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JLLSJ^ S- GREEJ^OUGH'S LATIJ^ SERIES
Selections erom Ovid
CHIEFLY THE METAMORPHOSES
EDITED BY
J. H. AND W. R ALLEN and J. B. GREENOUGH
REVISED BY
HAROLD N. FOWLER
WITH A SPECIAL VOCABULARY
PREPARED BY
JAMES B. GREENOUGH
BOSTON, U.S.A.
GINN & COMPANY
1890
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year i8go, by
J. H, AND W. F. Allen and J. B. Greenough,
in the Office of the ]Libranan of Congress, at Washington,
All Rights Reserved-
Typography UY J, S. CusHiNG & Co., Boston, [J.S.A.
Fresswokk by Oinn & Co., Bo.ston, U.S. A*
NOTE.
This selection follows generally the text of Merkel (1866) though
the readings of other editors are preferred in one or two instances.
We have endeavored to exhibit as far as possible within our limits,
the variety of Ovid's style and genius, and especially to preserve
the more interesting biographical hints of the Amores and the Tris-
tia. The greater portion of the book is, however, made up, neces-
sarily, from the Metamorphoses^ of which we have taken about a
third. By help of the Argument, which is given in full, we aim not
merely to show the connection of the tales and the ingenuity of the
transitions, — necessary to comprehend the poem as a whole, — but
to put before the reader something like a complete picture of the
Greek mythology ; at least of those narratives which have held their
permanent place in the modern mind and have entered more or less
into every modern literature.
The first Z% lines of Book I. have been omitted in this edition in
the belief that they offer too many difficulties and too little interest
to the student. For similar reasons xiii, 1-398, and xv, 1-487,
which were included in the old edition, are omitted, their place
being supplied by a number of shorter selections.
The grammatical references are to Allen and Greenough's (§),
Gildersleeve's (G.), and Harkness's (H.) Latin Grammars.
Exeter, N.H., June 13, 1890.
THE LIFE OF OVID.
PuBLius OviDius Naso was a fashionable poet at Rome in
the reign of the Emperor Augustus, perhaps the most fashion-
able after the death of Virgil (b.c. 19) and Horace (b.c. 8).
All that is worth knowing about his Hfe is told by himself in
a pleasing poem (Trist. iv. 10), which is given as the last but
one in the present collection. Like most of the literary men
of Rome, he was not a native of that city/ being born at Sulmo,
in the country of the Pehgni, about 90 miles from Rome.
The year of his birth, b.c. 43, was that of Cicero's death.
His father, a man of respectable fortune, removed to Rome to
give his two boys a city education. Here the young poet was
trained in the usual course of rhetoric and oratory, which he
practised with fair success, going so far as to hold some subor-
dinate political offices. His father was quite earnest to check
his desire for a hterary career. But the death of his elder
brother left him with fortune enough for independence, and
following his own strong bent Ovid became soon one of the
favorite court poets of the brilliant era of Augustus. He was
married three times, but was soon divorced from his first and
second wives. The third, Fabia, remained faithful to him to
the end. He had one daughter, who inherited something of
his literary ability. After a career of great prosperity, he was
1 Virgil was a native of Mantua, Horace of Venusia, Catullus of Verona, Prop-
ertius of Umbria, Ovid of Sulmo, Cicero of Arpinum, Sallust of Amiternum,
Livy of Patavium. Of eminent writers of this age, only Caesar, Lucretius, and
TibuUus were born in Rome. But then Rome, socially as well as politically,
comprised the wkole of Italy.
197S68
vi The Life of Ovid,
suddenly, at the age of 51, banished to Tomi, a town on the
western shore of the Black Sea, in the present Bulgaria. The
cause of his banishment can only be guessed from his allusions
to the anger of the Emperor at some weakness, folly or fault,
which he says he is not free to tell. Some have thought he
was indiscreet enough to make love to Julia, the bright, witty,
and erratic daughter of the Emperor, wife of the grave Agrippa ;
others that he unfortunately knew too much of some court
scandal, probably connected with Julia or her ill-famed and
ill-fated daughter; others that Augustus, as public patron of
morals, took offence at the somewhat cynical indecorum of
certain of his poems. At any rate, the Emperor was hardened
against all his flatteries and prayers, and after an exile of about
ten years he died at Tomi, a.d. 18.
Besides the poems represented in this volume, Ovid was the
author of the Ars Amatoria and the Remedinm Amoris (to
which reference has just been made), and of numerous Ele-
gies. As a poet, his fame is far below that of Virgil and
Horace, — deservedly, since his loose and easy verse bears no
comparison with the elaborate fmish of theirs. For fancy and
fine poetic feeling, however, mar^y of th^ Elegies — both in the
THstia and Amores — show a vein of as good quality as either
of his rivals ; while in absolute ease of handhng the artificial
structure of Latin verse it may be doubted whether he has ever
had an equal. His chief merit, however, is as an excellent
story-teller, — smooth^ facile, fluent ; sometimes, it must be
confessed, inordinately diffuse. As the most celebrated existing
collection of the most famous fables of the ancient world, the
Metamorphoses y in particular, makes the best of introductions
to the nobler and more difficult verse of VirgiL
Writijigs of Ovid. vii
WRITINGS OF OVID.
1. Heroides: a collection of twenty-one elegies,^ being letters
chiefly from leading " heroines " of the Homeric age.
2. Amores: forty-nine elegies, in three books; miscellaneous,
but chiefly amatory or personal in their topics.
3. Ars Amatoria: three books, on the means of winning and
retaining the affections of a mistress ; and
4. Remedium Amoris : a poem prescribing the means by which
a foohsh passion may be subdued. These two poems contain the
passages supposed to have excited the anger of Augustus.
5. Metamorphoseon Libri xv. The Metamorphoses was still
unfinished when Ovid went into exile, and he committed it to the
flames, apparently, with his own hand (Trist. i. 7. 11, seq.) ; but
copies had been preserved by his friends.
6. Fastorum Libri vi. : a poetic Calendar of the Roman months,
from January to June, designed to be continued to the end of the
year ; a storehouse of Roman custom and Italian legend.
7. Tristium Libri v. ; and
8. Epistolarum ex Ponto Libri iv. : elegies written in exile.
Many of the letters implore the intercession of friends at Rome, to
obtain favor from Augustus.
9. Ibis, a poem of 646 verses written in exile : a bitter invective
against some personal enemy.
10. Halieuticon Liber: 132 hexameter verses, fragmentary
natural history of Fishes.
11. Medicamina Faciei: a fragment of 100 elegiac verses, on
the use of Cosmetics.
The following are included in some collections of Ovid's poems,
but are probably not genuine : —
Consolatio ad Liviam Augustam : an elegy of 474 verses
addressed to the Emperor's wife on the death of her son Drusus.
Nux ('* the Nut-Tree"): lamentation of a Walnut-tree by the
roadside, af the cruelties inflicted by wayfarers, and the vices of the
age in general.
1 The word Elegies, in this connection, describes not the topic or style of treat-
ment, but only the versification, — hexameter verse alternating with pentameter
making the " elegiac stanza."
■ )
INDEX OF SELECTIONS.
METAMORPHOSES,
PAGE
1. The Four Ages and the Flood (I. 89-415) i
2. Apollo and Daphne (I. 452-567) 12
3. The Adventure of Phaethon (II. 1-400) 16
4. The House of Envy (II. 760-796) 29
5. The Rape of Europa (II. 833-875) 31
6. The Search of Cadmus (III. 1-137) 33
7. Actaeon (III. 138-252) 38
8. Pyramus and Thisbe (IV. 55-166) 42
9. Ino and Melicerta (IV. 432-542) 47
0. Perseus and Andromeda (IV. 615-803) 51
1. The Wandering of Ceres (V. 341-661) 58
2. The Punishment of Arachne (VI. 1-145) 7^
[3. The Pride and Grief of Niobe (VI. 165-312) .... 75
[4. The Enchantments of Medea (VII. 1-293) 80
[5. The Murder of Pelias (VII. 294-353) ■. , 90
[6. The Myrmidons (VII. 614-657) . , 93
[7. The Flight of Daedalus (VIII. 152-259) 95
[8. The Calydonian Hunt (VIII. 260-546) 99
[9. Philemon and Baucis (VIII. 620-724) 109
20. The Death of Hercules (IX. 134-272) 113
21. Orpheus and Eurydice (X. 1-77) 118
22. The Song of Orpheus (X. 86-219) ^22
23. Atalanta (X. 560-680) 126
24. The Death of Orpheus (XL 1-84) 130
ix
X Index of Selections,
PAGE
25. The Story of Midas (XL 85-193) 133
26. Ceyx and Alcyone (XI. 583-748) 137
27. The Chiefs at Troy (XI L 1-145) 143
28. The Tale of Galatea (XIII. 750-897) 148
29. The Deification of Romulus (XIV. 772-828) .... 155
30. The Worship of i^sculapius (XV. 622-744) 158
31. The Apotheosis of Caesar (XV. 745-879) 163
SHORTER POEMS.
I. The Fasti.
1. The Festival of Pales (IV. 721-808) 170
2. The Founding of Rome (TV. 809-862) 172
3. Ritual to avert Blight (IV. 901-942) . , .174
II. Heroides: Penelope to Ulysses ... . . [76
III. Amores.
'I. The Poet of Idleness (I. 15) 180
2. Elegy on a Parrot (IL 6) 18 r
3. Farewell to the Loves (IIL 15) 183
IV. Tristia.
1. Banished from Rome (L 3) 185
2. The Exile's Sick Chamber (IIL 3) 188
3. To Perilla (III, 7) 191
4. Winter Scenes in Thrace (IIL 10) 193
5. The Poefs Autobiography (IV. 10) 195
V. Ex PONTO.
To His Wife (I. 4) 200
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
ABBREVIATIONS OF WORKS REFERRED TO.
Arch* Zeit, — Archaeologische Zeitung. i Millin. — A. L. MilUn, Galkrie mytholo-
Berlin.
Baum, — Baumeister, Denkmaler des
Klassischen Alterthums. Munich.
H. &> P. — Herculanum et Pompei, par
H. Roux Aine. Paris, 1840.
gique. Paris, 1811.
Muller. — Denkmaler der Alten Kunst,
C. O. Muller. Gottingen, 1832.
Roscher, — Roscher's Ausfiihrliches Lex-
icon der griechischen und romischen
Mythologic. Lcipsic.
Fig.
1. Jupiter. [Wall painting.] I/. &^ P,
2. Jupiter destroying the Giants. [Gem.] Baum,
3. A Faun with grafting implements. [Gem.] . . . Pine's Virgil,
4. Neptune. [Relief.] Miiller.
5. Nereid on a sea-monster. [Wall painting.] MUller,
6. Prometheus. [Relief.] Arch, Zeit,
7. Apollo. [Statue.] Millin.
8. Lucifer, Aurora, and the Sun rising from the ocean. [Vase.]
Gerhard^ Akademische Ahhandlungen,
9. Atlas. [Statue.] MUller.
10. Europa on the Bull. [Vase.] Baum,
11. Cadmus. slaying the Dragon. [Vase.] Millin,
12. Diana. [Statue.] Baum,
13. Actaeon torn by his hounds. [Relief.] Bauvi.
14. A Fury. [Vase.] Roscher.
15. Tantalus, Ixion, and Sisyphus. [Relief.]
Pietro Sante Bartoli, Gli Antichi Scpolcri,
16. Medusa. [Relief.] MUller,
17. Ammon. [Coin.] Millin,
18. Perseus and Andromeda. [Relief.] Millin.
19. Mercury. [Wall painting.] Baum.
20. Perseus with the Gorgon's Head. [Vase.]
Gerhard^ Herakles der Satyr und Dreifussrauber,
xi
xii List of I litis t rations.
Fig.
21. Minerva, [Statue.] Muller,
22. Ceres. [Wall painting.] . . . , II. ^ P,
23. Cupid. [Statue.] Afuller,
24. The rape of Proserpina by Pluto. [Relief.] Baurn.
25. Syracuse Fro^n a Photograph.
26. Sirens. [Engraved relief.]
Mittheilungen des K. deutschen archaologisckeft Instituts^ Athens.
27. Return of Proserpina. [Vase.] Baiim.
28. Head of Arethusa. [Coin.] Baum.
29. Departure of Triptolenaus. [Vase.] Baum.
30. Woman spinning. [Relief.] .... Smithy Dirt, of Antiquities.
31. Penelope at her loom. [Vase.] Baum.
32. Minerva's strife with Neptune. [Vase.] Baum.
33. Pygmies fighting with Cranes. [Gem.]
0. Jahuy Arekaologiseke Beitrage,
34. Niobe. [Statue.] MUller.
35. Scylla. [Coin.] Miiller.
36. Hecate. [Statue.] MUller.
37. Jason at Colchis. [Relief.] Baum.
38. Bacchanal. [Marble Vase.] Waekken,
39. Medea making the Ram young. [Vase.] Baum.
40. Theseus and the dead Minotaur. [Wall painting.] . . . II, ^ P,
41. Bacchus finding Ariadne asleep. [Wall painting.] . . . .Miiller.
42. Fistula and Flute. [Relief.] Baum.
43. Dsedalus making wings, while Icarus helps him. [Relief,] Roscher.
44. Icarus lying dead on the shore. [Wall painting.] . . . II, &= P.
45. The Calydonian Hunt. [Relief.] Baum.
46. Hercules and Cerberus. [Vase.] Miiller.
47. The Apotheosis of Hercules. [Vase.] Baum.
48. Mercury conducting a soul to Charon. [Terra-cotta relief] Arch, Zeif,
49. Ganymede. [Statue.] Millin.
50. Genius with Thyrsus and basket I^hompson's Horace.
51. Bacchic procession. [Vase.] , Arch. Zeit,
52. Large crater, over which two youthful Satyrs are picking grapes.
[Relief.] Milli7t,
53. Silenus. [Statue.] Muller.
54. God of Sleep. [Relief.] , Baum.
55. Sacrifice of Iphigenia. [Wall painting.] Baum,
56. Galatea and Polyphemus, with two Nereids and a God of Love. [Wall
painting.] Boschcr.
List of Illustrations, xiii
Fig.
57. Young River-god. [Bronze head.] Baum.
58. yEsculapius. [Statue.] Miiller,
59. Woman decorating: a Hermes with a fillet. fRelief.]
Liltzoxv, Miinchener Antiken.
60. The Serpent /Esculapius landing on the Island. [Coin.] . . Miiller,
61. Boreas. [Relief.] Millin.
INTRODUCTION
THE "METAMORPHOSES" OF OVID.
The Mythology of the Greeks, adopted by the Romans, con-
sists mainly of two distinct parts. The first is what is techni-
cally called Theogony, " the generation of the gods," and was
put in the shape best known to us by Hesiod, some time about
800 B.C. It began, there is no reason to doubt, with rude
personifications of the objects and forces of nature, such as
would be natural to a people of active intelligence, lively imagi-
nation, and childlike ignorance on all matters of science. The
Sun, the Dawn, the Winds, the Floods, are easily conceived as
superhuman persons. Some of the earlier fables are hardly
any thing more than metaphors, or poetic images, put in the
form of narrative. That the Sun is figured as a shepherd, and
the fleecy clouds his flock, which are scattered by the wind and
gathered again by his beams, — a very old bit of Eastern
poetry, — easily gives rise to the stories of Apollo as the shep-
herd of Admetus, and that which tells the stealing of his cattle
by the rogue Hermes. That the maiden Artemis gazes with
love on the sleeping prince Endymion, is hardly more than a
poetical way of describing the beautiful spectacle of a full moon
rising opposite the sun that is going down.
But few fables can be explained in this simple way. By a
very natural process, a group of divine or ideal Persons was
conceived, whose family history or personal adventures became
the subject of tales sometimes absolutely devoid of any sym-
xvi Introduction.
bolical meaning. In the system found in the Greek and
Roman poets, nature is full of mythological beings, grouped —
as subjects in a monarchy — about the one celestial or royal
family, which has its abode on Mount Olympus. The King of
Heaven, Zeus {Jupiter)^ with his sister queen Here {Juno),
is the child of Kronos {Saturn) or Time, who again is the son
of OuRANOS and Gaia* (Heaven and Earth), beyond which
imagination did not seek to go. His brothers are Poseidon
{Neptune) and Hades {Pluto), kings of the Waters and of the
Lower World. His sisters are Demeter {Ceres) and Hestu
(F^ri-/£z), queens of the Harvest and of the Home. His sons
are Apollo, god of the Sun, Ares {Mars) of War, and Hermes
{Mercury) the Herald. His daughters are Athene {Minema),
goddess of Wisdom, Household Arts, and War, APHRODrrE
{Venus) goddess of Love and Beauty, and Artemis {Diana),
goddess of the Moon and of the Chase. These are the twelve
great divinities {dii majores) .f And about them, in nearer or
remoter kindred, are grouped the inferior deities, the heroes
or demigods, their children by half-mortal parentage, and the
innumerable progeny of fabulous beings inhabiting the king-
doms of sky, water or earth. J
The other department of mythology is that with which this
poem chiefly deals. It consists of the miracles and adventures
ascribed to these superhuman persons, — a vast field, in which
* Ouranos was dethroned by his son Kronos, who was in turn overthrown
by his son Zeus. Kronos belonged to the race of Titans, among whom were
Helios (the Sun) , Selene (the Moon) , and the brothers Prometheus and Epi-
metheus. Kronos and the Titans (with the exception of Prometheus), strug-
gled against the power of Zeus, but in vain.
t The ancients were not altogether consistent on this point. The list given
above is, perhaps, the most usual, but Ares or Hermes is sometimes omitted,
and Hephaistos ( Vulcan, god of Manual Arts) inserted. So, too, Amphi-
TRITE (a sea-goddess regarded as the wife of Poseidon) sometimes finds a place
among the twelve great deities.
X The Greeks, even more than the Romans, regarded the world as full of
divine beings *, every spring had its nymph, every river its god, every grove its
protecting genius, and all the occupations of men had their patron deities.
Introduction. xvii
ancient fancy rioted as freely as the modern fancy in novels
and fairy tales. Some of them may possibly be explained as a
picturesque way of recounting natural phenomena, or as exag-
gerated tales of real events. But in general they seem purely
fictions of the imagination. In a very large proportion they take
the form of metamorphoses^ that is, transformations of men or
other creatures into various shapes : and this feature gives the
subject and the title of the present poem, the purpose and scope
of which is expressed in the opening lines (Book i, 1-4) :
In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas
corpora : di coeptis (nam vos mutastis et illas)
aspirate meis, primaque ab origine mundi
ad mea perpetuum deducite tempora carmen.
The poet proposes to tell in a continuous narrative, beginning
with the beginning of the world and continuing to his own time,
those stories which have in them this element of the marvellous,
— the transformations, particularly, of men into plants or animals.
But as nearly all myths introduce some such feature first or last,
he manages to include most of the important ones with more or
less fulness. They are told in a rambling, discursive way, one
story leading to another by the sHghtest possible Hnk of associ-
ation,— sometimes by what seems merely the poet's artifice,
aiming to make a coherent tale out of the vast miscellany at his
command.*
With the primitive (fetichistic) notion of a separate life in
every object, and the human soul differing in no essential regard
from the life that dwells in things, it is easy to imagine the
spirit of man, beast or plant as passing from one dwelling to
another, for a longer or shorter stay. Such a transmigration
was, in fact, taught as a creed by the school of Pythagoras (see
Met. XV. 1-487). But, as against the Hindoo doctrine of
* The connecting links between the several narratives contained in the
present Selection are given, bracketed, in the headings, thus presenting the
entire argument of the " Metamorphoses " as a connected whole.
xviii Introduction.
transmigration into the very life of other animals, the Greeks
held to the identity and continuity of the human soul, which
after death had its abode assigned in the Lower World. The
metamorphosis^ therefore, is only an occasional miracle, not a
real metempsychosis ;'^ it did not alter essentially the ordinary
course of human Hfe, but only marked the intimate connection
between that and the life of external nature ; or, in a certain
wild, pictorial way, showed the workings of human fancy, to
account for the first creation of plants and animals, or other
striking phenomena of the natural world, — a clear water-spring
in a little island (Arethusd) , a mountain ridge of peculiar shape
{Atlas), 3. bird of plaintive note {Philomela), or a rock weep-
ing with perpetual springs {Niobe).
To give something like system, order, and development to
this world of fable seems to have been a favorite aim of poetical
composition with the ancients. This aim is partly religious and
partly scientific, — if that can be called scientific which only
fills with fancies a void that no science yet exists to fill. Thus
the " Theogony " of Hesiod groups together the myths relating
to the birth of gods and heroes — making a sort of pagan
"Genesis " — in a form partly chronological, partly picturesque
and poetical. This is apparently the first attempt of human
thought to deal systematically with the phenomena of nature —
so as, in a manner, to account for things — before men were
sufiiciently free from superstition to reject the early fables.
The titles of several Greek works of the same kind are known ;
and Virgil, in the Sixth Eclogue, puts a similar song into the
mouth of SilenUs.
* Thus the princess lo is changed into a heifer (Met. i. 6ii). She retains
her human consciousness, deplores the change, and writes her own name on
the sand, to inform her father of it. This is metamorphosis, or change of form.
According to the oriental doctrine taught by Pythagoras (Met. xv. 459), the
heifer in your stall was doubtless once a human being, perhaps your own
mother or sister ; it would be wicked to kill her, and impious to eat her flesh.
But she has only a brute consciousness ; and simply shares the universal life of
man and brute. This is metempsychosis, or change of soul.
Introduction. xix
Any thing like a real belief in these fables had passed away
long before the time of Ovid. He was the popular poet of a
sensual and artificial age, who found in these creations of
ancient fancy a group of subjects suited to his graceful, ornate,
and marvellously facile style of narrative, and who did not hesi-
tate to alter or dress them up to suit his purpose. The
" Metamorphoses " — Libri xv. Metamorphoseon (a Greek
genitive) — is the most abundant and rich collection of these
fables that exists. They are told in a diffuse, sentimental, often
debased way, which contrasts strongly with the serious mean-
ing that originally belonged to these myths ; but are wonder-
fully fluent, easy, and melodious in their language, and show a
skill of versification which seems never to weary or halt. The
poem begins with the origin of things from chaos, the four
ages of gold, silver, brass, and iron, the deluge, followed by the
graceful and picturesque version of the tales of gods and heroes,
through a long narrative, — about 12,000 verses in all, — end-
ing with the apotheosis of Caesar, as a sequel to the tale of
Troy. The series purports to be chronological; but the order
is often arbitrary and the connection forced or affected, as
would naturally be the case with an author res diversissimas in
speciem unius corporis colligentem (Quint, iv. i, 77).
The poems of Ovid are addressed to the cultivated society
of his time, and he takes it for granted that his readers are
already famihar with the most important fables. Some knowl-
edge of Greek mythology is therefore necessary to an under-
standing of the poet's allusions. The reader should at least be
acquainted with the story of Hercules and that of the Trojan
War.
Hercules was the son of Jupiter and Alcmene, though he is
sometimes spoken of as the son of Amphitryon, Alcmene's hus-
band. Both Alcmene and Amphitryon were descendants of
Perseus. Hercules was pursued throughout his Hfe by the
jealous hatred of Juno, who sent two serpents to kill him in his
cradle. These serpents the infant hero strangled, thereby
XX Introduction,
betraying his divine origin. In his youth he performed many
good deeds, killing the lion of Cithaeron and freeing the The-
bans from paying tribute to Orchomenus.* He then becanle,
by command of Jupiter, the servant of King Eurystheus of
Tiryns, who imposed upon him twelve great labors : i) to kill
the Nemean Lion; 2) to kill the Lemcean Hydra, a monster
with nine heads of such terrible nature that when on^ head was
cilt off two more sprailg forth to take its place ; 3) to bring
alive to Eurystheus the huge Erymanthian Boar ; 4) to bring
alive the Cerynitian Deer, an animal with golden horns ; 5) to
drive away from lake Stymphalos the Stymphalian Birds, whose
claws, wings, and beaks were of brass, and whose feathers could
be shot like arrows ; 6) to bring the Girdle of Hippolyte, Queen
of the warlike Amazons ; 7) to cleanse in one day the Stable of
King Augeas of Elis, which he did by turning the rivers Peneus
and Alpheus through it; 8) to bring aliVe the Cretan Bull,
^j|iich had been sent by Neptune to ravage Crete ; 9) to bring
the Mares of Diomedes, King of the Bistones in Thrace, animals
which were fed ort human fltish ; 10) to bring the cattle of the
three-bodibd Geryones, which wxre kept in the extreme West
under the care of the giant Eurytion, and the two-headed dog
Orthros ; 11) to bring up from the realms of the dead the
three-headed watch dog of Hades, Cerberus ; 12) to bring the
golden Apples of the Hesperides, which were ilnder the charge
of the giant Atlas, who held the vault of heaven on his shoul-
ders, and were guarded by the dragon Ladon. All these labors
he performed, being constantly assisted by MinerVa. Besides
these labors Hercules took Troy and performed many other
deeds, the last of which was the capture of CEchalia in Euboea.
He was married first to Megara, and afterwards to Dejaneira.
At his death he was received among the number of the gods
(see Met. ix. 134-272).
* He was at one time sold as a slave to Omphale, a Lydian queen, by whom
he was made to sit spinning among her handmaidens.
Introduction. xxi
Jupiter wished to join in marriage with Thetis, daughter of
the sea-god Nereus. But it was prophesied that she should
bear a son mightier than his father, so that Jupiter determined
to wed her to a mortal, Peleus, son of ^acus. All the deities
were invited to the wedding except Eris, goddess of discord.
To avenge this slight Eris threw into the assembly a golden
apple, upon which was inscribed '^ for the fairest." Juno, Min-
erva, and Venus claimed the apple, and decided to submit their
claims to the judgment of Paris, son of King Priam of Troy. Paris
was then a shepherd of the royal flocks on Mt. Ida, having been
cast into the wilderness at his birth because- his mother had
dreamed that she gave birth to a fire brand. Paris awarded the
prize of beauty to Venus, who promised him the most beautiful
woman in the world for his wife. This was Helen, wife of King
Menelaus of Sparta, daughter of Tyndarus (or Jupiter) and Leda.
Paris came to Sparta as a guest and carried Helen away to Troy.
At the summons of Menelaus, and his brother Agamemnon,
King of Mycenae, the Grecian chiefs assembled at Aulis to sail
against Troy for the recovery of Helen. At Aulis they were
detained by the winds until Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter
Iphigenia to appease the anger of Diana (Met. xii. 1-34). The
siege of Troy lasted ten years, and ended with the destruction
of the city. The commander-in-chief of the Grecian force was
Agamemnon. The chief heroes were : — Achilles, son of Peleus
and Thetis, King of the Myrmidons in Phthia ; Ajax, son of
Telamon, the brother of Peleus, King of Salamis ; Ulysses, son
of Laertes, King of Ithaca ; and Diomedes, King of Argos, though
many others played prominent parts in the siege, among them
Philoctetes, who bore the arrows of Hercules. The foremost
warrior of the Trojans was Hector, the greatest son of King
Priam, ^neas, son of Venus and Anchises, was, perhaps, after
Hector, the greatest of the Trojan chiefs. Cygnus, son of
Neptune, Sarpedon, son of Jupiter, and Memnon, son of
Aurora, were prominent alhes of the Trojans. In returning from
Troy many of the Greek chiefs met with various adventures.
xxii Introduction.
Ulysses, whose adventures are narrated in the Odyssey, was
driven for ten years about thfe Mediterranean Sea before he
reached Ithaca.
The mythology of Oyid and the other Roman poets was
Greek mythology dressed up in Roman names. It is not nec-
essary to remind the reader that the stories here told related to
Zeus, Athene, Artemis, and the other members of the Greek
Olympus, and could never have been attributed to the sober
abstractions of the Roman Pantheon. Nevertheless, in com-
menting upon Ovid, it is impossible to avoid making use of the
names in the same sense that he did, — the names long familiar
in modern literature, which took them from the Romans and not
the Greeks,
METAMORPHOSES.
I. The Four Ages and the Flood.
[Book I. — 89-415.]
[Proem (1-4). Description of Chaos (5-20) . The Creator assigns
the elements to their places, and divides the land from the waters :
the zones and climates (26-58). The heavens are clear, and living
things come forth upon the earth : lastly man, fashioned by Prome-
theus in the image of the immortals (69-88).]
The Four Ages : description of the Golden Age (89-112). The
Age of Silver, Brass, and Iron : Astraea quits the earth ; the Giants,
and men of violence that sprang from their blood (i 13-162) . Jupiter
recounts the crimes of Lycaon, and his transformation to a Wolf
(163-243). He resolves to drown the world with a Flood rather
than destroy it by Fire : description of the Deluge (244-312). The
righteous Deucalion with his wife Pyrrha: when the waters are
abated, they behold the earth desolate, and beseech aid at the shrine
of Themis (313-380). Instructed by the oracle, they cast stones
above their heads, which are miraculously converted into human
beings, and thus repeople the earth (381-415).
AuREA prima sata est aetas, quae vindice nuUo,
sponte sua, sine lege fidem rectumque colebat. 90
iSWi^ena metusque aberant, nee verba minacia fixo
%tfp legebantur, nee supplex turba timebat
j^cilici^ ora sui, sed erant sine judice tuti.
]m()!r)d\l|fi caesa suis, peregrinum ut viseret orbem,
jnrtontiiM m liquidas pinus descenderat undas, 95
nulfeqpfc mortales praeter sua litora norant.
t I. The Four Ages and the Flood. [Metam.
nondum praecipites cingebant oppicla fossae :
non tuba directi, non aeris corniia flexi,
non galeae, non ensis erant ; sine militis usu
mqllia seciirae peragebant otia gentes. loo
ipsa quqcjue immunis rastroque intacta, nee ullis
saucia vompribus, per se dabat omnia teliiis :
contentique cibis nuUo cogente ct"eatis,
arbuteos fritii^ iliontanaque fraga legebant,
qorg^aque et in duris ha^is|ijia mora ru|)etis, 105
^t quae decii(|erant pat^ijjia. jovis arbore glandes.
ver er^t aeiternum, placidiqufe tej^entibus auris
mulcebant iephyri natos sine s^raine fiores. "^
vm^ ieti^m fruges tellus inarata ferebat,
'^^t renovates ager gravidic canebat aristis : no
Aurniiia jam lactis, jam flumina nectaris ibant,
%yaqti^ 4e viridi stillabant ilice mella.
Postfi^tiam Saturno teii6brosa in Tartara misso
sub Jove tntmdus firat, Subiit argentea proles,
aui^o deterior^ ^^^Ifi pretiosior aere. 115
Jnppiter antiqui ciontraxit tempora veris,
perque hiemes aestusque et inaeqliale^ autumnos
elf brfeve Ver spatiis elegit quattuor annum,
tilm ^rimum siccis aer fervoribus ustus
canduit, et ventis glacies adstricta pependit. 120
turn primum subiere domus : domus antra fuerunt
et densi frutices et vinctae cortice virgae.
semina tum primum longis Cerealia sulcis
obruta smit, pressique jugo gemuerc juvenci.
Tertia post illas successit a'enea proles, 125
saevior ingeliiis, et ad horrida promptior arma,
non scelerata tamen. — De duro est ultima ferro.
protinus inrupit vcinae pejoris in aevum
omne nefas : fugere pudor v^rumque fidesque :
I. 162.] The Four Ages, 3
in quorum subiere locum fraudesque dolique 130
insidiaeque et vis et amor sceleratus habendi.
vela dabant ventis, — nee adhuc bene noverat illos
navita, — quaeque din steterant in montibus altis,
fluctibus ignotis insultavere carinae.
communemque prius, ceu lumina solis et auras, 135
cautus humum longo signavit limite mensor.
nee tantum segete^ klimentaque debita dives '
poscebatur humus, sed itum est in viscera terrae ;
quasque recondiderat Stygiisque admoverat uiftibris,
-effodiuntur opes, inritamenta malorum. 140
Jamque nocens ferrum, ferroque nocentius aurum
prodierat ; prodit Bellum, quod pugHiat utroque,
sanguineaque manu crepitantia cOncutit arma.
vivitur ex rapto : non hospes ab hospite tutus,
non socer a genero ; fratrum quoque gratia rara est. 145
imminet cxitio vir conjugis, ilia mariti;
lurida terribiles miscent aconita novercae ;
filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos.
• victa jacet pietas ; et virgo caede madentes,
ultima caelestum, terras Astraea reliquit. 150
neve foret terris securior arduus aether,
affectasse ferunt regnum caeleste Gigantas,
altaque congestos struxisse ad sidera montes.
Tum pater omnipotens misso perfregit Olympum
fulmine, et excussit subjecto Pelion Ossae. 155
obruta mole sua cum corpora dira jacerent,
perf usam multo natorum sanguine Terram
inmaduisse ferunt calidumque animasse cruorem,
et, ne nulla suae stirpis monumenta manerent,
in faciem vertisse hominum ; sed et ilia propago 160
contemptrix superum saevaeque avidissima caedis
et violenta fuit ; scires e sanguine natos.
4 I. The Four Ages and the Flood. [Metam.
Quae pater ut summa vidit Saturnius arce,
ingemit ; et, facto nonclum vulgata recenti,
foeda Lycaoniae referens convivia mensae, 165
ingentes animo et dignas Jove concipit iras,
conciliumque vocat ; tenuit mora nulla vocatos.
est via sublimis, caelo manifesta sereno :
Lactea nomen habet, candore notabilis ipso,
hac iter est superis ad magni tecta Tonantis 170
Tegalemque domum ; dextra laevaque deorum
atria nobilium valvis celebrantur apertis.
plebs habitat diversa locis ; a fronte potentes
caelicolae clarique suos posuere penates.
hie locus est, quern, Si verbis audacia detur, 175
baud timeam magni dixisse Palatia caeli.
Ergo ubi marmoreo Superi sedere rece^su,
celsior ipse loco sceptroque innixus eburno
terrificam capitis concussit terque quaterque
caesariem, cum qua terram, mare, sidera movit. 180
talibus inde modis ora indignantia solvit :
' Non ego pro mundi regno magis anxius ilia
tempestate fui, qua ceiltum quisque parabat
inicere angulpedum captive brachia caelp.
nam quamquam ferus hostis erat, tamen illud ab uno 185
corporq et ex una pendebat origine bellum.
nunc mihi qua totum Nereus circumsonat orbem,
perdendum est mortale genus. Per flumina juro
infera sub terras Stygio labentia luco,
Cuncta prius temptata ; sed inmedicabile vulnus 190
ense recidendum est, ne pars sincera trahatur.
sunt mihi semidei, sunt rustica numina, nymphae,
faunique satyrique et monticolae Silvani.
quos quoniam caeli nondum dignamut honore,
quas dedimus, certe terras habitare sinamus. 195
I. 228.] The Guilt of Lycaon. 5
an satis, O superi, tutos fore creditis illos,
cum mihi, qui fulmen, qui vos habeoque regoque,
struxerit insidias notus feritate Lycaon ? '
Contremuere omnes, studiisque ardentibus ausum
talia deposcunt. Sic, cum manus impia saevit 200
sanguine Caesareo Romanum exstinguere nomen,
attonitum tanto subitae terrore ruinae
humanum genus est totusque perhorruit orbis.
nee tibi grata minus pietas, Auguste, tuorum est,
quam fuit ilia Jovi. Qui postquam voce manuque 205
murmura compressit, tenuere silentia cuncti.
substitit ut clamor, pressus gravitate regentis,
Juppiter hoc iterum sermone silentia rupit : •;
^ Hie quidem poenas (curam banc dimittite) solvit :
quod tamen admissum, quae sit vindicta, docebo. 210
contigerat nostras infamia temporis aures :
quam cupiens falsam, summo delabor Olympo,
et deus humana lustro sub imagine terras,
longa mora est, quantum noxae sit ubique repertum
enumerare ; minor fuit ipsa infamia vero. 215
Maenala transieram, latebris horrenda ferarum,
et cum Cyllene gelidi pineta Lycaei.
Arcados hinc sedes et inhospita tecta tyranni
ingredior, traherent cum sera crepuscula noctem.
signa dedi venisse detmi, vulgusque precari 220
coeperat ; irridet primo pia vota Lycaon ;
mox ait : Experiar^ deus hie, diserimine aperfOj
an sit mortalis ; nee erit dubitabile verum,
nocte gravem somno necopina perdere morte
me parat ; haec illi placet experientia veri. 225 ^
* Nee contentus eo, missi de gente Molossa
obsidis unius jugulum mucrone resolvit :
atque ita semineces partim ferventibus artus
6 I. The Four Ages and the Flood, [JMetam.
mollit aquis, partim subject o torruit igni.
quos simul imposuit mensis, ego vinclice flap.ima 230
in dominum dignosque everti tecta Penates. —
territus ipse fugit, nactU3que ^ilentia riiris
exululat, frustraque loqui conatur ; ab ipso
colligit OS rabiem, solitaeqiie cupidine caedis
vertitur in pecudps, et nunc quoque sanguine g^udet. 235
in villos abeunt vestes^ in crura lacerti :
fit lupus, et veteris $ervat vestigia formae.
canities eadem ^st» eadem violentia vultus,
idem oculi lucent, eadem feritatis imago.
' Occidit una dpmus ; sed noil domus una perire 240
dlgna f uit ; qua terra patet, fera regnat Erinys.
in facinus jurasse putes. Dent ocius omnes
',quas meruere ppiti, sic stat sentential, poenas.'
Dicta Jovis pars voc^ prob^nt stimulosque frementi
adiciunt, alii partes as^ensibus implent. 245
est tamen humani generis jactura dolori
omnibus, et, quae sit terrae mortalibus orbae
forma futura, rogant ; quis sit laturus i^ aras
tura ? ferisne paret populandas tradere terras ?
talia quaerentes, sibi enim fore cet^era curae, 250
rex superum trepidare vetat, subolemque priori
dissimilem populo promittit origine mira.
Jamque erat in totas sparsurus fulming. terras :
sed timuit, ne forte sacer tot ab ignibus aether
conciperet flammas, longu:?que ardescerct axis. 255
esse quoque in fatis reminiscitur, adfore tempus,
quo mare, quo tcUus, correptaque regia caeli
ardeat, et mundi moles operosa laboret.
tela reponuntur manibus fabricata Cyclopum.
Poena placet diversa, gpnus mortale sub undis 260
perdere, et ex omni nimbos demitt:ere ca^lo.
I. 294.] Gathering of the Waters, 7
protinus Aeoliis aquilonem claudit in antris,
et quaecumque fugant inductas flamina nubes,
emittitque Notum. Madidis Notus evolat alis,
terribilem picea tectus caligine vultum : 265
barba gravis nimbis, canis fluit mida capillis,
fronte sedent nebulae, rorant pennaeque sinusque.
utque manu late pendentia nubila pressit,
fit fragor, inclusi funduntui" ab aethere nimbi,
nuntia Junonis varios induta colores 270
concipit Iris aquas, alimentaque nubibus adfert.
sternuntur segetes et deplorata colonis
vota jacent, longique perit labor irritus anni.
Nee caelo content a sua est Jovis ira, sed ilium
caeruleus f rater juvat auxiliaribus undis. 275
convocat hie amnes ; qui postquam tecta tyranni
intravere sui, ' Non est hortamine longo
nunc ' ait * utendum ; vires effundite vestras,
sic opus est ; aperite domos, ac mole remota
fluminibus vestris totas inmittite habenas/ 280
Jusserat ; hi redeunt, ac fontibus ora relaxant,
et defrenato volvuntur in aequora cursu.
ipse tridente suo terram percussit ; at ilia
intremuit motuque vias patefecit aquarum.
exspatiata ruunt per apertos flumina campos, 285
cumque satis arbusta simul pecudesque virosque
tcctaque, cumque suis rapiunt penetralia sacris.
siqua domus mansit, potuitque resistere tanto
indejecta malo, culmen tamen altior hujus
unda tegit, pressaeque latent sub gurgite turres. 290
Jamque mare et tellus nullum discrimen habebant :
omnia pontus erat ; deerant quoque litora ponto.
occupat hie collem ; cymba sedet alter adunca,
et ducit remos illic, ubi nuper ararat ;
8 I, The Fmir A^^s' and the Flodd, [Metam-
ille super segetes aut mer^ae Culmina villae 295
navigat ; hie summa pistem deprendit in ulmo. ^^,
figitilr in viridi, ^i fors tulit, anchora prato,
aut subjccta terunt curvae vineta carinae.
et, modo qua graciles gramen carpsere capellae,
nunc ibi deformfes ponunt sua corpora phocae. 300
mirantur stib aqua lucofe urbesque dotnosque
Nereides ; feilvasque ttinent delphines, et altis
incursant ramiS, agitataqite rbbora pulsant.
nkt lupus inter oves, fulvos vehit unda le()nes,
unda V^hit tigres ; nee vjres fulminis apro, 305
tfura nee ablato prosunt velodia cervo.
(juae^itisque (}iu t(^rris, ubi sistere detur,
in mare lasbatis volucris vaga decidit alis.
I ^bi"ii^rdt tumUlo^i ipimens^ licentia ponti,
til$£ibantqlie novi riibjitana cacuminafluctus. 310
(axima p^-rs urtda tapitlir : quibus unda pepercit,
loS Ibiiga domant ino|)i jejunia victu.
Separat Aonios Oetaeis Pho'cis, ab arvis,
terra f era.x^ dum terra luit : scd t^toppre in illo
pars maris et latus subitarum cimpus aquarum. 315
mpns ibi verticibus ^etit arduus astta duobus,
nomine Parnasus, superantqUe cacumina nubes.
bic ubi Deucalion — nam cetera texerat aeci[uoi" — •
cum consorte tori parva rate vectus adhaesit,
Corycidas nympliks et numina montis adorant, 320
fatidicamque Themin, quae tunc oracla tenebat.
non illo melior quisquam rlec amantior aequi
vir fuit, aut ilia metuentior ulla dcorum.
Juppiter ut liquidis stagnare paludibus orbem,
et superesse virum dc tot modo milibus unum, 325
ct superess6 vidct de tot modo milibus unam,
innocuos ambos, cultores numinis ambos,
I- 360.] The Waters are recalled. 9
nubila disjecit, nimbisque aquilone rcmotis
et caelo terras ostendit, et aethera terris.
nee maris ira manet, positoque tricuspide telo 330
mulcet aquas rector pelagi, supraque profundum
exstantem atque umeros innato murice tectum
caeruleum Tritona vocat, conchaeque sonanti
inspirare jubet, fluctusque et flumina signo
jam revocare dato,/^Cava bucina sumitur illi 335
tortilis, in latum quae turbine crescit ab imo, —
bucina, quae medio concepit ubi aera ponto,
litora voce replet sub utroque jacentia Phoebo.
tunc quoque, ut ora dei madida rorantia barba^
contigit, et cecmit jussos mnata receptus, " 340
omnibus audita est telluris et aequoris undis
,et quibus est undis audita, coercuit oranes.
flumina subsidunt, coUesque exire videntur :
jam mare litus habet ; plenos capit alveus amnes ;
surgit humus ; crescunt loca decrescentibus undis ; 345
postque diem longam nudata cacumina silvae
ostendunt, limumque tenent in fronde relictum.|^
Redditus orbis erat : quern postquam vidit inanem
et desolatas agere alta silentia terras,
Deucalion lacrimis ita Pyrrham affatur obortis : 350
'O soror, o conjunx, o femina sola superstes,
quam commune mihi genus et patruelis origo,
deinde torus junxit, nunc ipsa pericula jungunt :
terrarum, quascumque vident occasus et ortus,
nos duo turba sumus ; possedit cetera pontus. 355
haec quoque adhuc vitae non est fiducia nostrae ';•
certa satis ; terrent etiam nunc nubila mentem. )
quid tibi, si sine me fatis erepta fuisses,
nunc animi, miseranda, foret } quo sola timorem
ferrc modo posses ? quo consolante dolercs ? 360
lo I. Th^ Four Ages and the Flood. [Metam.
nat^iqub ego, crede milii, si te quoque pontiis haberet,
te sequerer, conjimx, et itie quoque pontus haberet.
O utinam possim populos reparare paternis
artibus, atque animas formatae infundere terrae !
nunc genus in nobis restat mortale duobus : 365
sic visum superis ; hOminumque exempla manemus.'
Dixerat, et flebatit ; placuit (iaeleste pr^cari
numeii, et auxiliuni per sacras quaerer^ sortes.
nulla mora est ; adeunt pariter Cephisidafe undas,
ut l^ondum liquidas, sic jam vada nota secant es. 370
inde ubi libatos inroravei'e liquores
iVestibils et capiti, flectunt vestigia sanctae
M delubra deae, quorum fastigia turpi
pallcbant musco, stabantque sine ignibus arae.
ut templi tetigere gradus, procumbit uterque 37s
pronus humi, gelidoque pavens dedit oscula saxo.
atque ita: *Si pr^cibus' dix^runt 'numina justis
Victa r^molleSGunt, si flectitur ira deorum,
die, Themi, qua generis datnnum reparabile nostri
arte sit, et mersis fer opem, mitissima, rebus.' 380
Mota dea est, sortemque dedit : * Discedite templo,
et Velate cajiut, cinctasque resolvite vestes,
ossaqi^e post tergum magnae j^cts^te parentis.'
obstupuere diu, nimpitque silentia voce
Pyrrha prior, jussisque deae parere recusat, 385
d^tque sibi veniam, pavido rogat ore, pavetqu^
laedere jactatis maternas ossibus umbras,
interea repetunt caecis obscura latebris
verba datae Sortis secum, inter seque volutant.
inde Promethiades placicjis Epimethida dictis 390
mulcet, et * Aut fallax ' ait * est sollgrtia nobis,
aut pia sunt, nullumque nefas oracula suadent,
magna parens Terra est : lapides in corporc terrae
Missing
Page
Missing
Page
I. 505.] The Love of Apollo. 13
laesit Apollineas trajecta per ossa medullas.
protinus alter amat ; fugit altera nomen amantis,
silvarum tenebris captivarumque ferarum 475
exuviis gaudens innuptaeque aemula Phoebes.
vitta coercebat positos sine lege capillos.
multi illam petiere, ilia aversata petentes
impatiens expersque viri nemorum avia lustrat,
nee quid Hymen, quid Amor, quid sint conubia, curat. 480
saepe pater dixit ^Generum mihi, filia, debes.'
saepe pater dixit 'Debes mihi, nata, nepotes/
ilia, velut crimen taedas exosa jugales
pulchra verecundo suffunditur ora rubore,
inque patris blandis haerens cervice lacertis, 485
* Da mihi perpetua, genitor carissime,' dixit
'virginitate frui. Dedit hoc pater ante Dianae.'
Ille quidem obsequitur. Sed te decor iste quod optas
esse vetat, votoque tuo tua forma repugn at.
Phoebus amat, visaeque cupit conubia Daphnes, 490
quodque cupit, sperat ; suaque ilium oracula fallunt.
utque leves stipulae demptis adolentur aristis,
ut facibus saepes ardent, quas forte viator
vel nimis admovit, vel jam sub luce reliquit ;
sic deus in flammas abiit, sic pectore toto 495
uritur et sterilem sperando nutrit amorem.
spectat inornatos collo pendere capillos,
et * Quid, si comantur ? ' ait. Videt igne micantes
sideribus similes oculos, videt oscula, quae non
est vidisse satis ; laudat digitosque manusque 500
bracchiaque et nudos media plus parte lacertos :
siqua latent, meliora putat. Fugit ocior aura
ilia levi, neque ad haec revocantis verba resistit :
* Nympha, precor, Pene'i, mane ! non insequor hostis :
nympha, mane ! sic agna lupum, sic cerva leonem, 505
14 H. Apollo and Daphne. [IMliam.
sic aquilam penna fugiunt tr^pidante columbae,
hostes quaeque suos. Amot* est mihi causa sequendi.
me miserum ! ne prona cadas, indignave laedi
crura notent sentes, et sim tibi causa doloris.
aspera, qua properas, loca sunt. Moderatius, oro, 510
curre, fugamque inhibe. Moderatius insequar ipse.
cui placeas, inquire tamen.j Non incola mentis,
non ego sum pastor, non hie armenta gregesque
horridus observo. Nescis, temeraria, nescis,
quem fugias, ideOque fugis. Mihi DeJphica tellus 515
et Claros et Tenedos Patareaque regia servit.
JUppiter est genitor. Per me quod eritquc fuitque
estque, patet : per me concordant carmina nervis.
certa quidem nostra est, nostra tamen una sagitta
certior, in vacuo quae vulnera p^ctdre fecit. 520
inventum medicina meum est, opiferque per orbem
dicor, et herbarum subjecta potentia nobis.
ei mihi, quod nullis amor est sanabilis herbis,
iiec prosunt domino quae prosunt omnibus, artes ! '
Plura locuturum timido Penei'a cursu 525
fugit cumque ipso verba imperfecta reliquit,
tum quoque visa decens. Nudabant corpora venti,
obviaque adversas vibrabant fiamina vestes,
et levis impulsos retro dabat aura capillos ;
auctaque forma fuga est. Sed enim non sustinet ultra 530
perdere blanditias juvenis deus, utque movebat
ijjse amor, admisso sequitur vestigia passu,
ut canis in vacuo leporem cum GalliCus arvo
Vidit, et hie praedam pedibus petit, ille sakitem ;
alter inhaesuro simiHs jam jamque tenere 535
sperat, et extento stringit vestigia rostro ;
alter in ambiguo est, an sit comprensus, et ipsis
mofsibUs eripitur tangentiaquc ora rclinquit :
I. 567.] Daphne changed to a Laurel, 15
sic deus et virgo, est hie spc eeler, ilia timore.
qui tamen insequitur, pennis adjutus amoris 540
ocior est requiemque negat tergoque fugacis
inminet et crinem sparsum cervicibus afflat.
viribus absumptis expalluit ilia, citaeqiie
victa labore fugae, spectans Penei'das undas,
'Fer pater' inquit ^opem ! Tellus/ ait, 'hisce, vel istam, 545
quae facit, ut laedar, mutando perde figuram ! * 547
Vix prece finita, torpor gravis occupat artus,
mollia cinguntur tenui praecordia libro,
in frondem crines, in ramos bracchia crescunt : 550
pes modo tarn velox pigris radicibus haeret,
ora cacumen obit. Remanet nitor unus in ilia,
banc quoque Phoebus amat, positaque in stipite dextra
sentit adhuc trepidare novo sub cortice pectus,
complexusque suis ramos, ut membra, lacertis 555
oscula dat ligno : refugit tamen oscula lignum,
cui deus 'At quoniam conjunx mea non potes esse,
arbor eris certe ' dixit * mea. Semper habebunt
te coma, te citharae, te nostrae, laure, pharetrae.
tu ducibus Latiis aderis, cum laeta Triumphum 560
vox canet et visent longas Capitolia pompas.
postibus Augustis eadem fidissima custos
ante fores stabis, mediamque tuebere quercum.
utque meum intonsis caput est juvenale capillis,
tu quoque perpetuos semper gere frondis honores.' 565
Finierat Paean. Factis modo laurea ramis
adnuit, utque caput visa est agitasse cacumen.
1 6 III. The Adventure of PJiaetJion. [MEiiUi.
III. The Adventure of Piiaetiion.
[lo, daughter of the river-god Inachus, beloved by Jupiter, is
changed into a heifer by him, to escape the jealousy of Juno ; but is
put by her in charge of Argus of the hundred eyes, who being
soothed to. sleep by Mercury — who sings the story of Syrinx con-
verted to a water-reed to avoid the pursuit of Pan — is slain by him,
and his hundred eyes are set in the peacock's tail. lo, fleeing to
Egypt, becomes the goddess Isis, and the mother of Epaphus ; who
denies against Phaethon his boast to be son of the Sun-god, as
avouched by his mother Clymene (I. 568-779).]
The palace of the Sun described (II. 1-18). Phoebus, the god of
Day, receives Phaethon with affection, and owns him as his son,
promising by oath to give him whatever boon he should desire
(19-46). Phaethon demands the charge of the chariot and horses
of the Sun for a single day, persisting in spite of his father^s warning
and appeal (47-102). He mounts, and attempts the celestial way:
dread forms of the Zodiac : the steeds dash wildly from the i)alh
(103-205). Terror and devastation caused by the fiery chariot:
blasting of mountains and rivers, and alarm of Neptune himself;
Earth appeals to Jupiter, who blasts Phaethon with a thunderl)olt
(206-324). His sisters are converted to poplars, and their tears
to amber (325-366); while his kinsman Cygnus, bewailing the
calamity, becomes a Swan (367-380). The Sun, in grief and wrath,
hides his head from the earth ; but, entreated by the gods and com-
manded by Jupiter, collects again his scattered steeds, to resume
their wonted course (381-400).
Regia Solis erat sublimibus alta columnis,
clara micante auro flammasque imitante pyropo,
ciijiis ebur nitidum fastigia sum ma tcgcbat ;
argenti bifores racliabant lumine valvae.
materiam superabat opus ; nam Mulciber illic 5
aec|uora caelarat medias cingentia terras,
terrarumque orbem, caelumque, quod imminet orbi.
caeruleos habet unda deos, Tritona canorum,
Proteaque ambiguum, balaenarumque prcmentem
Missing
Page
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IT. 174.] The Steeds dasJi Jorzvard on the Course, 21
dum loquor, Hcspcrio positas in litore mctas
umicla nox tetigit ; noii CvSt mora libera nobis,
poscimur ; eff ulget tenebris aurora fugatis.
corripe lora manu ; vel, si rautabile pectus 145
est tibi, consiliis, non curribus utere nostris,
dum potes, et solidis etiam nunc sedibus adstas,
dumque male optatos nondum premis inscius axes,
quae tutus spectes, sine^tpe dare lumina terris.'
'*' Occupat ille levera juvenili corpore currum, 150
statque super, manibitsque datas contingere habenas
gaudet, et invito grat.es agit indc parent i.
interea volucres Pyrois Eoiis et Aethon,
solis equi, quartusquc Phlegon, hinnitibus auras
flammiferis implent, pedibusque rcpagula pulsant. 15s \
quae postquam Tcthys, fatorum ignara nepotis,
reppulit, et facta est immensi copia mundi,
corripuere viam, pedibusque per aera metis
obstantes scindunt nebulas, pennisque levati
praetereunt ortos isdem de parti bus Euros. 160
/ Sed leve pondus erat, nee quod cognoscere possent
Solis equi, solitaque jugum gravitate carebat.
utque labant curvae justo sine pondcre naves,
perque mare instabiles nimia levitate feruntur,
sic onere assueto vacuus dat in aere saltus, 165
succutiturque alte, sirailisque est currus inani.
quod simul ac sen sere, ruunt, tritumque relinquunt
quadrijugi spatium, nee quo prius, ordine currunt.
ipse pavet ; nee qua commissas flcctat habenas,
nee scit qua sit iter, nee, si sciat, imperet illis. 170
Turn primum radiis gelidi caluere triones,
et vetito frustra temptarunt aequore tingui,
quaeque polo posita est glaciali proxima Serpens,
frigore pigra prius, nee formidabilis ulli,
22 III. The Adventure of Phaethon. [Metam.
irlcaluit sumpsitque novas fervoribus iras. i/s
tc quoque tiirbatum mcmorant fiigisse, Boote,
qiiamvis tardus eras, el te tua plaustra tenebant
Ut vero summo cl^spexit ab aethere terras
infelix Phaetholi, penitus penitusque jacentes,
p^lluit, et subito genua intremuere timore, iSo
suntque ocxllis tenebrae per tantum lumen obortae.
ct jam mallet equ6s numquam tetigisse paternos ;
jam cOgnosse genus piget, et valuisse rogando :
jan) Meropis dici cupiens, ita fertur, ut acta.
