of  very 
good  quality,  in  demand  for  kitchens  and  foundries,  as  it  gives  50 
per  cent  of  the  calories  of  mineral  coal,  while  the  coal  brought  into 
Potosi  from  the  other  Provinces  produced  no  more  than  from  16  to 
30  per  cent. 

The  Yura  Indian  is  a  very  great  hunter  and  an  expert  with  modern 
firearms.  For  this  reason  he  excels  in  the  army  among  the  con- 
scripts who  annuall}^  perform  obligatory  service,  but  for  the  same  rea- 
son this  tribe,  as  well  as  the  Indians  of  Lipez,  are  fast  contributing 
to  the  extermination  of  the  huanaco,  the  vicuña,  and  the  chinchilla. 

The  Yura  Indian's  clothes  are  as  poor  and  as  simple  as  his  fare. 
Short  trousers  and  a  shirt  woven  from  the  llama  wool  by  his  own 
hands,  and  fastened  by  wool  belt  or  a  sling  from  which  hangs  his 
^'chuspa''  or  bag  for  carr\âng  coca;  a  poncho  woven  by  his  wife, 
which  he  annually  renews,  usually  at  carnival  time;  a  hat  of  leather 
or  straw  lined  with  cloth  embroidered  ^^ith  spangles;  and  his  sandals 
of  undressed  (cowhide  form  his  entire  outfit.  Another  distinguishing 
characteristic  is  the  extreme  cleanliness  of  his  habitation  and  his  per- 


^  ~ 


GEORGE  WASHINGTON   UNIVERSITY   HONORS  IBANEZ.  525 

son,  and  as  the  region  which  he  inhabits  is  cool  and  has  pure  air  it  is 
healthful,  so  that  the  epidemics  which  lay  waste  other  districts 
seldom  reach  Yura. 

In  1814  this  Province  arose  imder  the  leadership  of  Betanzos, 
aiding  courageously  in  the  struggle  against  the  domination  of  Spain. 

In  this  region  there  are  valuable  prehistoric  relics,  but  to  excavate 
them  it  is  necessary  to  conquer  the  extravagantly  superstitious  ideas 
which  the  Indians  have  regarding  these  buried  treasures,  known  as 
"chullpares/* 

The  mountain  ranges  of  the  Yura  are  very  rich  in  veins  of  gold, 
silver,  tin  and  copper.  The  mines  are  so  rich  that,  like  the  Krisar- 
jirica,  they  contain  all  these  metals  together.  In  this  same  region 
is  the  ravine  of  Punutuma,  which  has  been  ceded  to  the  Compañía 
Huanachaca,  which  generates  the  electric  light  and  power  for  the 
Pulacayo  mines. 


GEORGE    WASHINGTON 
UNIVERSITY     HONORS 

0      0  •  0      t  0 


IBANEZ 


THE  outstanding  feature  of  the  midwinter  convocation  of  the 
George  Washington  University,  Washington,  D.  C,  was 
the  conferring  of  the  honorary  degree  of  doctor  of  letters 
upon  Señor  Don  Vicente  Blasco  Ibáñez,  the  great  Spanish 
novelist.  Few  writers  have  received  such  general  and  enthusiastic 
attention  as  was  shown  to  the  genial  author  of  The  Four  Horsemen 
of  the  Apocalypse  during  his  stay  in  the  United  States.  Courtesies 
were  extended  to  him  everywhere  he  went,  from  New  York  to  Cali- 
fornia, and  finally,  as  a  fitting  recognition  of  his  genius  and  a  trib- 
ute to  his  literary  accomplishment,  came  the  honor  conferred  upon 
him  by  the  trustees  of  this  great  institution  of  learning. 

In  conferring  the  degree,  Dr.  William  Miller  Collier,  president  of 
the  George  Washington  University,  made  his  address  first  in  English 
and  then  in  Spanish.  Dr.  Ibáñez,  after  a  graceful  acknowledgment 
of  the  kind  welcome  and  many  courtesies  received  from  the  people 
of  the  United  States,  and  especially  of  his  appreciation  of  the  honor 
just  conferred  upon  him,  delivered  one  of  the  most  eloquent  and 
forceful  orations  ever  heard  in  Washington.  His  theme  was  *^The 
Greatest  Novel,^'  and  his  tribute  to  Don  Quixote  de  La  Mancha  was 
one  that  only  an  orator  as  well  as  writer  could  have  paid.     He  spoke 


DR.  VICENTE  BLASCO  IBÁÜEZ. 

RcproduMloa  of  aulnerapluid  photo  presented  to  the  (Imrge  )WashÍDRtonyUnlT«nl(]r  by 
IMflri.  Tho  roLlawlni;  Is  the  iramlatlflo  o[  iho  Inscripción;  "Tatbc  (iMnra  Washltütoa 
Uulvvr^iy,  the  most  recent  nt  ils  docLorï,  Id  tQsEUnony  of  «t«iiiAl  tdheteoce  and  Krili< 


GEORGE   WASHINGTON   UNIVERSITY   HONORS  IBAÑEZ.  527 

in  Spanish,  but  an  English  translation  of  his  address  was  read  imme- 
diately upon  his  resuming  his  seat^  thereby  giving  the  large  portion 
of  the  audience  unfamiliar  with  Spanish  a  good  idea  of  the  meaning 
of  the  wonderful  flow  of  oratory  to  which  they  had  listened. 

While  space  limitations  prevent  the  publication  in  full  of  the  two 
notable  addresses  made  on  this  occasion,  we  herewith  reproduce  ex- 
tracts from  both.     In  conferring  the  degree  Dr.  Collier  spoke  in 

part  as  follows  : 

American?,  north  and  south,  cherish  a  feeling  of  gratitude  for  the  great  Spanish 
queen,  Isabella  the  Catholic,  who  had  the  faith  and  the  courage  and  the  unselfishnes, 
to  fit  out,  at  her  own  expense,  the  caravels  which  under  the  guidance  of  Columbus 
made  that  voyage  which  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  America  and  the  gift  of  a  New 
World  not  only  to  Ca"?tile  and  Leon  but  to  all  humanity.  We  are  mindful,  too,  of  the 
many  and  great,  the  splendid  and  enduring  services  which  Spain  in  her  more  than 
2,000  years  of  history  has  rendered  to  mankind.  We  welcome  you,  therefore,  as  a 
Spaniard. 

Bom  in  Valencia,  the  city  of  the  Cid,  that  great  champion  of  a  people  seeking 
deliverance  from  a  foreign  oppressor;  tracing  your  lineage  back  to  old,  indomitable, 
justice-loving  Aragon;  displaying  in  your  own  life  the  typical  Spanish  individualisms 
the  self-reliance,  energ>%  and  virility  inherited  by  the  race  from  those  warriors  who 
for  seven  centuries  battled  almost  ceaselessly  to  reconquer  Spain  from  the  Moor,  we 
welcome  you  as  a  Spaniard  of  the  Peninsuk,  a  Spaniard — a  Spaniard  through  and 
through.    ♦    ♦    ♦ 

You  have  ever  exhibited  a  world-wide  breadth  of  sympathies.  You  have  under- 
stood the  pervading  spirit  of  the  times.  You  have  stirred  the  hearts  and  moved  the 
souls  of  men  of  all  races  and  all  climes.  In  your  relatiojis  with  the  peoples  of  other 
nations  you  have  always  been,  to  use  a  very  familiar  but  very  significant  Spanish 
expression,  '*muy  sympático."  A  lover  of  universal  freedom  and  of  equal  opportu- 
nities for  all,  you  feel,  as  did  the  Roman  poet,  that  nothing  which  pertains  to  man- 
kind is  foreign  to  you.     We  greet  you,  then,  as  a  great  world  citizen.    *    *    * 

In  the  realm  of  letters  Spain  is  and  always  has  been  and  always  will  be  sovereign. 
Alike  in  wise  sayings,  in  witty  quips,  in  works  of  description,  and  in  the  fiction  of 
imagination,  her  literature  is  preeminent.  A  great  majority  of  the  proverbs  in  com- 
mon use  in  all  lands  had  their  origin  amongst  the  people  of  Don  Quixote  and  Sancho 
Panza.  The  crystalized  wisdom  of  the  Spanish  peasant  finds  quaint  expre^îsion  in 
metaphor  of  universal  aptness.  The  drama  has  ever  flourished,  and  at  times  its 
growth  ha?<  been  exuberant  as  in  the  case  of  Lope  de  Vega,  who  is  said  to  have  written 
more  than  2,000  plays.  *Poetry  is  a  natural  form  of  expression  in  that  land;  but  it  is 
in  the  romance  and  the  novel  that  the  preeminence  of  the  Spaniard  is  conceded  by 
everyone.  No  greater  romance  and  none  of  more  eternal  freshness  and  interest  waa 
ever  written  than  4he  "Ingenioso  Hidalgo,  Don  Quixote  de  La  Mancha."  As  all 
men  in  all  ages  acclaim  Shakespeare  as  the  greatest  writer  of  plays,  so  »11  men  of  all 
nations  give  to  Cervantes  the  primacy  amongst  novelists. 

From  his  day  to  ours  Spain  has  had  myriads  of  writers.  lier  literary  firmament  is 
as  thickly  spangled  with  stars  as  i«  the  Milky  Way,  while  many  names  shine  out  with 
steady,  never-diminishing  light,  like  great  planets  or  like  blazing  suns. 

In  your  person,  sir,  we  see  the  modem  glory  of  Spanish  literature  effulgent.  You 
have  written  much  and  your  readers  are  numbered  by  millions  and  are  found  in  all 
lands.  Your  Four  Horsemen  have  already  galloped  around  the  globe.  More  than 
200  editions  of  that  one  novel  have  been  printed.  Your  works  show  the  highest  liter- 
ary genius.     You  have  the  power  not  only  of  vividly  describing  things  but  of  inter- 

172873— 20— Bull.  5 4 


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LL.  P. 

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GEORGE   WASHINGTON   UNIVERSITY   HONORS  IBAÑEZ.  529 

preting  their  inner  significance.  Thoroughly  realistic,  there  is  in  all  that  you  have 
written  a  full  tide  of  human  sentiment.  There  is  a  strength  and  a  vigor  in  the  char- 
acters that  you  have  created  that  suggest  the  statues  of  Rodin.  Upon  the  pages  of 
the  printed  book  you,  a  Spanish  writer,  have  drawn  pictures  that  have  all  the  vital 
energy  and  all  the  passionate  realism  that  distinguish  the  paintings  of  your  great  com. 
patriots,  Sorolla  and  Zuloaga.  Critics  were  not  uttering  empty  compliments  when 
they  said  of  you:  *'Zola  was  not  more  realistic;  Victor  Hugo  was  not  more  brilliant." 
We  North  Americans  do  not  challenge  the  statement  of  one  of  our  own  greatest  nov- 
elists, William  Dean  Howells,  who  has  said  of  one  of  your  novels  that  it  is  "one  of  the 
fullest  and  richest  in  modern  fiction,  worthy  to  rank  with  the  greatest  Russian  work 
and  beyond  anything  yet  done  in  English,  and  in  its  climax  as  logically  and  ruth- 
lessly tragical  as  anything  that  the  Spanish  spirit  has  yet  imagined."  We  accept 
the  verdict  of  those  who  have  pronounced  you  the  foremost  of  living  novelists  and 
who  have  declared  that  your  works  have  a  permanent  place  in  the  world's  litera- 
ture.   ♦    ♦    * 

•  The  following  paragraphs   embody   the  salient  features   of  Dr. 
Ibáñez's  tribute  to  Don  Quixote: 

The  chivalrous  spirit  of  the  íkíiddle  Ages  produced  two  parallel  literatures  equally 
rich  in  prodigious  adventures,  heroic  deeds,  and  unheard-of  feats  of  arms.  Northern 
Christianity  produced  heroic  romances  and  legends,  the  heroes  of  the  Round  Table 
and  other  celebrated  characters.  The  followers  of  Mahomet,  Semitic  warriors,  who 
were  at  the  same  time  soldiers  and  poets,  created  the  inimitable  stories  which  we 
know  to-day  under  the  title  of  "The  Arabian  Nights." 

It  was  in  Spain,  battleground  of  Christians  and  Moors  for  seven  centuries,  where 
these  two  great  literary  currents  met  and  mingled,  and  the  result  of  this  mingling  was 
the  romance  of  chivalr>' — the  Amadis  de  Gaula  and  all  its  innumerable  imitations, 
books,  these,  which  idealized  the  heroic  efforts  and  the  fantastic  illusions  of  the  fighters, 
and  became  the  Bible,  as  it  were,  of  the  conquerors  and  navigators  who  in  the  short 
span  of  a  century  discovered  and  colonized  practically  the  entire  domain  of  the  two 
continents  of  America. 

The  abuse  of  this  supernatural  literature  was  the  cause  of  the  most  extravagant  and 
wild  inventions,  and,  consequently,  a  reaction  set  in.  This  reaction  produced  the  first 
and  greatest  of  modem  novels,  the  immortal  Don  Quixote. 

Don  Quixote  is  in  a  class  by  itself.  Don  Quixote  lives  and  will  continue  to  live 
throughout  the  ages,  as  long  as  the  world  has  readers.  Don  Quixote  does  not  need 
the  approval  and  recommendation  of  the  centuries  to  be  liked  and  admired.  Give 
it  to  an  unlettered  reader  without  telling  him  the  name  of  the  author  or  the  history  of 
the  book  and  ho  will  laugh  and  be  touched  to  the  quick  from  the  very  first  chapters. 
Don  Quixote  has  been  until  now  the  first  among  the  novels,  and  centuries  will  roll  by 
before  it  will  drop  to  second  place.  All  the  literatures  of  the  world  are  shot  through 
with  its  spirit.  All  the  most  famous  characters  of  fiction,  no  matter  where  they  may 
have  been  bom,  are  the  sons,  grandchildren,  or,  at  least,  the  nephews  of  the  heroic 
hidalgo  created  by  Cervantes.  Dickens's  Pick\iick,  Daudet's  Tartarin,  and  many 
other  immortal  characters  would  not  exist  to-day  if  Cervantes  had  failed  to  create, 
three  centuries  ago,  his  Manchegan  Knight. 

Such  greatness  is  easily  accounted  for.  Don  Quixote  is  not  a  book;  it  is  something 
more  than  a  famous  book;  it  lies  beyond  what  we  commonly  call  literature;  it  is  sim- 
ply life  made  eternal  in  printed  words,  in  the  same  manner  that  Las  Meninas  of 
Velazquez  is  not  merely  a  painting,  but  more  than  that,  life  in  color  and  lines;  and  in 
the  same  way  that  the  Ninth  Symphony  of  Beethoven  is  not  music,  but  the  supreme 
conception  of  humanity  expressed  in  sounds  and  harmony. 

The  great  secret  of  genius  is  the  power  of  synthesis  and  condensation,  the  faculty 
of  producing  a  work  which  may  be  the  perfect  symbol  and  expression  of  a  phase  of 


GEORGE   WASHINGTON   UNIVERSITY   HONORS   IBANEZ.  531 

life  or  of  the  whole  of  life.  In  this  respect  Cervantes  stands  above  all  other  literary 
geniuses.  His  book  is  simply  the  synthesis  of  the  whole  of  life.  lie  created  Don 
Quixote,  he  created  Sancho  Panza.  After  this  we  may  say  "There  is  nothing  left  to 
be  done." 

Whoever  we  may  be,  we  shall  find  no  room  outside  of  these  two  classifications — 
either  we  are  Don  Quixote  or  we  are  Sancho;  and  if  we  are  not  strictly  one  or  the  other 
it  is  because  we  are  both  of  them  at  the  same  time,  acting  in  our  eternally  irregular 
and  illogical  life,  now  with  altruism  and  idealism,  now  with  selfishness  and  vulgar 
aims. 

Moreover,  I  do  not  know  any  other  book  which  better  symbolizes  the  superiority 
of  the  idealist  and  the  dreamer  over  the  jeering  and  materialistic  common  herd, 
despite  the  fact  that  Cervantes  seems  at  times  to  laugh  at  the  misfortunes  and  dis- 
appointments of  his  hero. 

Sancho,  practical  and  materialistic,  who,  as  such,  represents  the  immense  majority 
of  humanity,  appears  nevertheless  as  the  servant  and  squire  of  the  madman,  of  the 
dreamer  who  goes  ahead  and  shows  the  way.  Sancho,  the  representative  of  hard- 
headed  humanity,  the  enemy  of  fancy  and  its  creations,  rides  comfortably  upon 
soft  blankets,  his  saddlebags  full  of  provisions.    But,  look  you,  he  rides  upon  a  donkey. 

Don  Quixote's  horse  is  not  a  thing  of  beauty.  The  scarcity  of  fodder  has  brought 
out  in  sharp  relief  every  bone  under  his  skin,  but  when  he  stands  at  dusk  against 
the  setting  sun  his  noble  spareness  gives  him  the  appearance  of  a  famished  Pegasus; 
despite  his  anemia,  he  finds  sufficient  strength  to  gallop  against  the  evil  magicians 
who  turn  into  windmills. 

I  have  not  found  in  any  of  the  great  literary  masteq^ieces  anything  so  profoundly 
human  as  the  ending  of  this  book. 

Don  Quixote  is  ill.  Don  Quixote  is  about  to  die.  And  in  this  supreme  moment  he 
has  the  same  experience  of  all  the  dreamers  and  all  the  militant  poets  who  just  before 
their  death  see  the  edifice  of  the  dreams  which  had  guided  their  existence  topple 
down,  and  who  suffer  the  torment  of  watching  how  vulgar  reality  strangles  the  imagin- 
ary world  in  which  they  have  lived  until  then. 

Don  Quixote  realizes  before  his  death  that  he  is  not  Don  Quixote,  but  the  humble 
liidalgo  Alonso  Quijano,  nicknamed  ''the  good."  And  at  the  precise  moment  when 
he  becomes  sadly  sane,  all  the  reasonable  and  vulgar  people  who  had  laughed  at  him 
lose  their  head.  Sancho,  who  had  so  frequently  made  him  the  target  of  his  veiled 
mockery  and  jeers,  now  comes  and  exclaims  with  conviction:  *' Don't  leave  us,  Don 
Quixote.    Let  us  go  out  again  in  search  of  adventure." 

When  the  master  begins  to  feel  sane,  just  before  his  death,  his  squire,  formerly  so 
skeptical,  inherits  his  madness. 

Such  is  life.  The  vulgar,  the  overwhelming  majority  of  the  safe  and  sane,  are 
unwittingly  the  servants  of  the  minority  of  dreamers  and  madmen  who  walk  over  the 
ideal  spaces  in  search  of  new  inventions  and  new  conceptions  to  make  our  world 
better.  The  immense  mass  of  Sanchos  laughs  at  its  masters,  considering  their  adven- 
tures and  dreams  highly  amusing,  but  when  the  dreamer  is  assailed  on  his  deathbed 
by  doubts,  and  wonders  whether,  after  all,  his  life's  illusions  were  not  futile,  then 
skeptical  humanity  appropriates  these  illusions,  takes  possession  of  them  as  its  very 
own  and  never  budges  an  inch  until  it  has  brought  about  their  realization. 

Don  Quixote  is  everywhere.  He  represents  the  greatest  human  virtues — disin- 
terestedness, the  protection  of  the  weak,  the  suppression  of  selfishness,  and  self- 
sacrifice.  If  humanity  had  not  produced  the  type  of  Don  Quixote  it  would  not 
deserve  to  exist  and  its  continued  life  upon  the  planet  would  not  be  justified. 

The  spirit  of  Don  Quixote  appears  where  we  least  expect  it.  It  is  not  the  special 
patrimony  of  any  nation.  Spain  brought  it  into  being,  but  it  belongs  to  the  world. 
Wherever  there  is  an  exact  conception  of  justice  and  right,  wherever  oppre.-wion  and 
violence  are  hateful,  there  the  spirit  of  Don  Quixote  is  at  home.    *    *    * 


THE  FIRST  AERIAL  DERBY 
AROUND  THE  WORLD       .'. 


NOWADAYS   almost  all  the  romance  has  gone  from  ocean 
travel.     Crossing  the  Atlantic  is  safer  than  crossing  some 
of  our  crowded  city  streets,  and  the  r^istless  spell  of  the 
rocking  sails  of  barques  in  port  from  long  voyages,  drenched 
with  the  deep  sea  scents  of  rope  and  tar  and  the  clean  salt  winds,  and 
wood  soaked  with  blue  salt  water,  which  once  led  boys  to  leave  home 
and  run  away  to  sea,  has  gone  down  into  the  romantic  past  with  the 
coming  of  modern  liners  like  the  Leviathan,  of  some  54,000  tons, 
more  than  a  sixth  of  a  mile  long,  which  cross  the  Atlantic  easily  in 
five  days,  and  furnish  the  tennis  courts,  swinmiing  pools,  and  palm 
gardens  of  a  good  summer  hotel. 

Romance  and  creature  comfort  or  absolute  and  uneventful  safetv 
can  not  go  hand  in  hand.  Romance  and  adventure  must  always  call 
the  souls  of  those  restless  ones  who  have  the  spark  within  them,  and 
just  now  when  there  seems  to  be  nothing  left  to  do  in  the  way  of 
faring  forth  on  a  high  emprise,  since  the  currents  of  the  ocean  are 
charted  and  the  sea  lanes  well  defined,  the  North  Pole  and  the  South 
Pole  discovered,  and  the  World  War  ended,  suddenly  comes  the  first 
aerial  Derby  around  the  world.  It  has  a  sporting  sound — **The  first 
aerial  Derby  around  the  world.'' 

A  commission,  consisting  of  Commodore  Louis  D.  Beaiunont, 
president;  Maj.  Charles  J.  Glidden,  F.  R.  G.  S.,  secretary;  and  Mr. 
Benjamin  Hillman,  of  New  York,  treasurer,  appointed  by  the  Aero 
Club  of  America  and  the  Aerial  League  of  America,  is  now  making 
a  trip  around  the  world  mapping  out  routes  and  arranging  for  the 
preparation  of  aero  stations  and  landing  fields,  going  over  the  ground 
previous  to  the  Derby.  At  the  date  that  the  information  in  this 
article  was  compiled  the  commission  had  reached  Hongkong  on  their 
journey,  and  had  made  the  general  outline  of  their  plan  for  the  Derby 
as  follows: 

The  first  aerial  Derbv  around  the  world  will  be  in  the  nature  of  a 
touring  contest  in  which  any  person  may  participate. 

Contestants  may  use  both  aeroplanes  and  dirigibles  for  air  travel, 
and  are  permitted  to  use  ships,  railways,  automobiles,  and  other 
means  of  transportation  to  make  connections  between  countries; 
but  the  fastest  air  mileage  wins  the  master  prizes. 

The  period  of  time  allotted  for  the  journey  will  be  six  months,  and 
the  zone  of  travel  will  be  between  60°  north  latitude  and  15^  south 
latitude;  and  contestants  living  outside  the  zone  may  fly  by  an}" 
532 


THE   FIRST   AERIAL   DERBY  AROUND  THE   WORLD.  533 

route  into  the  zone  and  continue  on  their  journey  within  the  pre- 
scribed limits.  A  contestant  may  consume  the  entire  time  allotted 
for  making  the  trip  and  fly  or  engage  passage  for  flight  under  condi- 
tions agreeable  to  aerial  travei:  that  is,  he  may  fly  from  one  point  to 
another  on  one  day,  continuing  at  his  pleasure  on  to  the  next  point» 
his  time  being  officially  taken  by  referees  at  points  of  starting  and 
stopping. 

The  contestants  will  be  under  the  absolute  control  and  direction  of 
the  referees  appointed,  who  must  be  citizens  (native  preferred)  of  the 
country  in  which  the  contestant  is  traveling. 

It  will  not  be  necessary  for  the  contestant  to  own  an  aeroplane, 
flying  boat,  or  dirigible,  as  he  is  privileged  to  engage  passage  in  any 
aircraft  available:  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  commission  may  be  able 
to  arrange  aerial  transportation  across  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
Oceans  where])y  several  contestants  may  go  together. 

The  object  of  the  commission  is  to  create  a  world-wide  interest  in 
aeronautics  and  air  travel,  the  building  of  safe  landing  fields  and  air 
ports,  the  establishing  of  controls,  and  the  appointment  of  referees 
to  check  contestants  in  and  out,  and  to  collect  data  to  bring  about 
the  establishment  of  permanent  aerial  lines  throughout  the  world. 

The  commission  asks  all  commercial  bodies  to  cooperate  with  the 
aero  associations  of  their  city,  State,  and  country  to  make  an  entry 
in  the  first  aerial  Derby  around  the  world,  and  push  forward  tho 
development  of  aviation  in  order  that  lines  may  be  speedily  estab- 
lished to  all  parts  of  the  world. 

The  time  for  the  contest  was  fixed  between  July  4,  1920,  and  Jan- 
uary 3,  1921.  The  motto  of  the  commission  is:  *'A11  things  are  pos- 
sible; nothing  i^  impossible." 

The  commission  left  New  York  October  10,  1919,  and  reached  San 
Francisco  on  October  31,  after  having  traveled  7,300  miles,  visithig 
many  important  cities.  En  route  the  rules  and  regulations  were 
formulated  and  the  time  fixed  for  the  contest.  After  completing 
its  work  in  the  United  States  the  commission  proceeded  on  its  journey 
around  the  world,  sailing  from  San  Francisco  November  3,  1919,  and 
arriving  at  Yokohama  on  November  17.  The  commission  was  met 
by  20  of  the  leading  newspaper  men  of  Japan,  who  were  very  much 
interested  in  the  Derby,  and  two  days  later  were  presented  to  the 
American  ambassador,  Hon.  Roland  wS.  Morris,  by  Mr.  K.  W.  Frazar, 
special  commissioner  for  Japan  and  Corea,  and  to  110  of  the  leading 
men  of  the  country.  The  commission  was  also  presented  to  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Imperial  Aero  Society  of  Japan,  which  society  represents 
Japan  in  the  Federation  Aéronautique  International.  As  a  result 
of  the  conference,  wherein  the  rules,  regulations  and  propaganda 
translated  into  Japanese  were  distributed,  the  members  of  this 
society  expressed  themselves  strongly  in  favor  of  the  Derby,  and 
formed  a  committee  of  prominent  members  to  act  as  escort  and 


534  THE   PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

present  the  commission  to  various  persons  and  organizations  with' 
whom  it  might  be  necessary  to  confer.  Before  completing  its  work 
in  Japan  the  members  of  the  commission  were  honored  by  being 
elected  honorary  members  of  the  Imperial  Aero  Society,  and  were 
presented  with  beautiful  emblems  of  the  association. 

Among  the  many  officials  who  expressed  unusual  interest  in  the 
Derby  were  the  following:  The  premier  of  Japan;  the  minister  of 
home  affairs;  the  minister  of  foreign  affairs;  the  minister  of  com- 
munications; the  ministers  of  the  army  and  the  navy;  the  former 
premier;  His  Majesty^s  privy  councelor;  and  the  American  ambas- 
sador. Some  very  strong  and  encouraging  indorsements  of  the  com- 
mission's work  were  received  from  these  and  other  distinguished  per- 
sons: Marquis  Okuma,  formerly  premier  of  the  Empire,  president 
of  the  Aero  Society  of  Japan,  saying:  ^'The  success  of  your  mission 
will  make  for  perpetual  peace  to  the  world."  Viscount  Kaneo,  His 
Majesty's  privy  councelor  said:  *^The  commission  is  sowing  the 
seed  of  international  friendship  upon  the  entire  world,  and  you  are 
doing  a  noble,  wonderful,  magnanimous  work."  The  chief  of  the 
Japanese  air  service  said:  *' Commodore  Perry  opened  the  door  of 
Japan  to  the  world;  Commodore  Beaumont  has  opened  the  door  of 
Japan  for  aviation." 

After  leaving  Tokyo  the  commission  divided,  crossing  Japan  in 
search  of  suitable  routes  and  landing  fields,  arriving  in  Seoul,  Chosen, 
December  13.  The  governor  general  offered  every  facihty  to  the  com- 
mission to  study  conditions  in  order  to  map  out  routes,  and  though 
Chosen  has  no  air  forces  all  the  officials  showed  much  interest  in  the 
project.  While  there  the  commission  met  an  Italian  ace,  who  said 
that  he  would  probably  make  an  entry  in  the  con  tes  t?,  and  he  thought 
that  Italy  might  enter  as  many  as  25  contestants. 

The  commission  left  Seoul  on  December  15  en  route  to  Mukden  to 
study  the  situation  in  China.  At  that  time  there  was  no  aero  club 
in  China,  but  before  the  commission  left  the  country  four  clubs  had 
been  formed,  the  parent  club  at  Peking  being  known  as  the  Aero 
Club  of  China,  and  the  Aero  clubs  of  Shanghai,  Canton,  and  Hong- 
kong. 

On  December  18,  the  commission  amved  at  Peking.  China  Is 
making  rapid  strides  in  aviation,  though  only  the  Government  is 
taking  it  up,  but  they  have  been  very  active;  have  some  aviators 
trained  by  the  French  and  have  made  contracts  for  planes  for  all 
purposes.  China  by  the  close  of  1920  will  have  several  hundred  planes 
in  the  air  and  be  one  of  the  leaders  of  aviation  in  the  East.  At 
present  all  maus  from  Peking  take  three  days  time  in  making  steamer 
connections  at  Shanghai,  some  750  miles  south  of  the  capital,  which 
distance  could  be  easuy  covered  by  air  service  in  seven  hours. 

The  commission  in  its  Peking  visit  secured  at  least  10  entries  in 
the  Derby.     Dr.  John  C.  Ferguson,  adviser  to  the  President  of  China, 


THE  FIRST  AERIAL  DERBY  AROUND  THE   WORLD.  535 

has  accepted  the  position  tendered  to  him  by  the  Derby  commission 
as  special  commissioner  for  China.  He  is  the  one  with  whom  to  com- 
municate immediately  upon  the  contestant's  arrival  on  Chinese  soil 
or  in  Chinese  waters.  His  territory  covers  all  China,  which  includes 
Manchuria  and  Mongolia;  and  he  will  be  glad  to  answer  questions 
relative  to  the  climatic  conditions  of  Siberia  pending  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  commissioner  of  that  country. 

It  is  the  intention  of  the  director  of  aviation  and  the  managing 
director  of  the  Kin  Han  and  Peking  Suiyan  Railways  to  establish 
air  stations  at  points  on  the  railroad  to  carry  passengers,  mail,  and 
merchandise  farther  into  the  interior  of  China.  Thus  the  remote 
distances  now  taking  30  days  to  cover  by  sedan  chair  and  donkey 
will  be  covered  in  seven  or  eight  hours.  Chinese  Turkestan,  Thibet, 
Mongolia,  and  Manchuria  will  be  brought  by  air  service  within  one 
or  two  days  of  the  capital.  One  publisher  said  that  it  t^ok  four 
months  to  reach  some  of  his  subscribers  in  tiie  winter  time  and  three 
weeks  under  the  most  favorable  conditions,  so  that  he  beUeved  that 
China  witJi  its  limited  railway  facilities  is  the  best  country  in  the 
world  for  immediate  aeronautical  development.  The  construction 
of  large  dirigible  aircraft  capable  of  carrying  useful  loads  of  400,000 
pounds  is  now  in  progress,  and  such  aircraft  would  be  well  suited 
for  use  in  China.  There  are  smaller  dirigibles  under  construction, 
one  of  them  known  as  the  **Pony  Dirigible,'^  which  will  carry  3  per- 
sons 500  miles  at  a  speed  of  50  miles  an  hour  and  can  be  operated  by 
anyone  who  can  drive  an  automobile. 

The  commission  arrived  at  Shanghai  December  30,  coming  via 
Hankow  and  Nanking.  The  diplomatic  corps  at  Shanghai  were  much 
interested  and  gave  assurances  that  their  countries  would  be  well 
represented. 

The  commission  completed  its  work  in  China,  except  that  planned 
for  the  city  of  Cahton,  and  traveled  from  Shanghai,  1,235  miles,  to 
ManUa;  628  miles  from  Manila  to  Hongkong;  then  three  hours  by 
train  from  Hongkong  to  Canton. 

The  Aero  Club  of  the  Philippines  is  composed  of  600  members, 
some  of  the  most  influential  and  prosperous  men  of  the  islands,  who 
take  a  very  active  interest  in  aviation.  The  director  of  posts  and 
telegraphs  of  the  Philippines  has  plans  for  a  general  aviation  service 
to  many  remote  parts  of  the  islands,  reducing  the  time  of  travel  for 
mail,  merchandise,  and  passengers  from  days  to  hours. 

While  in  Manila  the  commission  learned  from  a  commissioner  of 
the  Commonwealth  of  Australia,  then  visiting  the  islands,  that 
Australia,  including  Tasmania  and  New  Zealand,  will  be  represented 
in  the  Derbv.  The  Austrahan  commissioner  was  most  enthusiastic 
about  what  aviation  would  do  for  his  countrv. 

Two  of  the  Filipinos  now  being  trained  as  Government  aviators 
are  to  be  entered  in  the  Derby,  and  possibly  ethers,  whose  expenses 


536  THE   PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

will  be  borne  by  wealthy  Filipinos,  who  have  shown  great  interest 
in  aviation.  The  Philippines  oiler  an  unrivaled  opportunity  for  air 
service,  as  there  are  3,000  islands  separated  by  open  water,  and 
many  of  them  with  no  means  of  communication  with  the  centers  of 
population.  From  the  government  point  of  view  administration  is 
difficult  in  the  remote  islands,  to  which  communication  by  sea  is 
frequently  interrupted  by  many  weeks  of  rough  weather.  The  Phi- 
lippines are  undergoing  a  wonderfid  development  commercially  and 
socially,  and  the  air  service  is  destined  to  bring  the  people  of  the 
different  islands  into  close  touch  and  understanding. 

Just  before  leaving  Manila  the  commission  was  called  upon  by  a 
gentleman  representing  large  interests  in  South  Africa,  who  had 
l)een  requested  to  meet  these  gentlemen  to  explain  South  Africa's 
interest  in  aeronautics  and  seek  some  recognition  of  it  in  the  Derby. 
Correspondence  was  opened  with  the  Union  of  South  Africa  regard- 
ing the  matter,  and  more  detail  will  be  on  hand  by  the  time  that 
the  commission  reaches  Paris. 

The  trip  of  the  commission  beyond  Hongkong  will  probably  in- 
clude Saigon;  Singapore;  steamer  to  Dutch  East  Indies  to  points  in 
Java,  Celebes,  Borneo,  Sumatra  and  return  to  Singapore;  then  by 
steamer  to  Bangkok,  Penang,  Colombo,  Ceylon;  train  to  north  of 
Ceylon;  25  miles  across  to  India:  then  entrain  for  Madras,  Mysore, 
Bangolore,  Hyderabad  (side  trip  of  10  days  to  Rangoon  and  return, 
also  to  Dorjeeling),  Gwanpore,  Lucknow,  Delhi,  and  various  stops 
to  Bombay  ;  thence  by  steamers  to  Karachi  and  to  Bagdad  ;  Caravan 
to  a  Mediterranean  port  for  Jerusalem,  Cairo,  Athens,  and  Naples. 

The  commission  arrived  at  Hongkong  on  January  24,  w^here  it 
took  up  the  (¡uestion  of  air  service  with  the  officials  and  with  the 
Portuguese  colony  on  the  island  of  Macao.  The  time  between  th(»se 
two  places  now^  is  about  four  hours  by  steamer  and  could  be  made  in 
30  minutes  by  air;  and  the  steamers  between  Macao  and  Canton  take 
about  12  hours  where  tlie  distance  could  be  covered  in  70  minutes  by 
air.  The  Far  East  Aviation  Co.,  a  new  concern,  is  starting  air  service 
to  the  following  points: 


Present  time  transportation. 


Estimated  air  tinie. 


Macao  to  Hongkong 30  miles;  boat,  4  hours i  30  minutes. 

Hongkong  to  Canton I  K.j  miles;  rail,  4  hours 60  minuter. 

Hongkong  to  Shanghai Hltt  miles  2i  da>'s '■  H  hours. 


Shanghai  to  Manila. 


1,200  miles,  3  days 1  12  hours. 


Many  important  cities  are  on  these  routes,  and  the  flying  boat  will 
be  used  exclusively,  though  there  are  good  landing  fields  at  Shanghai. 

From  the  governor  it  was  learned  that  the  mail  regularly  took  35 
days'  time  from  London  to  Hongkong,  and  it  is  beheved  that  this 
time  can  be  reduced  by  airship  to  not  over  six  days,  and  it  is  thought 


THE   FIRST  AERIAL  DERBY   AROUND  THE   WORLD.  537 

that  passengers  can  be  carried  from  London  to  Hongkong  for  $750 
to  $1,000  and  mail  for  from  6  to  9  cents  an  ounce. 

The  commission  arrived  at  Canton  February  15,  and  during  their 
stay  the  Aero  Club  of  Canton  was  founded.  The  minister  of  foreign 
affairs  and  former  minister  to  the  United  States,  Wu  Ting  Fang, 
now  79  years  old,  received  the  commission  at  his  home  and  discussed 
the  Derby,  saying  that  he  wished  to  be  booked  for  a  flight  to  Wash- 
ington to  renew  his  friendships  in  the  diplomatic  corps. 

In  order  that  contestants  in  the  first  aerial  Derby  around  the  world 
may  be  well  cared  for  and  have  all  the  best  advice  and  assistance 
possible  in  the  preparation  of  routes  and  precautions  to  be  taken  at 
seasons  causing  unusual  and   untoward  climatic  conditions,  com- 
missioners for  the  Derby  have  been  chosen  in  each  country,  making 
60  so  far.     These  commissioners  as  well  as  the  navigation  companies 
and  government  meteorological  bureaus  all  stand  ready  to  furnish  all 
the  help  possible  regarding  climatic  conditions  to  the  intrepid  naviga- 
tors of  the  still  uncharted  air  currents.     Capt.  Hailey,  of  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Steamship  Line,  says   that  crossing  the  Pacific  is  the  next 
great   feat   to   be   attempted  by  flying  men.     They  will   take  the 
shortest  possible  course,  provided  that  such  a  course  coincides  with 
the  best  possible  weather  conditions.     Vessels  plying  between  Vic- 
toria and  Yokohama  take  what  is  known  as  the  composite  great  , 
circle  route  between  the  straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca  and  Yokohama. 
This  route  lies  from  Victoria  west  a  little  north  toward  Unalaska  in 
the  Aleutian  Islands,  curving  a  trifle  and  passing  within  sight  of  the 
center  of  the  group,  from  there  west,  turning  southerly  in  what 
appears  on  a  Mercator's  chart  as  the  arc  of  a  great  circle.     This 
route  is  4,200  nautical  miles.     The  shortest  possible  route  would  be 
somewhat  similar  to  the  great  circle  route  passing  north  of  the  center 
of  the  group  and  through  the  Unimak  Pass  at  Unalaska.     Pre- 
suming that  the  aviator  flies  from  Victoria  to  Sitka  and  thence 
westerly  to  Unimak  Pass  in  the  Aleutian  group,  following  the  shortest 
possible  route  to  Yokohama,  he  would  travel  only  some  3,500  to 
3,700  nautical  miles.     The  great  circle  route  would  appear  to  be  the 
best. 

Fogs  vary  as  to  height,  sometimes  only  obscuring  the  hull  of  a 
vessel,  and  sometimes  in  the  form  of  a  cloud  bank  they  extend  ap- 
parently several  thousand  feet  in  the  air;  but  there  is  no  data  on 
the  subject,  and  one  can  not  say  what  conditions  exist  20,000  feet 
above  the  steamer  route  from  Victoria  to  Yokohama.  During  De- 
cember and  February  the  fogs  are  not  so  frequent,  and  this  period 
should  be  one  of  fairly  good  visibihty  from  the  air  man's  point  of  view. 
Gales  are  stated  as  coming  broadly  from  two  main  sources  and 
operating  in  different  directions.  A  strong  southeasterly  wind  comes 
from  the  southern  end  of  Japan  up  across  the  Pacific  toward  the 
Aleutian  Islands;  the  second  class  of  hurricane  is  said  to  blow  from 


538  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

off  the  South   American  coast  up  in   a  northwesteriy   dh-ection. 
Cyclones  are  experienced  near  the  coast  of  Japan. 

The  only  land  that  can  be  made  to  coincide  with  a  short  aerial  route 
across  the  Pacific  is  the  Aleutian  Islands. 

The  use  of  directional  wireless  for  aerial  navigation  has  been  in 
operation  for  the  last  two  years  of  the  war  in  the  air.  By  this  means 
the  /?.-54  kept  a  strict  watch  on  its  course  in  the  trans-Atlantic 
flight.  By  this  means  the  operator  can  get  the  bearings  of  various 
known  sending  stations  in  relation  to  the  aircraft,  it  being  then  a 
matter  of  simple  plotting.  The  operator  on  a  trans-Pacific  aircraft 
will  have  to  take  *'back  bearings'^  from  the  Canadian  and  American 
coast  line,  until  within  receiving  radius  of  the  stations  on  the  Japanese 
coast.  Outside  these  land  stations  the  operator  will  have  to  try  to 
get  in  touch  with  such  ocean  vessels  as  may  be  in  transit.  Capt. 
Haily  also  said  that  contestants  in  the  Derby  would  have  the  benefit 
of  the  Canadian-Pacifiers  ships'  wireless,  and  that  special  watches 
would  be  assigned  to  look  out  for  them;  and  that  fogs  along  the 
islands  were  no  worse  than  in  the  Atlantic,  and  were  intermittent. 

One  of  the  routes  selected  is  the  following: 

Route  1,  section  A:  Seattle  to  Semichi  Island,  nautical  miles  2,726; 
statute  miles,  3,097.  Along  this  route  there  are  16  stops,  most  of 
which  are  on  fox  farms  or  whale-oil  stations,  where  fuel  stations  can 
be  established. 

Route  1,  section  B,  is  from  Semichi  Island  to  points  in  Russia, 
then  to  Japan;  and  the  landing  facilities  from  Semichi  Island  to 
Yokohama  are  similar  to  those  from  Seattle  to  Semichi.     Dense  fogs . 
(depth  imknown)  prevail  on  both  sections  of  the  rout^. 

Contestants  should  communicate  with  the  Canadian-Pacific  line 
steamers  as  well  as  the  Standard  Oil  Co.  at  San  Francisco  relative  to 
fuel,  and  with  Mr.  E.  W.  Frazar,  commissioner  for  Japan  and  Korea, 
regarding  the  fuel  and  landing  places  from  Semichi  to  Yokohama  and 
the  right  to  land  on  the  Kamchatka  coast  under  the  Government  of 
Russia.  The  Fishing  Corporation  of  Yokohama,  through  its  organizer, 
Mr.  Tzutsumi,  has  offered  all  possible  assistance  in  conducting  the 
Derby  and  providing  for  contestants  flying  in  either  direction  from 
the  Kamchatka  River  to  Yokohama,  1,984  miles  away.  They 
operate  a  large  fleet  of  boats  in  that  stretch  of  ocean,  and  will  be  on 
the  outlook  and  will  convey  supplies  promptly  to  stations  en  route. 
Along  the  Kamchatka  and  Japanese  coasts  the  situation  is  about 
the  same  as  on  the  first  section  of  the  route,  there  being  islands  about 
150  miles  apart. 

It  is  quite  probable  that  the  Japanese  naval  authorities  will  have 
some  of  their  ships  cruising  in  the  North  Pacific  waters,  while  the 
United  States  will  make  the  same  provisions  in  American  waters 
during  the  flight.     Shanghai  is  on  the  tentative  route,  and  Father 


THE  FIRST  AERIAL  DERBY  AROUND  THE   WORLD.  539 

Free,  of  the  Siccawei  Observatory,  gave  the  following  points  of  me- 
teorological phenomena. 

As  the  basis  of  a  typhoon  is  cold  air  rushing  into  a  depression 
caused  by  intense  heat,  the  theory  is  advanced  that  the  heat  would 
reach  a  temperature  in  a  mile  or  two  above  the  earth  that  would 
destroy  the  typhoon  effect,  and  make  flying  above  that  elevation  safe 
over  a  typhoon  or  tornado  on  the  land.  T3rphoons  generally  form 
between  the  Philippines  and  the  Caroline  and  Muriana  Islands, 
around  latitude  10°  north  and  longitude  140°  east,  the  same  as  Yoko- 
hama, and  occasionally  in  the  South  China  Sea  about  the  same  lati- 
tude and  around  longitude  east  of  115.  The  intense  heat  causes  a 
deadly  low  depression,  perhaps  as  low  as  27  barometer  pressure,  and 
far  to  the  northwest  exists  a  cold  atmosphere  moving  with  a  pressure 
of  31.  This  cold  atmosphere  moving  to  the  east  with  the  turn  of  the 
earth,  rushes  into  the  hot  space  or  vacumn  spirally  at  a  speed  esti- 
mated at  150  miles  per  hour;  the  upper  current,  flowing  easterly  with 
a  northeast  tendency,  then  picks  up  the  vast  area  of  heated  air,  per- 
haps 20  miles  in  all  directions  except  upward  and  downward,  and 
carries  it  first  northwesterly  about  25°,  then  northeasterly  with  the 
general  flow  of  air  toward  the  Japanese  coast  and  to  the  Aleutian 
Islands,  being  filled  all  the  way  with  cold  air,  and  cooling  as  it  pro- 
gresses, becoming  equal  in  temperature  as  it  approaches  the  islands. 
In  its  movement  it  occasionally  reaches  such  Chinese  coast  cities  as 
Hongkong  and  Shanghai,  sometimes  entering  the  Gulf  of  Tonquin. 
An  airplane  might  perhaps  fly  above  the  typhoon  or  find  itself  sta- 
tionary in  a  150-mile  wind  while  apparently  maintaining  a  speed  of 
150  miles,  or,  flying  with  it  a  short  distance,  in  a  few  minutes  might 
shoot  clear  of  it. 

Weather  reports  and  time  are  sent  out  by  wireless  from  the  Sic- 
cawei Observatory  twice  daily;  and  the  United  States  Weather  Bu- 
reau at  Washington  has  been  requested  to  send  its  specially  prepared 
weather  map,  used  in  connection  with  aerial  movements  in  the 
United  States,  to  Father  Froc  at  the  vSiccawei  Observatory.  The 
Hongkong  and  Haipong  observatories  will  cooperate  to  render  all 
the  assistance  possible,  so  that  aviators  would  be  sure  of  weather 
conditions  24  hours  in  advance  of  their  flight  from  Moji,  Japan,  to 
Burma,  3,040  miles. 

Philippine  contestants  in  the  Derby  need  have  no  fear  of  atmos- 
pheric disturbances,  nor  any  contestant  flying  along  the  Chinese 
coast,  said  a  pilot  of  30  years'  experience  in  the  waters  bordering 
Asia  from  Vladivostock  to  the  Java  Sea.  A  typhoon  or  any  note- 
worthy disturbance  is  known  from  12  to  48  hoiu^  in  advance,  and 
there  are  many  landing  places  for  flying  boats  or  hydroplanes  along 
the  coast  and  among  islands,  except  on  the  west  coast  of  Formosa, 
which  has  few  suitable  places  and  whose  inhabitants,  on  that  par- 
ticular coast,  have  uncertain  dispositions. 


540  THE   PAN   AMERICAN    UNION. 

It  has  now  generally  been  conceded  that  the  depth  of  a  typhoon  is 
not  very  great,  a  calm  often  prevailing  on  the  top  of  a  peak  of  2,000 
feet.  At  Hongkong  while  one  was  raging  below  to  the  earth's  sur- 
face Maj.  J.  E.  H.  Stevenot,  of  Manila,  flew  from  that  city  to  a  point 
150  miles  down  the  coast  last  summer  above  a  typhoon  which  tied 
up  all  the  shipping  of  the  Philippines. 

The  northeast  monsoon  over  the  China  Sea  is  prevalent  from  Octo- 
ber to  about  the  middle  of  March,  but  with  the  benefit  of  the  Siccawei 
Observatory  at  Shanghai,  the  United  States  Government  Observa- 
tory at  Manila,  and  the  observatory  at  Hongkong,  the  aerial  navi- 
gator will  be  protected  and  warned;  then  to  the  west  he  will  have  the 
benefit  of  the  Hanoi  Observatory  in  the  North  of  Indo  China,  which 
is  equipped  with  aeronautical  instruments  for  testing  the  currents  of 
the  upper  air  to  5  or  6  miles.  Flying  east  of  Shanghai  he  will  be 
under  the  protection  of  the  Japanese  Government  at  Tokio.  Thus 
the  sea  is  well  covered  to  Hanoi,  w^here  the  aviator  resumes  the  over- 
land route  to  Siam  and  Burma. 

There  are  now  400  aero  clubs  of  the  world  to  join  in  the  work  of 
making  the  first  aerial  derby  a  success,  and  the  Federation  Aéro- 
nautique International  are  endeavoring  to  have  the  aero  clubs  of  each 
nation  superintend  that  portion  of  the  Derby  which  covers  their 
national  territory.  It  is  even  possible  that  the  aerial  Derby  around 
the  world  may  become  an  annual  event.  Some  49  cities  of  the  United 
States  have  promised  entries,  which  shows  how  deep  an  interest  is 
taken  in  the  matter  ])y  the  country. 

The  members  of  the  commission  to  organize  the  Derby  retired 
many  years  ago  from  active  business  and  have  no  financial  interest 
whatever  in  the  production  of  aircraft.  It  is  the  intention  of  the 
commission  to  prepare  the  necessary  data  to  make  the  affair  the 
greatest  international  sporting  event  in  history.  The  purpose  of 
the  commission  is  a  patriotic  one,  to  rouse  world-wide  interest  in 
aviation,  which  will  hasten  the  practicability  and  utility  of  air 
service;  and  a  fine  example  of  this  spirit  is  shown  in  the  fact  that 
Commodore  Beaumont  is  assuming  the  expenses  of  the  trip  of  the 
commission  around  the  world. 

Men  must  always  have  something  higher  to  strive  for,  be  it  either 
practical  invention  or  some  high  ideal.  The  first  aerial  Derby 
around  the  world  seems  to  serve  a  double  purpose,  calling  to  adven- 
turers in  the  realms  of  mechanical  inventions  to  create  aircraft  that 
will  be  safe  and  useful,  and  to  those  with  the  spirit  of  discoverers 
to  go  up  to  the  air  currents  and  learn  of  new  dangers;  invent  a  new 
language  of  airfaring  terms;  chart  the  Scylla  of  fogs  and  the  Charybdis 
of  ^^  airholes/'  and  in  the  cold  reaches  of  the  upper  air  to  plot  the 
lanes  of  future  travel.  On  the  other  hand,  in  interesting  all  nations 
of  every  race  from  the  head  hunters  of  the  jungles,  who  will  see  the 
flying  boat,  to  the  white-robed  sheik  of  the  desert,  from  the  Alaskan 


ARGENTINE  EXPORTS   IN   191Í). 


541 


fur-robed  Eskimo  to  the  people  of  Japan,  there  will  be  one  thought, 
one  common  interest,  passing  rapidly  and  visibly  overhead,  winging 
round  the  earth,  drawing  all  peoples  into  swifter  and  closer  com- 
munication, linking  the  interest  of  the  various  families  of  the  human 
race  into  one  great  circle. 

This  idea  is  one  of  particular  interest  to  the  Americas  and  to  this 
institution,  which  endeavors  to  aid  in  the  feeling  of  brotherhood  of 
the  various  American  people,  for  Pan  Americanism  is  but  a  smaller 
sort  of  world  brotherhood;  and  from  the  aerial  Derby  we  may  expect 
the  development  not  only  of  swift  material  communication,  but  also 
a  communion  of  ideals  which  benefit  the  human  race. 


ARGENTINE    EXPOKTS    IN 


1919 


0       0 


0       0 


0       0 


0      0 


0       0 


THE  following  statement  of  the  chief  Argentine  exports  for  the 
year  1919  in  comparison  with  1918,  by  quantities  and  coun- 
tries of  destination,  has  been  compiled  from  tables  published 
in  the  Review  of  the  River  Plate  for  January  9,  1920.     In 
addition  are  given  the  totals  of  the  trade  for  the  four  years,  1914  to 
1917,  representing  the  period  of  the  war: 


1918 


1919 


Wheat  (tons): 

Netherlands 

United  Kingdom 

Brazil 

Spain 

France 

Sweden  and  Norway 

Italy 

Denmark 

United  States 

On  orders 

other  coimtrics 


Total. 
1917.... 
1916.... 
191Ô.... 
1914.... 


345,  Oie 
312,075 
201,039 
160,441 
65,383 
30,  .51 4 


Maize  (tons): 

United  Kingdom 

United  States 

France 

Sweden  and  Norway. 

Netherlands 

Denmark 

Spain 

Italy 

On  orders 

Other  countries 


38,754 

1,745,697 

21,460 

2,929,419 

897,622 

2,273,20j 

2.448,724 

957,761 


180,456 
60,163 
40,478 
86,896 


10,088 

32, 043 

226, 480 

11,053 


372,779 

323,063 

290,924 

247,729 

217,928 

147,972 

137,802 

37,145 

2,520 

1,053,909 

426,488 

3.258,259 


I 

526,150 
265,642 
204,302 
167,920 
161,329 
147,139 
83,838 
39,357 
489,993 
289,051 


Total I      647,657  .  2,374,721 


1918 


Biaize  (tons)— Continued. 

1917 896,115 

1916 2,864,209 

1915 4,349,951 

1914 3. 512, 062 

Linseed  (tons): 

Umted  Slater 249,392 

Umtcd  Kingdom 55,127 

Netherlands 

France ¡         8,546 

Sweden  and  Norway 4,008  I 

Denmark 

Spain 8,766 

On  orders 64,896 

Other  countries 318 


1919 


Total 391,053 

1917 140,168 

1916 638,6,54 

1915 1,001,542 

1914 861,580 


373,039 

135,278 

74,894 

30,148 

27,078 

22,879 

1,616 

118,341 

56,999 


WO,  272 


Oats  (tons): 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Sweden  and  Norway 

Italy ■ 

Netherlands 

On  orders 397,819 

Other  coimtries 251 


77,889 

42,503 

25 

20,  (M9 


94,698 

46,493 

20,634 

8,831 

7,992 

124,716 

27,986 


Total 538, 536  I      331, 350 


542 


THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 


1918 


1919 


1918 


1919 


Oats  (tons) -Continued. 

1917 

1916 

1915 

1914 


Barley  (tons): 

United  Kingdom. 

Italy 

France 

Braiil 

Spain 

On  orders 

Other  countries.. 


k 


407 
139 


Total. 
1917.... 
1916.... 
1915.... 
1914.... 


2,257 
20 

5,823 
11,450 
53,032 
75,946 
20,533 


Flour  (tons): 

Brasil 

Sweden  and  Norway . . 

Netherlands 

Umted  Kingdom 

Denmark 

Spain 

On  orders 

Other  countries 


95, 


244 
054 
619 


26 


970 
973 


Total. 
1917.... 
1916.... 
1915.... 
1914.... 


130, 

95, 

123, 

107, 

62, 


Quebracho  l(^s  (tons): 
United  Slates 

Italy 

United  Kingdom  — 
Sweden  and  Norway 
Other  countries 


6, 
1. 


860 
232 

799 
525 

47H 


546 
100 


400 


Total. 
1917.... 
1916.... 
1915.... 
1914.... 


108, 
101, 
17K. 
276, 


Quebracho  extract  (tons): 

I'nited  States 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Italy 

Sweden  and  Norwav. 

Denmark 

Spain 

Nethorlands 

Other  countries 


5H, 
19. 
22, 
14, 
3, 


046  ' 
945  '. 
711   I. 
643  I, 
127  I 


S77 
346 
615 
069 
160 


5. 


To'al. 
1917.... 
1916.... 
1915.... 
1914.... 


124, 
100, 
120, 

111, 

SH, 


8:i9 

710 
9i)4 
010 

S13 


Butter  (tons): 

United  Kingdom  — 

France 

Italv 

Sweden  and  Nor\vav 


9,176 
2,284 
2,019 
1,884 
1,324 
12,496 
3,765 

33,148 


38,760 

6,925 

3,360 

1,687 

532 

51.264 


172,.í8X 


14, 


634  I 

5t  I 


S|>aiu 

Netherlands. 


6K 


On  orders 

Other  countries. 

Total 

1917 

1916 

1915 

1914 


127 
11 


57 
794 


14, 

9, 

4, 


.579 
419 
7;i0 
121 


Hay,  alfalfa,  and  other  (tons): 

Brazil 

Other  countries 


151,239 

40,825 

13,405 

4,651 

4,008 

3,100 

34,814 

24,227 


276,269 


.V2,065 
."H.451 
19,959 
12,H44 
11,771 
7,430 

4,.h:í2 

4.541 
20, 695 


10, 5%3 

2,6«H* 

.->K7 

39^1  I 

141 

75 


15.2.% 


1,244 


4.945 


Total. 
1917.... 
1916.... 
1915.... 
1914.... 


CaUskins  (number): 

United  States 

Spain 

Italv 

Netherlands 

United  Kingdom. 

France 

Brazil 

Other  countries... 


Total. 


Dry  oxhides  (number):  ' 

United  States 

Spain 

United  Kingdom  — 

Italv 

Netherlands 

France 

Sweden  and  Norwav 

On  orders 

Other  countries 


1,297,544 

2,360,295 

2.941,050 

1914 1  1,65<\,25S 


Total. 
1917.... 
1916.... 
1915. 


1,251 

5,H75 
14,889 
15,743 
20,563 


4.945 


29,57S 
32,731 
29,512 


5,000 


353,394 

19,720 

11 

2,830 

2,007 

1,607 


96,8?l 


38,222 
399,018 
165.704 
554,814 


58,675 

5,000 

43,499 

32,612 


1,432,723 


Salt  oxhides  (number»: 

United  States 

United  Kingdom !  1,464,471 

Sweden  and  Norwav 74, 394 

France .' 103.558 

Denmark ' 

Netherlands i 

Italv 16,767 

3.6a5 


On  orders 

Other  countries. 


Total 3,162,204 

1917 1  3, 109, 026 

1916 3, 279. 117 

1915 2,844,200 

1914 2,226,02? 


Horsehides  (number): 

United  States 

Netherlands 

United  Kingdom. 

Spain 

Other  countries.. . 


30,104 


Total . 

1917 

1916 

1915 

1914 


Sheepskins  (tons): 

France 

United  States 

Netherlands 

Italy 

Brazil 

Spain 

Sweden  and  Norway 
(>ther  countries '. . 


ii 


Total 
»  Not  previously  stated. 


10,133 


40,237 
172,269 
76,023 
83,801 
58,475 


2,?72 

3,  Í  <  4 


IKS 

159 

65 


16 


6,4 


I  é 


6,465 


:ÍH6,0»4 


314.399 
274,954 
90,219 
63.361 
61.633 
46.K26 
24,700 


111.010 


l,587.00i 


2,235,5M 

562,«24 

288,216 

77,633 

62,690 

53,104 

5,000 


102,719 


3,387.740 


481,732 

19,511 

6,009 

2,000 

22,800 

:.32,052 


9.540 

6.397 

671 

163 

129 

42 

75 

17,017 


ARGENTINE  EXPORTS  IN  1919. 


543 


Shocpskins  (tons)— Con. 

1917 

1916 

1915 

1914 


Goatskins  (tons): 
United  States.. 

Franco 

Italy 

Spain 

Other  countries. 


Total. 
1917.... 

1916 

1915 

1914.... 


1918 


14,036 
13,923 
17,907 
11,841 


573 

95 

5 

343 


1,016 
1,427 
3,298 
2,720 
1,255 


Wool  (tons): 

United  States 

Francii 

United  KinRdora  — 

Italy 

Netherlands 

Sweden  and  Norway 

Denmark 

Spain 

Other  countries 


80,313 

16,870 

2,615 

8,347 


1,450 


3.627 
2,727  I 


Total. 

1917 

1916 

1915 

1914 


Hair  (tons): 

United  States 

United  Kingdom.... 

Italy 

Sweden  and  Norway 

France 

Other  countries 


Total. 

1917 

1916 

1915.... 
1914.... 


Tallow  (tons): 

United  Kingdom  — 

Franco 

Netherlands 

Italy 

Sweden  and  Norway 

United  States '.. 

Denmark 


115,949 
134,895 
132,037 
135,656 
123,069 


-.  I 


640 

TiH 

88 


8 
196 

1,570 
2,050 
2,573 
2,684 
1,700 


16,908 
1,497 


11,931 

8,' 820' 


1919 


1,871 

197 

46 

41 

25 


2,180 


51,625 

37,802 

15,549 

8,810 

8,040 

3,319 

2,453 

1,010 

18,056 


146,604 


786 
544 
284 
127 
124 
189 

2,054 


11,758 
4,811 
3.848 
3,3?8 
1,872 
1,790 
1,241 


Tallow  (tens)— Continued. 

Spain 

BraiU I 

On  orders ,..' 

Other  countries I 


» 


1918 


4,732 
545 

1,270 
283 


1919 


..       251* 
52 
653 
••6,171 


-'pi- 


Total. 
1917. . . . 

1916 

1915. . . . 
1914 


45,995 
39,366 
20,482 
29,144 
36,360 


35,775 


Frozen  beef  (quarters): 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Italy 

Sweden  and  Norway 

Netherlands 

On  orders I      439,320 

Other  countries 1       29,219 


2,694,337  '  2,492,375 
2,248,120  ,  1,884,244 


783,678 


Total 6,194,674 

1917 4,426,726 

1916 4,811,305 

1915 3,216,747 

1914 1  1,182,476 


Chilled  beef  (quarters): 

United  KinKdom 23,553 

1917 619,912 

1916 814,889 

1915...'. 1,113,333 

1914 3,215,531 


Frozen  mutton  (carcasses): 

United  Kingdom 

France 

United  States 

On  orders 

Other  countries 


877,845 
347,535 


10,009 
2,658 


Total I  1,238,047 

1917 969,581 

1916 1,497,418 

1915 1  1,175,730 

1914 \  1,602,348 


Frozen  lamb  (carcasses): 

United  Kingdom 

United  States 

France 

unorders 


221,271 


Total. 
1917.... 
1916.... 
1915... 
1914 


7,691 
2,390 

231,358 
450,186 
a37, 196 
488,879 
734,794 


277,814 
20,887 
8,126 

280,317 
69,843 


5,033,596 


74,598 


1,120,143 

258,974 

19,636 

27,013 

79 

1,425,845 


197,584 

14,416 

5,635 

697 

218,3.32 


7 


172873— 20— Bull.  5 5 


COMMERCE  OF  UNITED 
STATES  WITH  LATIN 
AMERICA.     V     ;.      V      .'. 