1 ^)riecipiti pinus bdrea, cui Victa remisit 185
hcna suus rector, quam dis votisque reliquit.
Qliid faciat? multum caeli post terga i^elictum,
ante oculos plus est : animo metitur utrumque.
et mbdo quos ilji fatuiH contingere non ^st,
pt^ospiqit occasus, interdum respicit ortus. 190
qtiidqufe agat, ignaruS stupet, ct ncc frena r^mittit,
liec r^tiriere valet, ncC nomina novit equorum.
^p^rsa quoque in vario passim miracula caelo
va^tarumque vid^t trepidus simulacra ferarum.
Est locus, in geminos ubi brachia concavat arcus 195
Scorpios, ct Cauda flexisque utrimque lacertis
porrigit in spatiura signorum membra duorum.
hunci puer ut nigri madidum sudore veneni
vulnera curvata mirlitantetn cuspide vidit,
mentis inops gelida formidine lora remisit. 200
quae postquam summo tetigere jacentia tergo,
cxspatiantur equi, nulloque inhibente per aulras
ignotae regionis eunt, quaque impetus egit,
hac sine lege ruunt ; altoque sub aethere fixis
incursiint stellis, rapiuntque per avia currum. 205
et modo summa petunt, modo per dcclive viasque
praecipites spatio tcrrae propiorC feruntUr.
II. 240.] Confiagration of the Earth. 23
infcrinsque siiis fraternos currere Luna
admiratur equos, ambustaque nubila fumant.
Corripitiir flammis ut quaeque altissima, tellus, 210
lissaque agit rimas, et siicis aret ademptis.
pabula canescunt ; cum frondibus uritur arbor,
materiamque suo praebet seges arida damno.
parva queror : magnae pereunt cum moenibus urbes,
cumque suis totas populis incendia gentes ' 215
in cinerem vertunt. Silvae cum montibus ardent :
ardet Athos, Taurusque Cilix, et Tmolus et Oete, \
et tum sicca, prius celeberrima fontibus, Ida,
virgineusque Helicon, et nondum Oeagriiis Haemos. '
ardet in immensum geminatis ignibus Aetne, 220
Parnasusque biceps, et Eryx et Cynthus et Othrys,
et tandem nivibus Rhodppe caritura, Mimasque
Dindymaque et Mycale natu^que ad sacra Cithaeron.
nee prosunt Scythiae sua f rigora : Caucasus ardet,
Ossaque cum Pindo, majorque ambobus Olympus, 225
aeriaeque Alpes, et nubifer Appenninus.
Tum vero Phaethon cunctis e partibus orbem
aspicit accensum, nee tantos sustinet aestus,
ferventesque auras velut e fornace profunda
ore trahit, .currusque suos candescere sentit. 230
et neque jam cineres ejectatamque favillam
ferre potest, calidoque involvitur undique fumo.
quoque eat, aut ubi sit, picea caligine tectus
nescit, et arbitrio volucrum raptatur equorum.
Sanguine tunc credunt in corpora summa vocato 235
Aethiopum populos nigrum traxisse colorem ;
tum facta est Libye raptis umoribus aestu
arida ; tum nymphae passis fontesque lacusque
deflevere comis ; quaerit Boeotia Dircen,
Argos Amym(5ncn, Ephyre Pirenidas undas ; 240
24 in. The Adventure of Phaethon, [Metam.
nee sortita loco distantcs flumina ripas
tuta manent : mediis Tanais fumavit in undis,
Peneosque vSenex, Teuthranteusque Cai'cus,
et celer IsmenOs cum Phegiaco Erymantlio,
arsurUsque ite|"iim Xanthus, flavusque Lycormas, 245
quique recur vat is ludit Maeandros in undiS,
Mygdoniusque Melas et Taenarius Eurotas.
Ar?;it et Euphrates Babylonius, arsit Orontes,
Thermod6nque citus, Gangesque, et Phasis, et Hister.
aestuat Alpheos ; ripae SpercJ;ieifdes ardent ; 250
quod que suo Tagus amne vehit, fluit ignibus, aurum ;
et quae Maeonias celebrarant carmine ripas
flumineae volucfes, medio caluere Caystro.
Nilus in extremum fugit perterritus orbem,
dcculuitque caput, quod adhuc latet : ostia septem 255
pu^veruletita vacant, septem sitife fluminG valles.
fors eadem Ismarios Hebrum cum Strymotie siccat,
liesperiosqueamiles, RJieiiunl Rhodanumque Padumque,
cuique fuit rerum promissa potentia, Tiiybrin.
Dissilit omne solum, penetratque in Tartara rimis 260
lumen, et infernum terret cum conjuge regem ;
' et mare contrahitur, siccaeque est campus arenae
quod modo pontus erat, quosque altum texerat aequor
exsistunt motites et sparsas Cycladas augent.
ima petunt pisces, nee se super aequora curvi 265
tollere consuetas audent delphines in auras,
corpora phocarum summo resupina prof undo
exanimata natant : ipsum quoque Nerea fama est ,
Doridaque et natas tepidis latuisse sub antris. ^
ter Neptunus aquis cum torvo bracchia vultu 270
exscrcre ausus erat ; ter non tulit aerls ignes. -
Alma tamen Tellus, ut erat circumdata ponto,
inter aquas pelagi, contractos undique fontes,
II. 3o6.] Appeal of the Earth to y up iter, 25
qui se condiderant in opacae viscera matris,
sustulit oppresses collo tenus arida vultus : 275
opposuitque manum fronti, magnoque tremore
omnia concutiens paulum subsedit, et infra
quam solet esse, fuit, sacraque ita voce locuta est :
' Si placet hoc, meruique, quid O tua fulmina cessant,
summe deum ? liceat periturae viribus ignis 280
igne perire tuo, clademque auctore leyare.
vix equidem fauces haec ipsa in verba resolvo ' —
presserat ora vapor — 'tostos en aspice crines,
inque oculis tantum, tantum super ora favillae,
hosne mihi fructus, hunc fertilitatis honorem 285
officiique refers, quod adunci vulnera aratri
rastrorumque fero, totoque exerceor anno,
quod pecori frondes alimentaque mitia fruges
humano generi, vobis quoque tura ministro ?
sed tamen exitium fac me meruisse ; quid undae, 290
quid meruit frater ? cur illi tradita sorte
aequora decrescunt et ab aethere longius absunt ?
quod si nee fratris, nee te mea gratia tangit,
at caeli miserere tui ! circumspice utrumque :
fumat uterque polus ; quos si vitiaverit ignis, 295
atria vestra ruent. Atlas en ipse laborat,
vixque suis umeris candentem sustinct axem.
si freta, si terrae pereunt, si regia caeli,
in chaos antiquum confundimur. Eripe flammis,
siquid adhuc superest, et rerum consule summae.' 300
Dixerat haec Tellus : neque enim tolcrare vaporem
ulterius potuit, nee dicere plura ; suumque
rettulit OS in se propioraque Manibus antra.
At pater omnipotens, superos testatus et ipsum
qui dederat currus, nisi opem ferat, omnia fato 305
interitura gravi, summam petit arduus arcem,
26 III. The Adljeuture of Phacthon, [Metam.
unde i^olet latis nubes inducere terris,
unde mo vet tonitriis, vibrataque fulniina jactat.
sed neque, quas posset terris inducere, nuSes
tunc habuit, nee quos caelo dimitteret, imbres. 310
intonat, et dextra libratum fulmen ab aure "^
misit in aurigam, pariterque animaque rotisque
c^c^^ulit, et sa^ivis compescuit ignibus ignes.
consternantur equi, et saltu in contraria facto
coUa jugo eripiunt, abruptaque lora relinquunt. 315
illic frena jaceht, illic temone fevulsus
axis, in hac radii fractarudi parte rotarum,
spai-saque sunt late laceri vestigia currus.
At Ph^ethon, rutilos flamma populante capillos,
volvitur in ^raeceps, lotigoque per aera tractu 320
fertur, ut interdum de caelo stella sercno
etsi non cecidit, potuit ceciclisse videri.
quern procul a patria diverso maximus orbe
(^xdpit Eridanixs, fumantiaque abluit ora.
Nai'des Hesperiae trifida fumantia flamma 325
corpora dailt tumulo, signant quoque carmine saxum :
mC SITVS E^T PHAETHON CVRRVS AVRIGA PAtERNI
QVEM SI KON TENVIT MAGNIS TAMEN EXCIDIT AVSIS.
Natn pater obductos, luctu miserabilis aegro,
condiderat vultus ; et si modo credimus, unum 330
isse diem sine sole ferunt ; incendia lumen
praebebant, aliquisque malo fuit usus in illo.
At Clymene, postquam dixit quaecumque fuerunt
in tantis dicenda malis, lugubris ct amcns
et laniata sinus totum percensuit orbem : 335
exanimesque artus primo, mox ossa requirens,
repperit ossa tamen peregrina condita ripa,
incubuitque loco ; nomenquc in marmore lectum
perfudit lacrimis et apcrto pectore fovit.
II. 37I-] The He Hades : Cyenus, 27
Nee minus Heliades fletus et* — inania morti 340
munera — dant lacrimas, et caesae pectora palmis
non auditurum miseras Phaethonta querellas
nocte dieque vocant, adsternunturque sepulcro.
luna quater junctis implerat cornibus orbem :
illae more suo, nam morem fecerat usus, 34s
plangorem dederant : e qiiis Phaethusa, sororum
maxima, cum vellet terra procumbere, questa est
deriguisse pedes ; ad quam conata venire
Candida Lampetie, subita radice retenta est ;
tertia, cum crinem manibus laniare pararet, 35«
avellit frondes ; haec stipite crura teneri,
ilia dolet fieri longos sua bracchia ramos.
dumque ea mirantur, complectitur inguina cortex,
perque gradus uterum, pectusque, umerosque, ma-
nusque
ambit, et exstabant tantum ora vocantia matrem. 355
Quid faciat mater ? nisi, quo trahat impetus illam
hue eat, at que illuc ? et, dum licet, oscula jungat ?
non satis est ; truncis avellere corpora temptat,
et teneros manibus ramos abrumpit : at inde
sanguineae manant, tamquam de vulnere, guttae. 360
* Parce, precor, mater,' quaecumque est saucia clamat,
* parce, precor ! nostrum lacefatur in arbore corpus,
jamque vale ' — cortex in verba novissima venit.
inde fluunt lacrimae, stillataque sole rigescunt
de ramis electra novis, quae lucidus amnis 365
excipit et nuribus mittit gestanda Latinis.
Adfuit huic monstro proles Stheneleia Cycnus,
qui tibi materno quam vis a sanguine junctus,
mente tamen, Phaethon, propior fuit ; ille relicto —
nam Ligurum populos et magnas rexerat urbes — 370
imperio, ripas virides amnemque querellis
28 III. The Adventure of Pha'ethon. [Metam.
Eridanum implerat, silvamque sororibus aiictam :
cum vox est tenuata viro, canaeque capillos
dissimulant plumac, collumque a pectore longe
porrigitur, digit osque ligat junctura rubentes, ^js
p^nna latus vestit, tenet os sine acumine rostrum,
fit nova Cycnus avis ; nee se caeloque Joviquc
credit, ut in juste missi memor ignis ab illo :
stagna petit patulosque lacus, ignemque perosus,
quae colat, elegit contraria flumina flammis. 380
Squalidus interea genitor Phaethontis, et expers
ipse stii decoris, qualis cum deficit orbem
esse solet, lucemque odit seque ipse diemque,
datque animum in luctus, et luctibus adicit iram,
officiumque negat mundo. ' Satis ' inquit ' ab aevi 385
sors mea principiis fuit inrequieta, pigetque
actorum sine fine mihi, sine honore laborum.
quilibet alter agat portantes lumina currus :
si nemo est, omnesquc dei non posse fatentur,
ipse agat ; ut saltern, dum nostras temptat habenas, 39a
orbatura patres aliquando fulmina ponat.
turn sciet, ignipedum vires expertus equorum,
non meruisse necem, qui non bene rexerit illos/
Talia dicentem cifcumstant omnia Solem
numina, neve velit tenebras inducere rebus, 39s
supplice voce rogant ; missos quoque Juppiter ignes
excusat, precibusque minas regaliter addit.
colligit amentes et adhuc terrore paventcs
Phoebus equos, stimuloque domans ct verberc caedit :
saevit enim, natumque objectat et imputat illis. 400
II. 77^0 Tlic House of Eitvy, 29
IV. The House of Envy.
[Book II. — 760-796.]
[Callisto, beloved by Jupiter, is transformed by Juno's jealousy
into a bear, and set as a constellation in the heavens (401-530).
Coronis is transformed into a raven ; Nyctimene into a night-owl,
and the prophetic Ocyroe into a mare (531-675). Apollo serving
Admetus as herdsman, his cattle are stolen by Mercury, who changes
Battus to a stone, finding him ready to betray his secret (676-707).
Aglauros, daughter of Cecrops, incurs the anger of Minerva by her
curiosity. Herse, sister of Aglauros, is beloved by Mercury, who
asks aid of Aglauros. Minerva, desiring to punish Aglauros, re-
solves to employ the aid of Envy (708-759).]
The house of Envy is described.
Protinus Invidiae nigro squalentia tabo 760
tecta petit. Domus est imis in vallibus hujus
abdita, sole carens, non ulli pervia vento,
tristis et ignavi plenissima frigoris^ et quae
igne vacet semper, caligine semper abundet.
Hue ubi pervenit belli metuenda virago, 765
constitit ante domum, neque enim succedere tectis
fas habet, et postes extrema cuspide pulsat.
concussae patuere fores. Videt intus edentem
vipereas carnes, vitiorum alimenta suorum,
Invidiam, visaque oculos avertit. At ilia 770
surgit humo pigre semesarumque relinquit
corpora serpentum, passuque incedit inerti ;
utque deam vidit formaqiie armisque decoram,
ingemuit, vultumque ima ad suspiria duxit.
pallor in ore sedet, macies in corpore toto, 775
nusquam recta acies, livent rubigine dentes,
pectora felle virent, lingua est suffusa veneno.
risus abest, nisi quern visi movere dolores,
30 IV. The House of Envy. [Metam.
nee fruitur somno, vigilacibus excita curis,
sed vidct ingratos, intabescitque videndo, 780
successus hominum, carpitque et carpitur una,
suppliciumque suum est. Quamvis tamen oderat, illam
talibus affata est breviter Tritonia dictis :
* Infice tabe tua natarum Cecropis unam.
sic opus est. Aglauros ea est.' Hand plura locuta 785
fugit et inpressa tellurem reppulit hasta.
Ilia deam obliquo fugientem lumine cernens
murmura parva dedit, successurumque Minervae
indoluit. Baculumque capit, quod spinea totum
vincula cingebant ; adopertaque nubibus atris 790
quacumque ingreditur, florentia proterit arva,
exuritque herbas et summa cacumina carpit,
afflatuque suo populos urbesque domosque
polluit, et tandem Tritonida conspicit arcem
ingeniis opibusque et festa pace virentem, 795
vixque tenet lacrimas, quia nil lacrimabile cernit.
II. 854-] The Rape of Europa. 3 1
V. The Rape of Europa.
[Book IL — 833-875.]
[Aglauros is harassed by envy of her sister Herse, and is
changed into a stone (797-832).]
Europa, daughter of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, being beloved
by Jupiter, he sends Mercury to drive Agenor^s cattle to the shore,
meanwhile transforming himself to a snow-white bull ; whom
Europa mounts, and so is borne away upon the sea, to the island
of Crete.
Has ubi verborum poenas mentisque profanae
cepit Atlantiades, dictas a Pallacle terras
linquit, et ingreclitur jactatis aethera pennis. 835
sevocat hunc genitor ; nee causam f assus amoris,
* Fide minister' ait *jussorum, nate, meorum,
pelle moram, solitoque celcr clelabere cursu :
quaeque tuam matrem tellus a parte sinistra
suspicit, indigenae Sidonida nomine dicunt, 840
banc pete ; quodque procul montano gramine pasci
armentum regale vides, ad litora verte.'
Dixit ; et expulsi jaradudum monte juvenci
litora jussa petunt, ubi magni filia regis
ludere virginibus Tyriis comitata solebat. 845
non bene conveniunt, nee in una sede morantur
majestas et amor. Sceptri gravitate relicta,
ille pater rectorque deum, cui dextra trisulcis
ignibus armata est, qui nutu concutit orbem,
induitur faciem tauri ; mixtusque juvencis 850
mugit, et in teneris formosus obambulat herbis.
quippe color nivis est, quam nee vestigia duri
calcavere pedis, nee solvit aquaticus auster ;
coUa toris extant ; armis palearia pendent ;
32 V. The Rape of Europa. [Metam.
cornua parva quidem, sed quae contendere possis 855
facta manu, puraquc magis pciiucida gemma.
Bullae in fronte minae, nee formidabile lumen :
pacem vultus habet. Miratur Agenore nata,
quod tarn formosus, quod proelia nulla minetur.
sed quamvis mitem, metuit contingere primo : 860
mox adit, et flores ad Candida porrigit ora.
Nunc latus in fulvis niveum deponit arenis : 865
paulatimque metu dempto, modo pectora praebet
virginea palpanda manu, modo cornua sertis
impedienda novis. Ausa est quoque regia virgo,
nescia quern premeret, tergo considere tauri :
cum deus a terra siccoque a litore sensim 870
falsa pedum primis vestigia ponit in undis,
inde abit ulterius, mediique per aequora ponti
fert praedam. Pavet haec, litusque ablata relictum
respicit, et dextra cornum tenet, altera dorso
imposita est : tremulae sinuantur flamine vestes. 875
III. 19.] The Search of Cadmus, 33
VI. The Search of Cadmus.
[Book III. — 1-137-]
Cadmus, brother of Europa, being sent by his father in search
of her, by guidance of an oracle follows a heifer ; and when she
lies down to rest, prepares for sacrifice (1-25). But meanwhile
his companions, sent to a fountain of Mars for water, are devoured
by a dragon (26-49). Seeking them, Cadmus encounters and
slays the dragon (50-94). At the command of Pallas, he sows his
teeth, which spring up armed men. These are all, excepting five,
slain in mutual strife; and, by help of the survivors, Cadmus
founds the city Thebes, in Boeotia, which being interpreted is the
land of kim (95-130).
Jamque deus, posita fallacis imagine tauri,
se confessus erat, Dictaeaque rura tenebat :
cum pater ignarus Cadmo perquirere raptam
imperat, et poenam, si non invenerit, addit
exsilium : facto pius et sceleratus eodem. 5
Orbe pererrato — quis enim deprendere possit
furta Jovis } — profugus patriamque iramque parentis
vitat Agenorides, Phoebique oracula supplex
consulit, et quae sit tellus habitanda requirit.
* Bos tibi ' Phoebus ait * solis occurret in arvis, 10
nullum passa jugum, curvique immunis aratri.
hac duce, carpe vias ; et qua requieverit herba,
moenia fac condas, Boeotiaque ilia vocato.'
Vix bene Castalio Cadmus descenderat antro,
incustoditam lente videt ire juvencam 15
nullum servitii signum cervice gerentem.
subsequitur, pressoque legit vestigia gressu,
auctoremque viae Phoebum taciturnus adorat
jam vada Cephisi, Panopesque evaserat arva :
34 VL The Search of Cadmus. [Metam.
bos stetit, et tollcns speciosam cornibus altis 20
ad caelum front em, mugitibus impulit auras,
atque ita respiciens comites sua terga sequentes,
procubuit, teneraque latus summisit in herba.
Cadmus agit grates, peregrinaeque oscula terrae
figit, et ignotos montes agrosque salutat. 25
sacra Jovi facturus erat : jubet ire ministros,
et petere e vivis libandas fontibus undas.
silva vetus stabat nulla violata securi,
et specus in medio, virgis ac vimine densus,
efficiens humilem lapidum compagibus arcum, 30
uberibus fecundus aqtiis, ubi conditus antro
Martins anguis erat, cristis praesignis et auro :
igne micant oculi, corpus tumet omne veneno,
tresqile vibrant linguae, triplici stant ordine dentes.
Quern postquam Tyria lucum de gente profecti 35
infausto tetigere gradu, ddmissaque in undas
urna dedit sonitum, longo caput extulit antro
ca,eruleus serpens, horrendaque sibila misit.
effluxere urnae manibus, sanguisque relinquit
corpus, et attonitos subitus tremor occupat artus. 40
ille volubilibus squamosos nexibus orbes
torquet, et immensos saltu sinuatiir in arcus :
ac media plus parte leves erectus in auras
despicit omne nemuS, tantoque est corpore, quanto
si totum spectes, geminas qui separat Arctos. 45
nee mora, Phoenicas, sive illi tela parabant,
sive fugam, sive ipse timor prohibebat utrumque,
occupat : hos morsu, longis amplexibus illos,
hos necat afflati funesta tabe veneni,
Fecerat exiguas jam sol altissimus umbras : 50
quae mora sit sociis, miratur Agenore natus,
vestigatque viros : tegumen direpta leonis
III. 85.] Fight with the Dragon, 35
pellis erat, telum splendent! lancea ferro
et jaculum, teloque animus praestantior omni.
ut nemus intravit, letataque corpora viclit, 55
victoremqne supra spatiosi corporis hostem
tristia sanguinea lambentem vulnera lingua,
' Aut ultor vestrae, ficlissima corpora, mortis,
aut comes ' inquit ' ero. ' Dixit, dextraque molarem
sustulit, et magnum magno conamine misit. 60
illius impulsu cum turribus ardua celsis
moenia mota forent : serpens sine vulnere mansit,
loricaeque modo squamis defensus, et atrae
duritia pellis, validos cute reppulit ictus.
At non duritia jaculum quoque vicit eadem, 65
quod medio lentae spinae curvamine fixum
constitit, et totum descendit in ilia ferrum.
ille, dolore ferox, caput in sua terga retorsit,
vulneraque aspexit, fixumque hastile momordit,
idque ubi vi multa partem labefecit in omnem, 70
vix tergo eripuit ; ferrum tamen ossibus haesit.
turn vero postquam solitas accessit ad iras
causa recens, plenis tumuerunt guttura venis,
spumaque pestiferos circumfluit albida rictus,
terraque rasa sonat squamis, quique halitus exit 75
ore niger Stygio, vitiatas inficit auras,
ipse modo immensum spiris facientibus orbem
cingitur, interdum longa trabe rectior exstat ;
impete nunc vasto ceu concitus imbribus amnis
fertur, et obstantes proturbat pectore silvas. 80
Cedit Agenorides paulum, spolioque leonis
sustinet incursus, instantiaque ora retardat
cuspide praetenta : furit ille, et inania duro
vulnera dat ferro, figitque in acumine dentes ;
jamque venenifero sanguis manare palato 85
36 VI. The Search of Cadmus. [Metam.
coeperat, et virides aspergine tinxerat herbas :
sed leve vulnus erat, quia se retrahebat ab ictii,
laesaque colla dabat retro, plagamque sedere
cedendo arcebat, nee longiiis ire sinebat :
donee Agenorides conjectum in gutture ferrum 90
usque sequens pressit, dum retro quercus eunti
obstitit, et fixa est pariter cum robore cervix,
pondere serpentis curVata est arbor, et imae
parte flagellari gemuit sua robora caudae.
^ Dum spatium victor victi cohsiderat hostis, 95
Vox subito audita est ; neque erat cognoscere promptum
unde, sed audita est : ' Quid, Agenore nate, peremptum
serpentem spectas .'* et tu spectabere serpens.'
iile diu pavidus pariter cum mente colorem
perdiderat, gelid oque comae terrore rigebant 100
ecce viri fautrix, superas delapsa per auras
Pallas adest, motaeque jubet subponere terrae
vipereos dentes, populi incrementa futuri.
paret, et ut presso sulcum patefecit aratro,
spargit humi jussos, mortalia semina, dentes. 105
inde — fide majus — glebae coepere moved,
primaque de sulcis acies apparuit hastae ;
tegmina mox capitum picto nutantia cono ;
m ox humeri pectusque onerataque bracchia telis
exsistunt, crescitque seges clipeata virorum. no
sic ubi tolluntur festis aulaea theatris,
surgere signa solent, primumque ostendere vultus,
cetera paulatim ; placidoque educta tenore
tota patent, imoque pedes in margine ponunt.
Territus hoste novo Cadmus capere arma parabat : 115
* Ne cape ' de populo quern terra creaverat unus
^xclamat, ' nee te civilibus insere bellis.'
atque ita terrigenis rigido de fratribus unum
III. 137.] Fotmding of the City Thebes. 37
cominus ense ferit : jaculo cadit eminus ipse.
liunc quoque qui leto dederat, non longius illo 120
vivit, et exvSpirat modo qiias acceperat, auras.
exemploque pari furit omnis turba, suoque
marte cadunt subiti per mutua vulnera fratres.
jam que brevis vitae spatium sortita juventus
sanguineo tepidam plangebat pectore matrem, 125
quinque superstitibus, quorum fuit unus Echion.
is sua jecit humo monitu Tritonidis arma,
fraternaeque iidem pacis petiitque deditque.
hos operis comites hal3uit Sidonius hospes,
cum posuit jussam Phoebei's sortibus urbem. 130
Jam stabant Thebae : poteras jam, Cadme, videri
exsilio felix. Soceri tibi Marsque Venusque
contigerant ; hue adde genus de conjuge tanta,
tot natos natasque, et pignora cara, nepotes :
hos quoque jam juvenes. Sed sciHcet ultima semper 135
exspectanda dies homini, dicique beatus
ante obitum nemo supremaque funera debet.
38 vii. Actceon.. [Metam.
VII. AcTiEON.
[Book III. — 138-252.]
AcT/EON, grandson of Cadmus, having beheld Diana as she was
bathing with her nymphs, is changed by her into a stag, and torn in
IDieces by his own hounds.
Prima nepos inter tot res tibi, Cadme, secundas
causa fuit luctus, alienaque cornua fronti
addita, vosque canes satiatae sanguine erili. 140
at bene si quaeras, fortunae crimen in illo,
non scelus invenies. Quod enim scelus error habebat .?
rrions erat infectus variarum caede ferarum,
iamque dies medius rerum contraxerat umbras
et sol ex aequo meta distabat utraque : 145
cum juvenis placido per devia lustra vagantes
participes operum compellat Hyantius ore :
* Lina madent, comites, f errumque cruore ferarum,
fortunamque dies habuit satis. Altera lucem
cum croceis invecta rotis Aurora reducet, 150
propositum repetemus opus* Nunc Phoebus utraque
distat idem creta, finditque vaporibus arva.
sistite opus praesens, nodosaque tollite lina.*
Jussa viri faciunt intermittuntque laborem.
vallis erat piceis et acuta densa cupressu, 155
nomine Gargaphie, succinctae sacra Dianae,
cujus in extremo est antrum nemorale recessu,
arte laboratum nulla : simulaverat artem
ingenio natura sue ; nam pumice vivo
et levibus tofis nativum duxerat arcum. 160
fons sonat a dextra tenui perlucidus unda,
margine gramineo patulos incinctus hiatus.
in. 195.] Diana and her Ny^nphs. 39
hie dea silvarum venatu fessa solebat
virgin eos artus liquido perfundere rore.
quo postquam siibiit, nymphariim tradidit uni 165
armigerae jaciilum pharetramque arcusque retentos ;
altera depositae subjecit bracchia pallae ;
vincla duae pedibus demimt. Nam doctior illis
Ismenis Crocale sparsos per colla capillos
colligit in nodum, quamvis erat ipsa solutis. 170
excipiunt laticem Nepheleque Hyleque Rhanisque
et Psecas et Phiale, funduntque capacibus urnis.
Diimque ibi perluitur solita Titania lympha,
ecce nepos Cadmi dilata parte laborum
per nemus ignotum non certis passibus errans 175
pervenit in lucum : sic ilium fata ferebant.
qui simul intravit rorantia fontibus antra,
sicut erant, viso nudae sua pectora nymphae
percussere viro, subitisque ululatibus omne
implevere nemus, circumfusaeque Dianam 180
corporibus texere suis. Tamen altior illis
ipsa dea est, colloque tenus supereminet omnes.
Qui color infectis adversi solis ab ictu
nubibus esse solet aut purpureae aurorae,
is fuit in vultu visae sine veste Dianae. 185
quae quamquam comitum turba est stipata suarum,
in latus obliquum tamen astitit, oraque retro
flexit : et ut vellet promptas habuisse sagittas,
quas habuit sic hausit aquas, vultumque virilem
perfudit, spargensque comas ultricibus undis 190
addidit'haec cladis praenuntia verba futurae :
* Nunc tibi me posito visam velamine narres,
si poteris narrare, licet.' Nee plura minata
dat sparso capiti vivacis cornua cervi,
dat spatium collo, summasque cacuminat aures, 19s
40 VII. Actceon, [Metam.
cum pedibusque manus, cum longis bracchia mutat
cruribus, et velat maculoso vellere corpus ;
a.dditus et pavor est. Fugit Autonoei'us heros
et se tarn celerera cursu miratur in ipso,
ut vero vultus et cornua vidit in unda, 200
' Me miserum ! ' dicturus erat, vox nulla secuta est :
ingemuit, vox illii f uit ; lacrimaeque per ora
non sua fluxerunt. Mens tantum pristina mansit.
Quid faciat 1 repetatne domum et regalia tecta ?
an lateat silvis } pudor hoc, timor impedit illud. 205
dum dubitat, videre canes; primumque Melampus
Ichnobatesque sagax latratu signa dedere,
Gnosius Ichnobates, Spartana gente Melampus.
inde ruunt alii rapida velocius aura,
Pamphagus et Dorceus et Oribasus, Arcades omnes, 210
Nebrophonusque valens et trux cum Laelape Theron,
et pedibus Pterelas, et naribus utilis Agre,
Hylaeusque ferox nuper percussus ab apro,
deque lupo concepta Nape, pecudesque secuta
Poemenis, et natis comitata Harpyia duobus, 215
et substricta gerens Sicyonius ilia Ladon
et Dromas et Canace Sticteque et Tigris et Alee,
et niveis Leucon, et villis Asbolus atris,
praevalidusque Lacon et cursu fortis Aello
et Thous et Cyprio velox cum fratre Lycisce, 220
et nigram medio frontem distinctus ab albo
Harpalos et Melaneus hirsutaque corpore Lachne,
et patre Dictaeo, sed matre Laconide nati
Labros et Agriodus, et acutae vocis Hylactor,
quosque referre mora est. Ea turba cupidine praedae 225
per rupes scopulosque adituque carentia saxa
quaque est difficilis, quaque est via nulla, sequuntur.
ille fugit per quae fuerat loca saepe secutus.
III. 252.] Death of ActCBon. 41
«■
heu famulos fugit ipse suos ! clamare libebat
* Actaeon ego sum, dominum cognoscite vestrum ! * 230
verba animo desunt. Resonat latratibus aether,
prima Melanchaetes in tergo vulnera fecit,
proxima Theridamas ; Oresitrophus haesit in armo.
tardius exierant, sed per compendia mentis
anticipata via est. Dominum retinentibus illis, 235
cetera turba coit confertque in corpore dentes.
iam loca vulneribus desunt. Gemit ille, sonumque,
etsi non hominis, quern non tamen edere possit
cervus, habet, maestisque replet iuga nota querellis.
[et genibus pronis supplex similisque roganti 240
circumfert tacitos tamquam sua bracchia vultus.]
at comites rapidum solitis hortatibus agmen
ignari instigant, oculisque Actaeona quaerunt,
et velut absentem certatim Actaeona clamant —
ad nomen caput ille ref ert — et abesse queruntur, 245
nee capere oblatae segnem spectacula praedae.
vellet abesse quidem, sed adest : velletque videre,
non etiam sentire canum fera facta suorum.
undique circumstant, mersisque in corpore rostris
dilacerant falsi dominum sub imagine cervi. 250
nee nisi finita per plurinia vulnera vita
ira pharetratae fertur satiata Dianae.
42 viii. Pyramtis and Thisbe, [Metam.
VIII. Pyramus and Thisbe.
[Book IV.™ 55-166.]
[Semele, a descendant of Cadmus, became the Mother of Bacchus,
but was destroyed by the presence of Juj)iter, whom she desired to
see clothed with flames and thunder (III. 253-315). Tiresias, tlie
Theban seer, is made blind, but endowed with prophecy (316-338).
The nymph Echo, pining with love of Narcissus, becomes a rock,
her voice alone surviving (339-401 ) ; while Narcissus, gazing on his
image in a fountain, perishes, and by the water-nymphs is converted
to a flower (402-510). Pentheus, having deriied the god Bacchus,
and forbidden his solemnities, and caused him to be seized, is torn
in pieces by Bacchanals, his mother and sisters aiding: Bacchus
meanwhile (in the form of Acaetes) relates the miracle wrought by
himself upon a Tyrrhenian crew, whose ship's tackle he had con-
verted to serpents, and themselves to dolphins (511-733). Three
Theban sisters {Minyeides) likewise refrain from the rites of
Bacchus : of whoni one relates the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe
(IV. I-S4).]
These young lovers, dwelling in Babylon, had appointed a
meeting at the tomb of king Ninus (55-92). Thisbe, coming
first, is terrified by a lion and so escapes. Pyramus, soon arriving,
finds tracks of the beast and the torn mantle of Thisbe ; and con-
ceiving that she is slain, stabs himself with his sword, his blood
reddening the fruit of the mulberry, at w^hose foot he lies (93-^27).
Thisbe, soon returning, finds him dying, and slays herself with the
sword yet warm (128-166).
Pyramus et Thisbe, juvenum pulcherrimus alter, 55
altera, quas Oriens habuit, praelata puellis,
contiguas tenuere domos, ubi dicitur altam
coctilibus muris cinxisse Semiramis urbem.
notitiam primosque gradiis vicinia fecit :
tempore crevit amor; taedae qiioque jure coi'ssent, 60
sed vetuere patres. Quod non potuere vetare,
IV. 94-] Meeting assigned at Ninus Tomb. 43
ex aequo captis ardebant mentibus ambo :
conscius omnis abest ; nutu signisque loquuntur.
Quoque magis tegitur, tectus magis aestuat ignis,
fissus erat tenui rima, quam duxerat olim 65
cum fieret, paries domui communis utrique.
id vitium nuUi per saecula longa notatum —
quid non sentit amor ? — primi vidistis, amantes,
et vocis fecistis iter ; tutaeque per illud
murmure blanditiae minimo transire solebant. 70
saepe, ubi constiterant, hinc Thisbe, Pyramus illinc,
inque vices fuerat captatus anhelitus oris,
* Invide ' dicebant * paries, quid amantibus obstas ?
quantum erat, ut sineres toto nos corpore jungi,
aut hoc si nimium, vel ad oscula danda pateres ! ^s
nee sumus ingrati ; tibi nos debere fatemur,
quod datus est verbis ad arnicas transitus aures.'
talia dxversa nequiquam sede locuti,
sub noctem dixere vale, partique dedere
oscula quisque suae non pervenientia contra. 80
Postera nocturnes aurora removerat ignes,
solque pruinosas radiis siccaverat herbas :
ad solitum coi'ere locum. Tum murmure parvo
multa prius questi, statuunt ut nocte silenti
fallere custodes foribusque excedere temptent, 85
cumque domo exierint, urbis quoque tecta relinquant ;
neve sit errandum lato spatiantibus arvo,
conveniant ad busta Nini, lateantque sub umbra
arboris : arbor ibi niveis uberrima pomis
ardua morus erat, gelido contermina fonti. 90
Pacta placent ; et lux, tarde discedere visa,
praecipitatur aquis, et aquis nox surgit ab isdem.
callida per tenebras versato cardine Thisbe
egreditur fallitque sues, adopertaque vultum
44 VIII. Pyramus and Thisbe. [Metam.
pervenit ad tutiiulum, dictaque sub arbore sedit. 95
audacem faciebat amor. Venit ecce recenti
caede leaena bourn spumantes oblita rictus,
depositura sitim vicini fontis in unda.
quam procul ad lunae radios Babylonia Thisbe
vidit, et obscurum trepido pede fugit in antrum, 100
dumque fugit, tergo velamina lapsa reliquit.
ut lea saeva sitim multa compescuit unda,
dum redit in silvas, inventos forte sine ipsa
ore crucntato tenues laniavit amictus.
Serius egressus, vestigia vidit in alto 105
pulvere certa ferae, totoque expalluit ore
Pyramus. Ut vero vestem quoque sanguine tinctam
repperit, ' Una duos ' inquit ' nox perdet amantes :
e quibus ilia fuit longa dignissima vita,
nostra nocens anima est : ego te, miseranda, peremi, no
in loca plena metus qui jussi nocte venires,
nee prior hue veni. Nostruixi divellite corpus,
et scelerata fero consunlite viscera morsu,
C) quicumque sub hac habitatis rupe, leones.
sed timidi ^st optare necem/ — ^ Velamina Thisbes 115
tollit, et ad pactae secum fert arboris umbram.
utque dedit notae lacrimas, dedit oscula vesti,
' Accipe nunc ' inquit * nostri quoque sanguinis haustus ! '
quoque erat acclnctus, demisit in ilia ferrum ;
nee mora, ferventi moriens e vulnere traxit. 120
Ut jacuit resupinus humo, cruor emicat alte :
non aliter, quam cum vitiato fistula plumbo
scinditur, et tenui stridente foramine longas
ejaculatur aquas, atque ictibus aera rumpit.
arborei fetus aspergine caedis in atram 125
vertuntur faciem, madefactaque sanguine radix
puniceo tinguit pendentia mora colore.
IV. i6o.] Death of both the Lovers. 45
Ecce metu nondum posito, ne fallat amantem,
ilia redit, juvenemque oculis animoque requirit,
quantaque vitarit narrare pericula gestit. 130
utque locum, et visa cognoscit in arbore formam,
sic facit incertam pomi color : haeret, an haec sit.
dum dubitat, tremebunda videt pulsare cruentum
membra solum, retroque pedem tulit, oraque buxo
pallidiora gerens, exhorruit aequoris instar, 135
quod tremit, exigua cum summum stringitur aura.
Sed postquam remorata suos cognomt amores,
percutit indignos claro plangore lacertos,
et laniata comas, amplexaque corpus amatum,
vulnera supplevit lacrimis, fletumque cruori 140
miscuit, et gelidis in vultibus oscula figens,
* Pyrame ! ' clamavit * quis te mihi casus ademit ?
Pyrame, responde : tua te carissima Thisbe
nominat : exaudi, vultusque attolle jacentes ! '
Ad nomen Thisbes oculos jam morte gravatos 145
Pyramus erexit, visaque recondidit ilia ;
quae postquam vestemque suam cognovit, et ense
vidit ebur vacuum, ^ Tua te manus ' inquit * amorque
perdidit, infelix. Est et mihi fortis in unum
hoc manus, est et amor ; dabit hie in vulnera vires. 150
persequar exstinctum, letique miserrima dicar
causa comesque tui ; quique a me morte revelli
heu sola poteras, poteris nee morte revelli.
hoc tamen amborum verbis estote rogati,
O multum miseri, meus illiusque parentes, 155
ut quos certus amor, quos hora novissima junxit,
componi tumulo non invideatis eodem.
at tu, quae ramis arbor miserabile corpus
nunc tegis unius, mox es tectura duorum,
signa tene caedis, pullosque et luctibus aptos 160
46 yiii. Pyramus and Thisbe, [Metam.
semper habe fetus, gemini monumenta cruoris/
Dixit, et aptato pectus mucrone sub imum
incubuit ferro, quod adhuc a caede tepebat.
vota tamen tetigere deos, tetigere parentes :
nam color in porno est, ubi permaturuit, ater ; 165
quodque rogis superest, una requiescit in urna.
IV. 44^.] Ino a7id Melicerta. 47
IX. Ino and Melicerta.
[Book IV. — 432-542.]
[A SECOND sister tells of Leucothoe, an eastern princess, beloved
by the sun-god, who is by him changed after her burial into the herb
frankincense ; and of Clytie, who, pining with hopeless love of tlie
same divinity, becomes a sun-flower (IV. 167-270). The third
sister, Leuconoe, tells the fable of the fountain-nymph Salmacis,
to whose waters was given the power to unman whosoever might
bathe in them (271-388). But the three sisters who had despised
the rites of Bacchus, are themselves converted into bats (389-415).]
Ino also, daughter of Cadmus and nurse of Bacchus, affronts
Juno, who descends into Tartarus and sends a Fury against her.
Ino and her husband Athamas are maddened. Athamas slays
their eldest son, taking him for a wild beast, while Ino casts her-
self with her son MeHcerta into the sea. There she becomes the
sea divinity Leucothea, and Melicerta becomes Palaemon.
Est via declivis funesta nubila taxo ;
ducit ad infernas per muta silentia sedes.
Styx nebulas exhalat iners, iimbraeque recentes
descendunt iliac simulacraque functa sepulchris. 435
pallor hiemsque tenent late loca senta. Novique
qua sit iter, manes, Stygiam qua ducat ad urbem,
ignorant, ubi sit nigri fera regia Ditis.
mille capax aditus et apertas undique portas
urbs habet. Utque fretum de tota flumina terra, 440
sic omnes animas locus accipit ille, nee ulli
exiguus populo est, turbamve accedere sentit.
errant exsangues sine corpore et ossibus umbrae,
parsque forum celebrant, pars imi tecta tyranni,
pars aliquas artes, antiquae imitamina vitae. 445
Sustinet ire illuc caelesti sede relicta, 447
tantum odiis iraeque dabat, Saturnia Juno.
4B IX. Ino and Melicerta. [Metam.
quo simul intravit, sacroque a corpore pressum
ingemuit limen, tria Cerberus extulit ora 450
et tres latratus simul edidit. Ilia sorores
nocte vocat genitas, grave et inplacabile numen :
carceris ant^ fores clausas adamante sedebant,
cumque suis atros pectebant crinibus angues.
quam simul agnorunt inter caliginis umbras, 455
surrexere deae * sedes Scelerata yocatur.
yiscei"a praebebat Tityos lanianda, novemque
jugeribus distentus erat. Tibi, Taritale, nullae
deprenduntur aquae; quaeque imminet, effugit arbos.
aut petis, aut urgues ruiturum, Sisyphe, saxum. 460
volvitur Ixion et se sequiturque fugitque.
molirique suis letum patruelibus ausae
assiduae repetunt quas perdant, Belides undas.
Quos omnes acie postquam Saturnia torva
vidit, et ante omnes Ixiona, rursus ab illo 465
Sisyphon aspiciens * Cur hie e fratribus ' inquit
* perpetuas patitur poenas, Athamanta superbum
regia dives habet, qui me cum conjuge semper
sprevit ? ' et exponit causas odiique viaeque,
quidque velit. Quod vellet, erat, ne regia Cadmi 470
staret, et in f acinus traherent Athamanta sorores.
imperium, promissa, preces confundit in unum,
sollicitatque deas. Sic haec Junone locuta,
Tisiphone canos, ut erat/turbata capillos
movit et obstantes rejecit ab ore colubras, 475
atque ita 'Non longis opus est ambagibus/ inquit
'facta puta, quaecumque jubes : inamabile regnum
desere, teque refer caeli melioris ad auras.'
laeta redit Juno. Quam caelum intrare parantem
roratis lustravit acjuis Thaumantias Iris. 480
Nee mora, Tisiphone madefactam sanguine sumit
IV. 5I4-] Tisiphone, 49
importuna facem, fluidoque cruore rubentem
induitur pallam, tortoque incingitur angue,
egrediturque domo. Luctus comitatur eunteni
et Pavor et Terror trepidoque Insania vultu. 485
limine constiterat. Postes tremuisse feruntur
Aeolii, pallorque fores infecit Avernus,
solque locum fugit. Monstris exterrita conjunx,
territus est Athamas. Tectoque exire parabant :
obstitit infelix aditumque obsedit Erinys, 490
nexaque vipereis distendens bracchia nodis
caesariem excussit. Motae sonuere colubrae :
parsque jacent umeris, pars circum pectora lapsae
sibila dant saniemque vomunt linguaque coruscant.
inde duos mediis abrumpit crinibus angues, 495
pestiferaque manu raptos immisit. At illi
Inoosque sinus Athamanteosque pererrant,
inspirantque graves animas. Nee vulnera membris
ulla ferunt ; mens est, quae diros sentiat ictus.
attulerat secum liquidi quoque monstra veneni, 500
oris Cerberei spumas et virus Echidnae,
erroresque vagos caecaeque oblivia mentis,
et scelus et lacrimas rabiemque et caedis amorem,
omnia trita simul, quae sanguine mixta recenti
coxerat acre cavo, viridi versata cicuta. 505
dumque pavent illi, vergit furiale venenum *
pectus in amborum, praecordiaque intima movit.
tum face j aetata per eundem saepius orbem
consequitur motis velociter ignibus ignes.
sic victrix jussique pot ens ad inania magni 510
regna redit Ditis, sumptumque recingitur anguem.
Protinus Aeolides media furibundus in aula
clamat ^ lo, comites, his retia tendite silvis !
hie modo cum gemina visa est mihi prole leaena/
50 IX. Ino and Melicerta. [Metam.
utqiie ferae s^quitiir vestigia conjugis aniens, 515
deque sinu matris ridentem et parva Learchum
bracchia tendentem rapit et bis terque per auras
more rotat fundae, rigidoque infantia saxo
discutit ora ferox. Turn denique eoncita mater,
seu dolor hoc fecit, seu sparsi causa veneni, 520
exululat passisque fugit male sana capillis,
tequp ferens parvum nudis, Melicerta, lacertis
'Euhoe Bacche' sonat. Bacclii sub nomine Juno
risit et * Hos usus praestet tibi ' dixit 'alumnus/
Imminet aequoribus scopulus, pars ima cavatur 525
fluctibus et tectas defendit ab imbribus undas,
summa riget frontemque in apertum porrigit aequor.
occupat hunc — vires insania fecerat — Ino,
seque super pontum nullo tardata timore
mittit onusque suum ; percussa recanduit unda. 530
at Venus inmeritae neptis mi.'Serata labores
sic patruo blandita suo est : ' O numen aquarum,
proxima cui caelo cessit, Neptune, potestas,
magna quidem posco, sed tu miserere meorum,
jactari quos cernis in lonio immenso, 535
et dis adde tuis. Aliqua et mihi gratia ponto est,
si tamen in dio quondam concreta prof undo
spuma fui, Graiumque manet mihi nomen ab ilia.'
Annuit oranti Neptuiius et abstulit illis
quod mortale fuit, majestatemque verendam 540
imposuit, nomenque simul faciemque novavit :
Leucotheeque deum cum matre Palaemona dixit.
IV. 630.] Perseus and Andromeda. 51
X. Perseus and Andromeda.
[Book IV. — 615-803.]
[The companions of Ino are changed to stones and birds (416-
562). Cadmus and his wife Hermione, in great age, having wit-
nessed these sorrows of their house, are at length converted into
serpents, consoled only by the glories of their grandson Bacchus
(563-614).]
Perseus, returning from the slaying of Medusa, is refused hos-
pitality by the Titan Atlas, whom by the Gorgon^s head he converts
into a mountain (615-662). Flying over Ethiopia, he discovers the
princess Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia, fastened
to a cliff to be devoured by a sea-monster, which he attacks and
slays, and so wins Andromeda for his bride (663-739). The
marvellous effect of Medusa's head, which changes leaves and
twigs to coral; and the tale told at Perseus' wedding feast, of
Medusa, daughter of Phorcus, whose golden locks were by the
wrath of Minerva changed to serpents.
ViPEREi referens spolium memorabile monstri 615
aera carpebat tenerum stridentibus alls ;
cumque super Libycas victor penderet arenas,
Gorgonei capitis guttae cecidere cruentae,
quas humus exceptas varies animavit in angues :
unde frequens ilia est infestaque terra colubris. 620
Inde per immensum ventis discordibus actus
nunc hue, nunc illuc, exemplo nubis aquosae
fertur, et ex alto seductas aethere longe
despectat terras, totumque supervolat orbem.
ter gelidas Arctos, ter Cancri bracchia vidit : 625
saepe sub occasus, saepe est ablatus in ortus.
jamque cadente die, veritus se credere nocti,
constitit Hesperio, regnis Atlantis, in orbe ;
exiguamque petit requiem, dum Lucifer ignes
evocet Aurorae, currus Aurora diurnos. ^30
52 X. Perseus and Andromeda. [Metam*
Hie hominum cunctos ingenii corpore praestans
lapetionides Atlas fuit. Ultima telliis
regc sub hoc et po^itus erat, qui Soiis anbelis
aequora subclit cquis, et fessos excipit axes,
mille greges illi, totidemque armenta per herbas 635
errabant ; et humum vicinia nulla premebant.
arboreae frotides auro radiantc virentes,
ex auro raraos, ex aui'o poraa tegebaut.
' Hospes/ ait Perseus illi, ^ scu gloria tangit
te generis magni, generis mihi Juppiter auctor ; 640
sive es mirator tcrum, mirabere nostras :
hospitium requiemque peto.' Meliior ille vetustae
sortis crat ; Themis banc dederat Parnasia sort em :
' Tenipus, Atla, veniet, tua quo spoliabitur auro
arbor, et hunc pr^edae titulum Jove natus habebit.' 645
id metuens, solidis pomaria clauserat Atlas
moctiibus, et vasto dederat servanda draconi,
arcebatque suis externos fmibus omnes.
huic qlioque * Vade procul, ne longe gloria rerum,
qliam mentiris/ ait * longe tibi Juppiter absit ; ' 650
vimque minis addit, manibusque expellere temptat
cunctantem, et placidis misccntem fortia dictis.
Viribus inferior — quis enim par esset Atlanti
Viribus ? — * At quOniam parvi tlbi gratia nostra est,
accipe munus/ ait ; laevaque a parte Medusae 655
ipse retroversus squalentia prodidit ora.
quitntus erat, mons f actus Atlas : nam barba comaeque
in silvas abeunt, juga sunt humerique manusque :
quod caput ante fuit, summo est iti monte cacumen ;
ossa lapis finnt. Tum partes auctus in omnes 660
crevit in im men sum — sic di statuistis — et omne
cum tot sideribas caelum requievit in illo.
Clauserat Hippotades aetcrno carccre ventos,
IV. 696.] The Giant Atlas. 53
admonitorque operum caelo clarissimus alto
Lucifer ortus erat. Pennis ligat ille resumptis 665
parte ab utraque pedes, teloque accingitur unco,
et liquidum motis talaribus aera iindit.
gentibus innumeris circumque infraque relictis,
Aethiopum populos Cepheaque conspicit arva.
illic immeritam maternae pendere linguae 670
Andromedan poenas immitis jusserat Ammon,
Quam simul ad duras religatam bracchia cautes
vidit Abantiades, — nisi quod levis aura capillos
moverat, et tepido manabant lumina fletu,
marmoreum ratus esset opus — trahit inscius ignes, 675
et stupet, et visae correptus imagine formae,
paene suas quatere est oblitus in aere pennas.
ut stetit, * O ' dixit ' non istis digna catenis,
sed quibus inter se cupidi junguntur amantes,
pande requirenti nomen terraeque tuumque, 680
et cur vincla geras/ Primo silet ilia, nee audet
appellare virum virgo ; manibusque modestos
celasset vultus, si non religata fuisset.
lumina, quod potuit, lacrimis implevit obortis.
Saepius instanti, sua ne delicta fateri 685
nolle videretur, nomen terraeque suumque,
quantaque maternae fuerit fiducia formae,
indicat. Et nondum memoratis omnibus unda
insonuit, veniensque immenso belua ponto
imminet, et latum sub pectore possidet aequor. 690
Conclamat virgo ; genitor lugubris et una
mater adest, ambo miseri, sed justius ilia,
nee secum auxilium, sed dignos tempore jietus
plangoremque ferunt, vinctoque in corpore adhaerent ;
cum sic hospes ait : * Lacrimarum longa manere 695
tempora vos poterunt ; ad opem brevis hora f erendam est.
54 X. Pcfseiis and Andromeda, [Metam.
hailc ego si peterem i^erseus Jove natus et ilia,
qnam clausam implevit fecurido Juppiter auro,
Gorgonis anguicomae Perseus superator, et alis
aetherias ausus jactatis ire per auras, 700
praeferrer cunctis certe gener. Addere tantis
dotibus et meritum, faveant modo numina, tempto;
ut mea sit servata mea virtute, paciscor.'
acCipiunt legem — quis enim dubitaret ? — et orant,
promittuntque super regnum dotale parentes. i^s
Ecce velut navis praefixo concita rostro
sulcat aquas, juvenum sudantibus acta lacertis,
sic fera dimotis impylsu pectoris undis
tantuiti aberat scopulis, quantum Balearica torto
jtunda potest plumbo medii transmittere caeli : 710
cum sublto juvenis, pddibus tellure repulsa,
arduus in nubes abiit. Ut in aequore summo
umbra viri Visa est, vis^m fera saevit in umbram.
lit^ue Jovis praepes, vacuo cum vidit in arvo
pra^bentem Phoebo liventia terga draconem, 715
^ ocCUpat aversum, neu s^eva ^etorqubat ora,
squamlgeris avidos figit cervicibus uilgues :
sic celef immisso praecepS per inane volatu
t6rga ferae pressit, dexti^oqile ffementis in atmo
Inachides fetrum curve tenus abdidit hamo. 720
vulnere laesa gravi, modo se subliftiis in auras
attollit, modo stibdit aquis, modo more ferocis
versat at3ri, quern turba canum circumspnk terret.
ille avidos morsus vel6cibus effugit alis ;
quaque patent, nunc terga cavis super obsita conchis, 725
nunc laterum costas, nunc qua tenuissima cauda
desinit in piscem, falcato verberat ense.
belua puniceo mixtbs cum sanguine fluctuis
ore vomit ; maduere graves aspergine pennae.