The  trade  of  the  United  States  with  the  Latin  American  Republics 
for  the  year  1919  shows  an  increase  over  the  preceding  year  of 
$462,383,098,  or  25.8  per  cent. 


Importa. 

Export.. 

ToWI. 

Sl,3IS,m3,305 

WÏ4, 754,9» 
885,938, 2ÏB  , 

2..,5«,«J 

'-■"SI 

. 

_  ._ 

_ 

Compared  with  1913,  the  year  before  the  war,  the  trade  for  1919 
was  over  three  times  as  large. 


The  figures  show  values  alone.  Due  to  the  increase  in  prices  the 
volume  of  the  trade  by  quantities  has  not  increased  to  anything  like 
the  same  extent. 


Imp«U,l)19. 

Exports,  1919. 

Tulsl.lS19. 

"S:S;S 
',:•& 
Í.SJS 

7,ÏB5,0'iB 
41H,810,!ft3 
12.  i9ly,3ITi 
B,705,H7 

1131, 451,901  , 

2Î;^;gr 

Î7S,3BI,23Ï  1 
IS.  740,756  i 
ie,3ï7,H4tt  , 

M2,SS1.WT 

,™,SM,6« 

1,133, 136,630 

1V»,15N,401 
2  4317W 

233,S70,8iO 
IU,ftI,3ft4 
42, 011, to» 

IS! 

153.86)1,360 

iiÎImbIsS 

53,471,SStl  1 
24  143  646  ' 

7;5flo:703  ; 

M,W5!l01  ' 
31,419  668  1 
11.429.Î0Î 

348' ^'W9 

IJS,914,IKJ 

South  Aroeclran  Kepubllcs 

686.  HI.  358 

434,^,246 

1.120,421,604 

i,3is,«a,3os 

934,754,SÎ3  1 

2.ÎS3.SIW.234 

--íi 


^AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY, 
~   ;  AM)  COMMERCE  ;    ^ 

ARGENTINA. 

The  decree  of  May  8,  1908,  regulating  IMPORTS  OF  CATTLE 
FOR  BREEDING  PURPOSES,  with  the  special  object  of  pre- 
venting entry  into  the  country  of  animab  having  tuberculosis,  has 
been  modified  so  as  to  require  a  quarantine  of  30  days  in  the  sta- 
tion at  Buenos  Aires,  diagnosis  for  tubercular  germs,  and  tubercular 
vaccination  during  the  last  two  days  of  the  quarantine  period. 

In  1919  the  EXPORTS  OF  HIDES  numbered  1,587,002  dry 
cowhides,  3,387,740  salted  cattle  hides,  and  532,052  horsehides,  as 
compared  with  1,297,544  dry  cattle  hides,  3,162,204  salted  cattle 
hides,  and  40,237  horsehides  in  1918. 

In  1919  the  United  States  BOARD  OF  TRADE  in  Buenos  Aires 
had,  at  the  close  of  its  first  year  of  existence,  141  active  and  19  asso- 
ciate members.  The  receipts  during  the  year  amounted  to  $132,959, 
and  a  balance  on  hand  of  $8,422  and  $22,645  in  Liberty  bonds. 
During  the  year  the  arbitration  committee  considered  132  cases  and 
definitely  settled  107  cases. 

A  company  with  a  capital  of  28,000,000  pesos  has  submitted  a  pro- 
posal to  the  municipal  council  of  Buenos  Aires  to  construct  and  oper- 
ate two  new  electric  SUBWAYS  in  the  national  capital. 

A  Buenos  Aires  corporation  has  obtained  a  concession  to  establish 
an  automatic  TELEPHONE  SERVICE  in  the  national  capiul. 
The  material  for  this  installation  has  been  ordered  from  the  United 
States. 

The  Hispano- Argentine  Commercial  Interchange  and  PACKING 
HOU^E' Co  ."propose^  to  erect  a  large  packing  house  and  develop 
trade  between  Spain  and  the  Argentine  Republic. 

A  London  firm  has  been  given  permission  by  the  Argentine  Gov- 
ernment to  investigate  and  make  surveys  as  to  the  exploitation  of 
HYDROELECTRIC  POWER  at  the  great  falls  of  the  Iguazu  River. 
Like  permission  will  be  given  to  any  Argentine  and  foreign  companies 
interested  to  make  similar  investigations  and  surveys  under  the  same 
conditions. 

A  Colombian  COMMERCIAL  MISSION,  under  the  chairmanship 
of  Jorge  Ancizar,  arrived  in  Buenos  Aires  in  January  last  for  tlie  pur- 
pose of  investigating,  reporting  upon,  and  encouraging  tlie  develop- 
ment  of  trade  between  Colombia  and  the  Argentine  Republic. 

A  BOARD  OF  TRADE  was  recently  organized  at  the  station  of 
Colegiales  for  the  purpose  of  looking  after  the  interests  of  trade  in 
forestal  products. 

546 


AGRICtJLTUIlE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  547 

BOLIVIA. 

In  January  last  reciprocal  POSTAL  SERVICE  was  established 
with  Austria.  The  post  offices  of  La  Paz  and  Villazon  in  Bolivia  and 
those  of  Vienna  and  Lintz  in  Austria  are  exchange  offices  in  this 
service. 

The  Antofagasta  &  Bolivia  Railway  Co.  has  been  authorized  by  the 
executive  power  to  complete  the  work  of  enlarging  the  station  of 
VIACHA  in  accordance  with  plans  and  estimates  already  approved. 

The  Reynolds  MINING  CO.  has  just  been  organized  at  Tarina,  a 
canton  of  the  Province  of  South  Chichas,  for  the  purpose  of  working 
the  Tarina,  Macrina,  and  San  Antonio  mines. 

On  January  19  last  the  new  TEIJEGRAPH  LINE  between  Colcha, 
capital  of  the  Province  of  North  Lipez,  and  Julaca,  a  town  on  the 
Antofagasta  &  Bolivian  Railway,  was  opened  to  public  use. 

The  sale  of  the  following  MINES  are  reported:  Exaltación  and 
Glorieta  to  Arturo  Guzman  Cortez  and  Antonio  SabionceUo  for  the 
sum  of  £400,000;  the  Juan  Lazzeri  mines  to  S.  Bricker  and  Arturo 
Guzman  Cortez  for  the  sum  of  600,000  bolivianos;  and  the  Huanchaca 
de  Inquisivi,  San  Felipe,  Retamales  and  some  other  mines  of  less 
importance  to  Guggenheim  Bros,  for  a  consideration  in  excess  of 
£100,000. 

BRAZIL. 

The  National  Coastwise  Navigation  Co.  has  taken  preUminary 
steps  to  establish  a  LINE  OF  FREIGHT  STEAMERS  between 
Para  and  Buenos  Aires,  with  stops  at  Montevideo  and  the  principal 
Brazilian  ports.  Five  vessels  of  10,000  tons  each  will  be  employed 
in  the  direct  service,  and  five  vessels  of  3,500  tons  each  in  the  coast- 
wise trade. 

The  National  Maritime  Transportation  Co.,  a  Portuguese-Braziüan 
corporation  with  a  capital  of  10,000  contos,  has  been  organized  in 
Rio  de  Janeiro  to  operate  a  line  of  STEAMERS  between 'Brazil», 
North  and  South  America,  Europe,  and  Africa. 

In  1919  vessels  to  the  number  of  1,495  entered  the  PORT  OF 
SANTOS,  1,335  of  which  were  steamers  and  160  sailing  vessels. 
These  vessels  represented  a  national  tonnage  of  609,574  and  a  for- 
eign tonnage  of  1,991,405.  The  clearances  during  the  same  period 
were  1,313  steamers  and  157  sailing  vessels.  These  vessels  repre- 
sented, respectively,  a  national  and  foreign  tonnage  of  600,835  and 
1,966,136. 

The  principal  Brazifian  EXPORTS  during  the  first  10  months  of 
1919  were  as  follows:  Frozen  meats,  48,766  tons,  as  compared  with 
56y778  tons  during  the  same  period  of  1918;  cattle  hides,  51,368  tons, 
as  compared  with  37,651  tons;  coffee,  11,273,000  sacks,  as  compared 
with  6,410,000  sacks;  lard,  16,435  tons,  as  compared  with  12,569 
tons:  canned   meats,  23,920   tons,  as  compared   with   14,990   tons; 


548  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

rubber,  28,760  tons,  as  compared  with  17,102  tons;  and  cacao, 
51,957  tons,  as  compared  with  31,936  tons. 

A  group  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  capitalists  and  business  men  have 
organized  a  company  with  a  capital  of  500  contos  to  engage  in  the 
manufacture  of  CHEMICAL  PRODUCTS  formerly  imported  into 
the  Republic. 

Congress  has  appropriated  10  contos  to  defray  the  preliminary 
expenses  of  the  plans,  estimates,  etc.,  of  the  ARAPUHY  IRRIGA- 
TION CANAL  in  the  State  of  Maranhão. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  Lloyd  Brasileiro  Steamship  Co.  will  need 
during  the  present  year  220,000  metric  tons  of  COAL. 

The  installation  for  the  refining  of  PETROLEL^M  at  So  tea, 
Municipality  of  Sao  Gabriel,  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  has  been 
completed.  The  plant  is  equipped  for  a  daily  production  of  from 
2,000  to  3,000  liters. 

A  CORN  EXPOSITION  will  be  held  in  Porto  Alegre  in  September, 
in  which  all  the  States  of  the  Republic  have  been  invited  to  participate. 
In  connection  with  this  exposition  a  stock  fair  will  also  be  held. 

Since  the  establishment  two  years  ago  of  the  office  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  the  production  of  AGRICüLTLHAL  PRODUCTS,  the 
Government  has  distributed  2,508  metric  tons  of  seeds  and  plants 
and  a  large  quantity  of  fertilizers  and  insecticides. 

The  State  of  Santa  Catharina  has  ordered  the  survey  of  lands 
between  the  Uruguay,  Chapeco,  and  Antas  Rivers  for  COLONIZA- 
TION purposes. 

The  executive  power  has  approved  the  final  plans  for  the  installa- 
tion of  HYDROELECTRIC  PLANTS  on  the  Paraguassu  River, 
State  of  Bahia,  submitted  by  the  Brazilian  Electric  Power  Co. 

Law  No.  4050,  dated  Januarv  13,  1920,  provides  for  the  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  NATIONAL  AÑ.VLYSIS  L.\BORATORY,  and  the 
establishment  of  similar  laboratories  in  the  customhouses  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  Santos,  Porto  Alegre,  Corumbá,  Bahia,  Recife,  Parahyba, 
Fortaleza,  Maranhão,  Belém,  and  Manaos  for  use  in  the  collection  of 
federal  taxes  and  in  the  prevention  of  the  importation  into  the 
country  of  articles  dangerous  to  public  health. 

CHILE. 

The  Government  recentlv  ap])roved  the  by-laws  of  the 
COMMERCIAL  CTJSTOMHOUSE  BOARD  of  Valparaiso  which 
was  organized  for  the  puri)ose  of  making  uniform  rules  for  custom- 
house operations  in  the  Republic. 

A  contract  has  been  let  for  the  construction  of  a  BRIDGE  over 
Pemuco  Creek  at  an  estimated  cost  of  66,500  pesos. 

Due  to  the  efforts  of  Rufino  Concha  a  PORCELAIN  FACTORY 
has  been  established  in  Chile.  It  is  believed  that  the  products  of 
this  factory  can  successfully  compete  with  the  celebrated  porcelain 
wares  of  the  national  factory  at  Sevres. 


AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  549 

Press  reports  state  that  HOT  SPRINGS  have  been  discovered  to 
the  southwest  of  the  Talcahuaca  volcano  about  25  kilometers  from 
Cura-Cautin.  Some  of  the  springs  contain  sulphur  and  others 
magnesia,  iron,  and  carbonic  acid. 

The  by-laws  of  the  Puerto  Montt  PACKING  HOUSE  have  been 
approved  by  the  executive  power.  The  capital  of  this  packing 
house  is  £200,000. 

The  Chilean  press  states  that  steps  have  been  taken  to  organize 
an  important  SUGAR  INDUSTRY  with  Chilean  and  Colombian 
capital  to  exploit  the  fertile  sugar  zone  of  the  Department  of  Cauca, 
Colombia,  and  to  construct  sugar  refineries. 

The  production  of  COPPER  in  Chile,  during  the  10  years  from 
1910  to  1919,  inclusive,  according  to  data  compiled  by  the  National 
Mining  Society,  was,  in  tons,  as  follows:  1910,  38,231;  1911,  36,420; 
1912,41,647;  1913,42,263;  1914,44,665;  1915,52,341;  1916,71,289; 
1917,  102,526;  1918,  106,814;  and  m  1919,  70,000. 

Tlie  Spanish  BOARD  OF  TRADE  in  Valparaiso  has  elected  the 
following  officers:  Fernando  Rioja,  president;  Francisco  de  Caso, 
vice  president;  Juan  Aboitiz,  treasurer;  and  Benito  Labayrû, 
secretary. 

The  Marta  TIN  Co.  has  been  organized  in  Santiago  with  a  capital 
of  £430,000  for  the  purpose  of  working  tin  mines  in  Bolivia. 

The  Société  General  Transatlantique  has  estabUshed  a  new 
STEAMSHIP  SERVICE  between  Chilean  and  French  ports. 

COLOMBIA. 

An  executive  decree  of  February  7,  1920,  regulates  the  EXPLOI- 
TATION OF  THE  NATIONAL  FORESTS,  prescribes  the  manner 
In  which  contracts  shall  be  made,  and  the  way  in  which  the  per- 
centage belonging  to  the  nation  shall  be  paid. 

The  EXPORTS  OF  COFFEE  m  1918  amounted  to  68,916,745 
kilos,  valued  at  $20,675,023,  as  compared  with  99,691,141  kilos, 
valued  at  $51,998,899  in  1919. 

A  maritime  NAVIGATION  CO.  with  a  capital  of  $1,000,000  was 
organized  in  Medellin  in  February  last.  This  company  also  proposes 
to  navigate  the  Magdalena  River.  A  company  to  engage  in  the 
raising  of  sugar  cane  and  the  manufacture  of  sugar  has  also  been 
organized  at  Medellin  with  a  paid-up  capital  of  $1,000,000. 

In  1918  there  were  7,000,000  COCONUTS,  valued  at  $300,000, 
exported  from  the  islands  of  San  Andres  and  Providencia. 

An  executive  decree  of  January  22  last  provides  120,000  pesos  for 
the  purchase  of  VESSELS  for  use  as  revenue  cutters  and  in  the 
transport  service  on  the  Mota  and  other  navigable  rivers  of  the 
Republic. 

Early  in  February  last  grading  was  commenced  on  the  Boyaca 
section  of  the  NORTHEASTERN  RAILWAY  which  will  connect 


550  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

the  capital  of  the  Republic  with  the  Lower  Magdalena  River.  Grad- 
ing is  soon  to  be  commenced  on  the  Cundinamarca  section  of  this 
railway. 

According  to  press  reports  the  Royal  Mail  has  established  a  steam- 
ship SERVICE  between  Puerto  Colombia,  the  Pacific  ports  of 
Colombia,  and  Rotterdam,  and  the  Folwell  Navigation  Co.,  a  steamer 
service  between  New  York,  Cartagena,  and  Puerto  Colombia.  The 
vessels  of  the  latter  company  wiU  also  visit  the  Pacific  coast  ports 
of  Colombia  and  the  principal  ports  of  Ecuador. 

The  new  section  of  the  ANTIOQUIA  RAILWAY  between  Cis- 
neros  and  Limon,  a  distance  of  9  kilometers,  has  been  opened  to 
traffic,  as  has  also  the  cart  road  from  Limon  to  La  Quiebra,  a  distance 
of  6  kilometers. 

Two  Choco  capitahsts  will  open  a  sugar  REFINERY  at  Sutautá, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Atrato  River  in  a  rich  sugar-cane  growing  section 
of  the  Repubhc.  The  refinery  is  to  have  a  capacity  of  1,000  sacks 
of  sugar  per  day. 

The  National  PETROLEUM  Co.  was  recently  organized  in  Bogota 
by  Colombian  capitalists. 

An  AUTOMOBILE  ROAD  between  BarranquiUa  and  Calamar, 
a  distance  of  110  kilometers,  was  recently  opened  to  pubhc  traffic 
by  the  governor  of  the  department  of  the  Atlantic.  The  government 
of  the  department  of  Magdalena  is  constructing  an  automobile  road 
from  Riohacha  to  Valledupar,  a  distance  of  40  leagues. 

COSTA    RICA. 

A  new  TANNERY  AND  HIDE  BUSINESS,  under  the  name  of 
Mainieri  &  Co.,  has  been  estabhshed  in  San  Jose.  The  Esquivei  & 
Estrada  Co.  is  another  new  firm  recently  established,  which  will  deal 
in  grains  and  groceries. 

In  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Cabinet  Makers'  and  Carpenters^  Society 
of  San  Jose  it  was  decided  to  devote  the  funds  on  hand  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  WORKMEN^S  COOPERATIVE  store,  in  which  the 
society  members  may  buy  necessities  at  cost. 

On  February  19  the  COMMERCIAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL 
ASSOCIATION  of  Costa  Rica  was  formed  and  the  following  officers 
elected:  President,  Señor  Jerónimo  Pages;  vice  presidents,  Eduardo 
Castro  Saborio  and  José  G.  Lorente;  treasurer,  Señor  Luis  Robert; 
attorney.  Señor  Enrique  Saborio;  and  secretaries,  Señors  Abel  Mena 
and  Elias  Vargas  M. 

CUBA. 

The  following  TELEGRAPH  AND  POST  OFFICES  have 
recently  been  estabhshed  in  the  RepubUc:  Post  offices,  two  in  the 
Province  of  Santa  Clara,  one  in  Pinar  del  Rio,  one  in  the  Province  of 
Oriente,  and  one  in  the  Province  of  La  Habana;  telegraph  offices, 
four  m  the  city  of  Matanzas,  which  will  also  issue  postal  money  orders. 


AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  551 

In  order  to  reestablish  ocean  traffic  between  Germany,  Cuba,  and 
Mexico,  the  Hamburg  American  Line  has  established  a  MONTHLY 
FREIGHT  STEAMER  SERVICE  between  Hamburg,  Habana,  and 
the  Mexican  ports  of  Vera  Cruz,  Tampico,  and  Puerto  Mexico. 

Newspaper  reports  state  that  a  new  SUGAR  PLANTATION  is 
to  be  started  in  Fomento  with  a  capacity  of  producing  150,000  sacks 
of  sugar.  The  cost  of  construction  will  be  2,000,000  pesos  and  the 
plantation  wiU  be  completed  by  the  middle  of  December  next. 

The  department  of  agriculture  has  made  the  necessary  requisitions 
for  the  construction  of  a  BREEDING  STATION  in  the  jurisdiction 
of  Bayamo,  Oriente.  It  wiU  be  under  the  department  of  agriculture 
and  will  be  in  chaise  of  experts  from  that  department. 

In  accordance  with  a  convention  celebrated  on  August  20,  1910, 
in  Buenos  Aires,  the  President  of  Cuba  issued  a  decree  on  February 
19  regulating  the  INTERNATIONAL  REGISTRATION  OF 
TRADE-MARKS  AND  PATENTS  as  concerns  the  Habana  office. 
The  decree  states  that  every  native  owner  of  a  trade-mark  or  patent 
may  at  any  time  register  his  trade-mark  or  patent,  pending  legal 
proceedings,  in  the  international  American  office  of  Habana,  for  the 
protection  of  this  trade-mark  or  patent  in  the  countries  signatory 
to  the  above-mentioned  convention. 

In  February  the  commercial  hydroplane  ''L.  T.  D.  No.  4"  arrived 
at  Habana  on  the  initial  trip  of  the  AEREAL  LINE  BETWEEN 
MIAMI  AND  HABANA,  which  has  been  established  by  the  Aero 
Limited  Co.     The  trip  was  made  without  accident  in  two  hours. 

Figures  on  the  PRODUCTION  OF  SUGAR  in  the  country  up  to 
February  24  are  as  follows:  Central  Chaparra,  221,464  sacks;  Central 
Delicias,  203,797  sacks;  Tinguaro,  84,643  sacks;  Constancia,  84,643 
sacks;  Mercedita,  53,940  sacks;  Unidad,  19,780  sacks;  Feliz,  50,054 
sacks;  San  Ignacio,  28,265  sacks;  Alava,  151,550  sacks;  Santa  Ger- 
trudis, 107,609  sacks;  Socorro,  55,414  sacks;  Mercedes,  172,527 
sacks;  Maria  Victoria,  49,635  sacks;  Perseverancia,  62,490  sacks; 
Liqueitio,  36,415  sacks;  Stewart,  229,287  sacks;  Jagueyal,  198,800 
sacks;  Moron,  252,225  sacks;  Lugareño,  161,425  sacks. 

Since  the  beginning  of  the  present  crop  on  February  28  the  MOVE- 
MENT OF  SUGAR  in  the  port  of  Matanzas  has  been  as  follows: 
Received  from  the  plantations,  1,113,812  sacks,  of  which  832,783 
sacks  were  exported,  leaving  a  stock  on  hand  of  281,029  sacks.  For 
the  port  of  Sagua  la  Grande  the  figures  up  to  the  1st  of  March  are  the 
following:  526,565  sacks  received,  421,613  sacks  exported,  leaving 
stock  on  hand  of  104,852  sacks.  The  total  amount  of  sugar  sent  to 
the  various  ports  of  the  Republic  up  to  February  21  amounted  to 
1,118,874  tons. 

In  a  meeting  held  February  27  by  the  general  committee  of  the 
CENTRAL  MINING  CO.,  the  followmg   board    of    directors    was 


562  THE  PAK  AMERICAN  UNION. 

elected:  President,  Dr.  Enrique  Lujan;  vice  president,  Señor  Caspar 
Dominguez;  treasurer,  Señor  Louis  Casanovas;  secretary,  Ldo. 
Policarpo  Lujan. 

Statistics  furnished  by  the  customs  officials  show  that  in  the 
month  of  February  12,314  PASSENGERS  ENTERED  THE  PORT 
OF  HABANA  with  16,958  pieces  of  baggage,  and  paid  to  the  Gov- 
ernment 2,841  pesos  (peso  equals  $1)  for  the  right  of  entry. 

DOMINICAN   REPUBIJC. 

A  law  enacted  January  10,  1920,  prohibits  the  TRADE  IN 
NARCOTIC  DRUGS  within  the  limits  of  the  Republic,  making  it 
illegal  and  subject  to  the  penalty  of  the  law  to  import,  produce, 
compose,  sell,  distribute,  or  possess  the  following  substances:  (Vude 
or  refined  opium  or  any  of  its  derivatives,  compositions  or  synthetic 
substitutes  for  the  same,  such  as  morphine,  etc.  The  provisions  of 
the  law  do  not  apply  to  preparations  and  compositions  which  con- 
tain less  than  2  grains  of  opium,  one-fourth  grain  of  morphine,  one- 
eighth  grain  of  heroin,  etc. 

On  February  3  a  GOOD  ROADS  SOCIETY  was  formed  m  La 
Victoria  to  construct  roads  and  improve  those  already  in  existence. 
The  board  of  directors  was  formed  of  the  following  persons;  Presi- 
dent, Señor  Basilio  Henriquez;  treasurer,  Señor  Gregorio  Tejeda; 
and  secretary.  Señor  Vicioso  Reyes. 

By  an  order  of  February  6  the  military  government  has  forbidden 
the  EXPORTATION  OF  CATTLE,  hogs,  calves,  goats,  fowl,  or 
any  edible  quadruped  or  fowl.  To  export  any  such  animal  it  is 
necessary  to  obtain  written  permission  from  the  department  of 
agriculture  and  immigration. 

ECUADOR. 

The  second  ANIMAL  FAIR,  under  the  directorate  of  agricultural 
production,  was  held  early  in  the  year  in  Quito,  and  many  different 
species  of  animals  were  exhibited,  the  prize  winners  receiving  gold 
medals. 

The  Ecuadorean  press  states  that  the  Compagnie  Genérale  Trans- 
atlantique Française  has  decided  to  establish  a  LINE  OF  STEAMERS 
between  Havre  and  Guayaquil,  via  the  Panama  Canal. 

On  January  24  the  President  issued  a  decree  fixing  the  privilege 
tax  on  OIL  FIELDS  under  exploitation  for  the  present  year  (1920) 
at  6  per  cent  of  the  gross  product  of  each  well.  Oil  fields  not  under 
exploitation  shall  pay  the  tax  as  laid  down  in  the  mining  code.  The 
amount  of  the  privilege  tax  shall  be  based  on  the  quotation  on  oil 
per  gallon  in  Guayaquil  at  the  time  of  shipment. 

The  National  Government  has  decided  to  establish  a  COMMER- 
CIAL AND  FINANCIiVL  MISSION  in  Europe  to  promote  trade 
and  study  economic  conditions  resulting  from  the  war  which  have  a 
bearing  on  the  affairs  of  Ecuador. 


AGÏlICULtUïlE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  55 â 

On  February  1  presidential  decree  of  January  2  went  into  effect, 
fixing  the  rate  of  charges  for  LOADING  AND  UNLOADING  of 
merchandise  at  the  customs  of  the  ports  of  the  Republic. 

GUATEMALA. 

The  Government  has  contracted  with  Victor  Cottone  to  make  the 
preliminary  as  well  as  the  final  survey  of  the  GUATEMALAN 
EASTERN  RAILWAY,  which  will  run  from  Santa  Maria  station 
on  the  Central  Railway  to  the  plantation  of  El  Patinar. 

The  General  Telegraph  Bureau  has  been  authorized  to  construct 
a  TELEGRAPH  LINE  between  the  city  of  Guatemala  and  the  port 
of  San  Jos6.  A  tax  of  5  centavos  per  word  is  to  be  levied  on  mes- 
sages sent  by  the  cable  company,  and  the  proceeds  of  same  are  to 
be  used  in  building  the  telegraph  line  referred  to. 

An  AGRICULTURAL  BOARD  has  been  organized  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Huehuetenango.  The  president  of  the  board  is  Juan  G. 
Castillo,  and  the  secretary,  Carlos  Montalvo. 

Press  reports  state  that  a  company  has  been  formed  in  Totoni- 
capan  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  an  AUTOMOBILE  SERVICE 
between  the  departments  of  Quezaltenango,  Solóla,  Quiche,  and 
Totonicapán. 

HAITI. 

A  new  firm,  incorporated  under  the  name  of  VERRETTES  PLAN- 
TATIONS (Inc.),  has  been  authorized  by  a  decree  of  recent  date  to 
start  operations  in  Haiti.  This  firm,  which  will  undertake  exten- 
sive agricultural  work  in  the  commune  of  Verrettes,  is  capitalized 
at  $100,000. 

Le  Matin,  a  daily  newspaper  of  Port  au  Prince,  announces  that  a 
steamer  left  the  capital  recently  bound  for  New  York  with  a  cargo 
of  3,400  sacks  of  HAITIAN  SUGAR.  The  newspaper  finds  this 
very  gratifying  news,  when  it  is  considered  that  not  very  long  ago 
Haiti  was  regularly  importing  sugar  from  nearby  countries  for  her 
own  consumption. 

In  a  recent  issue  of  Le  Moniteur,  the  official  newspaper,  there 
were  published  the  by-laws  of  the  AMERICAN  DEVELOPMENT 
CO.  OF  ILVITI,  a  new  business  firm  which  has  been  established 
for  the  purpose  of  developing  the  agricultural  and  industrial  resources 
of  the  country. 

HONDURAS. 

The  directorate  of  the  mails,  on  November  22,  1919,  made  a  con- 
tract with  Señor  E.  A.  Westin  to  establish  a  MAIL  SERVICE  be- 
tween the  Honduran  port  of  Amapala  and  the  Salvadorean  port  of 
La  Unión  in  weekly  round  trips. 


554  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

A  convention  is  to  be  signed  by  Honduras  and  Nicaragua  in 
regard  to  FREE  TRADE  and  shipping  between  the  two  countries. 
The  convention  has  been  approved  by  the  congress  of  Nicaragua. 

On  December  12,  1919,  the  President  authorized  the  installation 
of  a  TELEPHONE  LINE  from  the  town  of  San  Pedro  Sul  a  to 
Chamelicón,  La  Pita,  Cofradía,  El  Manacal,  and  Le  Champa. 

The  President,  on  December  13,  issued  a  decree  granting  the  lease 
of  25,000  hectares  of  UNOCCUPIED  LAND  belonging  to  the  State 
to  Señor  Ernesto  Lazarus.  The  contract  will  be  valid  for  30  years, 
and  the  terms  are  the  annual  payment  of  25  centavos  per  hectare. 

MEXICO. 

With  the  object  of  developing  commerce  between  the  two  coun- 
tries there  is  soon  to  be  estabhshed  in  the  City  of  Mexico  an  EX- 
HIBIT OF  MEXICAN  AND  UNITED  STATES  PR0DUTC3 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Confederation  of  the  Boards  of  Trade. 

Large  deposits  of  KAOLIN  have  been  discovered  at  Ascención, 
District  of  Galeana,  State  of  Chihuahua.  Samples  show  that  it  is 
of  good  quality  for  the  manufacture  of  porcelain.  Steps  have  been 
taken  to  estabhsh  porcelain  factories  in  Chihuahua  and  Ciudad 
Juarez. 

Statistics  have  been  compiled  showing  that  there  are  in  the  Mexican 
Republic  8,466,643  head  of  LIVE  STOCK,  distributed  as  follows: 
Cattle,  2,162,984;  horses,  929,385;  mules,  354,351;  asses,  287,989; 
sheep,  1,089,976;   goats,  1,987,869;    and  hogs,  1,654,089. 

A  group  of  Mexican  planters  has  established  a  CENTRAL  AGRI- 
CULTURAL BOARD  in  the  City  of  Mexico,  with  the  object  of 
developing  agriculture  in  the  RepubUc. 

In  1919  the  railways  of  Mexico  used  3,555,756  barrels  of  PEl- 
TROLEUM,  valued  at  3,658,875  Mexican  pesos. 

Passenger-train  service  has  been  renewed  between  Piedras  Negras 
and  Du  rango. 

In  February  last  the  Ward  Line  inaugurated  a  monthly  steam- 
ship service  between  Corunna,  Santander,  Bilboa,  Havre,  Antwerp, 
Rotterdam,  and  Hamburg,  and  the  Mexican  ports  of  Tampico, 
Vera  Cruz,  and  Puerto  Mexico. 

A  Mexican  STEAMSHIP  COMPANY,  with  a  capital  of  8,935,000 
pesos,  has  been  organized  in  Yucatan.  This  company  has  acquired 
the  vessels  belonging  to  the  henequén  interests  for  the  purpose  of 
using  them  in  the  coastwise  trade. 

The  total  output  of  PETROLEUM  m  Mexico  in  1919  was  92,402,- 
055  barrels,  or  27,797,433  barrels  more  than  in  1918.  The  principal 
centers  of  production  were,  in  barrels,  as  follows:  Southern  fields, 
72,656,713;  Panuco,  16,808,435;  Topila,  1,348,769;  and  Ebano  and 
other  districts,  1,588,138.  The  exports  during  the  year  referred  to 
totaled  80,701,780  barrels.    The  exports  of  asphalt  during  the  period 


AGRICULTURE,   INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  555 

referred  to  amounted  to  19,075  barrels,  all  of  which  went  to  the 
United  States.  The  domestic  consumption  of  petroleum  in  1919 
was  16,696,407  barrels,  as  compared  with  14,000,000  barrels  in  1918. 
Press  reports  are  to  the  effect  that  the  city  of  Mazatlan  will  soon 
have  RAILWAY  connection  with  the  city  of  Durango. 

NICARAGUA. 

The  presidential  message  read  before  congress  December  15,  1919, 
reports  the  following  contracts  approved  for  various  public  works 
and  private  enterprises: 

A  contract  with  the  Wawa  Kiver  Co.  for  the  construction  of  75  miles 
of  RAILROAD  from  Barra  de  Wounta  to  the  mining  districts  of  the 
interior,  the  dredging  and  cutting  of  a  channel  in  the  Rio  Kukalaya, 
and  the  construction  of  a  harbor  in  the  Bay  of  Wounta. 

Contracts  with  the  Central  American  Exploration  Co.  and  PhiUp  H. 
MacKinley  for  the  exploration  of  certain  zones  of  the  country  and 
the  development  of  the  OIL  FIELDS  found  therein. 

A  contract  with  Señor  J.  B.  Novoa  for  the  estabhshment  of  a 
WICKER  FURNITURE  FACTORY. 

A  contract  for  the  introduction  of  Spanish  immigrants  into  the 
country  to  serve  as  laborers  in  the  CULTIVATION  OF  COTTON. 

Contracts  for  the  CULTIVATION  OF  ABACA  (ManUa  hemp) 
and  development  of  the  fiber  industry,  and  also  for  the  cultivation 
of  vineyards.    , 

A  contract  with  Señors  J.  Wiest  and  E.  Mueller  for  the  construc- 
tion of  a  BRIDGE  (PUENTE  DE  PANALOYA). 

Contracts  made  by  the  municipalities  of  Jinotega,  Bluefields, 
Jmotepe,  Diriamba,  and  Granada  for  ELECTRIC-LIGHT  PLANTS 
were  also  approved,  as  was  a  contract  made  by  the  municipality  of 
Managua  with  an  olectric-hght  plant  already  constructed  in  the  city. 

During  1919  the  Government  paid  special  attention  to  the  improve- 
ment of  ROADS  already  in  existence  and  constructed  the  following 
HIGHWAYS:  Puerto  Diaz-Juigalpa  highway,  of  which  11  kilo- 
meters have  been  constructed;  highway  from  the  capital  to  Sierras 
de  Managua,  5  kilometers  constructed;  there  will  be  two  branches 
from  this  road,  one  leading  to  la  Cuchilla  and  the  towns  to  the  south 
by  way  of  Camino  del  Ventarrón,  and  the  other  to  Cuchilla  and  the 
Pacific  coast  by  way  of  Camino  de  ChiquiUstagua.  There  will  also 
bo  a  highway  from  Tipitapa  to  Matagalpa,  of  which  the  last  4  kilo- 
meters are  the  most  difficult  of  all  the  stretch  of  road  in  the  Tamarin- 
do region.  Improvements  are  being  made  on  the  roads  from  Granada 
to  Nandaime,  Boaca  to  Tipitapa,  Masaya  to  Tipitapa,  and  from 
Loon  to  the  Pacific  coast. 

A  TEXTILE  FACTORY  is  to  be  established  in  the  country  by 
foreign  capital  for  the  purpose  of  utilizing  the  fibers  extracted  from 
native  plants.     The  special  machinery  to  be  used  is  valued  at  $800,000. 


556  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

PANAMA. 

At  present  there  are  three  modern  AFIARÍEIS  in  the  Republic  of 
Panama,  with  20,  30,  and  90  colonies  each,  respectively.  These  api- 
aries net  their  owner  about  $3,200  per  annum.  This  is  an  industry 
which  could  easily  be  developed  in  many  parts  of  the  Republic, 
inasmuch  as  there  is  a  continuous  flowering  season  in  Panama,  and 
the  bee  industry  is  free  from  the  expense  of  feeding  required  in  cold 
countries.  Due  to  the  high  cost  of  sugar  the  demand  for  honey  was 
never  greater  than  it  is  now. 

PARAGUAY. 

In  the  third  quarter  of  1919  the  total  value  of  the  FOREIGX 
TRADE  amounted  to  5,545,821  pesos  gold  (peso  gold  equals  $0.9648), 
of  which  3,287,109  represented  the  exports  and  2,258,712  pesos  gold 
the  imports.  This  trade  was  divided  b}^  countries  as  follows:  Argen- 
tina, exports  1,490,517  pesos,  and  imports  962,420  pesos,  gold;  Brazil, 
exports  2,718  pesos  and  imports  30,889  pesos;  Belgium,  exports 
573,788  pesos;  Chile,  imports  1,560  pesos;  Cuba,  3,636  pesos  im- 
ports; England,  exports  262,545  pesos,  and  imports  533,080  pesos; 
France,  170,939  pesos  exports,  and  25,236  pesos  imports;  Germany, 
no  export,  401  pesos  imports;  Holland,  308,018  pesos  exports,  and 
1,307  pesos  imports;  Italy,  44,182  pesos  exports,  and  49,017  pesos 
imports;  India,  imports  7,212  pesos;  Japan,  imports  50,464  pesos; 
Norway,  imports  3,361  pesos;  Spain,  exports  108,954  pesos,  and 
103,097  pesos  imports;  Portugal,  imports  704  pesos;  United  States, 
125,570  pesos  exports,  and  439,931  pesos  imports;  Uruguay,  201,878 
pesos  exports,  and  45,754  pesos  imports. 

On  November  5  the  President  authorized  the  LEASING  OF  ¿VN 
ISLET,  the  property  of  the  State,  situated  opposite  to  the  harbor  of 
Pinasco  in  the  Alto  Paraguay.  The  lease  was  given  to  Señor  José  M. 
Senes  for  the  term  of  five  years  for  the  monthly  rental  of  2,500  pesos 
currency  to  be  paid  to  the  Government. 

During  the  first  nine  months  of  1919  the  Ferrocarril  Central  of 
Paraguay  (railroad)  carried  the  following  number  of  passengers  and 
tons  of  freight:  Passengers,  339,642,  as  against  257,361  in  like  period 
of  1918;  freight,  174,688  tons,  as  against  137,498  in  1918. 

According  to  statistics  there  are  8,200  inhabitants  in  the  COLONY 
25TH  OF  NOVEMBER,  of  whom  1,078  are  men,  3,800  women,  and 
3,322  children  of  both  sexes. 

Early  in  Februarv  the  Compañía  Mihanovich  established  a  NEW 
LINE  OF  STEAMERS  between  Buenos  Aires,  Asunción,  and  Co- 
rumba.  The  steamers  to  be  used  on  this  line  are  the  Asunción  and 
the  Corumbá. 

PERU. 

In  November,  1919,  the  EXPORTS  FROM  HONGKONG  to  Peru 
consisted  of  902,189  kilos  of  merchandise,  valued  at  $404,456. 


AGRICULTURE,   INDUSTRY,  AND   COMMERCE.  557 

On  January  6  last  an  exhibit  of  Peruvian  HORSES  AND  MULES 
was  held  in  the  hippodrome  at  Santa  Beatriz. 

A  London  corporation  has  offered  to  provide  the  Peruvian  Govern- 
ment with  an  AIRPLANE,  having  a  capacity  of  14  passengers  and 
arranged  for  carrying  mail,  for  the  proposed  airplane  mail  service 
between  Lima,  Moliendo,  and  Paita. 

In  1919  the  Alapampa  MINING  CO.  extracted  122,982  tons  of 
ore,  valued  at  78,728  Peruvian  pounds.  In  1918  the  ore  extracted 
was  80,171  tons,  valued  at  69,412  Peruvian  pounds. 

The  company  in  charge  cí  the  fiscal  warehouses  reports  that  on 
January  1  last  the  CEREALS  on  hand  were  as  follows:  239,050  kilos 
of  wheat,  109,369  kilos  of  rice,  and  other  cereals,  913,868  kilos. 

It  is  reported  that  important  PETROLEUM  wells  have  been  dis- 
covered in  the  plains  of  the  Andes  in  the  department  of  Junin. 

The  Government  has  requested  bids  for  the  lease  of  the  former 
German  vessels  Maries  Hobe,  Maiyo,  and  Tellus.  With  the  exception 
of  the  Marie  these  are  sailing  vessels. 

SALVADOR. 

The  President  has  lately  made  a  contract  with  Neal  Hampton  for 
the  construction  of  a  HIGHWAY  from  Sonsonate  to  Ahuachapan, 
via  the  capital  of  the  department  of  Santa  Ana.  This  new  highway 
will  be  the  most  important  of  the  Republic,  as  it  crosses  the  rich 
departments  of  Sonsonate,  Santa  Ana,  and  Ahuachapan.  It  will  be 
well  constructed  and  bordered  with  trees. 

According  to  official  figures  the  distance  covered  by  Salvadorean 
HIGHWAYS  AND  ROADS  is  as  follows:  Public  highways,  2,367 
kilometers,  of  which  243  are  in  the  department  of  Santa  Ana,  109  in 
Ahuachapan,  174  in  Sonsonate,  165  in  San  Salvador,  174  in  La  Libertad, 
113  in  Chalatenango,  132  in  Cuscatlan,  149  in  San  Vicente,  209  in 
La  Paz,  100  in  Cabanas,  202  in  San  Miguel,  334  in  Usulutan,  136  in 
Morazán,  and  127  in  La  Union.  Country  roads,  9,190  kilometers,  of 
which  1,588  are  in  the  Department  of  La  Libertad,  629  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Santa  Ana,  392  in  Ahuachapan,  519  in  Sonsonate,  695  in  San 
Salvador,  543  in  Chalatenango,  340  in  Cuscutlan,  489  in  San  Vicente, 
759  in  La  Paz,  682  in  Cabanas,  731  in  San  Miguel,  427  in  Usulutan, 
778  in  Morazan,  and  608  in  La  Unión.  The  total  length  of  all  the 
highways  and  roads  of  the  Republic  is  11,557  kilometers. 

Figures  on  RAILROAD  OPERATIONS  at  the  end  of  1918  show 
that  at  that  time  there  was  in  operation  374  kilometers  on  the  Occi- 
dente, Oriento,  and  San  Salvador  to  Santa  Tecla  Railroads.  The 
Occidente  Railroad  carried  329,930  passengers  during  the  year;  the 
Oriente  Railroad,  135,920  passengers,  and  the  San  Salvador-Santa 
Tecla  Railroad,  286,742,  making  a  total  of  752,292  passengers.  The 
freight  carried  by  these  same  roads  during  the  year  amounted  to 
471,679  tons. 


558  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

URUGUAY. 

During  the  first  10  months  of  1919  the  EXPORTS  OF  MEATS 
were  as  follows:  325,784  frozen  wethers,  918,537  quarters  of  frozen, 
beef,  and  1,268  quarters  of  chilled  beef. 

From  January  to  August,  1919,  the  values  of  the  principal  EX- 
PORTS OF  URUGUAY,  in  pesos,  were  as  follows:  Meats  and  ex- 
tracts, 32,117,032,  as  compared  with  22,228,989  during  the  same 
period  of  1918;  fats,  4,871,431,  as  compared  with  3,063,445  in  1918; 
wool,  40,431,685,  as  compared  with  22,280,586  in  1918;  dry,  salted, 
and  tanned  hides,  17,178,420,  as  compared  with  13,417,852  in  1918; 
and  agricultural  products,  1,969,615,  as  compared  with  2,824,183 
during  the  same  period  of  1918. 

An  executive  decree  of  December  22,  1919,  authorizes  the  RIVERA 
WAREHOUSE  to  receive  on  deposit  merchandise  imported  from 
Brazil  which  must  be  inspected  before  it  is  placed  on  the  market  for 
the  consumption  of  the  public. 

On  December  24,  1919,  the  department  of  industry  issued  a  decree 
appointing  the  following  persons  members  of  the  COMMITTEE  OF 
AGRICULTURAL  DEFENSE:  Diego  Pons  (chah-man),  Juan  Carlos 
Vidiella,  and  Francisco  N.  Oliveros. 

Orders  having  been  given  for  the  installation  of  an  underground 
TELEPHONE  system  in  Montevideo,  bids  are  to  be  calle<l  for  and 
the  contract  awarded  to  the  most  desirable  bidder.  The  postal, 
telegraph  and  telephone  board  has  appointed  the  following  committee 
to  receive  bids,  make  the  award,  etc.:  Claudio  Williman,  Juan  J. 
Amézaga,  Alejandro  Gallinal,  Juan  Aguirre  González,  and  Hector  R. 
Gomez. 

During  the  five  years  from  1915  to  1919  the  value  of  export  and 
import  COMMERCE  of  Uruguay  with  the  United  States,  cxpresseil 
in  pesos,  was  as  follows:  1915,  15,664,022;  1916,  24,709,231;  1917, 
44,703,645;  1918,41,595,562;  and  in  1919,  75,098,955.  (Uruguayan 
peso  equals  $1.0342.) 

On  January  4  last  a  FRUIT  AND  VEGETABLE  EXPOSITION 
was  opened  in  Prado  Park,  Montevideo. 

The  SALES  OF  STOCK  in  1919  were  as  follows:  Cattle  for  con- 
sumption, 58,777,100  kilos;  for  packing  houses,  312,240,950  kilos; 
and  for  factories  31,112,530  kilos.  The  value  of  these  sales  i^gre- 
gated  55,104,176  pesos.  Sheep  for  packing  houses,  16,594,930  kilos» 
valued  at  2,526,564  pesos,  and  hogs  for  packing  houses,  3,774,120 
kilos,  valued  at  1,621,390  pesos. 

VENEZUELA. 

Recent  Venezuelan  statistics  on  the  production  and  importation 
of  COAL  show  that  the  imports  of  this  article  have  diminished  con- 
siderably in  late  years,  and  that  since  1911  the  quantity  produced 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  559 

has  gradually  increased.  The  average  annual  production  of  coal 
from  1911  to  1913  was  6,222  long  tons.  From  1914  to  1918  this 
production  was  as  follows:  In  1914,  8,755  tons;  1915,  13,551  tons; 
1916,  18,289  tons;  1917,  19,846  tons;  and  in  1918,  24,779  tons. 
The  average  annual  imports  of  coal  from  1911  to  1913,  inclusive, 
were  19,676  tons.  The  imports  of  coal  in  1914  were  23,280  tons;  in 
1915,  19,305;  in  1916,  20,243;  in  1917,  14,927;  and  in  1918,  8,746. 
The  exports  of  coal  in  1916  were  500  tons;  in  1917,  2,000  tons;  and  in 
1918  340  tons,  all  of  which  went  to  Curazao.  The  only  producing 
coal  mines  in  Venezuela  are  the  Naricual,  Capiricual,  the  Tocoropo, 
and  those  in  the  neighborhood  of  Barcelona. 

As  an  evidence  of  the  good  condition  of  Venezuelan  ROADS  the 
Caracas  press  states  that  in  January  of  the  present  year  an  auto- 
mobile trip  was  made  from  Trujillo  to  Caracas  in  30  hours,  through 
the  States  of  Trujillo,  Lara,  Yaracuy,  Carabobo,  Aragua,  and  Miranda. 
This  is  the  first  automobile  trip  from  the  Andean  region  to  the 
capital  of  the  Republic. 

The  SPANISH  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE,  which  met  in 
Caracas  on  January  31  last,  elected  the  following  officers:  Aurelio 
Brunet,  president;  Emiliano  Ramirez,  vice  president;  Moisés  Car- 
cien  te,  treasurer;  and  Julian  Dolz,  secretary. 


ECONOMICandFINANCIAL 

AFFAIRS 

ARGENTINA. 

On  December  31,  1919,  a  statement  of  the  national  and  foreign 
BANKS  of  the  Republic  showed  the  following  results:  Current, 
time,  and  savings  deposits,  14,171,798  gold  pesos,  and  2,977,586,532 
pesos  currency;  discoimts  and  advances,  6,970,279  gold  pesos,  and 
2,097,491,716  pesos  currency;  on  hand  in  the  country,  65,907,718 
gold  pesos,  and  770,619,932  pesos  currency;  and  paid-up  capital, 
47,919,802  gold  pesos,  and  364^142,333  pesos,  currency. 

The  IMPORT  AND  EXPORT  DUTIES  coUected  in  1919  aggre- 
gated 155,626,439  pesos,  currency,  of  which  89,147,617  pesos  were 
for  imports,  and  66,478,822  pesos  were  for  exports. 

In  1919  the  number  of  STOCK  COMPANIES  organized  in  the 
Republic  was  78,  as  compared  with  66  in  1918  and  50  in  1917.  These 
companies  were  capitalized  at  136,868,000  pesos,  currency,  and 
6,425,000  pesos,  gold,  and  the  paid-up  capital  was  12,962,153  pesos, 
currency,    and    1,263,700   pesos,   gold.    Among   these   are  foreign 

1T2873— 20— Bull.  5 6 


560  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

corporations  as  follows:  North  American,  1 5,950,000;  Dutch,  8,000,- 
000  florins;  English,  £503,000;  Norwegian,  2,000,000  crowns;  Japan- 
ese, 1,000,000  yen;  Canadian,  $1,000,000;  and  Belgian,  1,000,000 
francs. 

Among  the  corporations  authorized  to  do  business  in  the  Argentine 
Republic  m  1919  were  two  new  ARGENTINE  BANKS,  both  located 
in  Buenos  Aires,  one  having  a  capital  of  5,000,000  pesos,  currency, 
and  the  other  1,000,000  pesos. 

In  1918  there  were  53  national  and  36  foreign  INSURANCE 
companies  operating  in  the  Republic,  which  paid  taxes  during  that 
year  amounting  to  1,712,758  pesos,  currency.  The  insurance  of 
the  national  companies  amounted  to  2,428,513,313  pesos,  and  that 
of  the  foreign  companies  to  2,994,840,418  pesos,  or  a  total  of  5,423,- 
353,731  pesos,  as  compared  with  4,142,094,535  pesos  in  1917.  The 
premiums  collected  by  these  companies  in  1918  aggr^ated  49,561,703 
pesos,  as  compared  with  38,763,382  pesos  in  1917.  The  increase  in 
insurance  in  1918,  as  compared  with  1917,  was  1,281,259,196  pesos. 

The  PROFITS  of  the  bank  of  the  Province  of  Buenos  Aires  in 
1919  amounted  to  5,995,000  pesos.  This  bank  has  a  capital  of 
62,500,000  pesos,  and  a  reserve  fund  of  9,680,111  pesos.  In  1917 
the  Mortgage  Bank  of  Buenos  Aires  redeemed  BONDS  or  cédulas 
to  the  amount  of  73,565,300  pesos,  as  compared  with  33,677,675 
pesos  in  1918. 

The  EDUCATIONAL  FUND  from  the  tax  on  inheritances  in 
1919  amounted  to  4,785,435  pesos,  as  compared  with  4,375,787 
pesos  in  1918,  3,796,455  pesos  in  1917,  2,627,735  pesos  in  1916,  and 
3,161,917  pesos  m  1915. 

BOLIVIA. 

The  Executive  has  recently  made  available  150,000  bolivianos  to 
be  used  in  contmuing  the  construction  of  the  SUCRE  TO  POTOSÍ 
RAILWAY;  6,000  bolivianos  for  public  works  in  the  municipality  of 
La  Paz;  5,000  bolivianos  to  apply  on  the  road  from  Achacachi  to 
Sorita;  and  3,200  bolivianos  for  the  construction  of  the  Yulosa  to 
Carana  highway. 

In  1919  POSTAL  MONEY  ORDERS  were  issued  from  La  Paz  as 
follows:  Domestic  money  orders  to  the  amount  of  975,101  bolivianos 
and  international  money  orders  aggregating  23,150  bolivianos. 

The  receipts  of  the  National  Central  CUSTOMHOUSE  at  Oruro 
in  1919  amounted  to  6,418,561  bolivianos. 

BRAZIL. 

In  1919  the  STAMP  TAX  collected  by  the  commercial  board 
amounted  to  1,052  contos.  During  the  same  year  the  Bureau  of 
National  Property  collected  7,490  contos  for  the  sale  and  lease  of 
lands. 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  561 

The  new  BILLS  of  the  denominations  of  1,  2,  and  5  miteis  will  bear 
the  portraits  of  David  Campista,  Joaquim  Murtinho,  and  Rodriguez 
Alves,  r^pectively. 

The  BANK  OF  SOUTHERN  BRAZIL  was  recently  opened  at 
Florianópolis.  The  Mercantile  Company  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  with  a 
capital  of  1,000  contos,  was  recently  organized  in  the  National  Capital. 

The  President  has  authorized  the  Department  of  Finance  to  issue 
BONDS  of  the  Public  Debt  to  the  amount  of  100,000  contos,  in 
denominations  of  500  and  1,000  milreis.  These  bonds  will  bear 
interest  at  the  rate  of  5  per  cent  per  annum.  The  proceeds  of  same 
are  to  be  used  for  the  following  purposes:  Completion  of  the  works  on 
Cobras  Island,  equipment  and  repair  of  offices,  betterment  of  the 
aviation  service,  hospitals  and  schools,  etc.,  the  Navy  and  War 
departments  each  being  allotted  30,000  contos,  and  the  Department 
of  Public  Works  40,000  contos. 

The  REVENUES  OF  THE  STATE  OF  BAHIA  in  1919  were 
27,002  contos,  as  compared  with  17,495  contos  in  1918.  The  tele- 
graph revenues  of  the  city  of  Porto  Alegre  in  1919  were  1,415  contos, 
as  compared  with  1,195  contos  in  .1918. 

The  mimicipality  of  Barra  do  Pirahy  has  negotiated  a  LOAN  of 
200  contos  in  semiannual  interest-bearing  bonds  at  the  rate  of  8  per 
cent  per  annum.     The  loan  was  placed  at  90  per  cent  of  its  face  value. 

The  following  BRANCH  BANKS  have  recently  been  established: 
The  Royal  Bank  of  Canada,  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Sao  Paulo,  and 
Santos;  and  the  First  National  Bank  of  Boston  in  the  city  of  San 
Salvador,  State  of  Bahia.  The  Scandinavian-Brazilian  Bank,  which 
was  established  in  November  last  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  has  commenced 
business.     It  represents  32  of  the  principal  banks  of  Norway. 

The  legislature  of  the  State  of  Sao  Paulo  has  authorized  the 
governor  of  that  State  to  issue  18,000  contos  in  BONDS  to  defray 
expenses  in  connection  with  the  celebration  of  the  centenary  of  the 
independence  of  Brazil. 

CHILE. 

Recent  executive  decrees  authorize  the  expenditure  of  the  follow- 
ing sums:  50,000  pesos  for  continuing  construction  work  on  the 
San  Antonio  to  Cartagena  Railway,  10,000  pesos  for  repairing  bridges 
on  the  road  from  Los  Condes  to  Los  Bronces,  20,000  pesos  to  expend 
on  foreign  delegations,  6,900  pesos  for  technical  expenses  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Melado  Canal,  and  600,000  pesos  in  treasury  notes  for 
sundry  works. 

In  1919  the  CUSTOMS  RECEIPTS  amounted  to  74,200,104  pesos, 
gold,  consisting  of  export  duties,  28,255,588  pesos;  import  duties, 
42,353,382  pesos,  the  remainder  being  from  other  sources. 

During  the  first  half  of  1919  the  profits  of  INSURANCE  COM- 
PANIES were,  in  pesos,  as  follows:  Chilean  Consolidated,  401,157; 


562  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

Commercial,  110,756;  Franco-Chilean,  204,519;  Anglo -Chilean, 
92,014;  Commercial  Union,  265,240;  Antofagasta,  27,193;  Con- 
tmental,  28,457;  Protectora,  326,942  ;  International  of  Chile,  323,410; 
Patria,  58,593;  Spanish,  558,807;  Porteña,  61,831;  Valparaiso, 
241,428;  Salvadora,  13,340;  Italian,  202,160,  and  Central,  138,596. 
In  1919,  the  Viña  del  Mar  Insurance  Co.  earned  16,700  pesos;  the 
Metrópoli,  98,044  pesos,  and  the  Chilean  Alliance,  1,615,794  pesos. 

The  PROVEEDOR  BANK  of  Chile  has  elected  the  foUowing 
officers:  Baltazar  Cordal,  president;  Severino  Torralva,  vice  prcssi- 
dent,  and  secretaries  Carlos  Vega  Lizardi  and  Jose  Levi.  The  capital 
of  this  bank  has  been   increased  to  5,000,000  pesos. 

The  municipal  council  of  Santiago  has  approved  a  resolution  au- 
thorizing an  appropriation  of  10,000  pesos  for  the  FIRE  DE- 
PARTMENT. 

COLOMBIA. 

The  BUDGET  of  the  National  Government  for  1920  esthnates 
the  receipts  at  23,855,253  pesos  and  the  expenditures  at  27,792,581 
pesos,  leaving  a  deficit  of  3,937,328  pesos. 

*  Press  reports  state  that  the  NATIONAL  CITY  BANK  of  New 
York  will  establish  branches  at  MedeUin,  Barranquilla,  and  Carta- 
gena. 

A  MUNICIPAL  MORTGAGE  BANK,  which  partakes  of  the 
character  of  a  loan  and  savings  institution,  has  been  founded  in 
Medellin. 

The  BITDGET  of  receipts  and  expenditures  of  the  department  of 
Caldas  for  the  present  year  amounts,  respectively,  to  2,077,560  and 
1,733,256  pesos,  or  a  surplus  of  344,304  pesos,  which  it  is  proposed  to 
expend  on  municipal  works  and  in  the  construction  of  roads. 

Due  to  the  establishment  of  foreign  banks  in  Colombia,  the  banks 
of  the  national  capital  have  reduced  their  rate  of  INTEREST  to 
10  per  cent  per  annum.    This  rate  also  applies  to  long-time  mortgages. 

In  February  last  the  ROYíMj  BANK  of  Canada  and  the  German 
Bank  at  Medellin  established  branches  in  Barranquilla. 

COSTA    RICA. 

In  a  meeting  held  February  7,  the  municipal  council  of  the  Central 
Canton  decided  to  increase  the  MUNICIPAL  BUDGET  to  3,762 
colones  (colon  equals  $0.4653)  for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the 
salaries  of  the  employees  of  the  department  of  hygiene. 

According  to  the  statement  rendered  December  27,  1919,  the  figures 
on  the  BANKS  of  Costa  Rica  on  this  date  were  the  following:  The 
Banco  de  Costa  Rica  had  a  reserve  in  coin  of  814,888  colones;  bills  in 
circulation,  284,240  colones;  bills  on  hand,  1,715,760  colones.  The 
Banco  Anglo  Costarricense,  reserve,  787,412  colones;  bills  in  circula- 
tion, 459,835  colones;  bills  on  hand,  1J23 1,665  colones.  The  Banco 
Mercantile  de  Costa  Rica,  reserve,  1,123,506;    bills  in  circulation, 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  APFAIRS.  563 

549,925  colones,  and  bills  on  hand,  1,700,075  colones.  The  Banco 
Internacional  de  Costa  Rica,  reserve,  3,076,181  colones;  bills  in 
circulation,  16,954,024  colones,  and  bills  on  hand,  719,976  colones. 

The  President  issued  a  decree  on  February  13  adding  to  the 
BUDGET  FOR  ROADS  AND  fflGHWAYS  the  sum  of  25,000 
colones  for  the  Province  of  Guanacaste,  and  25,000  colones  for  the 
same  purpose  in  the  Province  of  Puntarenas. 

About  the  middle  of  February  the  President  issued  a  decree  calling 
for  the  ISSUE  OF  10  CENTAVO  COPPER  COINS  to  the  amount 
of  34,549  colones. 

CUBA. 

During  the  month  of  February  the  following  BRANCH  BANKS 
were  opened  :  Branch  of  the  Banco  Nacional  in  the  town  of  Banes  ; 
two  branches  of  the  Banco  Español  in  the  Vedado  and  Regla  wards 
of  the  city  of  Habana;  and  a  third  in  Perico,  an  important  town  of  the 
Province  of  Matanzas.  The  Banco  Internacional  is  opening  a  branch 
in  Habana  and  another  in  the  city  of  Matanzas. 

RECEIPTS  OF  THE  CUBA  RAILROAD  CO.  for  the  month  of 
December,  1919,  were  as  follows:  Gross  receipts,  1,158,179  pesos;  net 
receipts,  306,664  pesos;  profits,  203,634  pesos. 

According  to  a  law  passed  on  February  12,  a  CREDIT  of  15,000 
pesos  was  voted  for  the  purchase  of  engines  and  equipment  for  the 
fire  companies  of  the  municipality  of  Bayamo,  and  10,000  pesos  credit 
for  the  purchase  of  equipment  for  the  fire  company  of  Santa  Clara. 

The  CUBAN  OIL  FIELDS  CO.  has  lately  been  organized  in  Eng- 
land w^ith  a  capital  of  £150,000  sterling  with  150,000  shares  each 
worth  £1  sterling!  .This  company  will  develop  extensive  mining 
concessions,  among  which  are  the  Prosperidad  and  Mariel  claims. 

On  February  17  the  President  issued  a  decree  authorizing  the 
MINTING  OF  SILVER  AND  NICKEL  coins  to  the  amount  of  1,550,- 
000  pesos,  to  be  proportioned  as  follows  :  Silver  coins,  50,000  pesos  in 
40  centavo  pieces;  700,000  pesos  in  20  centavo  pieces;  300,000  pesos  in 
10  centavo  pieces.  Nickel  coins,  300,000  pesos  in  5  centavo  pieces, 
and  200,000  in  1  centavo  pieces.  The  coining  will  be  done  by  the 
Philadelphia  mint  by  arrangement  with  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment. 

Durmg  the  last  quarter  of  1919  the  PROFITS  OF  THE  COM- 
PAÑÍA LICORERA  CUBANA  S.  A.  were  245,147  pesos,  which, 
added  to  the  127,877  pesos  profit  made  during  the  previous  three- 
quarters  of  the  year,  equals  373,024  pesos,  the  total  profit  for  the 
year. 

For  the  month  of  February  the  total  REVENUE  OF  THE  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  COMMUNICATIONS  amounted  to  205,177  pesos, 
which,  compared  with  the  189,963  pesos  collected  in  the  same  month 
of  1919,  shows  an  increase  of  15,214  pesos. 


564  THE  PAN  AMEBICAK  UNION. 

THE  CUSTOMS  RECEIPTS  OF  ANTILLA  for  the  month  of 
February  amounted  to  116,445  pesos.  During  the  same  month 
Isabela  de  Sagua  collected  87,228  pesos. 

DOMINICAN    REPUBLIC. 

The  city  government  of  Santo  Domingo  has  submitted  for  the 
sanction  of  the  military  government  of  the  Republic  the  MUNIC- 
IPAL BUDGET  FOR  1920,  which  amounts  to  370,870  pesos  gold. 

The  town  governments  of  the  comunes  of  San  Jose  de  las  Matas, 
Santo  Domingo,  Bani  Sabaneta,  and  Duverge  have  contracted 
LOANS  with  the  military  government  for  the  construction  of  school- 
houses.  The  loans  were  as  follows:  San  Jose  de  las  Matas,  2,000 
pesos;  Santo  Domingo,  50,000  pesos;  25,000  pesos  for  Bani;  16,000 
pesos  for  Sabaneta;  and  7,800  for  Duverge. 

ECUADOR. 

The  sum  of  130,000  sucres  is  the  amount  fixed  by  the  President  in 
the  BUDGET  OF  EXPENDITURES  FOR  THE  ORIENTAL 
REGION  for  the  present  year,  in  accordance  with  the  special  law  of 
October  27,  1904. 

In  the  latter  part  of  January  the  ministry  of  the  treasury  sent  to 
London  £20,000  sterling  for  the  payment  of  interest  and  amortiza- 
tion on  the  BONDS  OF  THE  FERROCARRIL  DEL  SUR. 

THE  TAX  ON  THE  EXPORTATION  OF  TAGUA  (VEGE- 
TABLE IVORY)  through  the  customs  of  the  Republic  as  laid  down 
in  article  1  of  executive  decree  of  January  7  will  not  go  into  effect 
until  May  1 ,  due  to  a  presidential  decree  of  the  20th  of  January. 

THE  NEW  TARIFF  for  the  national  telegraph  service  which  went 
into  effect  January  1  fixes  the  rate  of  40  centavos  for  the  first  10 
words  or  fraction  of  each  message  transmitted  over  the  national  lines, 
and  20  centavos  for  each  10  words  or  less  following. 

The  BANCO  DEL  AZUAY  of  Cuenca  has  decided  to  raise  its  capital 
stock  to  1,000,000  sucres  (sucre  equals  $0.4867)  and  to  establish  a  sec- 
tion of  loans  and  mortgages. 

GUATEMALA. 

Under  recent  executive  decrees  the  disbursement  of  the  following 
amounts  have  been  made  available:  22,860  pesos  for  repairs  to  the 
collector's  office  at  Amatitlan;  36,250  pesos  for  furniture  for  the 
National  Central  Institute  for  males;  and  6,400  pesos  for  the  con- 
struction of  three  bridges  on  the  road  from  the  city  of  Jalapa  to  the 
Estrada  Cabrera  Railway  station. 

The  municipality  of  Tejutla  has  been  authorized  to  impose  a  tax 
the  proceeds  of  which  are  to  be  used  in  the  erection  of  PUBLIC 
WORKS  in  the  municipaUty. 

Under  date  of  February  12  last  the  President  of  the  Republic 
issued  a  decree  making  effective  the  law  of  April  22,  1919,  authorizing 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  APFAIKS.  565 

the  banks  to  provide  an  AGRICULTURAL  CREDIT  OF  60,000,000 
pesos  for  the  benefit  of  owners  of  land  who  suffered  from  the  earth- 
quakes of  1917-18,  and  who  desire  funds  for  the  repair  of  buildings 
and  the  cultivation  of  fanns.  The  banks  wül  chaise  4  per  cent 
interest  on  these  loans.  Loans  or  credits  in  excess  of  100,000  pesos 
are  prohibited. 

HONDURAS. 

During  the  economic  year  1918-19  the  PRODUCT  OF  THE 
COCONUT  GROVES  of  Puerto  Sal  was  12,806  pesos  (peso  equals 
$0.9271),  of  which  9,135  pesos  were  paid  for  expenses,  leaving  3,671 
pesos  net  profit. 

In  a  recent  meeting  of  the  SOCIEDAD  DE  AHORROS  TESORO 
FRATERNAL  (Mutual  Benefit  Association)  the  following  directorate 
was  elected:  President,  Senor  Antonio  Chavez;  vice  president,  Senor 
Carlos  L.  Mazier,  jr.;  attorney,  Senor  Manuel  Reyes  G.;  secretary, 
Senor  Jidio  A.  Flores;  and  treasurer,  Senor  R.  Augusto  López. 

A  new  BRANCH  BANK  has  been  established  in  the  city  of  San 
Pedro  Sula  by  the  Foreign  Banking  Corporation. 

According  to  the  memorandum  of  the  department  of  Hacienda 
read  before  Congress  on  January  10,  the  Government  has  signed 
conventions  with  banks  and  other  enterprises  established  in  the 
country  for  the  INTRODUCTION  OF  UNITED  STATES  COIN 
into  Honduras.  As  a  result  the  Rosario  Honduras  Mining  Co.  wiU 
import  $145,000;  the  Banco  Atlântida,  $250,000;  and  Pablo  UTiler 
&  Co.,  $42,000. 

The  Government  of  the  Repubhc  on  December  12  made  a  contract 
with  the  Banco  Atlântida  in  Tegucigalpa  to  open  a  CREDIT  FOR 
THE  GOVERNMENT  for  the  sum  of  $100,000.  The  contract 
stipulates  that  the  Government  shall  pay  7  per  cent  annual  interest, 
which  is  to  be  Uquidated  monthly  in  the  proportionate  amount. 

MEXICO. 

In  1917  the  revenues  from  the  tax  on  PETROLEUM  were  6,854,537 
pesos;  in  1918,  11,120,308  pesos;  and  in  1919,  15,203,187  pesos. 

An  executive  decree  of  September  1,  1919,  imposes  a  strict  censor- 
ship on  moving-picture  exhibits.  Since  March  1  last  moving  pictures 
exhibited  in  the  federal  district  and  territories  are  taxed  at  the  rate 
of  1.75  pesos  for  each  300  meters  of  reel  or  fraction  thereof  exceeding 
50  meters  of  censored  films. 

NICARAGUA. 

The  revenue  destmed  for  the  PAYMENT  OF  THE  GUARAN- 
TEED BONDS — that  is,  the  excess  tax  of  12^  per  cent  on  imports 
and  50  per  cent  of  the  direct  tax  on  capital — increased  from  January 
to  September,  1919,  by  28,000  córdobas,  or  12,500  córdobas  more 
than  the  estimated  revenue  of  67,500  córdobas  and  37,500  córdobas, 


566  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

for  the  second;  that  is  to  say,  the  excess  tax  on  imports  produced 
95,500  córdobas,  and  the  50  per  cent  of  the  direct  tax  on  capital 
equaled  50,000  córdobas. 

During  the  first  nine  months  of  1919  the  CUSTOMS  RECEIPTS 
showed  an  increase  of  229,000  córdobas  over  a  similar  period  of 

1918,  the  collection  in  September  of  134,400  córdobas  being  the 
highest  for  any  one  month  since  February,  1914. 

DIVIDENDS  on  the  49  per  cent  of  the  shares  owned  by  the 
RepubUc  in  the  Banco  Nacional  of  Nicaragua  and  in  the  Railroad 
of  the  Pacific,  amounting  to  131,145  córdobas  for  the  first  half  of 

1919,  were  paid  to  the  Government.  The  sum  of  116,445  córdobas 
was  the  interest  from  the  railroad  and  14,700  córdobas  the  interest 
from  the  bank  shares. 

The  SURPLUS  in  the  national  treasury  for  the  first  six  months 
of  1919  amounted  to  606,000  córdobas,  leaving,  in  accordance  with 
the  financial  schedule,  for  public  works  and  the  payments  on  the 
debt  of  the  guaranteed  bonds  the  sum  of  303,000  córdobas.  As  on 
November  30  of  the  same  year  more  than  400,000  córdobas  were  on 
deposit  in  the  bank  as  surplus  of  the  second  half  year,  and  it  was 
estimated  that  in  December  100,000  córdobas  more  would  be  de- 
posited to  the  same  accoxmt,  the  President  calculated  the  surplus 
for  the  full  year  at  over  1,100,000  córdobas. 

PANAMA. 

The  District  of  Panama  collects  annually  43,380  balboas  in  AUTO- 
MOBILE AND  VEfflCLE  LICENSES.  There  are  in  this  district 
361  freight  and  passenger  automobiles  for  hire,  355  private  automo- 
biles, 82  horse  carriages,  and  158  carts.  Licenses  per  month  are 
charged  for  as  follows:  Automobiles  for  hire,  4  balboas;  private 
automobiles,  2  balboas;  and  horse  carriages,  3  balboas.  The  101 
first-class  carts  pay  annually  202  balboas,  and  the  57  second-class 
carts,  57  balboas.  There  are  956  chauffeurs,  coachmen,  and  draymen 
who  pay  for  their  Ucenses  1  balboa  per  month. 

PARAGUAY. 

During  the  third  quarter  of  1919  the  CUSTOMS  RECEIPTS 
amounted  to  342,262  pesos  gold  (peso  gold  equals  $0.9648)  and 
10,410,458  pesos  currency.  Of  these  simis  109,208  pesos  gold  and 
10,299,912  pesos  currency  represent  the  imports;  233,002  pesos  gold 
and  67,830  pesos  currency  the  exports;  and  52  pesos  gold  and  42,716 
pesos  currency  internal  revenue.  The  various  customs  collected 
these  revenues  in  the  following  amoxmts:  Asxmcion,  266,956  pesos 
gold  and  9,734,431  pesos  currency;  Concepción,  26,288  pesos  gold 
and  181,137  pesos  currency;  Encamación,  29,497  pesos  gold  and 
371,725  pesos  currency;  Püar,  10,032  pesos  gold  and  114,077  pesos 
currency.    Ayolas,  901  pesos  currency;  Humanita,  4,930  pesos  gold 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  567 

and  6,483  pesos  currency;    Ville  ta,  4,559  pesos  gold  and  476  pesos 
currency;   and  Rosario,  1,228  pesos  currency. 

In  the  period  from  July  to  September,  1919,  the  total  value  of 
foreign  BANK  DRAFTS  AND  LETTERS  OF  CREDIT  issued 
by  all  the  banks  of  the  Republic  amoimted  to  8,254,750  pesos  gold. 
Of  this  sum  7,594,876  pesos  were  drawn  on  Argentina,  183,563  on 
Uruguay,  54,242  on  Spain,  83,848  on  United  States,  76,900  on  France 
143,490  on  England,  111,038  on  Italy,  and  6,793  on  other  countries. 

Durmg  1919  the  total  EXPENDITURES  ON  LANDS  AND 
COLONIES  amoimted  to  135,674  pesos  currency,  which  sum  was  dis- 
tributed as  follows:  Rent  of  office  and  Hotel  de  Imigrantes,  19,200 
pesos;  office  expenses  and  maintenance  of  immigrants,  71,924  pesos; 
and  expenses  of  inspection  and  measurements  of  government  land, 
44,550  pesos. 

On  January  24  a  BRANCH  OF  THE  BANCO  DE  LONDRES 
Y  RIO  DE  LA  PLATA  was  opened  in  Asuncion,  being  the  first 
branch  of  this  bank  to  be  opened  in  Paraguay. 

On  January  30  the  municipal  council  approved  the  MUNICIPAL 
BUDGET  OF  ASUNCION  for  1920,  which  amounted  to  7,637,000 
pesos  currency. 

PERU. 

In  1919  the  NET  EARNINGS  of  the  ItaUan  Bank  of  Peru  were 
107,836  Peruvian  poimds.  The  nets  profits  of  the  American  Mer- 
cantile Bank  of  Peru  for  the  same  year  were  8,544  Peruvian  pounds. 

The  Southern  Regional  Congress,  which  adjourned  on  December 
9,  1919,  enacted  the  following  TAX  laws:  Twenty  centavos  per  case 
of  alcohol  imported  through  Moliendo  consigned  to  the  southern  part 
of  the  RepubUc;  10  cents  per  liter  of  pure  alcohol  brought  into  the 
Department  of  Puno;  2  centavos  per  kilo  of  fruits  and  olives  exported 
from  Moquegua  and  the  districts  of  Ilo;  3  centavos  per  kilo  for  cattle 
hides;  and  2  centavos  per  kilo  for  goat  and  sheepskins  exported  from 
the  departments  of  Cuzco,  Arequipa,  Puno,  Apurimac,  Tacna,  and 
Moquegua.  The  following  tax  is  also  levied  on  tickets  to  pubUc 
entertainments:  Ten  per  cent  on  tickets  selling  from  20  centavos 
to  1  sol,  and  20  per  cent  on  tickets  in  excess  of  1  sol. 

The  executive  has  approved  the  CHARITY  BUDGET  of  Callao 
for  1920,  amounting  to  45,583  Peruvian  poimds. 

The  TAXES  collected  during  the  last  quarter  of  1919  amounted 
to  558,818  Peruvian  pounds. 

SALVADOR. 

By  a  recent  presidential  decree  the  BANCO  AGRÍCOLA  COMER- 
CIAL of  San  Salvador  is  authorized  to  augment  its  paid-up  capital  of 
1,300,000  colones  (colon  equals  $0.50)  to  1,560,000  colones. 

As  the  monetary  law  of  September  11,  1919,  which  established  the 
gold  standard  has  been  unbalanced  somewhat  by  speculation,  and 


568  THE  PAK  AMERICAN  UNION. 

difficulties  have  arisen  in  regard  to  the  exchange  with  American  gold 
at  the  rate  of  two  to  one,  the  President  issued  a  decree,  on  February 
•  12,  founding  an  OFFICE  OF  EXCHANGE  under  the  supervision  of 
a  citizens'  committee  of  six  members  appointed  by  the  President. 
Among  other  powers  the  Office  of  Exchange  will  be  permitted  to 
issue  bills  to  bearer,  arranged  by  series  and  numbered,  payable  at 
the  office  on  sight  in  U.  S.  gold.  These  bills  will  be  approved  by  the 
Superior  Tribunal  of  Accounts  as  are  those  of  the  present  Banks  of 
Issue. 

URUGUAY. 

In  September,  1919,  the  total  SALES  OF  REAL  PROPERTY 
in  the  Republic  amounted  to  6,457,931  pesos,  distributed  as  follows: 
Sales  in  Montevideo,  2,724,551  pesos;  sales  in  the  interior  of  the 
Republic,  3,246,743  pesos;  and  unclassified  sales,  486,637  pesos. 

The  MORTGAGES  recorded  in  September,  1919,  numbered  315, 
representing  a  value  of  1,908,636  pesos,  as  compared  with  284, 
totaling  1,926,365  pesos,  during  the  same  period  of  1918.  During 
the  same  month  419  mortgages,  aggregating  1,971,838  pesos,  were 
canceled,  as  compared  with  418  mortgages,  amounting  to  2,083,153 
pesos,  during  the  same  period  of  1918.  From  January  to  September^ 
1919,  there  were  2,870  mortgages  recorded,  amounting  to  18,952,338 
pesos,  as  compared  with  3,025,  aggregating  18,217,989,  during  the 
same  period  of  1918.  The  mortgages  canceled  during  this  period 
represented  a  value  of  18,297,000  pesos,  as  compared  with  20,273,730 
during  the  same  period  of  1918. 

On  December  23,  1919,  the  legation  of  the  United  States  in  LTru- 
guay  delivered  to  the  treasury  department  of  that  country  800,000 
pesos  in  payment  of  leases  on  former  GERMAN  VESSELS  up  to 
December,  1919.  The  total  payment  on  account  of  the  lease  referred 
to  amounts  to  3,800,000  pesos. 

The  NATIONAL  REVENUES  of  the  fiscal  year  1918-19,  includ- 
ing the  collections  of  July  and  August,  amoimted  to  33,496,860  pesos, 
as  compared  with  29,697,673  during  the  same  period  of  1917-18. 

A  decree  of  the  treasiuy  department  of  December  29,  1919,  author- 
izes the  founding  of  a  RURAL  SAVINGS  BANK,  under  the  name 
of  **La  Amistad,'^  at  Paso  Manuel  Diaz,  department  of  Rivera. 

VENEZUELA. 

A  branch  of  the  AMERICAN  MERCANTILE  BANK  of  Caracas, 
which  is  a  branch  of  the  Mercantile  Bank  of  the  Americas  of  New  York, 
has  been  opened  in  Puerta  Cabello.  This  is  the  fourth  branch  bank 
that  this  institution  has  established  in  Venezuela. 

During  the  second  half  of  1919  the  net  profits  of  the  TELARES  CO. 
of  Caracas  and  Valencia  were  1,648,294  bolívares,  of  which  82,415 
bolívares  went  to  the  reserve  fund,  838,679  to  the  guaranty  fund, 
and  727,200  to  the  payment  of  dividends. 


PUBUC  INSTRUCTION  AND  EDUCATION.  569 

According  to  the  report  of  the  governor  of  the  Federal  District  to 
the  municipal  council  for  the  year  1919,  the  MUNICIPAL  EXPEN- 
DITURES amounted  to  $3,724,891  bolivares,  disbursed  as  follows 
Public  works,  189,757;  public  instruction,  167,007;  police,  918,699 
charity,  616,288;  public  embeDishment,   113,434;  lighting,  549,580 
and  other  expenses,  863,124,  which  leaves  a  surplus  of  317,002  boli- 
vares. 


^  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION  „ 
~   ;  andEDUCATION  ;    ' 

ARGENTINA. 

AN  EXmBITION  OF  SCHOOL  MATERIAL,  under  the  patronage 
of  the  women's  group  of  the  Union  and  Labor  Association  of  Buenos 
Aires,  and  under  the  hnmediate  direction  of  Dr.  Matilde  F.  Flairotto, 
was  held  in  the  national  capital  from  February  8  to  15  last.  The 
exhibits  were  classified  and  appropriately  arranged  for  the  mstruction 
of  Argentine  children  in  the  primary  and  other  grades,  special  im- 
portance being  given  to  the  education  of  abnormal  children. 

BOLIVIA. 

A  free  DAY  SCHOOL  has  recently  been  added  to  the  night  school 
which  the  American  Institute  maintains  in  La  Paz.  In  this  school 
particular  attention  is  given  to  the  teaching  of  Enghsh. 

Acting  on  the  suggestion  of  the  department  of  pubhc  instruction 
the  rector  of  the  University  of  Potosi  has  donated  488  TEXTBOOKS 
to  the  Cristo  schools. 

CHILE. 

The  ministry  of  pubhc  instruction  recently  appointed  a  commission 
to  arrange  a  GENERAL  PLAN  OF  PHYSICAL  CULTURE  to  be 
taught  in  the  schools,  which  should  be  under  one  head  and  subject 
to  the  ministry  of  pubhc  instruction. 

In  January  the  ministry  of  pubhc  instruction  accepted  the  offer  of 
Señora  Blanca  Veraga  de  Errázuriz  to  donate  a  SCHOOL  BUILDING 
FOR  VIÑA  DEL  MAR.  The  building  wiU  have  three  classrooms,  a 
patio,  and  rooms  for  the  director. 

A  recent  presidential  decree  has  ordered  the  necessary  material  for 
the  teaching  of  PHYSICS  AND  NATURAL  SCIENCES  in  aU  the 
normal  schools  of  the  Repubhc. 

Official  figures  show  that  the  DENTAL  SCHOOL  of  Santiago  had 
in  the  school  year  of  1919  an  enrollment  of  240  students,  of  whom  186 
were  men  and  54  women;  228  of  the  total  were  Chileans,  7  Bolivians, 


570  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

2  Peruvians,  1  Ecuadorean,  1  Uruguayan,  and  1  Frenchman.  In  the 
present  school  year  the  following  subjects  will  be  taught:  General 
pathology,  bacteriology,  and  pathological  dental  anatomy;  dental 
pathology,  therapeutics,  hygiene,  and  physiology.  Charity  patients 
at  the  various  clinics  of  the  school  for  the  nine  months  of  the  school 
year  1919  received  over  200,000  treatments,  and  139,000  pesos  were 
paid  for  medicines  and  supplies  used  for  these  cases. 

During  January  the  following  FREE  COURSES  IN  THE  IN- 
STITUTE  ZANELLI  were  opened:  1,  practical  English  course, 
Wednesdays  and  Fridays,  from  7  to  8  p.  m.  ;  2,  course  in  commercial 
accounting,  Tuesdays  and  Thursdays,  7  to  8  p.  m.;  and  3,  course  in 
electricity,  Wednesdays  and  Saturdays,  7  to  8  p.  m. 

On  January  26  a  SUMMER  COURSE  m  the  Federico  Errázuriz 
school  was  opened.  It  is  free  and  covers  subjects  taught  in  comple- 
mentary schools. 

The  Chilean  Government  has  appointed  Señor  Maxim  Dunoguier  D. 
to  go  to  France  to  study  the  methods  and  organization  of  the  CHEM- 
ICAL INDUSTRIAL  SCHOOLS  of  that  country,  and  the  city  of 
Santiago  has  commissioned  Señor  Dunoguier  to  visit  the  municipal 
laboratories  and  to  study  the  sanitary  systems  employed  in  the  in- 
dustrial plants  of  the  French  cities  he  visits. 

COLOMBIA. 

Presidential  decree  of  January  8  called  for  the  creation  of  a  SCHOOL 
FOR  RAILWAY  ENGINEERS  in  the  national  police  headquarters 
of  Bogotá.  This  school  will  be  composed  of  men  who  will  run  the 
trains  indicated  by  the  Government  at  such  times  when  it  Ls  deemed 
necessary  by  the  Government.  The  course  will  be  given  on  the  rail- 
way of  the  south  and  the  Sabana  Railway,  but  the  students  must  also 
take  the  International  Correspondence  School  course  for  engineers. 

COSTA    RICA. 

The  ministry  of  public  instruction  has  created  the  post  of  IN- 
SPECTOR OF  THE  AGRICULTURAL  SCHOOL  for  the  Province 
of  Guanacasta,  designating  Señor  Victor  Oviedo  for  the  post. 

The  Government  has  recently  ordered  the  reestablishment  of 
AGRICULTURAL  COURSES  in  the  barracks  of  the  army  which 
were  in  force  during  the  administration  of  Licdo.  Jiménez  Oreamuno, 
and  showed  excellent  results. 

CUBA. 

The  president  of  the  UNIVERSITY  OF  BOSTON  arrived  in 
Habana  about  the  middle  of  February  to  establish  an  extension 
course  of  this  university  which  will  include  a  mercantile  course  and 
preparatory  courses  which  will  be  accredited  in  the  United  States. 

At  the  instance  of  the  University  of  Habana  the  department  of 
public  instruction  created  the  post  of  technical  charge  of  the  DE- 


PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION  AND  EDUCATION.  571 

PARTMENT  OF  RADIOLOGY  on  February  21.  The  department 
was  given  a  short  time  ago  to  the  university  by  the  Hospital  Calixto 
García  for  the  purpose  of  the  study  of  radiology. 

Señor  José  Martínez  has  just  made  a  donation  of  a  COLLECTION 
OF  AGRICULTURAL  BOOKS  to  the  grange  school  of  Santiago  de 
C5uba  for  the  library  of  that  institution. 

In  a  meeting  held  February  21  by  the  teachers  of  the  district  of 
Palos  a  SUMMER  SCHOOL  was  organized  with  the  approval  of  the 
department  of  public  instruction.  The  course  wiU  include  the  fol- 
lowing subjects:  Physical  training,  drawing,  manual  training,  and 
reading. 

DOMINICAN   REPUBLIC. 

According  to  a  recent  ruling  of  the  military  government  APPOINT- 
MENTS FOR  SCHOOL  TEACHERS  must  be  given  to  persons  pos- 
sessing one  of  the  following  titles:  Normal  teacher,  normal  teacher  of 
secondary  education,  normal  teacher  of  primary  education,  normal 
instructor.  Persons  who  have  received  the  degree  of  bachelor  may 
be  appointed  to  any  of  these  positions. 

La  Hermanidad  Cigarrera  of  Santiago  (cigar  makers'  society)  is 
organizing  a  NIGHT  SCHOOL  FOR  WORKMEN  members  of  the 
society. 

The  military  government  on  February  9  issued  an  order  stating 
that  to  obtain  the  DEGREE  OF  LICENCIADO  IN  PHYSICS 
AND  MiVTHEMATICS  the  student  must  pass  examinations  in  the 
following  subjects:  Differential  calculus,  integral  calculus,  analytical 
geometry,  physics,  mechanics,  descriptive  geometry,  solid  geometry, 
chemistry,  and  astronomical  mathematics.  To  obtain  the  degree  of 
engineer  of  roads  and  bridges  the  student  must  pass  examinations  in 
the  following  subjects:  Elements  of  differential  calculus,  elements  of 
integral  calculus,  elements  of  analytical  geometry,  mechanics,  re- 
sistance of  materials  and  its  application  to  reinforced  concrete,  and 
plans  of  roads,  railroads,  and  bridges. 

ECUADOR. 

A  Quito  newspaper  states  that  the  Ford  Motor  Co.,  of  the  United 
States,  will  soon  establish  a  practical  school  in  the  city  to  TEACH 
THE  MANAGEMENT  OF  AGRICtXTLTlAL  TRACTORS. 

By  resolution  of  the  directorate  of  the  Law  School  Association  of 
Quito,  on  June  13,  there  will  be  held  in  the  Teatro  Olmedo,  to  com- 
memorate the  eighteenth  anniversary  of  the  founding  of  the  society, 
a  DEBATE  on  the  following  subject:  ''Were  they  mainly  political 
or  economic  reasons  which  ended  the  European  War  of  1914-1919?" 
A  gold  medal,  the  gift  of  Dr.  Rómulo  Arzube  Cordero,  will  be  the 
prize  for  the  contest. 


572  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

GUATEMALA. 

In  January  last  the  INSTITUTE  AND  NORMAL  SCHOOL  an- 
nexed thereto  was  organized  in  the  department  of  Jalapa. 

An  ACADEMY  OF  COMMERCE  was  established  in  the  city  of 
Guatemala  on  February  12  last  as  a  department  of  the  Manuel 
Estrada  Cabrera  girls*  school. 

By  order  of  the  executive  power  the  fourth  year  course  of  secondary 
instruction  has  been  added  to  the  NATIONAL  INSTITl^TE  FOR 
MALES  at  Chiquimula. 

On  February  9  last  an  elementary  SCHOOL  was  opened  at  Rosario, 
a  fluvial  port  on  the  Chisoy  River  in  the  department  of  Alta  Verapaz. 
The  school  bears  the  name  of  Fray  Bartolomé. 

HONDURAS. 

According  to  the  report  of  the  department  of  public  instruction 
the  SCHOOL  CHILDREN'S  CENSUS  taken  in  December,  1918, 
showed  a  total  of  93,314  children  from  7  to  15  years  of  age,  of  whom 
52,620  are  boys  and  40,694  girls.  Of  this  number  45,301  children 
are  being  instructed  in  the  schools  of  the  Republic.  Comparing 
these  figures  with  those  of  the  censuses  taken  in  1916  and  1917  an 
increase  of  2,292  boys  and  a  decrease  of  1,972  girls  of  school  age  is 
noted;  and  there  is  an  increase  of  6,279  children  of  both  sexes  who 
are  now  receiving  instruction. 

The  municipahty  of  Tegucigalpa  has  just  opened  a  new  CHIL- 
DREN'S SCHOOL  in  the  barrio  of  Pedrera,  under  the  direction  of 
Señorita  Elena  Cáceres. 

MEXICO. 

In  compliance  with  an  order  of  the  university  board  of  Mexico, 
dated  March  10  last,  the  National  University  has  conferred  on 
Manuel  E.  Malbran,  minister  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  and  Pedro 
Erasmo  Callorda,  chargé  d'affaires  of  Uruguay,  the  honorary  degree 
of  LL.D.,  and  on  Francisco  A.  de  Icaza  the  honorary  degree  of  Ph.  D. 

Press  reports  state  that  a  Pan  American  Students*  CONGRESS 
will  be  inaugurated  in  the  City  of  Mexico  on  September  15,  1920,  in 
accordance  with  a  resolution  of  students  representing  Argentina, 
Brazil,  Chile,  Colombia,  Uruguay,  and  Venezuela. 

Under  a  decree  of  the  governor  of  the  State  of  Oaxaca  the  INSTI- 
TUTE OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES  of  that  State  has  been  reopened 
to  the  public. 

The  national  SCHOOL  FOR  THE  BLIND  in  the  City  of  Mexico 
completed  its  fiftieth  anniversary  on  March  24  last.  This  school 
was  founded  by  Ignacio  Trigueros,  a  Mexican  philanthropist,  who 
also  founded  a  school  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  in  the  federal  capital. 


PUBLIC  INSTBUCnON  AND  EDUCATION.  573 

A  Mexican  League  of  PRIVATE  COLLEGES  has  been  organized 
in  the  City  of  Mexico  for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  an  exchange  of 
professors  and  students,  and  in  order  to  develop  culture  and  good 
relations  among  members  of  the  league. 

NICARAGUA. 

Scholarships  were  awarded  to  462  students  by  the  Government 
for  courses  in  various  schools  of  the  Republic  ;  254  were  for  boarding 
pupils,  32  for  day  boarding  pupils,  and  176  day  pupils.  Of  this  num- 
ber, 190  are  to  take  the  primary  course,  137  the  normal  course,  and 
135  the  arts  and  science  course,  which  grants  the  degree  of  bachelor  of 
arts  and  science. 

During  1919  the  Government  expended  25,412  córdobas  in  the 
purchase  of  buildings  for  NEW  SCHOOLS  in  the  different  cities  and 
towns  of  the  Republic. 

The  Government  has  recently  sent  to  Bluefields  five  graduates  of 
the  male  Teachers^  Institute  of  Managua  to  form  the  faculty  of  the 
COMPLEMENTARY  CHILDREN'S  SCHOOL  of  Bluefields. 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  year  the  ministry  of  public  instruction 
received  a  consignment  of  SCHOOL  MATERIALS  ordered  in  France 
for  the  superior  schools  of  the  country. 

The  Government  has  acquired  for  the  sum  of  15,000  córdobas  a 
fine  buüding,  which  it  will  utilize  for  the  NORMAL  SCHOOL  FOR 
WOMEN  TEACHERS  in  Managua,  and  has  spent  6,784  córdobas 
in  fitting  it  for  this  use. 

R-om  the  1st  of  January  to  December  31,  1919,  the  annals  of  the 
ministry  of  public  instructions  show  that  84  ACADEMIC  AND 
PROFESSIONAL  DEGREES  were  bestowed  on  Nicaraguan  citizens. 

PANAMA. 

Press  reports  state  that  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  has 
admitted  as  a  CADET  TO  THE  MILITARY  ACADEMY  in  West 
Point  Ramon  Ricardo  Arias,  who  has  attended  the  mihtary  school 
of  Virginia.     He  is  the  first  Panaman  student  to  enter  West  Point. 

PARAGUAY. 

On  December  20,  1919,  the  President  authorized  the  making  of 
REPAIRS  ON  THE  MILITARY  SCHOOL  buüding  and  the  con- 
struction of  new  additions  for  which  the  credit  has  been  approved, 
and  the  work  will  be  carried  out  imder  the  supervision  of  the  ministry 
of  war  and  navy. 

The  memorandum  presented  by  the  board  of  education  on  the 
SCHOOLS  OF  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  YHACANGUAZO  states 
that  there  are  in  the  department  one  graded  normal  school  for  boys 
and  girls  in  the  town  of  Borja  as  well  as  two  superior  country  schools 


574  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

and  five  inferior  schools.     The  department  has  14  normal  teachers, 
1 1  of  whom  are  in  the  special  graded  school. 

PERU. 

The  Southern  Regional  Congress,  which  adjourned  on  December  9, 
1919,  provides  for  the  establishment  of  NEW  SCHOOI^,  as  follows: 
A  mixed  school  at  Chipe;  a  primary  night  school  at  Cotahuasi;  a 
mixed  school  at  Chejaya;  a  school  of  obstetrics  and  for  the  education 
and  care  of  children  at  Arequipa;  a  mixed  elementary  school  at 
Borogueña;  a  normal  school  for  Indian  boys;  an  experimental  station 
in  the  Province  of  Cuzco;  a  school  of  arts  and  crafts  in  the  city  of 
Puno;  an  elementary  night  school  for  workmen  in  the  Province  of 
Andahuaylas;  an  elementary  school  for  children  in  the  Moquegua  dis- 
trict; an  elementary  school  for  children  at  Carumas;  a  mixed  school 
at  Cacahuara;  and  an  elementary  school  for  boj's  at  Quinistaquillas. 

The  Southern  Regional  Congress  enacted  a  law  on  November  10, 
1919,  requiring  physicians  having  diplomas  to  give  weekly  lectures  on 
the  CARE  AND  EDUCATION  OF  CHILDREN  m  the  colleges 
and  in  the  schools  for  women  located  in  the  capitals  of  the  Depart- 
ments, and  two  lectures  a  week  in  the  schools  located  in  the  capitals 
of  the  Provinces. 

A  law  of  the  Southern  Regional  Congress,  under  date  of  December 
9,  1919,  provides  for  the  establishment  of  a  DEPARTMENT  OF 
AGRONOMY  in  the  University  of  Cuzco.  The  organization  of  this 
department  will  be  under  the  direction  of  the  President  of  the 
Republic. 

SALVADOR. 

In  the  meeting  of  the  University  Council  held  in  San  Salvador  Feb- 
ruary 6  the  following  activities  were  planned:  To  hold  a  MUSIC^AL 
CONTEST  for  national  artists,  in  which  will  be  offered  a  prize  of 
500  colons  for  a  university  march,  to  be  played  on  important  occa- 
sions at  the  university;  to  start  a  series  of  PATRIOTIC  HISTORIC 
LECTURES  to  popularize  the  knowledge  of  the  significance  of  the 
centenary  of  the  independence,  and  to  disseminate  among  the 
schools  and  colleges  a  knowledge  of  Salvadoras  work  for  patriotism 
and  libertv;  to  give  a  COURSE  OF  SCHOOL  HYGIENE  for  all 
teachers;  to  start  a  SYNTHETIC  COURSE  OF  DIPLOMACY  to 
prepare  academicians  and  students  for  this  important  career;  to 
bring  about  the  celebration  of  a  CENTR.VL  AMERIC^VN  MEDiaVL 
CONGRESS  as  a  feature  of  the  centennial  of  the  independence; 
to  place  a  BUST  OF  THE  FATHER  OF  SALVADOREAN  LAW, 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Isidro  Menendez,  in  the  patio  of  the  university;  and  to 
open  the  salon  of  honor  of  the  Nacional  University  to  the  university 
students  for  the  reception  of  the  representatives  of  the  Mexican 
3tudents,  which  took  place  on  February  8, 


I 


PUBLIC   INSTRUCTION   AND   EDUCATION.  575 

Señor  don  Miguel  Dueiias  gave  an  oxtfinsive  pipce  of  land  in  the 
barrio  of  San  José  of  fhe  city  of  San  Salvador  for  the  site  of  a  build- 
ing for  the  SCHOOL  OF  ARTS  AND  CRAFTS. 

Presidential  decree  of  January  15  changes  the  REGULATIONS 
FOR  SECONDARY  EDUCATION  and  the  plan  of  studies  which 
was  effective  in  1919. 


The  Inspection  Department  of  Agricultural  Training  has  recently 
received  from  the  School  of  Viticulture  and  Wine  Making  of  Mendoza, 
Argentina,  a  COLLECTION  OF  SPECIMEN  MNES  which  will  be 
distributed  for  experiine.ital  purposes  among  the  Institute  of 
Agronomy,  the  national  vineyards,  and  the  agricultural  stations  of 
Salto,  Paysandú,  and  Cerro  Largo. 

By  a  decree  issued  December  1.5,  1919,  the  ministry  of  industries 
fixed  the  15th  of  December  of  each  year  as  the  date  for  the  CLOSING 
OF  THE  STUDENTS'  COURSES  in  industrial  education  con- 
ducted bv  this  branch  of  the  Government. 

According  to  a  CENSUS  OF  SCHOOL  CHILDREN  taken  in  the 
department  of  Florida,  at  the  end  of  1919,  there  were  in  that  depart- 
ment a  total  of  7,080  children  of  school  age,  of  whom  3,548  received 
instruction.  There  were  51  public  primary  schools  open  in  the 
department  throughout  its  1 1  sections. 

According  to  the  statement  presented  by  the  accounting  depart- 
ment of  the  Council  of  Primary  and  Normal  Education,  the  SCHOOL 
TAX  for  the  month  of  December  amounted  to  135,389  pesos  (peso 
equals  Sl,0342),  and  was  collected  from  the  following  sources: 
Inheritance  tax,  93,043  pesos;  cattle  tax,  20,225  pesos;  export  tax 
on  stone  and  sand,  6,782  pesos;  city  tax  on  public  instruction, 
14,(182  pesos;  rural  ia.x  on  public  instruction,  563  pesos;  dog 
licenses,  453  pesos;  and  collected  interest,  241  pesos. 


172873— 20— Bun. 


ARGENTINA. 

Work  was  recently  commenced  in  the  national  capital  on  CEN- 
TENARY AVENUE.  This  street,  which  is  22  meters  wide,  wUl 
pass  through  property  formerly  belonging  to  the  Central  Argentine 
Railway. 

According  to  recent  data  the  POPITATION  of  the  Argentine 
Republic  on  December  31,  1919,  was  8,723,274,  as  compared  with 
7,885,237  in  1914. 

On  February  S  last  the  corner  stone  of  the  San  Isidro  NAUTICAL 
CLUB  A^as  laid  with  appropriate  ceremonies.  The  object  of  this 
organization  is  to  interest  Argentine  youths  in  marine  sports,  and 
encourage  them  to  engage  in  marine  occupations,  such  as  scientific 
fishing,  construction  of  vessels,  and  the  formation  of  a  merchant 
marine. 

Early  in  February  the  Italian  swimmer,  Enrique  Tiraboschi,  bt^at 
the  world's  sporting  record  for  the  length  of  time  he  remained  in  the 
water,  swimming  for  24  hours  without  interruption,  in  the  River 
Plate,  from  Colonia,  Uruguay,  to  the  north  wharf  of  Buenos  Aires, 
a  distance  in  a  straight  line  of  26.5  miles. 

BOLIVIA. 

In  Januarv  last  the  Bolivian  SOCIETY  OF  DENTISTS  elected 
the  following  officers:  Dr.  Manuel  Maria  Muñoz,  president;  Dr. 
Carlos  Herrera,  vice  prv^sident;  Dr.  J.  Daza  Palmero,  secretary; 
Dr.  Agustin  Garcia,  treasurer;  and  Dr.  Fernando  Veintemillas, 
librarian. 

The  senate  has  approved  the  bill  of  January  6  last  providing  for 
the  erection  of  STATUES  to  Sucre  and  Bolivar  in  the  cities  of  Sucre 
and  La  Paz,  respectively.  The  Government  proposes  to  call  for 
competitive  models  from  sculptors. 

The  executive  power  has  ordered  the  construction  of  a  jail  in  the 
department  of  Oruro  on  land  ceded  by  the  Government  for  that 
purpose. 

The  BOLIVIAN  ACADEMY  of  History  and  Lt^tters,  an  institu- 
tion recently  founded,  has  appointed  Seûoi^s  Francisco  Iraizos  and 
Fabian  Vaca  Chavez,  respectively,  president  and  secretary  of  the 
department  of  letters. 

In  February  last  an  EXPOSITION  of  prehistoric  objects  of  the 
Aymara  epoch  was   held  in  th-^  Tiahuanaco   Palace.     The  objects 

576 


GENERAL  NOTES.  577 

referred  to  were  found  while  excavating  in  the  Samaypata  Fort  in 
the  department  of  Santa  Cruz. 

BRAZIL. 

The  corner  stone  of  the  new  PALACE  OF  JUSTICE  in  Rio  de 
Janeiro  was  laid  in  February  last.  This  edifice  will  be  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  and  artistic  buildings  of  the  Brazilian  metropolis. 

The  line  officers  of  the  BRAZILIAN  ARMY  for  1920  will  consist 
of  1  marshal;  11  generals  of  division,  24  brigadier  generals,  100 
colonels,  131  lieutenant  colonels,  243  majors,  809  captains,  1,089 
first  lieutenants,  and  1,219  second  lieutenants. 

The  President  has  issued  a  legislative  decree  authorizing  the  erec- 
tion of  a  MONITMENT  to  Francisco  de  Paula  Rodriguez  Alves,  one' 
time  President  of  the  Republic.  Competitive  plans  will  be  asked 
for  from  Brazilian  artists.  An  award  of  5  contos  will  be  given  for 
the  first  prize,  2  contos  500  milreis  for  the  second,  and  2  contos  for 
the  third.  The  same  decree  authorizes  the  erection  of  monuments 
in  honor  of  the  founders  of  the  Republic,  namely,  Benjamin  Constant 
and  Mariscal  Deodoro  da  Fonseca.  These  are  to  be  erected  before 
September  7,  1922;  1,000  contos  is  available  for  the  purpose. 

The  Sao  Paulo  government  has  requested  the  municipal  prefects 
of  that  State  to  prepare  LANDING.  PLACES  in  the  principal  cities 
of  the  State  of  Sao  Paulo  for  the  aviation  squadron  which  is  being 
organized  in  the  city  of  Sao  Paulo  by  a  United  States  pilot. 

The  President  has  approved  a  law  authorizing  a  rebate  of  50  per 
cent  from  the  regular  tariff  rates  on  ITNCODED  INTERNATIONAL 
MESSAGES.  The  Brazilian  press  states  that  direct  telegraph  com- 
munication between  New  York  and  Rio  de  Janeiro  by  the  combined 
lines  of  the  Western  L'nion  Telegraph  Co.  and  the  Western  Tele- 
graph Co.  will  soon  be  established. 

CHILE. 

The  Society  for  the  Protection  of  Children  has  inaugurated  a  NEW 
WARD  in  the  city  of  Concepción,  which  will  care  for  children  up  to 
2  vears  old. 

On  January  12,  in  a  meeting  of  the  SOCIETY  OF  DRAMATIC 
AUTHORS  of  Chile  the  following  officers  of  the  Board  of  directors 
were  elected:  President,  Señor  N.  Yánez  Silva;  vice  presidents, 
Señors.  Aurelio  Díaz  Mesa  and  Luis  Valenzuela  Aris;  treasurer. 
Señor  René  Hm*tado  Borne;  and  secretary.  Señor  Eduardo  Valenzuela. 

A  recent  presidential  order  has  reorganized  the  CORPS  OF  IN- 
TERNAL REVENUE  GUARDS  as  follows:  The  squadrons  of 
Serena,  Rancagua  and  Valdivia,  disbanded  some  time  ago  for  reasons 
of  economy,  have  been  reformed;  new  squadroi  s  have  been  recruited 
for   Valparaiso,   Talca,    and   Concepción,   the   latter   being   for   the 


THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

minirg  region  in  that  district.  The  corps  has  been  divided  into  four 
regiments  f  s  follows:  First,  composed  of  the  squadrors  of  Iquique, 
Tocapilla,  Antofagasta,  Taltal,  and  Serena;  second,  squadrors  of 
Valparaiso,  Limache,  Santiago  and  Rancagua;  third,  those  of  San 
Fernando,  Talca,  Chillan,  Concepción,  and  Lota;  and  fourth,  those 
of  Collopulli,  Temuco,  Valdivia,  Osorno,  and  Puerto  Montt. 

The  Colombian  Commercial  Commission,  which  recently  visited 
Chile,  has  made  a  DONATION  TO  THE  NATIONAL  LIBRARY 
of  the  country  of  important  Colombian  books  to  bring  the  cultural 
and  commercial  development  of  Colombia  before  the  Chilean  people. 

In  a  meeting  held  the  last  of  January  the  PAN  STUDENT  ASvSOCI- 
CIATION  elected  the  following  board  of  directors:  President,  Senor 
Julio  Parada  Benavente;  directors,  Senors  Eliseo  Salas  M.  and 
Alberto  Coddou;  treasurer,  Senor  Carlos  Coddou;  secretary,  Senor 
Luis  Silva.  The  object  of  the  society  is  the  protection  of  the  poor 
student.  The  Chilean  Grovernment  has  recently  received  a  communi- 
cation from  Uruguay  inviting  it  to  appoint  a  delegation  to  the  DENTAL 
CONGRESS  to  take  place  in  the  city  of  Montevideo  in  Septem- 
ber, 1920. 

The  Government  has  presented  the  MEDAL  OF  MERIT  to  the 
French  minister  to  Chile,  Señor  André  Gilbert,  in  recognition  of  his 
distinguished  services  during  his  stay  in  the  country. 

COLOMBIA. 

The  President  has  appointed  Dr.  Esteban  Jaramillo  and  Jose 
Maria  Pasos,  respectively,  MINISTERS  of  public  works  and  of  the 
treasury. 

In  February  last  the  President,  accompanied  by  the  ministers 
of  public  works  and  of  agriculture  and  conunerce,  visited  the  depart- 
ments of  Tolima,  Caldas,  and  the  Pacific  coast  for  the  purpose  of 
studying  the  needs  of  that  section  of  the  Republic. 

The  obligatory  term  of  MILITARY  SER\1CE  in  the  cavaby, 
artillery,  engineering,  and  train  divisions  has  been  extended  to  18 
months,  and  in  the  infantry  section  to  15  months. 

The  governor  of  the  department  of  Antioquia  has  ordered  from  the 
United  States  two  automobiles  and  10  cots  for  the  AMBULANCE 
SERVICE  of  the  police  department  of  Medellin. 

A  BUREAU  OF  INFORMATION  AND  PROPAG.VNDA  has 
been  established  in  the  department  of  agriculture  to  work  in  co- 
operation with  similar  bureaus  in  London,  Paris,  New  York,  and 
other  commercial  centers.  Particular  attention  will  be  given  to 
the  industrial  and  agricultural  products  of  the  country. 

The  municipal  council  of  Barranquilla  has  called  for  bids  for  the 
establishment  of  a  modern  TELEPHONE  SERVICE  in  that  city. 

La  Samaritana,  a  modern  sanitarium  recently  constructed  and 
equipped  in  Medellin,  was  opened  to  public  service  in  February  last. 


GENERAL  NOTES.  579 

Materials  for  the  construction  of  the  SANITARY  STATION  at 
Buenaventura,  which  is  said  to  be  the  best  of  its  kind  in  the  RepubHc, 
arrived  early  in  February  last. 

The  municipal  council  has  engaged  a  New  York  firm  of  contractors 
to  make  plans  and  estimates  for  the  PAVING  AND  SEWERING 
of  Barranquilla. 

Dr.  Luis  Schap'u*o,  representing  the  Rockefeller  Institute,  has 
submitted  to  the  department  of  agriculture  a  detailed  report  on 
TROPICAL  ANEMIA  in  Cundinamarca.  Out  of  8,465  persons  ex- 
amined 6,613  were  suffering  from  hookworm,  the  disease  attacking 
principally  persons  who  go  barefooted,  such  as  the  inhabitants  of 
the  rural  districts  and  laborers  on  sugar  cane  and  coffee  plantations. 
The  report  contains  maps,  photographs,  and  a  résumé  of  the  measures 
which  the  Crovernment  should  take  in  combating  and  exterminating 
the  disease. 

COSTA   RICA. 

On  February  24  the  President  issued  a  decree  creating  a  SUPE- 
RIOR COUNCIL  OF  HEALTH,  composed  of  three  members,  to  have 
charge  of  the  sanitation  of  the  entire  country  for  the  prevention  of 
epidemics  and  naming  Dr.  Luciano  Beechc,  president  of  the  Medical 
College,  and  Drs.  Carlos  Duran  and  José  Maria  Soto  to  compose  the 
council. 

The  Government  of  Costa  Rica  has  authorized  the  NAVAL  AVI- 
ATORS OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  to  make  flights  over  the  terri- 
tory of  the  Republic. 

CUBA. 

The  Government  on  February  7  authorized  Señor  J.  Fernández  to 
install  an  ELECTRIC  PLANT  in  the  city  of  Pinar  del  Rio  for  light- 
ing purposes. 

The  department  of  government  has  given  permission  to  the  Com- 
pañía Aérea  Cubana  to  utilize  the  AVIATION  FIELD  within  the 
military  zone  of  the  Colombia  camp  for  a  landing  field  for  its  planes, 
and  to  construct  the  necessary  buildings  for  an  airplane  station. 

On  February  24  the  MUNICIPAL  LIBRARY  of  Habana  was 
opened,  placing  at  the  service  of  the  public  more  than  7,000  voliunes. 

The  latter  part  of  February  the  President  appointed  Señor  José 
Isaac  Corral,  chief  of  the  section  of  mountains  and  mines,  to  go  to 
Madrid  to  assist  in  the  minerological  work  being  done  by  the  Geo- 
logical Institute  of  Spain. 

The  Association  of  Law  Students  of  Habana  recently  decided  to 
erect  a  MONL^IENT  in  the  city  of  Habana  or  in  the  university  to 
the  STUDENTS  SHOT  IN  1871.  The  monument  will  be  paid  for 
by  popular  subscription. 

The  President  in  the  latter  part  of  February  issued  a  decree  chang- 
ing the  COLLEGE  OF  ARCHITECTS  of  Habana  into  an  official 
body  under  the  department  of  public  works. 


580  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

In  a  meeting  of  the  municipal  council  of  Camaguey  it  was  dec*ide<l 
to  organize  a  FIRE  BRIGADE,  and  appropriations  were  made  for 
its  equipment  and  maintenance. 

On  March  3  the  Academy  of  Science  and  Letters  of  Habana  pre- 
sented diplomas  to  the  NEW  ACADEMICIANS,  Señores  Carlos 
Maunel  Trelles,  Bonifacio  Byrne,  Guillermo  Montagu,  Miguel  Ga- 
lliano Cancio,  José  M.  Collantes,  and  Emilio  Bacardi. 

The  chief  of  the  general  staff  of  the  navy  of  the  Republic  has  callee! 
upon  the  artists  of  the  country  to  present  models  for  a  DIPLOMA 
OF  THE  NAVY.  The  model  must  bear  the  shield  of  the  Cuban 
navy  and  it  should  be  0.30  by  0.51  meter. 

In  a  meeting  held  on  March  10  of  the  present  year  the  employees 
and  workmen  of  the  Habana  Electric  Co.  decided  to  organize  a 
COOPERATIVE  LABOR  SOCIETY  which  would  furnish  articles 
of  prime  necessity  at  low  prices.  The  management  of  the  company 
has  placed  100,000  pesos  at  the  disposition  of  the  employees  for  the 
establishment  of  this  cooperative  society. 

DOMINICAN    REPUBLIC. 

An  order  of  the  military  government  issued  on  January  14  causes 
the  DISSOLUTION  OF  THE  MUNICIPALITY  OF  SABANA 
GRANDE  DE  PALENQUE,  the  sections  which  composed  it  to 
be  henceforth  considered  as  dependencies  of  the  commune  of  San 
Cristobal.  A  like  decision  has  been  made  in  regard  to  the  miuiici- 
pality  of  Boya,  whose  composing  sections  will  now  be  dependencies 
of  the  commune  of  Monte  Plata. 

The  military  government  has  recently  ordered  the  construction  of 
BARRACKS  FOR  THE  NATIONAL  GUARD  quartered  in  San 
Francisco  de  Macoris,  for  which  a  credit  of  10,000  pesos  has  been 
voted. 

In  a  meeting  held  the  11th  of  February  the  municipal  council  of 
Santo  Domingo  agreed  to  transfer  the  MUNICIPAL  LABORA- 
TORY to  the  department  of  health  and  charity  to  be  reorganized 
as  a  national  laboratory. 

The  military  government  has  authorized  the  Barahona  Co.  to 
construct  a  BRIDGE  OVER  THE  RIVER  YAQUE  DEL  SUR. 
near  the  town  of  Habanero. 

ECUADOR. 

According  to  a  DECREE  GOVERNING  PASSPORTS,  issued 
by  the  President,  if  passports  issued  by  functionaries  of  the  United 
States  are  vised  by  the  diplomatic  representative  of  Ecuador  or  one 
of  the  Ecuadorean  consuls  they  will  be  valid  for  six  months  from 
date  of  issue  for  the  entry  of  the  holders  of  same  into  their  own 
country. 

Señor  don  Victor  Zevallos  was  recently  appointed  bv  the  President 
CONSUL    GENERAL    TO    CUBA. 


GENEKAL   NOTES.  581 

Since  the  first  of  the  year  five  wards  of  the  SANATARITM  RO- 
CAFUERTE  have  been  built  and  opened  in  the  city  by  the  Olmedo 
Beneficence  Society. 

The  latter  part  of  January  work  was  begun  on  the  towers  of  the 
WIRELESS  STATION  which  the  Government  is  constructing  in 
the  capital  of  the  Republic. 

The  Colombian  minister  to  Ecuador  delivered  to  the  President,  on 
January  26,  a  RESOLUTION  OF  THE  COLOMBIAN  CONGRESS 
joining  with  Ecuador  in  the  celebration  of  the  centennial  of  the 
independence  of  the  city  of  Guayaquil  which  occurs  on  October  9 
next.  The  resolution  was  printed  on  vellum,  with  the  autographs 
of  the  President,  Señor  Marco  Fidel  Suarez,  and  the  presidents  of 
the  legislative  chambers  and  the  minister  of  foreign  relations  of 
Colombia. 

GUATEMALA. 

By  a  decree  of  December  24,  1919,  the  President  ordered  the  recon- 
struction of  the  COLL^BUS  MONlTtfENT  erected  in  Central  Park 
in  Guatemala  City.  The  sum  of  20,000  pesos  is  provided  for  this 
purpose. 

The  Government  has  contracted  with  Antonio  Chong  to  make  4,000 
linen  LTÍIFORMS  for  the  army,  2,000  being  for  the  cavalry  and 
2,000  for  the  infantry. 

Joaquin  Travasos  Valdês  has  been  appointed  MINISTER  to 
Portugal. 

The  Santa  Joaquina  BATHS  in  San  Francisco  El  Alto,  department 
of  Totonicapan,  were  opened  on  February  9  last. 

In  February  last  construction  work  was  begun  on  the  MI^NICIPAL 
MARKET  in  the  city  of  Santa  Cruz  del  Quiche. 

The  DEMOGRAPHIC  STATISTICS  of  the  city  of  Guatemala  for 
February,  1920,  are  as  follows:  Marriages,  29;  births,  J41  males  and 
123  females:  and  deaths,  95  males  and  74  females. 

HAITI. 

Work  is  rapidly  progressing  on  the  new  BIZOTON-MARIANI 
RAILWAY;  the  rails  have  been  laid  on  the  entire  distance  between 
Bizoton  and  Mariani,  and  it  is  expected  that  a  train  service  will  be 
established  in  the  near  future. 

M.  Louis  Morpeau,  professor  at  Lycée  Pétion,  has  prepared  an 
ANTHOLOGY  of  Haitian  poets,  which  will  be  published  shortly. 

A  general  survey  of  the  conditions  of  the  ROADS  leading  to  the 
capital  has  just  been  completed  by  the  department  of  public  works, 
and  extensive  repair  work  will  be  undertaken  immediately.  Among 
the  new  roads  to  be  built  this  vear  is  one  from  Port  au  Prince  to 
Cape  Haïtien,  which  has  been  laid  out  by  the  chie."  engineer  of  the 
departments  o!"  the  north  and  northwest. 


582  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

HONDURAS. 

In  a  recent  session  congress  voted  the  necessary  credit  for  the 
construction  of  a  MUNICIPAL  BUILDING  in  Santa  Fe. 

On  January  22  there  was  a  meeting  of  students  held  in  the  National 
Univei-sity  of  Honduras  to  organize  a  CENTRAL  AMERICAN 
CONGRESS  OF  STUDENTS,  whose  purpose  wiU  be  to  work 
toward  the  union  of  Central  America.  The  following  committee  of 
organization  has  been  appointed:  President,  Dr.  Ricardo  Aguilar: 
vice  president,  Señor  Miguel  A.  Valeriano  ;  secretaries,  Sefiors  Octa- 
viano Arias  and  Manuel  Cáceres  Vijil. 

The  foUowing  CONSn^AR  POSTS  have  been  recently  filled  by 
the  department  of  foreign  relations:  Honduran  consul  in  Cartagena, 
Spain,  Señor  Lie.  Idoncio  Castio  y  Donate;  consul  general  ad  honorem 
in  Peru,  Señor  Juan  Miranda  Talavera;  consul  ad  honorem  in  Puerto 
Rico,  Señor  Waldemar  E.  Lee;  vice  consul  ad  honorem  in  Colon, 
Panama,  Señor  Ramón  García  de  Paredes;  chancelor  of  the  consulate 
general  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  Señor  Miguel  Paz. 

On  January  31  the  new  MINISTER  PLENIPOTENTIARY  OF 
SALVADOR  received  his  credentials  to  the  Honduran  Government. 

MEXICO. 

The  municipal  authorities  of  the  city  of  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  have 
communicated  with  the  municipal  representatives  of  the  City  of 
Mexico  with  the  object  of  more  closely  uniting  the  good  relations 
existing  between  them,  and  as  testimony  of  their  FRIENDSHIP 
FOR  MEXICO  have  given  the  following  names  to  streets  in  Monte- 
video: Benito  Juárez,  Manuel  Acuña,  Amado  Nervo,  and  Juan  de 
Dios  Peza.  Reciprocating  this  courtesy  the  municipal  council  of 
Mexico  will  name  one  of  the  central  streets  of  the  federal  capital  José 
Enrique  Rodó,  in  honor  of  one  of  Uruguay's  most  distinguished 
writers. 

At  the  request  of  the  rector  of  the  National  University  the  President 
of  the  Republic  has  appointed  Agustin  R.  Ortiz  DIRECTOR  OF 
THE  NATIONAL  LIBRARY  of  Mexico. 

The  President  has  ordered  the  construction  of  a  large  building  to 
house  the  exhibits  of  the  EXPOSITION  OF  NATIONAL  AND 
FOREIGN  PRODUCTS,  which  wUl  be  held  in  the  City  of  Mexico  in 
commemoration  of  the  centenary  of  independence  in  September  next. 

In  March  last  Fernando  Saldaña  Galvan  and  Jorge  Carregha  were 
elected  president  and  vice  president,  respectively,  of  the  municipal 
council  of  the  City  of  Mexico. 

The  MONUXiENT  to  Amado  Nervo,  erected  by  the  National  Gov- 
ernment under  the  direction  of  the  rector  of  the  National  University, 
was  unveiled  in  Doloras  Cemetery  in  the  federal  district  on  the  25th 
of  the  present  month.     The  remains  of  the  noted  Mexican  poet  rest  in 


GENERAL  NOTES.  583 

a  bronze  sarcophagus,  the  gift  of  the  Republic  of  Uruguay,  in  whose 
capital  city  Amado  Nervo  died  while  representing  the  Mexican  Gov- 
ernment as  Minister  Plenipotentiary  near  the  Government  of  Uruguay 
on  May  25  last. 

The  post  office  department  in  the  Gty  of  Mexico  has  on  exhibition 
a  number  of  interesting  HISTORICAL  DOCUMENTS  found  in  its 
files  from  the  vice-royal  epoch,  indicating  how  the  postal  service  was 
conducted  at  that  time  and  the  punishments  inflicted  for  violations 
of  postal  laws. 

Early  in  March  last  the  President  of  the  Republic  appointed 
the  following  DIPLOMATS:  General  Heriberto  Jara,  minister  to 
Venezuela;  Lie.  Alberto  Franco,  resident  minister  in  Salvador;  ajid 
Dr.  Salvador  Huete,  resident  minister  near  the  Government  of  Hon- 
duras. 

The  President  of  the  Republic  has  ordered  a  renewal  of  construction 
work  on  the  FEDERAL  PALACE  in  Mazatlan,  State  of  Sinaloa. 

NICARAGUA. 

According  to  a  recent  census  the  POPULATION  OF  THE 
MANGLE  ISLANDS  was  855  inhabitants,  and  there  were  4  churches 
and  196  dwelling  houses. 

The  GENERAL  ARMY  REGISTER  for  the  years  from  1904  to 
1918  will  soon  be  published,  in  accordance  with  the  order  of  the 
National  Government. 

PANAMA. 

During  the  latter  part  of  February  last  construction  work  was 
begun  on  the  new  building  for  the  FIRE  DEPARTMENT  in  the  city 
of  Colon.  The  structure  will  be  of  cement  and  is  estimated  to  cost 
10,000  balboas.  At  the  present  time  Colon  has  two  fire  stations, 
each  of  which  has  a  chief,  two  assistants,  and  six  firemen. 

An  executive  decree  of  February  21  last  forbids  the  introduction 
and  sale  of  ALCOHOLIC  DRINKS  on  Coiba  Island  under  a  penalty 
of  a  fine  of  from  10  to  500  balboas,  collectable  by  the  chief  of  the  penal 
colony  which  has  recently  been  estabUshed  on  that  island. 

PARAGUAY. 

During  the  quarter  from  July  to  September,  1919,  the  VITAL 
STATISTICS  of  Asuncion  were  the  following:  Births,  644,  as  against 
624  in  the  same  period  of  1918;  marriages,  70,  as  against  72  in  1918; 
deaths,  338,  as  against  310  in  1918.  On  June  30,  1919,  the  popula- 
tion was  101,790  inhabitants,  and  on  September  30  of  the  same  year, 
101,924. 

On  Januarv  7  the  President  issued  a  decree  authorizing  the  con- 
struction of  à  MAGAZINE  FOR  ARMY  AND  NAVY  MIJNITIONS 
to  be  built  under  the  supervision  of  the  ministry  of  war  and  navy. 
The  same  decree  also  authorized  the  building  of  a  barracks  for  the 
troops  quartered  in  Villa  del  Pilar. 


584  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

On  January  31  the  POLICE  HEADQUARTERS  of  San  Antonio 
was  opened.  The  new  building  was  the  gift  of  the  Compañía  Inter- 
nacional de  Productos,  and  cost  in  the  neighborhood  of  6,000  pesos 
gold. 

PERU. 

The  PROMLT/ÎATION  OF  THE  NEW  CONSTITLTTON  of  the 
Republic  of  Peru  was  celebrated  on  January  18  last.  The  President 
publicly  signed  same,  and  the  document  was  read  from  the  balcony 
of  the  Senate  chamber  in  Lima  to  a  vast  throng  assembled  in  froiït 
of  the  national  capitol. 