IV. 762.] Fight zvith the Sea-7nonster, 55
Nee bibulis ultra Perseus talaribus ausus 730
credere, conspexit scopulum, qui vertice summo
stantibus exstat aquis, operitur ab aequore moto.
nixus eo, rupisque ten ens juga prima, sinistra
ter quater exegit repetita per ilia ferrum.
litora cum plausu clamor superasquc deorum 735
implevere domos. Gaudent, generumquc salutant,
auxiliumque domus servatoremque fatentur
Cassiope Cepheusque pater. Resoluta catenis
incedit virgo, pretiumque et causa laboris.
Ipse manus hausta victrices abluit unda : 740
anguiferumque caput dura ne laedat arena,
mollit humum foliis, natasque sub aequore virgas
stern it, et imponit Phorcynidos ora Medusae,
virga recens bibulaque etiamnum viva medulla
vim rapuit monstri, tactuque induruit hujus, 745
percepitque novum ramis et fronde rigorem.
at pelagi nymphae factum mirabile tefeiptant
pluribus in virgis, et idem contingcre gaudent,
seminaque ex illis iterant j aetata per undas.
nunc quoque curaliis eadem natura remansit, 750
duritiam tacto capiant ut ab aere, quodque
vim en in aequore erat, fiat super aequora saxum.
Dis tribus ille focos totidem de cespite ponit,
laevum Mercurio, dextrum tibi, bellica Virgo ;
ara Jovis media est : mactatur vacca Minervae, 755
alipedi vitulus, taurus tibi, summe deorum.
protinus Andromedan et tanti praemia facti
indotata rapit. Taedas Hymenaeus Amorque
praecutiunt ; largis satiantur odoribus ignes,
sertaque dependent tectis, et ubique lyraeque 760
tibiaque et cantus, animi felicia laeti
argumenta, sonant. Reseratis aurea valvis
56 X. PerseUs aM Andromeda, [Mm am.
atria tota patent, pulchroque instructa paratu
Cepheni proceres iticunt convivia regis.
Postquam epulis functi generosi munere Bacchi 765
diffudere animos, cultusqiie gcnusque locorum
quaerit Lyn<iides, Moresque animumque virorum; 767
qui simul edocuit, ^ Nunc, O fortissime/ dixit 769
'fare precor, Perseu, quanta virtutc, quibusque 770
artibus abstuleris crinita dracpnibus ora/
ilarrat Agenorides gelido sub Atlante jacentem
esse locum solidae tutum munimiue molis,
cujus in iiltroitu geniinas habitasse sorores
Pliorcidas, unius partitas luminis usum : ns
id sci soUerti furtim, dum traditur, astu
subposita cepisse manu ; perque abdita longe
deviaque et silvis horrentia saxa fragosis
Gorgorieas tetigisse dpnios ; passimqUe per agros
perque vias vidissc hominum simulacra ferarumque 780
ill silicem ex ipsis visa conversa Medusa :
sc tamen horrendae clipei, quod laeva gerebat,
aere repercusso, formam aspexisse Medusae ;
dr^mque gravis somnus colubrasque ipsamque tenebat,
eripuisse caput collo ; pennisque fugacem 7^^
P^gason et fratrem, matris de sanguine tatos.
addidit et longi non falsa pericula cursus :
quae freta, quas terras sub se vidiSset ab alto,
et quae jactatis tetigisset sidera pennis.
ante exspectatum tacuit tamen. Excipit unus 790
ex numero proccrum, quacrens, cur sola sorOrum
gesserit alternis inmixtos crinibus angues.
* Hospes ait, ' Quoniam scitaris digna relatu,
accipe quaesiti causam. Clarissima forma
multorumque fuit spes invidiosa procorum 795
ilia ; nee in tota conspectior ulla capillis
IV. 803.] TJie Marriage Festival, 57
pars fuit. Inveni, qui se vidisse referret.
banc pelagi rector templo vitiasse Minervae
dicitur. Aversa est et castos aegide vultus
nata Jovis texit ; neve hoc impime fuisset, 800
Gorgoneum crinem turpes mutavit in hydros.
nunc quoque, ut attonitos formidine terreat hostes,
pectore in adverso quos fecit, sustinet angues/
58 XI. Tlie Wandering of Ceres, [Metam.
XI. THit Wandering of Ceres.
[Book V. — 341--661.]
[At the marriage feast of Perseus and Andromeda, her uncle
Phineus, to whom she had been betrothed, out of jealousy caused
a quarrel among the guests ; and a violent quarrel arising thence,
\Vith bloodshed on both sides, Perseus, by showing the Gorgon's
heiadi, suddenly turned into stone Phineus himself, with two hundred
of his companions (V. 1-235). ^"^^ by the same means, after his
Return to Argos, his enemies Proetus and Polydectes were likewise
converted into stone (236-249). Minerva (who had attended Per-
seiis thu^ far), coming to Helicon and inquiring of the Muses, is
told the following : that having taken refuge from a tempest with
Pyreneus of Daulia, in Phocis, when he offered them violence, they
were changed to birds ; and he, attempting flight after them, was
dashed in pieces (250-293). The Pierides, daughters of king
Pibrus, of Macedonia, having challenged them to a trial of skill,
begin with the tale of tlie giant sons of Earth, who attempted to
scale Olympus ; the terror of the gods before Typhoeus, and the
various shaped they assumed in their flight; to which the Muses
t-espond by relating the Wandering of Ceres in her search for her
dtiughter Proserpine (294-340).]
When the monster Typh6eus had been buried beneath Mount
y^tnci, Pluto, god of the world below, alarmed at the convulsions
caused by his agony, came forth to view. Now Venus had been
jealous at the virginity of Proserpine, Ceres' daughter ; and at her
bidding (Jupid shot the king of Shadows with his dart. He then,
beholding Proserpine, as she sported with her maidens in the vale
of Enna, seized her, and bore her away in his chariot, driving his
way through the fount of Cyane, who thereon was herself con-
verted into water (341-437). Seeking her daughter in vain, by the
light of torches kindled from ^Etna, Ceres turned into a spotted
lizard {stellio) the boy Stelles, who had mocked her eager thirst;
ahd into a horned owl Ascalaphus, who testified to having seen
Proserpine in liades cat seven pomegranate seeds, whereby she
was compelled to remain in her new abode. Meanwhile, the
virgin companions of Proserpine became winged Sirens, j^nd,
^- 359-] Proserpine is stolen by Pluto, 59
by favor of Jupiter, Proserpine was permitted to pass half the year
with her mother, and half with her wedded lord (438-567).
Ceres, comforted that her daughter is thus partially restored to
her, asks the nymph Arethusa about her flight and transformation ;
who relates that, being pursued by the river-god Alpheus, in EUs
of Greece, Diana, whose attendant nymph she was, provided for
her escape by a passage beneath the sea, whereby she came to the
isle of Ortygia, sacred to Diana, on the coast of Sicily (569-641).
Ceres then, proceeding to Athens, gave her chariot to Tripto-
lemus, that he might instruct mankind in the sowing and gathering
of corn ; and Lyncus, seeking to kill him out of envy, is converted
to a lynx (642-661).
[So ends the tale sung by the Muses. And the Pierides, being
adjudged defeated in their rivalry, are transformed to chattering
magpies (662-678).]
Prima Ceres unco glebam dimovit aratro,
prima dedit fruges alimentaque mitia terris,
prima dedit leges : Cereris sunt omnia munus.
ilia canenda mihi est. Utinam modo dicere possem
carmina digna dea : certe dea carmine digna est. 345
Vasta giganteis ingesta est insula membris
Trinacris, et magnis subjectum molibus urguet
aetherias ausum sperare Typhoea sedes.
nititur ille quidem, pugnatque resurgere saepe ;
dextra sed Ausonio manus est subjecta Peloro, 350
laeva, Pachyne, tibi ; Lilybaeo crura premuntur ;
degravat Aetna caput, sub qua resupinus arenas
ejectat, flammamque fero vomit ore Typhoeus.
saepe remoliri luctatur pondera terrae,
oppidaque et magnos devolvere corpore montes. 355
inde tremit tellus ; et rex pavet ipse silentum,
ne pateat, latoque solum retegatur hiatu,
immissusque dies trepidantes terreat umbras.
v,|ianc metuens cladem, tenebrosa sede tyramnus
6o XI. The Wandering of Ceres, [Metam.
exierat, curruque atrorum vectus equorum 360
ambibat Siculae cautus fimdamina terrae.
postquam exploratum satis est, loca nulla labare,
depositique metus, Videt hunc Erycina vagantem
monte Suo residens, natumque amplexa volucrem
' Arma manusqtie meae, mea, nate, potentia/ dixit 365
' ilia, quibus sitperas omnes, cape tela, Cupido,
inque dei pectus celeres molire sagittas,
cui triplicis cessit fortuna novissitna regni.
tu superos ipsUitique Jovem, tu numina ponti
i.yicjta domas, ipsumque regit qui numina ponti. 370
Tartara quid cessant ? cur non matrisque tuumque
imii>eriun:j proffers ? agitur pkrs tertia mundi.
et taMen in cafelo, quae jani jiatientia nostra est,
spernimur, at mecum vires minuuntur Amoris.
I^Uada nonne vide^ jaculatricfemque Dianam 375
absc^ssisiSte mihi ? Ceteris qiloque filia virgo,
si |)SLtietnur, el"it ; natn spesJ adfe<+tat easdem.
at tii, pi^o socio (siqua est ea ^ralig.) rfegno,
]\xh^k deam patrut».' Dixit Venus ; ille pharetram
SioWit, et, arbitrib matris, de rrtille sagittis 380
\liiam seposuit, sed qua neC stcutior uUa,
^ec minus incerta tst, hec quae ,magis audiat AxtMB.
t)|)posit(ique genu curvavii flejtile cornu :
Ilique C6)t hariiata pei;cussit atundine i)item.
Hand procul Hennaeis lacus est a moenibtis altae* d>H
iiomine fergus, aqilae. Non illo pluifa Caysfcros
carmina cycnorum labentibi^s ^udit in undis.
silva cotonat aquas cingens latus omne, sui^que
frondibus ut velo Phoebeos submovet ignes.
frigora dant rami, Tyrios hurdus humida flores : 390
perpctuum ver est. Quo dum Pr6serpiha lufco
luclit, et iiut Violas aut Candida lilia carpit,
V. 425.3 Proserpine is stolen by PhUo. 61
dumque puellari studio calathosque sinumque
implet, et aequales certat superare legendo,
paene simul visa est dilectaque raptaque Dili : 395
usque adeo est properatus amor. Dea territa maesto
et matrem et comites, sed matrem saepius, ore
clamat ; et ut summa vestem laniarat ab ora, *
collecti flores tunicis cecidere remissis.
tantaque simplicitas puerilibus adfuit annis, 400
haec quoque virgineum movit jactura dolorem. ,.
Raptor agit currus, et nomine quemque vocatos
exhort atur equos, quorum per colla jubasque
excutit obscura tinctas ferrugine habenas.
perque lacus altos et olentia sulfure fertur 40s
stagna Palicorum, rupta f erventia terra ;
et qua Bacchiadae, bimari gens orta Corintho,
inter inaequales posuerunt moenia portus.
Est medium Cyanes et Pisaeae Arethusae,
quod coit angustis inclusura cornibus aequor. 410
hie fuit, a cujus stagnum quoque nomine dictum est,
inter Sicelidas Cyane celeberrima nymphas.
gurgite quae medio summa tenus exstitit alvo,
agnovitque deam : ' Nee longius ibitis ' inquit ;
* non potes invitae Cereris gener esse : roganda, 415
non rapienda fuit. Quod si componere magnis
parva mihi fas est, et me dilexit Anapis :
exorata tamen, nee, ut haec, exterrita nupsi.*
dixit, et in partes diversas bracchia tendens
obstitit. Hand ultra tenuit Saturnius iram, 420
terribilesque hortatus equos in gurgitis ima
contortum valido sceptrum regale lacerto
condidit. Icta viam tellus in Tartara fecit,
et pronos currus medio cratere recepit.
At Cyane raptamque deam contemptaque fontis 425
62 XI. The Wandering of Ceres, [Metam.
jura sui maerens, inconsolabile vulnus
mente gerit tacita, lacrimisque absumitur omnis ;
et quarum fuerat magnum modo numen, in illas
extenuatur aquas. Molliri membra videres,
ossa pati flexus, ungues posuisse rigorem : 430
primaque de tota tenuissima quaeque liquescunt,
caerulei crines, digitique et crura pedesque :
nam brevis in gelidas membrii exilibus undas
transitus est ; post haec humeri tergusque latusque
pectoraque in tenuis abeunt evanida rivos. 435
detiique pro vivo vitiatas sanguine venas
lympjia subit ; festatque nihil, quod prendere possis, J
Ihter^a pavidae nequiqucim fiUa matri
omnibus est terris, omni quaesita profundo.
illam non udis Veniens Aurora capillis 440
cessantem viditi non Hesperus : ilia duabus
fiariimiferas pinits rnanibus succendit ab Aetna,
perque pruinosas tulit fnrequieta terlebras.
rursys ubi alma dies hebetarat sidera, natam
Solis ab Occasu feoljs qiiaerebat ad ortus. 445
%S3^ labore sitim collegerat, Oraque nulli
itollUerai'^t fontes ; cum tectam stramine vidit
forte tksam, parvasque fores pulsavit : at ihde
plfodit anus, diyamque videt, lymphamque rogailti
(iillce dedit, tosta quod tejterat ante polenta, 450
4iito bibit ilia datum, duri puer oris et audax
cdntititit ante deam, risitque, avidalnque vocavit.
offensa est ; neque adhuc cpota parte loqiientem
cum liquido mixta perfudit diva polehta.
combibit os maculas, et quae modo bracchia gessit, 45s
crura gerit ; cauda est mutati^s addita membris :
inque brevem forrakm, ne sit vis magna nocendi,
contraliitur, parvaque minor menSura lacetta est.
V. 49I-] Her Weary Search. 6^
mirantem fientemque et tangere monstra parantem
fugit anum, latebramque petit ; aptumque colori 460
nomen habet, variis stellatus corpora guttis.
•'' Quas dea per terras et quas erraverit undas,
dicere longa mora est. Quaerenti defuit orbis :
Sicaniam repetit ; diimque omnia lustrat eundo,
venit et ad Cyanen. Ea ni mutata fuisset, 465
omnia narrasset ; sed et os et lingua volenti
dicere non aderant, nee quo loqueretur, habebat.
signa tamen manifesta dedit, notamque parenti,
illo forte loco delapsam in gurgite sacro,
Persephones zonam summis ostendit in undis. 470
quam simul agnovit, tamquam tunc denique raptam
scisset, inornatos laniavit diva capillos, '
et repetita suis percussit pectora palmis.
nescit adhuc ubi sit ; terras tamen increpat omnes,
ingratasque vocat, nee frugum munere dignas : 475
Trinacriam ante alias, in qua vestigia damni
repperit. Ergo illic saeva vertentia glebas
fregit aratra manu, parilique irata colonos
ruricolasque boves leto dedit, arvaque jussit
fallere depositum, vitiataque semina fecit. 480
fertilitas terrae latum vulgata per orbem
falsa jacet ; primis segetes moriuntur in herbis,
et modo sol nimius, niraius modo corripit imber ;
sideraque ventique nocent, avidaeque volucres
semina jacta legunt ; lolium tribulique fatigant 48s
triticeas messes, et inexpugnabile gramen.
Turn caput Eleis Alpheias extulit undis,
rorantesque comas a fronte removit ad aures,
atque ait : ' O toto quaesitae virginis orbe
et frugum genitrix, immensos siste labores, 490
neve tibi fidae violenta irascere terrae :
64 XI. The Wandering of Ceres. [Metam.
terra nihil meruit, patuitque invita rapinae.
nee sum pro patria supplex ; hue hospita veni :
Pisa mihi patria est, et ab Elide ducimus ortus.
Sicaniam peregrina colo, sed gratior omni 495
haec mihi terra solo est. Hos nunc Arethusa penates,
hanc habeo sedem ; quam tu, mitissima, serva.
rrtota loco cur sim, tantique per aequoris undas
advehar Ortygiam, vcniet narratibus hora
tempe^tiva meis, cum tu cutaque levata 500
et vultus melioris eris. Mihi pervia tellus
praebet iter, subterque imas kblata cavernas,
hie caput attollo, desuetaque sidera cern6.
ttgQ dum Stygio sub terris gurgite kbor,
visa, tuk est oculis illic Proserpina nostris : 505
ilia quideill tristis, neque adhuc interrita vultu,
s^d regina tamen, sed opaci maxima mundi,
s^d tartien inferni pollehs piatrbna tyranni/
Miter ad auditas stupuit ceu saxea voces,
attotiitaeque diu similis fuit. Utque dolore 510
pulsa gravi gravis est amentia, curribus auras
etit in aetherias : ibi toto nubila vultu
ante Jovem passis stctit invidiosa capillis :
'Frbque meo veni supplex tibi, Juj^piter,' inquit,
* sanguine, proque tuo. Si nulla est gratia matris, 515
nata pat rem moveat ; neu sit tibi ciira, precamuf,
viliof illius, quod nostro est edit:a partu.
eti quaesita diu talid^m mihi nata reperta est :
si repcrire Vocas amittere ccrtius, aut si
^cire, ubi sit, reperire vocas. Quod rapta, feremus, 520
dummodo reddat eam : neque enim praedone marito
filia digna tua est — si jam mea filia non est/
Juppiter excfepit, * Commune est pignut onusque
nata mihi tecxim ; sed si modo nomina r^bui>
V. 557-] She discovers Proserpine s Abode, . 65
addere vera placet, non hoc injuria factum, 525
verum amor est. Neque erit nobis gener ille pudori,
tu modo, diva, velis. Ut desint cetera, quantum est
esse Jovis fratrem ! Quid quod nee cetera desunt, .^
nee cedit nisi sorte mihi ? Sed tanta cupido
si tibi discidii est, repetet Proserpina caelum, 530
lege tamen certa, si nullos contigit illic
ore cibos : nam sic Parcarum foedere cautum est.'
Dixerat ; at Cereri certum est educere natam :
non ita fata sinunt, quoniam jejunia virgo
solverat, et cultis dum simplex errat in hortis, 535
poeniceum curva decerpserat arbore pomum,
sumptaque pallenti septem de cortice grana
presserat ore suo. Solusque ex omnibus illud
Ascalaphus vidit, quern quondam dicitur Orphne,
inter Avernales baud ignotissima nymphas, 540
ex Acheronte suo silvis peperisse sub atris :
vidit, et indicio reditum crudelis ademit.
ingemuit regina Erebi, testemque profanam
fecit avem., sparsumque caput Phlegethontide lympha
in rostrum et plumas et grandia lumina vertit. 545
ille sibi ablatus fulvis amicitur in alis,
inque caput crescit, longosque reflectitur ungues,
vixque movet natas per inertia bracchia pennas :
foedaque fit volucris, venturi nuntia luctus,
ignavus bubo, dirum mortalibus omen. 550^
^ Hie tamen indicio poenam linguaque videri
commeruisse potest. Vobis, Acheloi'des, unde
pluma pedesque avium, cum virginis ora geratis .'*
an quia, cum legeret vernos Proserpina flores,
in comitum numero, doctae Sirenes, eratis .? 555
quam postquam toto frustra quaesistis in orbe,
protinus ut vestram sentirent aequora curam,
66 XI. Tke Wandering' of Ceres. [Metam.
posse super fluctus alarum insistere remis
optastis, facilesque deos habuistis, et artus
vidistis vestros subitis flaveScere pennis. 560
ne tamen ille catior mulcendas natus ad aures
tantaque dos oris lingiiae deperderet usum,
virginei vultus et vox humana remansit. ^'::rl„..«_..
At medius fratrisque sui maestaeque sororis
Jul3piter ex aequo volventem dividit annum. 565
nunc dea, regnorum numen commune duorum,
cum matre est totidem, totidem cum conjuge menses,
vertitur extelnplo facies et mentis et oris :
nam modo quae poterat Diti quoque maesta videri,
laeta deae frons est ; ut sol, qui tectus aquosis 570
nubibus ante fuit, victis e nubibus exit.
Exigit ^Ima Ceres, i^ata secura recepta,
quae tibi causa f ugae, cur sis, Arethusa, sacer fons ?
<i^nt:icuere undae : quarum dea sustulit alto
l^ohte caput, viridesque manu siccata capillos 575
flumitiis Elei veter^s narravit amores :
* Pars ego nympharum, quae sunt in Atha'fde/ dixit,
* una f ui ; nee me studiosius altera saltus
legit, nee posuit studiosius altera casses.
sed quamvis formae numquafUi mihi fatna petita est, sfio
ijtiamvis fortis eram, forniosae nomen habebam.
nee mea me facies nimium laudata juvabat :
quaque aliae gaudere solent, ego rustica dote
corporis erubui, crimenque placere putavi.
' Lassa revertebar, memini, Stymphalide silva : 585
aestus erat, magnumt^ue labor geminaverat aestum.
invenio sine vertice aquas, sine murmurc euntes,
perspicuas ad hunium, per quas numerabilis alte
calculus omnis erat, quas tu vix ire putares.
cana salicta dabant iiutritaque populus unda 590
V. 624.] The Tale of Arethtisa. 6^
sponte sua natas ripis declivibus umbras.
accessi, primumque pedis vestigia tinxi,
poplite deinde tenus ; neque eo contenta, recingor,
molliaque impono salici velamina curvae,
nudaque merger aquis ; quas dum ferioque trahoque 595
mille modis labens, excussaque bracchia jacto,
nescio quod medio sensi sub gurgite murmur,
territaque insisto propioris margine ripae.
Quo prop eras ^ Arethnsa? suis Alpheus ab undis,
Quo properas f iterum rauco mihi dixer^t ore, 600
sicut eram, fugio sine vestibus : altera vestes
ripa meas habuit : tanto magis instat, et ardet.
sic ego currebam, sic me ferus ille premebat,
ut fugere accipitrem penna trepidante columbae, 605
ut solet accipiter trepidas urguere columbas.
usque sub Orchomenon, Psophidaque, Cyllenenque,
Maenaliosque sinus, gelidumque Erymanthon, et Elin
currere sustinui ; nee me velocior ille.
* Sed tolerare diu cursus ego, viribus impar, 610
non poteram : longi patiens crat ille laboris.
per tamen et campos, per opertos arbore montes,
saxa quoque et^^upes et qua via nulla, cucurri.
sol erat a tergo : vidi praecedere longam
ante pedes umbram — nisi si timor ilia videbat — 615
•sed certe sonitusque pedum terrebat, et ingens
crinales vittas adfiabat anhelitus oris,
fessa labore fugae, Fer opem^ deprendimur^ inquam,
armigerae, Dictynnay tuae^ cui saepe dedisti
ferre tuos arcus inclusaque tela pharetra, 620
" ' Mota dea est, spissisque f erens e nubibus unam
me super injecit. Lustrat caligine tectam
amnis, et ignarus circum cava nubila quaerit ;
bisque locum, quo me dea texerat, inscius ambit,
68 XL The Wandering of Ceres. [Metam.
et bis lo Arethusa ! lo Arethusa ! vocavit. 625
quid mihi tunc animi miserae fuit ? anne quod agnae
est,
siqua lupos audit circum stabula alta frementes ?
aut lepori, qui vepre latens hostilia cernit
ora canum, nullosque audet dare corpora motus ?
' Non tameii abscedit ; neque ehim vestigia cernit 630
longius uUa pedum : servat nubemque locumque.
occupat obsessos sudor mihi f rigidus artus, i •
caeruleaeque cadunt toto de corpore guttae.
quaque pedem movi, manat Jacus, eque capillis
ros cadit; et citius'quam nunc tibi facta renarro, 635
in latices mutor. Sed enim cognoscit amatas
amnis aquas, positoque viri quod sumpserat ore,
vertitur in proprias, ut se mihi misce^t, undas.
Delia rupit humum, caecisque ego nlersa cavernis
advchor Ortygiam, quae me cognomine divae 640
grata meae superas eduxit prima sub auras.'
Hac Arethusa tenus, Geminos dea fertilis angues
curribus admovit, frenisque coercuit ora,
^t medium caeli terraeque per aera vecta est,
atque leveiil currum Tritonida raisit in uAem 645
Xriptolemo ; partimque rudi data semina jussit
Spargere humo, partim post tempora longa recultae.
jam super Europen subhmis et Asida terram
vectus erat juvenis ; Scythicas advertitur oras.
rex ibi Lyncus erat. Regis subit ille penates ; 650
qua veniat, causamque viae nomenque rogatus
et patriam, * Patria est clarae mihi ' dixit * Athenae ;
Triptolemus nomen. Veni nee puppe jjer undas,
nee pede per terras : patuit mihi pervius aether,
don^ fero Cereris, latos quae sparsa per agros 655
frugifcras messes alimentaque mitia reddant/
V. 66i.] Triptolemus and Lyncus. 69
barbarus invidit ; tantique ut muneris auctor
ipse sit, hospitio recipit, somnoque gravatum
adgreditur ferro. Conantem figere pectus
lynca Ceres fecit, rursusque per aera jussit 660
Mopsopium juvenem sacros agitare jugales.
JO XII, The Punishment of Arachne. [Metam.
XII. The Punishment of Arachne.
[Book VI.— 1-145.]
Minerva, having heard the tale of the Pierides, bethinks herself
of a fit penalty for Arachne, a Lydian maid, who had boastfully
challenged her to a trial of skill in embroidery. Visiting her in the
guise of an old woman, and finding her still of the same mind, she
assumes her proper shafie, and works in her web the tale of sundry
divine judgments, while Arachne weaves the story of numerous
transformations of gods, impelled thereto by love. To punish her
itnpiety and insolence, Minerva strikes her on the forehead; and
when Arachne in despair hangs herself, converts her to a spider,
condemned to spin and hang for evermore.
PraeSuerat dictis Tritonia talibus aures,
carminaque Aonidum justamque probaverat iram.
turn secum ' laudare parum est ; laudemur et ipsae,
niimitia nee sperni sine poena nostra sinamus '
Maeoniaeque animum fatis intendit Arachnes, 5
quam sibi lanificae non cedere laudibus artis
audierat. Non ilia loco nee origine gentis
clara, sed arte fuit. Pater huic Colophoniiis Idmon
Phoca'fco bibulas tinguebat murice lanas :
occiderat mater ; sed et haec de plebe suoque 10
aequa viro fuerat. Lydas tamen ilia per urbes
quaesierat studio nomen memorabile, quamvis
orta domo parva parvis habitabat Hypaepis.
hujus ut aspicerent opus admirabile, saepe
deseruere sui nymphae vineta Timoli, 15
deseruere suas nymphae Pactolides undas.
nee factas solum vestes spectare juvabat ;
tum quoquc, cum ficrent : tantus decor affuit arti.
sive rudem primos lanam glomerabat in orbes,
VI. 52.] The Pride of Arachne, 71
sen digitis subigebat opus, repctitaque longo 20
vellera mollibat nebulas aequantia tractu,
sive levi teretem versabat poUice fusum,
seu pingebat acu : scires a Pallade doctam.
quod tamen ipsa negat, tantaque offensa magistra
* Certet ' ait ' mecum : nihil est, quod victa recusem.' 25
Pallas anum simulat, falsosque in tempora canos
addit et infirmos, baculum, quod sustinet artus.
turn sic orsa loqui : * Non omnia grandior aetas,
quae fugiamus, habet. Seris venit usus ab annis.
consilium ne sperne meum. Tibi fama petatur 30
inter mortales faciendae maxima lanae ;
cede deae, veniamque tuis, temeraria, dictis
supplice voce roga : veniam dabit ilia roganti/
aspicit banc torvis, inceptaque fila relinquit,
vixque manum retinens, confessaque vultibus iram 35
talibus obscuram resecuta est Pallada dictis :
' Mentis inops longaque venis confecta senecta,
et nimium vixisse diu nocet. Audiat istas,
siqua tibi nurus est, siqua est tibi filia, voces,
consilii satis est in me mihi. Neve monendo 40
profecisse putes, eadem est sententia nobis,
cur non ipsa venit } cur haec certamina vitat } '
turn dea ' Venit ! ' ait, f ormamque removit anilem,
Palladaque exhibuit. Venerantur numina nymphae
Mygdonidesque nurus. Sola est non territa virgo, 45
sed tamen exsiluit, subitusque invita notavit
ora rubor, rursusque evanuit : ut solet aer
purpureus fieri, cum primum aurora movetur,
et breve post tempus candescere solis ab ortu.
perstat in incepto, stolidaeque cupidine palmae 50
in sua fata ruit. Neque enim Jove nata recusat
ncc monet ulterius nee jam certamina differt.
72 XII. The Punishment of Arachne, [Metam.
Hand mora, constituimt diversis partibus ambae
et gracili gcminas intcndiint stamine lelas.
tela jugo vincta est, stamen secernit harundo, 55
inseritur medium radiis subtemen acutis,
quod digiti expediunt, atque inter stamina ductum
percusso feriunt insecti pectine dentes.
utraque festinant cinctaeque ad pectora vcstes
bracchia docta movent, studio fallentc laborcm. 60
illic et Tyrium quae purpura sen sit aenum
texitur, et tenues parvi discriminis umbrae ;
qualis ab imbre solet percussis solibus arCus
inficere ingenti longum curvamine caelum :
in quo divetsi niteant cum millc colores, 65
transitus ipse tamen spectantia lumina fallit :
usque adeo quod tangit idem est ; tamen ultima distant,
illic et lentum filis inmittitur aurum,
et vetus in tela deducitur argumentum.
Cecropia Pallas scopulum Mavortis in arce 70
pingit et antiquam de terrae nomine litem,
bis sex caelestes medio Jove sedibus altis
augusta gravitate sedent. Sua quemque deorum
inscribit facies. Jovis est regalis imago,
stare deum pelagi longoque ferire tridente 7$
aspera saxa facit, medioque e vulnere saxi
exsiluisse ferum ; quo pignore vindicet urbem.
at sibi dat clipeum, dat acutae cuspidls hastam,
dat galeam capiti ; defenditur aegide pectus ;
percussamquc sua simulat de cuspide terram 80
edere cum bacis fetum canentis olivae :
mirarique deos : operi victoria finis,
ut tamen exemplis intellegat aemula laudis,
quod pretium speret pro tarn furialibus ausis,
quattuor in partes certamina quattuor addit 85
VI. 130.] Tlie Web of Minerva, 73
clara colore suo, brevibus distincta sigillis.
Threiciam Rhodopen habet angulus unus et Haemon,
nunc gelidos monies, mortalia corpora quondam,
nomina summorum sibi qui tribuere deorum.
altera Pygmaeae fatum miserabile matris 90
pars habet. Hanc Juno victam certamine jussit
esse gruem populisque suis indicere bellum.
pinxit et Antigonen ausam contendere quondam
cum magni consorte Jovis, quam regia Juno
in volucrem vertit ; nee profuit Ilion illi 95
Laomedonve pater, sumptis quin Candida pennis
ipsa sibi plaudat crepitante ciconia rostro.
qui superest solus, Cinyran habet angulus orbum ;
isque gradus templi, natarum membra suarum,
amplectens saxoque jacens lacrimare videtur, 100
circuit extremas oleis pacalibus oras.
is modus est, operisque sua facit arbore finem.
Maeonis elusam designat imagine tauri
Europam : verum taurum, freta vera putares ;
ipsa videbatur terras spectare relictas 105
et comites clamare suas, tactumque vereri
assilientis aquae timiclasque reducere plantas.
fecit et Asterien aquila luctante teneri :
fecit olorinis Ledam recubare sub alis :
addidit, ut Satyri celatus imagine pulchram hq
Juppiter implerit gemino Nycte'ida fetu,
Amphitryon fuerit, cum te, Tirynthia, cepit,
aureus ut Danaen, Asopida luserit ignis,
Mnemosynen pastor, varius Deoi'da serpens. 114
ultima pars telae tenui circumdata limbo 127
nexilibus flores hederis habet intertextos.
Non illud Pallas, non illud carpere Livor
possit opus. Doluit succcssu flava virago, 130
74 XII. The Punishment of Arachnc. [Metam.
et rupit pictas, caelestia crlmina, vestes.
utque Cytoriaco radium cle monte tenebat,
ter (^[uater Idmoniae frontem percussit Arachnes»
non tulit infelix, laqueoque animosa ligavit
giittera. Pendentem Pallas miserata levavit, 135
atqiie ita 'Vive quidem, pende tamen, improba/ dixit
' lexque eadem poeiiac, nc sis secura futuri,
dicta tuo generi serisque nepotibiis esto '
[post ea discedens sucis Hecatei'dos herbae]
sparsit et extemplo tristi medicamine. Tactae 140
defluxere comae, cum quis et naris et aures,
jfitque caput minitnum, toto quoque corpore parva est ;
in latere exiles digiti pro cruribus haerent,
cetera venter habet : de quo tamen ilia remittit
stamen, et antiquas exercet aranea telas, 145
VI. i86.] The Pride of Niobe. ^5
XIII. The Pride and Grief of Niobe.
[Book VI. — 165-312.]
But the fate of Arachne does not warn Niobe, daughter of Tanta-
lus, who, as the mother of seven sons and seven daughters, boasts
herself above Latona. In wrath, therefore, and to avenge their
mother, Apollo in one day smites all the sons of Niobe, and Diana
all her daughters ; and so, being suddenly made childless, she is
turned into marble, and her tears continue to flow forever.
Ecce venit comitum Niobe celeberrima turba, 165
vestibus intexto Phrygiis spectabilis auro,
et, quantum ira sinit, formosa ; movensque decoro
cum capite immissos umerum per utrumque capillos.
constitit ; utque oculos circumtulit alta superbos,
* Quis furor, auditos ' inquit ' praeponere visis 170
caelestes ? aut cur colitur Latona per aras,
numen adhuc sine ture meum est ? Mihi Tantalus auctor,
cui licuit soli superorum tangere mensas.
Pleradum soror est genitrix mea ; maximus Atlas
est avus, aetherium qui fert cervicibus axem ; 175
Juppiter alter avus, socero quoque glorior illo.
*■ Me gentes metuunt Phrygiae, me regia Cadmi
sub domina est, fidibusque mei commissa mariti
moenia cum populis a meque viroque reguntur.
in quamcumque domus adverti lumina partem, 180
immensae spectantur opes. Accedit eodem
digna dea facies. Hue natas adice septem
et totidem juvenes, et mox generosque nurusque.
quaerite nunc, habeat quam nostra superbia causam !
nescio quoque audete satam Titanida Coeo 185
Latonam praeferre mihi, cui maxima quondam
^6 xni. The Pride and Grief of Niobe. [MEXAMi
exiguam sedem pariturae terra negavit.
nee caelo, nee hiimo, nee aquis dea vestra recepta est ;
exsul erat mundi, donee miserata vagantem,
Hospita hi terris erras, ego (dixit) in undis ; 190
instabilemque locum Delos dedit. Ilia duoriim
facta parens : uteri pars haec est septima nostri.
* Surii felix : quis enim neget hoc ? felixque raanebo :
hoc quoque quis dubitet ? tutam me copia fecit,
major sum, quam cui possit Fortuna nocere ; 19s
multaque ut eripiat, multo mihi plura relinquit.
excessere metum mea jam bona. Fingite demi
huic aliquid populo natorum posse meorum :
non tamen ad numerum redigar spoliata duorum,
Latonae turbam : qua quantum distat ab orba ? 200
ite, satisque superque sacri, laurumque capillis
ponite/ Deponunt, infectaque saCra relinquunt,
quodque licet, tacito venerantur murihure numen.
Indignata dea est ; summoque in vertice Cynthi
tali^us est dictis gemina cum pfole locuta ; 205
* En ego vestra parens, vobis animosa creatis,
et, nisi Junoni, nuUi cessura dearum,
an dea sim, dubitor; perque omnia saecula cultis
arceor, O nati, nisi vos succurritis, aris.
nee dolor hie solus : diro convicia facto 210
Tantalis adjecit, vosque est postponere natis
ansa suis, et me, quod in ipsam recidat, orbam
dixit, et exhibuit linguam scelerata paternam/
Adjectura preces erat his Latona relatis :
Desine Phoebus ait ; poenae mora longa querella est. 215
dixit idem Phoebe ; celerique per aera lapsu
contigerant tecti Cadme'i'da nubibus arcem.
planus erat lateque patens prope moenia campus,
adsiduis pulsatus cquis, ubi turba rotarum
VI. 252.] The Sons of Niobe are slain, yy
duraque mollierat siibjecta.s iingula glebas. 220
Pars ibi cle septem genitis Amphione fortes
conscendunt in eqiios, Tyrioque rubentia suco
terga premunt, auroque graves moderantur habenas :
e quibus Ismenos, qui matri sarcina quondam
prima suae fuerat, dum certum flectit in orbem 225
quadrupedis cursus, spumantiaque ora coercet,
Ei miki ! conclamat, medioque in pectore fixa
tela gerit, frenisque manu moriente remissis,
in latus a dextro paulatim defluit armo.
Proximus, audito sonitu per inane pharetrae, 230
frena dabat Sipylus : veluti cum praescius imbris
nube fugit visa, pendentiaque undique rector
carbasa deducit, ne qua levis effluat aura,
frena dabat : dantem non evitabile telum
consequitur ; summaque tremens cervice sagitta 235
haesit, et exstabat nudum de gutture ferrum.
ille, ut erat pronus, per crura admissa jubasque
volvitur, et calido tellurem sanguine foedat.
Phaedimus infelix et aviti nominis heres
Tantalus, ut solito finem imposuere labori, 240
transierant ad opus nitidae juvenile palaestrae :
et jam contulerant arto luctantia nexu
pectora pectoribus ; cum tento concita nervo,
sicut erant juncti, trajecit utrumque sagitta.
ingemuere simul ; simul incurvata dolore 245
membra solo posuere ; simul suprema jacentes
lumina versarunt : animam simul exhalarunt.
Adspicit Alphenor, laniataque pectora plangens
advolat, ut gelidos complexibus allevet artus ;
inque pio cadit officio, nam Delius illi 250
intima fatifero rupit praecordia ferro.
quod simul eductum, pars est pulmonis in hamis
yS XIII. The Pride and Grief of Nio be, [Meiam.
eruta, cumque anima criior est effiisus in auras.
At non intonsum simplex Damasichthona vulnus
adficit. Ictus erat, qua crus esse incipit, et qua 255
mollia nervosus facit internodia poples.
dumque manu temptat trahere exitiabile telum,
altera per jugulum pennis tenus acta sagitta est.
expulit hanc sanguis, seque ejaculatus in altum
emicat, et longe terebrata prosilit aura. 260
Ultimus Ilioneus non profectura precando
bracchia sustulerat, Di que O commimiter oinnes,
dixerat, ignarus non omncs esse rogandos,
parcite I Motus erat, cum jam revocabile telum
non fuit, Arciteiiens ; minimo tamen occidit ille 265
vulnere, non alte percusso corde sagitta.
Fama mali populique dolor lacrimaeque suorum
tam subitae matrem certam fecere ruinae
mirantem potuisse, irascentemque, quod ausi
hoc essent superi, quod tantum juris haberent. 270
nam pater Ampbion, ferro per pectus adacto,
finierat moriens pariter cum luce dolorem.
Heu quantum haec Niobe Niobe distabat ab ilia,
quae modo Latoi's populum summoverat aris,
et mediam tulerat gressus resupina per urbem, 275
invidiosa suis ! at riunc miseranda vel hosti.
corporibus gelidis incumbit, et ordine nullo
oscula dispensat natos suprema per omnes.
a quibus ad caelum liventia bracchia toUens,
* Pascere, crudelis, nostro, Latona, dolore : 280
pascere ' ait, ' satiaque meo tua pectora luctu :
corque f erum satia ' dixit ; ' per funera septem
efferor : exsulta, victrixque inimica triumpha.
cur autem victrix ? miserae mihi plura sup^rsunt,
quam tibi felici. Post tot quoque funera vinco.' ^«5
VI. 312.] 'Che Grief of Niobe, 79
Dixerat, et sonuit contento nervus ab arcu :
qui praeter Nioben unam conterruit omnes.
ilia malo est audax. Stabant cum vestibus atris
ante toros fratrum demisso crine sorores ;
e quibus una, trahens haerentia viscera tela 290
imposito fratri, moribunda relanguit ore ;
altera, solari miseram conata parentem,
conticuit subito, duplicataque vulnere caeco est,
oraque compressit, nisi postquam spiritus ibat ;
haec frustra fugiens collabitur ; ilia sorori 295
inmoritur ; latet haec ; illam trepidare videres.
Sexque datis leto diversaque vulnera passis,
ultima restabat ; quam toto corpore mater,
tota veste tegens, ' Unam minimamque relinque !
de multis minimam posco ' clamavit *et unam/ 300
dumque rogat, pro qua rogat, occidit. Orba resedit
exanimes inter natos natasque virumque,
diriguitque malis. NuUos movet aura capillos,
in vultu color est sine sanguine, lumina maestis
stant immota genis, nihil est in imagine vivum. 305
ipsa quoque interius cum dure lingua palato
congelat, et venae desistunt posse moveri.
nee flecti cervix, nee bracchia reddere motus,
nee pes ire potest, intra quoque viscera saxum est :
flet tamen, et validi circumdata turbine venti 310
in patriam rapta est. Ibi fixa cacumine montis
liquitur, et lacrimas etiam nunc marmora manant.
8o XIV. The Enchantments of Medea. [IMetam.
XIV. The Enchantments of Medea.
[Book VIL — 1-293.]
[The doom of Niobe reminds one hearer of the vengeance
inflicted on certain people of Lycia, who, having refused to Latona
a draught of water from the lake in her extreme thirst, were by
Jupiter turned into frogs (VI. 313-381)-, and another of the satyr
Marsyas, who was conquered in music and flayed by Apollo ; and
another of the crime of Tantalus, Niobe's father, who caused his
son Pelops to be served up at meat to the gods (382-411). Pan-
dion of Athens, attacked for refusing the friendship of Pelops, is
helped by Tereus, king of Thrace, to whom he gives his daughter
Progne to wife. But Tereus, having committed incest with
Progne's sister Philomela, is dreadfully punished by the two, who
serve to him in a banquet the body of his son Itys ; and as Tereus
ptirsues them for vengeance, all are transformed to birds — Tereus
becoming a hoopoe, Progne a swallow, Philomela a nightingale, and
Itys a pheasant; while Pandion, dying of grief, is succeeded by
Erechtheus (412-676), whose daughter Orithyia is borne away by
Boreas (the North Wind) to Thrace. Here she becomes mother of
the winged heroes Zethes and Calais, who accompany Jason and
the Argonauts in their voyage for the Golden Fleece (677-721).]
Arriving at Colchis, Jason is met by the enchantress Medea,
daughter of king ^etes ; who, moved by love, protects him by her
enchantments from the Dragon guarding the fleece, and from the
iire-breathing bulls, with which he ploughs the appointed field,
sowing it with serpents' teeth (VII. 1-122). Frdm these spring up
armed men, who prepare to attack Jason ; but he, instructed by
Medea, casts a stone among them, whereat they perish in mutual
slaughter (123-143). Returning to lolchos with Medea, he en-
treats her to restore to youth his aged father. The magic is de-
scribed at length, by which she prepares the juices of miraculous
herbs ; and, these proving efficacious, /Eson is converted to the
fresh vigor of forty years before (144-293),
Jamque fretum Minyae Pagasaea puppe secabant :
perpetuaque trahens inopem sub nocte senectam
VII. ss,"] Medea discourses with herself. 8i
Phineus visus erat, juvenesque Aquilone creati
virgineas volucres miseri senis ore fugarant ;
multaque perpessi claro sub lasone tandem 5
contigerant rapidas limosi Phasidos undas.
Dumque adeunt regem, Phrixeaque vellera poscunt,
voxque datur numeris magnorum horrenda laborum,
concipit interea validos Aeetias ignes ;
et luctata diu, postquam ratione fiirorem 10
vincere non poterat, ' Frustra, Medea, repugnas :
nescio quis deus obstat ' ait, * mirumque, nisi hoc est,
au^ aliqiiid certe simile huic, quod amare vocatur.
nam cur jussa patris nimium mihi dura videntur ?
sunt quoque dura nimis. Cur, quern modo denique
vidi, IS
ne pereat, timeo ? quae tanti causa timoris ?
excute virginco conceptas pectore flammas,
si potes, infelix. Si possem, sanior essem :
sed gravat invitam nova vis ; aliudque cupido,
mens aliud suadet. Video meliora, proboque : 20
deteriora sequor. Quid in hospite, regia virgo,
ureris, et thalamos alieni concipis orbis ?
haec quoque terra potest, quod ames, dare. Vivat, an
ille
occidat, in dis est. Vivat tamen : idque precari
vel sine amore licet. Quid enim commisit lason } 25
quem, nisi crudelem, non tangat lasonis aetas
et genus et virtus ? quem non, ut cetera desint,
ore movere potest ? certe mea pectora movit.
' At nisi opem tulero, taurorum adflabitur ore,
concurretque suae segetis tellure creatis 30
hostibus, aut avido dabitur fera praeda draconi.
hoc ego si patiar, turn me de tigride natam,
turn ferrum et scopulos gestare in corde fatebor.
82 XIV. The Enchantments of Medea. [Metam.
cur non et specto pereuntem, oculosque videndo
conscelero ? cur non tauros exhortor in ilium, 35
terrigenasque ferbs, insopitunique draconem ?
* Di meliora velint : quamquam non ista precanda,
sed facienda mihi. Prodamne ego regna parentis,
atque ope nescio quis servabitur advena nostra,
Ut per me sospes sine me det lintea ventis, 40
virque sit alterius, poenae Medea relinquar ?
si facere hoc, aliamve potest praeponere nobis,
occidat ingratus. Sed non is vultus in illo,
non ea nobilitas animo est, ea gratia formae,
ut timeam fraudem meritique oblivia nostri. 45
et dabit ante fidem ; cogamque in foedera testes
esse deos. Quin tuta times ! accingere, et omnem
pelle moram : tibi se semper debebit lason,
te face solemni junget sibi, perque Pelasgas
servatrix urbes matrum celebrabere turba* 50
* Ergo ego germanam f ratremque patremque deosque
et natale solum, ventis ablata, relinquam ?
nempe pater saevus, nempe est mea barbara tellus,
frater adhuc infans : stant mecum vota sororis ;
maximus intra me deus est. Non magna relinquam ; 55
magna sequar : titulum servatae pubis Achivae,
notitiamque loci melioris, et oppida, quorum
hie quoque fama viget, cultusque artesque locorum ;
quemque ego cum rebus, quas totus possidet orbis,
Aesoniden mutasse velim, quo conjuge felix 60
et dis cara ferar, et vcrtice sidera tangam.
' Quid, quod nescio qui raediis incurrere in undis
dicuntur montes, ratibusque inimica Charybdis
nunc sorbere fretum, nunc reddere, cinctaque saevis
Scylla rapax canibus Siculo latrare profundo? 65
nempe tencns quod amo, grcmioque in liisonis haercns,
VII. 99.] She meets with Jason, 83
per freta longa ferar. Nihil ilium amplexa verebor ;
aut, si quid metuam, metuam de conjuge solo,
conjugiumne vocas, speciosaque nomina culpae
imponis, Medea, tuae ? quin aspice, quantum 7°
aggrediare nefas, et dum licet, effuge crimen.*
dixit ; et ante oculos rectum gietasque pudorque
constiterant, et victa dabat jam terga Cupido.
Ibat ad antiquas Hecates Perse'i'dos aras,
quas nemus umbrosum secretaque silva tegebat. 75
et jam fortis erat, pulsusque recesserat ardor ;
cum videt Aesoniden, exstinctaque flamma revixit
erubuere genae, totoque recanduit ore,
utque solet ventis alimenta assumere, quaeque
parva sub inducta latuit scintilla favilla, 80
crescere, et in veteres agitata resurgere vires,
sic jam lentus amor, jam quern languere putares,
ut vidit juvenem, specie praesentis inarsit.
Et casu solito formosior Aesone natus
ilia luce fuit : posses ignoscere amanti. ' 85
spectat, et in vultu veluti tum denique viso
lumina fixa tenet, nee se mortalia dv'^mens
era videre putat, nee se declinat ab illo.
ut vero coepitque loqui, dextramque prehendit
hospes, et auxilium summissa voce rogavit, 90
promisitque torum, lacrimis ait ilia profusis :
* Quid faciam video ; nee me igBjotcantia veri
decipiet, sed amor. Servabere munere nostro :
servatus promissa dato.' Per sacra triformis
ille deae, lucoque foret quod numen in illo, 95
perque patrem soceri cernentem cuncta futuri,
event usque sues et tanta pericula jurat,
creditus accepit cantatas protinus herbas,
edidicitque usum, laetusque in tesca recessit
84 XIV. The Enchantments of Medea, [Metam.
Postera depulerat Stellas aurora micantes : loo
eonveniunt populi sacrum Mavortis in arvum,
consistuntque jugis. Medio rex ipse resedit
agmine, purpureus sceptroque insignis eburno.
ecce adamanteis vol^anum naribus efflant
aeripedes tauri, tactaeque vaporibus herbae 105
ardent. Utque solent pleni resonare camini,
aut ubi terrena silices fornace soluti
concipiunt ignem liquidarum aspargine aquarum :
pectora sic intus clausas volventia flammas
gutturaque usta sonant. Tamen illis Aesone natus no
obvius it : vertcre truces venientis ad ora
terribiles vultus praefixaque cornua ferro,
pulvereumque solum pede pulsavere bisulco,
f umificisque loCum mugitibus impleverunt.,
Deriguere metu Minyae. Subit ille, nee ignes 115
sentit anhelatos, — tantum medicamina possunt, —
pendulaque audaci mulcfet palearia dextra,
subpositosqtie jugo pondus grave cogit aratri
ducere, et insnetum ferro proscindere campum.
mirantur Colchi : Minyae clamoribus augent, 120
adiciuntque aniraos. Galea tum sumit aena
vipereos dentes, et aratos spargit in agros.
semina mollit humus valido praetincta veneno,
et crescunt, fiuntque sati nova corpora dentes. 124
Quos ubi viderunt praeacutae cuspidis hastas 131
in caput Haemonii juvenis torquere parantes,
demisere raetu vultunlque animumque Pelasgi.
ipsa quoque extimuit, quae tutum fecerat ilium :
utque peti vidit juvcnem tot ab hostibus unum, 135
palluit, et subito sine sanguine frigida sedit ;
neve parum valeant a se data graniina, carmen
auxiliare canit, secretasque advocat artes.
VII. 171.] yason fulfils his Task, 85
ille, gravem medios silicem jaculatiis in hostes,
a se depulsum Martem convertit in ipsos. 140
terrigenae pereunt per mutua vulnera fratres,
civilique cadunt acie. Gratantur Achivi,
victoremque tenent, avidisque amplexibus haerent.
Tu quoque victorem complecti, barbara, velles :
obstitit incepto pudor ; at complexa fuisses, 145
sed te, ne faceres, tenuit reverentia famae.
quod licet, adfectu tacito laetaris, agisque
carminibus grates et dis auctoribus horum.
Pervigilem superest herbis sopire draconem,
qui crista linguisque tribus praesignis et uncis 150
dentibus horrendus custos erat arletis aurei.
hunc postquam sparsit Lethaei gramine suci,
verbaque ter dixit placidos facientia somnos,
quae mare turbatum, quae concita flumina sistunt :
somnus in ignotos oculos sibi venit, et auro 155
heros Aesonius potitur ; spolroque superbus,
muneris auctorem secum, spolia altera, portans,
victor lolciacos tetigit cum conjugc portus.
Haemoniae matres pro gnatis dona receptis
grandaevique ferunt patres, congestaque flamma 160
tura liquefaciunt, inductaque cornibus aurum
victima vota cadit. Sed abest gratantibus Aeson,
jam propior leto, fessusque senilibus annis.
cum sic Aesonides : ' O cui debere salutem
confiteor, conjunx, quamquam mihi cuncta dedisti, 165
excessitque fidem meritorum summa tuorum :
si tamen hoc possunt (quid enim non carmina possint ?)
deme meis annis, et demptos adde parenti : '
nee tenuit lacrimas. Mota est pietate rogantis,
dissimilemque animum subiit Aeeta relictus. 170
Nee tamen affectus tales confessa, * Quod ' inquit
86 XIV. The Enchantments of Medea. [Metam.
*excidit ore pio, conjunx, scelus ? ergo ego ciiiquam
posse tuae videor spatiiim transcriberc vitac ?
ncc sinat hoc Hecate, nee tu petis aequa. Sed isto,
quod petis, experiar majus dare munus, lason. 175
arte mea soceri longum temptabimus aevum,
non annis revocare tuis : modo diva triformis
adjuvet, et praesens ingentibiis adtuiat ausis/
Tres aberant noctes, ut corniia tota coirent
effiicerentque orbem. Postquam plenissima fulsit, 180
ac solida terras spectavit imagine lima,
egreditur tectis vestes induta recinctas,
nuda pedem, nudos humeris infusa capillos,
fcrtque vagos mediae per muta silentia noctis
incomitatd gradus. Homines volucresque ferasquc 185
solvQrat alta quies ; nullo cum murmure saepes ;
iinmotaeque silent frondes ; silet humidus aer ;
sidera sola micant. Ad quae sua bracchia tendens
ter se convertit, ter Sumptis fluminc crinem
inroravit aquis, ternisque ululatibus ora 190
solvit ; et in dura summisso poplite terra : —
* Nox * ait * arcanis fidissima, quaeque diurnis
aurea cum luna succeditis ignibus, astra,
tuque triceps Hecate, quae coeptis conscia nostris
adjutrixque venis, cantusque artesque magorum 195
quaeque magos, Tellus, pollentibus instruis herbis,
auraeque et venti montesque amnesque lacusque,
dique omnes nemorum, dique omnes noctis adeste,
quorum ope, cum volui, ripis mirantibus amnes
in fontes rediere suos, concussaque sisto, 200
stantia concutio cantu freta, nubila pello,
nubilaque induco, ventos abigoque vocoque,
vipereas rumpo verbis et carmine fauces,
vivaque saxa, sua convulsaquc robora terra
VII. 237-] Her Moonlight Incantations. Zj
et silvas moveo, jubeoque tremescere montes 205
et mugire solum, manesque exire sepulchris ;
* Te quoque, Luna, traho, quamvis Temesaea labores
aera tuos minuant, currus quoque carmine nostro
pallet avi, pallet nostris Aurora venenis : —
vos mihi taurorum flammas hebetastis, et unco 210
impatiens oneris collum pressistis aratro.
vos serpentigenis in se fera bella dedistis ;
custodemque rudem somni sopistis, et "aurum
vindice decepto Graias misistis in urbes.
* Nunc opus est sucis, per quos renovata scnectus 215
in florem redeat, primosque recoUigat annos.
et dabitis ; neque enim micuerunt sidera frustra,
nee frustra volucrum tractus cervice draconum
currus adest/ Aderat demissus ab aethere currus.