A  law  of  the  Southern  Regional  Congress  of  November  13  gives 
the  LIBRARY  AND  POPUL.VR  ML\SELTtf,  which  has  been  in 
charge  of  the  departmental  board,  to  the  University  of  Cuzco.  By 
a  law  of  the  same  congress  the  district  of  Catea  is  annexed  to  the 
Province  of  Quispicanchis.  This  district  formerly  belonged  to  lhe 
Province  of  Paucartamba. 

The  MUNICIPAL  BL^LDING  at  La  Punta,  in  which  the  munici- 
pal offices,  the  post  and  telegraph  offices,  the  court  of  justice,  and 
the  fire  department  are  located,  was  installed  on  January  25  last. 

A  popular  subscription  is  being  collected  in  Oroya  for  the  purpose 
of  donating  a  military  AIRPLANE  to  the  Peruvian  army. 

SALVADOR. 

The  memorandum  presented  by  Dr.  Santiago  Letona  Hernández 
to  the  ministry  of  public  beneficence  on  the  statistics  of  the  HOS- 
PITAL ROSALES  in  1919  showed  the  following:  5,153  sick  attended, 
of  whom  2,955  were  cured,  1,005  improved  under  treatment,  and 
493  died.  The  chemical  and  bacteriological  laboratory  made  4,175 
tests;  the  institute  of  animal  vaccine  made  38,200  tubes  of  vaccine  : 
the  antirabies  institute  applied  the  Pasteur  treatment  to  61  persons; 
the  section  of  electrotherapy  and  radiology  made  6,999  appUcations 
to  different  patients.  The  isolation  ward  cared  for  84  cases;  the 
pharmacy  of  the  hospital  filled  4,272  prescriptions  for  the  dispensary 
for  outside  patients.  Operations  performed  in  the  year  at  the 
hospital  numbered  907. 

The  President  has  ordered  the  organization  of  a  FIRE  DEPART- 
MENT in  San  Salvador.  The  necessary  engines  and  equipment  have 
been  ordered  by  cable  from  the  United  States. 

URUGUAY. 

The  Latin  American  Odontological  Federation  has  fixed  the  dates 
of  September  18  to  25,  inclusive,  for  the  LATIN  AMERICAN 
ODONTOLOGICAL  CONGRESS  to  take  place  in  the  city  of  Monte- 
video, in  accordance  with  the  conditions  estabUshed  by  the  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Odontology,  which  took  place  some  time  ago 
in  Chile. 


PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION  AND  EDUCATION.  585 

In  the  latter  part  of  December,  1919,  the  directorate  of  public  works 
of  Montevideo  gave  orders  to  commence  REPAYING  CALLE  SPEN- 
CER, formerly  called  Calle  Fraternidad.  According  to  the  conditions 
established  by  the  directorate,  the  persons  benefited  by  this  work 
should  pay  two- thirds  of  its  cost. 

In  accordance  with  the  wishes  of  the  URUGUAYAN-BRAZILIAN 
COMMISSION  to  fix  the  international  boundaries,  the  Government 
of  Uruguay  and  the  Government  of  Brazil  have  designated  the  Rio 
Blanco  Yuguaron  as  the  meeting  place  of  the  commission. 

In  January  the  directorate  of  the  ITRUGUAYAN  RED  CROSS 
decided  to  join  the  International  Red  Cross,  and  have  communi- 
cated with  the  American,  British,  French,  Italian,  and  Japanese 
Red  Cross  governing  councils. 

In  a  meeting  held  on  January  14  the  National  Council  of  Adminis- 
tration decided  to  accept  the  bid  of  Señor  Agustín  A.  Gaggero  for  the 
CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  BRIDGE  over  the  arroyo  Malo  in  Paso 
Hondo  for  the  sum  of  18,581  pesos  (peso  equals  $1.0342). 

On  January  16  the  President  ordered  the  creation  of  a  CONSU- 
LATE GENERAL  IN  TRIESTE,  with  jurisdiction  over  all  the  ports 
of  the  Italian  coast  from  the  Adriatic  to  Bari,  Venice,  and  Istria. 
This  consulate  will  also  have  jurisdiction  over  the  consulates  of 
Czecho-Slovakia,  Austria,  Poland,  Hungary,  Yugo-Slavia,  Roumania, 
and  Bulgaria. 

The  Rural  Federation  of  the  Department  of  Durazno  has  been 
authorized  by  the  ministry  of  industries  to  establish  an  EXPERI- 
MENTAL STATION  for  the  study  of  diseases  of  cattle. 

VENEZUELA. 

Alfredo  Olavarria  has  been  appointed  CONSUL  of  Venezuela  in 
New  Orleans,  and  Humberto  Marquez  Iragorri,  consul  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo. 

In  1919  the  Vargas  HOSPITAL  in  Caracas  treated  4,932  patients, 
of  which  1,225  were  men,  2,823  women,  and  884  children.  The 
patients  in  that  institution  who  received  prescriptions  from  January 
2,  1916,  to  the  same  date  of  the  present  year,  niunbered  20,815. 

A  recent  census  of  the  federal  district  shows  the  POPITLATION 
OF  CARACAS  to  be  90,720,  as  compared  with  72,429  in  1891.  The 
population  of  the  federal  district  is  137,687,  as  compared  with  1 10,774 
in  1891,  date  of  the  previous  census. 

The  centenary  of  the  birth  of  Marshal  JUAN  CRISÓSTOMO 
FALCON,  a  distinguished  Venezuelan  citizen  of  the  State  of  Falcon, 
who  ruled  the  destinies  of  the  Republic  from  1863  to  1868,  was  cele- 
brated with  appropriate  ceremonies  on  January  27  last  in  the  State 
just  mentioned. 


586 


THE  PAN   AMERICAN  UNION. 


At  a  typist  contest  recently  held  in  Caracas  Miss  Julieta  Esteves 
was  awarded  a  gold  medal  and  the  title  of  CHAMPION  OF  VENE- 
ZUELAN TYPISTS. 

In  February  last  the  first  FREE  DISPENSARY  of  the  Vene- 
zuelan Red  Cross  was  opened  in  Caracas. 

As  an  evidence  of  sympathy  and  good  will  toward  Venezuela,  the 
municipal  council  of  Montevideo  has  named  six  of  its  streets  as 
follows:  Venezuela,  Caracas,  Simon  Bolivar,  Francisco  Miranda,  Paez, 
and  Orinoco. 


SUBJECT  MATTER  OE  CONSULAR  RfPORTS 


BEPOBTS  BECEIVED  TO  MABCH  15,  1920. 


Subject. 


ABOENTINA. 

Motion-picture  business  in  Argentina. , 


Argentine  crop  prospects 

"  Boletín  del  Departamento  Nacional  del  Trabajo,"  No.  43,  for 
DecembCT,  1919. 

The  cooperative  movement  in  Argentina 

Export  taxes  for  the  month  of  January 

Destination  of  Argentina's  cliief  exports  for  1919 

Argentine  cereal  prices 

Revised  by-laws  of  the  United  States  Exporter's  Association  m 
Buenos  Aires.  • 

First  annual  banquet  of  the  United  States  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce in  Argentina. 

Comment  on  speeches  made  first  annual  banquet  (article  from 
River  Plate  American). 

BRAZIL. 

Motion-picture  market  in  Brazil 

CUBA. 

Construction  of  new  branch  building  for  the  Royal  Bank  of 
Omada. 

DOMINICAN  BEPUBLIC. 


Date. 


1990 
Jan.     2 

Jan.     9 
. .  .do. . . . 

...do 

Jan.    12 

...do. .. . 

...do... . 

Jan.   23 


Author. 


Highway  transportation. 


ECUADOR. 

Resúmenes  (îcnerales  de  la  importación  y  exportación  de  merca- 
derías durante  el  año  de  191S. 

Market  tor  wire  rope  in  Ecuadw 

GUATEMALA. 

The  metric  system , 

Guatemalan  customs  statistics  for  1919 , 

HAITI. 

Tariff  rates  on  the  importation  of  fountain  pens 

Soap  market 

HONDtJRAS. 

Agricultural  company  organized  in  Honduras 

New  commission  house  organized  in  Tegucigalpa 


Jan.   27 
Jan.   31 


1919 
Dec.  27 


1920 
Jan.   31 


Jan.   27 


1919 
Dec.  31 

1920 
Jan.    17 


Jan.    14 
Feb.  13 

Feb.      9 
Feb.  10 

Jan.   23 
Feb.    4 


W.  Henry  Robertson,  consul 
general  at  Buenos  Aires. 
Do. 
Da 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


Chas.  L.  Hoover,  consul  a  t 
Sfto  Paulo. 


Frank  Bohr,  consul  at  Cien- 
fu^os. 


W.    A.    Bickers,  consul  at 
Puerto  PlaU. 


Frederic  W.  Coding,  coosal 
general  at  Guayaquil. 

Da 


Henry   S.   Waterman,   vice 
ccHisul  in  charge. 
Da 


R.  A.  Boemstoin,  vice  con- 
sul at  Port  au  Prmce. 
Da 


O.  K.  Donald,  consul  at  Te- 
gucigalpa. 
Da 


BOOK  NOTES. 


587 


Reports  received  to  March  15,  1920 — Continued. 


Subject. 


Date. 


Author. 


MEXICO. 

Grofwth  of  hemp  in  northern  Chihuahua . . . 

Report  on  Mexican  medicinal  plants 

Coffee  reporta  from  Salina  Crui  for  January . 
Methods  of  advertising  in  northern  Mexico. 


Steamship  line  service 

Report  on  marking  shipments  for  export. 


Travel  from  Ciudad  Juarez  to  Interior 

I'rioos  of  commodities  consumed  in  State  of  Chihuahua 
Report  on  sesame  seed 


PANAMA. 

British  steamship  ofBce  bmlding  at  Cristobal 

PERU. 

Annual  report  oa  commerce  and  mdustries  of  Peru  lor  the  year 
191 S. 

VENEZUELA. 

Report  on  the  commerce  and  industries  of  Venezuela  ior  1918 


1920 

Jan.  25 

Jan.  26 

Feb.  1 

Feb.  2 

Feb.  5 

Feb.  14 

Feb.  20  : 

Feb.  23 

Feb.  24 


Feb.  21 


Jan.    24 


1919 
Sept.  30 


E.  A.  Dow,  consul  at  Ciudad 

Juarez. 
Willys  A .  Myers,  vice  consu 

at  Vera  Cruz. 
Lloyd    Burlingham,   consul 

at  Salina  Cruz. 
Edward  A.  Dow,  consul  at 

Ciudad  Juarez. 
Lloyd  Burlingham. 
Wiiivs  A.  Myers,  vice  con.su] 

at  Vera  Cruz. 
Edward  A.  Dow. 

Do. 
Cornelius  Ferris,  jr.,  consul 

general,  Mexico  City. 


Juhus  D.  Dreher,  consul  at 
Colon. 


James  H.  Roth,  vice  consul 
at  Callao-Lima. 


Homer  Brett,  consul  at  La 
Guaira. 


BOOK  NOTES 


I 


(Publications  added  to  the  Columbia  Memorial  Library  during  January,  1920.] 

(  Continxud  from  A  pril.] 

Reglamentos  de  adquisición  de  propiedades  raíces  i  de  pensiones  de  jubilaciones  i 
accidentes  del  personal  de  conformidad  a  la  lei  de  Caja  de  Retiros  i  Previsión 
Social  de  los  Ferrocarriles  del  Estado.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Fiscal  de 
la  Penitenciaria,  1918.  30  p.  8°.  (Publication  of  the  Ministerio  de  Ferrc- 
carriles.) 

Reseña  sumaria  del  estado  actual  de  la  agricultura  en  Chile.  Dirección  Jeneral  de 
los  Servicios  Agrícolas.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1919.  map. 
48  p.     8^. 

El  salar  de  pintados  i  sus  yacimientos  de  potasa.  Por  el  Dr.  J.  Brüggen.  Santiago 
de  Chile,  Soc.  Imp.  y  Lit.  Universo,  1918.     20  p.    S"*. 

¿Salmo  salar  o  salmo  quinnat?  Salmo  Salar.  Ministerio  de  Industria  i  Obras  Pú- 
blicas.    Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Nacional,  1902.     15  p.     8°. 

Sama  de  los  ovejunos.  Servicio  Veterinario  Nacional.  No  imprint.  191tí.  illup. 
43  p.    8°. 

Sesiones  de  1910-1915.  Congreso  Nacional.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Nacional, 
1915.     3.^8  p.     8°. 

Simipsis  de  los  servicios  dependientes  del  Ministerio  de  Instrucción  Pública.  1917- 
1918.     Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1918.     21í)  p.     8°. 

Sobre  educación  popular.  [Por]  Darío  E.  Salas.  Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Uni- 
versitaria, 1913.    49  p.     8°. 

Sobre  la  industria  del  fierro  en  Chile.  Ministerio  de  Industria  i  Obras  Publier.». 
Santiago  de  Chile.  Imprenta  Santiago,  1916.     117  (1)  p.     8°. 


588  THE  PAN   AMERICAN    UNION. 

Statistical  abstract  of  the  Republic  of  Chile,  1917.    Central  Statistics  Bureau.    8an- 

tia^ço  de  Chile,  Sociedad  Imprenta  y  Litografía  Universo,  1917.    x,  150  j).    8°. 
El  trabajo  manual  en  el  liceo.     Su  aspecto  educativo,  social  i  económico.     Por  Luis 

Flórez  Fernández.     Santiago  de  Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1913.     16  p.   8**. 
Tuberculosis.     Tercera  ediciíSn.     Servicio  Veterinario  Nacional.     1915.   No  imprint. 

illus.    31  p.     8°. 
Tumores  del  cuello  de  la  alfalfa.     Servicios  de  Policía  Sanitaria  Vejetal.     Santiago  de 

Chile,  vSección  Impresiones  del  Instituto  Meteorolójico,  1915.     illus.     6  p.    8* 


to 


COSTA    RICA. 

Breve  reseña  de  la  República  de  Costa  Rica  y  algunas  consideraciones  sobre  su  por- 
venir. Por  Mariano  Alvarez  Melgar.  Barcelona,  Tip.  **La  Académica."  1919. 
illus.     map.     45  p.    8°. 

Manifiesto  a  mis  compatriotas.  [Por]  Alfredo  González  Flores.  [San  José],  Imprenta 
Minerva,  1919.     16  p.     12^. 

CUBA. 

Colección  legislativa.  Leyes,  decretos  y  resoluciones  de  P  de  Julio  a  31  de  Agosto  de 
1914.  Volumen  cuadragésimo  quinto.  Habana,  Imprenta  y  Papelería  de  Ram- 
bla, Bouza  y  Cía.,  1919.     996  p.     8°. 

Cultivo  industrial  de  la  higuereta.  Por  el  Doctor  A.  E.  Barthe.  Habana,  Cía.  Edi- 
torial ''Hermes,"  1919.    illus.     39  p.     4°. 

Efemérides  de  la  revolución  Cubana.  Por  Enrique  Ubieta.  Obras  aprobada  por  la 
junta  de  superintendentes  de  escuelas  públicas  en  sesión  de  6  de  Enero  de  191 J. 
Tomo  1-2.     Habana,  La  Moderna  Poesía,  [1911].     4°.     2  vols. 

Memoria  dtfl  curso  académico  de  1917-1918.  Leída  por  el  Señor  Secretario  del  Ins- 
tituto provincial  en  el  acto  de  la  solemne  apertura  del  curso  académico  de 
1918-1919.  [Instituto  de  Segunda  Enseñanza  de  Oriente.  Santiago  de  Cuba.] 
Santiago  de  Cuba,  Imp.  *'La  Moderna  Poesía,"  1919.     74  p.    8**. 

Mensaje  del  Presidente  Mario  G.  Meuocal  al  Congreso  de  la  República  de  Cuba  refe- 
rente a  los  actos  de  la  administración  y  demostrativo  del  estaílo  general  de  la 
República  en  3  de  Noviembre  de  1919.  Habana,  Imprenta  y  Papelería  de  Ram- 
bla, Bouza  y  Cía.,  1919.     90  p.     8°. 

Organización  moderna  de  los  campos  experimentales.  Por  el  Dr.  A.  E.  Barthe. 
illus.     31  p.     4**.     half-title. 

DOMINICAN    REPUBLIC. 

Colección  de  órdenes  ejecutivas  del  Núm.  1  al  116  inclusives  y  reglamentos  adminis- 
trativos del  1  al  7  inclusives  de  noviembre  29,  1916,  hasta  diciembre  31,  191  , 
Publicados  en  la  Gaceta  Oficial.  Santo  Domingo.  Imp.  y  Linotipo  J.  R.  Vda. 
García,  1918.     298  p.     8°. 

Núm.  117  al  248  inclusives  y  reglamentí^  administrativos  del  8  al  13  inclusives 

de  enero  1"  1918  hasta  diciembre  31,  1918.     Santo  Domingo,  1919.     485  p.     S°. 

El  prv)blema  Dominicano.  (De  "La  Reforma  Social,"  número  4,  tomo  XV',  di- 
ciembre de  1919.)     [Por]  Julio  M.  Cestero.     New  York,  1919.     19  p.     8°. 

Santo  Dí^mingo,  its  past  and  its  present  condition.  [U.  S.  Navy  Department].  Sanio 
Domingo  City,  D.  R.     January  1,  1920.     No  imprint.     67  p.     8°. 

HONDURAS. 

Ante  el  problema  monetario.  Barón  de  Franzenstein.  [Tegucigalpa],  Tipo-Lit.  y 
Fotograbado  Nacionales,  no  date.     24  p.     8°. 

Lu  refonna  tributaria  y  proyecto  de  conversión  de  la  deuda  interna  de  Honduras. 
[Por  Barón  de  Franzenstein.]  Tegucigalpa,  Biblioteca  de  la  "Revista  Econó- 
mica," 1919.     44  p.     12°. 

MEXICO. 

Sonetos  y  sonatas.  [Por]  Miguel  Bolaños  Cacho.  El  Paso,  Texiis,  J.  R.  Díaz  y 
Cía.,  1918.     frv>nt.  port.     203  p.     8°. 


BOOK   NOTES.  589 

PARAGUAY. 

La  causa  narinnal.     Enaayo  sobre  loe  antecedentes  de  la  pueira  del  Faraway  (1864-70^. 

I  Por]  Justo  Pastor  Beniíez.     Pn>l<^  de  Juan  S.  Chaparn\    Cartas  in^nuas. 

Marínales.    AsunWón,  Imprenta  y  Librería  La  Mundial.  1919.     117  p.     12°. 
iVjdipo  de  comercio  de  la  República  del  Paraguay.     Edición  oficial,     no  title-paj^e. 

322  p.     8*». 
Código  penal  de  la  república  del  Paraeruay.     Edición  oficial.     Asunción.  Talleres 

Gráfic<^  del  Estado,  1914.     132,  ii  p.     8*^. 
Compí'ndio  elemental  de  historia  del  Parapvay.     Por  Blas  Garay.    Asunción.  Talleres 

Gráfic(«  '*La  Colmena,''  1915.     xüi,  228  (2»  p.     8°. 
Estatutos.     Programas.     Partido  Liberal.     Asunción,  Tip.  (^andido  ZamphinSpolos, 

1916.  64  p.     12**. 

Informe  presentado  al  Ministro  de  Justicia,  Culto  e  Instrucción  Pública,  1917,  [por[ 
Dirección  General  Escuelas.    Asunción,  Imprenta  de  Cándido  Zamphir(>(M>los, 

1917.  58  p.     8°. 

Instrucción  No.  22.     Departamento  nacional  de  higiene  y  asistencia  pública.     Asun- 
ción, Talleres  Gráficos  del  Estado,  1919.     10  p.     12**. 
Ley  electoral.     No.  323.     Asunción,  Talleres  Gráficos  del  Estado,  1918.     38  p.     12°. 
Ley  de  impuesto  á  la  exportación  del  ganado.    Asunción,  Talleres  Gráficos  del  Estad. >, 

1914.     14  p.     8°. 
Ley  número  300  creando  el  registro  cívico  permanente  y  decreto  No.  8439  determi- 
nando la   composición  de  las  juntas  electorales   de    la    república.     Asunción, 

Talleres  Gráficos  del  Estado,  1918.     26  p.     12°. 
Ley  de  organzación  administrativa  sancionada  por  el  H.  Congreso  de  la  Nación  en 

sesión  de  fecha  9  de  Junio  de  1909.    Asunción.  Talleres  Gráficos  La  Unión,  1909. 

48  p.     8°. 
Ley  de  procedimientos  para  la  justicia  de  paz.     Asunción,  Talleres  Nacionales  de  H. 

Kraus,  1898.    17  p.     8°. 
Memoria  del  Banco  Agrícola  del  Paraguay  correspondiente  a  los  ejercicios  de  1915  y 

1916.    Asunción,  Talleres  Nacionales  de  H.  Kraus,  1917.    112  (1)  p.     8°. 
Memoria  del  Departamento  del  Interior  correspondiente  al  año  1897-1898.    Asunción, 

Tip.  de  *'U  Opinión,"  1898.    fold,  tables.    99  (1  )  p.    8°. 
Memoria  de  la  enseñanza  segundo  y  superior  correspondiente  al  curs:>  acadóniico  de 

1896-97.    Asunción.  Imprenta  de  La  Democracia,  1897.    fold,  tables.    159  p.    8°. 
Memoria  del  Ministerio  de  Justicia  Culto  é  Instrucción  Pública  de  la  República  del 

Paraguay  presentada  al  Honorable  Congresso  de  la  Naci('n.     Asunción,  Tip.  y 

Ene.  de  ''La  República,"  1891.     198  p.     8°. 
MenK^ria  del  Ministerio  de  Relaciones  Exteriores  presentadla  al  II.  Congreso  de  la 

Nación  en  los  años  1897,  1898, 1901-02,  1902-03.    Asuncit'n.    2  vols.    2  pamps.    8". 
Memoria  presentada  por  el  Ministerio  de  Hacienda  al  Honorable  Congreso  de  la  Nación 

correspondiente  a  lósanos  1884,  1888.  1890,  1891,  1894,  1H06,  1899,  1900.     Asun- 
ción.    8°.     9  vols. 
Mensaje  del  presidente  de  la  República  del  Paraguay  por  los  años  1S83,  18S9.  IS94, 

1903,  1919.     Asunción.     8°.     5  pamps. 
Ley  orgánica  de  los  tribunales  y  de  arancel  de  los  a<*tuarios  judiciales.     Asunción, 

Talleres  Gráficos  del  Estado,  1918.     68  p.     8°. 
Los  problemas  nacionales.     [Por]  Genero  Romero.     Asunción,  Talleres  (inificos  del 

Estado,  1915.     front,  port.     72  p.     8°. 
Recopilación  de  leyes  y  disposiciones  fisc^ales  de  la  República  del  Paniguiiy.     Por 

Rafael  C.  Vallejos.    Asunción,  Tip.  y  Ene.  de  ''La  República,"  1891.     396  p.    V'. 
Registn»  oficial  correspondiente  al  año  1917.     Primer  semestre,  Tomo  1.     AsTin<i<'>n, 

Talleres  Gráficos  del  Estado,  1917.     378  p.     4°. 

PEKl'. 

Discursos  parlamentarios  de  J.  M.  Manzanilla.     1916-18.     Tomo   1-2.     Lima,    Im- 
prenta de  "El  Centro  Editorial,"  1919.     12°.     2  vols. 


\ 


590  THE  PAN   AMERICAN    UNION. 

Estadística  del  comercio  especial  del  Perú  en  el  año  1918.  Publicación  oficial.  Sec- 
ción de  estadística  general  de  aduanas.    Lima,  1919.    xxxvü,  437,  xvi  p.    4°. 

Estatutos  de  la  sociedad  humanitaria  "Hijos  del  Misti.'*  Fundada  el  17  de  Julio  de 
1902.    Lima,  Imp.  "La  Moderna,"  1915.    20  (2)  p.    8^. 

Extracto  estadístico  correspondiente  al  año  1918.  Preparado  por  la  Dirección  de 
Estadística  del  Ministerio  de  Fomento.  Lima,  Imp.  Americana,  1919.  x,  152 
p.    8^. 

Un  ruidoso  asunto  diplomático.  Las  cartas  del  ex-presidente  Roca  y  la  guerra  del 
Pacífico.  [Por]  D.  Agustin  Arroyo  en  la  Pictoria.  Lima,  Imprenta  del  Estado, 
1919.     62  p.     8**. 

SALVADOR. 

La  actuación  de  la  cancillería  Salvadoreña  relacionada  ccn  los  acontecimientos  polí- 
ticos de  la  República  de  Costa  Rica .  Ministerio  de  Relaciones  Exteriores .  Libro . 
Rosado.     San  Salvador,,  Imprenta  Nacional,  1919.    68  p.    8°. 

La  cuestión  económica.  Publicación  del  Ministerio  de  Instrucción  Pública.  San 
Salvador,  Imprenta  Nacional,  1919.     351  (2)  p.    4* 


lO 


UNITED   STATES, 

American  National  Red  Cross.  Annual  report  for  the  year  ended  June  30,  1919. 
303  p.    8°. 

Annual  report  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  showing  the 
operations,  expenditures,  and  condition  of  the  Institution  for  the  year  ending 
June  30,  1919.    Washington,  G.  P.  O.,  1919.    xii,  674  p.     pis.    4°. 

Annual  report  of  the  Surgeon  General  of  the  Public  Health  Service  of  the  United 
States  for  the  year  1919.    Washington,  G.  P.  O.,  1919.    346  p.     8°. 

Building  business  around  the  world.  American  Express  Co.,  New  York,  illus, 
maps.     27  p.     8**. 

Classified  list  of  publications  of  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington  issued  Decem- 
ber 1,  1919.    no  imprint.    192  p.    8**.    Cover  title. 

Earthquakes.    By  Ramon  Gandia  Cordova.    Department  of  Agriculture  and  Labor, 

•      Bulletin  No.  VI.     San  Juan,  Poto  Rico,  October  19,  1918.     11  p.    4®. 

The  engineering  foundation.  A  progress  report  to  United  Engineering  Society. 
New  York,  Engineering  Societies  Building,  1919.     front,  port.     31  p.     8°. 

Furniture  markets  of  Argentina,  Uruguay,  Paraguay,  and  Brazil.  By  Harold  E. 
Everiey.  Washington,  G.  P.  O.,  1919.  pis.  130  p.  8°.  (Bureau  of  Foreign 
and  Domestic  Commerce.     Special  agents  series  No.  183.) 

How  we  effect  Latin  America's  daily  life.  Latin  America,  No.  2.  [By]  William  J. 
Dangaix.     New  York,  Institute  for  Public  Service,  1920.    48  p.    8°. 

Importance  of  New  Orleans  to  the  Mississippi  VaUey.  What  it  has  done  and  is  doing 
to  encourage  movement  to  trade  in  this  direction.  Facilities  offered  by  the  great 
river  and  the  importance  of  improving  navigation  thereon.  Address  delivered 
by  Hon.  Martin  Behrman,  at  Mississippi  Valley  Waterways  Association  (\)nven- 
tion,  St.  Louis,  May  14  and  15,  1918.     8  p.     8°.     Cover  title. 

Indian  nv)tes  and  mono;iraph8.  A  series  of  publications  relating  to  the  American 
aborigines.  Vol.  Ill,  No.  1.  New  York,  Museum  of  the  American  Indian, 
Heye  Foundation,  1919.     39  p.     12°. 

Information  concerning  dumping  and  unfair  foreign  compctiticm  in  the  United  States 
and  Canada's  anti-dumping  law.  United  States  Tariff  CommÍ83Íon.  Washing- 
ton, G.  P.  O.,  Ii)l9.     45  p.     8°. 

Memorial  serxdce  in  honor  of  Andrew  Carnegie  on  his  birthday,  Tuesday,  November 
25,  1919.     Pittsburgh,  Carnegie  Mr.sic  Hall,  1919.     front,  port.     41  p.     8**. 

Newark,  the  city  of  industry.  Facts  and  figures  concerning:  the  metropolis  of  New 
Jersey,  1912.  Published  under  the  auspices  of  Newark  Board  of  Trade,  1912. 
illus.'    182  p.     4°. 

[To  be  continued.] 


T        UNION    OF    AMERICAN    REPUBLICS       T 

BULLETIN 

OP  THE 

PAN  AMERICAN 
UNION 

JUNE.  1920 


SETEHT^NTH  AlfD  B  STREETS  ITW.,  WASHmOTOR,  D.  C,  U.  S.  A. 

CABLE  ADDRESS  FOR  trmOR  ARD  BUtXBTlH    :     i     :     :    "PAD,"  WASHINOTOK 


SUBSCRIPTION    RATES    FOR    THE    BULLETIN 


Engliih  edition,  in  all  countriei  of  the  Pan  American  Union,  $2^  per  year 

Spaniih  edition.      *•  "  "        2.00 

Portugueie  edition."  "  •*         "  "  "        1.50       «* 

An  ADDITIONAL  CHARGE  of  50  cents  per  year,  on  each  edition,  for 
lubtcriptioni  in  countriei  outiide  the  Pan  American  Union. 

SINGLE  COPIES  may  be  procured  from  the  Superintendent  of  Docu- 
ments. GoYcrnment  Printing  Office.  Washington.  D.  C.  at  25  cents  each. 


WASHINGTON  :  QOVeRNMCNT  PRINTINO  OPPICK  :  IMS 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Ú,  

Pag«. 
Arequipa,  the  Second  City  oí  Peru 591 

Movlnf  Pictures  in  Pan  America 606 

The  Palace  oí  Alvear 624 

The  Launching  oí  the  Artigas 629 

New  Chairman  oí  the  Qoveming  Board 633 

Tenth  Anniversary  oí  the  Pan  American  Union's  Home 635 

Colonial  Besidences  oí  Mexico 644 

Agriculture,  Industry,  and  Commerce 657 

ARGENTINA:  Agrioultural  products— I>erma-Hualtiquina  rallroed— Crops— Production  of 

wool— Wooden  paving  blocks BOLIVIA:  Foreign  commerce— Exports  of  timgsten  bars 

—Production  of  copper— Wool  exports— ArtlclevS  of  prime  necessity— Automobile  service 

BRAZIL:  Rubber  goods— Iron  and  steel  Industry— Aerial  navigation  service— Coffee— 
8t03k  exchaniçe— Reforestation— Governmental  stock  farm— Maritime  F^eration  of  Para- 
Foreign  commerce— 3ao  Paulo  Railway— Sao  Paulo  exports— Steamship  line— Stock  for 

breeding  purposes— Stock  show— Navigation  service— Navigation  league CHILE:  Nitrate 

— Maritime  freight  service— Mining  output— Imports— Improvement  of  Punta  Arenas 
port COLOMBIA:  Colombian  promotion  company— Industrial  and  agricultural  exposi- 
tion—Santa Marta  Fruit  Co.— Customs  port  of  Asis— Oil  wells— Textile  factory— uvic 
Improvement  company — Oil  company— Branch  railroad— Coal  mine— New  enioneerlng 
firm— Highway— Coffee  plantations— Railroad  branches— Railroad  of  Amaga— Textile  manu- 
factures  COSTA  RICA:   Public  works— Dcsamparados-San  Jose  highway CUBA: 

Production  of  sugar— New  steamship  lines— Cigar  exports— Belgian  commercial  mission- 
Fish— New  railway— Sugar  exports— Petroleum— Sugar  refinery— New  sugar  central 

DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC:  Coastwise  service— Agricultural  exposition— Provincial  Board 
of  Surveyors ECUADOR:  Imports  of  rice— Textile  Industry GUATEMALA:  Tele- 
graph orcein  Granados- Mineral  production— Telegraph  business— American  Cattle  Co. 

HAITI:  Commerce  and  Industry HONDURAS:  Foreign  commerce- Exports  of  live 

stock— Cooonut  production— Menean  commercial  delegation MEXICO:  Silver  output- 
Petroleum  and  coal— Copper  mines — Petroleum  wells— National  railway  rolling  stock- 
Automobile  road— Aerial  transportation  company— Cotton  cultivation— Farm  machinery- 
Port  improvements— New  copper  smelter— Chilean  wines N ICAR  AGUA  :  Glass  factory- 
Commercial  guide— Cattle  dips PANAMA:  Chirlqul  railroad— General  road  commis- 
sion—Storage warehouses— Regulations  for  Government  docks PARAGUAY: 'Electric 

tramway  for  Asuncion— Colonization  lands— Foreign  commerce PERU:  Rice  prodhc- 

tlon— Electric  railway— Irrigation  plants— Sale  of  foodstuffs— Imports  from  Barcelona 

SALVADOR:  Railway  traffic— Reforestation— Amber  deposits— Agricultural  and  Indus- 
trial machinery URUGUAY:  Industrial  census— Gift  to  the  rural  Argentine  society- 
New  steamship  service — Exports  of  frozen  meats — Cereal  and  flour  shipments— Commerce 
with  Spain— French  South  American  Cable  Co.— New  refrigerating  service ^VENE- 
ZUELA: Commercial  agency— Exports  to  the  United  States— National  products — High- 
way—Bottle factory— Imports. 

Economic  and  Financial  Affairs 671 

ARGENTINA:  Buenos    Aires    municipal    debt— National    railway    traffic BOLIVIA: 

"Banco  de  la  Nadon  Boliviana"  receipts— National  debt— New  sfock  company— Customs 

receipts— "  Banco    National    de    Bolivia" BRAZIL:  Municipal    revenues— Municipal 

loan— New  bank  building— Gold  reserve CHILE:  State  banks  of  Chile— Savings  bank 

deposit»— Bank  bills  In  circulation- Insurance  and  savings  sodetv— Customs  collections- 
Expense  budget COLOMBIA:  "Banco  Hipotecarlo  of  Medellln"— Credit  for  railroad 

material— Emeralds— Loan  for  public  works— Loan  for  Bogota— National  City  Bank  of  New 

York- Branch  banks COSTA   RICA:  Municipal  taxes— Loan  for  Llmon CUBA: 

Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce— Sewering  and  paving  of  Pinar  del  Rio— Credit  bank- 
Federal  Insurance  Co.— Mortgage  bonds DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC:  Lighthouse- 
Taxes— Revenue  stamps— Public  debt— Customs  receipts ECUADOR:  Bank  of  Pichin- 
cha—Exports  of  tagua— Commis<^on  to  study  European  conditions— Government  dock  of 

Guayaquil GUATEMALA:  Real-estate  transactions— Mimldpal  taxes— Public  benefl- 

oenoe  revenue— Post  office  revenue— Public  revenues HAITI:  Permanent  bank  notes — 

National  debt— HONDURAS:  Customs  receipts— Post  and  telegraph  revenue— National 

lauds— Increase  of  taxes— MEXICO:  Spanish  credit  bank— Gold  and  copper  coins 

PANAMA:  Property  registration PARAGUAY:  Public  health  budget— Post  and  tele- 
graph revenues— Internal-revenue  stamps  —Municipality  of  A simcion— Paraguayan  Insur- 
ance Co.— Customs  revenues PERU:  Municipal  revenues— Financial  situation  of  the 

country— Gold  and  silver  deposits— Currency  —Insurance  company's  profits— New  marl- 
time  and  fire  Insurance  company — Departmental  expenditures SALVADOR:  National 

revenues— Foreign  debt— Bank  notes— Exchange  bank URUGUAY:  Real  property- 
Customs  revenues— State  insurance  bank— Bank  statistics— Stock  exchange— Uruguayan 

clearing    house VENEZUELA:  "Compañía  Anónima  Venezolana  de  Navegación "— 

Gold— Branch  bank— Oriental  Weaving  &  Spinning  Co.'s  profits— Electric  company  of 
Caracas— Bank  of  Venezuela. 


^ 


in 


TABLE    OF   CONTESTS. 


IntemMloaBl  Tieatl» 

BRAZIL-r.F.RWANV:    Tte&tjr    o¡    Pnce PERU:    InUmatloDal  Trade-Uuk  CODvoi- 

>i«i' — SALVADOR:  LwgiK  ot  Nstlmu. 

LefiilaUoti 

BRAZIL:  Rul«  and  refpilatloni  oonaenúnK  consulai  Inrolca COLOUBIA:  L«t  gov- 

«rning  aai.  aspliaJt,  and  oil  depoalM PANAMA:  OiioiUI  Immieiation. 

Public  InitmcUon  and  Edncatton _ 

CHILE:  Vaoslioti  (ourse—Priimry  Wscheo— School  hiiildings— Hiifli  school— EducBiioo— 

"Matte  Speller"— Denial  MTVico COLOMBIA:  Scliool  oí  flue  arts— Slraw-hal  making— 

Denial  coIíwb  q(  Mednllla— Bovs'  school CUBA:  AuïlUary  profefimts— New  school* 

DOMINICAN   RKPUBLIC:     Fmirth-erado  school— Public  Inatnicüon  hudral— Corree- 


ADOR:    Behool  building— T»chers'  day— OUATEMAJ 
.__,.__. r._^__, dance— School  ' '-' 

.-^,  „^.,aoI  eiiwndltnrea P 

—PARAGUAY:  : 


jnal  library— Musical  Instrnmenti— Scbool  altendance— School  [or  younc  ladies— Nicht 

BCbool HONDURAS:  School  eiptniditurea PANAMAt  Secondary  ar"  ---■--'— -' 


I— Miuic  iMCtiini^-Secoiidary^  rducstion- "  Epislolaiio  escolar  ^ 


Kindergarlen  In  San  Vicente— Public  primarr  éducation URUGUAY:   Denial  depañ- 

mrail-SchOQl  slalislics— AetícuIIi— '  -— ' —    "-' '• -—■■—- 


n  buUdlnc-OmBiJeeiurBl  in  ^mbm^Indiutrial  census— Palace  of  Jiistic 

Los  And 
I  Berlin— E 
1  taleidiane  systems  lor  Qlraidot — Air  null  service— New  pi 
I— Dróartmoital  araemblln— Rearganlutlon  ol  departmental 
ce— Telephone  conununicstlDn  between  Barranqullla  and  "   " 


lita— Vital  staUsUci— WbI«  mpplT  of  Los  Andea  and  Ban  Fdipe— Keonutruclion  ol 

>-ipitsl— Purdiue of  IccatlonbulUinK  In  Berlin— Expensa  budiet  for  1920 COLOMBIA: 

pt,  water, and  taleidione systems  lor  Qlraidot — Air  mall  servie»— Nowplaia  In  SantlacD— 


sçh<wls--^ALVADOR;    New^ schools- Normal  Central  ColleEe^^Scliool 
.— Unlvetsity  m 

Oenenl  Notes 

ARGENTINA:  Vacation  colony-Uapi  ot  the  Rio  de  la  Plats— South  American  Confrcei  oT 
Police— Printing  otOce— OOlcial  change  in  lime— Road  between  Taijja  and  VilTaion— 

Extradition  treaty— Envoy  extraordinary  of  Japan BRAZIL:   Boundary  Uite— Lloyd 

" — "■ —  tH^dlnf'.^taiiBid^nierBl  it      — ' '-' '-' "-._—  _.  . — .. . 

_.i 

bnapitsl-I 
UAt.wab 

Parcel-post  service— l^eîdione  conununlcstlon  betivMm'  Barranquiíãlíãd  Cartagena— Bust 
of  BotlvBT— Sanitary  dwellings— -^OSTA  RICA:    Vital  statistics— Archdiocese  ol  Costa 

RIcs— Instruction  and  récréation  society— Centennial  commission CUBA:    Consular 

appnntmnits — Klectric  and  power  plant  for  Janioo — Congress  of  architects — New  nüntster  to 
the  Dominican  Republic— Cuban  deleoates  to  the  Ranie  Confoence— Suburb  for  loreifncrs 
'-labana DOMINICAN  REPU^IC:  Sanitariums- Free  dispensary ECUADOR: 

S allon— Improvement  ol  Quito  electric-light  plant— Centenary  of 
ibltion  of  private  wireless  telegraphy — Jurists'  literary  sodely— — 
GUATEMALA:  Beconstniotion  of  Iheater  Colon— Vital  statistics— Hospitals— New  con- 
suls-Incorporal  ion    ol    canton    Galel HAITI:  Bluebook    ol    Haiti HONDURAS: 

Medicinal  products  ol  Honduias— Mail  service  between  Potrcrilios  and  Santa  Barbara- 
New  consul  in  Log  Angeles MKXICO:    Petroleum  flelds— Wireless  lelwraph  service— 

Direct  cable  communication  with  South  America— Post-omce  statistics NICARAGUA; 

Antlrabieii  Institute— Asv  lu  m  tor  poor  and  insano PANAMA:    Uonumsnl  to  canal 

employes  killed  In  the  Luropean  war — Parcel-post  padiages — Monument  to  Frenc-b  canal 

builders— Public  park PABAGUAY:  Vlisl  static  its -Now  consulates  abroad-fichoo! 

ship— Federation  ol  Students PERU:  Departmental  council  ol  Lima— Statues  ot  Hipo- 
lito  Unamuo  and  Bartolomé  Herrera— New  station  lor  marines— Consular  appointments— 
Hanilallon  of  Paila— National  edition  ol  Ricardo  I'alma's  works— Wireless  stations— Naval 
aviators SALVADOR:  National  army  iltiraiy— White  Croes— National  legislative  assem- 
bly  URUOUAY:  Consular  appoinlments— Red  Cross— Conpess  ol  notaii»— Women's 

suffrage  congress— American  surgical  mission VENEZUELA:  Opening  of  baiMng  beach 

at  San  Juan  de  Moros — Telephone  line — i'opulalianol  the  Slate  ol  Manages — Coïnmemoratlve 
medal  ol  the  centennial  ol  Marshal  Falctin- Monumental  group. 

Book  Notes 


r 


liilp 


JUNE,  1920 


AREQUIPA,  THE  SECOND 
CITY  OF  PERU        V 


4  REQUIPA,  the  second  city  of  Peru,  on  account  of  its  agreeable 
/\  climate,  interesting  liistor}-,  and  unusual  location,  is  one  of 
/  \  the  cities  worthy  of  tlie  attention  and  affection  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  American  continents.  Situated  in  the 
center  of  a  delightful  valley,  perpetually  and  joyously  green,  with 
a  climate  of  continual  spring,  where  the  rigors  of  winter  and  summer 
are  never  really  felt,  Arec|uipa,  7,600  feet  above  the  sea,  has  all  the 
attractions  and  desirable  conditions  of  an  ideal  city,  where  health  is 
the  patrimony  of  the  great  majority. 

In  reviewing  briefly  its  historical  progress  we  find  the  first  occupants 
of  the  Arequipan  valley  to  have  been  the  cave  dwellers  in  a  place 
near  the  city  known  as  the  "Alto  de  las  Calderas,"  where  the  hand 
of  prehistoric  man,  in  an  epoch  not  so  very  distant  from  the  Stone 
Age,  traced  enigmatic  signs,  which  were  to  remain  to  prove  in  future 
ages  that  he  once  had  occupied  the  valley.  The  same  spot  at  a  later 
date  was  occupied  by  wandering  hordes  passing,  without  leaving 
traces,  from  North  America,  perhaps  from  Yucatan,  down  the 
current  of  the  Orinoco  in  Venezuela  and  the  Ucayali  in  Peru,  to 
establish  themselves  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers  of  the  Peruvian 
coast.  Still  later  various  colonies  of  the  Tiahuanacan  branch  of  the 
race  dominated  by  the  Aymarás  established  themselves  in  the  same 
places,  adding  to  the  tracings  of  the  earliest  caves  of  primitive  man 
figures  which,  by  their  construction,  show  an  intimate  relation  to  the 
scaled  style  of  Tiahuanacu. 

When  the  empire  of  Tiahuanacu  crumbled,  the  Aymara  tribes  of 
the  Calderas  and  the  rest  of  the  Arequipan  valley  declared  them- 
selves independent,  augmenting  their  civilization  with  reflections  of 

I  By  losé  A.  Meniloia  del  f  olur. 


PUBLIC  BUlLDINua  AND  PARKS  O 

Th*  near  buiUinES  In  Arwulpa  msy  lie  pompered  wllh  thos*  which  th*  rity  premrvta  as  proel  of  lhe 
. --nee  vhich  it  had  In  the  colonial  rpooh  and  in  f—  ' — ■ — ' '  ■' ■  — ■ —     " 


i:  Kailroed  at 


port  of  UoU( 
kuk 


in  aí  the  post  renlury.    Upper 
hli'h  one  can  take  tnlna  lor  the 


'ket  a[  Saa  Camilo,  a  buUding  wlih  ail  tlie  modprn  Improvume 
:«  It  a  modal  nuuket.  Lower  picture:  I'arque  Boloimesl,  one  oí 
vhieh  rontalni  monuments  to  Bolof^neei  and  i<  ea 


îl'i 
M'JÎ 

sail 

m 

Hit 


l;4 

Pm 

îlli 
lus 

lia 


3  S5J". 

6  S:°5 


594  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

the  brilliant  culture  of  Nazca,  so  that  when  the  Sinchis  of  Cuzco, 
at  the  head  of  a  numerous  army,  began  the  great  work  of  recon- 
struction of  the  ruined  empire  of  Tiahuanacu,  the  people  of  the 
valley  had  already  constituted  themselves  a  governing  element 
worthy  of  the  attention  of  the  rulers  of  Cuzco. 

After  the  pre-Inca  period  came  the  Inca  period  of  Arequipa.  It 
is  not  possible  to  show  precisely  the  true  Inca  evolution  in  Arequipa, 
but  the  popular  idea  formed  in  the  times  of  the  conquest  is  respon- 
sible for  the  fable  told  by  Garcilaso  and  which  many  chroniclers  have 
cited  in  regard  to  the  founding  of  the  city.  According  to  this 
glorious  legend,  told  from  mouth  to  mouth  by  the  Auquis  and 
religiously  guarded  by  the  Amantas  and  Quipocamayos,  the  glorious 
Sinchi  Mayta  Ocapac,  who  had  conquered  Collao  and  reconquered 
Tiahuanacu  from  the  Collas  or  Aymarás,  determined  to  descend 
upon  the  Llanos  to  continue  his  glorious  conquest,  and,  having 
carried  his  plan  into  effect,  went  from  Ariaca  or  Arica  to  Apurimac. 
On  this  journey  his  troops,  worn  out  by  fatigue  and  privations  after 
crossing  the  arid  wastes,  came  upon  a  pleasant  valley,  where  the 
sun  god  showed  himself  in  all  his  splendor  and  with  more  gracious- 
ness  than  anywhere  else,  and  where  the  pure  limpid  water  quenched 
their  thirst  and  the  earth  produced  their  crops  with  astonishing 
rapidity.  Mayta  Ocapac,  charmed  with  such  a  wonderful  spot, 
prolonged  his  stay,  and  when  finally  the  command  to  return  to 
Cuzco  came  from  the  lips  of  the  monarch  all  the  chiefs  of  his  army 
came  before  him  imploring  his  permission  to  establish  themselves 
in  that  land  where  the  heavens  were  the  wonderful  blue  of  the  sea. 
Then  Mayta  Ocapac  ordered  the  founding  of  the  Inca  city,  respond- 
ing to  the  petition  of  his  soldiers  with  the  words  **Are-quepay,*' 
which  means,  *'It  is  well;  ye  may  remain.'*  From  then  on  groups 
were  formed  of  Chimpas,  Ccainas,  Chihuatas,  Paucarpatas,  Saracatos, 
Tincus,  Socahuayas,  Tiahuayas,  and  others  which  at  present  con- 
stitute the  districts  of  the  city. 

During  the  administration  of  the  Incas  the  various  groups  sub- 
mitted to  the  wise  form  of  government  of  the  Cuzco  monarchs  until 
the  arrival  and  establishment  of  the  Spaniards. 

On  August  15,  1540,  the  very  magnificent  Señor  Garci  Manuel  de 
Carvajal  founded  Villa  Hermosa  of  Arequipa  by  order  of  the  Marquis 
Don  Francisco  Pizarro,  who  wished  at  all  costs  to  possess  some 
holding  equal  to  that  portion  of  the  ancient  empire  of  Tahuansisuyii, 
known  as  Collasuya,  which  by  royal  concession  belonged  to  Diego 
de  Almargro,  his  comrade  at  arms  in  the  conquest  of  Peru.  There 
were  in  company  with  Garci  Manuel  de  Carvajal,  in  the  founding 
and  population  of  the  new  city,  96  Spaniards,  among  whom  were 
Francisco  de  Villafuerte,  Cristobal  de  Peralta,  and  Juan  de  la  Torre, 
brave  men  who  had  defied  danger  in  a  hundred  battles,  and  who 


Arequipa  conlinues  to  (trow  fast  rommcrrlaUT,  and  rdntlon!'  wllh  tht  I'nlted  Stnlfs  have  Increajed  I 
Impohanrv  durlni;  i-Kcnt  yean.  The  upper  picture  stiowa  ToUc  dc  la  Merred  and  the  building  oí  tl 
Banni  HairanUl  Americana.    Tb«  lower  picture  showi  the  building  of  tha  Banco  Italiano,  one  of  It 

i  nKMt  impartant  baoklnc  bouse«  ol  Arequipa. 


l-pwr  plclui 
plfliire:  Ei 
hu  bccnri 


—  •- 1(1^  quantltln. 


THE  INDUSTRIES  OF.AREQl'IPA. 

ty.    ThP  mrtal  indiisln'  i^  on*^  ot  thp^osl  trnnorlanl  of  Arequipa. 
OIT.    The  oid-Uine  -hoemalier.  wlin  paiirnlly  wofkrcl  at  makitig 


AREQUIPA,  THE   SECOND  CITY   OF  PERU.  597 

"Were  distinguished  above  all  by  their  heroic  action  at  Isla  del  Gallo, 
for  which  the  three  had  been  made  knights  of  the  golden  spur. 
Miguel  Cornejo,  another  of  the  founders,  was  the  instigator  of  the 
uprising  of  Arequipa  against  the  ordinances  of  Valladolid,  and  yet 
a  bitter  royalist  in  later  times,  his  spirit  showing  all  the  marks  of 
inconsistency.  Pedro  Pizarro,  nephew  of  the  Marquis  Don  Fran- 
cisco, was  another  of  the  notable  founders,  immortalizing  his  name 
by  his  worthy  accouiit  of  the  conquest  of  Peru. 

The  government  of  the  city  was  intrusted  to  two  mayors  and  four 
councilmen,  the  first  two  being  Garci  Manuel  de  Carvajal  and  Juan 
de  la  Torre.  In  1557  the  corregidores  (magistrates)  were  established, 
who  presided  over  the  cabildos  (town  corporation),  remaining  in 
power  until  1784,  when  they  were  replaced  by  intendentes. 

During  the  colonial  period  Arequipa  grew  slowly,  lulled  by  sacred 
psalms,  by  the  rule  of  the  priesthood,  and  a  fanatic  fervor  of  devotion 
to  the  King.  Life  flowed  along  with  the  monotony  of  a  Moslem 
city,  broken  by  the  eruption  of  the  volcano  Huaynaputina  in  1600, 
again  by  the  election  of  a  prioress  of  some  convent,  or  by  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  city  by  some  of  the  many  earthquakes.  In  addition  to 
these  diversions  there  were  religious  observances,  the  accumulation 
of  wealth  and  valuables  by  the  capital  or  by  the  archbishopric, 
cock  fights,  and  bull  fights.  The  bishop  was  in  those  days  very 
powerful.  The  contributions  were  fabulous  and  his  life,  almost  always 
exemplary,  was  a  model  on  which  the  life  of  the  city  was  founded 
for  there  never  was  a  prelate  who  did  not  order  the  construction  of 
buildings  or  the  rebuilding  of  some  fallen  into  decay.  The  corregi- 
dores always  remained  on  a  lower  level,  not  a  ithstanding  which  they 
also  worked  for  local  progress.  All  these  efforts,  no  matter  how  great 
they  may  have  been,  were  naturally  negligible  for  the  construction 
of  public  works,  whose  cost  was  always  great,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that 
in  that  period  there  were  slaves  and  Mitayo  Indians.  So  the  progress 
of  Arequipa  was  very  slow,  the  prodigious  revenues  of  the  corregi- 
miento going  no  farther  than  the  coffers  of  the  king. 

Among  the  titles  bestowed  by  the  monarchs  of  Spain  on  the  city 
of  Arequipa  are  the  following  noteworthy  ones:  The  title  *^Muy 
Noble  y  Muy  Lear^  (very  noble  and  very  loyal)  was  bestowed  upon 
the  city  December  30,  1571,  by  Philip  II  in  recognition  of  the  services 
rendered  by  the  citizens  of  Arequipa  during  the  rebellion  of  Gonzalo 
Pizarro  and  Francisco  de  Carvajal,  and  in  the  battles  of  Huarina  and 
Jacuijahuana.  The  title  of  ''Fidelissima"  (most  faithful)  was  given 
by  Charles  IV  oh  December  5,  1805,  in  recognition  of  the  services 
to  the  king  during  the  revolution  of  Tupac  Amaru.  Charles  V  gave 
to  the  city,  a  short  time  after  its  foundmg,  on  October  7,  1541,  a 
coat  of  arms,  according  to  the  ancient  laws  of  heraldry,  of  which  it 
might  well  be  proud. 


THE  FLAZA  DE  ARUAS  OF  AREQUIPA. 


Annas  has  three  granite  portals.    The  above  pïrture  shows  the 
......  .. ..._  .v —  _..j  jji  „fjj[,  ,^[j  larmttly  belt]  great  wifialra 

nous  ball  given  In  honor  of  the  Ubcnitor 
comers  of  the  Plaia  de  Armas  showing  tl 
loH'cr  Dl  the  Church  dc  Is  rompsflls  In  thi 


■  onh;  among  them  btíag  tt» 

gcluro:  Nleht  view  of  one  of 
e  Pertal  do  Is  Cared,  with  I 


AREQUIPA,  THE  SECOND  CITY  OF  PERU.  599 

When  the  voice  of  liberty  resounded  from  one  end  of  South  America 
to  the  other,  this  city  was  also  moved  by  the  cry  of  patriotism  and 
aided  the  cause  of  freedom,  enrolling  her  best  sons  in  the  ranks  of 
Gen.  Don  Mateo  Garcia  Pimiacahua,  who  at  the  head  of  a  numerous 
army  had  taken  Arequipa.  This  rebellion,  headed  by  the  Ángulos, 
and  the  Priest  Muñecas  y  Pumacahua,  had  its  ending  in  the  disaster 
of  Humachiri  and  in  the  taking  of  Cuzco,  after  which  battle  the  Are- 
quipan  poet,  Mariano  Melgar,  died. 

In  spite  of  the  great  sympathy  which  the  citizens  of  Arequipa  had 
for  the  cause  of  liberty,  there  were  always  many  royalists  who  came 
exclusively  from  the  aristocracy.  Among  them  were  many  nobles, 
some  of  those  worthy  of  mention  being  Don  José  Manuel  de  Goyene- 
che,  brigadier  general  of  the  royal  armies  and  later  Coimt  of  Guaqui, 
and  Don  Pío  Tristan,  brigadier  general  of  the  armies  of  the  king, 
last  viceroy  of  Peru,  and  president  of  the  republic  of  South  Peru. 
Near  Guayaqui,  in  1811,  Goyeneche  defeated  the  troops  sent  by  the 
governing  committee  of  Buenos  Aires,  and  made  himself  sorrowfully 
remembered  because  of  his  bloody  entry  into  Cochabamba.  Tristan, 
also  an  Arequipan,  fought  for  his  king  in  many  battles,  remaining 
faithful  to  him  even  after  the  battle  of  Ayacucho,  in  which  the  last 
viceroy  of  Peru,  Don  José  de  la  Sema,  surrendered.  Gen.  Tristan 
was  then  recognized  as  viceroy  of  Peru,  and  as  such  left  Arequipa 
with  the  intention  of  conquering  the  independents;  but  he  soon  real- 
ized the  extent  of  their  victory,  and  was  forced  to  give  up  his  mission. 
Later  he  was  elected  president  of  the  State  of  South  Peru  when 
Santa  Cruz  established  the  Peruvian-Bolivian  Confederation. 

Under  the  Republic  Arequipa  inspired  its  inhabitants  with  the 
real  conception  of  liberty,  urging  them  along  the  path  of  justice. 
From  that  time  forth  there  was  no  bad  government  started  in  Peru 
against  which  Arequipa  did  not  rise  in  revolution  and  procure  its 
downfall.  At  various  times,  whether  as  Vivanquista,  Castillista, 
Cansequista,  or  Pierolista,  Arequipa  always  succeeded  in  electing 
her  candidate  to  hoist  the  standard  of  honor  and  liberty  against 
reigning  tjranny.  This  haughty  conduct  earned 'for  the  city  the 
nickname  of  *^The  Lion  of  the  South,"  and  drew  all  just  causes  to 
take  shelter  under  its  banners.  On  Febraury  18,  1837,  in  the  plaza 
of  Arequipa,  Gen.  Felipe  Santiago  Salaverry,  30  years  old,  was  shot 
after  losing  the  battle  of  Alto  de  la  Puno,  when  everything  had  seemed 
to  point  to  his  triumph  over  Gen.  Andres  de  Santa  Cruz,  who  at  the 
head  of  a  large  army  had  entered  Peru  to  establish  the  Peruvian- 
Bolivian  Confederation. 

In  the  twentieth  century,  with  the  innovations  of  modern  life, 
Arequipa  was  completely  transformed,  as  much  in  her  political  as 
in  her  social  life.  Revolutions  ended,  commerce  progressed,  indus- 
tries grew,  religions  other  than  the  CathoHc  were  tolerated,  and  the 


Laumana, 


THE  UNIVERaiTY  OF  AREQUIPA. 

il  Anvjitlpa  or  ol  lho  C.ran  I'lulrr  San  Agiistiii  wBs  (oundod  In  Innr,  tSZ?.    Nexl  lo  tbls 
JmporjanPC  Is  Ihc  ToUmï  of  Inappffndence,  j»-hiph,  undrt  Ihc  nonip  of  the  Aradeinl» 


'The  upon  plctiup  shows  the  riolitsrs  of  ttae  Collvgc  of  ladepcnduncr,  u 
"-'I  ol  t:cnsmo(ilia  of  the  unlvenlty. 


AREQUIPA,  THE  SECOND  CITY  OF  PERU.  601 

whole  city's  traditional  form  took  on  the  vestments  of  progress  and 
the  tints  of  life  from  beyond  the  seas. 

The  original  population  of  Arequipa  was  chiefly  of  the  white  race; 
for,  as  has  been  shown,  they  were  mostly  Spanish,  characteristically 
energetic,  hospitable,  courteous,  honorable,  and  industrious.  The 
population  now  numbers  50,000  inhabitants. 

There  are  many  convents  of  the  orders  of  Franciscans,  Dominicans, 
La  Merced,  Jesus,  don  Bosco,  and  St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  who  own  the 
churches  of  San  Francisco,  La  Recoleta,  Santo  Domingo,  La  Merced, 
Maria  Auxiliadora,  and  San  Juan  de  Dios.  The  Jesuits,  Franciscans, 
Friars  of  La  Merced,  Silesians,  and  Lazarists  have  under  their  charge 
various  schools  of  secondary  education.  There  are  convents  of 
cloistered  nuns  of  the  orders  of  Santa  Catalina,  Santa  Teresa,  and 
Santa  Rosa.  The  Mothers  of  Charity  have  charge  of  the  Hospital 
Groyeneche  and  the  Orphans'  Home;  the  Franciscan  Sisters  of  the 
women's  prison;  the  Sisters  of  the  Poor,  of  the  Old  Men's  Home;  and 
the  Sisters  of  the  Sacred  Heart  are  in  charge  of  one  of  the  best  schools 
in  the  country. 

The  instruction  of  children  is  well  developed.  Arequipa  being  one 
of  the  few  South  American  cities  with  a  small  number  of  illiterates. 
Primary  instruction  is  free  and  compulsory,  parents  being  responsible 
for  the  school  attendance  of  their  children  and  servants.  In  the 
primary  course  children  acquire  knowledge  of  the  most  necessary 
subjects,  such  as  elementary  studies  in  arithmetic,  Spanish  grammar, 
reading,  writing,  history  of  Peru,  general  geography,  geography  of 
Peru,  natural  history,  moral  philosophy,  hygiene,  physics,  chemis- 
try, agriculture,  horticulture,  geometry,  drawing;  and  many  of  the 
schools  are  also  teaching  English  grammar  and  singing.  Intermedi- 
ate instruction  is  given  in  the  schools  of  secondary  education,  and  its 
purpose  is  to  train  individuals  for  professional  life.  Higher  educa- 
tion, which"  is  professional,  is  given  in  the  University  of  Gran  Padre 
San  Augustin. 

This  seat  of  higher  education  dates  from  April  15,  1821,  when  it 
was  founded  under  the  name  of  the  Academia  Lauretana,  thanks  to 
the  efforts  of  Dr.  Evaristo  Gomez  Sanchez,  and  included  in  its  course 
philosophy,  law,  mathematics,  medicine,  and  history.  On  August  1, 
1826,  the  Academy  Lauretana  was  reorganized  as  the  College  of  the 
Independence,  which  embraced  intermediate  and  higher  instruction, 
until  June  2,  1827,  when  Gen.  Antonio  Gutierrez,  prefect  of  the  de- 
partment, by  order  of  the  council  of  state,  separated  the  university 
from  the  College  of  Independence,  three  days  later  dedicating  the 
imiversity  named  for  the  Gran  Padre  San  Augustin.  This  educa- 
tional institution,  as  the  College  of  Independence,  occupied  the  clois- 
ters of  the  monastery  of  the  Augustine  friars.    At  present  the  Univer- 

175460— 20— Bull.  6 2 


il 


I'M 
sill 


?  il! 

3  í|s 
t  Síí 

i  ill 
èíi 

tii 

I     lãl 


l     K-t 


1|Í 


AREQUIPA,  THE  SECOND  CITY  OF  PERU.  603 

sity  of  Arequipa  gives  four  courses:  Jurisprudence,  7  years;  political 
science,  economics,  and  government,  5  years;  literature,  3  years;  and 
natural  sciences  3  years.  The  average  of  students  in  attendance  at 
the  classes  is  250,  2  per  cent  being  from  the  city  and  the  rest  from 
the  departments  of  Arequipa,  Apurimac,  and  Puno,  so  that  it  might 
more  properly  be  called  the  University  of  the  Southern  Region. 

In  regard  to  the  charms  and  virtues  of  the  women  of  Arequipa  it 
may  be  said  that  in  contrast  to  the  advanced  evolution  of  women  in 
other  countries  those  of  Arequipa  continue  in  the  rôle  of  sweet  com- 
panions of  the  home  and  tender  mothers  to  their  children.  The 
women  of  Arequipa  possess  physical  beauty  and  the  finer  graces  of 
intellectual  and  moral  worth,  and  are  model  wives. 

Beside  the  institutions  of  learning  previously  enumerated  there  are 
the  School  of  Arts  and  Crafts  under  the  direction  of  the  Silesian 
Fathers,  and  various  technical  schools,  the  most  important  being  the 
normal  school  for  young  ladies. 

The  soil  of  the  valley  of  Arequipa  is  of  the  richest.  In  the  sur- 
rounding Provinces  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  borax  abound,  and  in 
the  neighboring  valleys  are  cultivated  cotton,  ohves,  sugar  cane, 
fruits,  and  vines.  The  mines  of  Orcopampa  and  Caylloma  demon- 
strate the  mineral  riches  of  the  Arequipan  Provinces,  as  does  the 
copper  industry  of  Cerro  Verde.  The  exploitation  of  the  minerals  of 
Cerro  Verde,  being  carried  on  by  the  Anaconda  Copper  Co.,  together 
with  the  exploitation  of  the  salt  mines  and  borax  deposits,  must 
tremendously  increase  the  commerce  of  the  second  city  of  Peru. 
The  prospect  at  Cerro  Verde  is  extremely  promising,  since  a  survey 
has  estimated  30,000,000  tons  of  ore  with  an  assay  of  3  per  cent,  or 
900,000  tons  of  pure  copper,  worth  approximately  $450,000,000. 

There  are  four  banks  in  the  city — Banco  de  Peru  y  Londres,  Banco 
Italiano,  Banco  Mercantil  Americano,  and  the  Banco  Alemán — 
which  institutions  maintain  excellent  commercial  relations  with  the 
business  of  the  city. 

Various  industries  have  latterly  taken  on  great  importance,  there 
being  now  in  the  city  textile  factories,  factories  for  making  shoes, 
soap,  furniture,  carbonated  waters,  sirups,  sweetmeats,  macaroni, 
crackers,  biscuits,  etc.,  several  foundries,  and  a  largo  number  of 
mills,  printing  offices,  and  other  enterprises  which  show  the  progress 
of  the  city. 

Neither  has  scientific  research  been  neglected,  for  the  Observatory 
of  Carmen  Alto,  situated  on  the  slopes  of  Chachani,  8,100  feet  above 
the  sea,  is  under  the  direction  of  Harvard  University;  the  private 
observatory  of  Señor  Guillermo  de  Castresana;  Dr.  Edmundo  Esco- 
mel's  Museum  of  Natural  History;  the  Municipal  Historical  Museum; 
and  the  laboratories  of  Dr.  Zeballos  and  of  the  Cosmos  Pharmacy  have 
all  contributed  to  the  advancement  of  science. 


AREQUIPA,  THE  SECOND  CITY  OF  PERU.  605 

All  the  buildings  of  the  city  have  been  constructed  of  stone  to 
resist  the  earthquakes  which  are  frequently  felt  in  Arequipa,  and 
which  have  obliged  the  inhabitants  to  limit  their  houses  to  one  story, 
there  being  few  of  two  stories.  Among  the  noteworthy  buildings 
are  the  cathedral;  the  churches  already  mentioned;  the  Portals  of 
the  Plaza  Principal;  the  Hospital  Goyeneche;  the  Orphans'  Home; 
the  ancient  monastery  of  the  Jesuits;  the  university;  the  old  monas- 
tery of  the  Augustine  Friars;  the  postal  and  tdegraph  building; 
the  Parque  Bolognisi;  the  Grau  Bridge;  the  Bolognesi  Bridge;  the 
Quinta  de  Vargas;  the  residence  of  the  bishop  of  Cavero  y  Toledo; 
the  house  which  was  the  first  college  of  the  Jesuits;  the  residence 
of  the  coimts  of  San  Isidro;  the  San  Camilo  market;  the  prison  of 
the  south;  the  building  of  the  Sacred  Heart;  and  other  less  impor- 
tant buildings. 

Trade  with  the  United  States  has  progressed  in  a  marked  degree. 
The  articles  which  once  were  imported  from  Germany  have  been 
replaced  by  American  manufacturers,  rendering  the  loss  of  German 
productions  a  n^ligible  quantity.  Unfortunately  the  relations 
between  the  United  States  and  Peru  in  some  respects  are  not  as  close 
as  is  desirable,  for  many  of  the  riches  of  Arequipa  he  imdisturbed 
for  lack  of  capital,  whereas  if  American  capital  were  invested,  as  has 
been  done  by  the  Cerro  Verde  Co.,  in  the  riches  of  Arequipan  soil,  the 
international  relations  between  the  countries  of  Washington  and 
Bolognesi  would  bring  about  great  gains  for  the  capitalists  of  the 
United  States  and  the  citizens  of  Arequipa. 

Much  of  the  future  commerce  of  the  United  States  is  to  be  found 
in  South  America,  and  of  the  countries  of  the  southern  continent, 
Peru  is  one  of  those  that  offer  the  most  advantages  and  the  greatest 
profits.  Its  soil  is  so  rich  that  the  nation  may  be  compared  with  a 
diamond  in  the  hand  of  a  man  who  knows  its  value  but  lacks  the 
means  to  polish  it.  Not  only  Arequipa  possesses  these  riches  but 
each  one  of  the  departments  possesses  as  much  or  more.  Already 
in  Cerro  de  Pasco  United  States  capital  has  brought  about  great 
results  ;  but  stUl  the  great  oil  fields  of  Pirin  near  Puno  lie  undeveloped, 
the  silver  mines  of  Ocopampa  are  stiU  to  be  worked,  the  pampas  of 
la  Joya  should  be  irrigated,  and  means  of  traffic  and  communication 
instituted  between  the  towns  of  the  department  of  Madre  de  Dios 
and  those  of  the  southern  region  of  Peru,  a  system  of  communication 
which  would  open  up  the  mining  districts  in  the  mountains  and  give 
^ress  to  many  other  products  which  only  await  the  means  lent  by 
the  capitalist  to  produce  prodigious  returns  which  must  necessarily 
benefit  both  Americas. 


MOVING  PICTURES  IN  PAN 
AMERICA 


0  #      # 


JCTURE,"  wrote  Ben  Jonson  a  great  many  years  ago, 
^4s  the  invention  of  Heaven — the  most  ancient  and 
mo^t  akin  to  nature.  It  is  itself  a  silent  work;  yet  it 
doth  so  enter  and  penetrate  the  inmost  affection  (being 
done  by  an  excellent  artificer)  as  sometimes  it  overcomes  the  power 
of  speech  and  oratory/' 

The  * 'picture ''  is  Naturels  own  method  of  revealing  its  mysteries 
to  mankind.  In  the  changing  seasons,  in  bud  and  bloom  and  leaf 
of  tree  and  green  of  meadow,  in  star  and  sun  and  storm  and  devasta- 
tion, in  life  and  death,  it  spreads  upon  the  scrolls  of  day  and  night 
its  never-ending  kaleidoscope  of  colorful  happenings,  its  primitive 
and  powerful  lessons  of  existence.  It  was  but  logical,  therefore, 
that  man^s  first  efforts  at  communication  should  have  been  by  means 
of  this  '  'invention  of  Heaven,^'  and  that  all  future  races,  even  to  the 
North  American  Indians,  should  have  used  the  picture  language. 
Isaac  Taylor  tells  us  in  The  Alphabet  that  probably  the  very  earliest 
record  which  we  possess  of  an  actual  event  is  the  scene  depicted  on 
a  fragment  of  an  antler  which  was  found  in  a  rock  shelter  at  Laugerie 
Basse,  Auvergne. 

And  just  so  long  as  the  '  'picture'^  was  the  method  of  disseminating 
knowledge  there  was  apparent  no  dividing  line  between  the  learned 
and  the  unlearned;  neither  secrets  of  state  nor  church,  nor  hidden 
thoughts  nor  purposes.  The  development  through  archaic  sculpture 
to  the  hieroglyph  marked  the  end  of  universal  understanding  and 
the  beginning  of  the  complications  of  civilization,  and,  followng  the 
events  of  the  Tower  of  Babel,  we  are  told  that  still  further  confusion 
of  comprehension  resulted.  The  world  has  moved  forward  through 
the  ages  dependent  for  its  measure  of  advancement  on  the  written 
word  of  its  many  languages.  And  no  socialistic  leveling  of  tangible 
wealth  has  ever  prevailed  against  the  subtle  force  of  knowledge 
since  the  pile  of  stones  and  the  secret  sign  of  the  sculptor  and  the 
priest^s  hieroglyph  crept  into  the  reckoning  of  mankind,  defining 
clearly  the  line  of  life's  possibilities.  Perhaps  the  nearest  the  world 
has  ever  come  to  the  overthrow  of  the  rule  of  wisdom  is  in  its  present 
oconomic  struggle — a  struggle  in  which  its  mass  attack  against  its 
ancient  enemy,  capital,  reacts  upon  the  real  force  behind  all  achieve- 
ment. And  we  revert  to  first  principles  when  we  recognize  that  the 
remedy  for  the  revolution  and  the  safeguarding  of  future  peace  lies 
in  universal  understanding. 


1  By  Muriel  Baily,  of  Tan  American  Union  staff. 
606 


1 


li 


608  THE  PAN   AMERICAN  UNION. 

This  brings  us  back  to  the  use  of  the  first  language  which  all  ot 
humanity  comprehends— ;the  picture.  Strange  that,  after  all  of  the 
efforts  of  seers  and  sages  to  gather  and  compile  records  and  chronicles 
for  the  educating  of  future  generations  the  enlightenment  required 
for  the  saving  of  civilization  should  be  found  in  the  visual  record. 
Strange  that  we  should  just  begin  to  realize  what  Nature  knew  when 
she  first  endowed  us  with  sight,  that  the  quickest  way  to  the  human 
sensibilities  and  understanding  is  through  the  pictured  representa- 
tion of  fact  and  fancy.  Of  great  significance  is  the  seeming  coin- 
cidence that  now,  when  we  most  need  a  perfect  method  of  combating 
ignorance,  we  should  have  the  almost  perfected  moving  picture, 
ready  to  vividly  bear  its  uplifting  messages  in  unmistakable  language 
from  the  ice-bound  borders  of  Lapland  to  the  forest-bound  regions 
of  tropical  sunshine. 

Between  the  years  1860  and  1880  the  world  had  eight  distinct 
wars  and  went  through  its  greatest  period  of  development.  To 
some  of  the  many  marvelous  discoveries  and  inventions  of  that 
period,  notably  instantaneous  and  colored  photography  and  electric 
photography  and  engravure,  we  owe  our  present  progress  in  the 
moving-picture  field,  its  history  is  a  romance  of  our  modem  days, 
an  Aladdin's  lamp  transformation  which  brought  fame  and  fortune 
inconsistently  to  the  good  and  beautiful  and  the  wicked  alike  in  its 
sudden  rush  into  the  world's  affections.  Previous  to  1894  the  lantern, 
slide,  and  screen  furnished  the  chief  picture  entertainment,  but  the 
cinematoscope  which  Thomas  Edison  exhibited  at  the  World's 
Fair  in  Chicago  in  1894  revolutionized  the  future  of  pictures  for  the 
rest  of  the  world  forever.  No  more  would  they  be  still  and  capable 
of  registering  but  one  idea  and  emotion.  Shortly  after  the  Chicago 
exposition  closed,  Lyman  H.  Howe,  who  claims  to  be  America's 
first  motion-picture  exhibitor,  went  on  tour  with  his  *  'travel  festival." 
Not  even  the  semblance  of  a  motion-picture  theater  was  then  in 
existence.  Mr.  Howe's  exhibition,  however,  consisted  of  a  consecu- 
tive series  of  **stills"  the  *' motion"  feature  being  appHed  exclusively 
to  the  pictures  passing  through  the  machine.  But  the  idea  of  the 
moving  picture  had  taken  hold  of  inventive  brains,  and  a  little  later 
Thomas  Armat  tried  photographing  the  scenery  while  he  and  his  cam- 
era were  moving  on  the  train  between  Philadelphia  and  New  York. 

Edison,  David  Lubin,  of  Philadelphia,  and  Pathé  Frères  in  France 
were  the  pioneers  in  the  moving-picture  business.  The  Edison  studio 
in  New  York  in  1897  and  1898  was  a  busy  place,  for  hardly  did  the 
fame  of  this  new  discovery  reach  beyond  the  borders  of  this  country 
than  orders  came  from  all  parts  of  Latin  America  almost  fast<?r  than 
they  could  be  filled,  and  in  greater  numbers  than  from  the  United 
States.  The  pictures  that  were  filmed  in  those  days  were  a  quaint 
contrast  to  the  developed  art  of  to-day.  Now  nothing  of  realism  is 
left  to  the  imagination  and  nothing  hidden  from  the  camera  eye. 


610  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

The  world  of  literature  and  art,  science  and  industry,  beauty  and 
the  widely  loved  spirit  of  adventure;  the  doings  of  kings  and  com- 
moners; the  sealing  and  sundering  of  nations;  bridal  scenes  and  battle 
fields;  the  great  events  of  earth,  the  sea,  and  the  sky,  with  all  of 
nature  for  scenic  settings,  are  photographed  for  all  the  world  to  seo — 
the  very  greatest  to  be  gazed  at  with  a  sense  of  sharing  glory  by  the 
very  least  of  us. 

The  United  States  has  been  exporting  yearly  about  200,000,000  feet 
of  film  of  private-amusement  enterprises,  and  sending  about  one- 
third  of  it  to  Argentina,  Brazil,  Cuba,  Mexico,  Panama,  Costa  Rica, 
Chile,  Peru,  Dominican  Republic,  Haiti,  Salvador,  Venezuela,  Hon- 
duras, Bolivia,  Colombia,  and  Nicaragua.     The  rest  of  the  Latin- 
American  countries  secure  films  from  agents  and  distributors  in  Brazil^ 
Argentina,  and  Colombia,  and  in  a  very  large  percentage  of  the  local- 
ities the  silent  drama  is  the  only  form  of  amusement  the  people  enjoy. 
The  lack  of  transportation  facilities,  the  great  distances,  the  high  cost 
of  traveling,  and  the  absence  of  hotel  accommodations  have  made 
impracticable  the  visits  of  theatrical  companies  throughout  very 
large  sections  of  South  and  Central  America,  and,  therefore,  until 
modem  ingenuity  made  it  possible  to  ship  them  drama  and  world 
events  and  current  happenings  in  a  box,  the  opportunities  for  recrea- 
tion and  mental  stimulus  were  very  limited  for  the  groat  majority. 
This  is  not  only  true  of  Latin  America,  but  of  all  of  North  America. 
Not  until  the  moving  picture  was  perfected  to  reproduce  the  best 
comedies  and  dramas  with  the  best  obtainable  talent  at  the  lowest 
possible  fee  for  admission,  was  the  general  public — those  in  moderate 
circumstances  and  on  the  outskirts  of  cities  and  towns,  and  in  the 
mountain  and  plain  regions — able  to  make  their  acquaintance.     It  is 
interesting  to  know  that  '*The  Life  of  Napoleon^*  and  *'The  Fall  of 
Rome,"  as  well  as  Mary  Pickford,  Charlie  Chaplin,  and  **Mutt  and 
Jeff"  have  made  their  appeal  and  been  welcomed  by  the  backwoods- 
men of  the  north  and  the  gaucho  of  the  south,  whose  forebears  had 
but  little  knowledge  of  Rome  or  Napoleon,  and  whose  opportunities 
and  occasions  for  romance  and  laughter  had  been  sadly  limited. 

Argentina  has  taken  first  place  in  the  South  American  moving- 
picture  field,  and  there  moving  pictures  have  become  an  exceedingly 
popular  form  of  amusement,  diside  from  the  opportunities  furnished 
to  the  people  for  observing  the  regular  dramas,  in  Buenos  Aires  alone 
there  are  45  cafés  where  moving  pictures  are  shown  to  the  patrons 
without  extra  charge.  Practically  every  city  in  Argentina  has  one  or 
more  moving-picture  theaters,  and  a  number  of  firms  have  been  taking 
native  films,  recording  Argentine  historical  incidents,  customs  of  the 
rural  folk,  and  events  of  current  interest.  One  film,  **  Nobleza 
Gaucho,"  dealing  with  the  life  and  customs  of  the  Argentine  cowboy, 
has  been  very  popular,  but  has  never  been  shown  in  the  United 
States.     A  local  theatrical  company  also  produced  a  film  dealing 


I 


!! 

H 


612  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

with  the  life  of  the  Argentine  plains  people  entitled  **  Abajo  el  Sol  He 
la  Pampa";  but  the  manufacture  of  films  for  export  purposes  of  a 
purely  amusement  character  has  not  yet  attained  the  dignity  of  an 
industry.  The  installation  of  the  moving-picture  plant,  which  the 
Argentine  Government  used  in  its  display  at  the  Turin  Exposition, 
at  the  Government's  hotel  in  Buenos  Aires  for  the  enlightment  and 
education  of  newly  arrived  immigrants,  has  proved  an  immense  suc- 
cess. Views  of  the  country,  its  agricultural  and  cattle  industries, 
have  been  of  great  value  to  the  newly  arrived  citizens  in  aiding  them 
to  adapt  themselves  to  their  new  surroundings. 

The  Argentine  capital's  film  agencies  supply  the  moving-picture 
theaters  of  a  number  of  cities  of  South  America,  providing  the  whole 
of  the  numerous  and  well-attended  motion-picture  houses  of  Uruguay. 
In  Montevideo,  which  has  an  estimated  population  of  about  400,000. 
there  are  54  *'biographs,''  as  they  are  called,  and  they  are  attended 
by  considerably  over  half  of  the  population  during  each  month — a 
very  good  percentage  since  the  theaters  here  give  only  one  daily  per- 
formance as  a  general  thing,  with  matinees  on  Sundays  and  holidays. 
The  taste  of  the  Uruguayans  runs  to  dramas  and  detective  films,  wliile 
comedies,  spectacles,  and  war  scenes  are  appreciated,  but  not  so 
strikingly  popular.  It  is  interesting  to  note,  however,  that  the 
method  of  presenting  the  current  events  of  the  day  adopted  by  pro- 
ducers in  the  United  States  has  proven  immensely  interesting  to  the 
citizens  of  Uruguay,  in  common  with  all  other  Latin- American 
countries.  The  only  criticism,  which  is  rather  general,  is  of  the  poor 
translations  which  accompany  the  pictures,  and  the  inability  to 
quickly  comprehend  the  text  detracts  from  the  enjoyment,  as  well  as 
the  educational  value  of  the  subject. 

In  Brazil  the  moving  picture  has  come  to  be  the  most  general  and 
popular  form  of  indoor  diversion,  and  only  the  best  films  are  appre- 
ciated. Many  of  the  motion-picture  houses  give  their  shows  in  the 
open  air,  and  their  patrons  are  interested  alike  in  love,  intrigue, 
drama,  spectacular  and  tragic  films,  comic,  scenic,  and  war  pictures. 
But  the  pleasure-loving  public  is  not  so  greatly  interested  in  educa- 
tional and  industrial  pictures,  although  a  good  many  are  being 
produced  chiefly  under  the  supervision  of  the  Brazilian  Government 
for  propaganda  purposes;  and  a  few  firms,  such  as  Mark  Ferrez  e 
Filhos,  the  well-known  photographers,  and  the  Compañía  Cinema to- 
graphia  Brasileira,  have  entered  the  film  field  for  the  purpose  of 
photographing  the  country^s  advantages  for  exhibition  both  at  home 
and  abroad. 

While  in  Brazil  cowboy  and  Indian  shows  are  not  popidar,  they 
are  provocative  of  boisterous  applause  on  the  north  coast  of  Hon- 
duras, where  there  is  not  a  playhouse,  for  the  spoken  drama  and  the 
two  motion-picture  houses  situated  in  Ceiba  and  Tela  supply  the 
only  general  amusement  the  people  have-     l^T^nnHor  has  a  number 


TOM  MIX  IN  THE  "TERROR," 

Amofi^themalorlly  orthc  pcoplaa  oí  Ihe  rsrth  the  dash  ana  ilarlng  olthe  cowboy,  coupled  witli  tli 
Ule  In  (be  0¡>cii,  aatíes  a  strong  &nd  hrallhv  appml.  The  in'^t-diiappFaiiiuE  plains  existence  i 
Uolted  SUtea  gii'es  lo  picliuví  ol  Ihis  type  a  blslgt^cal  as  well  at,  u  plcoauiabic  value. 


614  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

of  cities  in  which  motion  pictures  are  shown,  the  people's  taste  being 
clearly  alongthe  lines  of  drama  and  comedy. 

Colombia  imports  all  of  its  own  films  because  of  the  lack  of  refund 
upon  reexportation  and  the  high  import  duty,  and  the  importing 
agencies  in  Baranquilla,  Bogota,  and  Cartagena  are  partial  to  French 
and  Italian  films.     Here  ladies  in  stiff  brocades  and  dashing  knights 
meet  with  favor,  while  realism  is  not  greatly  appreciated.     The  small 
centers   all   over  Colombia  have  moving-picture  houses,    and   one 
mining  company  has  already  installed  a  '^movie''  to  keep  its  em- 
ployees contented,    and  others  are  contemplating  doing  the  same. 
The  possibilities  offered  for  educational  development  along  the  right 
lines  through  this  means  of  keeping  miners  ^' contented '*  is  limitless, 
and  should  go  a  long  ways  toward  counteracting  the  disquieting 
influences  which  have  gained  such  a  headway  with  the  working 
forces  of  the  whole  world.     The  grades  of  films  shown  in  the  best 
places  in  Venezuela  are  of  the  highest,  and  the  moving  picture  would 
be  even  more  popularly  known  were  it  not  that  in  some  of  the  interior 
towns  there  is  no  electric  current  and  often  no  suitable  building  for 
such  an  exhibition.     In  Salvador,  Nicaragua,    and    Paraguay    the 
cinematograph   situation    is    much    the   same — a   development   of 
inrtinsic  civilizing  and  educational  value,  gaining  steadily  in  popu- 
larity from   an   amusement  standpoint   and   attracting  increasing 
attention  and  support  from  the  governments. 

Chileans  of  all  classes  so  appreciate  moving  pictures  that  theaters 
catering  to  first  and  second  class  patrons  have  been  established  and 
flourish.  The  theaters  in  outlying  districts  show  the  same  films  as 
those  in  the  cities,  and  at  a  cheaper  price;  but  so  closely  is  the  class 
distinction  drawn  that  a  first-class  patron  will  go  miles  to  reach  a 
first-class  theater  rather  than  attend  the  same  performance  at  the 
second  class.  Products  from  the  United  States  predominate  in  both 
quality  and  quantity,  and  Chilean  agencies  provide  pictures  for  both 
Peru  and  Bolivia.  During  the  war  the  allied  governments  provided 
official  films  of  war  scenes  which  were  shown  throughout  the  country 
from  time  to  time,  sometimes  for  the  benefit  of  the  Red  Cross,  but 
generally  free,  and  in  which  the  people  appeared  greatly  interestetl. 
American  screen  stars  are  as  well  known  in  both  Peru  and  Bolivia 
as  in  any  other  country,  and  in  Bolivia  at  least  95  per  cent  of  the 
film  shown  is  of  United  States  make. 

Porto  Rico  and  Cuba  can  not  get  enough  films  from  the  United 
States  to  supply  the  demand,  and  both  of  these  countries  are  becom- 
ing popular  grounds  for  film  producers.  Motion  picture  progress  in 
the  Dominican  Republic  and  Haiti  has  been  somewhat  slow,  the 
field  not  offering  sufficient  remunerative  possibilities  to  tempt  the 
producers  on  a  large  scale.  The  popularity  of  the  moving  picture 
is  growing  in  Costa  Rica,  and  while  most  of  the  films  used  have  been 
French,  it  is  very  noticeable  that  the  audiences  receive  an  American 


THE  M  OVINO- PICTURE  BHOW  ON  WHEELS, 
u  3-t<m  projection  Iruck  tor  park  and  niral  ae 


SCENES  FOR  PICTURES  IN  GUATEMALA. 


_-»  comblDBtloa  of  tropical  .Hcvnery 
and  Imsf^natlve  drama,  (iiiaiemi 
,.. Til  and  Btilighttnmcnt 


616  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

**  Wild  West^'  picture  or  a  drama  showing  the  home  life  of  an  Ameri- 
can family  with  enthusiasm.  Costa  Ricans  also  show  an  appreciation 
of  scenes  in  Mexico  and  Argentina. 

According  to  Joseph  A.  Rourke,  of  New  Orleans,  Guatemala  has 
projected  herself  into  the  movies  in  a  new  motion-picture  series 
entitled  ^^ Tales  of  the  Tropics."  The  films  were  made  with  the 
approval  of  the  President  of  the  Republic  and  vividly  portray  the 
mode  of  living  of  the  descendants  of  a  race  which,  thousands  of  years 
ago,  obtained  a  degree  of  civilization  incomprehensible  to  the  modem 
student  of  antiquities  which  has  been  revealed  by  relics  and  monu- 
ments found  throughout  the  country.  These  pictures  are  being 
shown  in  the  United  States,  and  the  Indian  maidens  spinning  and 
weaving  garments  and  grinding  corn  for  ^'tortillas,"  much  as  they 
did  in  the  days  of  Cor  tez  and  his  ''Conquistadores'^;  burden  bearers 
carrying  their  far-famed  pottery  on  their  way  to  market;  tropical 
scenes  around  Lake  Atitlan,  with  the  destruction  by  earthquake  of 
Guatemala  City  make  a  very  interesting  and  instructive  lesson  on 
life  in  the  tropics.  The  first  of  the  releases  is  entitled  ''On  the  Trail 
of  the  Conquistadores,"  and  it  will  be  followed  by  a  complete  depic- 
tion of  Guatemalan  industries  such  as  cane,  banana,  and  coffee 
raising.  Several  thousand  feet  of  colored  negative  for  Prizma 
natural  color  pictures  are  also  being  photographed,  the  subjects  being 
the  remains  of  the  early  Aztec  and  Toltec  civilizations. 

Mexico,  too,  has  begun  making  native  moving  pictures  both  under- 
authority  from  the  Government  and  in  a  private  amusement  capa- 
city. Moving  pictures  have  become  exceedingly  popular,  melo- 
drama preferred,  with  the  cowboy  and  Indian  "Wild  Wesf  shows  of 
the  United  States  always  in  favor.  The  first  motion  picture  to  bo 
taken,  with  the  exception  of  those  relating  to  current  events,  was 
made  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  the  subjects  chosen  were  scenes  between 
Spaniards  and  Indians  from  "  Tabaré,'*  a  work  by  the  Uruguayan 
poet  Juan  Zorrilla  de  San  Martin;  while  the  place  selected  for  filming 
the  picture  was  a  picturesque  tropical  ranch  a  short  distance  south 
of  Vera  Cruz,  at  Boca  del  Rio.  Owing  to  the  undeveloped  status  of 
the  scenario  in  Mexico,  all  of  the  productions  in  contemplation  by 
the  Mexican  Film  Co.  are  classics  ;  but  Mexican  artists  and  producers 
hope  soon  to  make  inroads  in  the  moving-picture  field  not  only  in 
their  own  country  but  all  over  the  world.  The  Mexican  Govern- 
ment is  busy  with  its  propaganda  work,  and  has  authorized  the  send- 
ing out  of  films  of  Mexican  industries,  and  some  pictures  have  been 
taken  around  Aguascalientes;  but,  for  the  most  part,  the  general 
educational  value  of  the  cinematograph  has  not  impressed  any  of 
these  countries  as  it  has  the  United  States.  The  Teatro  de  Varie- 
dades in  Tegucigalpa,  Honduras,  however,  received  a  commission 
from  the  Honduran  Government  by  the  terms  of  which  the  owners 
must  give  a  certain  number  of  performances  free  of  adniission  to  the 


177.^00—20— null,  fi- 


618  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

public  at  stated  intervals.  Both  the  Government  and  the  owners 
were  desirous  of  making  these  exhibitions  of  real  educational  value 
to  the  people,  and  the  manufacturers  of  the  United  States  were  asked 
to  donate  films  showing  their  factories  and  processes  and  other 
things  of  instructive  worth. 

Peru  also  boasts  of  a  moving-picture  company.  The  Inca  Film 
Co.,  which  has  been  incorporated  imder  the  laws  of  Peru,  was  organ- 
ized by  Mr.  James  Douglas,  who  had  been  in  motion-picture  work 
for  about  eight  years  as  a  producer,  writer,  and  actor,  previous  to 
the  entry  of  the  United  States  into  the  war.  Mr.  Douglas  is  manager 
of  the  Inca  Film  Co.,  which  will  produce  films  of  every  description 
covering  weekly  news,  travel,  education,  drama,  comedy,  and  adver- 
tising, for  exhibition  in  Peru,  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  and 
other  countries.  Peru  has  wonderful  facilities  for  the  production  of 
of  films.  Sunshiny  days  are  plentiful,  and  the  coast  line,  the  islands, 
mountains,  and  Inca  ruins  are  splendid  backgroimds  for  stories,  while 
the  Inca  legends  provide  a  rich  field  for  dramatic  material. 

While  most  of  the  South  American  countries  had  motion  pictures 
in  connection  with  their  exhibits  at  the  San  Francisco-Panama 
Exhibition,  and  it  was  expected  that  these  films  would  be  very 
generally  exhibited  after  the  fair  was  ended,  Bolivia  was  the  first 
foreign  country  to  make  use  of  the  movies  in  advertising  its  industries 
among  the  business  men  of  the  United  States.  The  reels  prepared 
and  shown  were  based  upon  subjects  which  gave  an  excellent  idea 
of  the  wealth,  resources,  and  business  activities  and  customs  of  that 
nation.  The  Panama  Canal  perhaps  is  about  the  best  known  of  the 
screened  wonders  of  the  Americas,  although  Panama  itself  is  but 
slightly  interested  in  educational  movies.  A  film  of  Colon,  with  its 
17,000  inhabitants,  wherein  half  of  the  nations  of  the  earth  are 
represented,  showing  its  beautiful  public  buildings  and  the  water 
front,  with  the  immense  wall  which  guards  the  isthmus,  has  created 
wide  interest  wherever  it  has  been  shown.  From  South  America 
also  has  come  to  the  United  States  the  world  wonder  of  the  Iguazu 
Falls,  only  visited  by  a  few  score  of  white  men;  and  the  IS-months' 
expedition  of  camera  men  now  on  throughout  Latin  America  is 
bound  to  give  to  the  rest  of  the  world  a  still  broader  conception  of 
the  greatness  of  these  wonderful  countries. 

There  is  that  appeal  in  the  moving  picture  which  is  irresistible, 
and  the  churches  of  the  world,  quick  to  appreciate  the  advantage 
which  the  amusement  film  had  over  their  own  form  of  attraction, 
have  adopted  it  with  whole-hearted  zeal.  Moving  picture  shows 
are  given  through  the  Latin  American  countries  under  the  auspices 
of  the  church,  and  in  the  United  States  the  different  sects  have  set 
aside  huge  sums  ($42,000,000  in  one  instance  alone)  for  the  securing 
and  exhibition  of  films  in  their  uplift  work.  The  Pliiladelphia 
Commercial  Museum   teaches   thousands   throughout  the  State  of 


-■  IN  BOLIVIA. 
Tbp'Bollrlmri  (iovpmnient  wMOtw  ot thp  tint  oltho  South  Anwriçan  countries  looxploU  in  ndvanw- 
>e  quImliaJstes  lormcrly  uscil  )iy  thii 


CABTINIÍ  SILVER  ORB   FROM  THE  MINES. 

pictured  nrowsM-j  In-  which  tin»  iiH'Inl  is  iniiK'il  iiml  i™il.>|"jrL«l.  Tl»-  lMnmi>  ■■l.'iTn"  cil  I'hUkI  vlcMwi 
av<irtl.Wu.i«".IUI  to  the  SpaniiinJ>.  und  IIS  ¡iruJudiou  unly  dlniinhncu  Khcn  Ihu  vuIurulllH'  [in.'ciuuii 
meial  deprccialcd. 


620  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

Pennsylvania  b}^  means  of  films,  and  students  and  the  public  alike 
receive  visual  instruction  on  varied  topics.     The  museum  is  a  public 
institution,  which  helps  American  business  men  to  sell  their  ^'oods 
in  foreign  countries,  and  also  aids  them  to  find  raw  materials  which 
they  need.     It  has  exhibits  which  cover  150,000  feet  of  floor  space 
illustrating  the  people  and  products  of  foreign  countries.     It  also 
lends  films  on  all  subjects  or  countries  free  of  charge  to  all  public 
and  private  schools  throughout  the  State,   and  it  also  lends    its 
lectures  to  the  schools.     In  connection  with  the  school  educational 
system,  the  Federal  Vocational  Board  of  Philadelphia  expects   to 
have  completed  very  shortly  a  set  of  textbook  films  which  are  to 
be  used  throughout  the  schools  to  supplement  the  textbooks.     The 
moving-picture  system  of  education  in  the  Newark,  N.  J.,  public 
schools  is  well  organized  and  is  proving  of  inestimable  value.     The 
great  national  slide  campaign  for  a  **  Better  America, ''  consisting 
of  10  illustrated  lectures  by  clergymen  of  international  reputation, 
is  being  carried  on  throughout  the  United  States,  and  the  American 
Red  Cross  film  work  is  known  throughout  the  world. 

Henry  Ford  is  accredited  with  the  first  altruistic  effort  of  the 
use  of  the  moving-picture  screen.  Mr.  Ford  was  a  firm  believer  in 
the  film  as  a  disseminator  of  knowledge  amon^;  the  masses,  and 
while  it  takes  huge  sums  to  produce  one  of  these  pictures  a  week 
and  distribute  them  practically  free  of  charge,  the  plan  was  found 
to  be  so  successful  that  arrangements  were  made  with  the  Goldwyn 
Co.,  with  exchanges  in  all  leading  cities,  to  attend  to  the  distribution, 
thereby  increasing  the  number  of  persons  who  would  be  able  to 
view  the  pictures.  Copies  of  these  pictures  are  shipped  to  South 
America  weekly  with  the  cooperation  of  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment. They  deal  with  subjects  concerning  the  industrial,  civic, 
and  social  life  and  ideals  of  America. 

The  thrilHng  story  of  our  many-sided  industrial  development — 
romances  built  around  the  growth  of  the  industries  of  coal,  oil, 
steel,  and  even  of  oleomargarine — are  being  sent  broadcast  over 
Latih  America.  Salesmen  no  longer  depend  upon  their  powers  of 
persuasion  to  extol  the  greatness  and  the  worth  of  their  firms  and 
their  output.  These  things  are  sliown.  One  powerful  ally  for 
visual  instruction  and  the  spread  of  up-to-date  knowledge  over  the 
whole  of  the  world  is  the  Bureau  of  Commercial  Economics,  with 
headquarters  in  Washington.  Under  the  directorship  of  Dr.  Francis 
Holley  and  Miss  A.  Maris  Boggs,  and  with  the  cooperation  of  the 
United  States  Government  and  many  other  nations,  including 
Argentina,  Chile,  BoHvia,  Costa  Rica,  Uruguay,  Peru,  Brazil, 
Salvador,  Cuba,  Mexico,  and  Nicaragua,  moving-picture  trucks 
with  full  equipment  for  giving  moving-picture  shows,  even  including 
the  phonograph,  are  shipped  to  the  different  countries,  with  the 
understanding  that  the  exhibitions  are  to  be  free  to  all  of  the  people. 


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MOVING  PICTURES  IN  PAN  AMERICA.  623 

Several  of  these  trucks  have  been  shipped  to  countries  in  South 
America,  the  last  to  Uruguay  within  the  month,  and  others  are 
being  prepared  for  shipment.  This  bureau,  which  started  with 
2,000  feet  of  film  belonging  to  Dr.  Holley,  has  now  31,000,000,  and 
needs  more.  The  subjects  cover  everything  of  interest  in  the 
world  that  is  obtainable,  including  a  reel  of  film  on  the  medical 
care  of  children  which,  sent  to  the  far  off  city  of  Cashmere,  India, 
so  helped  to  reduce  the  death  rate  of  the  babies  that  the  people 
there  regard  it  as  sacred.  The  buréanos  reels  are  displayed  in 
universities,  colleges,  technical  and  agricultural  schools,  public 
libraries.  State  armories,  educational,  scientific  and  trade  conventions, 
settlements,  in  factories  to  employees,  and  to  welfare  organizations 
of  corporations,  and  also,  with  the  use  of  powerful  projectors,  in 
city  streets,  parks,  and  playgrounds,  rural  communities,  festivals 
and  fairs,  and  other  centers  for  the  general  public.  And  the  fact 
that  thousands  of  other  people  in  out-of-the-way  as  well  as  crowded 
localities  are  able  to  see  and  understand  things  of  which  they  would 
probably  have  remained  in  ignorance  all  of  their  lives,  is  due  to 
the  vow  which  Dr.  Francis  Holley  took  while  suffering  from  blindness. 
He  said  that  if  he  ever  again  was  able  to  see  life's  beautiful  things 
he  would  devote  his  life  to  making  it  possible  for  others  to  see  them, 
and  this  he  has  done  through  the  successful  organization,  mainte- 
nance, and  management  of  this  marvelous  method  of  bringing 
mental  vision  as  well  as  physical  enjoyment,  not  only  to  places 
where  his  cars  and  trucks  can  travel,  but  to  regions  where  the  film 
equipment  must  be  slung  between  horses  or  mules  to  be  trans- 
ported safely  over  the  difficult  roads.  Dr.  Holley  says  that,  aside 
from  Miss  Boggs,  who  has  devoted  her  life  and  her  fortune  to  the 
work  for  the  past  eight  years,  70  per  cent  of  the  actual  work  of 
showing  the  films  throughout  the  world  is  done  by  women  without 
hope  or  thought  of  greater  reward  than  the  good  to  be  accomplished. 
Tne  purely  commercial  and  amusement  feature  of  moving  pictures 
is  almost  lost  sight  of  in  contemplation  of  the  future  possibilities 
for  educational  advancement,  moral  uplift,  industrial  development, 
and  mental  expansion  which  the  universal  language  of  the  world 
is  already  offering.  The  missionary  to  darkest  Africa  and  unen- 
lightened Asia  will  perforce  carry  a  cinematograph  outfit,  and 
before  many  reels  have  been  shown  he  will  have  discounted  years 
of  labor.  The  compulsory  education  which  has  been  the  foundation 
of  all  Republics — for  it  is  knowledge  that  makes  men  free — will  be 
advanced  50  per  cent  in  efficiency.  Perhaps  it  is  a  weakening  of 
the  stern  rigor  of  mental  training  which  has  been  demanded  here- 
tofore to  so  clothe  instruction  in  romance  as  to  make  its  mental 
lesson  digestible  without  effort;  but  so  long  as  the  degree  of  the  power 
of  mental  assimilation  remains  as  varied  as  the  types  of  individuals, 
the  progress  of  the  people  as  a  whole  will  be  greatly  advanced  by 
this  mass  method  of  the  use  of  the  universal  language. 


THE  PALACE  OF  ALVEAR 


ROUND  about  Buenos  Aires  there  are  many  poetic  spots,  some 
of  which  have  been  selected  by  the  wealthy  members  of 
the  city's  society  to  build  their  mansions  after  the  manner  of 
the  señorial  families  of  a  bygone  age.  In  San  Fernando,  a 
picturesque  town  which  raises  its  walls  and  perennial  palms  above 
the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  a  palace  of  sober  architectural  lines  presents  a 
harmonious  ensemble  of  French  style  of  the  last  third  of  tlie  eigh- 
teenth centur>'. 

A  garden,  suggestive  of  tlie  parterres  and  shrubberies  of  Versailles, 
where  the  marble  statues  seem  to  come  to  life  beneath  tlie  green 
arched  shade  and  garlands  of  climbing  n)ses,  surrounds  the  house 
of  the  family  of  Alvear-Elortondo,  lending  to  it  the  mellowing  touch 
of  time  and  refinement. 

We  will  give  briefly  a  description  of  this  sumptuous  abode,  wliich 
is  an  example  of  what  distinction,  wealth,  and  good  taste  can  accom- 
plish when  united  for  artistic  purposes,  making  of  the  home  a  small 
museum,  where  the  beautiful  things  of  other  days  shine  witli  an  added 
luster.  The  beautiful  park,  with  its  banks  of  foliage  and  wide 
eucalyptus-shaded  paths,  is  surrounded  by  an  iron  fence  inten^'oven 
with  vines,  which  cover  it  like  a  tapestr}',  forming  a  closely  woven 
screen  of  leaves  and  hidden  roots.  In  tlie  background  the  mansion, 
with  its  weathered  façades,  its  semiclassic  outlint^s,  its  columns,  stone 
balconi(^  and  balustrades,  appears  like  another  castle  of  Champagne 
or  St.  (^loud,  where  still  live  among  the  towers  or  the  silent  daisy- 
bordered  walks  vague  memories  of  the  luxury  and  magnificence  of 
the  decadent  court  of  France. 

The  palace  has  a  graceful  low-arched  vestibule  with  great  iron  lan- 
terns. The  entrance  is  of  stucco  with  glass  doors,  having  at  either 
side  a  marble  and  bronze  vase  filled  with  decorative  plants.  The  re- 
ception rooms  are  in  a  general  way  of  the  Louis  XVI  period.  The 
tones  are  clear  and  harmonious.  In  the  quadrangular  salon,  separated 
from  the  conservatory  ])v  glass,  there  are  many  objects  of  art,  furni- 
ture, paintings,  and  tapestries,  which  are  part  of  the  decorative  scheme. 
On  both  sides  of  the  entry  there  are  Renaissance  chests  of  drawers, 
with  reliefs  of  rcMgious  subjects.  Placed  on  these  are  Chinese  vases, 
vases  from  the  India  Company  and  others  of  Royal  Copenhagen 
make.  Against  the  subdued  stone-colored  walls  are  hung  fine  family 
portraits,  the  most  interesting  ])eing  that  of  Doña  Teodolina  Feniáiulez 
de  Alvear,  gowned  in  the  mode  of  1S60.     Among  other  interesting 

'  By  Antonio  Pérez-Valiente. 
624 


THE  PALACE  OF  ALVEAR.  627 

portraits  are  those  of  Don  Diego  de  Alvear  y  Ponce  de  Leon,  admiral 
of  the  Spanish  Armada,  and  of  his  son,  Don  Carlos,  patriot  and  general 
of  the  independence,  painted  by  E.  Boutigny. 

In  the  corner  to  the  right  there  are  armchairs  and  other  pieces  of 
furniture  of  the  Queen  Anne  period,  with  tapestries  in  blue  and  white 
tones.  Rugs  in  green  and  coral  combinations  in  delicate  geometrical 
designs  bring  out  the  old  furniture  and  appointments  of  the  artistically 
arranged  room.  The  mantle  of  the  Parian  marble  fireplace  is  draped 
with  rich  silver  brocade,  worked  with  the  coats  of  arms  of  Alvear  and 
other  branches  of  the  family  tree,  and  on  the  mantel  is  a  terra-cotta 
bust  by  Jean  Batiste  Golberg  (1619-1685).  The  fireplace  is  flanked 
on  both  sides  by  beautiful  old  screens — one  ebony  and  one  malacca. 
In  the  background,  close  to  the  semicircle  of  columns  framing  a  Venus 
of  Canova,  the  grand  staircase  ascends,  adorned  with  an  ancient 
Flanders  tapestry.  The  first  flight  leads  to  an  open  gallery  with  two 
rows  of  flowered  colunms  and  pilasters.  The  antechamber,  whose 
doors  of  double  mirrors  open  to  the  reception  rooms  and  drawing 
rooms,  has  a  vaulted  ceiling  and  walls  of  rough  stone,  covered  with 
handsome  tapestries  with  scenes  of  falconry. 

An  example  of  the  artistic  taste  of  Don  Carlos  Maria  de  Alvear 
and  his  wife,  Señora  Mecedes  Elortondo,  is  the  magnificent  salon 
finished  in  Louis  XVI  style,  with  richly  colored  and  gold  embossed 
wainscoting.  In  this  room  the  furniture  is  of  Coromandel  wood,  the 
tables  of  oriental  design,  the  fireplace  of  veined  marble,  the  carpet 
Flemish,  with  sUk  hangings  to  correspond.  There  is  the  portrait  of 
the  Duchess  Bonillon,  the  work  of  Toumieres,  and  an  oU  painting  by 
the  landscape  painter  Turner,  father  of  the  English  school  of  landscape 
painting. 

Next  to  the  salon  is  a  greenroom,  which  gives  the  impression  of 
intimacy,  with  wainscoting  to  match,  and  with  a  portrait  of  Vallet 
Bisson  and  pictures  by  Constable,  du  Patty,  Bellecour,  and  Winter- 
halter,  court  painter  to  the  Empress  Eugenie.  There  are  also  many 
objects  of  silver,  marble,  onyx,  and  rock  crystal  which  are  arranged 
in  glass  cases. 

The  dining  room  of  large  dimensions  has  doors  which  open  onto 
the  west  gallery,  from  whence  the  hght  filters  through  white  curtains. 
On  the  walls,  covered  with  green  panels,  there  are  large  paintings 
of  the  Dutch  school;  on  the  central  panel  of  purple  there  are  flowers 
by  Mannoyer,  done  in  dark  colors,  which  harmonize  with  the  furni- 
ture of  the  regency  period.  Two  high  glass  cabinets,  hghted  inside, 
guard  among  other  things  of  merit  a  wonderful  piece  of  Sevres  with 
the  imperial  arms  of  Napoleon  III,  which  came  from  Luxembourg. 

Opposite  the  antechamber  is  the  den,  done  in  red  damask,  with 
comfortable  French  chairs  and  modem  bronze.  In  the  corner  next 
the  balcony  is  a  typical  marble  fireplace,  showing  the  polish  and  work 


1 1 


THE   LAUNCHING   OF   THE   ARTIGAS.  629 

of  the  eighteenth  century.  In  this  room  aro  the  portraits  of  D. 
Femand  and  D.  Gaspar  de  Alvear,  captain  general  of  Neuva  Vis- 
caya  in  the  vice  regency  of  Mexico,  Knight  of  the  Habit  of  Santiago, 
and  governor  of  the  chamber  of  the  prince,  D.  Juan  of  Austria.  Op- 
posite to  these  austere  pictures  is  one  of  the  Adoration  of  Jesus  by 
Alonso  Cano,  and  another  of  an  early  school  with  a  mystic  note. 

vSuch  is  the  house  which  bears  the  stamp  of  aristocracy  and  a 
certain  mysterious  enchantment  beside  the  gray  river,  among  the 
soft  green  of  the  wooded  park,  in  which  are  semihidden  mythological 
statues,  like  those  of  the  old  gardens  of  noble  famiUes,  where  chosen 
spirits  sought  refuge  in  the  solitude  without  losing  the  stimulating 
contact  of  tlie  city. 


THE  LAUNCHING  OF  THE 


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BEFORE  the  great  war  the  American  flag  was  seen  less  and 
less  on  the  passenger  steamers  and  freighters  that  made 
foreign  ports.  Especially  in  South  America  the  long  tourist 
cruises  were  made  mostly  by  steamers  flying  the  German 
flag,  while  British,  Spanish,  French,  Italian,  Norwegian,  and  other 
European  flags  flew  from  the  masts  of  trans-Caribbean  and  trans- 
Atlantic  passenger  steamers  and  freighters.  Only  now  and  then 
some  small  privately  owned  sea  tramp  under  the  Stars  and  vStripes 
would  come  into  South  American  ports,  where  it  made  a  brief  stay 
and  was  off  again  to  disappear  for  months.  There  were  no  great 
ships  from  the  United  States  to  bring  tidings  of  progress  and  friend- 
liness, on  American-owned  decks  under  the  starry  banner,  from  the 
great  country  of  the  north  to  the  sister  Republics  of  the  southern 
seas.     The  American  merchant  marine  was  fast  becoming  extinct. 

But  the  war  changed  many  things,  and  on  March  25,  1920,  the 
ninety-sixth  ship  for  the  new  merchant  marine  of  the  United  States, 
built  at  Hog  Island  by  the  American  International  Shipbuilding 
Corporation,  was  launched.  The  new  steel  cargo  carrier  was  chris- 
tened Artigas,  in  honor  of  the  patriot  and  liberator  of  Uruguay,  by 
Señora  Varela,  wife  of  the  envoy  extraordinary  and  minister  pleni- 
potentiary of  Uruguay  to  the  United  States.  '*I  name  thee  Artigas, 
in  honor  of  our  great  liberator,"  said  Señora  Varela  as  she  broke  the 
gold-meshed  bottle  of  champagne  against  the  bow  of  the  new  freighter, 
and  amid  cheers  from  the  assemblage  on  the  sponsor's  platform  the 
vessel  glided  like  a  swan  into  the  waters  of  the  Delaware.     His 


THE  LAfNClIlNO  OF  THE  ÁRTICAS. 


Top:  StUor  Dr.  JaiHilio  Varclii.  minislpr  plpnipntenll 


THE  ARTIGAS, 
w  Irelghter  gliding  ¡mo  Ihc  watMsoftht  Dtlawart  iimidlhech(H;rso(tliespcctatcBa,n 


632  THE   PAN    AMERICAN    UNION. 

Excellency  Dr.  Varela  and  Señora  Varela  were  among  the  most 
enthusiastic  well-wishers  of  the  cheering  throng. 

Before  the  launching  Minister  and  Señora  Varela  maile  an  exten- 
sive inspection  tour  of  tho  huge  »hij)huilciing  plant.  Both  of  the 
<listinguishe<l  guests  speak  English  very  fluently  nnd  wore  much 
interested  in  the  many  mechanical  devices  in  the  shipyard.  Señora 
Varela  was  especially  interested  in  the  work  of  the  blacksmith.s, 
cutters,  etc.  "This  is  a  wonderful  plant,"  said  Dr.  Varóla  after  tho 
launching.  "My  wife  says  this  is  tho  most  interesting  day  she  has 
spent  since  coming  to  the  United  States."  When  told  that  20  of 
tho  ships  built  at  Hug  Island  had  carried  American  goods  to  Uru- 
guay, and  prwlucts  of  that  Republic  to  countries  the  world  over. 
Dr.  Varela  did  not  appear  at  all  surprised,  and  replied  that  tho  new 
merchant  marine  of  the  United  States  was  aiding  materially  in  bring- 
ing about  closer  relations  between  the  Latin  American  countries 
and  North  America. 

P'ifty  officials  of  subsidiary  companies  of  the  American  Interna- 
tional Corporation,  of  Now  York,  which  has  large  interests  in  South 
America,  accompanied  by  their  families  and  friend»,  witnes.sed  the 
launching  of  tho  Arfijas,  which  brought  tho  total  dead  weight  tonnage 
of  steel  shipi  launched  by  tho  American  International  Shipbuilding 
Corporation,  since  August  5,  1918,  to  y.^SjiSO,  or  more  than  '20  per 
cent  of  the  total  steel  tonnage  launched  from  all  the  shipyards  of  the 
i:^nited  Stall's  since  that  date. 

The  Artigas  is  a  vessel  of  7,8J.5  dead-weight  tons,  401  feet  long, 
and  .'>0  feet  beam.  It  is  an  oil  burner,  driven  by  a  geared  turbine  of 
2,.'J00  shaft  horsepower,  and  will  make  a  speed  of  lU  knots. 

When  more  sliijis  such  as  the  Artigan,  American  built  and  American 
owned,  and  named  iji  honor  of  the  national  heroes  of  the  sister  South 
American  republics,  tnke  regularly  to  tho.se  countries  I'nited  States 
goods  and  return  with  products  and  raw  materials  from  the  South 
American  continent,  there  will  bp  not  only  a  tremendous  increase  in 
international  business  but  a  constmtly  growing  sentiment  of  cor- 
diality and  friendship,  marking  an  era  of  genuino  Pan  Americanism. 


NEW    CHAIRMAN    OF  THE 
GOVERNING  BOARD    .'.     '.' 


At  the  regular  meeting  of  the  Governing  Board  of  the  Pan 

/\       American  Union,  held  April  7,  1920,  the  Hon.  Bainbridge 

/      \      Colby,  Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States  and  ex 

officio  chairman  of  the  board,  received  a  hearty  welcome 

from  the  members  present  and  for  the  first  time  officiated  as  the 

presiding  officer  of  this  body.     Those  present  were  the  ambassadors 

of  Chile,  Argentina,  and  Peru;  the  ministers  plenipotentiary  from 

Bolivia,  Guatemala,  Venezuela,  Ecuador,  Dominican  Republic,  and 

Salvador;  and  the  chargés  d'affaires  of  Panama,  Cuba,  Mexico,  Haiti, 

and  Nicaragua. 

As  the  ranking  ambassador,  his  excellency  the  ambassador  of 
Chile,  in  behalf  of  his  colleagues,  extended  a  cordial  welcome  to  the 
new  chairman,  saying: 

An  accidental  precedence  gives  me  the  great  pleasure  of  representing  my  distin- 
guished colleagues  of  the  Pan  American  Union  in  extending  a  most  cordial  welcome 
to  His  Excellency  Bainbridge  Colby,  Secretary  of  State,  as  presiding  officer  of  our 
sessions.  The  high  position  which  his  excellency  has  been  called  upon  to  occupy  in 
the  Government  of  the  United  States,  his  brilliant  qualities  as  a  statesman,  his  exten- 
sive intellectual  preparation,  and  his  native  gifts  of  gentility ,  which  are  eo  greatly 
appreciated  among  us,  inspire  in  us  the  conviction  that  the  work  of  harmonious  Amer- 
ican cooperation  pursued  by  this  organization  will  proceed  under  the  most  favorable 
auspices,  and  that  the  traditions  of  cordiality  that  have  been  maintained  with  his 
distinguished  predecessors  will  be  continued. 

We  greet  his  excellency  the  Secretary  of  State  and  invoke  for  him  the  highest  degree 
of  success  in  his  lofty  purposes,  and  will  place  at  his  disposal  our  best  efforts  to  facili- 
tate his  work  in  this  body,  which  has  been  so  highly  honored  by  his  presidency. 

In  reply  to  the  ambassador's  welcome  Mr.  Colby  returned  his  thanks 
and  expressed  his  great  interest  in  the  work  of  the  Pan  American 
Union.     He  spoke  in  part  as  follows: 

Mr.  Ambassador,  thank  you  indeed.  My  distinguished  colleagues:  I  am  very  much 
touched  by  the  cordial  and  generous  words  which  Ambassador  Mathieu  has  just  de- 
livered. I  assure  you  that  the  kind  sentiments  that  he  has  been  pleased  to  express 
are  reciprocated  by  me  from  my  heart.  Nothing  could  be  more  pleasant  in  prospect 
than  my  association  with  you  in  this  very  significant  and  important  work.  Indeed, 
there  are  few  duties  attaching  to  my  position  which  interest  me  more  or  appeal  to  me 
more  strongly  than  the  work  that  falls  to  my  happy  lot  as  the  ex  officio  chairman  of 
this  board,  and,  as  such,  a  participant  with  you  in  the  important  labors  that  devolve 
upon  the  board. 

The  conception  of  the  Pan  American  Union  is  a  very  notable  one.  It  is  an  institu- 
tion founded  upon  the  fullest  mutual  respect  among  the  nations  composing  its  mem- 
bership, and  this  respect  has  been  strengthened  by  personal  relations  of  undisturbed 
and  deepening  accord. 

175460— 20— Bull.  6 4  633 


J 


HON-  BAIN'BRIDOE  COLBV,  BECRETARY  OF  STATE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
Uun  BiilnbTldeprolby,(hf3«ct*[Bry  of  StBtf  nt  the  Vnlttd  Staler,  was  bom  In  St.  Lfiols,  Ho.,  Dcmm- 
btc-a  l^«  BenlL1t^lura[c'rlB(^^'<lllsln!l  Colleg?,  Uu'SiichiisslK  recel*ln(  hl<A.  B,  dcgmlD  1S9D, 
BTiii  subvqumtly  sluiliol  lawatColumblsUnivrrsHyBnil  Nrw  York  Lew  School.  nnlTlng  the  d^rna 
of  LL.  B.  Slaninü  [h«  prsclireol  hLi  prorcvJnn  In  Tipw  York  in  Isai.hlsunuüuaLBbUitysaon  bnnigbl 
him  Into  nromlnen»,  and  hr  hns  flnirrd  as  Isadian  counwl  In  some  of  the  molt  notfd  esses  of  racnit 
""WT  lie  vat  arlivclf  idCDiidM  with  New  York  polICIrt.  bdnf;  one  o(  the  leading  faandeis  and 
adhrrpntH  of  (be  Prairfii.<lv*  NallonnJ  Part;  In  1913.    In  I8IT  hn  wse  appolnled  commissioner  OD  the 

I'nilPd  States  ShipplnE  Beard  and  member  of  the  EroergencT  F1»*t  Coiporaiton.    He  was    ' ■"- 

amïmbetol  lhe  American  HJs-'ion  to  the  Inler-AIHed  Cnnlí rente  >■'••  -  ""■-  '-  >■' 

HÍ9  B^ipolnlmeni  as  Secretary  of  Slate  was  confirmed  by  the  United 
he  was  swora  In  on  March  24. 


ANNIVERSARY  OF  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION 's  HOME.  635 

We  are  people  of  the  West.  Our  ideals  are  democratic .  There  is  every  conceivable 
foundation  for  the  hopp  of  effective  cooperation  between  the  enlightened  nations 
whom  we  represent.  No  ground  for  misgiving  or  apprehension  as  to  the  full  revela- 
tion of  our  aims. 

I  approach  my  duties  as  your  chairman  with  an  appeal  for  your  support  and  indul- 
gence. I  hope  soon  to  gain  a  sympathetic  insight  into  our  common  tasks  as  the  result 
of  my  contact  with  you. 

I  heartily  assure  you  of  my  very  high  respect  and  regard  for  each  one  of  you  and  my 
sincere  admiration  for  the  friendly  nations  represented  at  this  council  table.  And, 
in  conclusion,  let  me  say  that  my  earnest  desire  is  to  serve  this  great  institution  by 
facilitating  your  deliberations  and  supporting  your  efforts. 

TENTH  ANNIVERSARY  OF 
THE     PAN    AMERICAN 


UNION'S  HOME     •/ 


0  *       * 

0       0  ^ 


THE  celebration  of  the  tenth  anniversary  of  the  dedication  of 
the  present  home  of  the  Pan  American  Union  was  made  a 
notable  occasion.  In  accordance  with  a  resolution  passed 
by  the  Governing  Board  at  its  April  meeting  the  celebra- 
tion took  the  form  of  an  entertainment  including  brief  addresses  by 
Hon.  Bainbridge  Colby,  Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States  and 
chairman  of  the  Governing  Board  of  the  Pan  American  Union;  His 
Excellency  Beltran  Mathieu,  ambassador  from  Chile;  Mr.  Albert  Kel- 
sey,  one  of  the  architects  of  the  building;  and  Director  General  John 
Barrett.  An  exhibition  of  lantern  slides  showing  the  architectural 
beauty  of  the  building,  a  buffet  supper,  and  dancing  were  among 
the  other  features. 

Assisting  the  Director  General  in  welcoming  the  guests  were  the 
Secretary  of  State  and  Mrs.  Colby,  the  Chilean  Ambassador  and  Señora 
de  Mathieu,  the  Assistant  Director  and  Madame  Francisco  J.  Yanes, 
and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Albert  Kelsey.  Among  the  distinguished  guests 
were  members  of  the  diplomatic  corps,  members  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States,  officials  of  the  Government,  Senators,  Congress- 
men, and  many  notables  of  Washington  society. 

Director  General  Barrett  presided  over  the  exercises  and  in  wel- 
coming the  guests  spoke  in  part  as  follows: 

It  is  not  an  exaggeration  or  too  strong  an  expression  of  personal  feeling,  I  hope, 
when  I  declare  that  possibly  no  one  else  can  have  the  same  affection  for  this  build- 
ing and  its  grounds  as  I  do;  nor  is  there  anyone  to  whom  this  occasion  means  more. 
No  father  or  mother  ever  more  dearly  and  devotedly  loved  an  only  child  than  I 
cherish  this  noble  structure  and  its  artistic  environment.    It  was  my  privilege, 


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ANNIVERSARY  OF   PAN   AMERICAN   UNION 's  HOME.  637 

under  the  sympathetic  and  wise  counsel  of  Elihu  Root,  then  Secretary  of  State  and 
chairman  of  the  governing  board,  to  have  charge  of  the  purchase  of  the  grounds, 
to  prepare  and  supervise  the  architectural  competition,  to  watch  over  and  direct 
every  day  the  process  of  construction,  to  lav  the  first  and  last  brick,  to  plant  the 
first  and  last  shrub  and  tree,  covering  a  period  of  nearly  14  years— first  of  construc- 
tion and  later  of  occupation.  The  very  best  years  of  my  life  have  been  given  to  this 
building  and  the  organization  which  it  houses. 

With  sincere  emotion,  therefore,  I  rejoice  in  this  day  and  in  the  history  and 
achievement  of  the  Pan  American  Union  since  the  movement  was  first  inaugurated 
for  the  erection  of  this  noble  edifice.  In  that  period  there  has  been  a  record  made 
that  is  indeed  worth  while. 

Fifteen  years  ago  the  Pan  American  Union  possessed  no  property  whatever;  now 
it  has  buildings  and  grounds  valued  at  more  than  $2,000,000.  Then  its  staff  num- 
bered about  20;  now  nearly  100.  Then  its  annual  income  from  the  quotas  of  the 
constituent  Governments  and  other  sources  was  under $50,0C0;  now  it  is  approxi- 
mately $200,000.  Then  its  correspondence  and  distribution  of  bulletins,  reports,  and 
publications  were  less  than  100.000  pieces  annually;  they  now  exceed  500,000.  Then 
its  library  had  less  than  5,000  volumes;  now  it  has  nearly  50,0C0.  Then  Pan  Ameri- 
can commerce  was  valued  at  less  than  $500,000,000  per  annum;  now  it  has  passed 
the  mark  of  $2,000,000,000.    These  facts  tell  their  own  story. 