Quo simul ascendit, frenataque colla draconum 220
permulsit, manibusque leves agitavit habehas,
sublimis rapitur, subjectaque Thessala Tempe
despicit, et Threces regionibus applicat angues ;
et quas Ossa tulit, quas alt urn Pelion herbas,
Othrys quas Pindusque et Pindo major Olympus, 225
perspicit, et placitas partim, radice revellit,
partim succidit curvamine falcis aenae.
multa quoque Apidani placuerunt gramina ripis,
multa quoque Amphrysi ; neque eras immunis, Enipeu ;
nee non Peneus, nee non Sperchci'des undae 230
contribuere aliquid, juncosaque litora Boebes.
carpsit et Euboi'ca vivax Anthedone gramen,
iiondum mutato vulgatum corpore Glauci.
Et jam nona dies curru pennisque draconum,
nonaque nox omnes lustrantem viderat agros, 235
cum rediit : neque erant tacti, nisi odore, dracones,
et tamen annosae pcllem posuere senectae.
8<S \TV. The EncJimitmcnts of Mtdca, [Metam»
constitit adveniens citra limenque foresqiie,
et tantum caelo tegitur, refugitque viriles
contactus ; statuitque aras e cespite binas, 240
dexteriore Hecates, ast laeva parte Juventae.
Has ubi verbenis silvaque incinxit agresti,
baud procul egesta scrobibus tellure duabus
sacra facit, cultrosque in guttura velleris atri
coiiicit, et patulas perfundit sanguine fossas. 245
turn super invergens liquid! carchesia bacchi,
aeneaque invergens tcpidi carchesia lactis,
verba simul fudit, terrenaque numina civit,
umbrarumque rogat rapta cum conjuge regem,
ne properent artus anima fraudare senili. 250
Quos ubi placavit prccibusque et murmure longo,
Aesonis effoetum proferri corpus ad auras
jussit, et in pleno^ resolutum carmine somnos,
exanimi sinjilem stratis porrexit in herbis.
hinc procul Aesoniden, procul hinc jubet ire ministros, 255
et monet arcanis oculos removere profanes,
diffugiunt jussi ; passis Medea capillis,
bacchantum ritu, flagrantes circuit aras :
multifidasque faces in fossa sanguinis atra
tinguit, et intinctas geminis accendit in aris ; 260
terque senem flamma, ter aqua, ter sulfure lustrat.
Interea validum posito medicamen aeno
fervet, et exsiiltat spumisque tumentibus albet.
illic Ilacmonia radices valle resectas
seminaque floresque et sucos incoquit acres. 265
adicit cxtremo lapides Oriente petitos,
et quas Oceani rcfluum mare lavit arenas.
addit et exceptas luna pernocte pruiucis,
et strigis infames ipsis cum carnibus alas,
incjue virum soliti vultus miitare ferinos 270
VII. 293-3 The Magic Caldi^on. 89
ambigui prosecta liipi ; nee defuit illic
squamea Cinyphii tenuis membrana chelyclri,
vivacisque jecur ccrvi, qiiibus insuper addit
ora caputque novem cornicis saecula passae.
His et mille aliis postquam sine nomine rebus 275
propositum instruxit reniorari Tartara munus,
arenti ramo jampridem mitis olivae
omnia confudit, summisque immiscuit ima.
ecce vetus calido versatus stipes aeno
fit viridis primo, nee longo tempore frondes ' 280
induit, et subito gravidis oncratur olivis.
at quacumque cavo spumas ejecit aeno
ignis, et in terram guttae cecidere calentes,
vernat humus, floresque et mollia pabula surgunt.
Quae simul ac vidit, strict 0 Medea recludit 285
ense senis jugulum, veteremque exirc cruorem
passa, replet sucis. Quos postquam conbibit Aeson,
aut ore acceptos aut vulnere, barba comaeque
canitie posita nigrum rapuere colorem ;
pulsa fugit macies, abeunt pallorque situsque, 290
adjectoque cavae supplentur corporc rugae,
membraque luxuriant. Aeson miratur, et oUm
ante quater denos hunc se rcminiscitur annos.
go XV. TJic Mtcrdcr of Pelias. [Metam.
XV. The Murder of Pelias.
[Book ¥11.^294-353.]
Medea restores the nurses of Bacchus to youth. Then she per-
forms a similar miracle upon an aged ram, and persuades the
daughters of Pelias, Jason's enemy, to kill their father in order
that she may make him young again. But no sooner is he slain
than Medea takes to flight in a chariot drawn by winged dragons.
ViDERAT ex alto tanti miraciila monstri
Liber. Et admonitiis juvenes nutricibus annos 295
posse suis reddi, capit hoc a Colchide munus.
Neve doli cessent, odium cum conjuge falsum
Phasias assimulat, Peliaeque ad lira in a supplex
confugit. Atque illam, quoniam gravis ipse senecta est,
excipiunt natae. Quas tempore callida parvo 300
Colchis amicitiae meiidacis imagine cepit,
dumque refert inter meritorum maxima, demptos
Aesonis esse situs, atque hac in parte moratur,
spcs est virginibus Pelia subjecta creatis,
arte suum parili reviresccre posse parentem. 305
jamque petunt, pretiumque jubent sine fine pacisci.
ilia brevi spatio silet et dubitare videtur,
suspenditque animos ficta gravitate rogantum.
mox ubi pollicita est, 'Quo sit Mucia major
muneris hujus,' ait 'qui vestras maximus aevo est 310
dux gregis inter oves, agnus mcdicamine fiet/
Protinus innumeris effetus laniger annis
attrahitur flexo circum cava tempora cornu :
cujus ut Haemonio marcentia guttura cnltro
fodit, et cxiguo maculavit sanguine ferrum, 315
membra simul pccudis validosque vencfica sucos
VIL 349.] Tlie Ram restored to Youth. 91
mergit in aere cavo : [minuunt en corporis artus,
cornuaque exurunt, nee non cum cornibus annos :
et tener auditur medio balatus aeno.
nee mora, balatum] mirantibus exsilit agnus, 320
lascivitque fuga, laetantiaque ubera quaerit.
obstipuere satae Pelia : promissaque postquam
exhibuere fidem, turn vcro impensius instant.
Ter juga Phoebus equis in Hibero fiumine mersis
dempserat, et quarta radiantia nocte micabant 32s
sidera, cum rapido fallax Aeetias igni
imponit purum laticem et sine viribus herbas.
jamque neci similis resoluto corpore regem
et cum rege suo custodes somnus habebat,
quem dederant cantus magicaeque potentia linguae. 330
intrarant jussae cum Colchide limina natae,
ambierantque torum. ' Quid nunc dubitatis inertes ?
stringite ' ait * gladios, veteremque haurite cruorem,
ut repleam vacuas juvenali sanguine venas.
in manibus vestris vita est aetasque parentis. 335
[si pietas ulla est, nee spes agitatis inanesj
officium praestate patri, telisque senectam
exigite, et saniem conjecto emittite ferro.'
his, ut quaeque pia est, hortatibus impia prima est,
[et ne sit scelerata, facit scelus. Hand tamen ictus 340
ulla suos spectare potest, oculosque reflectunt,]
caecaque dant saevis aversae vulnera dextris.
ille, cruore fluens, cubito tamen allevat artus,
semilacerque toro temptat consurgere, et inter
tot medius gladios pallentia bracchia tendens 34s
* Quid facitis, gnatae ? quid vos in fata parentis
armat ? * ait. Cecidere illis animique manusque.
plura locuturo cum verbis guttura Colchis
abistulit, et calidis laniatum mersit in undis.
92 XV. The Murder of Pelias, [Metam.
Quod nisi pennatis serpentibus isset in auras, 350
non exempta foret poenae. Fugit alta superque
Pelion umbrosum, Philyrei'a tecta, superque
Othryn et eventu veteris loca nota Cerambi.
vil. 631.] The Myrmidons. 93
XVI. The Myrmidons.
[Book VIL — 614-657.]
[Passing over the scene of many transformations, Medea comes
to Athens ; whence (her attempted poisoning of Theseus being
foiled by the recognition of his father y^geus) she suddenly vanishes
(350-424). A feast is celebrated in honor of Theseus' exploits;
and hostility ensuing with Minos (Europa^s son) of Crete, Cephalus
is sent as envoy to -^gina, where he is received by King ^acus and
his sons. In answer to questions of Cephalus, ^acus tells how his
land was visited by a severe pestilence (425-613).]
The loss of life caused by the pestilence is made good by the
marvellous transformation of ants into men who are therefore called
Myrmidons.
Attonitus tanto miserarum turbine rerum,
* Juppiter o ! ' dixi * si te non falsa loquuntur 615
dicta sub amplexus Aeginae Asopidos isse,
nee te, magne pater, nostri pudet esse parentem :
aut mihi redde meos, aut me quoque conde sepulchro/
ille notam fulgore dedit tonitruque secundo.
* Accipio, sintque ista, precor, felicia mentis 620
signa tuae ! ' dixi *quod das mihi, pigneror omen.'
forte fuit juxta patulis rarissima ramis
sacra Jovi quercus de semine Dodonaeo.
hie nos frugilegas aspeximus agmine longo
grande onus exiguo formicas ore gerentes 625
rugosoque suum servantes cortice callem.
dum numerum miror, * Totidem, pater optime,' dixi
* tu mihi da cives, et inania moenia supple/
intremuit ramisque sonum sine flamine metis
alta dedit quercus. Pavido mihi membra timore 630
horruerant stabantque comae. Tamen oscula terrae
94 XVI. The Myrmidons. [MrrAM.
roboribusque dedi : nee me sperare fatebar,
sperabam tamen atque animo raea vota fovebam.
nox subit, et curis exercita corpora somnus
occupat. Ante oculos eadem mihi quercus adesse 635
et promittere idem, totidemque animalia ramis
ferre suis visa est, pariterque tremiscere motu,
granifcrumqiie agmcn subjectis spargcre in arvis ;
crescere quod subito et majus maj usque videri,
ac se tollere humo rectoque assistere trunco, 640
et maciem numerumque pedum nigrumque colorem
ponere, et humanam membris inducere formam.
somnus abit. Damno vigilans mea visa, querorque
in superis opis esse nihil. At in aedibus ingens
murmur erat, vocesque hominum exaudire videbar 645
jam mihi desuetas. Dum suspicor has quoque somni,
ecce venit Telamon properus, foribusque reclusis
'Speque fideque, pater,' dixit ^majora videbis.
egredcre ! ' Egredior : qualesque in imagine somni
visus eram vidisse viros, ex ordine tales 650
aspicio noscoque. Adeunt, regemque salutant.
vota Jovi solvo, populisque recentibus urbem
partior et vacuos priscis cultoribus agros :
Myrmidonasque voco, nee origine nomina fraudo.
corpora vidisti : mores quos ante gerebant, 655
nunc quoque habent, parcumque genus patiensque la-
borum,
quacsitique tenax et quod quaesita reservet.
VIII. 163.] The Flight of Dcedalns. 95
XVII. The Flight of D^dalus.
[Book VIIL — 152-259.]
[Cephalus had received from his wife Procris a hound and a
dart that never missed its aim ; and, as he delighted greatly in hunt-
ing, Procris being jealous watched him from a thicket; and he,
taking her movement for that of some wild creature, shot her with
that dart which was her own gift (661-865). Minos, making war
on Athens to avenge the slaying of his son Androgeos, comes first
to Megara ; where Scylla, daughter of the king Nisus, out of love
for Minos cuts the purple lock on which her father's kingdom and
life depend. Disdained by Minos, she is changed to a sea-mew,
and Nisus to an osprey (VIII. 1-151).]
Theseus, in his escape from the Cretan labyrinth, had borne
away Ariadne, daughter of Minos; who, forsaken by him, is com-
forted by Bacchus, who sets her coronet among the stars (152-182).
Daedalus, builder of the labyrinth, being imprisoned, escapes with
his son Icarus by means of wings fastened with wax ; but Icarus,
soaring too near the sun, and the wax melting, falls into the sea
named for him (183-234). His fall is gladly seen by Perdix, once
sister's son to Daedalus, and slain by him out of envy, but changed
by Minerva to a partridge (235-259).
VoTA Jovi Minos taurorum corpora centum
solvit, ut, egressus ratibus, Curetida terram
contigit, et spoliis decorata est regia fixis.
creverat opprobrium generis, foedumque patebat iss
matris adulterium monstri novitate biformis.
destinat hunc Minos thalamis removere pudorem,
multiplicique domo caecisque includere tectis.
Daedalus ingenio fabrae celeberrimus artis
ponit opus, turbatque notas, et lumina flexum 160
ducit in errorem variarum ambage viarum.
non secus ac liquidus Phrygiis Maeandros in arvis
ludit, et ambiguo lapsu refluitquc fluitque,
96 XVII. The Flight of Dcedalus, [Metam.
occurrensque sibi Venturas aspicit undas,
et nunc ad fontes, nunc ad mare versus apertum 165
incertas exercet aquas : ita Daedalus implct
innumeras errore vias ; vixque ipse reverti
ad limen potuit, tanta est fallacia tecti.
Quo postquam gem i nam tauri juvenisque figuram
clausit, et Actaeo bis pastum sangiune monstrum 170
tertia sors annis domuit repetita novenis,
utque ope virginea nullis iterata priorum
janua difficilis filo est inventa rclecto,
protinus Aegides rapta Minoi'de Diam
vela dcdit, comitemquc suam crudelis in illo 17s
lit ore destituit. Desertae et multa querenti
amplexus et opem Liber tulit, utque perenni
sidere clara foret, sumptam de fronte coronam
immisit caelo. Tenues vblat ilia per auras ;
dumque volat, gemmae nitidos vertuntur in ignes, 180
consistuntque loco, specie remanente coronae,
qui medius Nixique genu est, Anguemque tenentis.
Daedalus interea Creten longumque perosus
exsilium, tactusque loci natalis amore,
clausus erat pelago. ' Terras licet ' inquit ' et undas 185
obstruat, at caelum certe patet : ibimus iliac,
omnia possideat, non possidet aera Minos.'
dixit ; et ignotas animum dimittit in artes,
natui'amque novat : nam ponit in ordine pennas,
a minima coeptas, longam breviore sequent!, 190
ut clivo crevisse putes. Sic rustica quondam
fistula disparibus paulatim surgit avenis.
turn lino medias et ceris adligat imas,
atque ita compositas parvo curvamine flectit,
ut veraS imitetur aves. Pucr Icarus una 195
stabat, et, ignarus sua se tractare pericla,
VITI. 229.] His Warning to Icancs. 97
ore ixnidenti modo quas vaga nioverat aura,
captabat plumas, flavam modo poUice ceram
mollibat, lusuque suo mirabile patris
impediebat opus. Postquam mantis ultima coeptis 200
imposita est, geminas opifex libravit in alas
ipse suum corpus, motaque pependit in aura.
Instruit et natum, * Medio ' que ' ut limite curras,
Icare/ ait * moneo, ne, si dcmissior ibis,
unda gravet pennas, si celsior, ignis adurat : 205
inter utrumque vola. Nee te spectare Booten
aut Helicen jubeo, strictumque Orionis ensem:
me duce carpe viam.' Pariter praeccpta volandi
tradit, et ignotas umeris adcommodat alas :
inter opus monitusque genae maduere seniles, 210
et patriae tremuere manus. Dedit oscula nato
non iterum repetenda suo ; pennisque levatus
ante volat, comitique timet, velut ales, ab alto
quae teneram prolem produxit in aera nido ;
hortaturque sequi, damnosasque erudit artes, 215
et movet ipse suas et nati respicit alas.
Hos aliquis tremula dum captat arundine pisces,
aut pastor baculo, stivave innixus arator,
vidit, et obstupuit, quique aethera carpere possent,
credidit esse deos. Et jam Junonia laeva 220
parte Samos fuerat, Delosque Parosque relictae,
dextra Lcbinthos erat, fecundaque melle Calymne,
cum puer audaci coepit gaudcre volatu,
deseruitque ducem, caelique cupidine tractus
altius egit iter. Rapidi vicinia solis 225
mollit odoratas, pcnnarum vincula, ceras.
tabuerant cerae : nudos quatit ille lacertos,
remigioquc carens non ullas percipit auras,
oraque caerulea patrium clamantia nomen
gS XVII. TJie Flight of Dcedalus. [Metam.
excipiuntur aqua, quae nomen traxit ab illo. 230
at pater infelix, nee jam pater, ' Icare,' dixit,
'Icare,' dixit ^ ubi es ? qua tc regione requiram ? '
' Icare ' dicebat, pennas aspexit in undis :
devovitque suas artes, corpusque sepulchro
condidit, et tellus a nomine dicta sepulti. 235
Plunc miseri tumulo ponentem corpora nati
garrula limoso prospexit ab dice p>erdix,
et plausit pennis, testataque gaudia cantu est :
unica tunc volucris, nee visa prioribus annis,
factaque nuper avis, longum tibi, Daedale, crimen. 240
namque huic tradidcrat, fatorum ignara, docendam
progcniem gcrmana suam, natal ibus actis
bis puerum senis, animi ad praecepta capacis.
ille etiam medio spinas in pisce notatas
traxit in exemplum, ferroque incidit acuto 245
perpetuos dentes, et serrae repperit usum ;
primus et ex uno duo ferrea bracchia nodo
vinxit, ut aequali spatio distant ibus illis
altera pars staret, pars altera duceret orbem.
Daedalus invidit, sacraque ex arce Minervae 250
praccipitem misit, lapsum mentitus ; at ilium
quae favet ingeniis, excepit Pallas, avemque
reddidit, et medio velavit in aere pennis.
sed vigor ingenii quondam velocis in alas
inque pedes abiit ; nomen quod et ante, remansit. 255
non tamen haec alte volucris sua corpora tollit,
nee facit in ramis al toque cacumine nidos :
propter humum volitat, ponitque in saepibus ova,
antiquique meraor metuit sublimia casus.
VIII. 276.] TJie Calydonian Hunt, 99
XVIII. The Calydonian Hunt.
[Book VIII. — 260-546.]
Diana, angry with king QEneiis, because her sacrifice had been
neglected, sent a fierce boar to ravage the country of Calydon
(260-298). Meleager, son of CEneus, summons the bravest youth
of Greece to hunt the monster ; and among them comes Atalanta
of Arcadia, whom Meleager beholds with love (299-328). After a
difficult chase, Atalanta is first to wound the boar, which is finally
killed by Meleager (329-439). He bestows the boar's head, as the
prize of victory, on Atalanta ; which being resented by the brothers
of his mother Althaea, they are slain by him in the quarrel, and
Althaea, incensed at their death, after long debate with herself,
plunges into the flames the fatal brand on which the life of her son
depends, so that he perishes miserably (440-546).
Jamque fatigatum tellus Aetnaea tenebat
Daedalon, et sumptis pro supplice Cocalus armis
mitis habebatur. Jam lamentabilc Athenae
pendere desierant ThCwSea laude tributum ;
templa coronantur, bellatricemque Minervam
cum Jove disque vocant aliis, quos sanguine voto 265
muneribusque datis et acerris turis adorant ;
sparserat Argolicas nomen vaga fama per urbes
Theseos, et populi, quos dives Achai'a cepit,
hujus opem magnis imploravere periclis.
Hujus opem Calydon, quamvis Meleagron habcret, 270
sollicita supplex petiit prece. Causa petendi 1»
sus erat, infestae famulus vindexque Dianae.
Oenea namque ferunt pleni successibus anni
primitias frugum Cereri, sua vina Lyaeo,
Palladios flavae latices libasse Minervae ; 275
coeptus ab agricolis superos pervenit ad omnes
100 XVIII. The Calydonian Hunt, [Metam.
ambitiosus honor : solas sine ture relictas
praeteritae cessasse ferunt LatoTclos aras.
Tan git et ira deos : * At non impune feremus,
quaeque inhonoratae, non et dicemur inultae ' 280
inquit ; et Oeneos ultorem spreta per agros
misit aprum, quanto majores lierbida tauros
non habet Epiros, sed habent Sicula arva minores.
sanguine et ignc micant ociili, riget ardiia cervix,
et setae similes rigidis hastilibus horrent ; 285
fervida cum rauco latos stridore per armos
spuma fluit ; dentes aequantur dentibus Indis ;
fulmen ab ore venit ; frondes adflatibus ardent.
Is modo crcscentes segetes proculcat in herba, 290
nunc matura metit fleturi vota colonic
et Cererera in spicis intercipit. Area frustra,
^t frustra expectant promissas horrea messes,
sternuntur gravidi longo cum palmitc fetus,
bacaque cum ramis semper frondentis olivae. 295
saevit et in pecudes : non has pastorve canesve,
non armenta truces possunt defendere tauri.
Diffugiunt populi, nee se nisi moenibus urbis
esse putant tutos : donee Meleagros et una
lecta manus juvdnum coTere cupidine laudis : — 300
Tyndaridae gemini, spectatus caestibus alter,
alter equo ; primaeque ratis molitor lason;
et cum Pirithoo, feh'x concordia, Theseus ;
et duo Thestiadae ; proles Aphare'ia, Lynceus
tX velox Idas ; et jam non femina Caeneus ; y^s
Leucippusque ferox, jaculoque insignis Acastus;
Hippothousque, Dryasque, et cretus Amyntore Phoenix ;
Actoridaeque pares, et missus ab Elide Phyleus ;
nee Telamon aberat, magnique creator Achillis ;
cumque Pherctiade et Hyantco lolao 310
VIII. 343] Scene of the Chase. lOl
impiger Eurytion, et cursu invictiis Echion ;
Naryciusque Lelex, Panopeusque, Hyleusque, feroxque
Hippasus, et primis etiamnum Nestor in annis ;
et qiios Hippocoon antiquis misit Amyclis ;
Penelopesque socer cum Parrhasio Ancaeo ; 31s
Ampycidesque sagax, et aclhuc a conjuge tutus
Oeclides, nemorisque decus Tegeaea Lj^caei.
Rasilis huic summam mordebat fibula vestem ;
crinis erat simplex, nodum coUectus in unum ;
ex humero pendens resonabat eburnea laevo 320
telorum custos ; arcum quoque laeva tenebat :
talis erat cultu ; facies, quam dicere vcre
virgineam in puero, puerilem in virginc possis.
Hanc pariter vidit, pariter Calydonius lieros
optavit, renuente deo, flammasque latentes 325
hausit, et * O f elix, si quern dignabitur ' inquit
* ista virum ! ' Nee plura sinit tcmpusque pudorque
dicere : majus opus magni certaminis urguet. <';^
Silva frequens trabibus, quam nulla ceciderat aetas,
incipit a piano, devexaque prospicit arva ; 330
quo postquam venere viri, pars retia tendunt,
vincula pars adimunt canibus, pars pressa sequuntur
signa pedum, cupiuntque suum reperire peiiclum.
concava vallis erat, quo se demittere rivi
adsuerant pluvialis aquae : tenet ima lacunae 335
lenta salix ulvaeque leves juncique palustres,
viminaque et longa parvae sub arundine cannae.
Hinc aper excitus medios violentus in hostes
fertur, ut excussis elisi nubibus ignes.
sternitur incursu nemus, et propulsa fragorem 340
silva dat. Exclamant juvenes, praetentaque forti
tela tenent dextra lato vibrantia ferro.
ille ruit spargitque canes, ut quisque furenti
102 XVIII. The Calj/donia?i Himt. [Metam.
obstat, et obliqno latrantes dissipat ictu.
ciispis Echionio primum contorta lacerto 345
vaiia fiiit, truncoque declit leve viilnus acerno.
proxima, si nimiis mittentis viribus usa
non foret, in tergo visa est haesura petito —
longius it : auctor teli Pagasaeus lason.
' Phoebe/ ait Atlipycides ' si te coluique coloque, 350
da mihi quod petitur certo CQntingere telo ! '
qua potuit, precibus deus annuit. Ictus ab illo est,
sed sine vulnere, aper : ferrum Diana volanti
abstulerat jaculo ; lignum sine acumine venit.
Ira feri raota est, nee fulminc Icnius arsit : 35s
emicat ex oculis, spirat quoque pectore flamma.
utque volat moles adducto concita nervo,
cum petit aut muros, aut plenas milite turres,
in juvenes certo sic impete vulnificus sus
fertur, et Eupalamon Pelagonaque, dextra tuentes 360
cornua, prosternit. Socii rapuere jacentes ;
at non letiferos effugit Enaesimus ictus
Hippocoonte satus : trepidantem et terga parantem
vertere succiso liquerunt poplite nervi.^
forsitan et Pylitis citra Trojana perisset 365
tempora : sed sumpto posita conamine ab hasta
arboris insiluit, quae stabat proxima, ramis,
despexitque, loco tutus, quern fugerat host em.
Dentibus ille ferox in querno stipite tritis
imminet exitio, fidensque recentibus arnlis 370
Ornytidae magni rostro femur hausit adunco.
at gemini, nondum caelestia sidera, fratres,
ambo conspicui, nive candid iori bus ambo
vectabantur equis, ambo vibrata per auras
hastarum tremulo quatiebant spicula motu. 375
vulnera fecissent, nisi saetiger inter opacas
VIII. 409-] The Wild Boar at Bay. 103
nee jaculis isset nee equo loea pervia^ silvas.
Persequitur Telamon, studioque incaiitus eundi
pronus ab arborea eecidit radiee retentus.
dum levat hunc Peleus, celerem Tegeaea sagittam 380
imposuit nervo, sinuatoque expulit arcu.
fixa sub aure feri summiim destringit arundo
corpus, et exiguo rubefecit sanguine saetas.
nee tamen ilia sui successu laetior ictus,
quam Meleagros erat. Primus vidisse putatur, 385
et primus sociis visum ostendisse cruorcm,
et ^Meritum' dixisse ^ feres virtutis honorem/
erubuere viri, seque cxhortantur, et addunt
cum clamore animos, jaciuntquc sine ordine tela :
turba nocet jactis, et quos petit, imped it ictus. 390
Ecce furens contra sua fata bipennifer Areas
' Discite, femineis quid tela virilia praestent,
O juvenes, operique mco concedite' dixit ;
* ipsa suis licet hunc Latonia protegat armis,
in vita tamen hunc perimet mea d extra Diana.* 395
taUa magniloquo tumidus memoraverat ore,
ancipitemque manu tollens utraque securim
institerat digitis, primos suspensus in artus.
occupat audentem, quaque est via proxima leto,
sumnia ferus geminos direxit ad inguina dentcs. 40a
concidit Ancaeus, glomerataquc sanguine multo
viscera lapsa fluunt, madefactaque terra cruore est„
- ■ Ibat in adversum proles Ixionis hostem
Pirithotis, valida quatiens venabula dextra.
cui procul Aegides ^ O mc mihi carior * inquit 405
* pars animae consiste meae ! licet eminus esse
fortibus : Ancaeo nocuit temeraria virtus.'
dixit, et aerata tonsit grave cuspidc cornum : .
quo bene librato votiquc potente futuro
104 XVIII. The Calydonian Htmt. [Metam.
obstitit aesculea frondosus ab arbore ramus. 410
naisit ct Aesonides jaculum, quod casus ab illo
vertit in immeriti fatum Icitrantis, et inter
ilia conjectum tellure per ilia fixum est.
At manus Oenidae variat ; missisque duabus
hasta prior terra, medio stetit altera tergo. 415
nee mora : dum saevit, dum corpora versat in orbem,
stridentemquc novo spumam cum sanguine fundit,
vulneris auctor adest, hostemque irritat ad iram,
splendidaquc adv^ersos venabula condit in armos.
gaudia testantur socii clamore secundo, 420
victriccmque petunt dcxtrae conjungere dextram.-
immanemque ferum multa tellure jacentem
mirantes spectant ; neque adhuc contingere tutum
esse putant, sed tela tamen sua quisque cruentat.
ipse pede imposito caput exitiabile pressit, 425
atquc ita : * Sume mei spolium, Nonacria, juris '
dixit 'et in partem veniat mea gloria tecum.'
protinus exuvias, rigidis horrentia saetis
terga dat, et magnis insignia dentibus ora.
Illi laetitiae est cum munere muneris auctor ; 430
invidere alii, totoque erat agmine murmur,
e quibus ingenti tendc^ntes bracchia voce
* Pone age, nee titulos intercipe, femina, nostros '
Thestiadae clamant, *nec te fiducia formae
decipiat, ne sit longe tibi captus amore 435
auctor ' : et huic adimunt munus, jus muneris illi.
noti tulit, ct tumida frendens Mavortius ira,
' Discite, raptores alieni ' dixit * honoris,
facta minis quantum distent ; ' hausitque nefando
pectora Plcxippi, nil tale timentia, ferro. 440
Toxea, quid faciat^jdubium, paritcrque volentem
ulcisci fratrem fraternaquc fata timcntcm,
VIIL 475-] The Fatal Brand. 105
baud patitur dubitare diu, calidiimque priori
caede recalfecit consorti sanguine telum.
Dona deum templis, nato victore, ferebat, 445
cum videt exstinctos fratres Althaea referri.
quae plangore dato maestis clamoribus urbem
implet, et auratis mutavit vestibus atras.
at simul est auctor necis editus, excidit omnis
luctus, et a lacrimis in poenae versus amorem est. 450
Stipes erat, quern, cum partus enixa jaceret
Thestias, in flammam triplices posuere sororcs ;
staminaque impresso fatalia pollice nentes
' Tempora ' dixerunt * eadem lignoque tibique,
O modo nate, damns.' Quo postquam carmine dicto 455
excessere deae, flagrantem mater ab ignc
eripuit torrem, sparsitque liquentibus undis.
ille diu fuerat penetralibus abditus imis,
servatusque tuos,*juvenis, servaverat annos.
protulit hunc genitrix, taedasque et fragmina poni 460
imperat, et positis inimicos admovet ignes.
Turn conata quater flammis imponere ramum,
coepta quater tenuit. Pugnant materque sororque,
et diversa trahunt unum duo nomina pectus,
saepe metu sceleris pallebant ora futuri ; 465
saepe suum fervens oculis dabat ira ruborem.
et modo nescio quid similis crudele minanti
vultus erat, modo quem misercri credere posses ;
cumque ferus lacrimas animi siccaverat ardor,
inveniebantur lacrimae tamen. Utque carina, 470
quam ventus, ventoque rapit contrarius aestus,
vim geminam sentit, paretque incerta duobus —
Thestias hand aliter dubiis affectibus errat,
inque vices ponit, positamque rcsuscitat iram.
Incipit esse tamen melior germana parente, 475
io6 xvrii. The Calydonian Hunt, [Metam.
ct consanguineas ut sanguine leniat umbras,
impietate pia est : nam postquam pestifer ignis
convaluit, ' Rogus istc crcmet mea viscera ' dixit ;
utque manu clira lignum fatale tenebat,
ante sepulcrales infelix aclstitit aras, 480
'Poenarum' que 'cleae triplices, furialibus/ inquit
*Eumenides, sacris vultus advertite vestros.
ulciscor, facioque nefas : mors mortc pianda est.
in scelus addendum scelus est, in funera funus ;
per coacervatos pereat domus impia luctus. 485
an felix Oeneus nato victore fruetur,
Thestius orbus crit ? Melius lugebitis ambo.
vos modo, fraterni manes, animaeque recentes,
officium sentite meum, magnoque paratas
accipite inferias, uteri mala pignora nostri. 490
' Ei mihi ! quo rapior ? fratres ignoscite matri !
deficiunt ad coepta manus. Meruisse fatemur
ilium, cur pereat : mortis mihi dispJicet auctor.
ergo impune feret, vivusque et victor et ipso
successu tumidus regnum Calydonis habebit ? 495
vos cinis exiguus gelidaeque jacebitis umbrae?
baud equidem patiar. Pereat sceleratus, et ille
spemque patris regniquc traliat patriaeque ruinara.
mens ubi materna est ? ubi sunt pia jura parentum ?
et quos sustinui bis mensum quir^que labores ? 500
O utinam primis ^rsisses ignibus infans,
idquc ego passa forcn) ! Vixisti munere nostro :
nunc merito moriere tuo. Cape praemia facti,
bisque datam, primum partu, mox stipite rapto,
redde animam, vcl me fraternis adde sepulcris. 505
'Et cupio, ct nequeo ; quid agam ? modo vulnera
f rat rum
ante oculos mihi sunt, ct tantac cacdis imago :
VIII. 539-] Death of Mcleager. lO/
nunc animum pietas maternaque nofnina frangimt.
me miseram ! male vincetis, seel vincite, fratres :
dummodo quae dedero vobis solacia, vosque 510
ipsa sequar/ Dixit, dextraque aversa trementi ,
funereum torrem medios conjecit in ignes.
aut dedit, aut visus gemitus est ille dedisse
stipes, ut invitis correptus ab ignibus arsit. ^
Inscius atque absens fiamma Meleagros ab ilia 515
uritur, et caecis torreri viscera sentit
ignibus, ac magnos superat virtute dolores.
quod tamen ignavo cadat et sine sanguine leto, ^ - '"
maeret, et Ancaei felicia vulnera dicit ;
grandaevumque patrem fratresque piasque sorores 520
cum gemitu, sociamque tori vocat ore supremo ;
forsitan et matrem. Crescunt ignisque dolorque,
languescuntque iterum : simul est exstinctus uterque,
inque leves abiit paulatim spiritus auras
paulatim cana prunam velante favilla. 525
Alta jacet Calydon : lugent juvenesque senesque,
vulgusque proceresque gemunt, scissaeque capillos
planguntur matres Calydonides Eueninae.
pulvere canitiem genitor vultusque seniles
foedat humi fusus, spatiosumque increpat aevum, 530
nam de matre manus diri sibi conscia facti
exegit poenas, acto per viscera ferro.
non mihi si centum deus ora sonantia Unguis,
ingeniumque capax, totumque Helicona dedisset,
tristia persequerer miserarum dicta sororum. 535
inmemores decoris liventia pectora tundunt ;
dumque manet corpus, corpus refoventque foventque ;
oscula dant ipsi, posito dant oscula lecto ;
post cinerem cineres haustos ad pectora pressant ;
adfusaeque jacent tumulo, signataque saxo 540
io8 XVIII. The Calydonian Hunt. [Metam.
nomina complexae lacrimas in nomina fundunt.
quas Parthaoniae tandem Latonia clade
exsatiata domus, praeter Gorgenque nurumque
nobilis Alcmenae, natis in corpore pennis
allevat, et longas per bracchia porrigit alas, 545
corneaque ora facit, versasque per aera mittit.
Vlll. 638.] Philemon and Baucis, 109
XIX. Philemon and Baucis.
[Book VIII.— -620-724.]
[Theseus, returning from the Calydonian Hunt, is entertained
with his friends by the river-god Achelous, who recounts the fate of
certain nymphs, turned into rocks and islands. These prodigies
are mocked by Pirithous, son of Ixion, who is among them. To
silence his cavil, Leiex relates the following tale (549-619).]
Jupiter and Mercury, journeying once in Phrygia, were refused
hospitality by all the inhabitants of a certain place, except two
pious rustics, Philemon and his wife Baucis, who provide such
entertainment as they arfe able (620-688) . While the inhospitable
town was drowned in a marsh, the poor hut of Philemon became
a temple, of which he and his wife were made attendants ; until in
a good old age they were both transformed to trees, he to an oak
and she to a linden (689-724).
TiLiAE contermina quercus 620
collibus est Phrygiis, modico circumdata muro. 621
baud procul huic stagnum est, tellus habitabilis olim, 624
nunc celebres mergis fulicisque palustribus undae. - 625
Juppiter hue specie mortali, cumque parente
venit Atlantiades, positis caducifer alis.
mille domos adiere, locum requiemque petentes :
mille domos clausere serae. Tamen una recepit,
parva quidem, stipulis et canna tecta palustri : 630
sed pia Baucis anus parilique aetate Philemon
ilia sunt annis juncti juvenilibus, ilia
consenuere casa ; paupertatemque fatendo
effecere levem, nee iniqua mente ferendo.
nee refert, dominos illic, famulosne requiras : 635
tota domus duo sunt, idem parentque jubentque.
Ergo ubi caelicolae parvos tetigere penates,
summissoque humiles intrarunt vertice postes,
no XIX. Philemon and Baucis^ [Metam.
membra senex posito jussit relevare sedili,
quo superinjecit textum rude sedula Baucis, 640
inde foco tepidura cincrem dimovit, et ignes
suscitat hcsternos, foliisque et cortice sicco
nutrit, et ad flammas anima producit anili,
multifidasque faces ramaliaque arida tecto
detulit, et minuit, parvoque admovit aeno. 645
quodque suus conjunx riguo collcgerat horto,
truncat olus foliis. F'urca levat ille bicorni \
sofdida terga suis nigro pendentia tigno ;
servatoque diu resecat de tergore partem
exiguam, sectamque domat f erven tibus undis. 650
Interea medias fallunt sermonibus horas,
concutiuntque torum de molli fluminis ulva 655
impositum lecto, sponda pedibusque salignis.
vestibus hunc velant, quas non nisi tempore festo
sternere consuerant ; sed et hacc vilisque vetusque
vcstis erat, lecto non indignanda saligno.
Accubuere dei. Mensam succincta tremensque 660
ponit anus : mensae sed erat pes tertius impar :
testa parem fecit. Quae postquam subdita clivum
sustulit, aequatam mentae tersere vireMes. ^ '
ponit Lir hie bicolor silicerae baca Minervae ;
conditaque in b'quida corna autumnalia faece ; 665
intibaque, et radix, et lactis massa coacti,
ovaque non acri leviter versata favilla, —
omnia fictilibus. Post haec caelatus codem
sistitur argento crater, fabricataque fago
pocula, qua cava sunt, fiaven tibus illita ccris. 670
Parva mora est, epulasquc foci mi sere calentes,
nee longae rursus referuntur vina senectac,
dantquc locum mensis paulum scducta sccundis.
hi(i nux, hie mixta est rugosis carica palmis,
VIII. 707.] Their Humble Hospitality. 1 1 1
primaque, et in patulis redolentia mala canistris, 675
et de purpureis collectac vitibus uvac.
candidus in medio faviis est. Super omnia vultus
accesscre boni, nee iners pauperque vohmtas.
Interea totiens haustum cratera repleri
sponte sua, per seque vident succrescere vina. 680
attoniti novitate pavent, manibusque supinis
concipiunt Baucisque preces timidusque Philemon,
et veniam dapibus nuUisque paratibus orant.
Unicus anser erat, minimae custodia villae,
quem dis hospitibus domini mactare parabant. 685
ille celer penna tardos aetate fatigat,
eluditque diu, tandemque est visus ad ipsos
confugisse deos. Superi vetuere necari :
* Di ' que * sumus, meritasque luet vicinia poenas
impia' dixerunt ; 'vobis immunibus hujus 690
esse mali dabitur : modo vestra relinquite tecta,
ac nostros comitate gradus, et in ardua montis
ite simuL' Parent ambo, baculisque levati
nituntur longo vestigia ponere clivo.
Tantum aberant summo, quantum semcl ire sagitta 695
missa potest : flexere oculos, ct mersa palude
cetera prospiciunt, tantum sua tecta manere.
dumque ea mirantur, dum deflent fata suorum,
ilia vetus, dominis etiam casa parva duobus
vertitur in templura ; furcas subiere columnae ; 700
stramina flavcscunt, aurataque tecta videntur,
caelataeque fores, adopertaque marmore tellus.
Talia tum placido Saturnius edidit ore :
' Dicite, juste senex, et femina conjuge justo
digna, quid optetis/ Cum Baucide pauca locutus, 705
judicium superis aperit commune Philemon :
' Esse sacerdotes, delubraquc vestra tueri
112 XIX. Philemon and Baucis. [Metam.
poscimus ; et quoniam Concordes egimus annos,
auferat hora duos eadem, nee conjugis umquam
busta meae videam, neu sim tumulandus ab ilia/ 710
Vota fides sequitur : templi tutela fuere,
donee vita data est. Annis aevoque soluti,
ante gradus sacros cum starent forte, locique
inciperent casus, frondere Philemona Baucis,
Baucida conspexit senior frondere Philemon, 715
jamque super geminos crescente cacumine vultus
mutua, dum licuit, reddebant dicta, Vale que
O conjtmx dixere simul, simul abdita texit
ora frutex. Ostendit adhuc Thinei'us illic
incola de gemino vicinos corpore truncos. 720
haec mihi non vani — neque erat cur fallere vellent —
narravere senes : equidem pendentia vidi
serta super ramos ; ponensque recentia, dixi :
Cura pa dis sunty et qid coluere coluntur.
IX, HI.] The Report of Hercules Love. 113
XX. The Death of Hercules.
[Book IX. — 134-272.]
[AcHELOUS, continuing the discourse, tells of the transforma-
tions of Proteus; and of Mestra, daughter of Erysichthon, who
(receiving this power from Neptune) long, by cheats and wiles,
sustained her father cursed with extreme rage of hunger for the
violation of a grove of Ceres (VIII. 725-884). And as Theseus
inquires the cause of his broken horn, Achelous replies that con-
tending once with Hercules for the possession of Dejanira, sister
of Meleager, that horn had been wrested off, and, being filled by
the Naiads with autumn fruits, became the horn of Plenty (IX.
i-ioo). In defence of the same Dejanira, Hercules had once
slain the centaur Nessus ; who, dying, gave her a tunic stained
with his blood, mixed with venom of the Lernaean hydra, which (he
said) would recall her husband's love if ever it should wander or
cool (101-133).]
Afterward, Hercules being about to wed lole, daughter of Eury-
tus, Dejanira sent to him this tunic as a marriage gift. But when
it took heat from the altar flames as he was about to sacrifice, Her-
cules, being in extreme torment, and unable to tear it off, cast into
the sea the bearer of the gift, Lichas, who was converted into a
rock, retaining his human form (134-227). Then Hercules, build-
ing a great funeral pile upon Mount CEta of Thessaly, burned
himself thereon ; and his mortal parts being purged away, was
received into the company of the gods (228-272).
LoNGA fuit medii mora temporis, actaque magni
Herculis implerant terras odiumque novercae. 135
victor ab Oechalia Cenaeo sacra parabat
vota Jovi, cum fama loqnax praecessit ad aures,
Deianira, tuas, quae veris addere falsa
gaudet, et e minimo sua per mendacia crescit,
Amphitryoniaden loles ardore teneri. 140
Credit amans, venerisque novae perterrita fama
114 XX. The Death of Hercules. [Metam.
indulsit primo lacrimis, flendoque dolorem
diff udit miseranda suiim. Mox deinde, ' Quid autem
flemus ? ' ait : ^pellex lacrimis laetabitur istis.
quae quoniam adveniet, properandum, aliquidque novan-
dum est, 145
dum licet, et nondura thalamos tenet altera nostros.
conquerar, an sileam ? repetam Calydona, morerne ?
excedam tectis ? an, si nihil amplius, obstem ?
quid si me, Meleagre, tuam memor esse sororem
forte paro f acinus, quantumque injuria possit 150
femineusque dolor, jugulata pellice testor?'
Incursus animus varios habet : omnibus illis
praetulit imbutam Nesseo sanguine vestem
mittere, quae vires defect o reddat amori.
ignaroque Lichae, quid tradat nescia, luctus 155
ipsa suos tradit, blandisque miserrima verbis,
dona det ilia viro, mandat. Capit inscius heros,
induiturque humeris Lernaeae virus echidnae.
Tura dabat primis et verba precantia flammis,
vinaque marmoreas patera fundebat in aras : 160
incaluit vis ilia mali, resolutaque flammis
Herculeos abiit late diffusa per art us.
dum potuit, solita gemitum virtute repressit ;
victa maHs postquam est patientia, reppulit aras,
implevitque suis nemorosum vocibus Oeten. 165
nee mora, letiferam conatur scindere vestem :
qua traliitur, trahit ilia cutem, focdumque relatu,
aut haeret membris frustra temptata revelli,
aut laceros artus et grandia detegit ossa.
ipse cruor, gelido ceu quondam lamina candens 170
tincta lacu, stridit, coquiturque ardente veneno.
Nee modus est : sorbent avidae praecordia flammae,
caeruleusque fluit toto de corpore sudor,
IX. 2o6.] The Poiso7zed Shirt of Nessus. 115
arabiistique sonant nervi, caecaque medullis
tabe liquefactis tendens ad sidera palmas, 175
' Cladibus ' exclamat, ' Saturnia, pascere nostris :
pascere, et banc pestem specta, crudelis, ab alto,
corque ferum satia. Vel si miserandus et hosti
hoc aestu tibi sum, diris cruciatibus aegram
invisamque animam natamque laboribus aufer. iSo
mors mihi munus erit : decet haec dare dona novercam.
ergo ego foedantem peregrin 0 templa cruore
Busirin domiii ? saevoque alimenta parentis
Antaeo eripui ? nee me pastoris Hiberi
forma triplex, nee forma triplex tua, Cerbere, movit ? 185
vosne, manus, validi pressistis cornua tauri ?
vestrum opus Elis habet, vestrum Stymphalides undae,
Partheniumque nemus ? vestra virtute relatus
Thermodontiaco caelatus balteus auro,
pomaque ab insomni concustodita dracone ? 190
nee mihi Centauri potuere resistcre, nee mi
Arcadiae vastator aper ? nee profuit hydrae
crescere per damnum, geminasque resumere vires ?
quid, cum Thracis equos humano sanguine pingues
plenaque corporibus laceris praesepia vidi, 195
visaque dejeci, dominumque ipsosque peremi?
his elisa jacet moles Nemcaea lacertis ;
hac caelum cervice tuli. Defessa jubendo est
saeva Jovis conjunx : ego sum indefessus agendo.
sed nova pestis adest, cui nee virtute resisti, 200
nee telis armisque potest. Pulmonibus errat
ignis edax imis, perque omnes pascitur artus.
at valet Eurystheus ! Et sunt, qui credere possint
esse deos ? ' Dixit, perque altum saucius Oeten
baud aliter graditur, qudm si venabula taurus 205
corpore fixa gerat, factique refugerit auctor.
1 1 6 XX. The Death of Hercules, [Metam.
saepe ilium gemitus edentem, saepe frementem,
saepe retemptantem totas refringere vestes,
sternentemque trabes, irascentemque videres
montibus, aut patrio tendentem bracchia caelo. 210
Ecce Lichan trepidum latitantem rupe cavata
aspicit ; utque dolor rabiem collegerat omnem,
* Tune, Licha/ dixit * f eralia dona dedisti ?
tune meae necis auctor eris ? ' Tremit ille, pavetque
pallidus, et timide verba excusantia dicit. 215
dicentem genibusque manus adhibere parantem
corripit Alcides, et terque quaterque rotatum
mittit in Euboi'cas tormento fortius undas.
ille per aerias pendens induruit auras ;
utque ferunt imbres gelidis concrescere ventis, 220
inde nives fieri, nivibus quoque molle rotatis
astringi, et spissa glomerari grandine corpus :
sic ilium validis actum per inane lacertis
exsanguemque metu nee quicquam humoris habentem,
in rigidos versum silices prior edidit aetas. 225
nunc quoque in Euboi'co scopulus brevis emicat alto
gurgite, et humanae servat vestigia formae,
quem, quasi sensurum, nautae calcare verentur,
appellantque Lichan.
At tu, Jovis inclita proles,
arboribus caesis, quas ardua gesserat Oete, 230
inque pyram structis, arcum pharetramque capacem
regnaque visuras iterum Trojana sagittas
ferre jubes Poeante satum, quo flamma ministro
subdita ; dumque avidis comprenditur ignibus agger,
congeriem silvae Nemeaeo vellere summam 235
sternis, et imposita clavae cervice recumbis,
baud alio vultu, quam si conviva jaceres
inter plena meri redimitus pocula sertis.
IX. 272.] Hercules is raised to Heaven. 1 1 7
Jamque valens et in omne latus diffusa sonabat,
securosque artus contemptoremque petebat 240
flamma suum. Timuere dei pro vindice terrae :
quos ita, sensit enim, laeto Saturnius ore
Juppiter adloquitur : * Nostra est timor iste voluptas,
O superi ; totoque libens mihi pectore grator,
quod memoris populi dicor rectorque paterque, 245
et mea progenies vestro quoque tuta favore est.
nam quamquam ipsius datur hoc immanibus actis,
obligor ipse tamen. Sed enim, ne pectora vano
fida metu paveant, Oetaeas spernite flammas.
omnia qui vicit, vincet, quos cernitis, ignes ; 250
nee nisi materna vulcanum parte potentem
sentiet. Aeternum est a me quod traxit, et expers
atque immune necis, nullaque domabile flamma :
idque ego defunctum terra caelestibus oris
accipiam, cunctisque meum laetabile factum 255
dis fore confido. Siquis tamen Hercule, siquis
forte deo doliturus erit, data praemia nolet :
sed meruisse dari sciet, invitusque probabit.*
Assensere dei ; conjunx quoque regia visa est
cetera non duro, duro tamen ultima vultu 260
dicta tulisse Jovis, seque indoluisse notatam.
Interea quodcumque fuit populabile flammae,
Mulciber abstulerat ; nee cognoscenda remansit
Herculis effigies, nee quicquam ab imagine ductum
matris habet, tantumque Jovis vestigia servat. 265
utque novus serpens posita cum pelle senecta
luxuriare solet, squamaque virerc recenti :
sic ubi mortales Tirynthius exuit artus,
parte sui meliore viget, majorque videri
coepit, et augusta fieri gravitate verendus. 270
quem pater omnipotens inter cava nubila raptum
quadrijugo curru radiantibus intulit astris.
ii8 XXI. Orpheus and Eurydice. [Metam.
XXL Orpheus and Eurydice.
[Book X. — 1-77.]
[Alcmene, mother of Hercules, to entertain lole (who had
married his son Hyllus), relates the tale of Hercules' birth, which
was long delayed, but at last brought about by the artifice of Galan-
this, a waiting-maid ; who, for the falsehood she told, was turned
into a weasel by Ilithyia, whom she had deceived (IX. 273-323).
lole relates in turn of her sister Dryope, changed to a lotus
(324-339). The restoring of lolaus to youth, and the miraculous
manhood bestowed on the children of Callirhoe, having moved the
displeasure of some of the gods, Jupiter reminds them of the pain-
ful old age of his own son Minos (400-442). The tale is told of
Byblis, daughter of Miletus (who had migrated from Crete to Asia) ;
she, filled with a guilty love for her brother Cannus, became a foun-
tain in Caria (443-665). Iphis, daughter of Ligdus of Crete, having
been brought up as a youth to avoid her father's displeasure that a
daughter was born to him, was at length changed to a young man
by Isis, and so became the husband of lanthe (666-797).]
Hymen, proceeding to Thrace, after the marriage of Iphis,
united Orpheus to Eurydice, but not happily, for she died from the
bite of a serpent. To recover her, Orpheus penetrated the shadows
of the Lower World, where even the Furies are moved to tears at
his song, the pains of hell are stayed, and Proserpine is won to
yield him back his wife, only on condition that he shall not look
behind him until he reaches the upper world. Turning about too
soon, in his eagerness to see her, he loses her again, and is not
suffered a second time to enter Hades (X. 1-77).
Inde per immensum croceo velatus amictu
aethera digreditur, Ciconumque Hymenaeus ad oras
tendit, et Orphea nequiquam voce vocatur.
adf uit ille quidem ; sed nee sollemnia verba,
nee laetos vultus, nee felix attulit omen. 5
fax quoque, quam tenuit, lacrimoso stridula fumo
X,38.] Half-Ziwn, bitt lost again, 119
usque fuit, nullosque invenit motibus ignes.
exitus auspicio gravior ; nam nupta, per herbas
diim nova n9.'iadum turba comitata vagatur,
occidit, in talum serpentis dente recepto. 10
Quam satis ad superas postquam Rhodopeius auras
deflevit vates, ne non temptaret et umbras,
ad Styga Taenaria est ausus descendcre porta ;
perque leves populos simulacraque functa sepulcro
Persephonen adiit, inamoenaque rcgna tcnentem 15
umbrarum dominum. Pulsisque ad carmina nervis
sic ait : * O positi sub terra numina mundi,
in quern recidimus, quicquid mortale creamur ;
si licet, et falsi positis ambagibus oris
vera loqui sinitis, non hue, ut opaca viderem 20
Tartara, descendi, nee uti villosa colubris
terna Medusaei vincirem guttura monstri.
causa viae conjunx, in quam calcata venenum
vipera diffudit, crescentesque abstulit annos.
posse pati volui, nee me temptasse negabo : 25
vicit Amor. Supera deus hie bene notus in ora est :
an sit et hie, dubito, sed et hie tamen auguror esse,
famaque si veteris non est mentita rapinae,
vos quoque junxit Amor. Per ego haec loca plena
timoris,
per Chaos hoc ingens, vastique silentia regni, 30
Eurydices, oro, properata retexite fata,
omnia debemur vobis, paulumque morati
serius aut citius sedem properamus ad unam.
tendimus hue omnes, haec est domus ultima ; vosque
humani generis longissima regna tenetis. 35
haec quoque, cum justos matura peregerit annos,
juris erit vestri. Pro munere poscimus usum.
quod si fata negant veniam pro conjuge, certuni est
I20 XXI. Orpheus and Eurydice. [Metam.
nolle redire mihi : leto gaudete duorum.'
Talia dicentem neryosquc ad verba moventem 40
exsangues flebant animae ; nee Tantalus undam
captavit refiigam, stiipuitque Ixionis orbis,
nee carpsere jecur volucres, urnisque vacarunt
Belides, inque tuo sedisti, Sisyphe, saxo.
tunc primunri lacrimis victarum carmine fama est 45
Eumenidum maduisse genas. Nee regia conjunx
sustinet oranti, nee qui regit ima, negare :
Eurydicenque vocant. Umbras erat ilia recentes
inter, et incessit passu de vulnere tardo.
banc simul et legem Rhodopeius accipit heros, 50
ne iiectat retro sua lumina, donee Avernas
exierit valles, aut irrita dona futura.
Carpitur acclivis per muta silentia trames,
arduus, obscurus, caligine densus opaca.
nee procul afuerunt telluris margine summae : 55
hie, ne deficeret metuens, avidusque videndi,
fiexit amans oculos ; et protinus ilia relapsa est,
bracchiaque intendens prendique et prendere captan
nil nisi cedentes infelix arripit auras,
jam que iterum moriens non est de conjuge quicquam 60
questa suo : quid enim nisi se quereretur amatam ?
supremumque Vale ! quod jam vix auribus ille
acciperet, dixit, revolutaque rursus eodem est.
Non aliter stupuit gemina nece conjugis Orpheus,
quam tria qui timidus, medio portante catenas, 65
colla canis vidit ; quem non pavor ante reliquit,
quam natura prior, saxo per corpus oborto :
quique in se crimen traxit voluitque videri
Olenos esse nocens, tuque O confisa figurae,
infelix Lethaea, tuae, junctissima quondam 70
pcctora, nunc lapides, quos humida sustinet Ide.