For  all  this  achievement,  however,  great  credit  is  due  to  the  excellent,  interested, 
and  cooperative  advice  and  support  which  the  executive  officers  have  received  not 
only  from  the  Secretaries  of  State,  who  have  been  ex  officio  chairmen  of  the  gov- 
erning board  during  this  period— namely,  Elihu  Root,  Robert  Bacon,  Philander  C. 
Knox,  William  Jennings  Bryan,  Robert  Lansing,  and  now  Bain  bridge  Colby — but 
from  the  Latin  American  diplomatic  representatives  whose  names  I  Would  gladly 
mention  were  not  the  list  so  long  and  brilliant.  I  would  also  be  neglectful  of  the 
truth  if  I  failed  to  commend  the  magnificent,  able,  and  loyal  service  and  coopera- 
tion which  the  Pan  American  Union  has  received  from  the  rank  and  file  of  its 
staff — a  body  of  men  and  women  of  whom  any  organization  can  be  proud. 

It  is  a  real  pleasure  to-night  to  introduce  such  men  as  Secretary  Colby,  Ambassa- 
dor Mathieu,  and  Mr.  Kelsey.  Mr.  Colby,  the  chairman  ex  officio  of  our  governing 
board,  has  been  with  us  only  a  short  time,  but  in  that  period  he  has  evinced  an 
interest  in  everything  relating  to  the  Pan  American  Union  which  is  most  gratifying, 
and  1  know  you  will  appreciate  what  he  has  to  say.  Ambassador  Mathieu,  my 
ranking  Latin  American  chief,  is  typical,  in  his  fine  personality  and  character,  of 
the  wonderful  men  who  have  served  on  the  governing  board  from  Latin  America 
and  have  been  my  dear  friends  as  well  as  able  advisers.  Mr.  Kelsey  is  one  of  that 
school  of  architects  who  works  with  his  heart  as  well  as  with  his  eye  and  hand,  and 
he  has  developed  in  me  a  brotherly  affection  for  him  because  of  his  joint  interest 
with  me  in  this  magnificent  palace  of  peace  and  progress.  Of  Mr.  Yánes  I  can  say 
I  have  had  no  better  friend  and  colaborer  in  all  my  life. 

My  friends,  this  may  be  my  last  opportunity  to  preside  over  a  function  of  this 
kind  in  this  building,  which  belongs  to  you  as  much  as  it  does  to  me.  I  hope, 
therefore,  that  you  will  enjoy  yourselves  to-night  without  stint,  and  that  in  the 
years  to  come  you  may  feel  as  much  pride  in  its  beauty  and  usefulness  as  I  do. 
With  all  my  heart  I  thank  you  for  your  presence,  and  now  let  your  joy  in  the  cele- 
bration be  unalloyed. 

Mr.  Barrett  then  introduced  Secretary  of  State  Colby,  who,  in  his 
tribute  to  the  work  of  the  Pan  American  Union,  spoke  in  part  as 
follows  : 

The  decade  of  whose  passage  we  are  reminded  by  the  pleasant  exercises  of  this 
evening  has  been  marked  by  solid  progress  toward  the  realization  of  the  great  aims 


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ANNIVEESARY  OF  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION 's  HOME.  639 

of  the  Pan  American  Union.  These  great  objectives  are  beautifully  typified  in  this 
building,  which  was  dedicated  10  years  ago  to-day.  A  great  French  architect  once 
declared  that,  more  than  any  other  public  building  in  the  world,  this  building  com- 
bined monumental  dignity,  beauty,  and  practical  usefulness;  and  it  will  always 
serve  as  an  appropriate  expression  of  the  fine  aspirations  that  called  it  into  being. 
Here  the  smallest  and  the  largest  of  the  American  Republics  and  their  several  peoples 
meet  on  common  ground  and  on  an  equal  footing,  each  speaking  with  equal  authority 
and  each  heard  with  equal  respect. 

Nothing  can  surpass  the  intimacy  and  friendliness  of  our  work  on  the  Governing 
Board,  where  it  is  my  official  privil^e  to  sit  with  the  diplomatic  representatives  of 
all  the  American  Republics.  The  discussions  are  marked  by  enlightenment,  cordial 
good  feeling,  and  genuine  cooperation. 

Under  the  influence  of  the  Pan  American  Union  as  a  great  bureau  of  information 
and  education  the  Latin  American  Republics  and  peoples  have  become  well  known 
to  the  peoples  of  the  United  States,  and  the  people  of  the  United  States  have  become 
better  known  to  their  sister  peoples  in  Latin  America. 

Its  great  Work  of  disseminating  information,  its  world-wide  correspondence,  its 
numerous  publications  and  reports,  its  library  of  50,000  volumes,  and  the  skill  of  its 
devoted  staff,  are  responsible  for  the  modem  development  of  practical  Pan  American- 
ism and  this  diffusion  of  useful  knowledge  of  our  western  democracies. 

On  this  anniversary  occasion  it  is  proper  that  special  and  honorable  mention  should 
be  made  of  Andrew  Carnegie,  who  supplemented  the  original  $250,000  contributed  by 
21  American  Republics  with  a  personal  gift  of  $850,000  for  the  construction  of  this 
beautiful  building. 

We  should  make  honorable  reference  to  the  late  Theodore  Roosevelt  and  to  the 
distinguished  publicist  and  American  citizen,  Elihu  Root,  who  were  respectively 
President  and  Secretary  of  State  during  the  period  of  construction  of  this  building 
and  always  took  a  very  great  interest  in  it. 

I  must  mention  as  entitled  to  equal  honor  Joaquim  Nabuco,  then  ambassador  of 
Brazil,  and  Ignacio  Calderón,  then  and  now  minister  of  Boli\'ia,  and  other  members 
of  the  diplomatic  corps  who  cooperated  in  the  project. 

It  is  fitting  also  that  the  names  of  Albert  Kelsey  and  Paul  B.  Cret,  of  Philadelphia, 
should  be  recalled.  They  were  the  architects  of  this  building  who  were  victorious 
in  the  competition  participated  in  by  75  of  the  leading  architects  of  America;  and  of 
course  any  mention  of  the  great  friends  of  Pan  Americanism  in  this  country  would.be 
incomplete  without  a  reference  to  the  present  Director  General,  Mr.  John  Barrett, 
who  has  brooded  over  this  undertaking  with  unceasing  care  and  watchfulness.  It  was 
he  who  purchased  the  land  and  conducted  the  architectural  competition,  and  watched 
every  detail  of  the  construction.  He  dug  the  first  spadeful  of  earth  and  laid  the  first 
and  last  brick.  Indeed,  he  has  supervised  the  planting  of  every  tree  and  shrub  on 
the  grounds  except  the  aged  sycamores  which  stand  in  front. 

The  work  of  the  Pan  American  Union  is  essentially  missionary  work.  It  has  but 
one  creed,  and  this  is  friendship.  It  seeks  to  inculcate  a  better  understanding  and 
a  deeper  mutual  trust  among  the  countries  of  the  Western  Hemisphere.  The  influence 
of  this  constant  and  untiring  propaganda  has  resulted  in  an  increased  commerce,  a 
greater  study  of  the  possibilities  of  investment  in  Latin  American  industries,  increased 
travel,  and  a  broadening  and  strengthening  of  the  financial  and  educational  systems 
of  the  members  of  the  Union. 

Through  the  influence  of  this  institution  there  have  been  held  many  scientific, 
financial,  postal,  sanitary,  medical,  labor,  and  commercial  conferences  not  only  in 
the  United  States  but  in  various  Latin  American  countries.  Incalculable  good  has 
resulted  from  these  meetings. 

Ten  years  will  seem  but  a  little  span  in  the  full  and  rounded  measure  of  life  of  this 
institution.    The  great  results  of  the  past  are  the  augury  of  a  growing  and  widening 


(iroog,  piupoHiul.  B^  nuternally  protoflUm. 


ANNIVERSARY  OF  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION 's   HOME.  641 

usefulness  in  the  future.  The  Pan  American  Union  stands  for  peace,  for  mutual 
national  respect,  for  helpfulness,  and  for  united  effort.  No  one  can  set  bounds  to  its 
possibilities. 

His  excellency  the  ambassador  of  Chile  followed  Mr.  Colby,  the 
following  being  a  brief  excerpt  taken  from  his  address: 

The  high  cost  of  living  has  left  but  one  thing  in  the  United  States  that  is  cheap — 
oratory.  This  goes  to  show  that  the  supply  exceeds  the  demand,  and  therefore  I 
must  limit  myself  to  but  a  few  words,  thus  benefiting  your  good  selves,  who  do  me  the 
honor  to  listen,  and  myself,  who  must  labor  under  a  very  restricted  English  vocabulary. 
Besides,  I  can  add  nothing  to  the  remarks  his  excellency  the  Secretary  of  State  has 
just  made  with  his  accustomed  eloquence. 

We  Pan  American  diplomats,  who  are  your  hosts  on  this  occasion,  are,  from  the 
nature  of  our  position,  in  reality  but  the  temporary  occupants  of  this  house.  All  that 
is  permanent  here  is  the  spirit  of  its  foundation  and  the  idea  it  stands  for — the  spirit 
of  concord  and  the  idea  of  solidarity,  so  perfectly  expressed  in  this  magnificent  struct- 
ure, that  has  arisen  out  of  the  munificence  of  one  of  your  representative  men,  one  of 
those  who  reconcile  us  to  the  accumulation  of  vast  fortune — the  illustrious  citizen, 
Andrew  Carnegie,  of  happy  memory. 

Here  in  this  house  we  men  of  the  two  Americas  assemble  to  make  mutual  acquaint- 
ance and  to  prepare  the  ground  on  which  a  new  civilization  will  probably  develop 
out  of  the  same  elements  that  will  siurvive  the  present  system. 

We  inhabit  the  same  hemisphere;  we  are  united  by  the  same  oceans;  together  we 
entered  into  independent  life,  under  an  analagous  political  régime;  but  we  are  sepa- 
rated by  language,  to  a  certain  extent  by  religion,  and  in  a  measure  also  by  our  mental- 
ity. The  first  obstacle  can  be  removed  by  instruction,  the  second  by  tolerance,  and 
the  third  by  amalgamation — all  by  more  frequent  and  intimate  contact. 

By  mixing  all  that  is  best  among  the  qualities  that  characterize  our  respective 
races  we  will  eventually  come  to  constitute  a  finished  and  perfect  type  of  hiunanity. 
Combine  with  Latin  idealism  the  Anglo-Saxon  positiveness,  with  the  grace  and 
tractableness  of  the  Latins  the  force  and  inflexibility  of  the  Anglo-Saxons,  with  our 
lightsome  skepticism  your  sturdy  and  vigorous  faith,  and  even  your  blond  type  and 
your  blue  eyes  with  our  brunette  type  and  black  eyes,  and  then  tell  me  whether 
this  will  not  make  a  beautiful  physical  and  moral  combination. 

Indeed,  all  this  is  comprised  in  the  new  conception  of  the  idea  of  Pan  Americanism, 
whose  high  priest  is  my  honorable  and  distinguished  friend,  Mr.  John  Barrett. 

Mr.  Albert  Kelsey,  of  Philadelphia,  who,  with  Prof.  Paul  P.  Cret, 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  formed  the  combination  of  archi- 
tects who  won  tke  competition  for  the  Pan  American  Building,  was 
then  introduced  by  Director  General  Barrett  as  one  with  whom  he 
had  labored  with  the  greatest  satisfaction.  He  said  that  both  the 
architects  seemed  to  love  the  building  with  the  same  feeling  that  he 
did.  He  was  particularly  pleased,  moreover,  to  introduce  Mr.  Kelsey 
because,  aside  from  this  being  the  tenth  anniversary  of  the  building, 
it  was  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  Mr.  Kelsey^s  birthday. 

Mr.  Kelsey  said  : 

To-day,  as  I  turn  my  first  half  century,  1  am  delighted  to  be  present  at  such  a 
party  and  rejoice  with  you  in  being  able  to  congratulate  Director  General  Barrett  on 
his  tenth  anniversary.  No  one  knows,  as  I  do,  how  he  had  devoted  himself  to  Pan 
Americanism,  and  more  especially  to  the  physical  growth  and  development  of  this 


BOUTQ  AMERICA, 
I  to  (he  left  01 


America,  vu  ovslêd  by  laid 
moit  IsBuUful  ud  tjnibaUc  i 


ANNIVERSARY  OF  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION 's  HOME.  643 

property.  For  over  13  years  we  have  been  associated,  and  his  unbroken  record  of 
energy  and  enthusiasm  has  been  more  than  an  inspiration  to  me.  We  have  had 
midnight  conferences  and  all-day  conferences  both  in  Washington  and  in  half  a 
dozen  other  cities.  We  have  studied,  revised,  and  discarded  scores  and  scores  of 
plans,  while  not  the  slightest  detail  has  escaped  his  watchful  eye  or  been  without 
some  inspiration  from  him,  and,  therefore,  in  that  during  all  these  years  he  has 
adhered  strongly  to  the  architectural  theme  with  which  we  started,  and  in  that  this 
building  is  BO  generally  appreciated,  I  fain  believe  that  architecture  may  again 
become  an  educational  force— the  inspiration  and  pride  of  the  people. 

It  is  a  profound  disappointment  to  me  that  my  partner  in  this  work.  Prof.  Paul  P. 
Cret,  can  not  be  with  us  this  evening,  but  you  will  all  be  glad  to  learn  that  after 
four  years  in  the  French  Army  he  has  returned  in  good  health  and  is  now  doing  as 
much  to  make  the  school  of  architecture  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  the 
foremost  school  of  Pan  America  as  he  did  to  help  make  this  building  beautiful. 

It  is  very  gratifying  to  learn  that  the  new  Secretary  of  State,  Mr.  Bainbridge 
Colby,  will  continue  the  interest  shown  in  this  international  institution  by  his 
predecessors.  If  I  may  be  permitted  an  anecdote,  it  does  not  seem  to  me  (so  happy 
has  been  the  work)  so  long  since  I  used  to  be  frequently  in  conference  with  Secre- 
tary Root,  and  well  do  I  recall  how  he  used  to  say,  "This  building  is  my  baby  *'; 
and  once  when  he  had  made  this  remark  President  Roosevelt  said,  '^  Yes,  and  John 
Barrett  is  its  nurse.'*  Ah,  ladies,  that  was  wlien  the  nurse  was  young  and  good 
looking. 

The  Director  General  then  introduced  Mr.  Francisco  J.  Yánes,  the 
assistant  director,  as  one  who  had  been  his  able  and  faithful  co- 
laborer  during  all  the  time  that  he  had  been  executive  officer  of  the 
Pan  American  Union.  Although  Mr.  Yánes  made  no  speech  because 
of  the  lateness  of  the  hour,  his  presence  was  greeted  with  apprecia- 
tive applause. 

In  concluding  the  exercises  the  Director  General  thanked  those 
who  had  been  with  him  in  the  receiving  line,  paying  special  tribute 
to  Mrs.  Colby,  Madame  Mathieu,  Madame  Yánes,  and  Mrs.  Kelsey, 
and  emphasizing  how  the  women  associated  directly  or  indirectly 
with  the  Pan  American  Union  had  always  gracefully  and  generously 
cooperated  for  the  success  of  its  functions. 


COLONIAL  RESIDENCES  OF 
MEXICO 


0  0      0  0  •     0 

0       *  0  0       0  * 


WHEN  the  Aztec  city  of  Tenochtitlan  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  Spanish  conquerors  it  was  little  else  than  a  mass 
of  ruins,  and  Cortés  and  his  companions  had  immedi- 
ately to  set  about  its  reconstruction.  But  as  their 
attention  was  given  to  the  necessities  of  the  moment,  the  first  build- 
ings they  erected  were  rough,  unpretentious,  and  entirely  devoid  of 
architectural  beauty;  fortresses,  in  fact,  rather  than  homes,  for 
nearly  all  had  strong  turrets  and  battlements  for  their  defense. 
The  arrangement  of  the  interior  was  from  the  very  outset  designed 
after  lhe  Andalusian  fashion,  and  since  the  climate  of  the  conquered 
land  favored  the  use  of  patios,  or  inner  courts  open  to  the  sky,  from 
them  the  houses  received  light,  sunshine,  and  air,  making  them  at 
once  cheerful  and  healthful.  Some  of  them  had  an  open  gallery  on 
the  topmost  story,  and  the  great  majority  bore  the  owner's  coat-of- 
arms  escutcheoned  in  relief  over  the  main  entrance. 

It  is  greatly  to  be  regretted  that  none  of  these  primitive  structures 
remain  standing  to  this  day,  but  records  of  some  are  still  preserved. 
The  house  that  Cortés  built  for  his  own  use  occupied  an  immense 
area,  the  limits  of  which  coincided  with  the  present  streets  of  Monte 
de  Piedad,  Francisco  I.  Madero,  Isabel  la  Católica,  and  Tacuba.  It 
had  strong  battlomented  turrets  at  each  comer,  and  its  second  story 
consisted  of  an  open  gallery  with  elaborate  and  well-proportioned 
columns  and  arcades.  It  was  burnt  down  in  1636,  and  when  rebuilt 
presented  an  entirely  different  aspect.  The  most  important  part 
of  it  still  exists  and  is  occupied  by  the  national  pawn  shop.  The 
house  of  the  Avilas  was  torn  down  in  1566,  and  its  foundations 
strewn  with  salt,  as  a  consequence  of  the  crime  committed  by  the 
two  brothers  of  that  name  who  were  found  guilty  of  having  offered 
the  crown  of  Mexico  to  Don  Martin  Cortés.  The  home  of  that 
celebrated  chara?ter,  Don  Juan  Manuel  de  Solórzano,  was  destroyed 
by  order  of  the  royal  audience,  as  punishment  for  his  having  killed 
the  Alcalde  Vêlez  de  Pereira;  and  that  of  Treviûo,  the  Jew,  left 
standing  until  quite  recently,  was  destroyed  at  the  same  time  as  the 
magnificent  old  palace  of  the  Villar  Villamil  family  (known  in  later 
times  as  the  "Colegio  de  las  Bonitas"),  instead  of  its  being  restored, 
as  certainly  the  finest,  and  probably  the  only,  example  of  the  Mudejar 
style  of  architecture  in  Mexico. 

I  By  Don  Manuel  Romero  de  Terreras,  courtesy  of  the  Inspección  General  de  Monnmentos  ArtlsUcot 
de  Mexico. 

614 


i 
a 


s  lîiï 


ip 


CORNER  OF  THE  FAÇADE  OF  THE  PALACE  OF  THE  MASKS,  MEXICO. 
■n  of  KTsat  Brchtteclura]  emboli  i  ahment  In  Mexico  duriiv  the  eightMinlti  ceiilury  I9  noted  lb 
erol  tho  House  ol  tbe  Hitsks  LB\l9bl;  dccorsted  by  arlistic  He 


COLONIAL  RESIDENCES  OF  MEXICO.  647 

The  houses  that  with  most  probability  date  from  the  end  of  the 
sixteenth  century  may  be  recognized  by  their  façades,  which  lack 
entablatures  and  cornices,  these  being  substituted  by  mere  brick 
ridges.  In  the  oldest  houses  the  walls  have  no  outward  division  into 
stories,  and,  as  far  as  their  general  design  is  concerned,  are  devoid 
of  any  architectural  members,  such  as  pilasters,  columns,  etc.  The 
upper  portions  of  door  jambs  and  window  posts  alike  are  lengthened 
out  upward,  thus  forming  panneaux,  which  are  surmounted  by 
slightly  projecting  brackets.  The  flat  surface  is  generally  covered 
with  elaborate  relief  work  of  stucco  in  arabesque  patterns,  such  as 
geometrical  and  floral  designs,  scroll  work,  and  panels  formed  by 
curved  and  straight  fillets;  while  angels,  crowns,  monograms,  and 
vases  stand  out  as  bolder  ornaments.  In  this  connection  we  may 
mention  No.  10  Callejón  de  Allende;  corner  of  Manzanares  Street; 
the  houses  that  belonged  to  Jerónimo  López,  one  of  the  conquerers, 
in  the  old  street  of  Monterilla  (now  Cinco  de  Febrero),  Nos.  13  and 
15;  corner  of  Santa  Teresa  and  El  Relox;  No.  72  Mesones;  No.  85 
Don  Juan  Manuel  (now  Uruguay);  corner  of  Acequia  and  Jesus 
Maria;  and  No.  75  San  Filipe  Neri. 

With  the  wonderful  progress  of  the  colony,  the  architectural  aspect 
of  the  city  gradually  softened  down,  so  to  speak,  the  general  style 
predominating  during  the  seventeenth  century  being  the  Baroque, 
and  during  the  eighteenth  the  Churrigueresque,  a  modification  of 
the  former.  But  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  Indian  artisans, 
as  soon  as  allowed  some  liberty  of  expression  in  their  work,  betrayed 
the  influence  of  their  ancestral  art.  In  the  interpretation  of  the 
models  set  before  them  by  the  Spaniards  they  showed  a  manner, 
barbarous  at  times  it  is  true,  but  hardly  ever  lacking  a  certain  primi- 
tive elegance.  The  materials  employed  and  the  abrupt  contrast 
between  the  plain  and  the  decorative  parts  imparted  a  unique  char- 
acter to  the  architecture  of  New  Spain.  Nearly  all  the  houses  were 
built  of  tezontle  and  chiluca.  The  former,  a  crimson,  porous  stone 
of  volcanic  origin,  was  generally  employed  for  the  plain  surfaces  and 
panels,  while  the  latter,  grayish  in  color,  was  admirably  suited  for 
border  work  and  ornamental  carvings.  The  combination  of  the 
two  materials  produced  a  rich  and  picturesque  effect,  which  was 
further  enhanced  when  azulejos,  or  glazed  tiles,  were  employed  in 
decorative  surface  treatment.  Doors  and  windows  were  generally 
ornamented  by  means  of  slightly  projected  borders,  the  vertical 
ones  being  lengthened  out  in  the  shape  of  pilasters  as  far  as  the 
cornice.  Sometimes  ornamental  motifs,  such  as  crosses,  dates, 
initials  of  our  Lord  and  our  Lady,  and  other  religious  designs  were 
carved  in  very  low  relief  on  the  tezontle  surfaces,  as  may  be  seen  on 
the  façades  of  No.  35  Calle  de  la  Palma  and  comer  of  Manrique  and 
San  Lorenzo,  among  others. 


I'ATIO  OR   ISNBRTiCOURT  OF  A   LARUE  MEXICAN   WANSION. 

The  elejam  patio  or  Inmr  court,  rppro-luced  in  lhe  rneraïimr.  wbs  cotialniclpd  without  reisrd  lonnlby 

....  ^ .. . .-_. ,  .      ..:.->...■_. —  _.__.._.!  ijuiidinjs  nj^^  i,  noted  not  onÈï  for 

.      .    -,....,_      .      _..    ..  Is  IxautittilsIODe  mJlBisBDd  nTChis. 

Diinprlpil  with  the-  hlilorv  ol  Mpxlco,  since  II  was  the  reiiaen»  o(  Emperoc 
Uurhide,  who  lived  thereat  the  time  he  was  crowned  in  lhe  cuthedra'-  Ills  now  used  form  hole' (llurlildo 
UdMI). 


HOUSE  OF  GLAZED  TILES,  U  EX  ICO, 


Ttw  abundance  of  gluod  lllDs  soen  In  this  palaw,  tbc  bkloony  or  wblcb  Is  shown  In  the  sbove  engniing, 
hu given  It  the  name  ol  the  "  Uoiue  orGlaud  Tilej."    Those  tiles  were  made  Id  the  cltr  o(  PueUs,  and, 
,  with  ttu  lountaln  and  the  beautiful  columns  of  the  patio,  gire  the  edldce  t  distinctly  srieut*!  aspect. 

175460— 20— Bull.  6 5 


650  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

Work  of  the  eighteenth  century,  the  golden  age  of  the  civil  archi- 
tecture in  Mexico,  is  chiefly  remarkable  in  that  great  importance  was 
given  to  the  composition  of  portals,  and  in  that  the  angles  of  two- 
fronted  houses  on  street  corners  were  especially  ornamented,  as  if 
the  attention  of  the  architect  had  been  chiefly  bestowed  thereon. 

The  palace  that  belonged  to  the  Condes  de  Santiago  Calimay  (Pino 
Suárez  No.  30)  is  in  the  Baroque  style,  as  is  shown  by  its  beautiful 
doorway  and  chief  balcony.  This  formerly  bore  the  coat  of  arms  of 
the  Altamirano  de  Velasco  family  within  the  now  blank  and  mean- 
ingless frame  at  the  top.  Fortunately  the  entrance  doors  still  pre- 
serve their  panels,  wonderfully  carved  with  heraldic  trophies  and 
quarterings.  The  corner  stone  at  the  base,  representing  the  head  of 
a  serpent,  originally  belonged  to  the  enclosure  of  the  great  Aztec 
temple.  But  the  most  noteworthy  feature  of  the  house  decoration 
consists  of  the  huge  gargoyles  in  the  shape  of  stone  cannon  projecting 
from  the  cornice,  the  privilege  of  those  who  held  the  rank  of  capitán 
general.  Its  stairway  is  magnificent,  and  the  great  open  court 
bears,  on  three  sides,  splendid  arched  galleries,  ornamented  in  the 
lower  cloister  with  the  family  quarterings,  and  in  the  upper  with  hand- 
some gargoyles.  On  the  remaining  side  of  the  court  an  artistic  though 
strangely  designed  fountain  may  be  seen.  The  importance  of  this 
house,  during  the  colonial  period  was  due  to  its  being  considered  the 
rendezvous  of  the  aristocracy.  Being  situated  in  the  old  Calle  de 
Ixtapalapa,  with  the  Hospital  de  Jesús  at  the  opposite  comer,  its 
balconies  provided  excellent  accomodation,  whence  thè^  viceroy,  arch- 
bishop, and  other  high  officials  might  watch  the  much  vaunted 
pyrotechnic  displays  provided  by  that  famous  institution  on  the 
occasion  of  some  festivity  as  well  as  the  religious  and  civil  proces- 
sions or  masquerades  which  frequently  passed  along  the  then  princi- 
pal street.  Gargoyles  representing  cannon,  but  in  this  case  without 
any  wheels,  may  also  be  seen  in  the  house  that  formerly  belonged  to 
the  Conde  de  la  Torre  de  Cossío  (Uruguay,  No.  90),  for  this  personage 
had  been  governor  of  the  Phillipine  Islands.  The  cornice  is  also 
noteworthy,  being  ornamented  with  a  frieze  representing  a  chain, 
with  drums  at  certain  intervals.  The  beauty  of  the  building  is  en- 
hanced by  a  turret  covered  with  glazed  tiles.  The  former  home  of 
the  Conde  de  la  C/ortina  stands  next  door. 

The  turrets  to  be  seen  generally  on  the  top  comer  of  old  manorial 
residences  are  a  reUc  of  the  old  bastions,  erected  as  we  have  mentioned» 
by  the  first  settlers  in  Mexico.  Perhaps  the  handsomest  existing 
specimens  are  the  corners  of  the  Calles  de  la  Moneda  and  El  Carmen, 
which  fonnerly  belonged  to  the  entailed  estate  of  the  Guerrero  family. 

Niches,  sheltering  sacred  images  or  allegories,  and  surmounted  by  a 
cross,  constituted  another  favorite  ornamental  motif,  specially  at  the 
angles  of  the  buildings.  They  were  nearly  always  embellished  with 
Baroque  or  Churrigueresque  stone  carvings,  and  azulejo  treatment, 


COUNTESS  OF  SAN  HATEO  OF  VALPARAISO. 

tiisi  Spanish  inhablunU  of  the  Uoilcan 


ol  thi:  epoch  in  the  Ciiy  ol  M< 
(be  buJwuka  «rected  by  tbe 


652  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

that  made  splendid  and  picturesque  contrast  with  the  velvet-like 
tezontle  surfaces  of  the  façade.  Within  the  niche  of  a  house  in  Calle 
de  Donceles  (No.  147)  there  is  depicted  an  arm  holding  a  monstrance 
in  memory  of  Don  Juan  de  Chavarría,  who  saved  the  Blessed  Sac- 
rament from  the  flames  when  the  Church  of  San  Águstin  caught  fire 
on  the  11th  of  December,  1676. 

Those  who  held  important  military  charges,  members  of  the  Court 
of  Audience,  and  others,  were  entitled  to  have  battlements  on  the 
top  of  their  houses,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  former  home  of  the  Condes 
de  Mir  avalle  (No.  30,  Isabel  la  Católica),  and  of  the  Mariscales  de 
Castilla,  corner  of  Hombres  Ilustres,  and  Puente  de  la  Maríscala. 
Other  eminent  persons  employed  breastworks  formed  of  inverted 
arches,  between  pilasters  crowned  with  graceful  pinnacles.  Such 
are  the  ornaments  of  two  houses  in  Capuchinas  street,  No.  62,  next 
to  the  national  bank,  and  No.  73,  which  belonged  in  colonial  times  to 
the  Conde  de  San  Bartolomé  de  Xala.  The  interior  of  the  latter 
residence  is  noteworthy  for  the  great  arch  that  sustains  the  principal 
corridor,  bearing  a  typical  inscription,  for  its  wainscot  of  glazed  tiles, 
and  for  the  stone  statue  on  the  newel  of  the  grand  staircase.  The 
work  of  Lorenxo  Rodriguez,  this  building  was  finished  in  1764. 

According  to  tradition,  the  son  of  one  of  the  Condes  del  Valle  de 
Orizaba  was  a  veritable  scapegrace,  who  was  the  cause  of  frequent 
vexation  and  sorrow  to  his  father.  The  old  count,  convinced  that 
the  worthless  fellow  would  squander  all  his  heritage  upon  his  death, 
is  said  to  have  exclaimed  on  one  occasion,  employing  the  phrase  then 
applied  to  a  spendthrift  in  Mexico,  **  You  will  never  build  a  house  of 
tiles,  my  son."  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  prophecy  did  not  come  true. 
The  youth  began  a  new  life,  and  later  on  actually  built  the  most 
luxurious  house  of  azulejos  ever  erected  in  the  colony.  This  famous 
residence  is  still  to  bo  seen.  The  blue  and  white  glazed  tiles  which 
cover  its  exterior,  though  said  to  have  been  manufactured  in  China 
expressly  for  the  purpose,  were  in  all  probability  really  made  in  Puebla, 
though  it  appears  that  the  railings  of  the  corridors  and  balconies 
came  from  China  or  Japan.  The  profusion  of  tiles  throughout  the 
building,  as  well  as  the  beautiful  fountain  and  slender  columns  of 
the  coiu't,  impart  to  this  house  a  decidedly  oriental  character. 

On  the  4th  of  December,  1S28,  a  soldier  named  Manuel  Palacio^ 
who  had  a  grievance  against  Conde  don  Andrés  Suárez  de  Peredo,  be- 
cause the  latter  had  refused  to  allow  him  to  court  his  daughter,'  as- 
saulted and  stabbed  the  nobleman  to  death  at  the  foot  of  the  grand 
staircase. 

In  the  same  Avenida  stands  the  present  Hotel  Iturbide.  The 
Conde  de  San  Mateo  de  Valparaiso  (so  the  story  runs),  fearing  that 
his  fortune  would  eventually^  fall  into  the  hands  of  his  future  son-in- 
law,  a  well-known  profligate,  decided  to  invest  the  greater  part  of  it 
in  building  himself  a  palatial  residence.     He  therefore  ordered  his 


654  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

architect  to  erect  the  building  r^ardless  of  expense.  It  stands 
to-day  remarkable  for  its  profuse  extravagance.  It  Ls  also  noteworthy 
for  being  the  loftiest  of  colonial  residences,  for  the  life-sized  statues 
over  its  principal  doorway,  the  rococo  ornaments  of  its  panels,  and  the 
gallery  of  its  upper  story.  It  is  the  only  true  specimen  of  an  archi- 
tecturall}'  designed  façade,  built  on  broader  and  more  complete 
lines  than  other  contemporary  buildings.  These  are  based,  as  a 
whole,  on  primitive  and  banal  plans,  and  are  only  attractive  on 
account  of  their  beautiful  details. 

ITie  court  of  this  house  is  handsomely  pro])ortioned,  and  the 
arches  of  the  corridors  are  very  graceful;  but  it  must  be  borne  in 
mind  that  the  latter  suffered  man\'  deplorable  modifications  when 
the  palace  was  converted  into  a  hotel.  Don  Agustín  de  Iturbide 
chose  this  house  as  his  residence,  while  the  old  palace  of  the  viceroys 
was  being  repaired.  From  this  mansion  he  set  forth  to  be  crowned 
emperor  in  the  cathedral  and  to  install  the  Order  of  Guadelupe:  and 
in  its  state  rooms  and  comdors  the  christening  of  his  son,  Don  Felipe, 
was  celebrated  with  great  pomp. 

The  house  now  occupied  by  the  Banco  Nacional  also  belonged  to  the 
Conde  de  San  Mateo  de  Valparaiso.  In  the  style  followed  certain 
Plateresque  influences  are  evident,  spoiled  by  a  number  of  curved 
lines  that  decidedly  belittle  the  otherwise  imposing  aspect  of  the 
building.  Daring  intercrossing  arches  are  the  chief  feature  of  the 
court,  and  the  winding  staircase  is  remarkable  for  its  flights  of  steps 
that  lead,  one  to  the  first  story,  and  the  other  to  the  second.  The 
architect  was  Don  Francisco  de  Guerrero  y  Torres,  and  he  finished  it 
in  1771. 

In  none  other  did  the  chisel  of  the  stone  carvers  attain  greater 
success  and  nicety  than  in  the  palace  of  the  Conde  de  lleras  Soto,  at 
the  comer  of  Manrique  and  La  Canoa.  Its  filigree-like  door  jambs 
and  window  posts,  and  the  graceful  cherub  holding  the  basket  of 
fruit  over  his  head,  carved  in  stone  at  the  angle  of  the  façade,  may 
be  reckoned  as  veritable  works  of  Churrigueresque  art,  as  also  the 
gai^oyles  and  balustrade  of  the  roof. 

The  same  artisans  built  the  well-known  house,  generally  called 
Mascarones,  that  stands  in  the  ancient  Tlaxpana  causeway,  now 
Calle  de  la  Rivera  de  San  Cosme.  Its  curious  caryatides  and  the  rich 
Churrigueresque  ornamentation  of  its  windows  are  specially  note- 
worthy, as  is  also  the  very  clever  and  uncommonly  fine  effect  ob- 
tained by  the  proportions  assigned  to  the  diverse  elements  of  the 
façade.  No.  59  San  Filipe  Neri,  now  sadly  deteriorated,  was  the 
home  of  the  beneficent  Conde  de  Regla.  The  windows  of  the  base- 
ment are  modern,  for  in  olden  days  the  only  opening  in  the  lower 
story  was  the  *' zaguán*'  or  portal.  Tradition  has  it  that  on  either 
side  of  the  entrance  there  existed  large  cellars,  in  which  that  wealthy 
personage  stored  the  numerous  bars  of  silver  produced  by  his  famous 
mines.     The  coat  of  arms  above  the  doorway  has  disappeared,  but  for- 


656  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

tunately  the  balconies  of  the  first  floor  still  preserve  their  original 
and  typical  bonwork. 

The  Marquesa  de  Uluapa^s  house  is  still  standing  at  No.  18  Mon- 
terilla  (Cinco  de  Febrero).  This  building  is  comparatively  small, 
but  contains  many  an  interesting  detail  of  colonial  architecture. 
The  corridor  is  built  upon  a  vault  of  groined,  hanging  arches,  an 
ingenious  contrivance  which,  though  deceitful  to  the  eye,  is  neverthe- 
less remarkable  wheii  allowance  is  made  for  the  methods  of  construc- 
tion which  were  then  available.  The  house  is  ornamented  throughout 
with  a  profusion  of  glazed  tiles  of  various  shapes  and  designs.  In 
the  azotea  or  roof,  in  the  space  formerly  used  for  the  washing  of 
clothes,  there  may  still  be  seen  several  panels  representing  laundresses 
of  the  eighteenth  century  at  work;  while  several  pilasters  that  sustain 
the  iron  railing  around  the  opening  of  the  court  bear  a  quaint  stone 
statuette  of  a  musician. 

During  the  later  years  of  the  eighteenth  century  classic  models,  as 
then  understood  in  Spain,  were  introduced  into  the  architecture  of 
Mexico.  Among  the  works  with  which  don  Manuel  Tolsa,  the  archi- 
tect and  sculptor,  enriched  this  *^City  of  Palaces,"  No.  50  Puente  de 
Alvarado  may  be  mentioned  as  the  most  noteworthy.  Owing  to  its 
noble  proportions  and  the  beautiful  and  harmonic  style  in  which 
that  eminent  artist  excelled  it  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  best  exam- 
ples of  his  work  in  Mexico.  The  principal  features  of  this  building 
are  its  recessed  front  and  oval  court.  The  latter  was  probably  sug- 
gested by  the  circular  one  of  the  palace  that  Pedro  Machuca  began 
to  construct  in  Granada  for  the  Emperor  Charles  V.  Built  by  the 
order  of  the  Conde  de  Buenavista,  this  charming  residence  was  in- 
habited in  later  times  by  the  Condesa  de  Pérez  Gálvez,  the  Princes 
de  la  Unión  and  de  Iturbide,  and  President  Santa  Ana.  In  1846  the 
third  Conde  de  Regla  set  up  a  small  museum  in  it,  and  in  1S64  Mar- 
shal Bazaine  made  it  famous  for  his  balls  and  receptions.  Maximil- 
ian gave  it  to  him  as  a  wedding  present,  but  at  the  fall  of  the  Empire 
it  was  declared  national  property.  It  is  now  occupied  by  the  **  Taba- 
calera Mexicana." 

Tenements  and  apartment  houses  were  naturally  much  humbler 
than  palatial  residences;  but,  *  nevertheless,  the  ornamentation  of 
some  of  them  did  not  lack  the  general  characteristics  of  the  rest, 
such  as  niches,  crosses,  and  monograms.  The  most  noteworthy 
existing  specimens  of  these  houses  are  those  attached  to  the  Colegio 
de  las  Vizcaínas;  No.  46  San  Lorenzo;  No.  64  Cinco  de  Febrero;  No. 
14  Academia;  No.  56  Amargura;  Nos.  82  and  84  San  Jerónimo;  and 
those  at  the  corner  of  Manzanares  Street. 

Very  different  indeed  was  the  aspect  of  these  colonial  residences  in 
olden  times.  Decayed  by  the  years  that  have  passed  and  dese- 
crated by  the  hands  of  vandals,  they  are  now  full  of  scars,  as  it 
were,  and  drag  out  their  old  age  in  remote  quarters  of  this  once  **  Very 
Noble,  Very  Loyal  and  Imperial  City  of  Mexico." 


rx^rl 


^ 


,  AGHCüLTim.  INDUSTRY^ 
;  AND  COMMERCE  ; 


ARGENTINA. 


During  the  first  two  months  of  the  present  year  the  following 
quantities  of  AGRICULTURAL  PRODUCTS  were  exported: 
Wheat,  1,111,419  tons;  corn,  692,275  tons;  flax,  169,866  tons;  oats, 
83,181  tons,  as  against  wheat  176,207  tons;  com,  226,302  tons;  flax 
13,224  tons;  oats,  52,514  tons,  in  the  like  period  of  1919. 

A  draft  of  a  law  submitted  by  the  President  to  congress  during  the 
special  session  concerned  the  building  of  a  branch  line  of  THE 
LERMA-HUAITIQUINA  RAILROAD  to  open  up  the  northern 
Provinces  and  the  territories  of  Chaco  and  Formosa  for  the  shipment 
of  their  products  to  the  Pacific  coast.  The  Chilean  Government 
will  build  the  railway  from  the  port  of  Antofagasta  as  far  as  Huaiti- 
quina,  and  the  Argentine  Government  has  already  undertaken  diplo- 
matic correspondence  on  this  matter.  When  the  line  is  completed 
the  products  of  the  northern  Province  will  have  about  1,000  kilo- 
meters less  to  travel  to  reach  embarkation  ports. 

The  estimate  of  the  directorate  general  of  rural  economics  and 
statistics  on  the  present  CROP  OF  WHEAT,  FLAXSEED,  OATS, 
BARLEY,  BIRDSEED,  AND  PEANUTS  is  as  follows:  Wheat, 
5,828,000  tons,  distributed  as  follows:  Buenos  Aires,  1,857,000  tons; 
Santa  Fe,  1,100,000  tons;  Cordoba,  1,701,000  tons;  Entre  Rios, 
320,000  tons;  Pampa  650,000  tons;  and  other  districts,  200,000  tons. 
Flaxseed  will  be  1,067,830  tons;  oats,  829,000  tons;  barley,  223,800; 
alpiste,  or  birdseed,  12,890  tons;  and  peanuts,  53,500  tons.  The 
bureau  also  calculated  the  cost  of  the  gathering  of  the  crop,  including 
the  reaping,  thrashing,  sacking,  etc.,  at  268,954,000  pesos  currency. 

After  an  exhaustive  study  of  the  capacity  of  Argentina  for  the 
PRODUCTION  OF  WOOL,  La  Razon  of  Buenos  Ah'es  sums  up 
the  total  production  of  all  kinds  of  wool  at  141,000  tons,  publishing 
the  following  figures,  showing  the  amounts  produced  in  different 
zones:  Buenos  Aires,  56,258  tons;  Santa  Fe,  1,692  tons;  Cordoba, 
4,231  tons;  Entre  Rios,  12,913  tons;  Corrientes,  5,871  tons;  Andean 
Provinces  and  northern  Provinces,  7,720  tons;  Santa  Cruz,  17,794 
tons;  Rio  Negro,  13,013  tons;  Chubut,  8,174  tons;  Pampa,  6,848 
tons;  Neuquen,  3,113  tons;  Tierra  del  Fuego,  3,082  tons;  and  For- 
mosa, Chaco,  and  Misiones,  191  tons. 

The  municipal  intendant  of  Buenos  Aires  has  made  an  agreement 
with  the  railroads  of  the  State  to  provide  and  transport  3,000,000 
WOODEN  PAVING  BLOCKS  for  the  capital  and  to  arrange  a 
periodical  provision  of  this  material  from  the  source  of  supply. 

657 


65S  THÉ  PAN  aMeéicak  union. 

BOLIVIA. 

The  FOREIGN  COMMERCE  of  Bolivia  for  the  four-year  period 
from  1915  to  1918,inclusive,  was  as  follows:  1915,  exports  amounted  to 
95,210,550  bolivianos  (boliviano  =  $0.3893),  and  imports  to  22,574,566 
bolivianos;  in  1916,  exports  101,484,800  bolivianos,  and  imports 
31,098,215  bolivianos;  in  1917  exports,  157,748,054  bolivianos  and 
imports,  33,480,831  bolivianos;  and  in  1918  exports,  182,712,850 
bolivianos,  and  imports  34,999,886  bolivianos. 

During  1918  the  EXPORTATIONS  OF  TUNGSTEN  BARS 
amounted  to  3,418,859  kilograms  as  against  3,890,534  in  1917  and 
3,035,134  in  1916.  The  value  of  these  exports  in  1918  was  10,640,392 
bolivianos  as  against  10,810,291  bolivianos  in  1917,  and  5,675,700 
bolivianos  in  1916. 

During  the  first  six  months  of  1919,  9,200,369  kilos  of  COPPER 
was  PRODUCED  from  the  following  places  in  the  proportion  indi- 
cated: La  Paz,  8,960,795  kilos;  Oruro,  96,542  kilos,  and  Potosi 
143,031  kilos. 

During  the  first  six  months  of  1919  the  WOOL  EXPORTS  were 
as  follows:  Sheeps'  wool,  134,202  kilos,  worth  434,134  bolivianos; 
alpaca  wool,  43,528  kilos,  worth  205,564  bolivianos;  and  llama  wool, 
29,240  kilos  worth  104,332  bolivianos. 

The  departmental  council  of  Potosi  has  authorized  the  municipality 
of  the  capital  to  acquh-e  ARTICLES  OF  PRIME  NECESSITY  to  seU 
at  cost  price,  for  which  a  credit  to  the  municipality  of  70,000  boli- 
vianos has  been  authorized  with  the  Banco  de  la  Nación  Boliviano. 

A  new  AUTOMOBILE  SERVICE,  under  the  name  of  J.  Morcoso, 
is  to  run  cars  between  Cochabamba  and  Sucre. 

BRAZIL. 

The  Goodyear  Tire  &  Rubber  Co.,  of  Akron,  Ohio,  announces  that 
it  will  soon  establish  a  large  factory  for  RUBBER  GOODS  in  Rio  de 
Janeiro  to  supply  the  South  American  trade.  The  buildings  and 
grounds  will  occupy  100  acres,  and  the  capacity  of  the  factory  is  to  be 
5,000  automobile  tires  daily.  The  company  proposes  to  employ 
3,000  workmen,  and  has  opened  classes  in  Akron  for  the  teaching  of 
the  Portuguese  language  and  South  American  customs.  The  com- 
pany also  contemplates  the  sending  of  a  committee  of  business  ex- 
perts to  teach  their  business  to  Brazilians. 

Press  reports  state  that  the  IRON  AND  STEEL  INDUSTRY  is 
going  to  be  greatly  developed  in  Brazil,  and  that  a  concession  has 
been  given  to  Percival  Farquhar,  of  New  York,  to  engage  in  this  in- 
dustry. The  concessionaire  intends  to  open  mines,  construct  fur- 
naces for  the  manufacture  of  steel,  to  establish  factories  and  foun- 
dries for  the  manufacture  of  these  metals  into  commercial  articles, 
and  to  build  railway  lines  to  the  iron  mines.  No  subvention  is 
granted  imder  the  concession  referred  to. 


AGRiclJi.füíití,  iiîdustry,  and  commerce.  659 

An  English  corporation  is  reported  to  have  obtained  a  concession 
to  establish  an  AERIAL  NAVIGATION  SERVICE  between  Per- 
nambuco and  Buenos  Aires,  a  distance  of  2,600  miles,  stopping  at  the 
most  important  cities  along  the  route.  At  the  beginning  the  air- 
planes will  fly  only  during  the  day,  three  days  being  allowed  for  the 
trip,  night  stops  being  made  at  Bahia,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  Porto 
Alegre.  By  flying  day  and  night  the  voyage  can  be  made  in  about 
39  hours.  The  route  will  be  via  Maceió,  Bahia,  CaraveUas,  Victoria, 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  Sao  Paulo,  Florianapolis,  Porto  Alegre,  Pelotas,  and 
Montevideo. 

The  foUowing  figures  on  COFFEE  RECEIPTS  AND  SHIP- 
MENTS have  been  prepared  by  the  commercial  association  of  the 
port  of  Santos  for  the  year  1919:  In  transit,  5,862,836  sacks;  re- 
ceipts, 5,853,811  sacks;  shipped  or  ready  for  shipment,  9,607,621 
sacks;  outgoing  shipments,  9,446,724  sacks;  and  stock  on  hand  De- 
cember 31,  1919,  4,471,788  sacks. 

The  government  of  the  State  of  São  Paulo  has  authorized  the 
STOCK  EXCHANGE  of  Santos  to  construct  a  large  building  for  its 
offices,  expropriating  for  that  purpose  such  land  as  may  be  necessary. 
To  pay  the  expenses  of  this  work  a  special  tax  of  20  reis  was  levied 
some  time  ago,  the  proceeds  of  which  were  about  1,000  contos. 

A  number  of  the  mimicipalities  of  the  State  of  Minas  Geraes  have 
offered  money  prizes  to  encourage  the  REFORESTATION  of  that 
State. 

The  government  of  the  State  of  Sao  Paulo  has  established  a  large 
STOCK  FARM  on  the  banks  of  the  Claro  River  for  the  raising  and 
development  of  fine  stock. 

The  executive  power  has  recognized  the  MARITIME  FEDERA- 
TION OF  PARA,  organized  in  the  city  of  Belem  during  the  latter 
part  of  1919,  as  a  legal  entity. 

The  FOREIGN  COMMERCE  of  BrazU  in  1919,  according  to  data 
published  by  the  Jornal  do  Commercio,  consisted  of  exports  to  the 
amount  of  1,907,688  tons,  valued  at  2,178,719  paper  contos,  and  im- 
ports aggregating  2,779,625  tons,  valued  at  1,334,358  contos,  cur- 
rency. This  foreign  commerce  is  the  lai^est  Brazil  has  had  in  the 
last  20  years. 

The  work  of  changing  the  section  of  the  São  Paulo  RAILWAY, 
between  Judiahy  and  Campinas,  to  an  electric  system,  has  been  com- 
menced. The  contract  caUs  for  a  minimum  consumption  of  8,400,000 
kilowatts  per  hour,  and  a  maximum  consumption  of  20,000,000  kilo- 
watts. The  government  of  the  State  of  Minas  Geraes  has  appropri- 
ated 1 ,300  contos  for  the  construction  of  the  Paracatu  Railway. 

The  EXPORTS  of  the  State  of  Sao  Paulo  abroad  and  to  other 
States  of  the  Union  in  1919  amoimted  to  nearly  1,200,000  contos. 

The  Lloyd  Brazihan  STEAMSHIP  LINE  began  in  January  last  a 
service  between  Hamburg  and  Brazilian  ports. 


660  THE  PAK  AMERICAK  UNION. 

The  department  of  agriculture  recently  imported  for  distribution 
to  stock  raisers  for  breeding  purposes  a  number  of  Durham,  Here- 
ford, and  Poled  Angus  BULLS. 

A  STOCK  SHOW  will  be  held  in  Rio  de  Janeiro,  under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  National  Society  of  Agriculturists,  from  July  4  to  11, 1920. 

Steps  are  being  taken  to  establish  a  NAVIGATION  SERVICE 
between  Para  and  the  capital  of  French  Guiana,  via  the  Maguary  and 
Maraca  Channels,  as  well  as  between  Cayenne  and  the  Gurupy  River, 
with  stops  at  all  the  principal  cities  of  the  Salgado  section. 

A  NAVIGATION  LEAGUE  has  been  organized  in  the  State  of 
Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  limiting  its  members  to  owners  of  vessels  which 
navigate  the  rivers  and  lakes  of  the  State. 

CHILE. 

In  1919  the  PRODUCTION  OF  CHILEAN  NITRATE  amounted 
to  36,494,173  Spanish  quintals,  while  the  exports  in  1919  aggregated 
20,374,691  quintals.  The  stock  on  hand  on  December  31,  1919, 
was  34,561,000  quintals.  The  output  in  January,  1920,  was  9,051,421 
quintals. 

The  MARITIME  FREIGHT  SERVICE  between  the  northern 
and  central  ports  of  Chile  is  carried  in  47  steamers  and  motor  vessels 
having  a  freight  capacity  of  49,561  tons  and  26  sailing  vessels  and 
flat  boats  having  a  freight  capacity  of  30,906  tons.  The  average 
freight  transported  annually  by  this  fleet  is  estimated  at  1,500,000 
tons. 

The  value  of  the  MINING  OUTPUT  of  Chile  during  the  10  years 
from  1909  to  1918,  expressed  in  Chilean  gold  pesos,  was  as  follows: 
1909,  261,100,000;  1910,  300,400,000;  1911,  329,800,000;  in  1912, 
372,700,000;  in  1913,  393,500,000;  1914,  353,700,000;  1915,  297,- 
900,000;  1916,  491,300,000;  1917,  768,700,000;  and  in  1918,  772,- 
200,000. 

Among  the  important  IMPORTS  in  December,  1919,  were:  EJdible 
oil,  iron  wire,  rice,  sugar,  coffee,  Roman  cement,  wheat  flour,  un- 
manufactured iron,  paraffin,  petroleum,  sacks,  tea,  tobacco,  cigars 
and  cigarettes,  wines  and  liquors,  and  Paraguayan  tea.  The  exports 
consisted  of  beans,  borates,  barley,  copper  bullion,  rawhides,  wheat 
flour,  beans,  wool,  lentils,  coin,  silver  bullion,  nuts,  wheat,  and  iodine. 

The  department  of  public  works  has  approved  a  plan  for  the  im- 
provement of  the  port  of  PUNTA  ARENAS,  including  the  construc- 
tion of  a  passenger  and  freight  wharf,  an  esplanade,  and  the  erection 
of  a  custom  and  ware  house  building,  at  a  cost  of  2,412,000  pesos, 
currency. 

COLOMBIA. 

A  group  of  merchants,  agriculturists,  bankers,  and  manufacturers 
in   Bogota  have  lately  founded   a  COLOMBIAN   PROMOTION 


AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  661 

COMPANY  which  will  undertake  the  development  of  mines,  the 
promotion  and  development  of  agriculture,  loans,  the  construction 
of  public  works,  and  the  exportation  and  importation  of  merchan- 
dise. Its  subscribed  capital  is  at  present  100,000  pesos  gold  (peso  = 
$0.9733),  but  will  soon  be  raised  to  10,000,000  pesos. 

During  the  coming  August  a  large  INDUSTRIAL  AND  AGRI- 
CULTURAL EXPOSITION  is  to  be  held  in  Medellin,  and  prizes 
will  be  awarded  to  encourage  agriculture,  the  textUe  industries, 
poultry  raising,  and  beekeeping. 

A  Colombian  company  under  the  firm  name  of  SANTA  MARTA 
FRUIT  CO.  has  been  formed  in  the  capital  of  the  Department  of 
Magadalena.  It  is  composed  of  180  producers  of  bananas,  and  wiU 
engage  in  the  banana  trade  with  points  outside  the  coimtry. 

Presidential  decree  of  January  31  established  the  CUSTOMS 
PORT  OF  ASIS  on  the  Rio  Putumayo,  in  the  special  commissariat 
of  the  same  name. 

Since  law  120  of  1919  went  into  effect  concerning  deposits  of 
hydrocarbons  there  have  been  presented  to  the  ministry  of  pubUc 
works  78  PETITIONS  TO  EXPLOIT  OIL  WELLS,  one  of  the 
most  valuable  claims  having  been  made  by  the  Compaûia  Colombiana 
de  Fomento,  which  has  petitioned  the  right  to  develop  the  oil  lands 
of  Uraba. 

A  large  electric  plant  is  being  erected  in  Manizales  to  supply  the 
power  for  A  THREAD  AND  TEXTILE  FACTORY  to  be  buüt  in 
the  city. 

A  CIVIC  IMPROVEMENT  STOCK  COMPANY  has  been  formed 
in  Ibague  to  beautify  the  city  and  construct  public  works,  some  of 
which  are  already  begun. 

An  OIL  COMPANY  has  been  organized  in  Medellin  with  an  initial 
capital  of  $100,000,  subscribed  by  32  business  firms  of  the  city. 

A  presidential  decree  of  February  21  delegates  to  the  government 
of  the  Department  of  Caldas  the  construction  of  a  railroad  bridge 
over  La  Vieja  River,  and  also  the  BRANCH  RAILROAD  FROM 
CALDAS  to  Rio  Cauca,  in  the  Department  of  el  Valle,  referred  to  in 
law  105  of  1914.  The  National  Government  wiU  bear  the  expense 
of  these  public  works. 

On  hacienda  La  Julia,  in  the  jurisdiction  of  Pereira,  Department 
of  Caldas,  a  COAL  MINE  has  been  foimd  which  it  is  thought  will 
furnish  all  the  fuel  needed  for  the  railroad  and  the  industries  of  the 
department. 

An  ENGINEERING  FIRM  with  a  capital  of  50,000  pesos  gold 
(peso  equals  $0.9733)  has  been  formed  in  Medellin. 

Last  March  work  was  begun  on  the  construction  of  the  HIGHWAY 
from  the  city  of  Cucuta  to  the  Rio  Magadalena,  thus  opening  up 
one  of  the  richest  parts  of  the  country. 


662  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

A  stock  company  has  been  formed  in  Santa  Marta  to  start  COFFEE 
PLANTATIONS  IN  THE  SIERRA  NEVADA.  As  the  price  of 
coffee  in  foreign  markets  is  high,  new  plantations  are  being  laid  out 
by  other  new  companies  and  old  plantations  enlarged,  so  that  coffee 
raising  will  be  one  of  the  chief  industries  of  the  Department  of 
Magadalena. 

The  estimates  made  by  the  engineers  for  the  three  BRANCHES  OF 
THE  RAILROAD  OF  THE  PACIFIC  is  as  follows:  From  Aguinche 
to  Popayan,  6,109,000  pesos;  fromPalmira  to  Cartago,  3,610,000  pesos; 
and  from  Palmira  to  Santander,  2,500,000  pesos. 

On  March  1  ten  kilometers  of  the  RAILROAD  OF  AMAGA  were 
opened  to  public  use.  This  railroad  connects  the  city  of  Medellin 
with  a  rich  coal  mining  region  in  the  Department  of  Antioquia. 

In  Bogota  a  company  is  being  formed  to  MANUFACTURE 
TEXTILES;  the  whole  enterprise  is  to  be  Colombian,  capital,  work- 
men, raw  materials,  etc.  The  company  will  also  establish  sheep 
farms  in  different  regions,  as  the  sheep-raising  industry  is  still  un- 
developed in  the  country  and  offers  great  possibilities. 

COSTA  RICA. 

The  ministry  of  promotion  has  published  the  projected  plan  of 
public  works  to  be  undertaken  by  that  department,  which  are:  The 
construction  of  a  street  railway  between  Alajuela  and  Grecia;  the 
electrification  of  the  Railway  of  the  Pacific  and  the  construction  of  a 
branch  line  through  Esparta  to  avoid  La  Roca  de  Carballo  and  the 
Barranca  bridge  over  the  drainage  canal  of  the  salt  marsh  of  Pun- 
tarenas;  canalization  of  the  Tortuguero  Lakes;  telegraph  line  and 
telephone  line  between  Costa  Rica  and  Panama;  laying  of  a  cable; 
sanitation  of  Puntarenas  and  San  Jose,  and  the  building  of  national 
highways. 

Plantation  owners  and  capitalists  living  in  Desamparados  have 
decided  to  REPAIR  THE  DESAMPARADOS-SAN  JOSE  HIGH- 
WAY. The  sum  of  20,000  colones  (colon  equals  $0.4653)  has  been 
collected  for  the  work. 

CUBA. 

During  the  GRINDING  SEASON  of  1918-19  the  sugar  centrals 
in  operation  in  the  Republic  numbered  196.  The  amount  of  cane 
ground  was  3,231,937,234  arrobas,  and  the  sugar  produced  was 
4,009,737  long  tons,  as  compared  with  3,473,184  tons  in  1917-18. 
The  percentage  of  production  by  provinces  was  as  follows:  Pinar 
del  Rio,  2.55  per  cent;  Habana,  9.72  per  cent;  Matanzas,  18.55  per 
cent;  Santa  Clara,  24.42  per  cent;  Camaguey,  19.57  per  cent;  and 
Oriente,  25.19  per  cent.  The  quantity  of  cane  destroyed  by  fire  dur- 
ing the  grinding  season  of  1918-19  was  179,583,722  arrobas,  and  the 


Agriculture,  industry,  and  commerce.  663 

quantity  remaining  unground  was  206,793,970  arrobas.  The  Delicias 
central  produced  701,768  sacks  of  sugar,  or  the  greatest  production 
for  one  season  of  any  central  in  the  Republic.  The  output  of  mo- 
lasses was  227,083,679  gallons,  as  compared  with  174,642,257  gallons 
in  1917-18.  The  value  of  the  1918-19  crop  is  estimated  at  $459,- 
021,519,  the  sugar  being  valued  at  $454,479,846  and  the  molasses 
at  $4,541,673. 

Press  reports  give  an  account  of  the  establishment  of  the  following 
lines  of  STEAMERS:  New  York  &  Cuba  Mail  Steaïnship  Co.,  be- 
tween Spain,  Habana,  and  Veracruz;  Jose  Taya  Sons,  a  Barcelona 
enterprise,  between  Spain,  Habana,  and  Santiago  de  Cuba;  the 
Pacific  Mail  Co.,  between  San  Francisco  and  Habana;  and  the  At- 
lantic Fruit  Co.,  between  New  York  and  the  Cuban  port  of  Antilla. 

The  report  of  the  union  of  the  cigar  and  cigarrette  manufacturers 
for  1919  shows  that  the  CIGARS  exported  from  Habana  during  that 
year  numbered  157,957,070,  as  compared  with  147,957,070  in  1918. 
The  exports  of  scrap  tobacco  in  1919  were  401,199  kilos,  as  compared 
with  361,270  kilos  in  1918. 

A  COMMISSION  OF  BELGIAN  MERCHANTS  has  been  sent  to 
Cuba  to  study  the  financial  condition  of  the  Republic,  and  to  arrange 
for  a  greater  importation  of  Cuban  tobacco  into  Belgium. 

The  consumption  of  FISH  in  the  city  of  Habana  in  February  last 
amounted  to  1,033,058  pounds. 

John  Wanamaker,  of  Philadelphia,  is  arranging  to  open  a  large 
store  in  Habana.  He  has  purchased  a  site  at  the  corner  of  Paseo  de 
Marti  and  Animas  streets  for  a  consideration  of  $1,000,000. 

Work  has  commenced  on  the  construction  of  the  Victoria  de  las 
Tunas  RAILWAY,  which  will  be  extended  to  Manati,  Province  of 
Oriente. 

The  following  is  a  record  of  the  MOVEMENT  OF  SUGAR  of  the 
present  season  to  March  13  last:  Receipts  at  ports  of  the  island, 
1,609,911  tons,  as  compared  with  1,373,798  tons  during  the  same 
period  of  1919.  The  exports  were  1,076,574  tons,  as  compared  with 
719,982  tons  during  the  same  period  of  1919.  Sugar  on  hand  at 
ports,  530,293  tons,  as  compared  with  629,284  tons  during  the  same 
period  of  1919.  The  stock  on  hand  in  the  warehouses  of  the  sugar 
centrals  is  estimated  at  600,000  tons,  and  the  total  production  to 
the  date  mtîntioned  2,209,911  tons. 