X. 77-1 Half -won, hut lost again, 12 1
Orantem frustraque iterum transire volentem
portitor arcuerat. Septem tamen ille clicbus
squalidus in ripa Cereris sine mimere seclit ;
cura dolorque animi lacrimaeque alimenta fuere. 75
esse cleos Erebi crucleles questus, in altam
se recipit Rhoclopen pulsumque aquilonibus Haemiim.
122 xxii. The Song of Orpheus. [Metam.
XXII. The Song of Orpheus.
[Book X. — 86-219.]
Withdrawn apart from the love of women, and having gath-
ered by his song a grove of forest trees [among them the pine
which was once the youth Attis, and Cyparissus changed by Apollo
into a Cypress] , Orpheus sings of the loves of the gods for mortal
men. And first of Ganymede of Troy, borne to heaven by Jupiter
in the form of an eagle (143— 161) ; and of Hyacinthus, a beautiful
youth of Sparta, beloved by Apollo, but accidentally killed by him
with a discus (or quoit) that he had hurled into the air; from
whose blood sprang the flower that bears his name (i 62-2 19).
[He further sings of certain people of Cyprus, cruel to stran-
gers, who by Venus were changed to oxen (220-237) ; of the
statue wrought by Pygmalion, which became a living maiden, and
his bride (243-297) ; of Myrrha, who because of her incestuous love
of her father became a tree weeping fragrant gum (298-502) ; of
her child Adonis, loved by Venus (503-559) ; of Atalanta, fleet of
foot, who was won in the race by craft of Hippomenes with three
golden apples (see next selection), but both were afterwards changed
into lions (560-707) ; and of the death of Adonis, slain by a wild
boar, and by Venus converted into the flower Anemone, as Menthe
had aforetime been by Proserpine into the herb Mint (708-739).]
CoLLis erat, collemque super planissima campi
area, quam viridem faciebant graminis herbae.
umbra loco deerat : qua postquam parte resedit
dis genitus vates, et fila sonantia movit,
umbra loco venit. Non Chaonis afuit arbor, 90
non nemus Heliadum, non frondibus aesculus altis,
nee tiliae molles, nee fagus et innuba laurus,
nee coryli fragiles, et fraxinus utilis hast is,
enodisque abies, curvataque glandibus ilex,
et platanus genialis, acerque coloribus impar, 95
anmicolaeque siraul salices et aquatica lotos,
X. t66.] The Rape of Ganymede, 123
perpetuoque virens buxum, tenuesque myricae,
et bicolor myrtus, et bacis caerula tinus.
vos quoque, flexipedes hederae, venistis, et una
pampineae vites et amictae vitibus ulmi ; 100
ornique et piceae, pomoque onerata rubenti
arbutus, et lentae (victoris praemia) palmae,
et succincta comas hirsutaque vertice pinus,
grata deum matri : siquidem Cybeleius Attis
exuit hac hominem, truncoque induruit illo. 105
Tale nemus vates attraxerat ; inque ferarum
concilio medius turba volucrumque sedebat.
ut satis impulsas temptavit pollice chordas, 145
et sensit varies, quamvis diversa sonarent,
concordare modos, hoc vocem carmine movit :
' Ab Jove, Musa parens (cedunt Jovis omnia regno)
carmina nostra move : Jovis est mihi saepe potestas
dicta prius. Cecini plectro graviore Gigantas, 150
sparsaque Phlegraeis victricia fulmina campis ;
nunc opus est leviore lyra, puerosque canamus
dilectos superis, inconcessisque puellas
ignibus attonitas meruisse libidine poenam.
* Rex superum Phrygii quondam Ganymedis amore 155
arsit, et inventum est aliquid, quod Juppiter esse,
quam quod erat, mallet. Nulla tamen alite verti
dignatur, nisi quae posset sua fulmina ferre.
nee mora : percusso mendacibus aere pennis
abripit Iliaden, qui nunc quoque pocula miscet, 160
invitaque Jovi nectar Junone ministrat.
* Te quoque, Amyclide, posuisset in aethere Phoebus,
tristia si spatium ponendi fata dedissent.
qua licet, aeternus tamen es ; quotiensque repellit
ver hiemem, Piscique Aries succedit aquoso, 165
tu totiens oreris, viridique in cespite fl.ores.
124 XXII. The Song of Orphetts, [Metaim.
te meus ante omnes genitor dilexit, et orbe
in medio positi caruerunt praeside Delphi,
dum deus Eurotan immunitamque frequentat
Sparten : nee citharae, nee sunt in honore sagittae. 170
inmemor ipse sui non retia ferre recusat,
non tenuisse canes, non per juga montis iniqui
isse comes ; longaque alit assuetudine flammas.
' Jamque fere medius Titan venientis et actae
noctis erat, spatioque pari distabat utrimque : 175
corpora veste levant, et suco pinguis olivi
splendescunt, latique ineunt certamina disci.
* Quern prius aerias libratum Phoebus in auras
misit, et oppositas disjecit pondere nubes.
recidit in solidam longo post tempore terram 180
pondus, et exhibuit junctam cum viribus artem.
protinus imprudens actusque cupidine ludi
tollere Taenarides orbem properabat ; at ilium
dura repercussum subjecit in aera tellus
in vultus, Hyacinthe, tuos. Expalluit aeque 185
quam puer ipse deus ; collapsosque excipit artus,
et modo te refovet, modo tristia vulnera siccat,
nunc animam admotis fugientem sustinet herbis.
* Nil prosunt artes : erat immedicabile vulnus.
ut si quis violas riguove papaver in horto, 190
liliaque infringat fulvis haerentia virgis,
marcida demittant subito caput ilia gravatum,
nee se sustineant, spectentque cacumine terram :
sic vultus moriens jacet, et defecta vigore
ipsa sibi est oneri cervix humeroque recumbit. 19s
^ *' Laberis, Oebalide, prima fraudate juventa,
Phoebus ait, videoque tuum, mea crimina, vulnus.
tu dolor es, facinusque meum : mea dextera leto
inscribenda tuo est ; ego sum tibi funcris auctor.
X. 219-] Death of Hyacinthus, 12$
quae mea culpa tamen ? nisi si lusisse vocari 200
culpa potest, nisi culpa potest et amasse vocari.
atque utinam pro te vitam, tecumve liceret
reddere ! Quod quoniam fatali lege tenemur,
semper eris mecum, memorique haerebis in ore.
te lyra pulsa manu, te carmina nostra sonabunt ; 205
flosque novus scripto gemitus imitabere nostros :
tempus et illud erit, quo se fortissimus heros
addat in hunc florem, folioque legatur eodem."
* Talia dum vero memorantur Apollinis ore,
ecce cruor, qui fusus humo signaverat herbam, 210
desinit esse cruor, Tyrioque nitentior ostro
flos oritur, formamque capit quam lilia, si non
purpureus color his, argenteus esset in illis.
non satis hoc Phoebo est (is enim fuit auctor honoris) :
ipse suos gemitus foliis inscribit, et ai ai 215
flos habet inscriptum, funestaque littera ducta est.
nee genuisse pudet Sparten Hyacinthon, honorque
durat in hoc aevi ; celebrandaque more priorum
annua praelata redeunt Hyacinthia pompa/
126 XXIII. Atalanta. [Metam„
XXIII. Atalanta,
[Book X. — 560-680.]
Orpheus sings how Atalanta was beaten in a race by Hippo-
menes, who dropped three golden apples, which she stopped to
pick up. The tale is supposed to be told by Venus to Adonis.
[For the rest of the song oi Orpheus, see the heading of the
previous selection.]
FoRSiTAN audieris aliquam certamine cursus 560
vcloces superasse viros. Non fabula rumor
ille fuit ; superabat enim. Nee dicere posses,
laude pedum, formaene bono praestantior asset,
scitanti deus huic de conjuge "Conjuge" dixit
"nil opus est, Atalanta, tibi. Fuge conjugis usum. 565
nee tamen effugies, teque ipsa viva carebis,"
territa sorte dei per opacas innuba silvas
vivit, et instantem turbam violenta procorum
condicione fugat, nee *' Sum potiunda, nisi '* inquit
*'victa prius cursu. Pedibus contendite mecum : 570
praemia veloci conjunx thalamique dabuntur ;
mors pretium tardis. Ea lex certaminis esto."
ilia quidem inmitis : sed tanta potentia formae est,
venit ad hanc legem temeraria turba procorum.
Sederat Hippomenes cursus spectator iniqui, 575
et '^Petitur cuiquam per tanta pericula conjunx?"
dixerat, ac nimios juvenum damnarat amores.
ut faciem et posito corpus velamine vidit,
quale meum, vel quale tuura, si femina fias,
obstipuit, tollensque manus "Ignoscite," dixit 580
"quos modo culpavi. Nondum mihi praemia nota,
quae peteretis, erant." Laudando concipit ignes,
X. 6i5-] The Love of Hippontenes. 127
ct, ne quis juvenum currat velocius, optat
invidiaque timet. ['^ SecI cur ccrtaminis hujus
intemptata mihi fortuna relinquitur ? " inquit 585
'' Audentes deus ipse juvat." Dum talia secum
exigit Hippomenes, passu volat alite virgo.
quae quamquam Scythica non setius ire sagitta
Aonio visa est juveni, tamen ille decorem
miratur magis. Et cursus facit ille decorem. 590
aura refert ablata citis talaria plantis :
tergaque jactantur crines per eburnea, quaeque
poplitibus suberant picto genualia limbo :
inque puellari corpus candore ruborem
traxerat, baud aliter, quam cum super atria velum 595
Candida purpureum simulatas inficit umbras.
dum notat haec hospes,] decursa novissima meta est,
et tegitur festa victrix Atalanta corona.
dant gemitum victi, penduntque ex foedere poenas.
Non tamen eventu juvenis deterritus horum 600
constitit in medio, vultuque in virgine fixo
'* Quid facilem titulum superando quaeris inertes ?
mecum confer ! " ait " sen me fortuna potentem
fecerit, a tanto non indignabere vinci.
namque mihi genitor Megareus Onchestius : illi 605
est Neptunus avus : pronepos ego regis aquatum.
nee virtus citra genus est. Sen vincar, habebis
Hippomene victo magnum et memorabile nomen.'*
Talia dicentem molli Schoenei'a vultu
aspicit, et dubitat, superari an vincere malit. 610
atque ita "Quis deus hunc formosis" inquit "iniquus
perdere vult, caraeque jubet discrimine vitae
conjugium petere hoc.-* non sum, me judice, tanti.
nee forma tangor, — poteram tamen hac quoque tangi —
sed quod adhuc puer est. Non me movet ipse, sed aetas.
128 xxiii. Atalmita. [MEfAM.
quid, quod inest virtus et mens interrita leti ?
quid, quod ab aequorea numeratur origine quartus ?
quid, quod amat, tantique putat conubia nostra,
ut pereat, si me fors illi dura negarit ?
dum licet, hospes, abi, thalamosque relinque cruentos. 620
conjugium crudele nieum est. Tibi nubere nulla
nolet ; et optari potes a sapiente puella.
cur tamen est mihi cura tui, tot jam ante peremptis ?
viderit ! intereat, quoniam tot caede procorum
admonitus non est, agiturque in taedia vitae. — 625
occidet hie igitur, voluit quia vivere mecum,
indignamque necem pretium patietur amoris ?
non erit invidiae victoria nostra ferendae.
sed non culpa mea est. Utinam desistere velles !
aut, quoniam es demens, utinam velocior esses ! — 630
at quam virgineus puerili vultus in ore est !
a ! miser Hippomene, nollem tibi visa fuisscm !
vivere dignus eras. Quod si felicior essem,
nee mihi conjugium fata importuna negarent,
unus eras, cum quo sociare cubilia vellem." 635
dixerat : utque rudis, primoque Cupidine tacta,
quid facit, ignorans, amat et non sentit amorem.
Jam soHtos poscunt cursus populusque paterque :
cum me solicita proles Neptunia voce
invocat Hippomenes, ^'Cytherea" que "comprecor, ausis
adsit " ait '^nostris et quos dedit, adjuvet ignes."
detulit aura preces ad me non invida blandas ;
motaque sum, fateor. Nee opis mora longa dabatur.
est ager, indigenae Tamasenum nomine dicunt,
telluris Cypriae pars optima, quam mihi prisci 645
sacravere senes, templisque accedere dotem
hanc jussere meis. Medio nitet arbor in arvo,
fulva comam, fulvo ramis crepitantibus auro.
X. 68o.] The Race. 129
hinc tria forte mea veniens decerpta ferebam
aurea poma manu : nullique videnda nisi ipsi 650
Hippomenen adii, docuique, qiiis usus in illis.
signa tubae dederant, cum carcere proniis uterque
emicat, et summam celcri pede libat harenam.
posse putes illos sicco freta radere jDassu,
et segetis canae stantes percurrere aristas. 655
adiciunt animos juveni clamorqiie favorque,
verbaque dicentum '' Nunc, nunc incumbere tempus,
Hippomene, propera ! nunc viribus utere tot is.
pelle moram, vinces : " dubium, Megareius heros
gaudeat, an virgo magis his Schoeneia dictis. 660
O quotiens, cum jam posset transire, morata est,
spectatosque diu vultus invita reliquit !
aridus e lasso veniebat anhelitus ore,
metaque erat longe. Turn denique de tribus unum
fetibus arboreis proles Neptunia misit. 665
obstipuit virgo, nitidique cupidine pomi
declinat cursus, aurumque volubile tollit :
praeterit Hippomenes : resonant spectacula plausu.
ilia moram celeri cessataque tempora cursu
corrigit, atque iterum juvenem post terga relinquit. 670
et rursus pomi jactu remorata secundi,
consequitur transitque virum. Pars ultima cursus
restabat. ^^Nunc" inquit '^ades, dea muneris auctor!"
inque latus campi, quo tardius ilia rediret,
jecit ab obliquo nitidum juvenaliter aurum. 675
an peteret, virgo visa est dubitare : coegi
tollere, et adieci sublato pondera malo,
impediique oneris pariter gravitate moraque.
neve mens sermo cursu sit tardior ipso,
praeterita est virgo : duxit sua praemia victor. 680
130 XXIV. The Death of Orpheii^s, [Metam.
XXIV. The Death of Orpheus.
[Book XL— 1-84.]
Still lamenting in solitude for his lost Eurydice, Orpheus is
assailed in a frenzy by the women of Thrace, who tear him in
pieces, so that while his body is borne upon the Hebrus, and to
the isle of Lesbos, his shade securely joins that of his wife in the
Elysian Fields (XL 1-66) ; the women who had caused his death
being by Bacchus changed to trees (67-84),
Carmine dum tali silvas animosque ferarum
Threicius vates et saxa sequentia clucit,
ecce nurus Ciconum, tectae lymphata ferinis
pectora velleribus, tumuli de vertice cernunt
Orphea, percussis sociantem carmina nervis. 5
e quibus una, levem jactato crine per auram,
^ En/ ait ' en hie est nostri contemptor ! ' et hastam ^
vatis Apollinei vocalia misit in era :
quae foliis praesuta notam sine vulnere fecit.
Alterius telum lapis est, qui missus, in ipso 10
aere concentu victus vocisque lyraeque est,
ac veluti supplex pro tam furialibus ausis
ante pedes jacuit. Sed enim temeraria crescunt
bella, modusque abiit, insanaque regnat Erinys.
Cunctaque tela forent cantu mollita ; sed ingens 15
clamor et infracto Berecyntia tibia cornu,
tympanaque et plausus et Baccliei ululatus
obstrepuere sono citharae. Turn denique saxa
non exauditi rubuerunt sanguine vatis.
ac primum attonitas etiamnum voce canentis 20
innumeras volucrcs, anguesque agmenque ferarum,
Maenades Orphei titulum rapuere triumphi.
XL 55,] The Thracian Mcsnades, 131
Inde cruentatis vertuntur in Orphea dextris,
et coeunt ut aves, si quando luce vagantem
noctis avem cernimt ; structoque utrimque theatro 25
cell matutina cervus periturus arena
praeda canum est, vatemque petunt, et fronde virentes
coniciunt thyrsos, non haec in munera factos.
hae glebas, illae direptos arbore ramos,
pars torquent silices. Neu desint tela fiirori, 30
forte boves presso subigebant vomere terram ;
nee procul hinc, multo fructum sudore parantes,
dura lacertosi fodiebant arva coloni.
agmine qui viso fugiunt, operisque relinquunt
arma sui ; vacuosque jacent dispersa per agros 35
sarculaquc rastrique graves longique ligones.
quae postquam rapuere ferae, cornuque minaces
divellere boves, ad vatis fata recurrunt,
tendentemque manus atque illo tempore primum
irrita dicentem, nee quicquam voce moventem, 40
sacrilegae perimunt ; perque os, pro Juppiter ! illud,
auditum saxis intellectumque ferarum,
sensibus, in ventos anima exhalata recessit.
Te maestae volucres, Orpheu, te turba ferarum,
te rigidi silices, te carmina saepe secutae 45
fleverunt silvae ; positis te frondibus arbos
tonsa comam luxit ; lacrimis quoque flumina dicunt
increvisse suis, obstrusaque carbasa pullo
naides et dryades passosque habuere capillos.
membra jacent diversa locis : caput, Hebre, lyramque 50
excipis ; et mirum ! medio dum labitur amne,
flebile nescio quid queritur lyra, fiebile lingua
murmurat exanimis, respondent flebile ripae.
jamque mare invectae flumen populare relinquunt,
et Methymnaeae potiuntur litore Lesbi, 55
132 XXIV. The Death of Orpheics, [Metam.
hie ferus expositum peregrinis anguis arenis
OS petit et sparsos stillanti rore capillos.
tandem Phoebus adest, morsusque inferre parantem
arcet, et in lapidem rictus serpentis apertos
congelat, et patulos, ut erant, indurat hiatus. 60
Umbra subit terras, et quae loca viderat ante,
cuncta recognoscit ; quaerensque per arva piorum
invenit Eurydiccn, cupidisque amplecitur ulnis.
hie modo conjunctis spatiantur passibus ambo,
nunc praecedentem sequitur, nunc praevius anteit, 65
Eurydicenque suam jam tuto respicit Orpheus.
Non impune tamen scelus hoc sinit esse Lyaeus :
amissoque dolens sacrorum vate suorum,
protinus in silvis matres Edonidas omnes,
quae videre nefas, torta radice ligavit. 70
[quippe pedum digitos, in quantum quaeque secuta est,
traxit, et in solidam detrusit acumina terram ;]
utque suum laqueis, quos callidus abdidit auceps,
crus ubi commisit volucris, sensitque teneri,
plangitur, ac trepidans astringit vincula motu : 75
sic, ut quaeque solo defixa cohaeserat harum,
exsternata fugam frustra temptabat ; at illam
lenta tenet radix, exsultantemque coercet.
dumque ubi sint digiti, dum pes ubi, quaerit, et ungues,
aspicit in teretes lignum succedere suras ; 80
et conata femur maerenti plangere dextra,
robora percussit. Pectus quoque robora fiunt ;
robora sunt humeri ; porrectaque bracchia veros
esse putes ramos, et non fallare putando.
XI. loo.] Bacchus in Phrygia. 133
XXV. The Story of Midas.
[Book XL — 85-193.]
Proceeding from Thrace into Phrygia, Bacchus is deserted by
Silenus, whom king Midas restores to him, and so receives from
Bacchus whatever boon he should desire. Choosing that whatever
he touched might become gold, Midas presently finds his gift a
curse ; but by help of the god is freed from it oii bathing in the
river Pactolus, whose sands thenceforth become gold (85-145).
Afterwards, frequenting woods and lonely places, he became
witness of a contest for the palm of music between Pan and
Apollo. By Tmolus, the mountain-god, Apollo is judged victor;
and Midas pronouncing for Pan, his ears are by Apollo lengthened
into ass's ears (146-179) ; the secret of which being by his servant
whispered to the earth, there sprang up reeds, which in their
rustling told the shame of Midas (180-193).
Nec satis hoc Baccho est : ipsos quoque deserit agros,
cumque choro meliore sui vineta Timoli
Pactolonqiie petit — quamvis non aureus illo
tempore, nec caris erat invidiosus arenis.
hunc assueta cohors satyri bacchaeque frequentant,
at Silenus abest. Titubantem annisque meroque 90
ruricolae cepere Phryges, vinctumque coronis
ad regem duxere Midan, cui Thracius Orpheus
orgia tradiderat cum Cecropio Eumolpo.
qui simul agnovit socium comitemque sacrorum,
hospitis adventu festum genialiter egit 95
per bis quinque dies et junctas ordine noctes.
Et jam stellarum sublime coegerat agmen
Lucifer undecimus, Lydos cum laetus in agros
rex venit, et juveni Silenum reddit alumno.
huic deus optandi gratum, sed inutile, fecit 100
134 x^v. The Story of Midas. [Metam.
muneris arbitrium, gaudens altore recepto.
ille, male usurus donis, ait 'Effice, quicquid
corpore contigero, fulvum vertatur in aumm/
adnuit optatis, nocituraque munera solvit
Liber, et indoluit, quod non meliora petisset. 105
Laetus abit, gaudetque malo Berecyntius heros :
pollicitique fidem tangendo singula temptat.
vixque sibi credens, non alta fronde virenti
ilice detraxit virgam : virga aurea facta est ;
tollit humo saxum : saxum quoque palluit auro ; no
coiitigit et glebam : contactu gleba potenti
massa fit ; arentis Ceteris decerpsit aristas :
aiirea messis erat ; demptum tenet arbore pomum :
Hesperida^ donasse putes. Si postibus altis
admOivit digitos, postfes radiare videntur ; 115
ille etiam liquidis palmas ubi laverat undis,
tinda fluens palmis Danaen eludere posset.
Vix sp^s ipse suas animo capit, aurea fingens
omnia. Gaudenti mensas posuere ministri
exstructa^ dapibus, liec tostae frugis egentes : 120
turn vero, sive ille sua Cerealia dextra
munera contigerat, Cerealia dona rigebant ;
sive dapes alvido convellere dente parabat,
lamina fulva dapes, admoto dente, premebat ;
miscuerat puris ^uctorem muneris undis : 125
fusile per rictus aurum fluitare videres.
Attonitus novitate mali, divesque miserque,
effugere optat opes, et quae modo voverat, odit.
copia nulla famem relevat : sitis arida guttur
urit, et inviso meritus torquetur ab auro. 130
ad caelumque manus et splendida bracchia tollens,
* Da veniam, Lenaee pater ! peccavimus,' inquit,
* sed miserere, precor, speciosoque eripe damno/
XI. 1 66.] Contest of Pan and Apollo, 135
1'
Mite deum numen, Bacchus peccassc fatentcm
restituit, factique fide data munera solvit. 135
* Neve male optato maneas circumlitus aiiro,
vade ' ait ' ad magnis vicinum Sardibus amneni,
perque jugum montis labentibus obvius undis
carpe viam, donee venias ad flutainis ortns ;
spumigeroque tuum fonti, quo plurimus exit, 140
subde caput, corpusque simul, simul eluc crimen/
rex jussae succedit aquae. Vis aurea tinxit
fiumen, et humano de corpore cessit in amnem.
nunc quoque jam veteris percept o semijie venae
arva rigent auro madidis pallentia glebis. 14s \t
Hie, perosus opes, silvas et rura colebat, ^ ^
Panaque montanis habitantem semper in antris.
pingue sed ingenium mansit ; nocituraquc, ut ante,
rursus erant domino stolidae praecordia mentis,
nam freta prospiciens late riget arduus alto 150
Tmolus in ascensu, clivoque extensus utroque
Sardibus hinc, illinc parvis finitur Hypaepis.
Pan ibi dum teneris jactat sua carmina nymphis,
et leve cerata modulatur aruncline carmen,
ausus Apollineos prae se contemnere cantus, 155
judice sub Tmolo certamen venit ad impar.
Monte suo senior judex consedit, et,jaures
liberat arboribus : quercu coma caeruU tantum .
cingitur, et pendent circum cava tempora glandes,
isque deum pecoris spectans, ' In judice ' dixit 160
* nulla mora est.' Calamis agrestibus insonat ille :
barbaricoque Midan — aderat nam forte canenti —
carmine delenit. Post hunc saccr ora retorsit
Tmolus ad os Phoebi : vultum sua silva sccuta est.
Ille, caput flavum lauro Parnaside vinctus, 165
verrit humum Tyrio saturata murice palla ;
136 XXV. The Story of Midas. [Metam.
in strict amque fidem gemmis et dentibus Indis
sustinet a laeva, tcnuit manus altera plectrum :
attificis status ipse fuit. Turn stamina docto
pollice sollicitatj quorum dulcedine captus 170
Pana jubet Tmolus citharae summittere cannas.
Judicium sanctique placet sententia montis
omnibus, Arguitur tamen, at que injusta vocatur
unius sermonc Midae. Nee Delius aures
humanam stolidas patitur retinere figuram ; 175
sed trahit in spatium, villisque albentibus implet,
instabilesque imas facit, et dat posse moveri.
cetera sunt hominis : partem damnatur in unam,
dnduiturque aures lente gradientis aselli.
"^ Ille quidem celare cupit, turpique pudore 180
tempora purpureis temptat velare tiaris ;
sed solitus longos ferro resecare capillos
viderat hoc famulus. Qui, cum nee prodere visum
dedecus auderet, cupiens efferre sub auras,
nee posset reticere tamen, secedit, humumque 185
effodit, et, domini quales aspexerit aures,
voce refert parva, terraeque inmurmurat haustae ;
indiciumque suae vocis tellure regesta
obruit, et scrobibus tacitus discedit opertis.
creber arundinibus tremulis ibi surgere lucus 190
coepit, et, ut primum pleno maturuit anno,
prodidit agricolam. Leni nam motus ab austro
obruta verba refert, dominique coarguit aures.
XL 594,] The Cave of Somnus 137
XXVI. Ceyx and Alcyone.
[Book XL — 583-748.]
[Departing from Tmolus, Apollo, with Neptune, serves king
Laomedon in building the walls of Troy, whom they punish for his
perfidy (XL 194-220). The transformations of Thetis, who is
given as bride to Peleus and becomes mother of Achilles (221-265).
But Peleus, having slain his brother Phocus, flees to Ceyx ofTra-
chin, whose brother Daedalion (grieving for the loss of his daughter
Chio) had cast himself from Parnassus and been turned by Apollo
into a hawk (266-345). Meanwhile the cattle brought by Peleus
are destroyed by a wolf, through anger of the Nereid mother of
Phocus, the wolf being afterwards turned to stone (346-409).
Ceyx, against the entreaty of his wife Alcyone, goes to consult
the oracle of Apollo at Claros upon these prodigies, but is ship-
wrecked. Alcyone entreats Juno for him in prayer (410-582).]
Juno sends Iris to the Cave of Sleep, and causes a vision to be
sent to Alcyone, which shows her that Ceyx is dead. She dis-
covers his body floating near the shore ; and by pity of the gods
they are transformed into kingfishers, in whose breeding season the
. waters are always still and calm (583-748).
At dea non ultra pro functo morte rogari
sustinet ; utque manus funestas arceat aris,
' Iri, meae ' dixit ' iidissima nuntia vocis, 585
vise soporiferam Somni velociter aulam,
exstinctique jube Ceycis imagine mittat
somnia ad Alcyonen veros narrantia casus.'
dixerat : induitur velamina mille colorum
Iris, at arcuato caelum curvamine signans 590
tecta petit jussi sub nube latentia regis.
Est prope Cimmerios longo spelunca recessu,
mons cavus, ignavi domus et penetralia Somni :
quo numquam radiis oriens mediusve cadensve
138 XXVI. Ceyx and Alcyone. [Metam.
Phoebus adire potest. Nebulae caligine mixtae 595
exlialantur humo dubiaeque crepuscula lucis.
non vigil ales ibi cristati cantibus oris
evocat Auroram, nee voce silentia rumpunt
sollicitive canes canibusve sagacior anser.
non fera, non pecudes, non moti flamine rami, 600
humanaevc sonunl reddunt convicia linguae.
muta quies habitat. Saxo tamen exit ab imo
rivus aquae Lethes, per qviem cum murmure labens
invitat somnos crepitantibus unda lapillis.
ante fores antri fecunda papavera florent 605
innumeraeque herbae, quarum de lacte soporem
nox legit et spargit per opacas umida terras.
janua, ne verso stridores cardine reddat,
nulla domo tota ; custos in limine nullus.
at medio torus est ebeno sublimis in antro, 610
plumeus, unicolor, pullo velamine tectus ;
quo cubat ipse dcus membris languore solutis.
hunc circa passim varias imitantia formas
somnia vana jacent totidem, quot messis aristas,
silva gerit frondes, ejectas litus harenas. 615
quo simul intravit, manibusque obstantia virgo
somnia dimovit, vestis fulgore reluxit
sacra domus : tardaque deus gravitate jacentes
vix oculos tollens, iterumque iterumque relabens
summaque percutiens nutanti pectora mento, 620
cxcussit tandem sibi se, cubitoque levatus,
quid veniat, — cognovit enim — • scitatur. At ilia :
' Somne, quies rerum, placidissime, Somne, deorum,
pax animi, quem cura fugit, qui corpora duris
fessa rainisteriis mulces reparasque labori ! 625
somnia, quae veras aequent imitamine formas,
Herculea Trachine jube sub imagine regis
XT. 659.] The Mission of Morpheas, \ 39
Alcyonen adeant, simulacraque naufraga fingant.
imperat hoc Juno/ Postquam mandata peregit,
Iris abit : neque enim ulterius tolerare vaporis 630
vim poterat, labiqiie ut somnum sen sit in artus,
eff Ligit, et remeat per quos modo venerat arcus.
At pater e populo natorum mille suorum
excitat artificem simulatoremque figurae
Morphea. Non illo jussos sollertius alter 635
exprimit incessus vultumque sonumque loquendi ;
adicit et vestes et consuetissima cuique
verba. Sed hie solos homines imitatur. At alter
fit fera, fit volucris, fit longo corpore serpens,
hunc Icelon super i, mortale Phobetora vulgus 640
nominat. Est etiam diversae tertius artis
Phantasos ; ille in humum saxumque undamque trabem-
que,
quaeque vacant anima fallaciter omnia transit,
regibus hi ducibusque suos ostendere vultus
nocte solent, populos alii plebemque pererrant. 645
praeterit hos senior, cunctisque e fratribus unum
Morphea, qui peragat Thaumantidos edita, Somnus
digit : et rursus molli languore solutus
deposuitque caput, stratoque recondidit alto,
ille volat nullos strepitus facientibus alis 650
per tenebras, intraque morae breve tempus in urbem
pervenit Haemoniam ; positisque e corpore pennis
in faciem Ceycis abit, sumptaque figura
luridus, exanimi similis, sine vestibus ullis,
conjugis ante torum miserae stetit. Uda videtur 655
barba viri, madidisque gravis fluere unda capillis.
turn lecto incumbens, fletu super ora refuso,
haec ait : ' Agnoscis Ceyca, miserrima conjunx ?
an mea mutata est facies nece 1 respice ! nosces,
140 XXVI. Cej/x and Alcyone. [Metam.
inveniesque tuo pro conjuge conjugis umbram. 660
nil opis, Alcyone, nobis tua vota tulerant :
occidimus. Falso tibi me promittere noli,
nubilus Aegaeo cleprendit in aequore navem
auster, et ingenti jactatam flamine solvit :
oraque nostra, tuiim frustra clamantia nomen, 665
implerunt fluctus. Non haec tibi nuntiat auctor
ambiguus, non ista vagis rumoribus audis :
ipse ego fata tibi praesens mea naufragus edo.
surge, age, da lacrimas, lugubriaque indue, nee me
indeploratum sub inania Tartara mitte.' 670
adicit his vocem Morpheus, quam conjugis ilia
crederet esse sui. Fletus quoque fundere veros
visus erat, gestumque manus Ceycis habebat.
Ingemit Alcyone lacrimans, movet atque lacertos
per somnum, corpusque petens amplectitur auras ; 675
exclamatque 'Mane! quo te rapis .'* ibimus una/
voce sua specieque viri turbata soporem
excutit : et primo, si sit, circumspicit illic,
qui modo visus erat. Nam moti voce ministri
intulerant lumen. Postquam non invenit usquam, 680
percutit ora manu, laniatque a pectore vestes,
pectoraque ipsa ferit. Nee crines solvere curat ;
scindit, et altrici, quae luctus causa, roganti
* nulla est Alcyone, nulla est : ' ait * occidit una
cum Ceyce suo. Solantia tollite verba ! 685
naufragus interiit. Vidi agnovique, manusque
ad discedentem, cupiens retinere, tetendi.
umbra fuit. Sed et umbra tamen manifesta virique
vera mei. Non ille quidem, si quaeris, habebat
adsuetos vultus, nee quo prius, ore nitebat. 690
pallentem nudumque et adhuc umente capillo
infelix vidi. Stetit hoc miserabilis ipso
XL 724.] The Grief of Alcyone. 141
ecce loco ' — et quaerit, vestigia siqua siipersint.
*hoc erat, hoc, animo quod divinante timebam,
et ne, me fugiens, ventos sequerere, rogabam. 695
at certe vellem, quoniam periturus abibas,
me quoque duxisses. Multum fuit utile tecum
ire mihi. Neque enim de vitae tempore quicquam
non simul egissem, nee mors discreta fuisset.
nunc absens perii, jactor quoque fluctibus absens, 700
et sine te me pontus habet. Crudelior ipso
sit mihi mens pelago, si vitam ducere nitar
longius, et tanto pugnem superesse dolori.
sed neque pugnabo, nee te, miserande, relinquam ;
et tibi nunc saltern veniam comes. Inque sepulchro 705
si non urna, tamen junget nos littera: si non
ossibus ossa meis, at nomen nomine tangam/
Plura dolor prohibet, verboque intervenit omni
plangor, et attonito gemitus e corde trahuntur.
mane erat. Egreditur tectis ad litus, et ilium 710
maesta locum repetit, de quo spectarat euntem.
dumque moratur ibi, dumque ' Hie retinacula solvit,
hoc mihi discedens dedit oscula litore ' dicit,
quae dum tota locis reminiscitur acta, fretumque
prospicit : in liquida, spatio distante, tuetur 715
nescio quid quasi corpus, aqua. Primoque, quid illud
esset, erat dubium. Postquam paulum appulit unda,
et, quamvis aberat, corpus tamen esse liquebat,
qui foret, ignorans, quia naufragus, omine mota est,
et, tamquam ignoto lacrimam daret, ' Heu ! miser,' in-
quit 720
' quisquis es, et siqua est conjunx tibi ! ' Fluctibus actum
fit propius corpus. Quod quo magis ilia tuetur,
hoc minus et minus est mentis. Jam jamque propinquae
admotum terrae, jam quod cognoscere posset,
14^ XXVI. Ceyx and Alcyone. [MetaxM.
cernit : erat conj unx. ' Ille est ! ' exclamat, et una 725
ora comas vestem lacerat, tendensque trementes
ad Ceyca manus *Sic, o carissime conj unx,
sic ad me, miserande, redis ? ' ait. Adjacet undis
facta manu moles, quae primas aequoris iras
frangit et incursus quae praedelassat aquarum. 730
insilit hue. Mirumque fuit potuisse } volabat,
percutiensque levem modo natis aera pennis,
stringebat summas ales miserabilis undas,
dumque volat, maesto similem plenumque querellae
ora dedere sonum tenui crepitantia rostro. t^s
ut vero tetigit mutum et sine sanguine corpus,
dilectos artus amplexa recentibus alis,
frigida nequiquam duro dedit oscula rostro.
senserit hoc Ceyx, an vultum motibus undae
tollere sit visus, populus dubitabat. At ille 740
senserat. Et tandem, superis miserantibus, ambo
alite mutantur. Fatis obnoxius isdem
tunc quoque mansit amor, nee conjugiale solutum
foedus in alitibus. Coeunt, fiuntque parentes :
perque dies placidos hiberno tempore septem 74s
incubat Alcyone pendentibus aequore nidis.
tunc jacet unda maris. Ventos custodit et arcet
Aeolus egressu, praestatque nepotibus aequor.
XII. 1 7-] The Chiefs at Troy, 143
XXVII. The Chiefs at Troy.
[Book XIL— 1-145.]
[An old man, beholding Ceyx and Alcyone as they circle in their
flight, points out a sea-gull, which (he says) is the altered form of
/^sacus, son of Priam, who had plunged into the sea through grief
at the loss of the nymph Hesperia (XI. 749-795).]
At the mourning for ^sacus, Paris is absent, whose guilt in the
rape of Helen brought the chiefs of Greece to war against Troy.
Detained at Aulis by contrary winds, Agamemnon is commanded
to sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia ; who, however, is borne away
by Diana, a hind being put in her place (XII. 1-36). The Palace
of Fame, who reports the Grecian armament (37-65). In the fight
at their landing, the invulnerable Cygnus is strangled by Achilles,
and changed by his father Neptune to a Swan (65-145).
Nescius adsumptis Priamus pater Aesacon alis
vivere, lugebat ; tumulo quoque nomen habenti
inferias dederat cum fratribus Hector inanes.
defuit officio Paridis praesentia tristi,
postmodo qui rapta longum cum conjuge bellum 5
attulit in patriam, conjurataeque sequuntur
mille rates, gentisque simul commune Pelasgae.
nee dilata foret vindicta, nisi aequora saevi
invia fecissent venti, Boeotaque tellus
Aulide piscosa puppes tenuisset ituras. 10
Hie patrio de more Jovi cum sacra parassent,
ut vetus accensis incanduit ignibus ara,
serpere caeruleum Danai videre draconem
in platanum, coeptis quae stabat proxima sacris.
nidus erat volucrum bis quattuor arbore summa, 15
quas simul et matrem circum sua damna volantem
corripuit serpens, avidaque abscondidit alvo.
144 XXVII. The Chiefs at T7'oy. [Metam.
obstupuere omnes. At veri providus augur
Thestorides ^ Vincemus ' ait, ' gaudete, Pelasgi :
Troja cadet ; sed erit nostri mora longa laboris ; ' 20
atque novem volucres in belli digerit annos.
ille, ut erat, virides amplexus in arbore ramos
fit lapis, et supcrat serpentis imagine saxum.
Permanet Aoniis Nereus violentus in undis,
bellaque non transfert ; et sunt, qui parcere Trojae 25
Neptunum credant, quia moenia fecerat urbi.
at non Thestorides : nee enim nescitve tacetve,
sanguine virgineo placandam virginis iram
esse deae. Postquam pietatem publica causa,
rexque patrem vicit, castumque datura cruorem 30
flentibus ante aram stetit Iphigenia ministris,
victa dea est, nubemque oculis objecit, et inter
officium turbamque sacri vocesque precantum
subposita fertur mutasse Mycenida cerva.
ergo ubi, qua decuit, lenita est caede Diana, 35
et paritcr Phoebes, pariter maris ira recessit ;
accipiunt ventos a tergo mille carinae,
multaque perpessae Phrygia potiuntur arena.
Orbe locus medio est inter terrasque fretumque
caelestesque plagas, triplicis confinia mundi : 40
unde quod est usquam, quamvis regionibus absit,
inspicitur, penetratque cavas vox omnis ad aures.
Fama tenet, summaque domum sibi legit in arcc ;
innumerosque aditus ac mille foramina tectis
addidit, et nullis inclusit limina portis. 45
nocte dieque patet : tota est ex acre sonanti ;
tota fremit, vocesque refert, iteratque quod audit ;
nulla quies intus, nullaque silentia parte.
nQ,c tanien est clamor, sed parvae murmura vocis :
qualia de pelagi, si quis procul audiat^, undis 50
XII. Ss-'] The Landing of the Greeks. 145
esse Solent ; qualemve sonum, cum Juppiter atras
increpuit nubes, extrema tonitrua reddunt.
atria turba tenet : veniimt leve vulgiis, euntque ;
mixtaque cum veris passim commenta vagantur
milia rumorum, confusaque verba volutant. 55
e quibus hi vacuas implent sermonibus aures,
hi narrata ferunt alio, mensuraque ficti
crescitj et auditis aliquid novus adicit auctor.
illic Credulitas, illic temerarius Error,
vanaque Lactitia est, consternatique Timores, ^ 60
Seditioque recens, dubioque auctore Susurri.
ipsa quid in caelo rerum pelagoque geratur
et tellure, videt, totumque inquirit in orbem.
Fecerat haec notum, Graias cum milite forti
adventare rates ; neque inexspectatus in armis 65
hostis adest. Prohibent aditus, litusque tuentur
Troes ; et Hectorea primus fataliter hasta,
Protesilae, cadis, commissaquc proelia magno
stant Dana'is, fortisque animae ncce cognitus Hector,
nee Phryges exiguo, quid Achaica dextera posset, 70
sanguine senserunt. Et jam Sigea rubebant
litora ; jam leto proles Neptunia, Cygnus
mille viros dederat ; jam curru instabat Achilles,
totaque Peliacae sternebat cuspidis ictu
agmina, perque acies aut Cygnum aut Hector a quaerens
Congreditur Cygno : decimum dilatus in annum
Hector erat. Tum coUa jugo candentia pressos
exhortatus equos, currum direxit in hostem,
concutiensque suis vibrantia tela lacertis,
' Quisquis es, O juvenis,' dixit ^solamen habeto 80
mortis, ab Haemonio quod sis jugulatus Achille.'
hactenus Aeacides : vocem gravis hasta secuta est.
sed quamquam certa nullus fuit error in hasta,
146 XXVII. The Chiefs at Troy, [Metam.
nil tamen emissi profecit acumine ferri,
utque hebeti pectus tantummodo contuclit ictu. 85
' Nate dea, nam te fama praenovimus/ inquit
ille, ' quid a nobis vulnus miraris abesse ? ' —
mirabantur enim — ' Non haec, quam cernis, equinis
fulva jubis cassis, neque onus cava parma sinistrae
auxilio mihi sunt : decor est quaesitus ab istis ; 90
Mars quoque ob hoc capere arma solet. Removebitur
hujus
tegminis officium : tamen indestrictus abibo.
est aliquid, non esse satum Nereid e, sed qui
Nereaque et natas et totum temperet aequor/
Dixit, et haesurum clipei curvamine telum 95
misit in Aeaciden, quod et aes et proxima rupit
terga novena boum, decimo tamen orbe moratum est.
excutit hoc heros, rursusque trementia forti
tela manu torsit : rursus sine vulnere corpus
sincerumque fuit ; nee tertia cuspis apertum 100
et se praebentem valuit destringere Cygnum.
baud secus exarsit, quam circo taurus aperto,
cum sua terribili petit irritamina cornu,
poeniceas vestes, elusaque vulnera sensit.
Num tamen exciderit ferrum, considerat, hastae : 105
haerebat ligno. ' Manus est mea debilis ergo,
quasque ' ait ' ante habuit vires, effudit in uno ?
nam certe valui, vel cum Lyrnesia primus
moenia dejeci, vel cum Tenedonque suoque
Eetioneas implevi sanguine Thebas ; no
vel cum purpureus populari caede Caicus
fluxit, opusque meae bis sensit Telephus hastae.
hie quoque tot caesis, quorum per litus acervos
et feci, et video, valuit mea dextra valet que.'
Dixit, et, ante actis veluti male crederet, hastam 115
XII. I45-] Death of Cygnus, 147
misit in adversum Lycia de plebe Menoeten,
loricamque simul subjectaque pectora rupit.
quo plangente gravem moribundo vertice terrain,
extrahit illud idem calido de vulnere teliim,
atque ait : ' Haec manus est, haec, qua modo vicimus,
hasta ; 120
utar in hoc isdem : sit in hoc precor exitus idem.*
sic fatur, Cygnumque petit ; nee fraxinus errat,
inque humero sonuit non evitata sinistro :
inde vekit muro solidaque a caute repulsa est.
qua tamen ictus erat, signatum sanguine Cygnum 125
viderat, et frustra fuerat gavisus Achilles,
vulnus erat nullum : sanguis erat ille Menoetae.
Turn vero praeceps curru fremebundus ab alto
desilit, et nitido securum cominus hostem
ense petens, parmam gladio galeamque cavari 130
cernit, at in duro laedi quoque corpore ferrum.
hand tulit ulterius, clipeoque adversa retecto
ter quater ora viri et capulo cava tempora pulsat ;
cedentique sequens instat, turbatque, ruitque,
attonitoque negat requiem. Pavor occupat ilium : 135
ante oculosque natant tenebrae, retroque ferenti
aversos passus medio lapis obstitit arvo.
quem super impulsum resupino pectore Cygnum
vi multa vertit, terraeque adflixit Achilles,
tum clipeo genibusque premens praecordia duris, 140
vincla trahit galeae, quae presso subdita mento
elidunt fauces, et respiramen iterque
eripiunt animae. Victum spoliare parabat :
arma relicta videt ; corpus deus aequoris albam
contulit in volucrem, cujus modo nomen habebat. 145
148 XXVIII. The Tale of Galatea. [Metam.
XXVIIL The Tale of Galatea.
[Book XIII.™ 750-897.]
[As the chiefs marvel at this prodigy, Nestor relates of Caeneus,
once a maiden (Cgcnis), but made into an invulnerable man, who
was present when the nuptial feast of Pirithous and Hippodamia
was disturbed by the battle of the Lapithae and the Centaurs. For
the Centaurs, monsters of vast strength and fury, half-man, half-
horse, had attempted to steal away the bride. And Caeneus,
remaining unhurt through the fight, was at length overwhelmed
with vast piles of trees, and transformed by Neptune to an eagle
(XII. 146-535). The son of Hercules, Tlepolemus, tells also of
Periclymenus, slain by Hercules as he flew against him in the form
of an eagle (536-579). At the request of Neptune, whose son
Cygnus had been slain, Apollo guides the arrow of Paris to the
vulnerable heel of Achilles ; so that he dies, and a strife arises
among the other chiefs who shall receive his armor, the rival
claimants being Ajax and Ulysses (580-628).
Ajax maintains his claim, before the assembled chiefs, first as of
nobler descent, and then by his martial exploits, chiefly the defence
of the Grecian fleet; at the same time scorning the strategy of
Ulysses, and asserting that he himself alone has might to wield the
immortal armor (XIII. 1-122). To which Ulysses replies, that his
own counsel had been most eflective in the siege, and his own acts
most essential, especially in the night attack of the tents of Rhesus,
and the carrying away of the Palladium (123-381). To him the
victory is adjudged ; and Ajax, in ungovernable wrath, slays himself
with his own sword, — the flower hyacinth springing from his blood
(382-398)-
During the return of the chiefs from Troy, Hecuba, having
plucked out the eyes of Polymestor, king of Thrace, who had
murdered her son Polydorus, is changed to a dog (399-575)-
Aurora, mourning for her son Memnon, slain by Achilles, obtains
that his ashes shall become birds, while her tears are changed to
dew (576-622). yEneas at Delphi is told by Anius, priest of
Apollo, of his daughters' transformation into doves while fleeing
from the power of Agamemnon (623-674) ; and at his departing
XIII. 761.] TJic Cyclops PolyphemiLS. 149
receives from him a bowl engraved with the self-devotion of Orion's
daughters, sacrificed for Thebas, out of whose ashes sprang the
youths CoroncB (675-699). Thence sailing to Crete and Italy, he
passes at Actium the stone image of the judge Ambracus, and
Dodona where the sons of Molossus took the form of birds
(700-718). On the coast of Sicily he nears the rock of the mon-
ster Scylla, once the beautiful daughter of Phorcus, who hears from
her attendant nymph Galatea (daughter of Nereus and Doris) the
following tale (719-749).]
Acis, son of Faunus and the nymph Symaethis, the most beau-
tiful youth of Sicily, loved and was loved by Galatea. But the
giant Polyphemus had likewise conceived a wild passion for her,
which he utters in song (750-869) ; and seeing them as they are
seated together in a wood, he is filled with jealousy, and casts a
rock from ^tna upon them, by w^hich Acis is crushed, and his
blood, oozing beneath the rock, becomes a river (870-897).
[Thereafter, as Scylla paces the shore, she is seen and pursued
by Glaucus, who relates to her the story of his own transformation
from a mortal to a sea-divinity (898-968). Going then to Circe, a
mistress of enchantments, he entreats her to aid his suit for Scylla ;
but she in jealousy, because she herself loved Glaucus, so en-
chanted the waters Scylla used to bathe, that slie was converted to
a foul monster, girt about the loins with wild dogs, and afterwards
(lest she might harm ^fCneas' fleet) to a rock (XIV. 1-74).]
Acis erat Fauno nymphaque Symaethide cretus, 750
magna quidem patrisque sui matrisque voliiptas,
nostra tamen major, nam me sibi junxerat uni.
pulcher et octonis iterum natalibiis actis,
signarat dubia teneras lanugine malas.
hunc ego, me Cyclops nulla cum fine petebat ; 755
nee si quaesieris, odium Cyclopis, amorne
Acidis in nobis fuerit praesentior, edam :
par utrumque fuit. Pro ! quanta potentia regni
est, Venus alma, tui ! nempe ille immitis et ipsis
horrendus silvis, et visus ab hospite nullo 760
impune, et magni cum dis contemptor Olympi,
150 xxviiT. The Tale of Galatea. [Metam.
quid sit amor sentit, nostrique cupidine captus
uritur, oblitus pecorum antroriimque suorum.
Jamque tibi formae, jaraque est tibi cura placendi,
jam rigidos pectis rastris, Polypheme, capillos ; 765
jam libet hirsutam tibi fake recidere barbam,
et spectare feros in aqua, et componere vultus.
caedis amor feritasque sitisque immensa cruoris
cessant, et tutae veniuntque abeuntque carinae.
Telemus interea Siculam delatus ad Aetnen, 770
Telemus Eurymides, quern nulla fefellerat ales,
terribilem Polyphemon adit; ^ Lumen' que, 'quod unum
fronte geris media, rapiet tibi ' dixit ' Ulixes/
risit, et ' O vatum stolidissime, falleris ' inquit :
'altera jam rapuit.' Sic frustra vera monentem 775
spernit, et aut gradiens ingenti litora passu
degravat, aut fessus sub opaca revertitur antra.
Prominet in pontum cuneatus acumine longo
collis : utrumque latus circumfluit aequoris unda :
hue ferus ascendit Cyclops, mediusque resedit ; 780
lanigerae pecudes, nullo ducente, secutae.
cui postquam pinus, baculi quae praebuit usum,
ante pedes posita est, antemnis apta ferendis,
sumptaque arundinibus compacta est fistula centum,
senserunt toti pastoria sibila montes, -j'^s
senserunt undae. Latitans ego rupe, meique
Acidis in gremio residens, procul auribus hausi
talia dicta meis, auditaque mente notavi :
* Candidior folio nivei, Galatea, ligustri,
floridior pratis, longa procerior alno, 790
splendidior vitro, tenero lascivior haedo,
levior adsiduo detritis aequore conchis,
solibus hibernis, aestiva gratior umbra,
nobilior pomis, platano conspectior alta,
XIII. 826.] Song of Polyphemus* 1 5 1
lucidior glacie, matura dulcior uva, 795
mollior et cygni plumis et lacte coacto,
et, si non f ugias, riguo f ormosior horto : —
saevior indomitis eadem Galatea juvencis,
durior annosa quercu, fallacior undis,
lentior et salicis virgis et vitibus albis, 800
his immobilior scopulis, violentior amne,
laudato pavone superbior, acrior igni,
asperior tribulis, feta truculentior ursa,
surdior aequoribus, calcato immitior hydro,
et (quod praecipue vellem tibi demere possem) 805
non tantum cervo claris latratibus acto,
verum etiam ventis volucrique f ugacior aura !
' At, bene si noris, pigeat fugisse ; morasque
ipsa tuas damnes, et me retinere labores.
sunt mihi, pars montis, vivo pendentia saxo 810
antra, quibus nee sol medio sentitur in aestu,
nee sentitur hiemps ; sunt poma gravantia ramos ;
sunt auro similes- longis in vitibus uvae ;
sunt et purpureae : tibi et has servamus, et illas.
ipsa tuis manibus silvestri nata sub umbra 815
mollia fraga leges, ipsa autumnalia corna,
prunaque, non solum nigro liventia suco,
verum etiam generosa novasque imitantia ceras.
nee tibi castaneae me conjuge, nee tibi deerunt
arbutei fetus : omnis tibi serviet arbos. 820
* Hoc pecus omne meum est : multae quoque vallibus
errant,
multas silva tegit, multae stabulantur in antris ;
nee, si forte roges, possim tibi dicere quot sint :
pauperis est numerare pecus. De laudibus harum
nil mihi credideris : praesens potes ipsa videre, 825
ut vix circumeant distentum cruribus uber.
152 xxviii. The Tale of Galatea. [Metam.
sunt, fetura minor, tepidis in ovilibus agni ;
sunt quoque, par aetas, aliis in ovilibus haedi.
lac mihi semper adest niveum : pars inde bibenda
servatur, partem liquefacta coagula durant. 830
^ Nee tibi deliciae faciles, vulgataque tantum
munera contingent, dammae, leporesque caperque,
parve columbarum, demptusve cacumine nidus,
inveni geminos, qui tecum ludere possint,
inter se similes, vix ut dignoscere possis, 835
villosae catulos in summis montibus ursae ;
inveni, et dixi Dominae servabimtcs istos.
jam modo caeruleo nitidum caput exsere ponto,
jam, Galatea, veni, nee munera despice nostra.
' Certe ego me novi, liquidaeque in imagine vidi 840
nuper aquae : placuitque mihi mea forma videnti.
aspice, sim quantus : non est hoc corpore major
Juppiter in caelo — nam vos narrare soletis
nescio quem regnare Jovem. Coma plurima torvos
prominet in vultus, humerosque, ut luciis, obumbrat. 845
nee mihi quod rigidis horrent densissima saetis
corpora, turpe puta. Turpis sine frondibus arbor ;
turpis equus, nisi colla jubae flaventia velent ; 848
barba viros hirtaeque decent in corpore saetae. 850
unum est in media lumen mihi fronte, sed instar
ingentis clipei. Quid ? non haec omnia magno
sol videt e caelo } soli tamen unicus orbis.
adde, quod in vestro genitor meus aequore regnat :
hunc tibi do socerum. Tantum miserere, precesque 855
supplicis exaudi, tibi enim succumbimus uni.
quique Jovem et caelum sperno et penetrabile fulmen,
Nerei', te vereor : tua fulmine saevior ira est.
' Atque ego contemptus essem patientior hujus,
si fugeres omnes. vSed cur Cyclope repulso 860
XIII. 893.] Death of Acis, 153
Acin amas ? praefersque meis amplexibus Acin ?
ille tamen placeatque sibi, placeatque licebit^
quod noUem, Galatea, tibi. Modo copia detur !
sentiet esse mihi tanto pro corpore vires :
viscera viva traham, divulsaque membra per agros 865
perqiie tuas spargam — sic se tibi misceat ! — undas.
uror enim, laesusque exaestuat acrius ignis ;
cumque siiis videor translatam viribus Aetnam
pectore ferre meo : nee tu, Galatea, moveris.'
Talia neqiiiquam questus — nam cuncta videbam — 870
surgit, et ut taurus vacca furibimdus adempta,
stare nequit, silvaque et notis saltibus errat :
cum ferus ignaros, nee quicquam tale timentes,
me videt atque Acin ; ' Video ' que exclamat ' et ista
ultima sit, faciam, veneris concordia vestrae/ 875
tantaque vox, quantam Cyclops iratus habere
debuit ilia fuit. Clamore perhorruit Aetne,
ast ego vicino pavefacta sub aequore mergor.
Terga fugae dederat conversa Symaethius heros,
et ' Fer opem, Galatea, precor, mihi ! ferte parent es,' sso
dixerat, ' et vestris periturum admittite regnis ! '
insequitur Cyclops, partemque e monte revulsam
mittit ; et extremus quamvis pervenit ad ilium
angulus is montis, totum tamen obruit Acin.
At nos, quod solum fieri per fata licebat, 885
fecimus, ut vires assumeret Acis avitas.
puniceus de mole cruor manabat, et intra
temporis exiguum rubor evanescere coepit :
fitque color primo turbati fluminis imbre,
purgaturque mora. Tum moles fracta dehiscit, 890
vivaque per rimas proceraque surgit arundo,
osque cavum saxi sonat exsultantibus undis ;
miraque res, subito media tenus exstitit alvo
154 XXVIII. The Tale of Galatea. [Metam.
incinctus juvenis flexis nova cornua cannis,
qui, nisi quod major, quod toto caerulus ore, 895
Acis erat. Sed sic quoque erat tamen Acis, in amnem
versus, et antiquum tenuerunt flumina nomen.
XIV. 778-] The Deification of Romuhis, 155
XXIX. The Deification of Romulus.
[Book XIV. — 772-828.]
[y^NEAs had passed, on the coast of Italy, the isle of the Car-
copes, turned by Jupiter into apes (XIV. 75-100), and coming to
Cumae, finds the Sibyl Amalthea, daughter of Scylla, who relates
that, being loved by Apollo, he had granted her wish to live so
many years as the grains of sand in her hand (101-153). Arriving
at Cajetas, he meets Macareus, an old companion of Ulysses, who
relates the adventure of the Cyclops and the enchantments of
Circe, at whose palace they had remained a full year (154-312).
During this time, Circe tells of Picus, son of Saturn, whom, for
rejecting her love, she had converted to a woodpecker, and his
companions to various beasts, while his wife Canens wasted into
air (313-440). In the wars which followed -Eneas' arrival in
Latium, Diomed refuses aid to Turnus, but his companions, desir-
ing to grant it, are changed to white hinds (441-5 11). Various
transformations follow: of the shepherd Apulus to a wild olive;
of iEneas^ ships to water-nymphs ; of the ashes of the city Ardea
to a heron ; and at length of ^^neas himself to one of the gods
Indigetes ; of Tiberinus to a river ; of Vertumnus to sundry shapes,
with the tales by which he at length won the the love of Pomona
(512-771).]
The story of the foundation of Rome. After the first struggles
of the Romans, Romulus reigns until he is transported to heaven
where he becomes the god Quirinus (772-828) .
[His wife Hersilia becomes the goddess Ora (829-851).]
Proximus Ausonias injusti miles Amuli
rexit opes : Numitorque senex amissa nepotum
munere regna capit : festisque Parilibus urbis
moenia conduntur. Tatiusque patresque Sabini 775
bella gerunt, arcisque via Tarpeia reclusa
clignam animam poena congestis exult armis.
inde sati Curibus tacitorum more luporum
156 XXIX. The Deificatiofi of Romulus, [Metam.
ore premunt voces et corpora victa sopore
invadunt, portasque petunt, qiias obice firmo 780
clauserat Iliades. Unam tamen ipsa reclusit
nee strepitum verso Saturnia cardine fecit.
sola Venus portae cecidisse repagula sensit,
et clausura fuit, nisi quod rescindere numquam
dis licet acta deum. Jano loca juncta tenebant 785
Naides Ausoniae gelido rorantia fonte.
has rogat auxilium. Nee nymphae justa petentem
sustinuere deam, venasque et flumina fontis
elicuere sui. Nondum tamen invia Jani
ora patentis erant, neque iter praecluserat unda. 790
lurida subponunt fecundo sulpura fonti,
incenduntque cavas fumante bitumine venas.
viribus his aliisque vapor penetravit ad ima
fontis ; et Alpino modo quae certare rigori
audebatis aquae, non ceditis ignibus ipsis. 795
flammifera gemini fumant aspergine postes :
portaque, nequiquam rigidis promissa Sabinis,
fonte fuit praestructa novo, dum Martins arma
indueret miles. Quae postquam Romulus ultro
obtulit, et strata est tellus Romana Sabinis 800
corporibus, strata estque suis, generique cruorem
sanguine cum soceri permiscuit impius ensis,
pace tamen sisti bellum nee in ultima ferro
decertare placet, Tatiumque accedere regno.
Occiderat Tatius, populisque aequata duobus, 805
Romule, jura dabas : posita cum casside Mavors
talibus affatur divumque hominumque parentem :
* Tempus adest, genitor, quoniam fundamine magno
res Romana valet, nee praeside pendet ab uno,
praemia quae promissa mihi dignoque nepoti, 810
solvere, et ablatum terris imponere caelo.
XIV. SzS.ii Romulus becomes a God, 157
tu mihi concilio quondam praesente deorum —
nam memoro memorique animo pia verba notavi —
** unus erit, quern tu tolles in caerula caeli "
dixisti. Rata sit verborum summa tuorum.' 815
annuit omnipotens, et nubibus aera caecis
occuluit, tonitruque et fulgure terruit orbem.
quae sibi promissae sensit rata signa rapinae,
innixusque hastae presses temone cruento
impavidos conscendit equos Gradivus, et ictu 820
verberis increpuit, pronusque per aera lapsus
constitit in summo nemorosi colle Palati :
reddentemque suo jam regia jura Quiriti
abstulit Iliaden. Corpus mortale per auras
dilapsum tenues, ut lata plumbea funda 825
missa solet medio glans intabescere caelo.
pulchra subit facies et pulvinaribus altis
dignior, est quails trabeati forma Quirini.
158 XXX. The Worship of Aisadapius. [Metam.
XXX. The Worship of ^sculapius.
[Book XV. — 622-744.]
[Guided by an ancient sage, Numa seeks wisdom among the
Greeks of Southern Italy ; whereby violating the Sabine law, he
is accused, but acquitted, the black lots being changed by miracle
to white in the urn (XV. 1-59). At Croton Pythagoras, exiled
from Samos, instructs him in the doctrine of metempsychosis,
and the law which forbids all shedding of blood. This was
unknown in the golden age, but began with the slaughter of
animals for food (75-142). Pythagoras — recalling his own former
existence as Euphorbas (slain by Menelaus before Troy) — teaches
that all life incessantly passes from one to another form ; all things
are in flux and change — the heavenly bodies, the seasons types of
human life, the elements with their transmutations, the vast changes
on the face of the earth (237-277). These changes detailed:
waters that disappear, or overflow regions once dry ; islands formed
from mainland, and plains uplifted into hills ; springs alternately
hot and cold, or strangely affecting those who drink of them ;
Delos and the Symplegades ; ^tna, which did not always flame.
Earth herself lives and breathes, and suffers all these changes ;
life springs from decay, and shows strange metamorphoses, as of
worms to butterflies, tadpoles to frogs, and shapeless cubs to
bears ; fable of the Phoenix, hysena, and chameleon, and the
growth of coral ; States change and pass away, — Sparta, Mycenae,
Thebes, — while new Rome is rising from ancient Troy (278-453).
The lesson of mercy is reinforced ; and, fortified with this doc-
trine, Numa rules peacefully the state of Rome until his death
(454-457)-
Egeria, grieving at his loss, listens to the tale of Hippolytus,
son of Theseus (banished by the false accusations of Phaedra, and
dashed to pieces on the shores of Corinth), but changed to the
Italian Virbitis, and is changed by Diana to a fountain (488-551).
Tale of the Etruscan Tages, who sprang from a clod ; and of Cipus,
on whose brow grew horns, and who refused the sovereignty of his
city portended thereby (532-621).]
The people of Rome, being in terror of a pestilence, seek
XV. 648.] The Need of the Romans, 159
counsel of Apollo, who bids them invite his son (^sculapius) to
their city. Proceeding to Epidaurus, the messengers smumon his
help. (622-652) ; he, giving them favorable answer in a dream,
takes the shape of a serpent, and goes aboard their ship (653-693) ;
and arriving at Rome, makes his dwelling in an island of the Tiber
(694-744). ~ B.C. 293.
Pandite nunc, Musae, praesentia niimina vatum,
(scitis enim, nee vos fallit spatiosa vetustas)
unde Coroniden circumfiua Thybridis alti
insula Romuleae sacris asciverit urbis. 625
Dira lues quondam Latias vitiaverat auras,
pallidaque exsangui squalebant corpora tabo.
funeribus fessi postquam mortalia cernunt
temptamenta nihil, nihil artes posse mendentum,
auxilium caeleste petunt ; mediamque tenentes 630
orbis humum Delphos adeunt, oracula Phoebi,
utque salutifera miseris succurrere rebus
sorte velit, tantaeque urbis mala finiat, orant.
et locus et laurus et, quas habet ipse, pharetrae
intremuere simul ; cortinaque reddidit imo 635
banc adyto vocem, pavefactaque pectora movit :
* Quod petis hinc, propiore loco, Romane, petisses :
et pete nunc propiore loco ; nee Apolline vobis,
qui minuat luctus, opus est, sed Apolline nato :
ite bonis avibus, prolemque accersite nostram.' 640
Jussa dei prudens postquam accepere Senatus,
quam colat, explorant, juvenis Phoebe'ius urbem,
quique petant ventis Epidauria litora, mittunt.
quae postquam curva missi tetigere carina,
concilium Graiosque patres adiere, darentque, 645
oravere, deum, qui praesens funera gentis
finiat Ausoniae : certas ita dicere sortes.
Dissidet et variat sententia ; parsque negandum
i6o XXX. The Worship of JEsculapius. [Metam.
non putat auxilium ; multi retinere, siiamque
non emittere opem, nee numina tradere suadent. 650
dum dubitant, seram pepulere crepuscula lucem,
umbraque telluris tenebras induxerat orbi :
cum deus in somnis opifer consistere visus
ante tuum, Romane^ torum, sed qualis in aede
esse solet, baculumque tenens agreste sinistra, 655
caesariem longae dextra deducere barbae,
et placido tales emittere pectore voces :
* Pone metus ; veniam, simulacraque nostra relin-
quam :
hunc modo serpentem, baculujn qui nexibus ambit,
perspice, et usque nota visu, ut cognoscere possis : 660
vertar in hunc; sed major ero, tantusque videbor,
in quantum debent caelestia corpora verti.'
extemplo cum voce deus, cum voce deoque
somnus abit, somnique fugam lux al"ia secuta est.
Postera sidereos Aurora fugaverat ignes ; 665
incerti quid agant, proceres ad templa petiti
conveniunt operosa dei, quaque ipse morari
sede velit, signis caelestibus indicet, orant.
vix bene desierant, cum cristis aureus altis
in serpente deus praenuntia sibila misit, 670
adventuque suo signumque arasque foresque
marmoreumque solum fastigiaque aurea movit,
pectoribusque tenus media sublimis in aede
constitit, atque oculos circumtulit igne micantes.
Territa turba pavet : cognovit numina castos 675
evinctus vitta crines albente sacerdos,
et * Deus en ! deus en ! animis linguisque favete,
quisquis ades ! ' dixit ' Sis, O pulcherrime, visus
utiliter, populosque juves tua sacra colentes/
quisquis adest, jussum veneratur numen, et omnes 680
XV. 713-] Arrival in Italy. i6i
verba sacerdotis referunt geminata, piumque
Aeneadae praestant et mente et voce favorem.
adnuit his, motisque deus rata pignora cristis
et repetita dedit vibrata sibila lingua.
turn gradibus nitidis delabitur, oraque retro 685
flectit, et antiquas abiturus respicit aras,
assuetasque domos habitataque templa salutat ;
inde per injectis adopertam floribus ingens
serpit humum, flectitque sinus, mediamque per urbem
tendit ad incurvo munitos aggere portus ; 690
restitit hie, agmenque suum turbaeque sequentis
officium placido visus demittere vultu
corpus in Ausonia posuit rate. Numinis ilia
sensit onus, pressa estque dei gravitate carina.
Aeneadae gaudent, caesoque in litore tauro 695
torta coronatae solvunt retinacula classis.
impulerat levis aurSratem. Deus eminet alte,
impositaque premens puppim cervice recurvam
caeruleas despectat aquas, modicisque per aequor
Ionium zephyris sexto Pallantidos ortu 700
Italiam tenuit, praeterque Lacinia templo
nobilitata deae, Scylaceaque litora fertur.
linquit lapygiam, laevisque Amphrisia remis
saxa fugit, dextra praerupta Celennia parte,
Romethiumque legit, Caulonaque, Naryciamque, 705
evincitque fretum Siculique angusta Pelori,
Hippotadaeque domos regis, Temesesque metalla,
Leucosiamque petit, tepidique rosaria Paesti.
inde legit Capreas, promontoriumque Minervae,
et Surrentino generosos palmite colles, 710
Herculeamque urbem, Stabiasque, et in otia natam
Parthenopen, et ab hac Cumaeae templa Sibyllae.
hinc calidi fontes lentisciferumque tenetur
1 62 XXX. The Worship of jEscidapius. [Metam.
Linternum, multamque trahens sub gurgite arenam
Volturnus, niveisque frequens Sinuessa columbis, 715
Mintiirnaeque graves, et qiiam tumulavit alumnus,
Antiphataeque domus, Trachasque obsessa palude,
et tellus Circaea, et spissi litoris Antium.
Hue ubi veliferam nautae advertere carinam —
asper enim jam pontus erat — deus explicat orbes, 720
perque sinus crebros et magna volumina labens,
templa parentis init flavum tangentia litus.
aequore pacato patrias Epidaurius aras
linquit, et hospitio juncti sibi numinis usus
litoream tractu squamae crepitantis arenam 725
sulcat, et innixus moderamine navis in alta
puppe caput posuit, donee Castrumque sacrasque
Lavini sedes Tiberinaque ad ostia venit.
Hue omnes populi passim, matrumque patrumque
obvia turba ruit, quaeque ignes, Troi'ca, servant, 730
Vesta, tuos, laetoque deum clamore salutant ;
quaque per adversas navis cita ducitur undas,
tura super ripas aris ex ordine factis
parte ab utraque sonant, et odorant aera fumis :
ictaque conjectos incalfacit hostia cultros. 73s
Jamque caput rerum, Romanam intravcrat urbem.
erigitur serpens, summoque acclinia malo
colla movet, sedesque sibi circumspicit aptas.
scinditur in gerainas partes circumfluus amnis :
insula nomen habet ; laterumque e parte duorum 740
porrigit aequales media tellure lacertos.
hue se de Latia pinu Phoebei'us anguis
contulit, et iinem specie caeleste resumpta
luctibus imposuit, venitque salutifer Urbi.
XV. 765.] TJie Apotheosis of CcBsar. 163
XXXI. The Apotheosis of C/esar.
[Book XV. — 745-879.]
After the triumphs of Caesar, and his death by treachery of
his friends, Venus obtained from Jupiter that he should be received
into the number of the immortals, — a native deity, while ^scula-
pius was of foreign origin (745-844). She takes therefore his
spirit as he falls, and bears it above, his path being shown by
a miraculous star which appeared in the heavens at his death
(845-870).
Conclusion, 871-879.
Hic tamcn accessit delubris advena nostris : 745
Caesar in Urbe sua deus est, quern marte togaque
praecipuum non bella magis finita triumphis,
resque domi gestae properataque gloria rerum,
in sidus vertere novum stellamque comantem,
quam sua progenies. Neque enim de Caesaris actis
ullum majus opus, quam quod pater exstitit hujus.
scilicet aequoreos plus est domuisse Britannos,
perque papyriferi septemflua fiumina Nili
victrices egisse rates, Numidasque rebelles
Cinyphiumque Jubam, Mithridateisque tumentem 755
nominibus Pontum populo adjecisse Quirini,
et multos meruisse, aliquos egisse triumphos,
quam tantum genuisse virum } Quo praeside rerum
humano generi, Superi, favistis abunde.
Ne foret hic igitur mortali semine cretus, 760
ille deus faciendus erat. Quod ut aurea vidit
Aeneae genetrix, vidit quoque triste parari
pontifici letum et conjurata arma moveri,
palluit ; et cunctis, ut cuique erat obvia, divis
' Aspice,* dicebat ' quanta mihi mole parentur 765
164 XXXI. The Apotheosis of Ccesar. [Metam.
insidiae, quantaque caput cum fraude petatur,
quod de Dardanio solum mihi restat liilo.
solane semper ero justis exercita curis ?
quam modo Tydidae Calydonia vulneret hasta,
nunc male defensae confundant moenia Trojae ; 770
quae videam natum longis erroribus actum
jactarique freto sedesque intrare silentum,
bellaque cum Turno gerere, aut, si vera fatemur,
cum Junone magis ? Quid nunc antiqua recorder
damna mei generis ? Timor hie meminisse priorum 775
non sinit : in me acui sceleratos cernitis enses.
quos prohibete, precor, facinusque repellite ! neve
caede sacerdotis flammas exstinguite Vestae/
Talia nequiquam toto Venus anxia caelo
verba jacit, superosque movet ; qui rumpere quam quam
ferrea non possunt veterum decreta sororum,
signa tamen luctus dant baud incerta futuri.
arma ferunt inter nigras crepitantia nubes
terribilesque tubas, auditaque cornua caelo
praemonuisse nefas. Solis quoque tristis imago 785
lurida sollicitis praebebat lumina terris.
saepe faces visae mediis ardere sub astris ;
saepe inter nimbos guttae cecidere cruentae.
caerulus et vultum ferrugine Lucifer atra
sparsus erat, sparsi lunares sanguine currus. 790
tristia mille locis Stygius dedit omina bubo ;
mille locis lacrimavit ebur, cantusque feruntur
auditi Sanctis et verba minantia lucis,
victima nulla litat, magnosque instare tumultus
fibra monet, caesumque caput reperitur in extis ; 795
inque foro circumque domos et templa deorum
nocturnos ululasse canes, umbrasque silentum
erravisse ferunt, motamque tremoribus urbem.
XV. 831.] Jupiter foretells his Glory, 165
Non tamen insidias venturaque vincere fata
praemonitus potuere deum ; strictique feruntur 800
in templum gladii ; neque enim locus ullus in Urbe
ad facinus diramque placet, nisi curia, caedem.
turn vero Cytherea manu percussit utraque
pectus, et aetheria molitur condere nube,
qua prius infesto Paris est ereptus Atridae, 805 .
et Diomedeos Aeneas fugerat enses.
Talibus banc genitor : * Sola insuperabile fatum,
nata, movere paras ? intres licet ipsa sororum
tecta trium ! cernes illic molimine vasto
ex acre et solido rerum tabularia ferro, 810
quae neque concursum caeli, neque fulminis iram,
nee metuunt ullas tuta atque aeterna ruinas.
invenies illic incisa adamante perenni
fata tui generis : legi ipse animoque notavi,
et referam, ne sis etiamnum ignara futuri. 815
' Hie sua complevit, pro quo, Cytberea, laboras,
tempora perfectis quos terrae debuit annis.
ut deus accedat caelo templisque locetur,
tu fades natusque suus, qui nominis haeres
imposituni feret unus onus, caedisque parentis 820
nos in bella suos fortissimus ultor habebit.
illius auspiciis obsessae moenia pacem
victa petunt Mutinae ; Pharsalia sentiet ilium ;
Emathiaque iterum madefient caede Philippi ;
et magnum Siculis nomen superabitur undis ; 825
Romanique ducis conjunx Aegyptia taedae
non bene iisa cadet : frustraque erit ilia minata,
servitura suo Capitolia nostra Canopo.
' Quid tibi barbariem, gentes ab utroque jacentes
Oceano numerem ? Quodcumque habitabile tellus 830
sustinet, hujus erit ; pontus quoque serviet illi.
1 66 xxxT. The Apotheosis of Ccesar, [Metam.
pace data terris, animiim ad civilia vertet
jura suum, legesque feret justissimus auctor :
exemploque suo mores reget, inque futuri
temporis aetatem venturorumque nepotum 835
prospiciens, prolem sancta de conjuge natam
ferre simul nomenque simm curasque jubebit :
nee, nisi cum senior Pylios aequaverit annos,
aetherias sedes cognataque sidera tanget.
hanc animam interea caeso de corpore raptam 840
fac jubar, ut semper Capitolia nostra forumque
divus ab excelsa prospectet Julius aede.'
Vix ea fatus erat, media cum sede senatus
constitit alma Venus, nulli cernenda, suique
Caesaris eripuit membris, nee in aera solvi 845
passa recentem animam caelestibus intulit astris.
dumque tulit, lumen capere atque ignescere sensit,
emisitque sinu. Luna volat altius ilia,
flammiferumque trahens spatioso limit e crinem
Stella micat, natique videns benefacta fatetur 850
esse suis majora, et vinci gaudet ab illo.
hie sua praeferri quamquam vetat acta paternis,
libera fama tamen nullisque obnoxia jussis
invitum praefert, unaque in parte repugnat.
sic magni cedit titulis Agamemnonis Atreus ; 855
Aegea sic Theseus, sic Pelea vincit Achilles,
denique, ut exemplis ipsos aequantibus utar,
sic et Saturnus minor est Jove. Juppiter arces
temperat aetherias et mundi regna triformis ;
terra sub Augusto : pater est et rector uterque. 860
Di, precor, Aeneae comites, quibus ensis et ignis
cesserunt, dique Indigetes, genitorque Quirine
Urbis, et'invicti genitor Gradive Quirini,
Vestaque Caesareos inter sacrata penates,
XV. 879-] The Poet's Immortality, iSy
et cum Caesarea tu, Phoebe domestice, Vesta, 865
quique tenes altus Tarpei'as Juppiter areas,
quosque alios vati fas appellare piumque est :
tarda sit ilia dies et nostro serior aevo,
qua caput Augustum, quern temperat, orbe relicto
accedat caelo, faveatque precantibus absens. 870
Jamque opus exegi, — quod nee Jovis ira nee ignis
nee poterit ferrura nee edax abolere vetustas.
cum volet, ilia dies, quae nil nisi corporis hujus
jus habet, incerti spatium mihi finiat aevi:
parte tamen meliore mei super alta perennis 875
astra ferar, nomenque erit indelebile nostrum,
quaque patet domitis Romana potentia terris,
ore legar populi, perque omnia saecula fama,
si quid habent veri vatum praesagia, vivam.
SHORTER POEMS.
I. The Fasti.
The word fasti^ properly applied to those days of the year on
which it was permitted {fas) to transact public business, came to
be applied to the Roman Calendar, or systematic arrangement
and classification of the days of each month. Ovid's purpose in
this poem was to cast this calendar into a poetic form, describ-
ing whatever was peculiar and characteristic in the Roman usages,
— as festivals and rites, — and working into it whatever traditions
and myths were current among the people. The Roman religion
was so meagre in the elements of fable, that its mythology, as pre-
sented in this work, is hardly more than a clumsy adaptation and
vamping over of Grecian myths. It was, however, as rich in form
and ceremonial as it was poor in story; and the most valuable
and original portions of the Fasti are those which describe frag-
ments of these primitive rites, which had managed to survive
the inroad of the more fashionable Greek and Oriental forms of
worship, and still lingered in the community. Some of them,
indeed, held their own for centuries longer, and some were
transformed and adopted into the Christian calendar.
Only six books of the Fasti, containing the months from Jan-
uary to June inclusive, are extant. It is a much disputed question
whether the other six books have been lost, or were never written.
It is probable that they were written in the rough, but unfinished
at the time of the poet's exile, and never published. At any rate,
there are no citations in ancient authors from any but the first
six books.
The following extracts from the fourth book (April) contain a
description of two very ancient festivals, with the traditional
account of the founding of Rome, introduced in the usual manner
of the poet
I/O Shorter Poems. [Fasti
I. The Festival of Pales (April 21).
Nox abiit, oriturqiie Aurora. Parilia poscor :
Non poscor frustra, si favet alma Pales.
Alma Pales, faveas pastoria sacra canenti,
Prosequor officio si tua festa pio.
Certe ego de vitulo cinerem stipulasque fabalis 725
Saepe tuli plena (februa casta) manu.
Certe ego transilui positas ter in ordine flammas,
Udaque roratas laurea misit aquas.
Mota dea est, operique favet : navalibus exi,
Puppis ! habent ventos jam mea vela suos. 730
I, pete virginea, populus, suffimen ab ara :
Vesta dabit ; Vestae munere purus eris.
Sanguis equi suffimen erit, vitulique favilla,
Tertia res durae culmen inane fabae.
Pastor, oves saturas ad prima crepuscula lustra : 735
Unda prius spargat, virgaque verrat humum.
Frondibus et fixis decorentur ovilia ramis,
Et tegat ornatas longa corona fores.
Caerulei fiant vivo de sulphure fumi,
Tactaque fumanti sulphure balet ovis. 740
Ure mares oleas, taedamque, herbasque Sabinas,
Et crepet in mediis laurus adusta focis.
Libaque de milio milii fiscella sequetur :
Rustica praecipue est hoc dea laeta cibo.
Adde dapes mulctramque suas, dapibusque resectis 745
Silvicolam tepido lacte precare Palen.
Consule {die) pecori pariter pecorisque magistris :
Efftigiat stabulis noxa repulsa meis,
Sive sacra paviy sedivc sub arbore sacra,
Pabulaqtie e bustis inscia carp sit avis; 7S^
Si ftcmus intravi vctittim^ 7iostrisve fugatae
IV. 786.] Festival of Pales, 171
Sunt octilis nymphac^ semicaperve deus ;
Si meafalx ravio Iticum spoliavit opacoy
Unde data est aegrae fiscina frondis ovi ;
Da veniam cidpae^ nee, du?}i degrandi7iaty obsit 75s
Agresti fano siippostdsse pecus.
Nee noeeat titrbasse laetis : ignoscite, nymphaey
Mota quod obsciiras tmgulafeeit aquas.
Ttiy deay pro nobis fontes fontanaque plaea
Numina ; tu spars os per nemus omne deos, 7^0
Nee dryadaSy nee nos videamtis labra DianaCy
Nee Fanmtmy medio cum premit arva die.
Pelle prociil morbos : valeant hominesque gregesque^
Et valeant vigileSy provida ttcrba, canes.
Neve minus mtiltos redigam quam mane fuerunty 7^$
Neve gemam refer ens vellera rapta lupo.
Absit iniqua fames : herbae frondesqi^e supersinty
Quaeque lavent artuSy quaeque bibantury aquae,
libera plena premam : referat mihi caseus aera,
Dentque viam liquido vimina rara sero. 77^
Lanaque proveniat nullas laesura puellas,
Mollis et ad teneras quamlibet apta manus.
Quae precory eveniant ; et nos faciamus ad annum. 77s
Pastorum dominae grandia liba Pali.
His dea placanda est ; haec tu conversus ad ortus
Die quater, et vivo perlue rore manus.
Turn licet adposita, veluti cratere, camella,
Lac niveum potes purpureamque sapam ; 780
Moxque per ardentes stipulae crepitantis acervos
Traicias celeri strenua membra pede.
Expositus mos est : moris mihi restat origo.
Turba facit dubium, coeptaque nostra tenet.
Omnia purgat edax ignis, vitiumque metallis 785
Excoquit ; idcirco cum duce purgat ovis ?
172 Short ei^ Poems, ' [Fasti
An, quia cunctarum contraria seraina rerum
Sunt duo discordes, ignis et unda, dei,
Junxerunt elementa patres, aptumque putarunt
Ignibus et sparsa tangere corpus aqua ? 790
An, quod in his vitae causa est, haec perdidit exsul,
His nova fit conjunx, haec duo magna putant ?
Vix equidem credo : sunt qui Phacthonta referri
Credant, et nimias Deucalionis aquas.
Pars quoque, cum saxis pastores saxa feribant, 795
Scintillam subito prosiluisse ferunt :
Prima quidem periit, stipuKs excepta secunda est.
Hoc argumentum flamma Parihs habet ?
An magis hunc moreni pietas Aenei'a fecit,
Innocuum victo cui dedit ignis iter ? 800
Num tamen est vero propius, cum condita Roma est,
Transferri jussos in nova tecta Lares,
Mutantesque domum tectis agrestibus ignem
Et cessaturae subposuisse casae,
Per flammas saluisse pecus, saluisse colonos ? 805
Quod fit nataU nunc quoque, Roma, tuo.
Ipse locus causas vati facit. Urbis origo
Venit : ades factis, magne Quirine, tuis 1
2. T/ie Founding of Rome.
Jam luerat poenas frater Numitoris, et omne
Pastorum gemino sub duce volgus erat. 810
Contrahere agrestes et moenia ponere utrique
Convenit : ambigitur, moenia ponat uter.
* Nil opus est ' dixit ^ certamine ' Romulus ' ullo :
Magna fides avium est ; experiamur aves.'
Res placet : alter adit nemorosi saxa Palati ; 815
Alter Avcntinuni mane cacumen init.
IV. 849.] The Fotmding of Roine. 173
Sex Remus, hie volucres bis sex videt ordine ; pacto
Statur, et arbitrium Romulus urbis habet.
Apta dies legitur, qua moenia signet aratro.
Sacra Palis suberant ; inde movetur opus : ' 820
Fossa fit ad solidum ; fruges jaciuntur in ima,
Et devicino terra petita solo.
Fossa repletur humo, plenaeque imponitur ara,
Et novus accenso fungitur igne focus.
Inde premens stivam designat moenia sulco : 825
■Alba jugum niveo cum bove vacca tulit.
Vox fuit haec regis : Condentiy Jtippiter, nrbem
Et genitor Mavors Vest ague mater^ ades !
Quosque pmm est adhibere deos, advertitc cuncti I
Atispicibus vobis hoc mi hi surgat opus, 830
Longa sit hide aetas domi^iaeque potentia terrae,
Sitque sub hac orieus occiduusqtie dies.
Ille precabatur : tonitru dedit omina laevo
Juppiter, et laevo fulmina missa polo.
Augurio laeti jaciunt fundamina cives, 835
Et novus exiguo tempore murus erat.
Hoc Celer urget opus, quem Romulus ipse vocarat,
' Sint ' que, * Celer, curae,' dixerat ' ista tuae :
Neve quis aut muros, aut factam vomere fossam
Transeat, audentem talia dede neci.' 840
Quod Remus ignorans humiles contemnere muros
Coepit, et * His populus ' dicere ' tutus erit ? '
Nee mora, transiluit : rutro Celer occupat ausum ;
Ille premit duram sanguinulentus humum.
Haec ubi rex didicit, lacrimas introrsus obortas 845
Devorat, et clausum pectore volnus habet ;
Flere palam non volt, exemplaque fortia servat.
Sic que meos muros transeat hostis ait.
Dat tamen exsequias ; nee jam suspendere fletum
174 Shorter Poems, l^^sti
Sustinet, et pietas dissimulata patet. B50
Osculaque adplicuit posito suprema feretro,
Atque ait, Invito frater adempte^ vale !
Arsurosque artus unxit. Fecere, quod iile,
Faustulus et maestas Acca soluta comas ;
Turn juvenem nondum facti flevere Quirites ; 855
Ultima plorato subdita flamma rogo est.
Urbs oritur — quis tunc hoc ulli credere posset ? —
Victorem terris impositura pedem.
Cuncta r6gas, et sis magno sub Caesare semper :
Saepe etiam pluris nominis hujus habe ; 860
Et quotiens steteris domito sublimis in orbe,
Omnia sint umeris infcriora tuis.
3. Ritual to avert Blight (April 25).
Sex ubi, quae restant, luces Aprilis habebit,
In medio cursu tempora veris erunt,
Et frustra pecudem quaeres Athamantidos Helles,
Signaque dant imbres, exoriturque Canis.
Hac mihi Nomento Romam cum luce redirem, 90S
Obstitit in media Candida turba via ;
Flaraen in antiquae lucum Robiginis ibat,
Exta canis flammis, exta daturus ovis.
Protinus accessi, ritus ne nescius essem ;
Edidit haec Flamen verba, Quirine, tuus : 910
Aspera Robigo^ parcas Cerialibus hcrbis^
Et tremat in summa leve cacumen humo,
Tu sata sideribus caeli nutrita secundi
Crescere, dum fiant falcibus apta^ sinas.
Vis ttia non levis est: quae tu frumenta notasti, 915
Maestus in amissis ilia colonus habet.
Nee vcnti tanttim Cereri nOcuere^ nee imbres.
IV. 942.] Ritual to avert Blight, 175
Nee sie marmoreo pallet adii§ta gehiy
Qiianttim, si culmos Titun incalfacit udos :
Tunc locus est irae, diva timenda^ tuae. 920
Parce^ pre cor, sea bras que mamcs a messibus aufer,
Neve noce cultis : posse iiocere sat est.
Nee teneras segetes^ scd durum amplectere ferrum^
Quo dque potest alios per dere^ perde prior.
Utilius gladios et tela nocentia carpes : 925
Nil opus est illis ; otia mundus agit
Sarcula nunc durusque bidens et vomer aduncusy
Ruris opes, niteant : inquinet anna sittcs,
Conattisque aliquis vagi^ia ducere ferrum,
Adstrictum longa sentiat esse mora. 930
At tu ne viola Cererem ! semperque colonus
Absenti possit solvere vota tibi.
Dixerat ; a dextra villis mantele solutis,
Cumque meri patera turis acerra fiiit ;
Tura focis vinumque dedit, fibrasque bidentis, 93s
Turpiaque obscenae ( vidimus ) exta canis.
Turn mihi ^ Cur detur sacrivS nova victima, quaeris ? ' —
Quaesieram — * Causam percipe ' flamen ait.
^ Est canis, Icarium dicunt, quo sidere moto
Tosta sitit tellus, praecipiturque seges. 940
Pro cane sidereo canis hie imponitur arae,
Et quare pereat, nil nisi nomen habet/
ij6 Shorter Poems. [H^ .oides
11. Herotdes.
The Herotdes ('' Heroines ") are a series of about twenty letters
addressed from various mythical and legendary persons, — chiefly
from lonely, wives and forsaken brides to husband or lover. The
example here given is the first and perhaps best of the series.
Penelope to Ulysses.
Hanc tua Penelope lento tibi mittit, Ulixe :
Nil mihi rescribas, at tamen ipse veni.
Troja jacet certe, TJanais invisa puellis ;
Vix Priamus tanti totaque Troja fuit.
O utinam turn, cum Lacedaemona classe petebat, 5
Obriitus insanis esset adulter aquis !
Non ego deserto jacuissem frigida lecto,
Non quererer tardos ire rclicta dies ;
Nee mihi quaerenti spatiosam fall ere noctem
Lassasset viduas pendula tela manus. 10
Quando ego non timui graviora pericula veris ?
Res est solliciti plena timoris amor.
In te fingebam violentos Troas ituros ;
Nomine in Hectoreo pallida semper eram.
Sive quis Antilochum narrabat ab Hectore victum, 15
Antilochus nostri causa timoris erat ;
Sive, Menoetiaden falsis cecidisse sub armis,
Flebam successu posse carere dolos ;
Sanguine Tlepolemus Lyciam tepefecerat hastam,
Tlepolemi leto cura novata mea est ; 20
Denique, quisquis erat castris jugulatus Achivis
Frigidius glacie pectus amantis erat.
Sed bene consuluit casto deus aequus amori :
Versa est in cineres sospite Troja viro.
I. 1, 57.] Penelope to Ulysses. 177
Argolici rediere duces : altaria fiimant ; 25
Ponitur ad patrios barbara praeda deos ;
Grata ferunt nymphae pro salvis dona maritis ;
Illi victa suis TroTca fata canunt.
Mirantur justique senes trepidaeque puellae:
Narrantis conjunx pendet ab ore viri. 30
Atqiie aliquis posita monstrat fera proelia mensa,
Pingit et exiguo Pergama tota mero :
* Hac ibat Simoi's, hac est Sigei'a tellus,
Hie steterat Priami regia celsa senis ;
lUic Aeacides, illic tendebat Ulixes ; 35
Hie alacer missos terriiit Hector equos.'
Omnia namque tuo senior, te quaerere misso,
Retulerat gnato Nestor, at ille mihi.
Retulit et ferro Rhesumque Dolonaque caesos,
Utque sit hie somno proditus, ille dolo. 40
Ausus es, O nimium nimiumque oblite tuorum,
Thracia nocturno tangere castra dolo,
Totque simul mactare viros, adjutus ab uno !
At bene cautus eras et memor ante mei?
Usque metu micuere sinus, dum victor amicum 45
Dictus es Ismariis isse per agmen equis.
Sed mihi quid prodest vestris disjecta lacertis
Ilios et murus quod fuit, esse solum,
Si maneo qualis Troja durante manebam,
Virque mihi dempto fine carendus abest ? 50
Diruta sunt aUis, uni mihi Pergama restant,
Incola captivo quae bove victor arat.
Jam seges est, ubi Troja fuit, resecandaque fake
Luxuriat Phrygio sanguine pinguis humus ;
Semisepulta virum curvis feriuntur aratris ^^
Ossa ; ruinosas occulit herba domos.
Victor abes : nee scire mihi, quae causa morandi,
lyS Shorter Poems, [Heroides
Aut in quo lateas ferreus orbe, licet.
Ouisquis ad haec vertit peregriiiam littora puppim,
Ille mihi de te multa rogatus abit : 60
Quamque tibi reddat, si te modo viderit usquam,
Traditur huic digitis charta novata meis.
Nos Pylon, antiqui Nelei'a Nestoris arva,
Misimus : incerta est fama remissa Pylo.
Misimus et Sparten : Sparte quoque nescia veri. 65
Quas habitas terras, aut ubi lentus abes ?
Utilius starent etiam nunc moenia Phoebi.
Irascor votis heu levis ipsa meis !
Scirem ubi pugnares, et tantum bella timerem,
Et mea cum multis juncta querela foret. 70
Quid timeam, ignoro ; timco tamen omnia demens,
Et patet in curas area lata meas.
Quaecumque aequor habet, quaecumque pericula tellus,
Tam longae causas suspicor esse morae.
Haec ego dum stulte metuo, quae vestra libido est, 75
Esse peregrino captus amore potes.
Forsitan et narres, quam sit tibi rustica conjunx.
Quae tantum lanas non sinat esse rudes.
Fallar, et hoc crimen tenues vanescat in auras.
Neve, revertendi liber, abesse velis ! 80
Me pater Icarius viduo discedere lecto
Cogit, et immensas increpat usque moras.
Increpet usque licet : tua sum, tua dicar oportet ;
Penelope conjunx semper Ulixis ero.
Ille tamen pietate mea precibusque pudicis 85
Frangitur, et vires temperat ipse suas.
Dulichii Samiique et quos tulit alta Zacynthos,
Turba ruunt in me luxuriosa proci ;
Inque tua regnant, nullis prohibentibus, aula :
Viscera nostra, tuae dilacerantur opes. 90
I. 1, 1 1 6.] Penelope to Ulysses. 179
Quid tibi Pisandrum Polybumque Medontaquc dirum
Eurymachique avidas Antinoique manus
Atque alios referam, quos omnes turpiter absens
Ipse tuo partis sanguine rebus alis ?
Irus egens pecorisque Melanthius actor edendi 95
Ultimus accedunt in tua damna pudor.
Tres sumus inbelles numero, sine viribus uxor,
Laertesque senex, Telemachusque puer.
Ille per insidias paene est mihi nuper ademptus,
Dum parat invitis omnibus ire Pylon. 100
Di, precor, hoc jubeant, ut euntibus ordine fatis
Ille meos oculos comprimat, ille tuos.
Hinc faciunt custosque bourn longaevaque nutrix,
Tertius immundae cura fidelis harae.
Sed neque Laertes, ut qui sit inutilis armis, 105
Hostibus in mediis regna tenere potest.
Telemacho veniet, vivat modo, fortior aetas :
Nunc erat auxiliis ilia tuenda patris.
Nee mihi sunt vires inimicos pellere tectis :
Tu citius venias, portus et aura tuis. no
Est tibi, sitque, precor, gnatus, qui mollibus annis
In patrias artes erudiendus erat.
Respice Laerten, ut jam sua lumina condas,
Extremum fati sustinet ille diem.
Certe ego, quae fueram te discedentc puella, 115
Protinus ut venias, facta videbor anus.
i8o Shorter Poems, [Amores
III. Amores.
Tim Amores consist of three books of short poems, very miscel-
laneous in their subjects, sentimental, voluptuous, complimentary,
or personal. Those here given have a special interest, as illus-
trating the poet's earlier aspiration, and the more playful aspect of
his verse.
I. The Poet of Idleness (i. 15)..
Quid mihi, Livor eda?^, ignavos obicis annos,
Ingeniique vocas carmen inertis opus 1
Non me more patriim, clum strenua sustinet aetas
Praemia militiae pulverulenta sequi,
Nee me verbosas leges ediscere, nee me 5
Ingrato vocem prostituisse foro.
Mortale est, quod quaeris, opus : mihi fama perennis
Quaeritur, in toto semper ut orbe canar.
Vivet Maeonides, Tenedos dum stabit et Ide,
Dum rapid^s Simol's in mare volvet aquas. 10
Vivet et Ascraeus, dum mustis uva tumebit,
,- Dum cadet incurva falce resecta Ceres.
"^ 'tiaitiades'^semper toto cantabitur orbe :
Quamvis ingenio'non v^let^iarte valet.
Nulla Sophocleo veniet jactura cothurno; 15
Cum sole et luna semper Aratus erit.
Dum fallax servus, durus pater, improba lena
Vivent et meretrix blanda, Menandros erit.
Ennius arte carens animosique Accius oris
Casurum nullo tempore nomen habent. 20
Varronem primamque ratem quae nesciet aetas,
Aureaque Aesonio terga petita duci ?
Carmina sublimis tunc sunt peritura Lucrcti,
Exitio terras cum dabit una dies.
n. 6, 12.] Elegy on a Parrot, i8i
Tityrus et fruges Aeneiaque arma legentur, 25
Roma triumphati clum caput orbis erit. ' •
^ Donee erimt ignes arcusque Cupidinis arma,
Discentur numeri, culte Tibulle, tui.
Gallus et Hesperiis et Gallus notus Eois,
Et sua cum Gallo nota Lycoris erit. 30
Ergo cum silices, cum dens patientis aratri
Depereant aevo, carmina morte carent.
Cedant car minibus reges regumque triumphi,
Cedat et auriferi ripa benigna Tagi.
-Vilia miretur vulgus : mihi flavus Apollo 35
Pocula Castalia plena ministret aqua,
Sustineamque coma metuentem frigora myrtum :
Atque ita sollicito multus amante legar.
Pascitur in vivis Livor ; post fata quiescit,
Cum suus ex merito quemque tuetur honos. 40
Ergo etiam cum me supremus adederit ignis,
Vivam, parsque mei multa superstes erit.
2. Elegy on a Parrot (ii. 6).
PsiTTACus, eois imitatrix ales ab Indis,
Occidit ! exsequias ite frequenter, aves.
Ite, piae volucres, et plangite pectora pinnis,
Et rigido teneras ungue notate genas.
Horrida pro maestis lanietur pluma capillis, 5
Pro longa resonent carmina vestra tuba.
Quod scelus Ismarii quereris, Philomela, tyranni,
Expleta est annis ista querella suis.
Alitis in rarae miserum devertere funus :
Magna sed antiqui causa doloris Itys. 10
Omnes, quae liquido libratis in acre cursus,
Tu tamen ante alios, turtur amice, dole.
1 82 Shorter Poems, [Amores
Plena fuit vobis omni concordia vita,
Et stetit ad finem longa tenaxque fides.
Quod fuit Argolico juvenis Phoceus Orestae, 15
Hoc tibi, dum licuit, psittace, turtur erat.
Quid tamen ista fides, quid rari forma coloris,
Quid vox mutandis ingeniosa sonis,
Quid juvat, ut datus es, nostrae placuisse puellae ?
Infclix avium gloria, nempe jaces. 20
Tu poteras fragiles pinnis hebetare zmaragdos,
Tincta gerens rubro Punica rostra croco.
Non fuit in terris vocum simulantior ales :
Reddebas blaeso tam bene verba sono.
Raptus es invidia : non tu fera bella movebas ; 25
Garrulus et placidae pacis amator eras.
Ecce, coturnices inter sua proelia vivunt,
Forsitan et fiant inde frequenter anus.
Plenus eras minimo : nee prae sermonis amore
In multos poteras ora vacafe cibos. 30
Nux erat esCa tibi, causaeque papavera somni,
Pellebatque sitim simplicis umor aquae.
Vivet edax vultur, ducensque per aera gyros
Miluus, et pluviae graculus auctor aquae ;
Vivet et armiferae cornix invisa Minervae, 35
Ilia quidem saeclis vix moritura novem.
Occidit ille loquax, humanae vocis imago,
Psittacus, extremo munus ab orbe datum.
Optima prima fere manibus rapiuntur avaris ;
Implentur numeris deteriora suis. 40
Tristia Phylacidae Thersites funera vidit :
Jamque cinis, vivis fratribus, Plector erat.
Quid referam timidae pro te pia vota puellae,
Vota procelloso per mare rapta noto }
Septima lux aderat, non exhibitura sequentem, 45
III. 15, 13.] Farewell to the Loves, 183
Et stabat vacuo jam tibi Parca colo ;
Nee tamen ignavo stupuerunt verba palato :
Clamavit moriens lingua Corinnay vale I
Colle sub Elysio nigra nemus ilice frondet,
Udaque perpetuo gramine terra viret. 50
Siqua fides dubiis, volucrum locus ille piarum
Dicitur, obscenae quo prohibentur aves :
Illic innocui late pascuntur olores,
Et vivax phoenix, unica semper avis ;
Expli^-- ' ipsa suas ales Junonia pinnas, 55
Oscula dat cupido blanda columba mari.
Psittacus has inter nemorali sede receptus
Convertit volucres in sua verba pias.
Ossa tegit tumulus, tumulus pro corpore magnus,
Quo lapis exiguus par sibi carmen habet : 60
Colligor ex ipso dominae placuisse sepulchro :
Orafuere mihi plus ave docta loqui,
3. Farewell to the Loves (iii. 15).
Quaere novum vatem, tenerorum mater Amorum !
Raditur hie elegis ultima meta meis :
Quos ego composui, Peligni ruris alumnus ;
Nee me deliciae dedecuere meae.
Siquid id est, usque a proavis vetus ordinis heres, 5
Non modo militiae turbine factus eques.
Mantua Vergilio gaudet ; Verona Catullo :
Pelignae dicar gloria gent is ego,
Quam sua libertas ad honesta coegerat arma,
Cum timuit socias anxia Roma manus. 10
Atque aliquis spectans hospes Sulmonis aquosi
Moenia, quae campi jugera pauca tenent,
* Quae tantum ' dicet ' potuistis ferre poetam,
184 . Shorter Poems, [Amores ill. 15, 20.
Quantulacumque estis, vos ego magna voco.'
Culte puer, pueriqiie parens Amathusia culti^ 15
Aurea de campo vellite signa meo.
Corniger increpuit thyrso graviore Lyaeus :
Pulsanda est magnis area major equis.
I m belles Elegi, genialis Musa, valet e,
Post mea mansurum fata superstes opus ! 20
Tristia I. 3, 23-] Banislied from Rome, 185
IV, Tristia.
The Tristia (" Coinplaints ^^) are five books of poems written
during Ovid's long banishment. Some of them have much bio-
graphical interest, and all are full of personal feeling; sometimes
monotonous, abject, and unmanly, more often a genuine and most
pathetic expression of the sorrows of exile. (Respecting the
causes and circumstances of Ovid's banishment, see the Life.)
I. Banished from Rome (i. 3).
Cum subit illius tristissima noctis imago,
Qua niihi supremum tempus in Urbe fuit,
Cum repeto noctem, qua tot mihi cara reliqui,
Labitur ex oculis nunc quoque gutta meis.
Jam prope lux aderat, qua me cliscedere Caesar 5
Finibus extremae jusserat Ausoniae.
Nee spatium fuerat, nee mens satis apta parandi :
Torpuerant longa pectora nostra mora.
Non mihi servorum, comitis non cura legendi,
Non aptae profugo vestis opisve fuit. 10
Non aliter stupui, quam qui Jovis ignibus ictus
Vivit, ct est vitae nescius ipse suae.
Ut tamen banc animi nubem dolor ipse removit,
Et tandem sensus convaluere mei ;
Adloquor extremum maestos abiturus amicos, 15
Qui modo de multis unus et alter erant.
Uxor amans flentem flens acrius ipsa tenebat,
Imbre per indignas usque cadente genas ;
Nata procul Libycis aberat diversa sub oris,
Nee poterat fati certior esse mei. 20
Quocumque aspiceres, luctus gemitusque sonabant,
Formaque non taciti funeris intus erat.
Femina virque meo, pueri quoque funere maerent ;
1 86 Shorter Poems, [Tristia
Inque domo lacrimas anguliis omnis hdbet :
Si licet exemplis in parvo grandibiis iiti, 25
Haec fades Trojae, cum caperetur, erat.
Jamque quiescebant voces hominumque canumque,
Lunaque nocturnos alta regebat equos.
Hanc ego suspiciens et ab hac Capitolia cernens,
Quae nostro frustra juncta fuere lari, 30
' Numina vicinis habitantia sedibus/ inquam,
* Jamque oculis numquam templa videnda meis,
Dique relinquendi, quos urbs tenet alta Quirini,
Este salutati tempus in omne mihi !
Et quamquam sero clipeum post vulnera sumo, 35
Attamen hanc odiis exonerate fugam,
Caelestique viro, quis me deceperit error,
Dicite : pro culpa ne scelus esse putet.
Ut quod vos scitis, poenae quoque sentiat auctor,
Placato possum non miser esse deo.' 40
Hac prece adoravi superos ego ; pluribus uxor,
Singultu medios impediente sonos.
Ilia etiam, ante Lares passis prostrata capillis,
Contigit exstinctos ore tremente focos,
Multaque in adversos effudit verba Penates 45
Pro deplorato non valitura viro.
Jamque morae spatium nox praecipitata negabat,
Versaque ab axe suo Parrhasis arctos erat.
Quid facerem ? blando patriae retinebar amore ;
Ultima sed jussae nox erat ilia fugae. 50
Ah ! quotiens aliquo dixi properante ^ Quid urgues ?
Vel quo festines ire, vel unde, vide ! '
Ah ! quotiens certam me sum mentitus habere
Horam, propositae quae foret apta viae.
Ter limen tetigi, tcr sum revocatus, et ipse 55
Indulgcns animo pes mihi tardus erat ;
I. 3> S8.] Banished from Rome. 1 8/
Saepe Vale dicto rursus sum miilta locutus,
Et quasi discedens oscula summa dedi ;
Saepe eadem mandata dedi, meque ipse fefelli,
Respiciens oculis pignora cara meis. 60
Denique 'Quid propero ? Scythia est, quo mittimur,'
inquam ;
* Roma relinquenda est : utraque justa mora est.
Uxor in aeternum vivo mihi viva negatur,
Et domus et fidae dulcia membra domus,
Quosque ego fraterno dilexi more sodales, 65
O mihi Thesea pectora juncta fide !
Dum licet, amplectar : numquam fortasse licebit
Amplius : in lucro est quae datur hora mihi/
Nee mora, sermonis verba inperfecta relinquo,
Complectens animo proxima quaeque meo. 70
Dum loquor et flemus, caelo nitidissimus alto,
Stella gravis nobis, Lucifer ortus erat :
Dividor baud aliter, quam si mea membra relinquam,
Et pars abrumpi corpore visa suo est.
Sic doluit Mettus tunc, cum in contraria versos 75
Ultores habuit proditionis equos,
Tum vero exoritur clamor gemitusque meorum,
Et feriunt maestae pectora nuda manus.
Tum vero conjunx, umeris abeuntis inhaerens,
Miscuit haec lacrimis tristia dicta suis ; 80
' Non potes avelli : simul, ah ! simul ibimus ' inquit ;
'Te sequar et conjunx exsulis exsul ero.
Et mihi facta via est, et me capit ultima tellus :
Accedam profugae sarcina parva rati.
Te jubet a patria discedere Caesaris ira, 85
Me pietas : pietas haec mihi Caesar erit/
Talia temptabat, sicut tcmptaverat ante,
Vixque dedit victas utilitate manus.
1 88 Shorter Poems. [Tristia
Egredior, — sive illud erat sine funere f erri,
Squalidus inmissis hirta per ora comis. 90
Ilia dolore aniens tenebris narratur obortis
Semianimis media procubuisse domo ;
Utque resurrexit, foedatis pulvere turpi
Crinibus, et gelida membra levavit humo,
Se modo, desertos modo complorasse Penates, 9S
Nomen et erepti saepe vocasse viri ;
Nee gemuisse minus, quam si nataeve meumve
Vidisset structos corpus habere rogos,
Et voluisse mori, moriendo ponere sensus —
Respectuque tamen non voluisse mei. 100
Vivat ! et absentem — quoniam sic fata tulerunt- —
Vivat ut auxilio sublevet usque suo.
2. The Exiles Sick Chamber (iii. 3).
Haec mea, si casu miraris, epistola quare
Alterius digitis scripta sit, aeger eram.
Aeger in extremis ignoti partibus orbis,
Incertusque meae paene salutis eram.
Quid mihi nunc animi dira regione jacenti s
Inter Sauromatas esse Getasque putes ?
Nee caelum patior, nee aquis adsuevimus istis,
Terraque nescio quo non placet ipsa modo.
Non domus apta satis, non hie cibus utilis aegro ;
Nullus, Apollinea qui levet arte malum ; 10
Non qui soletur, non qui labentia tarde
Tempora narrando fallat, amicus adest.
Lassus in extremis jaceo populisque locisque,
Et subit adfecto nunc mihi, quicquid abest.
Omnia cum subeant, vincis tamen omnia, conjunx, 15
Et plus in nostro pectorc parte tenes.
111.3,49-] The Exiles Sick Chamber. 189
Te loquor absentem, te vox mea nominat imam ;
Nulla venit sine te nox mihi, nulla dies.
Quin etiam sic me dicunt aliena locutum,
Ut foret amenti nomen in ore tuum. 20
Si jam deiiciam, subpressaque lingua palato
Vix instillato restituenda mero,
Nuntiet hue aliquis dominam venisse, resurgam,
Spesque tui nobis causa vigoris erit.