A  recent  executive  order  authorizes  vessels  to  load  and  unload  at 
Port  Tarafa,  in  the  bay  and  district  of  the  Nuevitas  customhouse. 

PETROLEUM  deposits  are  reported  to  have  been  discovered  in 
the  Camarioca  District. 

The  Algodones  Sugar  Central  in  Camagüey  is  constructing  a 
SUGAR  REFINERY  with  a  daily  capacity  of  700,000  pounds.  It 
is  expected  that  the  work  will  be  completed  in  September  next. 


664  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

The  Yaguanabos  SUGAR  Co.,  recently  organized  at  Holguin  with 
a  capital  of  $8,000;000,  will  construct  a  large  sugar  central  on  lands 
situated  between  Victoria  de  las  Tunas,  Omaja,  and  Marti. 

DOMINICAN   REPUBLIC. 

The  Windward  Island  Line  of  steamers  recently  established  a 
COASTWISE  SERVICE  in  the  Dominican  Republic. 

A  provincial  AGRICULTURAL  EXPOSITION  is  to  be  held  in  the 
city  of  Santiago  on  the  16th,  17th,  and  18th  of  August,  1920.  Prizes 
will  be  awarded  to  the  successful  exhibitors  of  Dominican  products. 

The  Government  has  opened  a  store  for  the  sale  of  FOOD  PROD- 
UCTS in  the  city  of  Santo  Domingo. 

The  provincial  BOARD  OF  SURVEYORS  was  organized  in  the 
city  of  Santiago  in  March  last  with  the  following  officers:  Lorenzo 
Casanova,  president;  Carlos  R.  Mejia,  vice  president;  Emilino  Castillo, 
treasurer;  and  Alex  Riz,  secretary. 

ECUADOR. 

Presidential  decree  of  February  7  declared  free  from  consular  fees 
and  customs  dues  IMPORTS  OF  RICE  for  consumption  in  the  Re- 
public, and  also  stipulated  that  importers  of  rice  must  not  sell  at  a 
price  yielding  more  than  6  per  cent  profit  over  the  cost. 

According  to  statistics  on  the  TEXTILE  INDUSTRY  in  Ecuador, 
there  are  at  present  eight  factories  for  cotton  and  wool  textiles  in 
operation,  which  annually  produce  610,000  yards  of  cotton  cloth  and 
7,000  mantas  (piece  goods  about  li  yards  in  length)  of  the  same 
material,  100,000  yards  of  wool  cloth,  and  8,000  mantas  of  wool, 
all  of  which  find  ready  market  within  the  country.  To  meet  the  de- 
mand, which  at  present  greatly  exceeds  the  output,  nine  new  factories 
are  shortly  to  be  built,  and  in  Guayaquil  a  syndicate  has  been  formed 
to  manufacture  woolens  on  a  large  scale,  and  also  yam,  which  up  to 
the  present  has  never  been  manufactured  in  the  country. 

OUATEBÍALA. 

By  a  decree  of  January  25  the  department  of  promotion  again 
opened  for  public  service  the  TELEGRAPH  OFFICE  in  Granados, 
department  of  Baja  Verapaz. 

The.  presidential  message,  read  before  the  National  Assembly  on 
March  1,  gave  the  following  data  on  MINERAL  PRODUCTION  for 
1919-20.  The  ferro-chromium  mines  of  the  departments  of  Jalapa 
and  Estrada  Cabrera  produced  2,241,341  kilos  and  11,352  kilos, 
respectively,  of  which  1,801  long  tons  were  exported  to  New  Orleans 
and  New  York.  The  mines  of  the  department  of  Santa  Rosa  pro- 
duced 680,770  kilos  of  first-grade  mineral  ore  and  533,400  kilos  of 
second-grade,  20  tons  of  selected  mineral  being  exported.    The  lead 


AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  665 

mines  of  the  department  of  Huehuetenango  produced  1,249  quintals 
of  pure  metal  and  the  mines  of  the  department  of  Alta  Verapaz  5 
quintals. 

During  the  year  ending  March  1  the  TELEGRAPH  BUSINESS 
of  the  national  offices  amounted  to  1,523,512  telegrams  or  6,149  more 
than  the  number  transmitted  during  the  previous  year.  The  tele- 
graph lines  at  present  cover  7,279  kilometers,  114  kilometers  having 
been  added  during  the  past  year  1919-20.  The  telephone  system 
covers  672  kilometers.  There  are  262  telegraph  offices  and  252  tele- 
phone offices  in  the  whole  country. 

By  a  decree  of  February  16  the  President  authorized  the  AMERI- 
CAN CATTLE  CO.  of  New  Jersey  to  carry  on  business  in  the  Re- 
public. 

HArri. 

A  New  York  review  states  that  a  syndicate  of  American  bankers 
will  loan  $5,000,000  to  the  Haitian  Government,  with  the  under- 
standing that  this  money  will  be  used  exclusively  to  construct  such 
public  works  as  will  contribute  to  the  development  of  COMMERCE 
AND  INDUSTRY. 

HONDURAS. 

For  the  fiscal  year  1918-19  the  total  value  of  the  FOREIGN  COM- 
MERCE of  Honduras  amounted  to  $12,929,120,  which,  compared 
with  the  $11,646,600  of  1917-18,  shows  an  increase  of  $1,282,520. 
Of  the  total  value  of  the  foreign  commerce  of  1918-19,  $5,997,741 
represents  the  exports  and  $6,931,379  the  imports. 

The  EXPORTATION  OF  UVE  STOCK  for  1918-19  was  as 
follows:  2,931  head  of  cattle  to  Guatemala;  1,842  head  of  cattle 
and  388  horses  to  Belize;  and  126  head  of  cattle  and  25  horses  to 
Mexico. 

In  the  four  months'  period  from  October,  1919,  to  and  including 
January,  1920,  the  value  of  the  PRODUCT  OF  THE  NATIONAL 
COCONUT  GRO\^S  amounted  to  8,266  pesos  (peso  equals  $0.9271); 
the  expenditures  were  2,244  pesos,  leaving  a  net  profit  of  6,022  pesos. 

On  Februaiy  20  the  MEXICAN  COMMERCIAL  DELEGATION 
arrived  at  Tegucigalpa  to  exhibit  in  Central  America  the  industrial 
and  agricultural  systems  in  use  in  Mexico. 

MEXICO. 

The  SILVER  output  of  Mexico  in  1919  is  estimated  at  75,000,000 
Troy  ounces,  or  6,000,000  ounces  more  than  the  combined  produc- 
tion of  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Mexico  occupies  the  first 
place  in  the  silver  production  of  the  world. 

175460— 20— Bull.  6 6 


666  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

United  States  prospectors  are  reported  to  have  found  indications 
of  PETROLEUM  AND  COAL  in  the  State  of  Chihuahua  at  the 
juncture  of  the  Conchos  with  the  Rio  Grande  River. 

Due  to  the  scarcity  of  electrolytic  copper  for  the  coinage  of  copper 
coins,  the  Cananea  COPPER  MINES  in  the  State  of  Sonora  are  being 
actively  exploited.  The  Gk)vemment  is  aiding  in  the  working  of 
copper  mines  by  granting  substantial  franchises  to  companies  estab- 
lishing copper  smelters  in  the  country. 

OflBcial  figures  show  that  Mexico  has  at  present  1,103  PETRO- 
LEUM WELLS,  many  of  which  are  not  being  worked.  The  daily 
potential  production  is  estimated  at  1,995,220  barrels,  and  the 
daily  actual  production  at  220,825  barrels.  New  wells  to  the  num- 
ber of  123  are  now  being  drilled. 

Twenty  Baldwin  locomotives  and  400  freight  cars  were  added  to 
the  ROLLING  STOCK  of  the  National  Railways  in  March  last. 
These  locomotives  will  use  petroleum  as  fuel. 

An  AUTOMOBILE  ROAD  is  being  constructed  between  Guana- 
juato and  Silao. 

A  Mexican  AERIAL  TRANSPORTATION  COMPANY  has  been 
organized  by  the  consul  of  Mexico  in  London  to  establish  a  rapid 
postal  service  between  the  principal  cities  of  the  Republic.  English 
and  Mexican  capital  is  invested  in  the  enterprise. 

Upon  the  recommendation  of  the  department  of  agriculture  a  new 
method  for  the  cultivation  of  cotton  is  being  well  received  by  cotton 
growers  in  Mexico.  Under  this  method  the  bolls  are  cut  when  green 
and  are  subjected  to  heat,  which  develops  them  and  saves  a  loss  of 
about  40  per  cent  as  compared  with  the  old  method. 

The  department  of  agriculture  has  ordered  machinery  from  the 
United  States  for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  the  development  of 
agriculture  along  the  most  modem  lines  by  means  of  tractors  and 
improved  machinery.  In  some  instances  machinery  is  lent  to  agri- 
culturists, who  return  it  after  the  sowing  of  the  crops  so  that  it  can 
be  utilized  by  other  farmers. 

Steps  have  been  taken  to  improve  the  port  of  Mazatlan  by  dredging 
and  the  construction  of  modern  wharves.  The  estimated  cost  of 
these  improvements  is  7,000,000  pesos. 

Press  reports  state  that  the  Rothschilds  of  Paris  propose  to  estab- 
lish a  large  copper  smelter  in  Mexico. 

On  April  6  last  the  Commercial  Museum  of  Mexico  opened  an  ex- 
hibit of  CHILEAN  WINES  under  the  auspices  of  the  consul  general 
of  Chile  in  the  federal  capital. 

NICARAGUA. 

Senor  Manuel  Saenz  has  obtained  a  concession  from  the  National 
Government  to  establish  a  GLASS  FACTORY  in  the  city  of  Leon, 


AGRICULTUKE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  COMMERCE.  667 

with  various  tax  exemptions  and  the  exclusive  privilege  for  20  years, 
providing  the  factory  is  completed  and  in  operation  not  later  than 
two  years  from  the  date  of  the  concession. 

The  ministry  of  promotion  has  commenced  the  collection  of  data 
for  an  iUustrated  COMMERCIAL  GUIDE  TO  NICARAGUA  to 
be  published  during  the  celebration  of  the  centennial  of  the  inde- 
pendence of  Central  America  in  1921 .  The  book  will  contain  a  mono- 
graph on  Central  America  and  literary  productions  of  the  principal 
authors  of  the  Isthmus,  as  well  as  statistics  on  the  development  of 
the  country,  production  of  the  soil  and  information  about  each  de- 
partment, their  products,  the  import  and  export  business,  railways, 
and  highways,  telegraph  lines,  zones  of  cultivation,  etc. 

The  ministry  of  promotion  has  approved  plans  for  CATTLE  DIPS 
to  be  built  in  places  where  there  is  traffic  in  cattle.  The  first  dip  is 
to  be  built  in  Panaloya,  an  important  cattle  market. 

PANAMA. 

G.  V.  Barril,  an  American  contractor,  has  been  engaged  by  the  Pan- 
amanian Government  to  make  an  INSPECTION  OF  THE  CHIRIQUI 
RAILROAD,  as  regards  rolling  stock,  stations,  rails,  bridges,  and  the 
affairs  of  the  railroad  generally,  and  will  make  recommendations  to  the 
Government  in  regard  to  extending  it  to  Divalá  or  Chiriqui  Viejo. 

On  February  6  a  decree  of  the  national  assembly  created  a  GEN- 
ERAL COMMISSION  ON  ROADS  to  take  charge  of  the  laying 
out  of  highways  and  their  construction  and  maintenance.  The  com- 
mission will  be  composed  of  the  secretary  of  promotion  and  public 
works  as  president,  the  collector  of  revenues  of  the  Government,  an 
engineer  engaged  by  the  Government  (who  may  be  a  foreigner),  and 
two  Panaman  citizens. 

On  January  22  the  President  issued  a  decree  regulating  the  entry, 
custody,  and  release  of  merchandise  in  the  STORAGE  WARE- 
HOUSES. 

The  President  issued  a  decree  January  22  establishing  the  schedule 
of  working  hours  for  the  Government  docks  on  the  Pacific  coast  of 
the  Republic  and  the  payment  of  overtime  wages. 

PARAGUAY. 

A  law  of  January  8  last  authorizes  the  Electric  Light  &  Power  Co. 
to  construct  a  new  ELECTRIC  TRAMWAY  in  the  city  of  Asuncion. 
This  line  is  to  be  opened  to  public  traffic  within  three  years. 

Congress  has  authorized  the  President  of  the  Republic  to  expro- 
priate up  to  700  hectares  of  land  in  the  District  of  Yaguaron  for  the 
purpose  of  distributing  same  to  agricultural  colonists  in  conformity 
with  the  colonization  law  of  June  25,  1904. 


668  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

The  FOREIGN  COMMERCE  in  1919  amounted  to  31,890,404 
pesos  gold,  of  which  14,662,273  pesos  were  imports  and  17,228,131 
exports.  During  the  five-year  period  from  1915  to  1919  the  foreign 
commerce  was  as  follows:  1915,  imports,  3,127,654  pesos  gold,  and 
exports,  5,558,807  pesos  gold,  or  a  total  of  12,018,652  p^os;  in  1916, 
the  imports  were  7,020,036,  and  exports  8,851,919,  or  a  total  of 
15,871,955;  in  1917,  the  imports  were  9,177,446,  and  the  exports, 
11,705,012,  or  a  total  of  20,882,458  gold  pesos  and  in  1918  the  im- 
ports were  11,051,622,  and  the  exports,  11,399,712,  or  a  total  of 
22,451,334  gold  pesos. 

PERU. 

Statistics  on  the  RICE  PRODUCTION  m  Peru  during  the  season 
of  1918  are  the  foUowing:  Production  amounted  to  64,628  metric 
tons  of  unshelled  rice,  or  paddy  rice,  from  which  were  obtained 
40,274  metric  tons  of  polished  rice.  The  production  according  to 
provinces  was  as  follows:  Chiclayo,  15,204  tons  of  paddy  rice;  Lam- 
bayeque,  19,190  tons.  These  two  provinces  produced  together  20,939 
tons  of  polished  rice.  In  Pacasmayo,  the  production  was  20,851  tons 
of  paddy  rice;  in  Contumazá,  1,610  tons;  and  both  together  pro- 
duced 14,505  tons  of  polished  rice.  In  TrujiUo,  4,379  tons  of  paddy 
rice  and  2,725  tons  of  polished  rice.  In  Santa  and  Casma,  726  tons 
of  paddy  rice  and  450  tons  of  polished  rice.  In  Islay  and  Camaná, 
1,058  tons  of  paddy  rice,  making  655  tons  of  polished  rice;  and  in 
Piura,  1,610  tons  of  paddy  rice  and  1,000  tons  of  polished  rice.  The 
exports  in  1918  amounted  to  3,744  tons,  almost  all  to  Chile  and 
Bolivia.  There  are  30,962  hectares  devoted  exclusively  to  rice 
cultivation. 

The  ministry  of  promotion  has  authorized  Señors  Alfredo  Morales 
Solar  and  Juan  Valdeavellano  to  make  the  surveys  and  preliminary 
plans  for  an  ELECTRIC  RAILWAY  between  the  towns  of  Chorrillos, 
Barranco,  Miraflores,  Magdalena,  BeDavista,  and  La  Punta. 

The  Peruvian  Government  has  made  a  contract  with  Carlos  W. 
Sutton  as  consulting  engineer  and  constructor  of  the  IRRIGATION 
PLANTS  to  be  built  in  the  country.  According  to  the  plans  made  by 
the  engineer  the  work  will  begin  in  the  Pampas  del  Imperial  in  the 
Province  of  Cañaste.  A  credit  of  50,000  Peruvian  pounds  (Peruvian 
pound  equals  $4.8665)  has  been  approved  for  the  expenditures  of  the 
first  six  months  of  the  work. 

During  the  month  of  January  the  SALE  OF  FOODSTUFFS  by 
the  Compañía  Salinera  throughout  the  Republic  in  accordance  with 
the  Government's  plan  amounted  to  788,363  soles  (sol  equals  one-fifth 
Peruvian  pound),  as  against  713,270  soles  in  December,  1919,  or  an 
increase  of  75,093  soles. 


AGRICULTURE,  INDUSTRY,  AND  CX)MMERCE.  669 

In  September,  1919,  the  EXPORTATION  FROM  BARCELONA, 
Spain,  to  Peru  was  1,311  pieces  of  freight,  weighing  81,543  kilos  and 
worth  284,443  pesetas  (peseta  equals  $0.1930). 

SALVADOR. 

In  1919  the  Salvador  Railway  Co.  carried  327,425  passengers  and 
75,253  metric  tons  of  freight;  the  International  Railways  of  Central 
America  transported  189,444  passengers  and  48,230  tons  of  freight; 
and  the  Santa  Tecla  RAILWAY  308,880  passengers  and  2,000  tons 
of  freight.  The  Eastern  Railway  has  built  203  kilometers  in  the 
direction  of  San  Salvador,  or  within  51  kilometers  of  that  city. 

In  order  to  encourage  the  REFORESTATION  of  the  national 
domain,  the  department  of  agriculture  has  ordered  a  large  number 
of  trees  planted,  many  of  which  are  fruit  trees.  These  trees  are  to 
be  distributed  gratis  for  replanting  throughout  the  Republic. 

Deposits  of  AMBER  are  reported  to  have  been  discovered  at  San 
Alejo,  department  of  Union. 

The  general  bureau  of  agriculture  and  small  industries  has  ordered 
a  variety  of  MACHINERY  and  tools  with  the  object  of  encouraging 
the  development  of  these  industries.  The  order  includes  looms  for 
the  weaving  of  cotton  and  other  fibers. 

URUGUAY. 

The  INDUSTRIAL  CENSUS  of  1918  shows  that  there  were  in 
operation  in  the  Republic  16,017  industrial  and  commercial  estab- 
lishments, with  a  capital  of  134,383,782  pesos,  and  real-estate  hold- 
ings amounting  to  67,414,125  pesos. 

The  Rural  Association  of  Uruguay  has  offered  the  Rural  Argentine 
Society  a  gift  of  a  SIL^^R  CUP  for  the  best  group  of  five  Hereford 
cattle  registered  in  the  Argentine  herdbook. 

The  Franco-Belga  Steamship  Co.  has  been  organized  in  Antwerp 
with  the  object  of  establishing  STEAMSHIP  service  between  Ant- 
werp and  Brazilian  and  River  Plate  ports. 

In  1919  the  EXPORTS  OF  FROZEN  MEATS  were  as  follows: 
345,306  wethers,  1,182,693  quarters  of  frozen  beef,  and  1,268  quarters 
of  chilled  beef.  The  number  of  frozen  wethers  exported  in  1919  were 
four  times  as  great  as  those  of  1918,  and  the  number  of  frozen  and 
chilled  beef  quarters  five  times  as  great. 

Customhouse  figures  show  that  the  CEREALS  AND  FLOUR 
shipped  from  Montevideo  from  July  1  to  December  31,  1919,  were  as 
follows:  Wheat,  4,179,621  kilos;  Hour,  5,093,230  kilos;  corn,  11,263 
kilos;  and  bran  4,910  kilos. 

The  COMMERCE  OF  SPAIN  with  Uruguay  in  1917  amounted  to 
25,846,211  pesetas. 


670  THE  PAK  AMERICAK  UNION. 

The  department  of  industry  has  authorized  the  French  South 
American  CABLE  CO.  to  install  a  line  between  Montevideo  and 
Buenos  Aires  and  Montevideo  and  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

The  Armour  Co.  wiU  install  a  REFRIGERATING  SERVICE  be- 
tween Santa  Ana  de  Livaramento,  Brazil,  and  the  company's  plant 
in  Montevideo.    Thirty  cars  are  to  be  used  for  this  purpose. 

VENEZUELA. 

The  Venezuelan  Government  has  lately  opened  at  No.  80  South 
Street,  New  York  City,  a  COMMERCIAL  AGENCY,  in  charge  of 
Señor  E.  Arroyo  Lameda,  commercial  attaché  of  the  Venezuelan 
l^ation  in  Washington.  This  agency  will  furnish  all  sorts  of  infor- 
mation regarding  commerce,  industry,  agriculture,  business  oppor- 
tunities, and  data  relative  to  economics  in  Venezuela  that  might  be 
of  interest  or  use. 

The  bulletin  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Caracas  states  that 
EXPORTS  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES  through  the  port  of  La 
Guaira  during  January  and  February  of  1920  amounted  to  9,625,108 
bolívares  (bolivar  equals  $0.1930),  as  against  2,496,461  bolívares  in 
like  period  of  1919  and  2,412,996  bolívares  in  like  period  of  1918. 

In  order  to  stabilize  the  EXPLOITATION  OF  NATIONAL 
PRODUCTS  the  National  Government  has  determined  that  con- 
tracts made  in  the  futiu^e  shall  be  subject  to  the  following  conditions: 
(1)  The  area  imder  contract  shall  not  exceed  50,000  hectares.  (2) 
The  grantee  before  signing  the  contract  must  secure  from  the  Bank  of 
Venezuela,  as  security  for  fulfillment  of  the  contract,  2,000  bolívares 
in  legal  tender  or  its  equivalent  in  3  per  cent  Bonds  of  the  consolidated 
national  internal  debt  if  the  contract  involves  pendare,  mangle  (man. 
groves),  rubber,  lucateva,  sassafras,  fibers  or  cocuy  (century  plant); 
and  5,000  bolívares  under  the  same  terms  if  the  contract  concerns 
sarrapia  (wood),  copaiba  (balsam  copaiba),  or  oil  of  the  carapo. 
(3)  The  contractors  must  promise  to  carry  on  the  business  so  that 
the  tax  to  the  National  Government  shall  not  be  less  than  1,200 
bolívares  a  year,  which  must  be  paid  without  exception  every  com- 
pleted quarter,  pending  the  settlement  of  accounts  by  the  superin- 
tendent of  unclaimed  lands,  even  when  the  amount  of  production 
does  not  cover  the  aforementioned  tax.  (4)  No  more  than  one  con- 
tract can  be  made  with  one  person  or  company,  this  rule  applying 
also  in  the  case  of  transferred  contracts. 

Early  in  March  an  80-kilometer  section  of  the  HIGHWAY  being 
constructed  between  the  cities  of  Montalbán  and  Valencia  in  the 
State  of  Carabocho  was  opened  to  the  public. 

The  Venezuelan  Glass  and  Crystal  Factory,  which  has  a  plant  in 
Caracas,  has  lately  acquired  some  land  in  Maiquetia,  a  suburb  of 
La  Guaira,  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  another  FACTORY  FOR  BOT- 


ECONOMIC  AlîD  Ï^IKANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  671 

TLES  to  supply  the  local  demand  in  the  country  and  eliminate  the 
necessity  of  importing  them.  It  is  calculated  that  the  nimiber  of 
bottles  used  in  Venezuela  per  month  is  from  40,000  to  45,000,  and 
the  company  at  present  is  only  producing  12,000  bottles  a  month. 

According  to  figures  published  by  the  corporation  of  the  port  the 
IMPORTS  through  the  port  of  LA  GUAIRA  m  1919  reached  a  total 
of  599,057  pieces  of  freight,  weighing  38,843,559  kilos.  Of  this 
amount  467,298  pieces,  weighing  30,145,843  kilos,  came  from  the 
United  States. 


ECONOMICandFINANCIAL 

AFFAIRS 

ARGENTINA. 

According  to  figures  published  by  the  municipal  treasury  of 
Buenos  Aires  the  MUNICIPAL  DEBT  amounts  to  129,589,528 
pesos  currency,  or  64,333,110  pesos  for  the  floating  debt  and 
65,256,418  pesos  for  loans.  The  interest,  amortization,  and  com- 
mission on  this  debt  for  the  present  year  amounted  to  9,206,906 
pesos  currency  of  which  5,785,139  pesos  was  for  loans  and  3,421,767 
pesos  for  the  floating  debt.  The  mayor  has  proposed  bids  for  the 
contraction  of  a  loan  of  200,000,000  pesos  for  a  term  of  over  50  years, 
in  order  to  consolidate  the  present  debt,  canceling  all  the  obligations 
now  pending  and  to  obtain  approximately  70,000,000  pesos  for  the 
execution  of  certain  public  works  of  importance. 

The  PRODUCT  OF  THE  NATIONAL  RAILWAYS  TRAFFIC 
which  was  calculated  in  the  ordinary  revenue  budget  for  1919  at 
26,655,000  pesos  national  currency  reached  a  total  of  26,874,745 
pesos,  or  219,745  pesos  more  than  was  calculated.  The  total  was 
composed  of  the  following  amounts:  Central  Norte  Argentino, 
25,077,996  pesos;  San  Antonio-Lago  Nahuel  Huapi,  648,603  pesos; 
Comodoro  Rivadavia-Cuidad  Sarmiento,  430,083  pesos;  Puerto  De- 
seado-Ciudad Las  Heras,  434,190  pesos;  and  Formosa-Embarcacion, 
283,873  pesos. 

BOLIVIA. 

For  the  second  half  of  1919  the  NET  PROFITS  OF  THE  BANCO 
DE  LA  NACIÓN  BOLIVIANA  amounted  to  1,360,750  bolivianos 
(boliviano  equals  $0.3893),  which  was  distributed  as  dividends  at 
the  rate  of  5.13  bolivianos  per  share.  The  capital  of  this  bank  is 
20,000,000  bolivianos  and  the  reserve  fund  is  5,056,437  bolivianos. 


672  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

During  the  first  six  months  of  1919  the  amortization  of  the  DEBTS 
OF  THE  REPUBLIC  was  as  follows:  On  December  31,  1918,  the 
foreign  debt  amounted  to  £3,150,194  sterling,  during  the  six  months 
referred  to  payments  amounting  to  £35,512  were  made  which 
reduced  the  debt  to  £3,114,682.  The  internal  debt  on  December 
31,  1918,  amounted  to  20,479,145  bolivianos;  in  the  six  months 
referred  to  1,022,980  bolivianos  were  paid,  reducing  the  debt  on 
June  30,  1919,  to  19,456,165. 

Owing  to  the  efforts  of  the  Banco  Nacional  of  Bolivia  a  NEW 
STOCK  COMPANY  under  the  name  of  'Tompañia  Colquechaca 
Boliviana'*  has  been  formed.  It  has  a  capital  of  £250,000  sterling, 
divided  into  shares  of  £1  each.  The  company  is  to  develop  the 
mining  properties  of  the  old  ''Company  Colquechaca  AuUagas  de 
Bolivia." 

Dmng  the  five-year  period  between  1914  and  1918,  inclusive,  the 
CUSTOMS  RECEIPTS  were  as  follows:  1914,  9,219,647  bolivianos 
1915,6,437,859bolivianos;  1916,9,669,349  bolivianos;  1917,12,745,716 
bolivianos;  1918,  16,151,025  bolivianos.    In  the  first  quarter  of  1919 
the  customs  receipts  amounted  to  2,633,938  bolivianos. 

The  BANCO  NACIONAL  DE  BOLIVIA  has  increased  its  capital 
to  the  sum  of  17,631,225  bolivianos  by  combining  with  the  Banco 
Francisco  Argandoña.  During  the  last  half  of  1919  the  Banco  Na- 
cional de  Bolivia  made  a  profit  of  1,008,680  bolivianos,  distributed  as 
dividends  at  the  rate  of  6  bolivianos  per  share. 

BRAZIL. 

The  MUNICIPAL  REVENL^ES  of  the  federal  district  from 
August  1  to  December  31,  1919,  were  19,654  contos,  as  compared 
with  16,438  contos  during  the  same  period  of  1918. 

The  municipal  council  of  Ribeirão  Preto  has  authorized  the  prefect 
to  negotiate  a  LOAN  of  2,800  contos  for  urgent  city  improvements. 

The  BANK  of  the  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  will  construct  a 
building  in  Pelotas  for  the  installation  of  a  branch  bank,  and  has 
converted  ite  agency  in  Benito  Concalves  into  a  branch  bank;  the 
London  &  River  Plate  Bank  has  bought  a  building  in  the  city  of 
Rio  Grande,  and  after  remodeling  same  will  install  a  branch  bank; 
and  the  National  Bank  of  Commerce  of  Porto  Alegre  has  opened 
branch  banks  in  Carlos  Barbosa,  Garibaldi,  and  Alfredo  Chaves. 

On  December  31,  1919,  the  GOLD  COIN  RESERVE  in  the  con- 
version Bank  and  in  the  national  treasury,  which  forms  the  basis  for 
the  issue  of  paper  money,  was  53,957,122  milreis. 

CHILE. 

The  balances  of  the  STATE  BANKS  OF  CHILE  on  December  31, 
1919,  were  as  follows:  The  Bank  of  Chile  had  a  capital  of  60,000,000 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  673 

pesos,  deposits  of  253,839,936  pesos,  and  cash  on  hand  of  32,520,526 
pesos.  The  capital  of  the  Spanish  Bank  of  Chile  was  40,000,000 
pesos,  deposits  of  206,662,353  pesos,  and  cash,  34,533,719  pesos. 

The  National  Bank's  capital  was  20,000,000  pesos,  deposits  of 
59,917,196  pesos,  and  cash,  4,902,449  pesos.  The  Bank  of  Santiago 
had  a  capital  of  10,000,000  pesos,  deposits  of  31,463,927  pesos,  and 
cash,  5,947,206  pesos.  The  A.  Edwards  &  Co.'s  Bank  had  a  capital  of 
10,000,000  pesos,  deposits  of  41,438,107,  and  cash  on  hand  amount- 
ing to  3,938,898  pesos.  The  French  Bank  of  Chile  had  a  capital  of 
10,000,000  pesos,  deposits  of  11,201,665  pesos,  and  cash,  893,006 
pesos.  The  capital  of  the  Bank  of  Talca  was  5,000,000  pesos,  the 
deposits,  14,810,841,  and  the  cash  on  hand  1,231,152  pesos:  and  the 
Bank  of  Concepción  had  a  capital  of  4,000,000  pesos,  deposits  of 
10,571,766,  and  cash  on  hand  of  846,225  pesos. 

On  November  30,  1919,  the  National  SAVINGS  BANK  of  Chile 
had  depositors  to  the  number  of  619,950,  and  deposits  aggregating 
138,210,280  pesos.  The  Santiago  Savings  Bank  had  280,630  deposi- 
tors, and  deposits  amounting  to  55,975,601  pesos  on  the  date  re- 
ferred to. 

In  November,  1919,  the  BANK  BILLS  IN  CIRCULATION  in 
the  Republic  amounted  to  57,103,383  pesos. 

The  treasury  department  has  authorized  an  increase  in  the  capital 
of  the  Providence  INSURANCE  AND  SAVINGS  SOCIETY  to 
1,000,000  pesos.  Authority  has  also  been  given  to  the  Paraje  Matte 
Society  to  increase  its  capital  to  6,000,000  pesos. 

In  January  last  the  total  value  of  the  CUSTOMS  COLLECTIONS 
was  14,158,067  pesos,  of  which  10,932,529  pesos  were  on  exports, 
3,022,769  on  imports,  and  202,769  from  other  sources. 

The  EXPENSE  BUDGET  for  1920  approved  by  congress  and  by 
the  coimcil  of  state  amounts  to  260,850,397  pesos  currency  and 
67,802,522  pesos  gold. 

COLOMBIA. 

Various  bankers  and  capitalists  of  Antioquia,  together  with  the 
manager  of  the  Banco  Hipotecario  of  Colombia,  have  founded  the 
BANCO  HIPOTECARIO  OF  MEDELLIN  with  a  subscribed  capital 
of  1,000,000  pesos  gold  (peso  equals  $0.9733),  55  per  cent  of  the 
shares  being  subscribed  by  the  stockholders  of  Antioquia,  and  the 
rest  by  the  Banco  Hipotecario  of  Colombia. 

The  council  of  ministers  have  approved  a  contract  made  by  the 
minister  of  the  treasury  with  the  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works  of  the 
United  States  for  a  CREDIT  OF  $2,000,000  to  the  Colombian  Gov- 
ernment payable  in  10  years  in  yearly  payments  of  $200,000,  to  be 
used  for  the  purchase  of  material  for  railroads  subject  to  the  exam- 
ination and  acceptance  of  the  company.  Payments  will  be  made  in 
drafts  on  the  treasury  of  the  Republic,  the  American  firm  asking  as 


674  THE  PAK  AMERICAK  UNION. 

the  only  guaranty  that  the  contracts  conform  in  all  respects  with 
the  Colombian  laws. 

The  Government  has  made  a  contract  with  a  firm  of  London 
bankers  for  the  SALE  OF  EMERALDS  taken  from  the  Muzo  mines, 
as  weU  as  those  deposited  in  London  to  the  order  of  the  minister  of 
Colombia,  and  those  which  may  be  taken  from  the  mines  when  work 
there  is  again  commenced.  The  bankers  are  to  receive  a  commission 
of  2  i  per  cent,  while  the  Colombian  Grovemment  will  pay  the  costs 
of  transportation,  insurance,  brokerage,  and  storage.  On  its  part 
the  Government  binds  itself  not  to  sell  any  of  the  emeralds  except 
through  the  bankers  for  the  three-year  term  of  the  contract. 

The  Diario  Oficial  of  February  7  publishes  the  entire  text  of  a 
contract  made  between  the  Government  and  the  Compañía  Colom- 
biana of  Bocas  de  Ceniza  for  a  LOAN  OF  $6,568,000,  and  the  open- 
ing and  canalization  of  the  Bocas  de  Ceniza  and  the  construction  of 
a  harbor  for  seagoing  steamers  at  the  city  of  Barranquilla. 

According  to  press  notices  the  municipal  council  of  Bogota  has 
accepted  the  terms  of  a  contract  offered  by  the  Banco  Mercantil 
Americano  de  Colombia  for  a  MUNICIPAL  LOAN  OF  $3,500,000 
to  pay  debts  contracted  by  the  mimicipaUty  in  the  purchase  of  the 
street  railway,  the  aqueduct,  etc.,  and  for  the  construction  of  a 
pubUc  slaughterhouse,  the  market  plaza,  and  a  hydroelectric  plant  to 
light  the  city. 

The  minister  of  the  treasury  recently  contracted  a  loan  with  the 
National  City  Bank  of  New  York  in  Bogota  for  the  sum  of  150,000 
pesos  gold  (peso  equals  $0.9733),  to  be  received  in  monthly  install- 
ments of  25,000  pesos,  to  pay  the  PENSIONS  decreed  by  congress. 

The  Colombian  press  gives  a  list  of  the  various  BRANCH  BANKS 
that  have  been  established:  Banco  Lopez  of  Bogota,  branch  in  the 
city  of  Cali;  branch  of  the  Banco  de  Londres  and  Rio  de  la  Plata, 
and  a  branch  of  the  Banco  de  Espana  in  Bogota;  branch  of  the  Banco 
Mercantil  Americano  de  Colombia  in  the  city  of  Ibague,  capital  of 
the  Department  of  Tolima. 

COSTA  RIGA. 

The  municipal  body  of  the  central  canton  of  Limon  has  approved 
THE  MUNICIPAL  TAXES  for  1920,  which  are  as  follows:  Dispatch 
agencies  for  the  customs,  100  colones  (colon  equals  $0.4653)  per 
quarter;  stores,  1  per  cent  of  the  gross  annual  sale;  banking  agencies, 
150  colones  per  quarter;  banks,  200  colones  per  quarter;  conuoission 
houses,  50  to  100  colones  per  quarter;  insurance  companies,  or  their 
agencies,  100  colones  per  quarter;  manufacturing  plants,  35  to 
100  colones  per  quarter;  money  lenders,  100  colones  per  quarter; 
hotels,  from  100  to  125  colones  per  quarter;  machine  shops,  50  to  100 
colones  per  quarter;  vessels,  from  3.50  to  50  colones  on  each  outbound 
voyage. 


ECONOMIC  AKD  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  675 

The  municipality  of  Lijnon  has  contracted  a  LOAN  with  the  firm 
of  John  M.  Keith  for  the  simi  of  10,000  colones,  with  annual  interest 
of  10  per  cent. 

CUBA. 

The  Canadian  BANK  of  Commerce  was  established  in  Habana  in 
March  last  with  an  authorized  capital  of  $15,000,000,  and  reserve 
fund  of  $15,000,000.  The  Industrial  Bank  of  Commerce  recently 
chose  the  following  officers:  Ramon  Calan  y  Maseda,  president; 
Pedro  Urquiza  Bea,  and  Luis  A.  Betancourt,  vice  presidents;  Alberto 
Johnson,  treasurer;  Rafael  Moshoso,  inspector;  Francisco  Llamosa, 
general  manager;  and  Miguel  A.  Vivancos,  secretary. 

A  law  of  March  4  provides  for  an  appropriation  of  $1,200,000 
for  the  sewering  and  paving  of  the  city  of  Pinar  del  Rid,  to  be  expend- 
ed at  the  rate  of  $400,000  per  annum. 

The  LiXIAL  CREDIT  BANK  of  Qenfuegos  has  increased  its 
capital  to  $500,000. 

The  Federal  INSURANCE  Company  has  been  authorized  by  the 
department  of  agriculture,  commerce,  and  labor  to  write  workmen's 
accident  policies  in  the  Repubhc  in  accordance  with  the  law  of  June 
12,  1916,  and  the  Rules  and  Regulations  of  November  12,  1917. 

The  National  Mirror  Co.  has  issued  MORTGAGE  BONDS  to  the 
amount  of  $100,000.  The  entire  issue  was  subscribed  by  the  stock- 
holders of  the  company. 

DOMINICAN   REPUBLIC. 

The  Government  has  made  available  $85,000  for  the  purchase 
of  a  vessel  for  use  of  the  LIGHTHOUSE  service;  $100,000  for  the 
completion  of  the  wagon  road  between  Santo  Domingo,  Los  Llanos, 
Hato  Mayor,  Seybo,  and  Higuey;  and  $1,000  for  repairs  to  the  Bara- 
hona  highway. 

The  Government  has  recently  imposed  the  following  TAXES: 
Distilled  spirits,  $1.50  per  gallon;  beer,  and  similar  fermented  liquors, 
15  cents  per  gallon;  cigars,  whose  price  at  the  factory  exceeds  8  cents 
each,  1  cent  each;  cigarettes,  in  boxes  not  exceeding  7  centimeters  in 
length  and  which  do  not  contain  more  than  12  cigarettes,  1  cent  per 
box;  cigarettes,  in  boxes  exceeding  7  centimeters  in  length  and  which 
do  not  contain  more  than  12  cigarettes,  2  cents  per  box.  These 
taxes  apply  only  on  articles  made  in  the  Dominican  Republic. 

In  February  last  the  executive  power  ordered  an  issue  of  REVE- 
NUE STAMPS  amounting  to  $135,000. 

On  January  1,  1919,  according  to  figures  compiled  by  the  treasury 
department,  the  PUBLIC  DEBT  amounted  to  $12,413,152,  with 
cash  on  hand  aggregating  $4,058,106. 


676  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

In  January  and  February  last  the  CUSTOMS  RECEIPTS  in  Santo 
Domingo  aïnoijnted  to  $275,796.  The  customs  receipts  of  Puerto 
Plata  for  February  were  $184,318. 

ECUADOR. 

By  public  subscription,  on  March  7,  the  CAPITAL  OF  THE 
BANK  OF  PICHINCHA  of  Quito  was  raised  to  the  sum  of  3,000,000 
sucres  (sucre  equals  $0.4687).  This  bank  a  short  time  ago  received 
a  consignment  of  $600,000  in  coined  gold  from  the  United  States. 

The  TAX  ON  THE  EXPORTATION  OF  TAGUA  (vegetable 
ivory)  provided  for  in  article  1  of  executive  decree  of  January  7  has 
been  in  force  since  May  1,  and  has  added  materially  to  the  national 
revenue. 

The  President  has  appointed  Senors  Victor  M.  Rendon,  Rafael 
Vásconez  Gomez,  and  Juan  Marcos  as  a  commission  to  STXTDY 
EUROPEAN  ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  CONDITIONS  in 
relation  to  Ecuador  and  report  thereon. 

According  to  a  table  published  by  the  ministry  of  the  treasury  on 
the  busmess  of  the  GOVERNMENT  DOCK  OF  GUAYAQUIL  for 
1919  the  revenue  collected  during  the  year  for  shipment  tax  and 
receipt  of  consignment  tax,  freights,  and  towage,  loading  and  un- 
loading of  vessels,  dock  and  customhouse  storage  space,  amounted 
to  420,33^  sucres,  as  against  333,659  sucres  in  1918. 

GUATEMALA. 

During  the  fiscal  year  ended  March  1,  the  following  REAL- 
ESTATE  TRANSACTIONS  took  place:  Properties  sold  and  deeded 
amounted  to  11,040,112  pesos  (pesos  equals  $0.9271),  mortgages  on 
property  amoimted  to  147,913,542  pesos,  and  canceled  mortgages 
amounted  to  98,771,329, 

In  the  economic  year  from  March,  1919,  to  March,  1920,  the  reve- 
nue of  the  MUNICIPAL  TAXES  from  all  over  the  Republic 
amounted  to  11,794,592  pesos  and  the  municipal  expenditures 
amounted  to  10,599,678  pesos,  leaving  a  surplus  of  1,194,914  pesos 
in  the  municipal  treasury. 

During  the  fiscal  year  1919-20  the  total  value  of  the  REVENUE 
FOR  PUBLIC  BENEFICENCE  amounted  to  21,950,659  pesos  and 
the  expenditures  to  21,427,827  pesos,  leaving  a  surplus  of  522,832 
pesos. 

In  the  course  of  the  year  1919-20  the  REVENUE  FROM  THE 
MAILS  was  as  follows:  Collected  in  the  post  oflSces  4,447,675  pesos, 
of  which  1,965,650  pesos  were  expended  for  the  department,  leaving 
a  surplus  of  2,482,024  pesos  revenue  clear. 

The  PUBLIC  REVENUES  amounted  to  127,249,489  pesos  for 
the  fiscal  year  ending  March   1.    Comparmg  this  sum  with   the 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  677 

110,937,325  pesos  collected  during  the  previous  year,  the  year  just 
completed  shows  an  increase  of  15,312,164  pesos.  The  expendi- 
tures of  the  nation  amounted  to  101,028,476  pesos,  leaving  a  surplus 
of  26,221,013  pesos  in  the  national  revenue. 

HAITI. 

According  to  the  existing  agreement  between  the  Government  and 
the  Banque  Nationale,  250,000  PERMANENT  10-GOURDE  BANK 
NOTES,  which  have  just  been  received  from  the  engravers,  have 
been  put  in  circulation.  A  corresponding  number  of  provisional 
notes  will  be  withdrawn  from  circulation. 

A  report  from  the  commission  of  public  credits  shows  that  the 
total  NATIONAL  DEBT  to  date  amounts  to  180,182,187  gourdes, 
divided  as  follows:  Consolidated  debt,  96,466,191  gourdes;  floating 
debt,  50,645,751  gourdes;  and  time  loan,  33,070,245. 

HONDURAS. 

For  the  fiscal  year  of  1918-19  the  total  CUSTOMS  RECEIPTS 
amounted  to  2,274,767  pesos  (peso  equals  $0.9271),  of  which  1,796,331 
pesos  represent  the  import  tax,  337,507  the  export  tax,  and  140,929 
other  taxes. 

The  REVENITE  FROM  THE  MAILS  AND  TELEGRAPH 
LINES  for  the  fiscal  year  of  1918-19  amounted  to  333,125  pesos, 
which,  compared  with  the  325,284  pesos  collected  during  the  pre- 
vious year  show  an  increase  of  7,839  pesos. 

During  the  fiscal  year  1918-19  the  revenue  obtained  from  the 
RENTAL  OF  NATIONAL  LANDS  amounted  to  13,594  pesos. 

The  national  congress  has  approved  the  INCREASE  IN  THE 
TAX  on  merchandise  imported  through  the  port  of  Amapala.  This 
increase  raises  the  tax  to  25  centavos  per  quintal  of  merchandise, 
and  the  revenue  therefrom  will  be  used  for  the  support  of  a  home 
for  needy  persons. 

MEXICO. 

Press  reports  state  that  the  Spanish  Credit  BANK  has  been  organ- 
ized in  the  city  of  Mexico  with  a  cajûtal  of  4,000,000  pesos. 

The  mint  in  Mexico  Oty  coined  GOLD  AND  COPPER  COINS 
to  the  value  of  5,451,000  pesos,  5,400,000  pesos  of  which  were  in 
gold  coins  of  the  denominations  of  2  and  5  pesos.  The  copper 
coins  are  of  the  denominations  of  20  and  10  centavos. 

PANAMA. 

According  to  the  general  report  of  operations  of  the  section  of 
landholdmgs  for  1919  as  published  by  the  office  of  PROPERTY 
REGISTRATION,  the  total  number  of  holdings  of  property  regis- 
tered during  the  year  was  1,879,  representing  a  value  of  3,843,623 


678  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

balboas  (balboa  equals  $1).  There  were  1,007  farms,  valued  at 
838,124  balboas,  and  672  pieces  of  city  property,  at  3,005,499  bal- 
boas. Taxes  on  the  property  for  the  year  amounted  to  9,327  bal- 
boas. 

PARAGUAY. 

The  PUBLIC  HEALTH  BUDGET  for  1920  has  been  fixed  at 
600,000  pesos  currency,  including  in  this  sum  the  expenses  of  the 
new  prophylactic  services  for  leprosy,  hookworm,  bubonic  plague, 
infantile  lockjaw,  etc. 

In  November  last  the  REVENUES  FROM  POSTS  AND  TELE- 
GRAPHS  amounted  to  250,189  pesos  currency  and  125  pesos  gold. 

A  decree  of  January  8  last  provides  for  an  issue  of  INTERNAL- 
REVENUE  STAMPS  to  the  amount  of  15,000,000  pesos,  m  denomi- 
nations of  from  5  centavos  to  2  pesos. 

The  MUNICIPALITY  OF  ASUNCION  has  mcluded  in  its  1920 
expense  budget  160,000  pesos  for  public  works,  200,000  pesos  for  the 
construction  of  a  municipal  palace,  35,000  pesos  for  national  cele- 
brations, 100,000  pesos  for  the  conservation  of  roads,  and  24,000 
pesos  for  the  sanitation  of  markets. 

In  1919  the  net  profits  of  the  PARAGUAYAN  INSURANCE  CO. 
amounted  to  216,505  pesos  currency. 

In  1919  the  REVENUES  of  the  customhouse  in  Asuncion  amounted 
to  60,880  gold  pesos  and  783,973  pesos  currency. 

PERU. 

During  1919  the  total  value  of  the  REVENUE  FROM  THE 
MUNICIPALITY  OF  LIMA  amounted  to  145,877  Peruvian  pounds. 
Of  this  sum  128,848  pounds  were  collected  by  the  collection  company 
and  17,029  by  the  administration  itself. 

The  National  Assembly  on  December  29  passed  a  LAW  REXjrU- 
LATING  THE  FINANCIAL  SITUATION  of  the  country.  The 
provisions  of  the  law  are  as  follows:  (a)  The  withdrawal  of  circu- 
lating checks;  (6)  the  deposit  in  Lima  of  the  surplus  in  gold  of  the 
balance  on  deposit  with  foreign  banks  as  guarantee  for  the  circu- 
lating checks;  (c)  the  deHvery  to  the  banks  of  issue  of  gold  coin  or 
circular  checks  deposited  with  the  vigilence  committee  to  withdraw 
sums  equal  to  the  guarantee  fimds  now  on  deposit  in  foreign  banks. 

On  December  31,  1919,  the  amount  of  GOLD  AND  SILVER  ON 
DEPOSIT  IN  THE  BANKS  OF  LIMA  was  as  foUows:  Banco  del 
Perú  y  Londres,  gold  on  hand,  131,715  Peruvian  pounds;  silver 
485,086  soles.  Banco  Italiano,  103,705  gold,  Peruvian  pounds; 
silver  323,000  soles.  Banco  Alemán  Transatlántico,  gold  123,411 
Peruvian  pounds;  silver  14,158  soles.  Banco  Mercantil  Americano, 
99,723  gold  Peruvian  pounds  and  silver  1,189  soles.  Banco  Popular 
del  Peni,  23,653  gold  Peruvian  pounds  md  l,319][soles  in  silver. 


ECONOMIC  AND  FINANCIAL  AFFAIRS.  679 

Banco  Internacional  del  Peru,  14,537  gold  Peruvian  poimds  and 
1,000  soles  in  silver. 

On  December  31,  1919,  the  CURRENCY  of  the  Republic  was  as 
follows:  Gold  on  hand  in  the  banks,  496,474  Peruvian  pounds; 
silver  on  hand,  825,753  soles;  gold  certificates,  6,646,321  poimds; 
nickel,  1,909,261  soles;  and  copper,  338,500  soles.  The  total 
amounts,  therefore,  to  7,142,795  Peruvian  poimds  in  gold  and 
3,073,514  soles  in  silver,  nickel,  and  copper. 

During  1919  the  NET  PROFITS  of  the  Compañía  de  Seguros 
Lima  (Lima  Insurance  Co.)  amoimted  to  3,652  Peruvian  pounds, 
distributed  as  follows:  1,800  pounds  in  dividends;  365  pounds  for 
the  directorate  and  other  employees;  and  1,487  pounds  for  the 
reserve  fund. 

In  February  a  NEW  MARINE  AND  FIRE  INSURANCE  COM- 
PANY was  organized  in  Lima  under  the  name  '^Compañía  de 
Seguros  Victoria." 

The  regional  congress  of  the  north  has  sanctioned  the  BUDGET 
OF  DEPARTMENTAL  EXPENDITURES  for  1 920,  given  as  follows  : 
Department  of  Cajamarca,  786  poimds  for  administrative  expenses; 
1,597  pounds  for  beneficence;  1,372  pounds  for  public  instruction; 
1,644  pounds  for  pubUc  works;  and  1,284  pounds  for  diflFerent  ex- 
penses, making  a  total  of  6,684  poimds.  The  department  of  San 
Martin,  278  pounds  for  administration;  156  pounds  for  public  in- 
struction; 50  pounds  for  beneficence;  704  pounds  for  pubUc  works; 
300  pounds  for  diverse  expenses;  and  25  poimds  for  incidentals,  mak- 
ing a  total  of  1,513  pounds.  Department  of  Loreto,  2,853  pounds 
for  administrative  service;  4,666  pounds  for  public  instruction;  1,208 
pounds  for  beneficence;  1 ,200  pounds  for  pubUc  works;  1,152  pounds 
for  different  expenses;  and  66  pounds  for  incidentals;  or  a  total  of 
11,145  pounds. 

SALVADOR. 

The  NATIONAL  REVENUES  from  1913  to  1919  amounted  to 
85,888,632  colones  (colon  =  $0.50).  The  revenue  in  colones  by  years 
is  as  follows:  1913,13,734,133;  1914,12,423,753;  1915  10,625,174; 
1916,  12,779,085;  1917,  12,485,131;  1918,  10,409,018;  and  1919, 
13,432,338.  The  customs  receipts  in  1919  consisted  of  imports, 
4,891,595  colones,  and  exports,  1,941,966  colones. 

The  foreign  DEBT  of  the  Republic  of  Salvador,  according  to  a 
recent  message  of  the  President,  was  on  December  31, 1919, 12,292,576 
colones,  and  the  domestic  debt,  12,203,240  colones. 

On  February  13  last  the  total  issue  of  BANK  NOTES  authorized 
in  the  Repubhc  amounted  to  18,120,000  pesos. 

The  President  has  appointed  a  board  of  prominent  financiers  to 
take  charge  of  the  EXCHANGE  BANK  established  in  accordance 
with  aa  executive  decree  of  February  12  last, 


680  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

URUGUAY. 

In  October,  1919,  the  total  sales  of  REAL  PROPERTY  in  the 
Republic  amounted  to  7,656,683  pesos,  as  compared  with  6,457,931 
pesos  in  September  of  the  same  year.  In  October  of  the  year  referred 
to  mortgages  were  placed  on  real  property  to  the  value  of  2,201,784 
pesos,  and  mortgages  were  canceled  to  the  value  of  2,299,182  pesos. 

The  CUSTOMS  REVENUES  in  1919  amounted  to  15,543,505 
pesos — an  increase  of  2,934,916  pesos  as  compared  with  these  revenues 
m  1918. 

In  1919  the  STATE  INSURANCE  BANK  transacted  business  to 
the  amount  of  120,942,523  pesos,  and  earned  a  profit  of  2,212,612 
pesos.  The  business  done  by  this  bank  during  the  eight  years  it  has 
been  in  operation  totals  589,107,248  pesos,  and  the  profits  earned, 
7,280,149  pesos. 

Statistics  have  been  compiled  showing  that  the  capital  employed 
by  Uruguayan  BANKS  amounts  to  36,062,656  pesos,  18,683,340  of 
which  is  held  by  the  Bank  of  the  Republic,  13,652,094  pesos  by  other 
Uruguayan  banks,  and  3,727,222  by  foreign  banks. 

In  1919  the  transactions  of  the  STOCK  EXCHANGE  of  Monte- 
video represented  a  nominal  value  of  81,016,304  pesos.  The  securi- 
ties most  in  demand  were  those  of  the  consoUdated  debt. 

In  January,  1920,  CHECKS  passed  through  the  Uruguayan  clear- 
ing house  to  the  amount  of  84,280,942  pesos. 

VENEZUELA. 

The  net  profits  of  the  COMPAÑÍA  ANÓNIMA  VENEZOLANA 
DE  NAVEGACIÓN  for  the  six  months' period  from  July  to  December, 
1919,  amounted  to  858,862  bolivares  (bolivar  equals  $0.1930),  which 
were  distributed  in  the  following  manner:  Dividends,  601,203  boli- 
vares; security  fund,  171,772  bolivares;  reserve  fund,  42,943  boli- 
vares; guarantee  fund,  42,943  bolivares.  This  is  the  greatest  profit 
made  in  any  six-month  period. 

During  the  first  week  in  March  a  CONSIGNMENT  OF  $500,000 
GOLD  arrived  in  Caracas  for  the  Banco  Mercantil  Americano. 

On  the  9th  of  March  a  BRANCH  OF  THE  BANCO  HOLANDÉS 
DE  LAS  INDIAS  OCCIDENTALES  (HoUandsche  Bank  voor  West 
Indien)  of  Amsterdam  was  opened  in  Caracas.  Its  authorized  cap- 
ital is  5,000,000  florins,  or  10,000,000  bolivares,  and  the  subscribed  and 
paid-up  capital  is  2,000,000  bolivares. 

The  NET  PROFITS  OF  THE  EMPRESA  DE  TELARES  E 
HILANDERÍAS  ORIENTALES  (Oriental  Weavmg  &  Spinnmg 
Co.)  for  1919,  amounted  to  1,127,557  bolivares,  which  were  divided 
as  follows:  Reserve  fund,  56,378  bolivares;  guarantee  fund,  56,378 
bolivares;  manager,  22,198  bolivares;  dividends,  690,000  bolivares; 
added  to  the  working  capital,  302,602  bolivares.     The  reserves  which 


INTERNATIONAL  TREATIES. 


681 


the  company  has  at  present  are:  Working  capital,  431,147  bolivares; 
guarantee  fund,  111,947  bolivares;  reserve  fund,  87,544  bolivares; 
and  dividends  to  be  distributed,  645,000  bolivares,  making  a  total  of 
1,275,638  bolivares,  or  43  per  cent  of  the  capital  of  the  enterprize. 

For  the  latter  six  months^  period  of  1919  the  ELECTRIC  COM- 
PANY OF  CARACAS  showed  a  net  profit  of  534,491  bolivares. 
The  reserves  of  this  company  are:  Reserve  fund,  409,588 bolivares; 
guarantee  fund,  215,441  bolivares;  and  surplus  from  the  first  six 
months,  2,999  bolivares. 

The  net  profits  of  the  BANK  OF  VENEZUELA  for  the  latter  six 
months'  period  of  1919,  amounted  to  1,508,921  bolivares.  The  bank 
reserves  are  as  follows:  Guarantee  fund,  1,169,904  bolivares;  reserve 
fund,  2,244,823  bolivares;  dividends  to  be  distributed,  840,000  boli- 
vares; and  surplus  on  December  31,  aside  from  the  dividends,  59,002 
bolivares,  or  a  total  of  4,313,729  bolivares,  or  36  per  cent  of  the 
nominal  capital  of  12,000,000  bolivares. 


INTERNATIONAL 
■a  TREATIES  \L 


<? 


BRAZIL-GERMANY. 

The  TREATY  OF  PEACE  between  Brazil,  the  allied  and  associate 
countries,  and  Germany,  which  was  signed  in  Versailles  on  June  28, 
1919,  was  ratified  by  the  President  of  Brazil  on  November  11,  1919, 
the  national  congress  having  previously  approved  same.  The  Bra- 
zilian ratification  was  deposited  in  Paris  on  January  16,  1920. 

PERU. 

On  April  14,  1920,  the  Peruvian  congress  approved  the  INTERNA- 
TIONAL TRADE-MARK  (CONVENTION  signed  in  Buenos  Aires 
on  August  20,  1910,  by  the  delegates  to  the  Fourth  International 
Conference  of  American  Republics.  Peru  is  the  sixth  South  American 
country  to  ratify  the  Buenos  Aires  convention,  the  ratification  of  only 
one  more  country  being  necessary  to  establish  the  international  ofliice 
in  Rio  de  Janeiro.  This  office  will  have  charge  of  the  registration  of 
trade-marks  of  the  southern  group  of  Republics  composed  of  Brazil^ 
Uruguay,  Argentina,  Paraguay,  Bolivia,  Chile,  Peru,  Ecuador,  Colom- 
bia, and  Venezuela.  The  office  referred  to  will  be  organized  and  con- 
ducted in  a  manner  similar  to  the  one  now  in  operation  in  Habana, 
Cuba. 

17Õ460— 20— Bull.  6 7 


682  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 


SALVADOR. 


On  March  10  last  the  national  assembly  ratified  an  executive 
decree  of  the  5th  of  the  same  month,  under  the  terms  of  which  Sal- 
vador adheres  to  the  LE^VGUE  OF  NATIONS,  which  forms  part  of 
the  Treaty  of  Peace  concluded  in  Versailles  on  June  28,  1919,  be- 
tween the  allied  and  associate  countries  and  Germany, 


,     LEGISLATION     , 


BRAZIL. 

On  January  29,  1920,  the  President  of  the  Republic  approved  the 
RULES  AND  REGUL.\TIONS  CONCERNING  CONSULAR 
INVOICES,  issued  by  the  minister  of  finance  in  accordance  with  the 
provisions  of  law  No.  3979  of  December  31,  1919,  the  principal  pro- 
visions of  which  are  as  follows:  Each  bill  of  lading  shall  have  a 
corresponding  consular  invoice.  Merchandise  consigned  to  Brazi' 
from  foreign  countries,  either  by  land  or  sea,  with  the  exception  of 
parcel-post  packages,  commercial  samples  whose  value  at  the  port 
of  shipment  does  not  exceed  £10,  the  baggage  of  passengers,  and  mer- 
chandise from  ports  or  boundary  points  where  there  is  no  Brazilian 
consul  (in  the  latter  cavse  the  consignee  must  file  in  place  of  the  con- 
sular invoice,  two  copies  of  the  commercial  invoice)  shall  be  accom- 
panied by  consular  invoices.  Consular  invoices  shall  be  submitted 
to  the  consular  agent  in  quadruplicate.  Imports  are  subject  to  the 
requirements  of  the  law  concerning  consular  invoices  even  though 
no  charges  are  collected  on  same,  as,  for  instance,  stock  imported  into 
the  Republic,  merchandise  imported  for  the  use  of  the  State  and  ar- 
ticles intended  for  accredited  diplomatic  representatives  in  the  coun- 
try, and  for  war  vessels  of  friendly  nations  anchored  in  Brazilian  ports. 
The  legalization  of  consular  invoices  may  be  made  either  at  the  port 
of  shipment  or  at  the  port  of  unloading.  The  same  invoice  must 
not  include  packed  merchandise  and  merchandise  in  bulk  bearing 
different  marks  or  constituting  different  shipments,  but  if  the  mer- 
chandise is  consigned  to  the  same  person  and  bears  the  same  marks 
one  invoice  will  answer.  Invoices  containing  corrections,  erasures, 
or  crossed-out  words  shall  not  be  considered  legal.  The  fees  for  con- 
sular invoices  shall  be  4,000  reis  gold,  at  the  exchange  rate  of  27  pence. 
The  invoices  shall  contain  the  following  requisites: 

(p)  Quantity  of  the  merchandise. — This  column  is  reserved  for  articles  on  which  duty 
b  levied  on  the  basis  of  units  other  than  that  of  weight;  i.  e.,  per  dozen,  hundred, 
thousand,  cubic  meter,  etc. 


LEGISLATION.  683 

In  the  case  of  merchandise  dutiable  by  the  piece,  dozen,  dozen  of  pairs,  hundred, 
or  thousand,  such  as  watches,  brooms,  gloves,  tiles,  fire  brick,  etc.,  the  invoice,  in 
addition  to  the  gross  and  net  weight  of  such  articles,  must  show  the  respective 
quantities. 

In  the  case  of  merchandise  dutiable  by  measure,  such  as  marble  slabs,  pine  boards, 
etc.,  the  invoice  must  declare  the  number  of  square  or  cubic  meters  or  other  known 
measure  of  superficial  area  or  volume. 

Each  class  of  merchandise  specified  in  the  invoice  must  have  the  declaration  of  its 
weight  and  value,  the  consolidation  of  the  weight  and  value  of  different  kinds  of  mer- 
chandise being  prohibited,  although  they  may  have  the  same  cassification  in  the  tariff. 

When  the  goods  included  in  a  single  invoice  are  of  different  origin,  the  exporter  or 
shipper  in  each  instance  shall  state  separately  the  place  of  origin  in  the  corresponding 
column. 

The  description  of  the  merchandise  may  be  in  the  language  of  the  exporting  country, 
the  consignee  being  obliged  in  this  case  to  present  a  translation  for  clearance  purposes. 
This  translation  may  be  made  by  a  private  or  public  translator. 

Translations  made  by  the  consignee  of  the  shipment,  customs  brokers  (des- 
pachantes), or  other  persons  interested  in  the  clearance  of  the  shipment  will  not  be 
accepted. 