Ergo ego sum dubius vitae, tu forsitan istic 25
Jucundum nostri nescia tcmpus agis }
Non agis, adfirmo : liquet hoc, carissima, nobis,
Tempus agi sine me non nisi triste tibi.
Si tamen implevit mea sors, quos debuit, annos,
Et mihi vivendi tarn cito finis adest : 30
Quantum erat, O magni^ morituro parcere, Divi,
Ut saltern patria contumularer humo }
Vel poena in tempus mortis dilata fuisset,
Vel praecepisset mors properata fugam.
Integer banc potui nuper bene reddere lucem : 35
Exsul ut occiderem, nunc mihi vita data est.
Tam procul ignotis igitur moriemur in oris,
Et fient ipso tristia fata loco.^
Nee mea consueto languescent corpora Iccto 1
Depositum nee me qui fleat, ullus erit } 40
Nee dominae lacrimis in nostra cadentibus ora
Accedent animae tempora parva meae 1
Nee mandata dabo, nee cum clamore supremo
Labentes oculos condet amica manus }
Sed sine funeribus caput hoc, sine honore sepulcri 45
Indeploratum barbara terra teget .'*
Ecquid, ut audieris, tota turbabere mente,
Et feries pavida pectora fida manu ?
Ecquid, in has frustra tendens tua bracchia partes,
1 90 Shorter Poems, [Tristia
Clamabis miseri nomen inane viri ? so
Parce tamen lacerare genas, nee scinde capillos :
Non tibi nunc primum, lux mea, raptus ero.
Cum patriam amisi, tunc me periisse putato ;
Et prior et gravior mors fuit ilia mihi.
Nunc, si forte potes (sed non potcs, optima conjunx), 55
Finitis gaude tot mihi morte malis.
Quod potes, extenua forti mala corde ferendo,
Ad quae jampridem non rude pectus habes.
Atque utinam pereant animae cum corpore nostrae,
Effugiatque avidos pars mihi nulla rogos ! 60
Nam si morte carens vacua volat altus in aura
Spiritus, et Samii sunt rata dicta senis,
Inter Sarmaticas Romana vagabitur umbras,
Perque feros manes hospita semper erit.
Ossa tamen facito parva referantur m. urna : 65
Sic ego non etiam mortuus exsul ero.
Non vetat hoc quisquam : fratrem Thebana peremptum
Subposuit tumulo rege vetante soror.
Atque ea cum foliis et amomi pulvere misce,
Inque suburbano condita pone solo. 70
Quosque legat versus oculo properante viator,
Grandibus in tituli marmore caede notis :
HIC EGO QUI JACEO TENERORUM LUSOR AMORUM
INGENIO PERU NaSO POET A MEO :
AT TIBI QUI TRANSIS NE SIT GRAVE QUJSQUIS AMASTf
DICERE NaSONIS MOLLITER OSSA CUBP:NT.
Hoc satis in titulo est ; etenim majora libelli
Et diuturna magis sunt monumenta mihi,
Quos ego confido, quamvis nocuere, daturos
Nomen et auctori tempora longa suo. 80
Tu tamen exstincto feralia munera semper
Deque tuis lacrimis humida serta dato :
TIL 7, 24.] To Perilla, 191
Quamvis in cineres corpus miitaverit ignis,
Sentiet officium maesta favilla piiim.
Scribere plura libet, sed vox mihi fessa loquendo 85
Dictandi vires siccaque lingua negat.
Accipe supremo dictum mihi forsitan ore,
Quod, tibi qui mittit, non habet ipse, vale !
3. To Perilla (iii. 7).
Vade salutatum, subito perarata, Perillam,
Littera, sermonis fida ministra mei !
Aut illam invenies dulci cum matre sedentem,
Aut inter libros Pieridasque suas.
Quicquid aget, cum te scierit venisse, relinquet, 5
Nee mora, quid venias quidve, requiret, agam.
Vivere me dices, sed sic, ut vivere nolim,
Nee mala tam longa nostra levata mora ;
Et tamen ad Musas, quamvis nocuere, reverti,
Aptaque in alternos cogere verba pedes. 10
Tu quoque, die, studiis communibus ecquid inhaeres,
Doctaque non patrio carmina more canis ?
Nam tibi cum fatis mores natura pudicos
Et raras dotes ingeniumque dedit.
Hoc ego Pegasidas deduxi primus ad undas, ^ 15
Ne male fecundae vena periret aquae ;
Primus id aspexi teneris in virginis annis,
Utque pater natae duxque comesque fui.
Ergo si remanent ignes tibi pectoris idem,
Sola tuum vates Lesbia vincet opus. 20
Sed vereor, ne te mea nunc fortuna retardet,
Postque meos casus sit tibi pectus iners.
Dum licuit, tua saepe mihi, tibi nostra legebam ;
Saepe tui judex, saepe magister eram :
192 Shorter Poems, [Tristia
Aut ego praebebam factis modo versibus aures, 25
Aut, ubi cessares, causa ruboris erara.
Forsitan exemplo, quia me laesere libelli,
Tu quoque sis poenae facta secuta meae.
Pone, Perilla, metum ; tantummodo femina nulla
Neve vir a scriptis discat amare tuis ! 30
Ergo desidiae remove, doctissima, causas,
Inque bonas artes et tua sacra redi I
Ista decens facias longis vitiabitur annis,
Rugaque in antiqua fronte senilis erit ;
Inicietque manum formae damnosa senectus, 35
Quae strepitum passu non faciente venit ;
Cumque aliquis dicet *Fuit haec formosa/ dolebis,
Et speculum mendax esse querere tuum.
Sunt tibi opes modicae, cum sis dignissima magnis :
Finge sed inmensis censibus esse pares ; 40
Nempe dat id, quodcumque libet, fortuna rapitque ;
Irus et est subito, qui modo Croesus erat.
Singula quid referam ? nil non mortale tenemus
Pectoris exceptis ingeniique bonis.
En ego, cum caream patria vobisque domoque, 45
Raptaque sint, adimi quae potuere mihi,
Ingenio tamen ipse meo comitorque fruorque :
Caesar in hoc potuit juris habere nihil.
Quilibet banc saevo vitam mihi finiat ense ;
Me tamen extincto fama superstes erit, 50
Dumque suis victrix omnem de montibus orbem
Prospiciet domitum Martia Roma, legar.
Tu quoque, quam studii maneat felicior usus,
Effuge ventures, qua potes, usque rogos 1
III. lo, 31.] Winter Scenes in Thrace. 193
4. Winter Scenes in Thrace (iii. 10).
SiQUis aclhuc istic memiiiit Nasonis adempti,
Et siiperest sine me nomen in Urbe meuni,
Suppositum stellis numquam tangentibus aequor
Me sciat in media vivere barbarie.
Sauromatae cingunt^ fera gens, Bessique Getaeque, s
Quam non ingenio nomina digna meo !
Dum tamen aura tepet, medio defendimur Histro :
Ille suis liquidus bella repellit aquis.
At cum tristis hiems squalentia protulit ora,
Terraque marmoreo Candida facta gelu est, 10
Dum vetat et Boreas et nix habitare sub Arcto,
Turn liquet, has gentes axe tremente premi.
Nix jacet, et glaciem nee sol pluviaeve resolvunt,
Indurat Boreas perpetuamque facit ;
Ergo ubi delicuit nondum prior, altera venit, 15
Et solet in multis bima manere locis.
Tantaque commoti vis est Aquilonis, ut altas
Aequet humo turres tectacpe rapta ferat.
Pellibus et sutis arcent mala frigora braccis,
Oraque de toto corpore sola patent. 20
Saepe sonant moti glacie pendente capilli,
Et nitet inducto Candida barba gelu.
Nudaque consistunt, formam servantia testae,
Vina, nee hausta meri, sed data frusta bibunt.
Quid loquar, ut vincti concrescant frigore rivi, 25
Deque lacu fragiles effodiantur aquae ?
Ipse, papyrifero qui non angustior amne
Miscetur vasto multa per ora freto,
Caeruleos ventis latices durantibus, Hister
Congelat, et tectis in mare serpit aquis. 30
Quaque rates ierant, pedibus nunc itur, et undas
194 Shorter Poems. [Tristia
Frigore concretas ungula pulsat equi ;
Perque novos pontes subter labentibus undis
Diicunt Sarmatici barbara plaiistra boves.
Vix equidem credar : sed cum sint praemia falsi 35
Nulla, ratam debet testis habere fidem.
Vidimus ingentem glacie consistere pontum,
Lubricaque inmotas testa premebat aquas.
Nee vidisse sat est : durum calcavimus aequor,
Undaque non udo sub pede summa fuit. 40
Si tibi tale fretum quondam, Leandre, fuisset,
Non foret angustae mors tua crimen aquae.
Turn neque se pandi possunt delphines in auras
Tollere : conantes dura coercet liiems.
Et quamvis Boreas jactatis insonet alis, 45
Fluctus in obsesso gurgite nullus erit ;
Inclusaeque gelu stabunt, ut marmore, puppes,
Nee poterit rigidas find ere remus aquas.
Vidimus in glacie pisces haerere ligatos,
Sed pars ex illis tunc quoque viva fuit. so
Sive igitur nimii Boreae vis saeva marinas,
Sive redundatas fiumine cogit aquas,
Protinus, aequato siccis aquilonibus Histro,
Invehitur celeri barbarus hostis equo :
Hostis equo pollens longcquc volante sagitta 55
Vicinam late depopulatur humum.
Diffugiunt alii, nullisque tuentibus agros
Incustoditae cliripiuntur opes ;
Ruris opes parvae, pecus et stridentia plaustra,
Et quas divitias incola pauper habet. 60
Pars agitur vinctis post tergum capta lacertis,
Respiciens frustra rura laremque suum ;
Pars cadit hamatis miserc confixa sagittis ;
Nam volucri ferro tinctile virus inest.
IV. lo, 1 6.] The Poets Autobiography. 195
Quae nequeimt secum ferrc aut abclucere, perdunt, 65
Et cremat insontes hostica flamma casas.
Tunc quoque, cum pax est, trepidant formidine belli,
Nee quisquam presso vomere sulcat humum.
Aut videt, aut metuit locus hie, quern non videt, hostem ;
Cessat iners rigido terra relicta situ. 70
Non liic pampinea dulcis latet uva sub umbra,
Nee cumulant altos fervida musta lacus.
Poma negat regie ; nee habcret Acontius, in quo-
Seriberet hie dominae verba legenda suae.
Aspiceres nudos sine fronde, sine arbore, eampos : 75
Heu loca feliei non adeunda viro !
Ergo tarn late pateat cum maximus orbis,
Haee est in poenam terra reperta meam ?
5. The Poeis Autobiography (iv. 10).
Ille ego qui fuerim, tenerorum lusor amorum,
Quem legis, ut noris, aceipe posteritas.
Sulmo mihi patria est, gelidis uberrimus undis,
Milia qui novies distat ab Urbe decern.
Editus hinc ego sum, nee non ut tempera noris, 5
Cum eeeidit fato consul uterque pari :
Si quid id est, usque a proavis vetus ordinis heres,
Non mode fortunae munere factus eques.
Nee stirps prima fui : genito sum fratre ereatus,
Qui tribus ante quater mensibus ortus erat. 10
Lucifer amborum natalibus adfuit idem :
Una celebrata est per duo liba dies.
' Haee est armiferae festis de quinque Minervae,
Quae fieri pugna prima eruenta solet.
Protinus excolimur teneri, euraque parentis 15
Imus ad insignes Urbis ab arte viros.
ig6 Shorter Poems, [Tristia
Frater ad eloquium viridi tendebat ab aevo,
Fortia verbosi natus ad arma fori ;
At mihi jam puero caelestia sacra placebant,
Inque suum furtim Musa trahebat opus. 20
Saepe pater dixit ' Studium quid inutile temptas ?
Maeonides nullas ipse reliquit opes/
Motus eram dictis, totoque Helicone relicto
Scribere conabar verba soluta modis.
Sponte sua carmen numeros veniebat ad aptos, 25
Et quod temptabam dicere, versus erat.
Interea tacito passu labentibus annis
Liberior fratri sumpta mihique toga est,
Induiturque umeris cum lato purpura clavo,
Et studium nobis quod fuit ante, manet. 30
J am que decem vitae frater geminaverat annos,
Cum perit, et coepi parte carere mei.
Cepimus et tenerae primos aetatis honores,
Deque viris quondam pars tribus una fui.
Curia restabat ; clavi mensura coacta est : 35
Majus erat nostris viribus illud onus.
Nee patiens corpus, nee mens fuit apta labori,
SoUicitaeque fugax ambitionis eram.
Et petere Aoniae suadebant tuta sorores
Otia, judicio semper amata meo. 40
Temporis illius colui fovique poetas,
Quotque aderant vates, rebar adesse deos.
Saepe suas Volucres legit mihi grandior aevo,
Quaeque necet serpens, quae juvet herba, Macer.
Saepe suos solitus recitare Propertius ignes, 45
Jure sodalicio qui mihi junctus erat.
Ponticus heroo, Bassus quoque clarus iambis
Dulcia convictus membra fuere mei.
Et tenuit nostras numerosus Horatius aures,
IV. lo, 82.] The Poets AiUobiography, 197
Dum ferit Aiisonia carmina culta lyra. 50
Vergilium vidi tantum ; nee amara Tibullo
Tempus amicitiae fata cledere meae.
Successor fuit hie tibi, Galle ; Propertius illi ;
Quartus ab his serie temporis ipse fui.
Utque ego majores, sic me coluere minores, ss
Notaque non tarde facta Thalia mea est.
Carmina cum primum populo juvenilia Icgi,
Barba resecta mihi bisve semelve fuit
Moverat ingenium totam cantata per Urbem .^
Nomine non vero dicta Corinna mihi. , 60
Multa quidem scripsi ; sed quae vitiosa putavi,
Emendaturis ignibus ipse dedi.
Tunc quoque, cum fugerem, quaedam placitura cremavi,
Iratus studio carminibusque meis.
Molle Cupidineis nee inexpugnabile telis 65
Cor mihi, quodque levis causa moveret, erat.
Cum tamen hie essem, minimoque accenderer igne,
Nomine sub nostro fabula nulla fuit.
Paene mihi puero nee digna nee utilis uxor
Est data, quae tempus per breve nupta fuit. 70
Illi successit, quamvis sine crimine conjunx,
Non tamen in nostro firma futura toro.
Ultima, quae mecum seros permansit in annos,
Sustinuit conjunx exsulis esse viri.
Filia me mea bis prima fecunda juventa, 'js
Sed non ex uno conjuge, fecit avum;
Et jam complerat genitor sua fata, novemque
Addiderat lustris altera lustra novem.
Non aliter flevi, quam me fleturus ademptum
Ille fuit. Matri proxima justa tuli. 80
Felices ambo tempestiveque sepulti,
Ante diem poenae quod periere meae !
igS Shorter Poems. [Tristia
Me quoque felicem, quod non viventibus illis
Sum miser, et de me quod doluere nihil.
Si tamen exstinctis aliquid nisi nomina restat, 85
Et gracilis structos effugit umbra rogos ;
Fama, parentales, si vos mea contigit, umbrae
Et sunt in Stygio crimina nostra foro,
Scite, precor, causam — nee vos mihi fallere fas est —
Errorem jussae, non scelus, esse fugae. 9«
Manibus hoc satis est : ad vos, studiosa, reverter,
Pectora, qui vitae quaeritis acta meae.
Jam mihi canities pulsis melioribus annis
Venerat, antiquas miscueratque comas,
Postque meos ortus Pisaea vinctus oliva 95
Abstulerat decies praemia victor equus,
Cum maris Euxini positos ad laeva Tomitas
Quaerere me laesi principis ira jubet
Causa meae cunctis nimium quoque nota ruinae
Indicio non est testificanda meo. 100
Quid referam comitumque nefas famulosque nocentes ?
Ipsa multa tuli non leviora fuga.
Indignata malis mens est succumbere, seque
Praestitit invictam viribus usa suis.
Oblitusque mei ductaeque per otia vitae, 105
Insolita cepi temporis arma manu.
Totque tuli casus pelagoque terraque, quot inter
Occultum stellae conspicuumque polum,
Tacta mihi tandem longis erroribus acto
Juncta pharetratis Sarmatis ora Getis. no
Hie ego finitimis quamvis circumsoner armis,
Tristia, quo possum, carmine fata levo.
Quod quamvis nemo est, cujus referatur ad aures,
Sic tamen absumo decipioque diem.
Ergo quod vivo, durisque laboribus obsto, 115
IV. lo, 132.] TJie Pocfs Aiitobiografhj/, 199
Ncc me sollicitae taedia liicis habent,
Gratia, Musa, tibi ; nam tu solacia praebes,
Tu curae requies, tu medicina venis ;
Tu dux et comes es ; tu nos abducis ab Histro,
In medioque mihi das Helicone locum. 120
Tu mihi, quod rarum est, vivo sublime dcdisti
Nomen, ab exsequiis quod dare fama solet.
Nee qui detrectat praesentia, Livor iniquo
Ullum de nostris dente momordit opus.
Nam tulerint magnos cum saecula nostra poetas, 12s
Non fuit ingenio fama malip'T*-^ ■
Cumque ego praeponam multos mihi, non minor illis
Dicor et in toto plurimus orbe legor.
Si quid habent igitur vatum pracsagia veri,
Protinus ut moriar, non ero, terra, tuus. 130
Sive favore tuli, sive banc ego carmine famam
Jure, tibi grates, candide lector, ago.
20O Shorter Poems, [Ex Ponto
V. Ex Ponto.
The four books Ex Ponto (letters from the Pontus) are addressed
to various persons. The character of the poems differs little from
that of the Tristia. The example here given is addressed by the
poet to his wife.
To His Wife (i. 4).
Jam mihi deterior canis aspergitur aetas,
Jamque meos vultus ruga senilis arat :
Jam vigor et quasso languent in corpore vires ;
Nee, juveni lusus qui placuere, juvant.
Nee, si me subito videas, agnoscere possis : 5
Aetatis facta est tanta ruina meae.
Confiteor facere hoc annos : sed et altera causa est
Anxietas animi continuusque labor.
Nam mea per longos siquis mala digerat annos,
Crede mihi, Pylio Nestore major ero. 10
Cernis, ut in duris — et quid bove firmius } — arvis
Portia taurorum corpora frangat opus.
Quae numquam vacuo solita est cessare novali,
Fructibus assiduis lassa senescit humus.
Occidet, ad circi siquis certamina semper 15
Non intermissis cursibus ibit equus.
Firma sit ilia licet, solvetur in aequore navis,
Quae numquam liquidis sicca carebit aquis,
Me quoque debilitat series immensa malorum,
Ante meum tempus cogit et esse senem. 20
Otia corpus alunt, animus quoque pascitur illis :
Inmodicus contra carpit utrumque labor.
Aspice, in has partis quod venerit Aesone natus,
Quam laudem a sera posteritate ferat.
At labor illius nostro leviorque minorque est, 25
1.4,58-] To His Wife, 201
Si modo non verum nomina magna premunt.
Ille est in Pontum Pelia mittente profectus.
Qui vix Thessaliae fine timendus erat.
Caesaris ira mihi nocuit, quern solis ab ortu
Solis ad occasus utraque terra tremit. 30
[Junctior Haemonia est Ponto, quam Roma sit Histro ;
Et brevius, quam nos, ille peregit iter.]
Ille habuit comites primes telluris Achivae :
At nostram cuncti destituere fugam.
Nos fragili ligno vastum sulcavimus aequor : 35
Quae tulit Aesoniden, densa carina fuit.
Nee mihi Tiphys erat rector, nee Agenore natus
Quas fugerem, docuit, quas sequererque vias.
Ilium tutata est cum Pallade regia Juno :
Defendere meum numina nulla caput. 40
Ilium furtivae juvere Cupidinis artes ;
Quas a me vellem non didicisset Amor.
Ille domum rediit : nos his moriemur in arvis,
Perstiterit laesi si gravis ira dei.
Durius est igitur nostrum, fidissima conjunx, 45
Illo, quod subiit Aesone natus, onus.
Te quoque, quam juvenem discedens Urbe reliqui,
Credibile est nostris insenuisse malis.
O ! ego, di faciant, talem te cernere possim,
Caraque mutatis oscula ferre comis ; 50
Amplectique meis corpus non pingue lacertis,
Et * gracile hoc fecit ' dicere * cura mei : '
Et narrare meos flenti flens ipse labores,
Sperato numquam conloquioque frui,
Turaque Caesaribus cum conjuge Caesare digna, 55
Dis veris, memori debita ferre manu !
Memnonis banc utinam, lenito principe, mater
Quam primum roseo provocet ore diem !
NOTES.
NOTES.
It is supposed that most classes who read Ovid at all, will read
Ovid before any other Latin poet ; and as it is desirable that a
poetical composition should always be read as verse, — that is, with
a knowledge of its rhythmical structure, — a few directions will
here be given for scanning at sight, or by ear, which, with a little
practice, will be found an easy, almost mechanical process.
It is necessary, first, for the learner to understand the nature
of the verse, as depending on precisely the same principles as the
rhythmical divisions of music (see §§ 355-358 ; G. 723-727 ; H. 596-
599) ; also, to be familiar with the general rules of quantity and
accent (§§ 18, 19; G. 10-14; H. 16-18) .1 Besides this, the teacher
should explain and illustrate, so far as may be necessary, the struc-
ture of the hexameter (§ 362; G. 761 ; H. 609-613), reading from
the text of the poem itself, until its peculiar movement has become
familiar to the learner^s ear. It will now be observed, —
1. That the difficulties in scanning lie almost entirely in the first''
half of the verse. With very rare exceptions, the last two feet, and
generally the last three, are accented in verse exactly as they would
be in prose ; that is, the thesis (first syllable) of the foot corresponds
with the natural or prose accent of the word.
2. That in hexameter verse the third foot (rarely the fourth
instead) regularly begins with the last syllable of a word. Thus,
while the last half of a verse is almost always accented as in prose,
the first half very seldom is. The slight pause interrupting the foot
at the end of the word is called a ccEsural pause (§ 358, b ; G. 743 ;
H. 602), and is the most important point that distinguishes the
1 To these it may be well to add the quantity of final syllables {^ 348 ; G. 704-
710; H. 579-581). The learner should also be habituated to an accurate
pronunciation of words according to their prose accent.
4 Notes,
movement of verse from that of prose. The pause in the third foot
(less commonly the fomlh) usually corresponds with a pause in the
sense, and is called the principal caesura.
3. That whenever a short syllable occurs in the verse, there must
be a dactyl. This becomes a most convenient rule, as soon as the
pronunciation of even the commonest words is known, in all cases
where there are words of more than two syllables ; for thus a short
syllable will often serve as a key to the entire structure of the verse.
For examples, we will take the first four lines of the first selection
given in this book (i. 89, foil.) : —
89. A-^irea prima sata est aetas quae vindice nullo.
Here the last two words are scanned exactly as they read :
I vindice | nullo. The syllable before, quae^ contains a diphthong,
and is therefore long ; consequently, as it is not the first syllable of
a foot, it must be the second half of a spondee ; and we find that
the preceding syllable, -tas^ is long, which gives us the first half of
the spondee. The first syllable of aetas^ ^g3.in, consists of a diph-
thong, and must therefore form a spondee with the preceding sylla-
ble, ast (by elision from the last syllable of sata with est, § 359, c ;
G. 714, exc. ; H. 608, i). Beginning with the beginning of the line,
aurea has a short penult, as its accent shows, and forms a dactyl.
There remain, then, only three syllables, prijna sa-, which must,
therefore, also form a dactyl, and the verse scans as follows : —
Aurea | prima salta 'stliae|tas quae | vindice | nullo.
90. Sponte sua sine lege fidem rectumque colebaf.
The last words are scanned as they read : rec | tumque co | lebat.
The length of the first syllable of rectum shows that it is the last
half of a spondee. The correct scansion of the rest of the line
depends entirely upon the reader's knowledge of the rules for quan-
tity. Sponte ends in e, and final e is short ; sua is ablative, and
final a in the ablative is long ; shte and lege both end in ^, which is
short ; and the quantity of the other syllables is determined by their
position in their respective feet. The line scans thus : —
Sponte su|a sine | lege || filtlem recltiiiTiqiie co] lebat,
with feminine caesura.
Nctes. 5
91. Poena metusque abcrafit, nee verba mindeiafixo.
The last four words are scanned as they read : nee | verba mi|na-
cia I fixo. Here nee is long by position, as is the syllable before it.
Poena is nominative, and has, therefore, a short final a ; conse-
quently the e of viehcs must also be short. Only the second foot is
now unaccounted for, and it consists of the only three syllables
remaining, — tttsqtC abe-. The line scans, —
Poena meltusqu' abe | rant II nee | verba milnacia 1 fixo.
92. Aere legebanttir, nee supplex turba timebaf.
Here the words nee | supplex | turba ti | mebat are scanned as they
are pronounced in prose ; the length (by position) of nee shows that
it forms the last half of a spondee ; the short final e of aere shows
that the first foot is a dactyl ; consequently the two remaining sylla-
bles must form a spondee, the second foot of the verse : —
Aere le 1 geban 1 tur H nee | supplex 1 turba ti | mebat.
These hints would be sufficient for all or nearly all cases,^ if it
were not for the frequent elision of the last syllable of words ; viz.,
in general, whenever a word ending in a vowel or in m is followed
by a word beginning with a vowel or with h. This makes the com-
monest and most annoying of the obstacles to be met, and requires
the beginner to be constantly on the watch. If he will now care-
fully compare the following lines, as metrically divided, with the
rules which have been given above, it is hoped that he will have
little difficulty hereafter.
Aurea 1 prima salta 'st II aeltas, quae I vindice I nullo
Sponte su|a, sine j lege || fijdem rec|tumque collebat. 90
Poena me I tusqu' abe I rant, |I nee 1 verba mi I nacia | fixo
Aere le 1 geban I tur, H nee 1 supplex 1 turba ti I mebat
Judicis I ora suli, |I sed el rant sine I vindice I tuti.
Nondum I caesa su 1 is, |i pere | gxm.um ut I viseret \ orbem,
Montibus | in liqui 1 das 11 pi | nus de ] scenderat | undas, 95
NuUaque I mortalles H praelter sua I litora 1 norant.
Nondum I praecipi 1 tes H cin 1 gebant 1 oppida 1 fossae :
1 It will be observed that, of the first twenty verses of this selection, only
verse 99 lacks the caesura in the third foot, and that there the principal pause
is in the fourth foot instead of the third.
Notes,
Non tuba 1 direc | ti, |1 non I aeris I cornua 1 flexi,
Non galelae, non 1 ensis elrant; || sine 1 militis 1 usu
Mollia 1 secujrac II peralgebant 1 otia 1 gentes. loo
Ipsa quo 1 qu' immu j nis || ra | stroqu' in | tacta nee 1 uUis
Saucia 1 vomeri|bus || per | se dabat | omnia j tellus:
Contenjtique cilbis H nuljlo co|gente crejatis
Arbute | os fe [ tus || mon I tanaque 1 fraga Ic | gebant
Cornaqu' et ] in du|ris || haejrentia | mora rujbetis, 105
Et quae 1 decide] rant |1 patulla Jovis ] arbore, 1 glandes.
Ver erat | aeter|num, |i placijdique tejpentibus | auris
Mulce 1 bant zephy | ri || na | tos sine [ semine j flores.
The Four Ages and the Flood.
I. THE FOUR AGES AND THE FLOOD.
I. 89. aurea: compare the description of the Golden Age in Virgil,
Eel, iv. The Ages are named from the metals gold, silver, brass (or more
exactly copper), and iron, the best being the Golden, the worst the Iron
Age. — sata est, was created^ i.e. ivas, — vindlce nullo (abl. abs.), when
there was no avenger [of guilt], i.e. by no constraint.
91. verba niinacia, refers to laws. The Roman laws were inscribed
npon bron/e tablets, which were fastened up in the forum and other public
places. Hence iixo aere, posted tip iit brass (abl. of place, § 258, y^ 3;
G. 384, R.2; H. 425, 2, N.'^).
92. supplex turba, the defendant and his friends, who generally
tried to move the judges by their prayers.
93. erant tuti, not supplex turba, but the people in general.
94. caesa agrees with pinus; suis with tnontibus; the pine felled
on its native hills, and wrought into ships (abl. like fixo aere in 91).
96. norant (§ 128, ^; G. 151, i; H. 235, 2), knew, lit. had learned
(§ 279, e\ G. 228, 2, R.^ ; H. 297, i, 2).
98. directi, flexi, both agree with aeris (gen. of material, § 214, e\
G. -^fi"], R. ; H. 395, v.). The tuba was a long straight brazen horn; the
cornu was curved.
99. sine militis usu, without occasion for the employment of soldiery ;
milltis is used collectively.
100. securae, free from care. Notice the interlocked order, a very
common one in Latin. — otia : the plural is often used in Latin, when in
English we use the singular; this is especially common in poetry, fre-
quently, as here, for metrical reasons (§ 79, d-y G. 195, R.^^; H. 130, 3).
loi. ipsa immunis tellus, the earth itself unburdened. Strictly,
without any duties to perform, not called on by man for tribute.
102. per se, equiv. to sua sponte.
103. cibis (§ 245; G. 407; H. 421, iii.). — nullo cogente (abl. abs.)
= with no compulsion, qualifying creatls.
104. arbuteos fetus = arbuti fetus, the fruit of the arbute tree. The
arbute or strawberry tree is common in Italy. The fruit resembles the
strawberry in appearance, but is somewhat insipid in taste. — legebant,
[men] gathered (§ 206, b; G. 199, R.^).
105. mora, blackberries.
106. quae glandes: the antecedent is incorporated in the relative
clause (§ 200, b; G. 618; H. 445, 9). — Jovis arbore, the oak, sacred
to Jupiter.
8 Notes,
io8, inulc©bant,ya««^</, caressed (properly, stroked),
109. mox, soon (after flowering). — fruges, ^r^tm, the "kindly fruits
of the earth," not fruit in the ordinary modern sense.
1 10. nee renovatus, not renewed^ i.e. without lying fallow^ The
negative belongs only with renovatus. — canebat, greiv white.
112. mella : i.e. in the Golden Age honey dropped spontaneously from
the leaves without the toil of bees. For the plural, see on v. 100.
113. postquam . . . inisso, wheuy after Saturn was danished, etc.
(the relative clause ends with erat) . Satzirnus was an old Italian god of
the crops (satus, sero), but was identified by the later Romans with the
Greek JCronos, father of Zeus, who was dethroned and sent to Tartarus by
his son.
114. sub Jove : the reign of stern law, under Jupiter, follows that of
peace and innocence. — subiit : contrary to rule the last i is long. This
seems to be a rehc of an earlier usage (§ 354, ^, 3, n.), and is especially
common in lit, petiit, and their compounds (G. 708, 4) ; cf. Virg. ^n.
viii. 362, X. 67.
115. auro, acre: one would expect aurea and aenea (sz. prole),
116. coiitrax.it, shortened (cf. z». 107); the changing seasons are the
first sign of nature's loss.
117. insiequsHeSf ckangealfle.
118. spatiis: abl. of manner. — exegit, led out (i.e. to its end), com-
pleted.
119. fervorlbus: plural; cf. otia^ v. 100, mella^ v. 112.
120. ventis: abl. — pcpendlt shows XhoXglacies refers to icicles.
122. cortlce, improperly used for liber ^ the fibrous inner bark.
123. seinina Cerealla, seeds of grain; cf, arbuteos fetus, v, 104.
Ceres gave grain to mankind, and taught them agriculture.
128. Tenae . . . aevum, upon an age of worse vein (i.e. metal). A
vein of ore or metal in a mine was called vena,
129. vermn, truthfulness (§ 189, «; G. 204, n.^; H. 441, 2).
1 30. f raudesQue : in poetry que is frequently added to the first of a
series of words, when the other members of the series are connected by
que. It should be omitted in translation.
131. amor . . . habendi, the guilty love of gain.
132. vela, etc., in consequence of the love of gain, which drove men
to brave the dangers of the sea. Foreign commerce, now regarded as the
source of civilization, was anciently held in disesteem by the poets. ♦
1 33- quaeque carinae, = et carinae quae ; cf. quaeglandes, v, 106. —
dlu steterant, see v. 94.
134. ignotis: the seas, like the winds (v* 132), were as yet unknown
The Four Ages and the Flood, 9
to the sailors. — insiiltaverc : the meaning is double. They danced upon
the waves, and despised the danger.
135. cofnmuDein huiiium, the soil, before common (free to all), like
sunlight and air ; lumina and auras are put in the ace. like humum
though the sense is : ceu lumina solis et aurae sint.
136. liinite: the limes was a boundary-path between two farms de-
scribed by the agrimensor in laying out the public lands.
137. segetes poscebatur hutiius, crops were demanded of the earthy
or more literally, the earth ivas asked for crop^ (§ 239, Cy R.; G. 339, N.*;
H. 374, i). — deblta, due^ because the earth owes the planter a return for
his seed.
138. Itum est, men penetrated (§ 146, ^; G. 208, 2; H. 301, i).
139. quasque opes = opes^ue quas (§ 201, c, e\ G. 622). — recondl-
derat, she [the earth] had hidden, — admoverat, had brought near to. —
Stygiis uiiibris (dat, § 228; G. 347; H. 386), the shades of Styx: the
realms of the dead, conceived to be under the earth.
141. ferrum, aurum : these were a part of the opes.
142. prodit bellum, war comes forth, as a consequence of the appear-
ance of iron and gold. — utroque, with botJi (abl. of instrument) : gold,
as well as iron, is one of the " sinews of war.'*
144. vivitur, men live; cf. itum est, v. i38.-^hosp68 (for the quan-
tity, see § 348, 9, exc. 2; G. 709, 2, exc. i; H. 581, vi. i), guest-friend
{le. guest ot host). This word refers to a peculiar relation between persons
of different countries who were bound to furnish hospitality to each other.
145. non socer a genero: these words would make every Roman
think of Caesar and Pompey.
146. imminet, broods over. — exitio, dat. (§ 228; G. 347; H. 386).
— conjugis, inariti, both limit exitio.
147. iiovercae, step-mothers. The evil practice of divorce among the
Romans, and the domestic misery that came from it, made the cruelty of
step-mothers proverbial. — lurida, dark. The association of poison with
dark mixtures is old and general. Blue and poison are associated in Sans-
krit and Greek. — aconita: plural; cf. otia, v, 100 (see also § 75, ^; G.
204, N. 5, 6).
148. inquirit, questions (of fortune-tellers : he is impatient for his in-
heritance).— ante diem, before the time, i.e. before his father's natural
death would leave him his inheritance. — patrlos ?a\\\Q^~ patris annos;
cf. arbuteos fetus, v. 104.
149. virgo Astraea, the maid Astrcea, goddess of justice. She took
her place in the heavens as the constellation Virgo. — madentes terras,
the earth reeking.
lo Notes,
150. ultima caelestum : Astroea was the last of the gods to leave the
earth. Formerly all the gods had dwelt on earth, but the depravity of man
forced them to withdraw.
151-162. The Giants, sons of Earth and Heaven, attack the gods, but
are defeated. From their blood springs a wicked race of men.
1 53. struxisse montes, piled the mountains.
154. Olympus, Pelion, Ossa, mountains of Thessaly.
155. Ossae: dat. instead of abl with ex or de (§ 229; G. 347, r.^j H.
386, 2).
156. corpora, i.e. of the giants.
157. natorum, her sons.
160. et ilia, i.e. as well as the earlier race of men.
162. scXreSf you might have known (§ 311, ^z; G. 258; H. 485); cf.
putes, V. 242.
163. quae: refers to the depravity of man as described in the preced-
ing lines. For the use of the relative, see § 180, f 201, e\ G. 610, R.*;
H, 453. — pater Saturnius, Jupiter.
164. facto recenti (abl. abs.), since the deed was recent. — vulgata
(belonging to convivla), made known (spread abroad).
165. Liycaoniae, of Lycaon (cf. arbuteos fetus, v. 104). He had
offered Jupiter human flesh to eat; see v. 210 and the following. — ref-
ereus, revolving, thinking over.
166. animo (with concipit), in his soul. — dignas Jove, %vorthy of
Jove, i.e. in accordance with his greatness. — Iras (ph) J see note on otia,
V. 100, and aconita, v. 147.
167. concilium, sc. cleorum, senate.
168. caelo sereno (abl. abs.), when the sky is clear.
169. Lactea, nominative in form, as being the simple name, a mere
word, in no grammatical relation. This word, however, is in apposition
with nomen.
170. hac, by this (§ 258,^; G. 389; H. 420, i, 3). — superis (dat),
for the gods. — inagiii Tonantis, of the great Thunderer, i.e. of Jupiter.
171. dextra laevaque (sc. parte), on the right and left (§ 258,/;
G. 385,N.i; H.425, 2).
1 72. celebrantur, are thronged. The figure is taken from the custom
of Roman nobles, whose halls {atria) were visited in the morning by their
clients and dependants.
173. plebs, i.e. the lower gods {di minoruni gentiuni)', opposed to
potentes caelicolae clarique (cf. deorum nobilium, v. 171), the twelve
great gods of Olympus (di majorum gentium). The gods are divided
into classes like the people of Rome. — dlversa locls, i.e. only the great
The Four Ages and the Flojd,
11
I 253; G. 397? H. 424). — a
f 260, ^;G.390, 2, N.« ; H. 434, i)-
live here; ioci$ is abl. of specification (
fronte, infront, as one goes up the street (
174. penates = /4f?«jMf?/a&,
1 76. Palatia : this word had not yet acquired its ntodem meaning of
falacif but meant the dwelling of
Augustus, on the Palatine hill.
Augustus is thus, by a daring flat-
tery (audacid), compared with the
king of the gods. — dlxisse: the
perfect does not differ in sense from
the present, and seems to be used
in great part on account of its metri-
cal convenience.
177, recessu, an interior apart-
ment (abl, without ««, § 258,/; G.
385, N.l; H. 425, ii. 2, N.8).
1 78. ipse, by a common and natu-
ral usage the king or chief, as in ipse
dixit, he said it himself (Pythago-
ras).— ^loco: ctiocis, 173. — scep-
tro, abl. (§ 254,^; G. 401, N,« ;
H. 425, I, I, note). (See Fig. i.)
180. cum qua, together with
which, i.e. and at the same time.
181. ora . . , solvit, opened his angry tips.
Fig. 2.
Jupiter.
182. ilia tempestate,
at that crisis.
184. Inlcere, the prop-
er spelling of injicere.
The compounds of jacio,
which change a into i, lose
the j before the 1. — angul-
pedutn, limiting quisque.
The Giants were repre-
sented with bodies termi-
nating in serpents (see
Fig. 2) : they are here con-
founded with the " hun-
^, dred- handed " (centum
Jupiter and the Giants. » • x /-^ -rC •
bracchia) Cottus, Briareus,
and Gyas, who were brothers of the Titans, but aided Jupiter against the
12
Notes.
Fig. 3-
rebellious deities (see Iliad, i. 399-406). — caelo, dative, following Inl-
cere; to cast their hundred hands upon the captive sky.
185. ab uno corpore, /r<?//z a single class (of divinities) , contrasted
with the present rebellion of the whole human race.
187. qua, wherever. — Nereiis, an ancient sea divinity, especially
associated with the calm depths : here put for the sea.
188. per, in oaths and prayers, by. — flumina: pi. for sing.
189. Stygio luco (loc. abl.) in the grove of Styx ("Gloom"), the
river which bounds the entrance to the world below. The oath by the
Styx was the most awful and binding that could be taken by the gods.
190. cuacta = all other means, — temptata,
sc. sunt,
191. lie . . . trahatur, lest the sound (lit.
clean) part he drawn [into the same disease].
193. faunlq.ue : the enclitic -que is here used
as long in imitation of Homer, who makes the
Greek tc long. It is probably made so by the pause
at the end of the word, or, as it is sometimes called,
by ccesura. This occurs generally in the second foot
of the verse, and only when a second -que follows.
The Fauni and Silvani — Italian nature divinities
— are here joined with the Greek Satyrs, They
were fabulous creatures, types of the wild life of
the forest. They are represented, like the Greek
Pan, with horns, goats' legs and feet, and pointed
hairy ears, (See Fig. 3.)
194. quos quoniani: the Latin relative is often used where out
idiom requires the demonstrative and some connective particle (§ 201, ^;
G. 610; H. 453). — dignaniur, deem worthy. — honore, governed by
dignamur, which like its primitive dignus takes the ablative (§ 245, a;
G. 397, N.2; H. 421, iii. N.2).
195. certe, at least. — sinamus, hortatory subjunctive.
196. an, very commonly used in argumentative questions, as here,
where the thing asked is obviously absurd. — lllos, opposed to mihi.
197. milaly agaiftst me, following struxerit (§ 229, c -, G. 358; H.
385, 4, 3). — qui habeo, § 204, a\ G. 614; H. 445. — struxerit (§ 326;
G. 586; H. 517).
199. ausuiu . . . deposcunt, they demand (for vengeance) him who
has dared such things. A regular meaning of deposco. The use of the
participle for a relative clause is forced and poetic.
200. saevit, for saevilt. Notice the indicative with cum, used to
Faun,
The Four Ages and the Flood. 13
define the time of the main clause, not to describe its circumstances
(§ 323; G. 582; H. 521, i.).
201. Caesareo: equivalent to Caesaris (§ 190; G. 360, r.^; H.
395» N.2). — exstinguere, put out like a fire; hence destroy ; sanguine
Caesareo is therefore the instrumental abl.
202. attonitum est, was thunderstruck.
204. tuorum, thine own. By a pleasant fiction, the subjects of Augus-
tus's empire are spoken of as his kindred or friends. — pietas, filial
affection.
205. iUa, the pietas ^ expressed by the eagerness of the gods, v. 199.
206. silentia: pi. for sing. (§ 79, d-, G. 195, R.*^; H. 130, 3).
207. regentis : the use of the participle in the singular as a noun is
poetic, though the language is very capricious in its use of participles as
nouns. — quldem (concessive), it is true^ i.e. there is no need of your
being alarmed to be sure, but I will tell the story to gratify your curiosity.
210. admissum, thing done, i.e. crhne ; sc. sit.
211. \s\iSiViv\di, evil report.
212. falsain, predicative, i.e. equivalent iofalsam esse.
213. deus (appos.), /, a god. Notice how it is purposely set next to
bumana for contrast. — lustro, survey. The word is primarily used of a
priest who " lustrates " or purifies by going about with a ceremonial the
company of worshippers; then of an officer who surveys or reviews the
ranks of his troops.
214. est, would be (§ 311, ^; G. 246, R.^; H. 51 1). — noxae, partitive
genitive (§ 216, a, 3; G. 371; H. 397, 3).
215. vero, than the truth.
216. Maenala, a mountain in Southern Arcadia, fabled as the dwell-
ing-place of nymphs and satyrs, — latebris, abl. of specification (§ 253;
G. 398; H. 424).
217. Cyllene and Ijyeaeus, mountains of Arcadia.
218. Arcados, gen. agreeing with tyranni (Greek form as shown by
the short 6, requiring the nom. Areas). As Latin poetry is imitated and
translated from Greek, such forms, especially of proper names, are common.
222. deus ... an mortalis, [whether] god or mortal (§ 211, «a;; G.
460; H. 353, 2). — discrimine aperto, by a plain test.
225. haec illi, spoken with scorn, as if he said, " That's his idea of a
test of truth."
226. eo, abl. with contentus (§ 254, b, 2\ G. 373, R.i; H. 421, iii.). — ■
inissi agrees with obsidis unius.
227. unius, here simply a. The force of unus is sometimes weakened
(as is that of quidam) until it becomes little more than an indefinite article.
14 Notes.
In the same \/ay the demonstrative pronouns are often used for the definite
article.
228. ita, i.e. just as he was, with his throat cut - — partim, noi partly,
but Q. part of, etc. — semineces, half dead, i.e. not yet thoroughly cold in
death.
230. simnl ( = simul ac), as soon as. — vindice flamma, avenging
flame, i.e. the thunderbolt.
231. dignos, i.e. because they did not prevent the crime.
232. territus fugit, etc. : this transformation to a wolf is suggested
perhaps by the name Lycaon (Greek \vkos)- It corresponds with the wild
superstition of the were-wolf which makes the subject of many old popular
tales. The name lycanthropy is given to a particular form of madness con-
nected with this superstition. *' In 1600, multitudes were attacked with
the disease in the Jura, emulated the destructive habits of the wolf, mur-
dered and devoured children, howled, walked on all-fours, so that the
palms of the hands became hard and horny; and admitted that they con-
gregated in the mountains for a sort of cannibal or devil's Sabbath. Six
hundred persons were executed on their own confession." — Cha7ftbers'' s
Encyclop(Edia. Many notices of this superstition are found in ancient
writers of many nations, especially in connection with Arcadia, a pastoral
and forest country, where the inhabitants suffered greatly from wolves.
233. ab ipso, i.e. from his natural character, needing no transforma-
tion. The allusion is to foam at the mouth.
235. sanguine, abl. of cause (§ 245; G. 407; H. 416).
236. abeunt, pass.
239. idem = iidem.
240. perire: what construction would be usual in prose? (§ 320,/;
G. 556, R.2; H. 503, ii. 2).
241. Erlnys, properly the Greek name of the divinity that inflicts
vengeance for violated law, but here signifying the instigator of crime
(Virg. ^n. vii. 324).
242. putes, you might suppose; cf. scires, z/. 162 (§ 311, «; N.^; G.
252; H. 485). — jurasse, sc. homines. -— dent = Z^"/ theni pay (§ 226;
G. 256; H. 483). — ocius, § 93, a.
243. stat, is fixed,
244. frementl, sc. ei.
245. partes, /,^<?z> /rt:r/, as members of the council. — adiciunt, i.e.
they spur him already excited. — assensibus, opposed to voce, the first
part made speeches, the second only assented (assentior), as was the
custom in the Roman Senate.
246. jactura, destruction : the image is from the casting of goods over-
The Four Ages and the Flood, 15
board in a storm at sea.^dolori (§ 233; G. 350; H. 390), a cause of
grief.
247. mortalibus (abl. of separation) orbae, he7'eft of men.
249. populandas, § 294, d; G. 431 ; H. 544, 2, N.'^
250. quaerentes, sc. eos, object of vetat. — enim : he forbids them
to tremble, for the rest [he says] shall he his care. — sibi, emphatic.
251. superum for superorum, § 40, £>; G. 29, 3; H. 52, 3.
254. sacer, i.e. as the abode of the gods.
256. adfore tempus, etc., subj. of esse, following remmiscitur. —
in fatis : the Destinies were above the gods themselves.
257. correpta, sc. flammis.
258. mundi moles operosa, the fabric of the world wrought with toil.
— laboret, be endangered. The doctrine, perhaps borrowed from the
East, belongs to the stories of periodic conflagrations of the world.
259. inanibus with fabricata. The thunderbolts, Jupiter's weapons,
were forged by the Cyclops.
262. Mollis antris, the caves ofyEolus. (Compare Virg. JEn. ii. 52-63.)
— aquilonem: the north-west wind, bringing (in Italy) cold and dry
weather.
265. tectus vultum, wrapping his face (§ 240, c, N.; G. 332, R.^;
II. 378).
266. eanis capillis : the poets often use the abl. without a preposition
to denote the place whence,
267. fronte: the simple abl. instead of the abl. with i7i. — sinus,
folds, or rounded outline of the clouds, which represent his garments.
268. nubila, mists; nimbi, storm-clouds. — ut . . . pressit: the
ancients thought that thunder was caused by the clashing of the clouds.
270. eolores: § 240, c, N.; G. 332, r.2; H. 378.
271. Iris, the goddess of the rainbow, was the messenger of Juno. —
alimenta nubibus adfert : as if the rainbow were a pathway for the
waters. (Compare " the sun drawing water.")
273. vota, i.e. the crops, object of their vows.
274. caelo suo : the heavens were the especial realm of Jupiter.
Abl. after contenta (§ 254, ^,2; G. 398; H. 424).
275. caeruleus frater, Neptune, called caeruleus because he is god
of the dark blue sea. (See Fig. 4.)
2*]*]. hortamine: abl. after utendum.
279. domos, i.e. the hollows and clefts which are the home of the
waters. — mole, dike.
280. totas . . . habenas, let loose all the reins, as if the streams were
horses, and the water-gods their drivers.
i6
Notes,
Fig. 4»
281. ora relaxant, i.e. take from their mouth the pressure of the
curb. The figure of horses is kept through the three lines.
284. intreniuit, quaked. — motu, i.e.
motus terrcEf earthquake.
286. satis (participle of sero), the
crops.
287. sacris, i.e. the altar, statues, etc.,
belonging to the penetralia.- — suis, refers
to penetralia.
288. siqua (i.e. si qud)^ if any (§ 105,
d\ G. 302; H. 190, i).
289. hnjus : limiting culmen,
290. pressae, submerged.
292. deerant, dissyllable.
293. hie, alter, one^ another. — cym-
ba, loc. abl.
294. illic ubi, on the very spot where,
295. villae, farmhouse.
296. summa in iilmo, in the top of an
elm (§ 193; G. 287, R.; H. 440, N.2).
299. Notice the alliteration in graciles
gramen and carpsere capellae.
302. Nereides, the daughters of the sea-god Nereus. (See Fig. 5.)
303. agitata, i.e. so as to make them shake.
305. fulminis: the tusks of
the wild boar are often compared
to the thunderbolt for speed, power,
and gleaming.
306. ablato, swept away (by
the waves).
310. novi, strange to them.
311. maxima pars, i.e. of
the living beings. — qviibus : the
antecedent is illos.
312. inopi victu, with lack of
food; abl. of means. Nereid.
313. Aouio&j Bceotian. Phocis
lay between Boeotia and the mountain range of Q^ta, which separates it
from Thessaly.
316. verticibus duobus: this is not correct. Parnassus has only
one chief peak; but there are two spurs renowned in the worship of
Neptune.
Fig.
5-
n%
\^
fi
i
^
r^
W^
The Four Ages and the Flood. I/
Dionysus (Bacchus), and having the Castalian fount between them. This
has occasioned the error.
318. Deucalion, son of Prometheus, and father of Hellen, the epony-
mous hero of the Hellenes (Greeks). — hie iibi adhaesit, while he clung
to this.
320. Corycidas : Corycus was a grotto sacred to the nymphs, on the
slopes of Parnassus. The mmiina mo7ttis are the Muses.
321. Themin (§ 64, Ex. 4; G. 72, R.i; G. 68, Ex. 5) : Themis, god-
dess of justice, was daughter of Uranus. She presided over the oracle of
Delphi, which afterwards belonged to Apollo.
322. sequi: § 218, b-, G. 374; H. 399, ii.
323. metuentior deoruin, more reverent to the gods.
324. ut videt, when he sees.
325. modo, but just now, qualifying tot.
328. di&^ecity rent astmder. — aquilone. (Compare z^. 262.)
330. tricuspide telo, t^'ident, the weapon of Neptune, who is called
in the next line rector pelagi.
331. supra profundum, sc. mare, construed with exstantem,
which agrees with Tritona. (Compare Virgil, ^En. i. 144.)
332. innato niurice: Triton here appears, like Glaucus, overgrown
with shell-fish and seaweed. He was a sea-god, son of Neptune, and is
represented as blowing on a conch-shell.
335. "bucina tortilis, ^^ the zvinding horny ^ a spiral shell. — 1111, dat.
of agency (§ 232, /;; G. 352, R.; H. 388, 4).
336. crescit, broadens, —turbine, mouthpiece (shaped like a top).
337. aera, his breath.
338. sub utroque Phoebo : the rising and the setting sun.
339. dei, Triton.
340. contigit, sc. bucina.
341. undis, dat. of agency; cf. illiy v. 335, and quibus, v, 342. The
undae telluris are the waves which then covered the land; the undae
aequoris, those which properly belonged to the sea.
346. diem: dies when it means time is feminine. — nudata, bared
(of waves).
348. quern, where a demonstrative pronoun would be used in English
(§ 201,^; G. 612; H. 453).
349. agere, keep. The use of agere with silentium is common in this
sense.
352. patruelis origo: Deucalion was son of Prometheus; Pyrrha,
daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora. Prometheus and Epimetheus were
brothers, sons of lapetus.
Notes,
Prometheus.
354. terrarum tiirba, the whole throng of earth. — occasus et
ortus, the setting and the rising of the sun.
356. liaec fiducia, i.e. such confidence as we have now,
359. &jnuv% feelings ; gen., limiting quid, above. — miseranda, voc-
ative. — erepta, rescued,
Fig. 6. ^5o. quo consolante (abl. abs.)
= who would console thee in griefs
363. paternis artibus : i.e. by
the skill of Prometheus, who fash-
ioned man of clay, and bestowed upon
him fire stolen from the sky. For
this theft, and his defiance of Jupiter,
he was chained on Mount Caucasus,
where his liver was constantly de-
voured by a vulture. (See Fig. 6.)
365, genus restat mortale, the
human race survives.
366. exempla, i.e. the only speci-
mens.
368. sortes, lots, the Italian
method of divination; here put for any mode of consulting the divine will,
369. Cephisidas : the Cephisus was a river of Boeotia. It means they
went to Delphi by crossing the Cephisus.
370. ut . • . sic, though , . . yet. The deluge had not so far subsided
as to let them flow quietly as a stream, but yet enough for them to recog-
nize their old channels. — noudum llquidas, 7tot yet clear.
371. inde, from this, i.e. the river. — libatos, taken up. It was
necessary for them to purify themselves with water before consulting the
oracle. — Inroravere, have sprinkled.
372. vestibus, capiti: dat.; ci. formatae terrae, v, 364 (§ 228; G.
346; H. 386).
373. turpi, ill-looking.
374. pallebant : describing the dulness of mould and moss, rather
than their color.
379. Themi ; Greek vocative.
380. niersls rebus = our misfortunes front the flood.
381. sortem, strictly an Italian oracle written on a wooden tablet, but
put for any response, as in v. 366.
383. magnae parentis, of your great mother.
'^^. det : subjunctive depending upon rogat, which is regarded as a
verb of speaking, and is followed by the construction of indirect discourse,
Apollo and Daphne* ig
in which the subjunctive represents the imperative of the direct discourse
(§ 339; G. 652; H. 523, iii.).
387. laedere, to offend. — jactatls ossibus, by Growing ker hones
(§ 292, a).
388. repetunt secum, they review in tJieir minds. — caecis obscura
latebris verba, the words dark with blind riddles (lit, hiding-places),
389. ioter se volutant, discuss together,
390. Promethiades : this patronymic recalls the prophetic gift of his
father Prometheus (-ades and -is are the masculine and feminine patro-
nymic forms).
391. fallax, etc, = my skill fails me,
392. pia agrees with oracilla.
394. ossa reor dlci, / think that stones^ etc., are meant by hones.
395. augurlOy i.e. interpretation. — Titania: Epimetheus and his
brother were Titans; Le. of thp elder race of nature -divinities.