The  exporters  or  shippers  are  allowed  to  have  printed  consular  invoice  forms  with 
interlinear  translations  (complete  or  partial)  in  any  European  language,  provided  no 
change  is  made  in  the  form  or  wording  of  the  prescribed  model. 

Consul  shall  furnish  free  of  charge  invoice  blanks  in  Portuguese  to  exporters  or 
shippers. 

(a)  Numbering  of  invoice. — This  must  be  filled  in  only  by  the  consular  officer 
leagilizing  the  invoice.     Numbering  shall  recommence  every  year  with  No.  1. 

(6)  Declaration. — The  declaration  certifying  to  the  accuracy  of  the  contents  of 
the  consular  invoice  shall  be  signed  by  the  exporter,  shipper,  or  his  agent.  Declara- 
tion must  also  be  made  to  the  effect  that  no  other  invoice  covering  the  same  shipment 
has  been  presented  for  legalization. 

(c)  Naine  and  nationality  of  the  vessel. — The  name  and  nationality  of  the  vessel 
must  be  stated,  as  also  whether  steamship  or  sailing  vessel. 

(if)  Port  of  shipment. — The  port  of  shipment  is  that  at  which  the  merchandise 
is  finally  embarked  for  Brazil. 

(c)  Port  of  destination. — The  port  of  destination  is  the  last  customs  port  through 
which  the  shipment  is  to  be  cleared.  In  case  of  option,  a  statement  to  that  effect 
must  be  made  in  the  invoice. 

(J)  Total  declared  valxu. — The  total  declared  value  must  represent  the  total  value 
of  the  invoice,  including  approximate  freight  and  expenses. 

(g)  Freight  and  expenses. — Freight  and  expenses  include  freight  and  other  expense 
incurred  subsequent  to  purchase  of  goods. 

(h)  Value  of  currency  in  country  of  origin. — In  declaring  the  value  of  foreign  cur- 
rency the  exporter  or  shipper  must  specify  whether  paper  or  gold. 

(t)  Marks  and  numbers. — These  must  be  stated  in  proper  order  in  their  respective 
colimins  on  the  back  of  the  invoice. 

The  packages  constituting  one  shipment  should  be  numbered  consecutively  when- 
ever possible.    The  repetition  of  niunbers  is  prohibited  in  any  case. 

(j)  Quantity  and  nature  of  packages. — Under  this  heading  should  be  specified  in 
proper  order  the  quantity  and  natiu-e  of  the  packages;  i.  e.,  whether  cases,  barrels, 
casks,  crates,  bales,  etc. 

(k)  Specifications  of  the  goods. — Merchandise  shall  be  described  by  its  proper  name 
in  accordance  with  the  sale  made  by  the  exporter  and  the  respective  commercial 
invoice  in  conformity  with  the  provisions  of  article  26  of  these  regulations. 


684  THE  PAN   AMERICAN  UNION. 

(/)  Weight  in  kilograms. — In  the  column  headed  ** Gross  weight  of  packages" 
must  be  shown  the  total  gross  weight  of  the  packages;  in  that  headed  "Gross  weight 
of  the  merchandise,'*  the  weight  of  the  merchandise  and  of  the  containers  included 
in  the  dutiable  weight,  such  as  cans,  bags,  cases,  cardboard  boxes,  etc.,  specified 
in  the  customs  tariff;  in  that  headed  '* Actual  net  weight,'*  the  weight  of  the  goods 
specified,  exclusive  of  all  packing. 

Thus,  when  duty  is  levied  on  actual  net  weight,  it  will  be  sufficient  to  state,  in 
addition  to  the  gross  weight  of  the  package  or  packages,  the  actual  net  weight  of 
the  goods  exclusive  of  all  packing. 

In  the  same  manner,  when  duty  is  le\iod  on  the  gross  weight  of  the  merchandise, 
inclusive  of  the  containers  specified  in  the  tariff,  this  must  be  stated  in  the  corre- 
sponding column. 

(m)  Declared  partial  value. — In  this  column  must  be  stated  separately  the  value 
of  each  article  specified  in  the  invoice,  excluding  expenses  and  freight. 

(n)  Country  oj  origin. — For  raw  materials  the  country  of  production  shall  be  regarded 
as  that  of  origin,  and  for  finished  products  of  any  kind  the  country  in  which  the 
constituent  raw  material  underwent  a  manufacturing  process. 

(o)  Country  of  exportation. — It  is  obligatory  to  specify  the  countrj^  where  the 
merchandise  was  purchased  for  exportation  to  Brazil,  as  distinct  from  the  country 
of  origin,  whether  in  the  case  of  raw  materials  or  manufactured  articles. 

COLOMBIA. 

The  President  of  the  Republic  issued  a  decree  on  February  11 
regulating  the  LAW  GOVERNING  COAL,  ASPHALT,  AND  OIL 
DEPOSITS.  By  paragraph  2  of  article  1  of  the  aforementioned  law, 
low-grade  petroleum  containing  more  than  25  per  cent  liquid  hydro- 
carbon substances  shall  not  be  classed  as  asphalt.  Products  exported 
as  asphalt  but  fulfilling  the  aforementioned  conditions  shall  be  taxed 
as  petroleum.  Overhead  taxes  will  be  due  at  the  end  of  yearly 
periods  and  must  not  lapse  beyond  30  days  after  the  due  date  of  the 
yearly  tax.  Oil  companies  are  exempt  from  river  taxes  on  material 
in  transit  to  said  companies,  and  are  also  exempt  from  river  taxes 
on  the  products  of  the  mints  or  lands  mider  development  if  these 
products  are  subject  to  export  taxes.  The  establishment  and 
development  of  oil  pipe  line  systems  will  be  the  subject  of  special 
rulings.  Licenses  may  be  given  to  various  persons  for  the  explo- 
ration of  the  same  tract  of  territory. 

PANAMA . 

On  January  17  the  President  of  the  Republic  issued  a  decree 
covering  the  IMAIIGRATION  OF  CHINESE,  TURKS,  SYRIANS, 
AND  NORTH  AFRICANS  OF  THE  TURKISH  RACE,  which 
states  that  all  persons  of  these  races  born  in  the  Republic  before 
April  15,  1914,  or  the  children  of  naturalized  Panamanians,  or  of  a 
Panamanian  father  or  mother,  should  present  to  the  civil  registry 
within  three  months  for  registration  in  the  records,  the  documents 
proving  their  condition  as  Panamanians. 


^  public  instruction  „ 
~  ;ahdeducation;  ~ 

CHILE. 

Tlie  inspection  general  of  public  instruction  has  established  a 
gratuitous  VACATION  œURSE  for  pupils  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  Bernardo  O'Higgins  high  school  in  Santiago. 

On  January  29  last  a  meeting  of  PRIMARY  TEACHERS  was 
held  in  the  national  capital  to  discuss  the  bill,  at  that  time  before 
congress,  providing  for  obligatory  primary  public  instruction. 

The  SCHOOL  BUILDINGS  at  Duao  and  Chequen  have  been 
completed. 

The  President  of  the  Republic  has  ordered  the  establishment  of  a 
HIGH  SCHOOL  for  males  in  the  city  of  Santiago  in  the  section  be- 
tween Morandi,  Cathedral,  and  Matucana  Avenues. 

The  Government  has  sent  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Weber  to  the  United 
States  and  Europe  to  report  upon  secondary,  high,  professional,  com- 
mercial, and  industrial  EDUCATION. 

The  department  of  public  instruction  has  authorized  the  purchase 
of  200,000  copies  of  the  MATTE  SPELLER  for  use  in  the  public 
schools  of  the  Republic. 

The  executive  has  commissioned  Luis  Cabrera  Montalva  to  studv 

ft. 

the  organization  and  operation  of  the  DENTAL  SERVICE  estab- 
lished in  the  schools  of  the  Republic. 

COLOMBIA. 

A  SCHOOL  OF  FINE  ARTS,  a  branch  of  the  University  of  Narino, 
has  lately  been  founded  in  the  citv  of  Pasto. 

A  SCHOOL  FOR  STRAW  HAT  MAKING  has  also  l)een  founded, 
owing  to  the  increase  in  the  demand  for  toquilla  straw  hats  in  the 
department.  This  school  has  60  pupils.  Other  schools  are  to  be 
formed  in  the  towns  of  the  province. 

The  ministry  of  public  instruction  has  authorized  the  DENTAL 
COLI^EGE  OF  MEDELLIN  to  award  diplomas  of  doctor  of  dental 
surgery.  The  college  is  under  the  direction  of  a  distinguished  dentist 
of  Antioquia. 

The  assembly  of  Antioquia  authorized  the  governor  of  the  depart- 
ment to  contract  a  loan  of  100,000  pesos  for  the  construction  of  a 
buUdmg  for  the  BOYS'  SCHOOLS  of  the  city  of  Medellin. 

685 


686  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

CUBA. 

By  a  decree  of  March  2  last  the  department  of  public  instruction 
ordered  the  establishment  of  three  CHAIRS  OF  AUXITJARY  PRO- 
FESSORS, assigned  to  the  following  courses:  Medical  pathology, 
practical  pharmacy,  and  abdominal  therapeutics. 

In  March  last  the  department  of  public  instruction  authorized  the 
opening  of  the  f oUovring  NEW  SCHOOLS  :  Night  school  for  males  at 
San  Juan  y  Martinez  ;  night  school  for  girls  in  the  Pueblo  Nuevo  ward 
in  the  city  of  Matanzas;  day  schools  at  Cangre,  Elena,  CuUa  de  Cri- 
mea, Baracoa,  Sagua  de  Tanamo,  Dos  Caminos  del  Cobre;  and  27 
day  schools  in  Habana. 

DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC. 

The  high  school  for  girls  of  Santiago  has  recently  been  changed 
into  a  FOURTH-GRADE  SCHOOL  under  the  direction  of  Miss 
Ercilla  Pepin. 

The  BUDGET  of  public  instruction  approved  by  the  Government 
provides  $943,880  for  school  expenses  in  1920.  Of  this  amount 
$114,060  are  for  the  cominmie  of  Santo  Domingo;  $95,144  for  San- 
tiago; $49,992  for  San  Pedro  de  Macoris;  $45,000  for  Puerto  Plata; 
$44,040  for  La  Vega;  $36,360  for  San  Francisco  de  Macoris;  $33,840  for 
La  Moca;  $24,996  for  Azua;  and  $23,100  for  the  commune  of  Monte 
Crist  V. 

The  executive  power  has  ordered  the  construction  of  a  CORREXV 
TIONAL  SCHOOL  in  the  city  of  Santiago  with  quarters  for  200 
pupils. 

ECUADOR. 

The  Silesian  Community  is  constructing  a  fine  permanent  SCHOOL 
BUILDING  in  Riobamba  which  will  accommodate  600  children. 

The  12th  of  April  was  celebrated  throughout  the  principal  cities 
and  towns  of  the  Republic  as  TEACHERS^  DAY. 

GUATEMALA. 

By  decree  of  February  2  the  department  of  pubUc  instruction 
calls  for  the  purchase  of  a  LIBRARY  OF  EDUCATIONAL  BOOKS 
for  the  National  Institute  for  Boys. 

The  department  of  public  instruction  recently  authorized  the 
purchase  of  INSTROIENTS  FOR  THE  SCHOOL  OF  MUSIC 
located  in  Concepción  in  the  Department  of  Chiquimula. 

For  the  school  year  ended  March  1  the  figures  on  SCHOOL 
ATTENDANCE  were  as  follows:  In  the  1,642  primary  schools  of 
the  country  there  were  enrolled  41,162  pupils  of  both  sexes;  and  in 
the  secondary  schools,  normal  schools,  special  and  professional  schools 


PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION  AND  EDUCATION.  687 

there  were  2,133  pupils.  There  are  also  five  practical  schools  for 
young  ladies  and  18  manual  training  schools  for  young  men. 

Early  in  March  the  President  issued  a  decree  CREATING  THE 
THIRD  YEAR  OF  THE  COURSE  in  the  practical  school  for  young 
ladies  in  Totonicapam. 

The  department  of  public  instruction  recently  issued  a  decree 
authorizing  the  establishment  of  a  NIGHT  SCHOOL  in  the  town  of 
Mixco. 

HONDURAS. 

The  President  has  approved  the  BUDGET  OF  EXPENDITURES 
of  the  Institute  and  school  of  conunerce  of  Tegucigalpa.  This 
budget  is  for  2,445  pesos  monthly,  and  will  cover  the  six-month 
period  from  February  to  July,  inclusive,  1920.  The  budget  of  the 
expenses  of  the  national  kindergarten  in  Tegucigalpa,  which  amounts 
to  1,190  pesos  monthly,  was  also  approved  and  will  be  in  effect  from 
February  to  July,  inclusive. 

PANAMA. 

A  decree  issued  by  the  ministry  of  public  instruction  on  January  27 
states  that  students  who  fail  in  the  last  year  of  the  SECONDARY 
AND  PROFESSIONAL  EDUCATION,  in  order  to  receive  a  diploma 
for  the  course  must  present  themselves  for  examination  in  the 
subject  in  which  they  have  been  deficient  at  the  regular  tests  the 
following  year,  and  must  obtain  a  mark  not  lower  than  4  (good). 
If  the  student  fails  in  this  second  examination  and  persists  in  his 
determination  to  secure  a  diploma,  and  is  willing  to  submit  himself 
for  a  third  examination,  the  third  examination  must  include  all  the 
subjects  of  the  last  year  of  the  course  which  the  student  is  taking. 

PARAGUAY. 

By  order  of  the  national  board  of  education  the  publication 
entitled  REVIEW  OF  PRIMARY  INSTRUCTION  is  to  be 
published  quarterly.  The  same  board  orders  the  purchase  of  the 
building  now  occupied  by  the  graded  school  of  Caapucu  for  the  sum 
of  40,000  pesos  currency. 

The  national  board  of  education  has  provided  50,000  pesos  cur- 
rency in  its  annual  budget  for  expenditures  in  the  district  of  Yegros. 

Under  date  of  February  11  last  the  national  board  of  education 
has  ordered  a  detailed  study  of  the  work  entitled  **  Résumé  of  the 
HISTORY  OF  PARAGUAY,'^  by  Clotilde  Bordón,  and  a  report 
as  to  the  advisability  of  adopting  it  as  a  textbook  for  primary  schools. 

PERU. 

The  directorate  general  of  public  instruction  has  ordered  the 
FOUNDING    OF    A    BOYS'    SCHOOL    in    Huaquis,  district  of 


688  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

Huancaya.  The  directorate  also  proposes  to  convert  coeducational 
school  No.  4  of  the  same  place  into  a  school  for  girls. 

A  presidential  decree  of  January  24  authorizes  the  creation  of  the 
post  of  ASSISTANT  PROFESSOR  OF  MUSIC  in  the  Government 
schools  of  Lima. 

Law  21 ,  passed  bv  the  congress  of  the  Republic,  calls  for  the  found- 
ing of  a  COLLEGE  OF  SECONDARY  EDITATION  in  the  capital 
of  the  district  of  Huanta.  The  law  gives  this  school  the  name  of 
** Colegio  Nacional  Gonzales  Vigil.'' 

The  directorate  general  of  public  instruction  has  authorized  the 
acquisition  of  2,000  copies  of  the  textbook  EPISTOLARIO 
ESCOLAR,  by  Leopoldo  Cortes,  for  use  in  the  Government  schools. 

The  ministry  of  public  instruction  has  decided  to  establish  NEW 
COEDUCATIONAL  SCHOOLS  in  Concho  and  in  Huancas. 

SALVADOR. 

In  1919  the  department  of  public  instruction  established  25  NEW 
SCHOOLS  in  the  Republic. 

The  NORMAL  CENTRAL  COLLEGE  FOR  MALES,  formerly  at 
Santa  Tecla,  has,  by  order  of  the  department  of  public  instruction, 
been  transferred  to  the  city  of  San  Salvador. 

A  group  of  Salvadorean  ladies  has  established  a  SCHOOL  FOR 
SERVANTS  in  Santa  Tecla  under  the  immediate  direction  of  the 
Sisters  of  Antonio. 

An  executive  decree  of  March  9  provides  for  the  establishment  of  a 
KINDERGARTEN  in  the  city  of  San  Vicente. 

The  executive  power  has  organized  a  course  of  PL^LIC  PRIMARY 
EDUCATION  in  all  the  regiments  of  the  army  under  the  direction 
of  the  war  department. 

URUGUAY. 

A  DENTAL  DEPARTMENT  was  added  to  the  medical  college 
in  Montevideo  on  January  23  last.  The  course  covers  a  period  of 
four  years. 

In  1919  there  were  995  SCHOOLS  in  operation  in  the  Republic,  as 
compared  with  985  in  1918.  The  pupils  registered  in  1919  numbered 
106,905,  as  compared  with  105,379  in  1918.  The  average  attendance 
in  1919  was  79,749  pupils,  as  compared  with  81,294  in  1918. 

In  1919  the  AGRICLT.TURAL  STATIONS  in  Uruguay  issued  42 
diplomas  to  rural  overseers.  During  the  last  five  years  these  sta- 
tions have  issued  182  of  these  diplomas. 

In  1919  the  number  of  UNIVERSITY  MATRICITLATES  were 
as  follows:  Medicine,  752;  law,  170;  notarial,  99;  engineering,  686; 
and  surveying,  244. 


ARGENTINA. 

Early  in  March  a  VACATION  COLONY  FOR  WEAK  CHIL- 
DREN was  inaugurated  by  the  municipal  treasury.  Accomïnoda- 
tions  are  made  for  165  children,  who  receive  instruction  in  deport- 
ment and  morals,  physical  culture,  and  gardening  in  accordance 
with  the  program  laid  out  by  the  national  council  of  education. 

The  Bureau  of  Navigation  and  Ports  has  published  the  new  MAPS 
OF  THE  RIO  DE  LA  PLATA  prepared  by  the  governmental  offices 
in  charge  of  the  work.  These  maps  contain,  aside  from  the  relief 
map  of  the  estuary  with  the  varying  depths  of  the  channels  and  the 
location  of  light  buoys,  the  plans  of  the  harbor  of  the  capital  and  of 
La  Plata. 

THE  SOUTH  AMERICAN  CONGRESS  OF  POLICE  took  place 
during  the  latter  part  of  February  in  the  principal  room  of  police 
headquarters  in  Buenos  Aires.  It  was  called  into  session  by  the 
President  of  Argentina  to  discuss  a  united  policy  for  the  police  ad- 
ministration of  the  South  American  countries  and  to  develop  an 
efficient  system  for  the  suppression  of  crime  and  for  the  adoption  of 
measures  against  the  disturbance  of  the  public  peace  and  order. 

About  the  middle  of  March  the  machinery  arrived  in  Buenos 
Aires  for  the  new  PRINTING  OFFICE  acquired  by  the  chamber  of 
deputies  for  the  printing  of  their  '* Diary  of  the  Sessions,"  orders  of 
the  day,  and  other  publications. 

In  accordance  with  a  presidential  decree  of  February  24,  on  the 
30th  of  April  the  OFFICIAL  AND  LEGAL  CHANGE  IN  TIME  was 
mide.  From  12  midnight  of  that  date  all  public  clocks  were  advanced 
1 6  minutes  483%  seconds,  and  from  May  1  the  24  hours  of  the  day 
will  be  enumerated  as  from  1  to  24. 

BOLIVIA. 

The  President  has  approved  the  contract  made  with  Señor  R. 
Ponce  de  León  for  the  construction  of  a  ROAD  BETWEEN  TARIJA 
AND  VILL.VZON. 

The  President  has  submitted  for  confirmation  by  congress  the 
EXTRADITION  TREATY  agreed  to  in  Rio  de  Janeiro  on  June  3, 
1918,  and  the  convention  regarding  telegraphic  and  wireless  commu- 
nication signed  May  2  of  the  same  year. 

689 


690  THE  PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

The  ENVOY  EXTRAORDINARY  OF  JAPAN  to  the  Govern- 
ment of  Bolivia,  Shichita  Tatsuke,  has  presented  his  credentials. 
This  is  the  first  diplomatic  mission  from  Japan  to  Bolivia. 

BRAZIL. 

Capt.  Antonio  Alves  Ferreira  da  Silva  has  been  appointed  chief 
of  the  conmiission  which  is  to  determine  the  BOUNDARY  LINE 
between  Peru  and  Brazil. 

An  appropriation  of  420  contos  has  been  made  for  the  completion 
of  the  LLOYD  BRAZILIAN  BUILDING  in  the  city  of  Rio  de 
Janeiro.  A  number  of  the  offices  of  the  department  of  communica- 
tions and  public  works  are  to  be  installed  in  this  building. 

Felinto  Elysio  Rodrigues  Viama  de  Abreu  has  been  appointed 
CONSUL  GENERAL  of  Brazil  in  Hamburg. 

An  appropriation  of  6,000  contos  has  been  made  for  the  taking  of 
a  general  population,  agricultural,  and  industrial  CENSUS  of  the 
Republic. 

The  sum  of  500  contos  has  been  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  secre- 
tary of  justice  for  use  in  the  construction  of  the  PALACE  OF  JUS- 
TICE in  the  city  of  Sao  Paulo,  the  building  of  which  is  under  the 
direction  of  a  Brazilian  engineer. 

In  1919  the  POPULATION  SERVICE  BUREAU  in  Rio  de 
Janeiro  sent  from  that  city  into  the  interior  of  the  Republic  5,871 
persons  of  different  nationalities  to  engage  in  agriculture,  construc- 
tion, and  other  work. 

On  February  24  last  the  comer  stone  of  the  PALACE  OF  JUSTICE 
was  laid  in  Sao  Paulo.  The  cost  of  this  edifice  is  estimated  at  7,000 
contos.  The  corner  stone  of  the  Sao  Paulo  State  Medical  College, 
in  the  city  of  Sao  Paulo,  was  also  recently  laid. 

CHILE. 

The  department  of  industry  has  appointed  a  conmiittee  to  officially 
receive  the  OUNTA  MONTT  PIER,  which  has  just  been  completed. 

On  January  28  Henry  Lefeuvre  Maulle,  the  new  MINISTER  from 
France,  was  officially  received  by  the  Chilean  Government. 

In  the  City  of  Santiago  in  January  last  there  were  1,570  BIRTHS, 
236  marriages,  and  1,691  deaths. 

The  board  of  public  works  approved  in  February  last  the  plan  for 
furnishing  POTABLE  WATER  to  the  cities  of  Los  Andes  and  San 
Felipe,  and  to  the  towns  lying  between  these  places.  The  estimated 
cost  of  the  work  is  530,680  pesos  currency  and  1,291,794  pesos  gold. 

The  total  gifts  for  the  reconstruction  of  the  Valparaiso  San  Juan 
de  Dios  HOSPITAL,  which  was  destroyed  in  the  earthquake  of  1906, 
amounted  to  602,000  pesos. 


GENERAL  NOTES.  691 

The  Government  has  requested  the  national  congress  to  appro- 
priate 100,000  pesos  for  the  purchase  of  a  LEGATION  building 
in  Berlin. 

The  EXPENSE  BUDGET  for  1920  provides  for  the  construction 
of  the  following  ROADS:  A  road  from  Santiago  to  Valparaiso;  from 
Santiago  to  San  Bernardo;  from  San  Felipe  to  Valparaiso;  and  from 
Colquecura  to  Coelemu. 

COLOMBIA. 

The  council  of  the  municipality  of  Girardot  has  called  for  bids  for 
LIGHT,  WATER,  AND  TELEPHONE  SYSTEMS.  The  contract 
will  be  awarded  the  first  of  August. 

The  first  airplane  which  arrived  at  this  port  for  the  service  of  the 
Compañía  Colombiana  de  Aeronavegación  was  named  for  the  city 
of  Cartagena.  This  airplane  made  the  initial  trip  of  the  AIR-MAIL 
SERVICE  the  latter  part  of  February  between  the  cities  of  Carta- 
gena and  Barranquilla.  More  planes  are  expected  to  arrive  shortly 
for  trips  from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  the  interior  of  the  Republic, 
where  landing  fields  have  been  started  in  various  places. 

In  HONOR  OF  COLOMBIA  the  municipality  of  Santiago  de  Chile 
has  given  the  name  of  Plaza  Bogota  to  a  plaza  recently  opened  in 
the  city. 

The  prefect  of  the  Province  of  Cartagena,  in  the  name  of  the  Gov- 
ernment, has  returned  to  the  representative  of  the  Telefunken  Com- 
pany, the  WIRELESS  STATION  of  Cartagena,  which  had  been 
sealed  and  placed  in  charge  of  a  custodian  during  the  war  as  a  guar- 
antee of  Colombians  neutrality.  vService  will  be  renewed  within  a 
short  time. 

The  DEPARTMENTAL  ASSEMBLIES  opened  their  legislative 
sessions  for  the  year  on  March  1 . 

On  February  6  the  President  issued  a  DECREE  distributing  the 
work  of  various  bureaus  among  the  departments  of  the  ministers 
of  the  president's  council.  The  ministry  of  agriculture  and  com- 
merce will  have  charge  of  the  branches  of  national  hygiene  and  the 
isolation  hospitals;  the  ministry  of  public  instruction  will  have  charge 
of  the  national  school  of  agriculture;  the  ministry  of  government, 
to  which  belong  all  the  branches  of  the  administration  of  justice, 
will  also  take  charge  of  the  branch  of  legal  medicine. 

The  following  conditions  have  been  agreed  to  for  PARCEL  POST 
between  Colombia  and  the  L^nited  States:  Packages  must  not 
exceed  3  feet  6  inches  in  length,  nor  weigh  more  than  22  pounds,  and 
the  postage  will  be  12  cents  per  pound. 

The  new  telephone  company  of  Cartagena,  cooperating  with  the 
telephone  company  of  Barranquilla,  has  established  a  LONG-DIS- 
TANCE TELEPHONE  SERVICE  between  the  two  cities. 


692  THE  PAK   AMEKICAN   UNION. 

Early  in  March  the  BUST  OF  BOLIVAR  was  unveiled  in  the 
principal  plaza  of  the  city  of  Buenaventura. 

A  new  company  has  been  formed  in  BarranquiUa,.  with  a  capital 
of  150,000  pesos  to  buUd  ECONOMICAL  AND  SANITARY  DWELL- 
INGS for  people  of  limited  means. 

COSTA    RICA. 

The  VITAL  STATISTICS  of  the  Republic  for  1918  were  as  fol- 
lows: Births,  18,412;  deaths,  14,034,  resulting  in  an  increase  in  the 
population  of  4,378  persons,  and  adding  to  this  the  350  inhabitants 
of  the  village  of  La  Mansion  in  the  canton  of  Nicoya,  which  had  not 
been  included  in  the  census,  gives  a  total  increase  of  4,728  persons. 
During  the  year,  857  persons  entered  the  country  and  2,157  emi- 
grated, reducing  the  increase  in  population  from  4,728  to  4,428 
inhabitants.  The  population  of  the  country  on  December  31,  1917, 
was  estimated  at  454,995  inhabitants,  the  aforementioned  increase 
bringing  up  the  total  on  December  31,  1918,  to  459,423  inhabitants. 

Monseñor  Juan  Marenco,  papal  delegate  to  Central  America,  has 
announced  that  the  Vatican  has  ordered  the  creation  of  the  ARCH 
DIOCESE  OF  COSTA  RICA,  appomting  Monseñor  Gaspar  Storck 
archbishop,  with  official  residence  in  San  Jose. 

The  teachers  of  route  IV  of  the  Provmce  of  Guanacaste  have 
organized  a  SOCIETY  FOR  INSTRUCTION  AND  RECREA- 
TION under  the  name  of  ''Valedor  Martinez. ''  The  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  association  is  as  follows:  President,  Señor  Filipe  Díaz 
Vidaune;  vico  president.  Señor  Ricardo  Alvarez;  treasurer.  Señorita 
Isabel  Cárdenas;  and  secretary.  Señor  Higinio  Vega. 

The  Government  of  Costa  Rica  has  appointed  a  CENTENNIAL 
COMMISSION  to  organize  the  festivities  of  the  centennial  celebra- 
tion of  the  independence  of  the  country.  The  commission  is  com- 
posed of  the  secretary  of  public  instruction  and  Profs.  Justo  A.  Tacio 
and  Patrocinio  Arrieta,  and  Señors  Ricardo  Guardia,  Alejandro 
Al  varado  Quiroz,  Luciano  Beeche,  Federico  Peralta,  Horacio  Acosta, 
Mariano  Guardia,  and  J.  Fabio  Garnier. 

CUBA. 

The  following  CONSULAR  APPOINTMENTS  were  made  in 
March  last:  Luis  Rodriguez  Embil,  consul  general  at  Rotterdam; 
Fernado  Bidal  y  del  Riego,  vice  consul  at  La  Paz,  Bolivia;  Salvador 
Arduin  y  Godoy,  vice  consul  in  Liverpool;  Calixto  E.  Sanchez,  vice 
consul  at  Aguadilla,  Puerto  Rico;  and  Alberto  Ruz  y  Mas,  chancellor 
in  the  Consulate  General  in  Liverpool. 

José  R.  Jordan  has  been  authorized  to  install  an  ELECTRIC 
LIGHT  AND  POWER  PLANT  at  Jaruco,  Province  of  Habana; 


GENERAL  NOTES.  693 

Clemente  Perez  &  Son  to  install  a  like  plant  at  Jucaro,  Province  of 
Camaguey;  and  Rafael  Rey  to  install  electric  light  and  power  plants 
at  Caspar  and  Piedrecitas,  Province  of  Camaguey. 

José  N.  Solano,  minister  of  Cuba  in  Uruguay,  Elisario  Boix,  and 
Juan  C.  Figari  Castro  have  been  appointed  delegates  to  represent 
Cuba  at  the  First  Pan  American  CONGRESS  OF  ARCHITECTS  to 
meet  at  Montevideo. 

Leopoldo  Dolz  y  Arango  has  been  appointed  MINISTER  of  Cuba 
in  Santo  Domingo. 

Cosmos  de  la  Torriente,  Antonio  Sanchez  de  Bustamante,  and 
Manuel  Sanguily  have  been  appointed  delegates  of  Cuba  to  the  Per- 
manent Tribunal  of  the  HAGUE  for  a  hew  period  of  six  years. 

According  to  press  reports  a  number  of  American  citizens  residing 
in  Habana  have  asked  the  treasury*  department  for  mformation  con- 
cerning lands  situated  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city  of  Habana  with  the 
object  of  forming  a  SUBURB  of  foreigners  there.  It  is  proposed  to 
construct  numerous  chalets,  open  streets,  lay  out  parks,  etc.,  and 
make  the  place  a  modern  summer  suburb. 

DOMINICAN    REPUBLIC. 

Press  reports  state  that  the  executive  power  has  taken  the  neces- 
sary steps  for  the  construction  of  a  number  of  SANATARIUMS  in 
different  parts  of  the  Republic. 

During  January  and  February  of  the  present  year  treatment  was 
given  in  the  FREE  DISPENSARY  in  Santiago  to  820  patients,  in 
1919  this  dispensary  treated  3,705  cases. 

ECUADOR. 

The  beginning  of  the  present  year  the  National  Government  ap- 
propriated the  sum  of  10,000  sucres  for  the  installation  of  a  WIRE- 
LESS STATION  in  the  city  of  Guayaquil. 

The  students  of  the  Quinta  Normal  (agricultural  school)  of  Ambato 
have  formed  a  society  to  facilitate  MEANS  TO  IMMIGRATION,  and 
to  urge  the  Government  to  pay  the  passage  of  Europeans  who  wish 
to  establish  themselves  in  Ecuador. 

The  electric  company  of  Quito  has  decided  to  establish  a  powerful 
electric  plant  in  the  Valley  de  los  Chillos,  to  improve  and  enlarge  th( 
LIGHT,  HEAT,  AND  POWER  SERMCE  of  the  capital.  It  is 
estimated  that  the  work  which  has  already  been  begun  will  take  two 
years. 

A  COMMITTEE  has  been  appointed  in  the  capital  of  the  Republic 
to  organize  and  prepare  the  program  for  the  celebration  of  the  first 
centenary  of  the  battle  of  Pichincha,  which  secured  the  independence 
of  Ecuador.     The  fe^stivities  are  to  take  place  on  May  24,   1922. 


694  THE  PAN   AMERICAN   UNION. 

This  committee  will  also  take  charge  of  all  the  civic  improvements 
to  be  completed  in  the  capital. 

On  March  8  the  President  issued  a  decree  prohibiting  the  installa- 
tion of  PRIVATE  WIRELESS  STATIONS,  movable  wireless  tele- 
phones, or  the  possession  of  apparatus  to  intercept  vibrations  be- 
tween wireless  stations  and  wireless  telephone  stations. 

The  JURISTS»  LITERARY  SOCIETY  of  Quito  elected  the  fol- 
lowing officers  of  thie  governing  board  for  the  present  year:  Presi- 
dent, Señor  Julio  E.  Moreno;  vice  president,  Señor  Homero  Viteri; 
secretary,  Señor  Isaac  Barrera;  and  treasurer,  Señor  Humberto 
Alborboz. 

GUATEMALA. 

On  February  19  the  President  issued  a  decree  ordering  the  RECON- 
STRUCTION* OF  THE  THEATER  COLON  of  the  city  of  Guate- 
mala, which  was  destroyed  in  the  earthquakes  of  1917  and  1918. 

Durmg  the  fiscal  year  ending  March  1,  1920,  the  \1TAL  STA- 
TISTICS  of  the  Repubhc  were  as  foUows:  Registered  births,  69,758; 
marriages,  3,799;  and  deaths,  63,790.  The  comparison  of  these 
figures  shows  that  the  population  has  increased  by  5,968  in  the  past 
year. 

Figures  furnished  by  the  HOSPITALS  for  the  administrative 
year  ended  March  1  show  that  12,006  patients  were  admitted  and 
9,345  released;  1,418  died,  and  1,243  patients  remained  in  the  hos- 
pitals to  continue  treatment. 

In  March  the  department  of  foreign  relations  appointed  the  follow- 
ing NEW  CONSITLS:  Senor  Ezequel  Sánchez  Rosal  consul  to  Nice, 
France;  Senor  José  C.  de  Obaldia  to  Hongkong;  Exequators  were 
presented  to  Senor  Carlos  Perret,  as  honorary  consul  of  Greece,  and  to 
Herndon  W.  Goforth,  as  vice  consul  of  the  United  States. 

Presidential  decree  of  February  15  calls  for  the  incorporation  of 
CANTON  GALEL  in  the  jurisdiction  of  San  Carlos  Lija,  in  the 
department  of  Quezaltenango.  The  canton  in  question  formerly 
belonged  to  the  jurisdiction  of  San  Francisco  el  Alto. 

HAITI. 

A  pictorial  review  of  the  Republic  of  Haiti,  compiled  under  gov- 
ernment supervision,  has  been  published  under  the  name  of  BLLTí^- 
BOOK  OF  HAITI.  This  publication,  which  is  in  French  and 
English,  contains  many  interesting  articles  on  the  history,  geography, 
commerce,  and  natural  resources  of  the  coimtry. 

HONDURAS. 

Prof.  Santiago  Cervantes  has  been  engaged  by  a  scientific  institu- 
tion established  in  Paris  to  make  a  special  study  of  the  MEDICIN.VL 
PRODIXTS  of  Honduras. 


GENERAL  NOTES.  695 

The  directorate  general  of  the  mails  has  made  a  contract  with 
Senor  P.  Guillermo  Nehring  to  establish  a  MAIL  SERVICE  between 
PotreriUos  and  Santa  Barbara. 

Dr.  Manuel  R.  Aguilar  was  appointed  CONSUL  IN  LOS 
ANGELES  by  the  President  the  last  of  February. 

MEXICO. 

The  department  of  industry  and  conmierce  proposes  to  exhibit 
abroad  a  film  showing  the  PETROLEUM  FIELDS  of  Mexico  and 
the  development  of  the  oil  industry  in  the  Republic. 

The  National  Government  intends  to  establish  an  extensive 
WIRELESS  TELEGRAPH  SERVICE  throughout  the  country. 
Apparatus  and  equipment  of  the  most  modern  and  powerful  types 
are  to  be  used. 

Direct  CABLE  communication  has  been  established  between 
Mexico  City  and  South  America.  News  can  now  be  received  daily 
from  all  of  the  Republics  of  the  South  American  Continent. 

In  1919  there  were  2,463  POST  OFFICES  iii  the  Republic.  These 
produced  revenues,  up  to  July  31  last,  amounting  to  5,039,183  pesos, 
and  issued  postal  money  orders  to  the  value  of  26,219,830  pesos. 
On  July  1,  1919,  the  postal  system  of  the  Republic  extended  over 
a  distance  of  45,605  kilometers. 

NICARAGUA. 

The  National  Government  has  approved  the  plans  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  building  for  the  ANTIRABIES  INSTITUTE  of 
Managua,  donated  to  Nicaragua  by  the  Mexican  Government,  and 
which  has  been  temporarily  located  in  another  building  in  the  city. 
The  cost  of  construction  will  be  borne  by  the  Mexican  Government, 
and  the  site  of  the  building  has  been  donated  by  a  distinguished 
Nicaraguan  physician.  The  new  building  will  be  one-story  high, 
have  a  ward  for  men  and  a  ward  for  women,  a  section  for  offices  and 
another  for  laboratories.  There  is  to  be  a  garden  in  the  center,  and 
the  principal  façade  will  have  a  gothic  tower. 

On  April  10  the  ASYLUM  FOR  THE  POOR  AND  INSANE  was 
officially  opened  in  the  city  of  Managua.  The  institution  was 
built  and  is  operated  by  the  Government. 

PANAMA. 

The  employees  of  the  Canal  Zone  will  erect  a  MONUMENT  to  their 
companions  who  lost  their  lives  in  the  European  war.  The  monument 
will  consist  of  a  marble  shaft  placed  upon  à  pedestal  of  canal  granite. 
The  committee  appointed  by  the  Government  of  the  Canal  Zone  to 
select  the  site  for  the  monument  have  decided  to  place  it  upon  a  hill 


696  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

near  the  administration  building,  from  which  the  canal  may  be  seen 
as  far  as  Pedro  Miguel  and  Miraflores,  and  the  point  itself  is  visible 
to  all  the  surrounding  country.  This  is  the  first  monument  of  the 
kind  to  be  erected  in  the  zone. 

The  third  designate  for  President  approved  a  decree  of  the  director 
general  of  mails  and  telegraphs  of  the  Republic,  dated  March  1,  fixing 
the  weight  and  dmiensions  of  PARCEL  POST  PACKAGES  accepted 
by  the  post  offices  for  delivery  into  the  interior  of  the  country. 

In  accordance  with  the  law  of  January  6  the  ancient  plaza  of 
Chiriqui,  also  known  as  the  Plaza  de  Armas  in  Panama  city,  is  to  be 
the  site  of  a  MONUMENT  TO  THE  FRENCH,  who  first  engaged  in 
the  work  of  building  the  canal.  The  plaza  will  be  renamed  Plaza  de 
Francia  in  honor  of  the  French  Republic,  and  the  monument  will  bo 
paid  for  by  popular  subscription. 

ITie  President  has  approved  the  contract  made  by  the  secretary  of 
the  treasury  with  Minor  C.  Keith,  in  which  the  latter  cedes  freely  to 
the  Government  the  open  streets  in  the  property  known  as  *' Bella 
Vista"  in  the  city  of  Panama,  as  well  as  a  plot  of  ground  to  be  used 
for  a  PUBLIC  PARK.  This  plot  contains  24,473  square  meters  and 
is  bounded  by  Avenida  Tercera,  Esplanada,  Avenida  Primera,  and 
Gran  Vía  or  Boulevard  Balboa. 

PARAGUAY. 

There  were  in  the  city  of  Asuncion  in  December,  1919.  197  BIRTHS, 
23  marriages,  and  112  deaths.  During  the  year  1919  the  marriages 
numbered  230,  the  births  1,973,  and  the  deaths  1,155. 

An  executive  decree  of  January  20  last  established  a  CONSULATE 
at  Oviedo,  Spain,  and  one  at  Amiens,  France. 

The  department  of  war  and  marine  has  been  authorized  to  repair 
the  SCHOOL  SHIP  Ricardo  RiqueJme,  The  sum  of  100,000  pesos 
currency  ha^^  been  set  aside  for  this  purpose. 

.  The  federation  of  students  recently  appointed  a  delegation  to 
represent  Paraguay  in  the  ceremonies  held  in  honor  of  JOSE 
ENRIQUE  RODÓ  on  the  occasion  of  the  arrival  of  his  remains  in 
Montevideo.  The  same  organization  has  also  appointed  a  delegation 
to  represent  Paraguay  at  the  official  inauguration  of  Alberdi  Avenue 
in  Buenos  Aires. 

PERU. 

In  accordance  with  presidential  decree  of  December  31,  1919,  the 
DEPARTMENTAL  COUNCIL  OF  LIMA  was  formed  on  January  16 
as  follows:  President,  Señor  Miguel  Grau;  vice  president  and 
inspector  or  works.  Señor  Juan  Antonio  Portella;  inspector  of  the 
treasury,  Señor  Martín  Pró  y  Maríategui;  tax  inspector,  Señor 
Eduardo  Lanatta;  adjuster,  Señor  Augusto  Lc^uía  y  Swayne. 


GENERAL  NOTES.  697 

On  January  30  the  President  issued  a  decree  providing:  for  the 
erection  of  STATUES  OF  HIPÓLITO  UNAMUE  AND  BARTO- 
LOMÉ HERRERA  in  University  Park  in  the  city  of  Lima. 

The  Government  has  ordered  the  establishment  of  a  STATION 
FOR  MARINES  in  Callao,  where  the  new  ''Batallón  Marina"  will 
be  quartere<l.  An  annual  preparatory  course  for  recruits  will  be 
pven  to  the  new  sailors  at  this  station  before  they  enter  service  on 
the  naval  ships. 

The  ministry  of  foreign  relations  has  appointed  the  following 
CONSIXS:  Señor  Guillermo  MacLean,  to  Oruro,  Bolivia;  Señor 
Manuel  Ayulo,  to  Los  Angeles,  Calif.;  Señor  Antonio  Zomillo  Rog- 
gieri,  to  Turin,  Italy;  and  Señor  Rubén  R.  Barrientos,  Tegucigalpa, 
Honduras.  Other  appointments  were  Señor  E.  J.  Deas,  vice  consul 
ad  honorem  to  Newcastle-on-Tyne;  Señor  Mario  del  Rio,  chancellor 
of  the  consulate  m  Bremen;  Señor  Juan  Martin  Dulanto,  chanceUor 
of  the  consulate  in  Calcutta. 

According  to  press  notices  the  Peruvian  Government  has  made  a 
contract  with  an  American  concern,  The  Foundation  Co.,  to  carrv 
out  the  SANITATION  OF  THE  TOWN  OF  PAITA,  mcluding  the 
supply  of  drinking  water,  sewer  system,  and  street  paving. 

The  Government  has  contributed  the  sum  of  5,000  Peruvian  pounds 
to  pay  for  the  publication  of  a  de  luxe  edition  of  the  WORKS  OF 
RICARDO  PALMA. 

The  law  passed  on  December  7,  1919,  by  the  regional  congress  of 
the  south  calls  for  the  installation  of  two  WIRELESS  STATIONS— 
one  in  Contamara  and  the  other  in  Yurimagua.  The  law  provides 
for  the  expenditure  of  10,000  Peruvian  pounds  for  their  construction^ 

On  January  26  the  President  issued  a  decree  ordering  the  creation 
of  a  CORPS  OF  NAVAL  AVIATORS  as  a  branch  of  the  Navy. 

SALVADOR. 

The  NATIONAL  ARMY  LIBRARY  was  officially  opeaedby  the 
President  of  the  Republic  m  the  city  of  San  Salvador  on  March  1,  1920, 
with  a  collection  of  850  volumes,  107  of  which  are  in  English. 

The  WHITE  CROSS,  a  society  of  women  in  San  Salvador,  have 
decided  to  establish  a  maternity  ward  in  the  city  of  San  Salvailof. 

The  NATIONAL  LEGISLATIVE  ASSEMBLY  met  in  the  city  of 
San  Salvador  on  February  25,  1920.  The  President's  message  was 
read  at  the  opening  session. 

URUGUAY. 

In  January  and  February  last  a  CONSUL  general  was  appointed  at 
Barcelona,  Spahi;  honorary  consuls  in  Argel,  Lyon,  St.  Louis,  Santa 
Ana  de  Livramento  (Brazil),  Zurich,  and  Mendoza  (Argentina);  and 
175460-20— Bun.  6 8 


698  '    THE   PAN  AMERICAN   UNION. 

vice  consuls  in  San  Fernando,  Argentina,  Antwerp,  Final-Marina 
(Italy),  and  Rouen,  France. 

At  a  meeting  held  on  January  4  last  by  the  RED  CROSS  of  Vvu- 
guay  the  following  officers  were  chosen:  Mrs.  Paulina  Z.  de  Morel» 
chairman;  Pedro  Alfaro,  treasurer;  and  Mrs.  Dolores  A.  de  Alfaro, 
secretary. 

A  CONGRESS  OF  NOTARIES  was  opened  in  Montevideo  on 
January  20  last,  to  which  all  the  notaries  of  the  Republic  were 
Invited. 

The  Government  of  I'ruguay  has  appointed  Dr.  Paulina  Luisi  a 
delegate  to  the  WOMEN'S  SUFFRAGE  CONGRESS  to  be  held  in 
Madrid.     She  will  represent  all  the  women's  societies  of  Uruguav. 

A  COMMITTEE  OF  SURGEONS  visiting  South  America  from 
the  United  States  arrived  in  Uruguay  on  February  10  last.  The 
object  of  this  committee  is  to  establish  closer  relations  between  the 
schools  of  surgery  of  North  and  South -America, 

VENEZUELA. 

The  HOTEL  AND  BATHING  BEACH  at  San  Juan  de  Moros  was 
opened  to  the  public  early  in  March.  The  enterprise  was  established 
by  Gen.  Juan  V.  Gómez  to  utilize  a  wonderful  hot  sulphur  spring, 
with  temperature  ranging  from  36°  to  31°  centigrade,  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  air  being  25°  centigrade.  This  spring  was  visited  by 
Humboldt  in  1804,  and  afterwards  by  Karsten,  when  its  medicinal 
properties  were  first  recognized.  The  hotel  building  has  all  the 
modern  improvements,  with  bathrooms  of  cement. 

The  government  of  the  State  of  Bolivar  has  ordered  the  construc- 
tion of  a  TELEPHONE  LINE  from  the  city  of  Bolivar  to  La  Paragua, 
capital  of  the  municipality  of  Barceloneta.  The  line  will  be  200 
kilometers  long. 

According  to  the  recent  census  the  POPULATION  OF  THE  STATE 
OF  MONAGAS  is  60,5X3  inhabitants,  proportioned  according  to  dis- 
tricts as  follows:  Naturin,  20,130;  Cedeno,  10,393;  Piar,  6,976;  Acosta, 
14,176;  Sotillo,  8,908. 

The  legislative  assembly  of  the  State  of  Falcon  issued  a  decree  the 
beginning  of  March  ordermg  a  COMMEMOK ATIVE  MEDAL  of 
the  centennial  of  Marshal  Falcon  and  appointing  a  com  nittee  with  the 
president  of  the  State  as  chairman  foi  tho  distribution  of  the  medal. 
The  medal  will  be  cast  in  three  metals — gold,  silver,  aíid  bronze. 

A  MONUMENTAL  GKOIT  of  Christopher  Columbus,  Isabel 
the  Catholic,  and  Fray  Juan  Perez,  modeled  by  a  Venezuelan  sculp- 
tor and  cast  in  the  metal  works  of  Puerto  Cabello,  is  to  be  erect-ed 
in  the  nev\'  alameda  in  front  of  the  ancient  churcü  of  Santa  Kosa. 


LbookkotesJ 

(Publications  added  to  the  Colombia  Memorial  Library  during  January,  1920.J 

[Continued from  May.] 

The  port  of  New  Orleans.  What  the  city  is  doing  and  has  done  to  facilitate  f(»reii?n 
and  domestic  commerce,  modem  warehouses  and  elevators  for  cotton,  sugar, 
rice,  grain  and  other  commodities.  Construction  of  pjeat  industrial  canal  con- 
nections, lake  and  river.  Movement  for  a  free  port.  By  Martin  Behrman. 
1916.    8  p.    8*».    Cover  title. 

Program  of  the  seventy-second  meeting  and  of  the  meeting  of  the  several  affiliated 
and  other  scientific  societies  that  will  hold  their  sessions  in  St.  Louis.     December 

29,  1919,  to  January  3,  1920.  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,     no  imprint.    69  p.     8*^. 

Readers'  guide  to  periodical  literature.     8up])lement  seventh  annual  cumulation, 

1919.    Author  and  subject  index  to  a  selected  list  of  ])eriodicals  not  included  in 

the  Readers'  Guide.     New  York,  The  U.  W.  Wilson  Co.,  1919.     223  p.     4*^. 
Regulations  concerning  duties  of  employees,  officials,  superiors,  medical  officers,  and 

others  under  federal  compensation  act  of  September  7,  1916.     Revised  October 

18,   1918.     Employment  Compensation   Commission.    Washington,   G.   P.   O., 

1919.     75  p.     8°. 
Report  of  the  Director  of  the  National  Park  Ser\'ice  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 

for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1919.     Washington,  G.  P.  O.,  1919.     maps. 

384  p.     8°. 
Report  of  the  Hawaii  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  1918.     Washington,  G.  P.  O., 

1919.     55  p.     8°. 
Report  on  the  International  Exchange  Service  under  the  direction  of  the  Smithsonian 

Institution  for  the  fiscal  vear  ending  June  30,  1919,     Washington,  G.  P.  O.,  1919. 

12  p.    8°. 
Report  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  and  report  of  the  Superintendent  of  the  Library, 

Building  and  Grounds,  for  the  vear  ending  June  30,  1919.     Washington,  G.  P.  t)., 

1919.     front.     187  p.     8*^. 
Report  of  the  Register  of   Copvrights  for  the   fiscal   years,   1916-1917,  1917-1918, 

1918-1919.     Washington.     8^.     3  pamps. 
The  Rockefeller  Foundation.     International  Health  Board.     Fifth  annual  report, 

January  1,  1918-Deceraber  31,  1918.     New  York,     illus.     178  p.     8°. 
Third  annual  report  of  the  United  States  Shipping  Board.     For  the  vear  ended  June 

30,1919.     WWington,  G.  P.  ().,  1919.     213  p.     8°. 
Training  for  foreign   trade.     By  R.   S.  MacElwee.     F.  G.   Nichols.    Washington, 

G.  P.  O.,  1919.     map.     195  p.     8°.     (Bureau  of   Foreign  and  Domestic  Com- 
merce, Miscellaneous  Series  No.  97.) 
Trust  companies  of  the  United  Slates,  1919  edition.     Statements  of  condition,  June 

30,  1919,  names  of  officers  and  directors,  stoctk  quotations,  dividend  rates,  other 
statistics.  Compiled  and  jiublished  by  the  United  States  Mortgage  &  Trust  Co. 
New  York,  1919.     õS8  p.     8°. 

Twenty-second  annual  report  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  and  twenty-first  annual  report 
of  the  Librarian  of  the  Public  Library  of  the  District  of  Columbia  for  the  fiscal 
year  ended  June  30,  1919.     Washington,  1919.     58  p.     8°. 


VENEZUELA. 

Aviso  oficial  sobre  licitación  para  el  establecimiento  de  la  telegr«ifía  inalámbrica  en 
Venezuela.  Versión  a  loa  idiomas  Francés,  Inglés,  Italiano  y  Alemán,  autorizada 
por  el  Señor  Cé-sar  Spiegelthal,  intérprete  público.  Caracas,  Tip.  Central,  1919, 
25  p.     8°. 

Doce  meses  de  observaciones  meteorológicas  en  (.'iudad  Bolívar.  Segundo  semestre 
de  1918  y  primer  semestre  de  1919.  Por  Ernesto  Sifontes.  Ciudad  Bolívar,  Tip. 
del  Comercio,  1919.     30  p.     4°. 

Psicología  práctica.  Cien  lecciones  en  una  [)ara  el  hogar.  (Primera  obra  en  su 
género  publicada  en  Venezuela.  )  [Por]  ll.  V.  (Jrtega.  (Caracas.  Tip.  Casa  de 
Especialdados,  1919.     32  p.     8°. 

Venezuela.  Agricultural,  forest,  mining,  and  pastoral  zones;  natural  wealth,  actual 
development  Venezuelan  currency  and  monetary  system;  manufacturing  and 
other  industries;  prospects  of  inunediate  growth;  means  to  attain  it;  economic 
conditions  of  Venezuela.  By  H.  Veloz  Goiticoa.  Ofiicially  edited  by  the  de- 
partment of  Fomento  of  Venezuela.  Fnulish  toxt.  C'aracaa.  Tip.  (Central, 
1919.     72  p.     8^ 

699 


700  THE  PAN  AMERICAN  UNION. 

GENERAL  BOOKS. 

Address  on  international  finance  and  trade  to  the  Aseoíàation  of  Foreign  Press  Cor- 
respondents in  theUnit^  States.  By  Eugene  Meyer,  Jr.,  NewJYork,  January 
3,  1920.     12  p.    8°.    Cover  title. 

The  Audiencia  in  the  Spanish  Colonies.  As  illustrated  by  the  Audiencia  of  Manila 
(1583-1800).  By  Charles  Henry  Cunningham.  Berkeley,  University  of  Cali- 
fornia Press,  191 9.  479  p.  8®.  (University  of  California  publications  in 
history.    Vol.  9.) 

Bolivar  y  las  repúblicas  del  sur — ^Argentina,  Chile,  Brasil,  Uruguay,  Paraguay, 
Bolivia.  [Por]  Daniel  Florencio  O'Leary.  Notas  de  R.  Blanro-Fombona, 
Madrid,  Editorial-América,  1919.    230  (8)  p.     12°. 

British  labor  conditions  and  legislation  during  the  war.     By  M.  B.  Hammond .    New 
York,  Oxford  University  Ptess,  1919.    ix,  335  p.    4°.     (Carnegie  Endowmen 
for  International  Peace.    Preliminarj-  economic  studies  of  the  war  No.  14.) 

Effect*  of  the  war  on  money,  credit  and  banking  in  France  and  the  United  State*. 
By  B.  M.  AnderEon,  Jr.,  Ph.  D.  New  York,  Oxford  Universitj^  JPress,  1919. 
vii,  227  p.  4°.  (Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace.  Preliminary' 
economic  studies  of  the  war.     No.  15.) 

Honorable  señores  delegados  a  la  Conferencia  Internacional  Financiera.  [Por]  César 
A.Estrada.     Enero  de  1920.    Washington,    no  imprint.     15  p.     8°. 

The  new  Hazell  annual  and  almanack  for  the  year  1920.  By  T.  A.  Ingram.  M.  A., 
LL.  D.  Giving  the  most  recent  and  authoritative  information  concerning  the 
British  Empipe,  the  N-ations  of  the  world  and  all  the  important  topics  of  the  day 
together  with  much  astronomical  and  other  useful  matter.  35th  year  of  issue. 
Loudon,  Henry  Frowde,  Hodder  &  Stoughton,  1920.     liv,  941  p.     12°. 

Ofliciafdelegation  of  Chile.  Memorandum  of  the  problem  of  maritime  transportation. 
Washington,  G.  P.  O.,  1920.    30  p.     8°. 

Petroleum.  By  Albert  Lidgett.  London,  Sir  Ipaac  Pitman  &  Sons.  Ltd.  no  date, 
front,     illus.     vii,  168,  15  p.     12°. 

Segundo  Congreso  Americano  ael  Niño  celebrado  en  Montevideo  18  al  25  de  Mayo  de 
1919,  bajo  el  patronato  del  Gobierno  de  la  Bepubhca.  Tomo  primero.  Mon- 
tevideo.    Imp.  PeñaHuos,  1919.     266,  vi  p.     8°. 

Transportes  terrestres.  I.  Ferrocarril  Panamericano.  II.  Ferrocarriles  Interame- 
ricanos.  III.  Ferrocarril  del  Juncal.  IV.  Proyecto  de  resolución.  Delegación 
de  Chile.  II"  Congreso  Financiero  Panamericano.  Washington,  1920.  Santiago 
de  Chile,  Imprenta  Universitaria,  1919.     36  p.     8°. 

MAPS. 

ARGENTINE    REPUBLIC. 

Nueva  mapa  de  los  ferrocarriles  de  la  República  Argentina.  Publicado  con  loe 
últimos  datíKs  por  R.  L.  Im])eriale.  April,  1919.  Buenos  Aires,  Talleres  Ca«a 
Peuser.     Escala  1 : 2,500,000.     Size  27  by  36  inches. 

COLOMBIA. 

Plano  del  rio  Magdalena.  Levantado  oficiosamente  para  servicio  del  tráfico  por  loe 
Ingenieros  Miguel  Triana  y  Jorge  Triana  en  excursión  verificada  en  1915.  Escala 
de  longitudes  1 : 5,000,000.  Escala  de  anchuras  1 :  250,000.  Remstrado  como  pro- 
piedad de  los  autores  conforme  a  la  ley.  [Bogotá],  Talleres  del  Estado  Mayor 
General.     Size  17 J  by  66i  inches. 

COSTA    RICA. 

Carta  económica  y  política  de  la  República  de  Costa  Rica.  Confeccionada  en  1919 
íun  las  notas  y  datas  facilitado  por  D.  Nariano  Alvarez  Melgar,  agente  financiero. 
Por  F.  Mira  Sellar.  Size  21i  by  19  inchen.  (lu  "Breve  reseña  de  Costa  Rica," 
por  Mariano  Alvarez  Melgar.) 

MEXICO. 

Carta  de  la  zona  petrolífera  del  Norte  de  Veracruz  y  de  las  regiones  Colindantes. 
Marzo  de  1919.     México,      Fot  .-Lit.  Müller  llm>sl     Size,  33  by  26  inches. 

PERU. 

Plano  de  Arequipa.  Levantado  por  Alberto  Ri  vero.  [1917]  Escala  1 : 5,000.  Size, 
32  by  42  inches. 

URUGAY.  « 

Montevideo-Porto  Alegre-Rio  Grande  y  Rio  de  Janein».  Mapa  de  la  Guía  Coatee  para 
informaciones,  venta  de  billetes  de  ferrocarril,  cupoues  de  hot^l,  etc.,  Monte- 
\âdeo.     Size  6  by  8  inches. 


Brazil Craiq  W.  Wadbwoeth. 

Mexico Charles  T.  Suumeblin. 

Salvuior Frank  D.  Arnold,  San  Salvador. 

Honduras .E.  M.  Lawton. 


â 


6 


AMBASSADORS   EXTRAORDINARY  ANO   PLENIPOTENTIARY 

A^entiDC  Republic Fkedbric  J.  Stimson,  Buenos  Aires. 

Brazil Edwin  V.  Mohoan,  Rio  de  Janeiro.' 

Chile Joseph  H.  Shea,  Santiago. 

Peru William  E.  Gonzales,  Lima.' 

ENVOYS   EXTRAORDINARY   AND   MINISTERS   PLENIPOTENTIARY 

Bolivia S.  Abbot  Maoinkis,  Lu  Pai. 

Colombia Uoffmam  Philip,  Bogota. 

Coeta  Rica Edward  J.  Hale,  San  José.' 

Cuba BoAZ  W.  Lonq,  Habana. 

Dominican  Republic... W.  W.  Russell,  Santo  Domingo.' 

Ecuador Charleb  S,  Hartiian,  Quito. 

Guatemala Benton  McMillin,  Guatomala  City. 

Htuti A.  Bahxy-Blanchard,  Poi-^au- Prince. 

Honduras T.  Sahbola  Joneb,  Tegucigalpa.' 

Nicaragua Denjahin  L.  Jefferson,  Managua. 

Panama William  J.  Price,  Panama. 

Paraguay Daniel  F.  Moonëy,  Asunción. 

Salvador , . 

Uruguay Robert  E.  Jeffery,  Montevideo. 

Veaez.uclii Preston  McGoodwin,  Caracas. 

CHARGES  D'AFFAIRES 

Brazil Craio  W.  Wadbwortb,  Rio  di;  Janeiro. 

Honduras E.  M.  Lawton,  Tegucigalpa. 

.Mexico Charles  T.  Sihuerliu,  .Mcxicii  City. 

Peru William  Walker  Smith,  Lima. 

Salvador Fhank  D.  Arnold,  San  Salvador. 


M 


'â 


AMBASSADORS   EXTRA08DINARY  AND  PLENIPOTCNTIARV 

Aigentioe  Republic... Fsedbbio  J.  Stimson,  Buenos  Aires. 

Bratil Edwin  V.  Mokoan,  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

Chile JosBFH  H.  3hba,  Suitiago. 

Peru WtLLUU  B.  Gohzalbs,  Lima. 

ENVOYS  EXTRAORDINARY  AND   MINISTERS   PLENIPOTENTIARY 

Bolivia 3.  Abbot  Maoinnis,  La  Paz. 

Colombia Hoffman  Philip,  Bogota. 

CoelaRica Edward  J.  Hale,  San  Jώ.' 

Cuba. Boaz  W.  Long,  Habana. 

Dominican  Republic... W.  W.  Rusasu.,  Santo  Domingo.' 

Ecuador Chablbs  S.  Harthah,  Quito. 

GuatoroAla Benton  HcMillin,  Guatemala  City. 

Haiti A.  Baillt-Blanchard,  Port-au-Prince. 

Honduraa. T.  Sambola  Jones,  T^ucigalpa.' 

Nicaragua Benjamin  L.  Jefferson,  Managua. 

Panains William  J.  Prick,  Puiaina. 

Paraguay Danirl  F.  Moohri,  Asunción. 

Salvador . . 

Uruguay Robbbt  E.  J efpbrt,  Montevideu. 

Veneiuela Preston  McGoonwiN,  Caracas. 

CHARQÉa  D'AFFAIRES 

Honduras Edward  M.  La wton,  Tegucigalpa. 

Mexico Geohoe  T.  Suhherun,  Mexico  City. 

Salvador Frank  D.  Arnold,  Sao  Salvador. 


'â