400. credat, sit; present subjunctive where we should expect the
imperfect (§ 308, e\ G. 596, R.i; H. 509, N.^). — vetustas, antiquity ^
i.e. old tradition.
401. ponere = deponere.
402. mora, by lapse of time. — ducere, take on.
404. ut quaedam forma, something (it is true) of the form ofman,
yet, etc. (Cf. ut , . . sic, v. 370.)
405. coepto, sc. fingl.
406. rudlbus signis, statues iii the rough,
412. traxere, /2/^ ^«.
413. feniina, womankind.
414. experiens, doomed to endure.
II. APOLLO AND DAPHNE,
L 452, Peneia, daughter of the Thessalian river-god, Peneus. — •
Daphne, Greek nominative. Supply fuit. — quern, refers to amor.
453. fors ignara, blind chajtce.
454. Delius, the JDelian, i.e. Apollo, who was said to have been born
on the island of Delos, and had a celebrated temple there, — hunc, Cupid,
— victo serpente : Apollo had recently killed the Python.
455. cornua, the horns of a bow.
20 Notes,
456. que really introduces the main verb dixerat^ but is attached to
quid2A the first word. — Quid tibl (sc. est), what have you to do?
458. vuluera belongs with the first dare as well as the second.
459. niodo, just now.
461. face : the torch was a regular attribute of Cupid. — nescio quos i
nescio quis is often used as an indefinite pronoun (§ 202, ^, 334, e\ G. 467,
R.l; H. 191, N.).
462. nostras : in Latin, nos and noster often mean / and my,
464. te meus arcus (sc. figet from figat above), your bo%a may
pierce eve7ything^ mine shall pierce you, — quantoque, etc. : he means,
"your glory (in shooting everything) is as much inferior to mine (in
shooting you) as the creatures you shoot (Juncia animalicC) are inferior to
a god (i.e. yourself)."
466. eliso aere, cleaving the air.
467. arce: loc. abl. (§ 258,/ 3; G. 38.5, N.i; H. 425, 2, N.^).
468. eque — et e.
469. operum, effects ; gen. of quality (§ 215; G. 365; H. 396, v.).
470. quod, the one which. — facit, sc. amorem.
472. hoc, the latter (§ 102, a\ G. 307, R.^; H. 450, 2).
473. Apollineas = Apollinis (§ 190; G. 362, r.1; H. 395, N.2).
474. nomen, even the name.
475. tenebrls, exuviis: abl. of cause (§ 245; G. 408; H. 416).
476. Phoebe is another name of Diana or Artemis, the twin sister of
Apollo (Phoebus). She was goddess of hunting, and was unmarried.
477. vitta: worn by unmarried girls. — sine lege, without law, i.e.
carelessly.
479. Inipatiens viri, not enduring a husband^ i.e. abhorring marriage.
— expers viri, tijimarricd.
480. Hymen ; the god of marriage.
483. taedas jugales: the bride was escorted by torchlight to the
bridegroom's house.
484. ora: ace. of specification (§ 240, c\ G. 338; H. 378).
486. ^2i, grant. This use of dare with the inf is not rare in poetry,
488? llle quidein, he, to he sure. — decor Iste, your beauty. — quod,
etc., i.e. a virgin. *
490, Daphnes, Greek gen.
491, sua oracula, his oivn prophecies. Although Apollo was the god
of prophecy, he was doomed to disappointment.
492, stipulae adolentur: the ancients used sometimes after the
harvests {demptis aristis) to burn the stubble to enrich the soil.
494, lam sub luce, already towards morning, i.e. when morning was
Apollo and Daphne. 21
at hand. The traveller is supposed to have continued his journey leaving
his camp-fire burning.
495. in flammas abiit, tur7ted into fire, i.e. the fire of love. pec-
tore toto, locative abl. (§ 258,/ 2; G. 386; II. 425, ii. 2).
499. oscula, diminutive of os^ means (usually in the plural) lips,
though the more common meaning is kiss.
500. dlgitosque: que is in poetry sometimes appended to all the
words to be connected, including the first.
501. media plus parte ^ plus quaju media parte, loc. abl. (§ 258,
/ I; G. 387; H. 425, ii. 2) with omission of quaui (§ 247, r; G. 311, R^j
H. 417, I,N.2).
502. siqua = si qua, neut. plur., if any (parts). ^ aura, ahl.
503. ad, at, for.
508. me miserum, exclamatory ace. (§ 240, d-, G. 341, i; H. 381).
— ne cadas: a negative wish (§ 267; G. 253; H. 484, i) continued by
7iotent^Tid «w.— laedi: the prose construction would be qtiae laedantur
(§320,/; G. 556,R.2; H. 503, ii. 2).
512. inquire tamen,/«j/ ask who is in love with you {cui placeas)
before you run away.
513. hie: adverb.
515. Delphica tellus: the most famous oracle and one of the chief
temples of Apollo was at Delp/ii on the slope of Mt. Parnassus in Phocis;
Claros, near Colophon in Ionia, was the site of another famous temple and
oracle of the same god; on the island of Tenedos, off the coast of the
Troad, was a temple of Apollo Smintheus; and Apollo also had a temple
at Patara \v Lycia.
518. patet: is laid open, i.e. is declared. Apollo was the god of
prophecy. — per me . . . nervis : Apollo was the god of music.
519. nostra est, sc. sagitta. Notice the cases of nosti^a and nostra.
— una sagllt»a (sc. est), the arrow of love.
521. medicina: Apollo was god of healing and father of ^Esculapius.
522. subjecta (sc. est), is subject ~noh\.^i as often in Latin, the
plural of the first personal pronoun is used for the singular,
523. ei: interjection, not pronoun.
526. cum ipso %^erba imperfecta, him and his unfinished speech.
527. visa decens, beautiful when seen, i.e. fair to look upon. — cor-
pora, limbs. She probably wore a short, loose hunting costume.
529. dabat, put, i.e. blew.
530. sed enim : here sed connects the main idea of pursuit with what
precedes, while enim with sustinet gives the reason: but (he followed),
for he could not endure, etc. It is often difficult to supply the ellipsis in
22
Notes,
Fig. 7.
sed enim (as well as in et enini, neque enijii, etc.), and one of the con»
junctions must usually be omitted in English.
533. ut cum, as when. — ^Gallicus canis: Gallic hounds were swift,
and hence used in hunting hares.
534. hie, the hound. — ille, the hare.
535. inliaesuro similis, like one about to seize, i.e. just on the point
of seizing. — jam jamque : the repetition v>{ jam adds to the liveliness
of the picture.
536. vestigia, here not footprints but feet. — rostro : mouth.
540. qui insequitur, the one who
pursues, i.e. Apollo,
547. perde, destroy.
550. in frondem. (See Fig. 7.)
552. obit, stirrounds^ covers.—
nitor, brilliancy, beauty. The leaves
of the laurel, into which Daphne was
transformed, are glossy.
556, refugit, shrinks fro?n.
559. Apollo as god of music car-
ried a lyre, and as god of archery, a
quiver.
560. The Roman generals wore
laurel wreaths in the triumphal pro-
cession from the Campus Martins to
the Capitol.
562. postibus Augustis: dat.
depending upon custos. Before the door of Augustus' palace on the
Palatine hill were two laurel trees, and over the door was a crown of
oak leaves {corona civica, signifying that the emperor was the saviour of
the citizens). *•
564. intonsis capillis : abl. of quality (§ 251; G. 402; H. 419, ii.).
566. Paean: one of the names of Apollo.
567. ut caput, like a head, i.e. as if it were still a head.
Daphne.
The Adventiire of Phacthon. 23
III. THE ADVENTURE OF PHAETHON.
II. I. Regia, sc. doTiius,/rt'/(rzrd'. — subliniibus columnis : abl. of
specification (§ 253; G. 398; H. 424); so also auro and pyropo.
2. pyropo, " fire-face," a mixture of gold and copper.
3. cujus limits fastigia.
4. valvae, dotible doors, opening to each side.
5. Mulciber, a name of Vulcan, from the softening by fire (mul-
cendo) oi the metal which he wrought.
6. medias cingentia, embracing.
8. caeruleos : the sea-gods are dark blue, the color of the waters. —
canorum : the horn of Triton, representing the roaring of the blast.
9. ambiguum : Proteus had the power of changing his form at will.
See Virg. G. iv. 441, 2 : —
" Omnia transformat sese in miracula rerum,
Ignemque horribilemqne feram fluviumque liquentem."
10. lacertis : ^gceon (Briareus) was represented with a hundred arms.
The notion was possibly derived from the monster cuttle-fish described by
sailors in hot latitudes.
11. Dorida: Doris is the wife of Nereus and mother of the Nereids,
or ocean-nymphs.
12. in mole, upon a massy rock.
13. fades . . . una: supply est.
14. qualem, sc. sed talis; ace. and inf. with decet (§ 270, 3, ^; G.
535; H. 538).
15. terra, i.e. as carved in relief on the palace-walls.
18. signa, the signs of the Zodiac. — foribus, loc. abl, (§ 258,^ 3;
G. 384, R.2j H. 425, ii. 2, N.^).
19. qyio^ whither. — slmul = siinul atque. — aeclivo limite, up
the steep pathivay. — Clymeneia proles, i.e. Phaethon.
20. dubitati, because his descent from the sun-god had been denied
by Epaphus (see Introd.).
22. neque ferebat, could not bear.
24. Phoebus, a name of Apollo, here used for the Sun.
25. a dextra laevaque, sc. parte, on the right and left side. With
pars and some similar words, a and e are frequently used where one might
expect in (§ 260 h\ G. 388, R.^; H. 434, i. i).
26. Horae, usually in mythology the Seasons, but here in the regular
prose sense of Hours,
28. nuda, because the flowers have__withered. <v/c«-.'f" ^10 n,3v HS C ; /
24 Notes.
29. calcatis, trampled in the wine-vat.
30. capillos, Greek accusative (§ 240, c; G. ^^^2; H. 378).
31. loco, abl. of specification (§ 253; G. 398; H. 424). — paventem :
this word refers to the outward signs of fear, — ■ paleness, trembling, etc.
33. que connects ait with the preceding.
34. progenies, voc. — hand infitianda = zvoriky to be acknowledged.
35. publica, common to all,
y], Clymene: she had told Phaethon that the Sun-god was his father
(see Introd.).
42. negari : the usual construction would be qui negetur (§ 320, f,
note; G. 556, r.'^; H. 533, ii. N.^).
43. edidit — dixit, narravit. — ortus : the plural is constantly used
in poetry for the singular.
44. quo . . . dubites, § 317, (^; G. 545, 2; H. 497, ii. 2.
45. promissi, of my promise (lit. of the thing promised).
46. dis, dat. of agent with juranda. — palus, the Styx, by which the
gods swore their most awful oaths. Being beneath the earth, it could
never be beheld by the sun. It is called palus from its sluggish flow.
47. desierat (desino), had ceased. — rogat, sc. cum. Cf. iii. v. 1^.
48. in diem, 7^/- a day. — alipedum agrees with equorum (obj, gen.) .
49. jurasse, subject of paenituit (§ 270, b% G. 535; H. 538).
50. iliustre, alluding to his brightness.
51. tua, sc. voce.
52. negarem, sc. si liceret; negarem is the apodosis.
53. tuta, predicate.
54. istis, those (of yours).
55. quae nee conveniant, such as befit not (§ 320; G. (^-^^i'^ H- 503? i.) •
56. mortale = suited to a mortal.
57. superis, those on high, i.e. the heavenly gods. — fas, what is per-
mitted by divine law.
58. placeat, sc. ut (§ 331, / r.; G. 609; H. 515, iii. N.) : i.e. though
each of the gods may have his will, etc.
59. consistere, to keep his foothold.
60. axe, i.e. chariot : the part for the whole, by the figure called synec-
doche.
62. non agat, may not drive (potential subjunctive: § 311, «; G. 250;
H.485).
63. prima via, the first part of the way (§ 193; G. 287, R.; H. 440,
2, N.i). — qua, one by which (§ 258,^; G. 387; PI. 420, i, 3).
65. mare et terras, obj. of videre, which is the subj. of fit; to see the
sea and lands is a cause of fear (tiinor) even to me.
The Adventure of Phaethon. 25
67. ultima via, cf. prima via, v. 63. — moderamine certo, a steady
check; abl. after eget.
68. quae, referring to Tethys.
69. Tethys : wife of Oceanus and mother of Clymene.
70. assidua vertigine, in a constant whirl (the daily apparent revo-
lution of the heavens).
71. torquet, spins.
72. qui cetera, sc. vincit.
73. rapidi* . . . orbi : i.e. as the sun's apparent path among the stars
is towards the east, he is supposed in his daily course to make headway
against the revolution of the celestial sphere.
74. finge datos currus, fancy the chariot given (to you).
75. obvius ire polis, same idea as in z^. 73. — ne = ita ut nan.
78. insidias, i.e. concealed perils. — formas ferarum, shapes of
beasts, i.e. the Lion, Bull, etc., the signs of the Zodiac.
79. ut, though (concessive, § 266, c; G. 610; H. 515, iii.).
80. adversi, turned towards you, i.e. right in your face. — Tauri, etc.:
see the sun's path as traced on a celestial map or globe.
81. Haemonios, Thessalian : the Archer (^^'^zV/^rewj') is represented
as a Centaur, of which jabulous mpnsterthe jiome isJXllgssaly (see the
story of the Centaurs and Lapithae, Metam. xii. 146-535), which was
called Hsemonia from King Hsemon, father of Thessalus.
83. aliter, the other way.
84. qnadrupedes, the horses of the sun. — ignibus, abl., qualifying
animosos.
86. in promptu, an easy thing (lit. in readiness^-, tibi, v, 84,
depends upon this.
S2). ne Sim, a final clause, depending upon cave.
89. que, connects corrige with cave.
90. sanguine, abl. of source (§ 244, a; G. 395; H. 415, ii.).
91. timendo, by my fear (for you).
92. prober, I prove myself Notice the collocation of patrio and
pater, a favorite order.
96. eque — et e, and governs tot ac tantis bonis.
98. vero, agreeing with nomine.
loi. ne dubita, poetic (§ 269, b-, G. 267; H. 488). — undas, appar-
ently direct object of juravimus by a Greek construction; in Latin it
usually takes per, but compare the use of the passive in v, 46.
103. ille, the other, a very common use of the pronoun.
104. premit, urges.
105. qua licuit = while he could, limiting cunctatus.
ip'
26 Notes.
io6. Vulcania munera = Vulcani munera (§ 190 ; G. 360, r.^;
H. 395' n;^)-
107. summae rotae, of the wheel's rim,
109. clirysolitM, topaz^ a nearly transparent precious stone, often of
a bright golden color; the word is Greek, and signifies gold-stone. —
gemmae, i.e. the other gems, subj. of reddebant.
no. repercusso Plioebo, by the reflection of the sun.
III. magnanimus, high-spirited.
113. plena rosanim, full of roses, i.e. of rosy light.
114. agmina cogit, brings up the rear (lit. gathers in the troops^.
115. caeli statione, his post in the sky,- — novissimus, last: the
morning star is often seen just before (or after) smiribe. (See Fig. 8.)
Sunrise, with Lucifer and Aurora.
no. quae . , . vidit, when he saw them [the stars] _/?£'£' to earth. Their
disappearance is imagined as a sudden setting.
117. extremae, i.e. near the end of her monthly course. — velut
evanescere, as she seems to fade and disappear in the sky.
118. Titan, the Sun-god.
120. ambrosiae, lit. immortal food, i.e. food of the immortals. —
praesaepibus : notice the frequent omission of the preposition with the
abl. of the place from which. (§ 258, a, N.^; G. -i^ZZ, R.^; H. 412, ii. 2).
123. patientla, able to endure (agreeing with ora). — ^rapidae==
devouring. (Cf. rapax from same root.)
124. comae, dat, upon his head. — luctus, obj. gen.
127. fortius, more freely, i.e. use the bits more freely than the whip.
128. volentes, sc. properare.
129. nee placeat, etc., let not the way please you, i.e. do not follow
the way. — directos quinque per arcus, straight across the five zones,
130. sectus limes, the Ecliptic, "bounded by the limit of three
The Adventure of Phaethon. 27
zones" (see next line), i.e. the torrid and the two temperate, as repre-
sented on a celestial globe.
132. Arcton, the northern constellation of the Bear.
133. hac^ sc. via, by this way (§ 258,^; H. 420, 3).
135. nee preine, do not bear down (§ 269, b\ G. 267; H. 488). —
mo lire, ply: this verb implies the effo7't made in climbing the celestial
heights. (Construe suinmuiii with aethera.)
136- egressus, i.e. if y 021 quit this way (§ 310, ^:?; G. 594, 2; H. 507, N."^).
138. dexterior, sc. rota. — Anguem: the constellation of the Ser-
pent is in the north, between the Great and Little Bear.
139- pressam, lying loiv : the Altar lies south of the sun's winter
path, barely appearing in Greece.
141. {xsvidij^^wM^X, O'^to^who I wish may aidyou. (See note, ^», 58.)
142. Hesperio, westej^n. Hesperus is the Greek form of the word
which in Latin is Vesper. The name Hesperia, " Land of the West," was
by the Greeks poetically applied to Italy, and by the Romans to Spain
(Virg. yEn. 1. 530; Hor. Od. iii. 6).^ — ■ metas : metae means, first, the
cones of a fir-tree, then the conical posts of the race-course. Here it
means the goat or end of the course of the night.
143. nox, i.e. the night advances towards the west like the day.
144. poscimur, we are wanted; it is getting late.
146. nostris, agrees with consiliis as well as curribus.
147. dum belongs with adstas as well as with potes. — solidis
sedibus, 07t firm ground (loc. abl.).
149. quae, referring to lumina. — dare, depending on sine (from
sino). — spectes, subj. of purpose.
151. contingere: poetic, as depending upon gaudet.
152. grates agit, renders thanks.
153. Pyrois, etc.: the names 'of the steeds sigmiy Jiery, of the dawn^
blazing, flaming.
155. repagula, barriers (of a race-course).
156. quae, i.e. repagula. (See § 201, e; G. 612; H. 453.) —
Tethys : the sun rises from the sea, so the*sea-goddess Tethys is thought
of as throwing back the barriers for the sun's horses to start. — nepotis,
see note, v. 69.
157. copia = access to.
160. isdem de partibus, i.e. from the East, isdein is abl. plur.
161. quod possent, such as, etc. (subj. of characteristic, § 320; G.
634; H. 503, i.).
163. pondere, ballast. — justo, regular (a common meaning). —
levitate, abl. of cause.
2S Notes,
165. onere, following vacuus (§ 243; G. 389; H. 414, iii.).
166. inani, an empty one,
168. quo prius ordine, in the direction in which (they ran) before
(§ 200, b; G. 618; H. 445, 9),
170. si sciat: the present subjunctive of future condition, where one
would expect the imperfect of the condition contrary to fact (§ ^P'^-) ^J
G. 598; H. 509, N/^.
171. triones, the North (lit. the Ox-teajji, i.e. the Great Bear).
172. vetito aequore: the Northern Bear in these latitudes never goes
below the horizon.
173. Serpens, the constellation called Draco {the Dragon), near the
north pole, at the feet of Hercules {Anguis, v. 138).
176. Boote: Bootes is represented as a wagoner: the constellation
includes the bright star Arcturus.
179. penitus penitusque,y^/r,y2zr belo-w.
i8i. tenebrae, i.e. from dizziness.
182. mallet, i.e. if it were possible; hence the imperfect,
183. valuisse, to have prevailed.
184. Bleropis, sc.Jilius ; Merops was the husband of Clymene. — ut, as.
185. pinus, ship. — remisit frena, cast loose the rein, i.e. let go the
helm.
187. quid faciat, what is he to do? a rhetorical question (§ 268; G.
258; H.484,v.).
189. fatuui nou est, it is not (given hy) fate.
196. flexis utrumque, bending both ways (agreeing with both cauda
and lacertis) .
197. signoruui duorum : the Scorpion is represented as at first occu-
pying the space of two " signs " of the Zodiac, until Libra was inserted
where the claws had been.
198. madidurn, moist, as the venom oozes out on account of the
heat. — ut, wheit,
199. curvata euspide, the curved sting ("spear-head") of the scor-
pion's tail.
202. exspatiantur, wander from the track (ex-spatium).
204. hac, correl. to qua, sc. via.
206. summa, the height.
207. spatio, in a region ; loc. abl. without in, as often in poetry. —
terrae, dative.
208. inferius suis (abl. with the comparative), lo'^ver than her own.
— fraternos = fratris. — liuna, sister of the sun : poetically, Diana,
sister of Apollo.
The Adventure of Phaethon, 29
210. lit quaeque altisslma, each in the order of its height, as lie
comes nearer and nearer.
211. agit v\v[vfdL%, gets cracks ; agere is frequently used by Ovid in this
sense. — sucis adeniptis, abl. abs.
213. materiam,/}/^/. — suo danino,/i??' its own destruction,
214. parva, siftall {calamities^.
217-225. Athos, etc. This catalogue of mountains, ranging the whole
held of mythical geography, may be verified in any good dictionary or atlas.
230. ore trahit, breathes in.
234. arbitrio, at the will
235. sanguine vocato, abl. abs. — sumina, the surface.
238. passis (pando), dishevelled, as in mourning. — fontesque lacus-
que; ace, objects of deflevere.
239. deflevere, wept as lost. — Dircen: Dirce was a spring near
Thebes in Boeotia; Amymone, a fountain and river in Argolis near
Argos; Pirene, a spring near Corinth.
240. Ephyre, the old name of Corinth.
241. sortita, having obtained by lot, here %\vi\^\^ possessing ; it govern?
ripas.' — loco distantes, remote in space,
242. Tanais, the Don.
243. Peneos, a river of Thessaly, which flows through the valley of
Tempe. — senex : the river gods are represented as old men ; see Fig. 60
(the Tiber). — Caicus, in Teuthrania, a part of Mysia.
244. Ismenos, near Thebes, in Boeotia. — Erynianthus, near Phegia,
in Arcadia.
245. Xanthus, one of the rivers of Troy. At a later time it was set
on fire by Vulcan, to stay the attack of Achilles (Homer, Iliad, xxi. 342-
389), hence arsurum iteruin. — Ijycorinas, in ^tolia.
246. Meandros, in Phrygia; a very crooked river, hence our word
meander.
247. Melas, in Thrace, where the Mygdones lived before they mi-
grated to Phrygia. — Taenarius: Tsenarus is the southern promontory of
Laconia, through which country the Eurotas flows.
248. Euphrates, in Mesopotamia. — Orontes, in Syria.
249. Thermodon, in Pontus. — Ganges, in India. — Phasis, in Col-
chis, flowing into the Black Sea. — Hister (or Ister), now the Danube.
250. Alpheos, in Elis. — Spercheides, of Spercheos, a river of Thes-
saly.
251. Tagus, m Spain. Gold was found in the sand of this river.
253. volucres : the melodious swans of the Cayster in Lydia (Maeonia)
are famous in ancient poetry.
30 Notes,
255. quod adhuc latet : the problem of the source of the Nile was
not solved until our own day.
257. Isinarios, from Ismarus, a mountain in Thrace,
258. Hesperios, western.
260. dissilit, yazvns apart. — ^Tartara, Tartarus, the ancient Hell.
The king and queen are Pluto and Proserpine.
262. The subject of est is (id) quod modo pontus erat.
263. quos relates to montes.
264. Cyclad^s, a Greek ending, as Delphines, v. 266. — augent,
i.e. by rising above the water and so becoming islands. The Cyclades are
the islands grouped about Delos in the ^gean Sea.
267. suinmo resupina igncotviVL^o, floating on their hacks on the sur-
face of the deep.
269. I>orida: see note on z/. 11.
272. ut . . . ponto, surrounded as she was by the sea.
273. fontes (in appos. with aquas), mere water springs.
274. matris, mother earth.
277. infra quam solet, lower than her wont, i.e. crouching in distress.
279. si placet hoc, sc. tibi, if this is thy pleasure. — quid, ivhy ?
280. periturae, sc. mihi, i.e. if I must perish.
281. auctore levare, let me lighten my calamity by (the thought of)
its author. It would be some consolation to perish at the hand of Jupiter.
283. tostos, scorched. — crines, i.e. the withered foliage of the forest.
285. fructus, rewards. — t^vt\i\ta^t\% QfQ.QiX.Q^^, for my fertility and
services ; obj. gen.
• 286. quod fero, that I endtire (§ ^-^y, G. 542; H. 540, iv.).
288. alimenta, in apposition to fruges.
289. vobis, i.e. to the gods.
290. fac, grant, suppose.
291. f rater, sc. tuus, i.e. Neptune. — tradita sorte, granted by lot.
After the fall of Saturn, his three sons, Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, drew
lots for their shares in the rule of the world. Jupiter received the heavens,
Neptune the sea, and Pluto the lower regions.
293. fratris, obj. gen. limiting gratia. — mea gratia, regard for me.
294, Atlas, son of the Titan lapetus, was condemned to support the
heavens on his shoulders. (See Fig. 9.)
299. chaos, the original state of matter before the creation of earth,
water, etc.
300. rerum summae, y^r the universe itself The regular expression
for the fate of the state or the army, or whatever highest interest is staked
on an engagement.
The Adventure of Phaethon.
31
Fig. 9.
301. iieque enim, [she spoke no more]y^r, etc.
303. Manibus, the shades, spirits of the dead : the infernal regions.
304. ipsum, Apollo.
306. interitura, sc. esse, depending upon
testatns.
311. ab aure : the picture is of one throw-
ing a javelin.
312. anima . . . expulit, i.e. deprived
(privavit would here be the usual word) of
breath and cast from the chariot.
313. expulit, sc. eum.
314. in contraria, in opposite directions.
318. M^^t\.^2k,, fragments, i.e. traces of the
chariot now no longer existing; as vestigia
tirhis are the traces or remains of a ruined
city.
320. longo tractu, in a long course.
322. potuit : the poets sometimes use the
perfect (like the Greek aorist) instead of the
present, in reference to customary events.
323. diverse orbe, a remote region of
earth, i.e. towards the west.
324. Eridanus, a mythical river, the source
of amber. It was often identified with the Po,
sometimes with the Rhone (v. ^^'jz).
325. Hesperiae : see v. 142 and note. — trifida, thrice-cleft, an epithet
of the "jagged lightning," supposed to be most fatal.
326. corpora, plural for singular.
327. cuwrus limits auriga, which is in appos. with Phaethon; quern
relates to currus,
328. exeidit, failed ; but the word (lit. fell out) alludes also to the
fall from the chariot, excidere, with the abl., meaning fail is not un-
common.
329. natn, i.e. it would be the father's place naturally, but he had
withdrawn. — pater, the Sun,
331. isse ferunt, they say that one day passed.
ZZZ' Quaecumque dicenda, the conventional words of mourning.
335. laniata sinus, /^an;^^ /-^^ boso^n of her garment, sinus is the
Greek ace. (§ 240, c, G. 332; H. 378). — percensuit, sought through.
336. mox, when the limbs had decayed from lapse of time.
337. tamen, i.e. though she sought long, yet she did at last find them.
Atlas.
32 Notes,
340. Heliades, daughters of the Sun, sisters of Phaethon. — morti =
to the dead.
341. pectora, Greek ace.
342. non auditurum, who will not hear.
343. adsternuntur, prostrate themselves.
344. junctis cornibus,y(7/;^/«!^/^^ri^f7r/2^, i.e. waxing until the horrs
of the crescent join to form the full moon.
346. quis, abl. (§ 104, d-, G. 103, r. ; H. p. 74, footnote 5). — Phae-
^\k%dki bright : IJampetie (yy^lovf), Jlaming.
347. maxima, eldest.
349. subita, i.e. suddenly growing.
351. haec, ilia, one, another. — teneri: the infinitive after doko and
similar verbs is somewhat less common than a clause with quod (§ 333, b ;
G. 542, R.; II. 535, iii.).
352, fieri, are turning into.
354. per gradus = gradatim, by degrees, gradually.
356. quid faciat, what is the mother to do? deliberative subj. (§ 268;
G. 258; H. 484, v.). — nisi, limits eat. — trahat, the subj. by attraction
depending upon eat (§ 342; G. 666; H. 529, ii.). — impetus, excitement.
363. cortex . . . venit, the bark came upon (her mouth, and stopped)
her last words,
364. sole, abl. of cause, with rigescunt.
365. electra, amber ; in truth, a fossil exudation from trees.
366. gestanda : amber was a favorite material for ornaments among
the Roman ladies, who carried balls of it in their hands for coolness. —
nuribus IJatliiis, daughters-in-law of Roman nobles; a term used for
young matrons.
367. Mionstro, prodigy. — Stheneleia proles, son of Sthenelus. —
Cycnus : compare the story in XII. 65-145.
369. propior, still nearer.
370. liigurum, of the coast region near Genoa, Piedmont.
371. querellis, laments.
372. sororibus, sisters (of Phaethon), now added as poplar-trees to
the forest.
373. vlro, dat. of reference.
374. dissimulant, cover.
375. junctura, a joining-membrane. — rubentes, turning red.
376. tenet os, holds (the place of) his mouth.
377. caeloque Jovique = to the sky of Jove.
378. ut Hiemor, as remembering (the motive for not trusting the sky).
— ignis, thunderbolt.
The House of Envy, 33
380. quae, the antecedent is flumina. — colat, subjunctive of pur-
pose, to live in. — contraria, opposed to.
381. expers (ex-pars), devoid, — squalidus, in mourning-
382. cum deficit orbem, when he fails the worlds i.e. in an eclipse
(on the ace. see § 227, a\ 0,345, ^'"^)-
385. aevi limits principiis.
387. actorum miM, thi^igs done by me ; dat. of agent.
388. Quilibet, whoever will.
390. ipse, Jupiter, — agat, let him drive them himself. — ut saltern,
ihaty at least.
391. ponat, lay aside.
392. expertus, when he has fried.
393. meruisse, sc. eum, antecedent of qui.
4CX). objectat, throws at them as a reproach; imputat, bears resent-
ment against them as offenders. — natum = his son^s death.
IV. THE HOUSE OF ENVY.
n. 761. petit: the subject is Minerva (see Introduction to this selec-
tion).— hujus, i.e. Invidiae.
763. tristis, nominative. — quae vacet, one which is empty ; subjunc-
tive of characteristic (§ 320; G. 634; H. 503, i.).
764. igue, abl. of separation (§ 243, «; G. 389; H. 414). — caligine,
abl. of means (§ 248, c, 2; G. 389, R.^; H. 421, ii.).
765. belli inetuenda, to be feared in war; the gen. is poetic (see
§ 218, c; G. 374, R.2; H. 399, iii.).
766. neque enim fas habet, for she does not think it right; as a
goddess, Minerva could not with propriety enter the dwelling of such
a being as Envy.
767. extrema cuspide, with the point of her spear (§193; G. 287,
R.; H. 440, N.2).
769. alimeuta : her own venomous nature is nourished by this ven-
omous food.
770. visa, abl.; as soon as she has seen her, she turns her eyes away
from her.
771. pigre, lazily f adv.
773. ut, with the indicative, as or when. — forma armisque, abl. of
specification (§ 253; G. 398; H. 424).
34 Notes.
774. ingemuit, etc., from envy. — vultum . . . duxit, she drew her
face down to her deepest sighs, i.e. she sighed and made a long face.
776. acies, glance of the eye. Envy can look no one in the face.
— nusQuam, nowhere, is here used to mean in no direction.
778. nisi queni, except (the laugh) zvhich.
780. ingratos, unpleasant (to her), hated.
781. carpit . . . una, she gnaws others, and is herself gnawed at the
same time, i.e. she spoils the happiness of others, and makes herself
unhappy, una is the adv.
782. oderat : the subject is Tritonia, the same as that of affata est.
Minerva derived the epithet Tritonia from the brook Triton in Boeotia,
near which her worship was established in early times. Later stories con-
nect the name with the Libyan river Triton. — quamvis belongs with
oderat. — tamen qualifies affata est.
786. reppulit, sptirned, struck, i.e. as she sprang up toward heaven.
788. successurum, sc. esse, that success is to come to Minerva. Env)
is willing enough to harm Aglauros, but is sorry that by so doing she fulfils
the wish of Minerva.
794. Tritonida arcem, the citadel of Trito^tia, i.e. Athens, which was
sacred to Minerva (Athena) .
795. ingeniis, intellects, i.e. men of genius. The glory of the historical
Athens is here transferred to mythical times.
V. THE RAPE OF EUROPA.
II. ^2>Z' has, referring to the punishment of Aglauros (see heading).
834. cepit = had inflicted : the poena is, in its original sense, a fine or
forfeit. — Atlantiades : the mother of Mercury was Maia, daughter of
Atlas. — dictas a Pallade : Pallas, " the brandisher," is an epithet
of Athena {Minerva), tutelary divinity of Athens.
^35« pennis: Mercury is represented with a winged cap {petasus),
and winged sandals {talaria),
836. genitor, Jupiter. — causam amoris = love as his motive.
%'^, solito cursu, i.e. the air, his accustomed path.
839. quae : the antecedent is hanc, v. 841 ; so the antecedent of
quod, V. 841, is armentum, v. 842. — tuam matrem suspicit, looks
up to thy mother. Maia is one of the stars in the group of Pleiades, —
a parte sinistra : on the left, etc., i.e. towards the East. Jupiter is look-
ing from Mt. Olympus.
The Rape of Europa.
35
840. Sidonida, i.e. Phoenicia, " the land of Sidon."
843. jamdudum : expresses the promptness of Mercury's obedience.
So, among some very courteous populations, if you ask for any favor, the
answer will be, " It is done already."
844. filia : Europa, " the broad brow," daughter of the Eastern king,
is one of the numerous names given to the Dawn in the Greek mythology.
The " dawn " of civilization rises upon the western world from Asia. For
the significance of this fable, see introductory note to the next selection.
845. comitata, accompanied ; the perf. part, of some deponent verbs
has, especially in poetry, passive signification.
846. non bene conveniunt, are not very co7tsistent, — morantur,
reside,
848. deiim, gen. plur., a shorter form for deorum, — cui, dat of
reference (§ 235, a; G. 343, R.^; H. 384, 4, N.^).
849. nutu : so Zeus ** nodded with his dark brows and shook great
Olympus" (II. i. c^2d>-^6).
850. induitur faciem, he clothes himself in the for?n (§ 240, <:, N.;
G. 332, R.2; H. 377) ; here induitur has a reflexive meaning = induit sibiy
like the middle voice in Greek.
852. vestigia . . . auster; i.e. the snow is new-fallen.
854. toris, with the swell of muscles. — armis (from armus), from
his shoulders^ the place where the fore-legs join the body.
855. contendere possis, you might maintain.
856. facta manu, made by (hum.an)
hand^ i.e. artificial.
858. Agenore : see heading.
859. formosus, sc. sit. — minetur;
subj. because expressing the thought not
of the poet, but of Europa (§ 321, 2;
341,^; G. 541; H. 516, ii.).
860. metuit contingere: on the
complementary inf. with verbs of fearing,
etc., see § 271; G. 424; H. 533.
867. palpanda, impedienda; ge-
rundive expressing purpose (§ 294, d\ G.
431; H. 544, 2, N.2).
871. falsa, i.e. not his own.
874. dextra tenet : the picture as here described was familiar to the
poet on gems, etc. Similar is the vase painting reproduced in Fig. 10.
Fig. 10.
Europa.
36 Notes.
VI. THE SEARCH OF CADMUS.
in. I. deus: Jupiter.
2. Dictaea : Dicte is a mountain in the eastern part of Crete. The
Phoenicians, in very ancient times, were colonists and traders among the
Grecian islands. Several of the divinities worshipped by the Greeks were
probably introduced by them. The fable of Europa may perhaps point
to such a settlement in Crete, with the introduction of cattle from Asia.
The heifer which guides Cadmus would thus have the same signification in
the story as the bull which bears away Europa.
3. perquirere, to search everywhere,
5. plus et sceleratus, "tender" towards his daughter, and "guilty"
towards his son.
7. furta, deceptions.
8. Phoebi oracula, i.e. at Delphi, in Phocis, near Boeotia,
10. solis in arvis, in solita7y pastures.
11. passa: cows as well as oxen were trained to the yoke, as on the
continent of Europe now.
12. herba, on the grass.
13. fac condas (§ 331, /r.; G. 546, r.^; H. 499, 2). — Boeotia,
connected with ^Sovs, Lat. bos. — vocato : future imperative.
14. Castalio : the oracle of Apollo was in a cave of Mt. Parnassus,
whence flowed the Castalian fount.
15. videt, sc. cum; cf. Book II. v. 47.
16. servitii signum, sign of servittide, i.e. mark of the yoke.
17. presso, restrained^ slow ; he could not walk faster than the heifer
he was following. — legit, traces; lit. picks up^ apparently the original
meaning of the word.
18. auctorem "viae, who had advised him about his way.
19. Panopes (gen.), an old town on the Cephisus,
20. cornibus altis, abl. of specification (§ 253; G. 398; H. 424).
21. impullt auras, stirred the air,
22. terga, plur. for sing.
24. oscula figit, imprints kisses.
27. llbandas, to be drawn (cf. libatos. Book l.v. 371) ; for the gerun-
dive, see § 294, d', G. 431; H. 544, 2, N.'^
30. hurnilem arcum, a low arch.
31. antro, loc. abl. (§ 258, /, 3; G. 384, R.2; H. 425, 2, N.2). The
serpent was hidden in the cave, but also by (means of) the cave, so that
the abl. is here properly instrumental as well as locative.
The Search of Cadmtis.
37
32. Martlus, sacred to Mars,
35. quern . . . gradu, when the men descended from Tyrian race had
reached this grove with hapless step. Tyre was a colony of Sidon, but
became far more famous and powerful than its mother city.
38. caeruleus, livid.
41. nexibus, folds ; orbes, coils.
43. media plus parte, niore than half his lejzgth; the full form
would be phts quam media parte (abl. of specification, § 253; G. 398;
H. 424), but quafn is here omitted, as it regularly is after phis, minus,
amplius, longitis (§ 247, c, G. 311, r.*; H. 417, n.2).
44. tanto corpore, abl. of quality (§251; G. 402; H. 419, ii.).
45. geminas . . . Arctos : the great constellation of the dragon. —
qui, the one which.
46. nee mora, sc. est, a7id there is no delay, i.e. -ivithout delay.
48. hos, illos, hos : all objects of necat.
50. sol altissimus, the sun at its height, i.e. at noon.
53. telum, sc. erat.
54. praestantior, more excellent.
56. supra, adverb. — spatiosi corporis, descriptive genitive.
59. molarem, sc. lapidem, a stone as big as a millstone. (See
Fig. II.)
Fig. II.
Cadi
62. mota forent, might have been shaken.
63. loricae modo, after the manner of (i.e. like) a coat of mail.
66. lentae, //m/2^'. — medio curvamine, in the middle of the coil.
69. vulnera : plur. for sing., as often in poetry.
38 Notes,
70. id, the shaft. — partem in oninem, in every direction.
72. accesslt, was added.
75. quique halitus — halitusque qui, the breath which.
76. Stygio, i.e. fearful as the Styx.
77. modo . . . interdum, now . . . now.
78. cingitur, knots himself ; exstat, erects himself.
79. impete, an old form of the ablative (3d declension) : the regular
form would be inipetu (4th declension), but impetfi could not be used
in this metre. — concitus irabrilbus, hurried on (i.e. szvollen) by rains.
83. praetenta, held before him.
84. ferro, dative.
88. plagam . . . arcebat, by retreating^ hindered the blow from sitting
(i.e. from striking deep); for the inf. see § 331, e, 2; G. 548, R.^; H.
505, ii. 2.
91. usque ^^q^u^n^, following up. — eunti, sc. serpenti.
94. gemuit, etc., groaned (like a living thing) that its trunk -ivas lashed
by the end of his tail.
95. spatium, the bulk.
98. tu spectabere serpens : Cadmus was afterwards changed to a
serpent; see Book IV. 563-614 (argument).
loi. fautrix: Pallas is regularly represented as the protectress and
guide of heroes in their exploits. She was the goddess of invention and
mental energy.
102. motae terrae (dat.), beneath the broken earth.
106. fide majus, an incredible thing ! — coepere : the prose form
would be coeptae sunt.
108. picto, decorated.
111. festis, on a holiday.
112. %\^Tiak, figures, painted on the curtain. The closing of the cur-
tain is referred to, which was done from the bottom, not from the top as
with us.
113. plaeido tenore, with quiet (or easy) motion.
117. civilibus bellis, our civil tvars, i.e. the strife between men of
the same race.
119. eminus: opposed to cominus; the first fell in hand-to-hand
conflict; the second, in conflict conducted at a distance, i.e. with missiles.
122. suo marte, in their own fight, i.e. in conflict with each other.
123. subiti, who had suddenly come into being. (Cf. Book I. 315,
subitarum campus aquarum^
125. matrem, i.e. the Earth.
126. quinque superstitibus, abl. abs.
ActcBou, 39
127. hunio: this is sometimes used by the poets instead of the loca-
tive humi, or, as here, the ace. humuin. — Tritonidis : Tritonis is an -
epithet of Minerva, derived from the brook Triton in Boeotia. (See note
on Book II. V. 782.)
128. fraternae pacis, /(?<2^<? among the (surviving) brothers.
129. Sidonius : as Sidon was a chief town of Phcxinicia, Sidonian is
equivalent to Phoenician.
132. soceri, parents-in-law ; Hermione (or Harmonia), daughter of
Mars and Venus, was wife of Cadmus.
133. hue, to this.
135. juvenes, youths ; not pueri, boys : Cadmus lived to see his grand-
children grow up- — sed . . . debet : " Call no man happy until he dies,"
a favorite maxim of ancient wisdom. In the myth of Cadmus we may
recognize a genuine tradition of the trading settlements and factories
established by Phoenicians in very early times, along the coast of Greece.
From them the rude Greeks received the first beginnings of civilization,
especially the knowledge of the alphabet. Many religious rites were like-
wise borrowed from them, especially some forms of the worship of Herakles
iHerctdes^ the Phoenician Melkart) and Aphrodite {Astarte^^ or Venus,
VII. ACT^:ON.
III. 138. prima agrees with causa; secundas with res.
139. aliena, belonging to another race, strange.
140. satiatae, fem. agreeing with canes, for the names of animals
are much more frequently fem. in Latin than in English.
141. quaeras, subj. of the less vivid future condition, though the
apodosis invenies is fut. ind, — fortunae crimen, /««/// of fortune. —
in illo, in him, i.e. Actseon.
145. ex aequo, equally, lit. from an equal point {of view). — meta
utraque, fro^n each goal. At each end of the course in the circus was a
conical goal; the course of the sun is here compared with the race-course.
146. juvenis Hyantius, the Hyantian (Boeotian) youth, i.e. Actyeon.
150. cum, conjunction.
152. distat idem, is the same distance from. — creta: Cretan earth
(i.e. chalk) was used to mark the goals or metae ; hence creta = meta;
of. V. 145. — vaporibus, heat, as in Book I. v. 432.
155, acuta, sharp f referring to the foliage of the cypress.
40
Notes,
Diana.
156. nomine, abl. of specification (§ 253; G. 398; H. 424). —
Gargaphie, a valley extending from Mt. Cithseron in the direction of
Thebes. — succinctae, high-girded^ i.e.
wearing a short tunic, which would not im-
pede her motions. (See Fig. 12.)
159. pumice vivo, of living (i.e. nat-
. ural) pti7nice- stone (abl. of material, § 244,
2, N.i; G. 396; H. 415, iii.).
160. duxerat, had drawn, i.e. formed.
162. hiatus, Greek accusative (§ 240
c; G. 332; H. 378).
165. quo, whither; but here, as fre-
quently, the Latin uses the relative where
the Enghsh does not.
166. retentos, from retendo.
167. subjecit bracchia: she caught it
in her arms as the goddess took it off.
168. doetior illis, more skilful than
they, and therefore employed in service de-
manding more skill.
169. Ismenis: a patronymic from Is-
inenus, a stream in Boeotia.
170. solutis, sc. capillis; abl. of quality (§ 251 ; G. 402; H. 419, ii.).
171. Nephele, Cloud; Hyle, Wood; Rhanis, Rain-drop; Psecas,
Shower ; Pliiale, Bowl: all Greek words. Crocale, above, means Seashore.
1 72. capacibus urnis : belongs with both verbs.
1 73. Titania : Diana is called Titania because she is identified with
the goddess of the moon, Selene, who was the daughter of the Titan
Hyperion.
1 74. dilata parte : the continuation of the hunt was postponed until
the next day; cf. v. 150.
177. qui: here again the Latin relative must be rendered by the
English demonstrative.
1 78. sicut erant, nudae, naked as they luere.
183. qui : the antecedent is to be supplied from is in v. 185. — adversi,
turned totvard them.
184. solet: a short final syllable is sometimes treated as if long in the
caesura of the third foot before et or aut, and also in any thesis when fol-
lowed by a Greek word. — purpureae anrorae: Ovid allows hiatus after
the thesis of the fifth loot when the foot is spondaic or when a Greek word
follows.
Actceon, 41
188. ut, sic: although, still. — liabuisse: perf. inf. where the pres. is
more usual. So in English one might say she wished she had had.
192. tibi: dat. of agent (§ 232, a\ G. 352; H. 388, i). — narres:
depends upon licet without ut (§ 331, i, N.^; G. 609; H. 501, i. i, 502).
194. vivacis : the stag was believed to live through thirty-six genera-
tions of men. Ancient artists generally represented this first stage of
Actsson's metamorphosis, in which the man has the stag's antlers. (See
Fig. I3-)
198. Autonoeius : Autonoe, daughter of Cadmus, was Actseon's mother.
199. se tarn celerem : sc. esse (see § 333, b\ G. 542, r.; H. 535, iii.).
202. vox ilia fuit: i.e. that (the groan) was all the voice he had. —
ora non sua, features not his own, because his face was changed to that
of a stag.
204. faciat: deliberative subjunctive (§ 268; G. 258; H. 484, v.); so
also repetat and lateat.
206. Melampus, Black-foot; Ichnobates, Trail-goer ; Pamphagus,
All-devour er ; Dorceus, Quick- sighted ; Oribasus, Mountain-wanderer ;
Nebrophonus, i^^w^^-^/aj^r ; Ijaelaps, Whirlwind; T\x^vo\\, Hunter ;
Pterelas, Winged; Agre, Huntress; Hylaeus, Silvan; Nape, Glen;
Poemenis, Shepherdess ; Harpyia, i?«z^<^^^r; Ladon, Strong; Dromas,
Runner; Canace, Crasher; Sticte, Spotted; Tigris, Tigress; Alee,
Courage ; lieucon, White ; Asbolus, Soot; Aello, Wind-blast ; Thous,
Stvift ; Cyprio, Cyprian; Lycisce, Wolfy ; Harpalos, Seizer ; Mela-
neus, Black ; Ijachne, Fur ; iJabros, Furious; Agriodus, Wild-tooth ;
Hylactor, Barker^ and below, Melanchaetes, Black-haired ; Theri-
damas, Game-subduer ; Oresitrophus, Mountain-bred : all these names
are Greek.
208. Gnosius, Spartana: the Cretan and Laconian hounds were
excellent hunters.
216. substricta, close-bound, i.e. slender, as those of swift hounds
are.
218. villis, abl. of quality (§ 251; G. 402; H. 419, ii.) : both adjectives
agree with it.
219. cursu: abl. of specification (§ 253; G. 398; H. 424).
221. frontem: Greek accusative (§ 240,^; G. 332: H. 378).- — medio
ab albo, from the white in the middle.
222. corpore, abl. of specification.
223. Dictaeo, Ijaconide : see note on v. 208.
224. acutae voeis, gen. of quality (§ 215; G. 364; H. 396, v.).
225. est, would be (§ 311, c; G. 246 R.^; H. 511).
226. aditu, abl. with carentia (§ 243; G. '^^c)', H. 414).
42
Notes,
227. difficilis, sc. via.
228. fugit per quae loca: the antecedent loca is incorporated in the
relative clause (§ 200; G. 618; H. 445, 9); he flees through places through
zvhich he had often follozved.
229. famulos, i.e. his dogs.
238. quein tamen, still such as. — possit, subj. after the character-
istic relative (§ 320; G. 634; H. 503, i.).
240. similis roganti, like a suppliant ; suppliants held out their arms
in prayer, and Actaeon tried to express supplication by the motions of his
face.
Fig. 13.
Actceon.
247. vellet : potential subjunctive, i.e. apodosis of an omitted condition
contrary to fact (§ 311, b; G. 252, R.i; H. 486).
VIIT. PYRAMUS AND THISBE.
The reader will remember this story as presented in "Midsummer-
Night's Dream."
IV. 56. praelata, preferred before : most excellent among,
58. Seiniraniis, wife of Ninus, and founder of Babylon. — coctilibus,
of burnt brick.
Pyraimis and Thisbe, 43
59. primes gradus, sc. amoris, which is easily suppUed from the
following line.
60. taedae, gen. with jure = in lazvftd marriage. A torchlight pro-
cession was a regular part of the nuptial ceremony.
61. quod relates to v, 62.
62. ex aequo eaptis, equally eit slaved.
63. conscius, witness.
65. fissus erat paries, the party-wall was cloven. — duxerat, had got y
i.e. the chink had been left in it.
67. id vitiuni, this defect. — nuUi notatum, remarked by no one.
69. feeistis iter, made it a passage. — illud refers to iter.
74. erat, would it have been ; the imperf. ind. where one might expect
the pluperf. subj. (§ 311, c, G. 246, R.=2; H. 511, N.^). — ut sineres: sub-
junctive of t^-avXti for yoti to allow.
75. pateres, open far enough.
77. quod, etc., obj. of debere. — arnicas, beloved.
78. diversa sede, i.e. parted as they were.
79. parti suae, his own side.
80. contra, to the other,
85. foribus, abl (§ 258, a, N.3; G. 388, R.^; H. 414, N.i).
87. neve sit errandum, and that they may not have to go wrongs i.e.
miss each other.
88. conveniant is still subj. of purpose after ut in v. 84. — lateant
(also subj.), conceal themselves. — busta Nini, the tomb of Ninus, the
husband of Semiramis. Shakespeare says, " to meet at Ninus' tomb, there,
there to woo."
91. Ins., the daylight. — tarde discedere visa : their eagerness made
the day seem long.
94. vultum, ace. of specification (§ 240, c, G. 332; H. 378).
95. pervSnlt, sedit: a change from present to perfect.
96. recenti . . . rictus, a lioness whose foaming jaws are smeared
(oblita) from the fresh slaughter (i.e. with the fresh blood) of cattle
(rictus, ace. of specification).
loi. ffigit, reliquit, change of tense, which is regular with dum
(§ 276, e-y G. 220, R.; H. 467, 4) ; so also redit, laniavit, below.
103. sine ipsa, without (Thisbe) herself
105. serius, too late for his appointment.
no. nostra, my ; nos and noster are often used for ego and ineus. —
nocens, the guilty one.
III. jussi venires, bade you come. The prose construction would
be infinitive.
44 Notes,
113. scelerata viscera, guilty flesh.
115. timidi: predicate gen. (§ 214, d\ G. 365, R.i; H. 401).—
op tare necein, to wi:>kfor death merely instead of killing himself.
1 1 7. notae, agreeing with vesti.
119. quo: the antecedent is ferruiii.
121. resupiniis, fallen back. — humo, loo. abl. for the more usual
locative form humi.
122. fistula, a zuaier-pipe. — vitiato plumbo, \.^. from a flaw in
the lead.
123. tenui stricleiite foranime, by a :ini all hissing opening.
124. aera ictibus riimpit, cleaves the air zuith its spur tings,
130. gestit, is eager.
131. utque, sic, and though^ yet.
132. facit incertain, ;7^<3!/&<?i' her doubtfid. — povnA, fruit. — haeret,
she hesitates (lit. she sticks).
133. tremebunda, quivering.
134. buxo: alluding to the pale yellowish color of the box-tree.
135. exhorruit, shivered. — aequoris, gen. with instar (§ 223, e;
G. 372; H. 398,4).
136. Buvumum, its surface.
138. indignos = im??ieritos, not deset'ving it.
139. comas, ace. of specification (§ 240, c; G. 332; II. 378).
142. t\\i\Ll, from me (§ 229; G. 344, R.^; H. 386, 2).
146. visa ilia, having looked upon her,
147. ense: see § 243, d -^ G. 389, R.^; H, 414, iii.
148. ebur, ivory scabbard.
149. in unum hoc, for this alone.
1 50. in vulnera, for (inflicting) zvounds.
151. persequar, sc. te.
153. sola, agreeing with morte. — nee, not even.
154. hoc, secondary object (§ 239, c, R.; G. ^^'^, R.^j H. 374, l).— ■
amborurn verbis, in the name of both of us.
155. mens, vocative, the form of which is ini when its noun is ex-
}3ressed; here ineus agrees with parens to be sui)plied from parentes
(lit, fathers, mine and his).
157. non invideatlSj do not grudge,, i.e. grant ; as grant is one idea,
the two words non invideatis are introduced by ut; otherwise ne, not
nt non, would be required.
158. quae arbor, tree, zvhirh (§ 200, />; G. 618; 11. 445, 9).
159. es tectura, co-ordinated with tegis, being j^art of the relative
sentence introduced by quae.
Ino and Melicerta.
45
165. ater: the fruit of the common mulberry is black when ripe. The
morns alba^ the fruit of which is white when ripe, was introduced into
Europe from China in the Middle Ages, but was unknown to Ovid.
166. rogis.
funeral pyres.
dat. (§ 228; G. 346; H. 389), what remains from the
IX. INO AND MELICERTA.
IV. 432. funesta : the berries of the yew were believed to be poison-
ous, hence the way to Hades is shaded by this " deadly " tree. For a
detailed description of the same scenes, see Virgil, ^n. VI. 268-416.
434. iners, sluggish, stagnant.
435. functa sepnlchris : only the shades of those who had been duly
buried were allowed to cross the Styx.
436. iiovi manes, the neivly arrived shades ; subject of ignorant.
440. fretuin, the sea. The sense is : as the sea receives the waters of
all rivers, yet never overflows, so the realm of the dead is never overfilled.
444. celebrant, throng; with artes some other verb (e.g. practise)
must be supplied. — Imi tyranni, the ruler cf the nethermost regions.
447. sustinet ii*e, endures to go, i.e. she goes in spite of the distaste-
fulness of the journey.
449. quo, relative adv. where the de-
monstrative is needed in English (§ 201,
e,h; G. 612; H. 453).
451. sorores nocte genitas, the
daughters of Night, i.e. the Furies. (See
Fig. 14.)
452. numen : sing, because the three
sisters compose one divine agency.
453. adamante, on a seat of ada-
mant.
456. deae, the Furies.
457. Tityos, a giant son of earth,
insulted Latona, and was condemned to
have his vitals eternally torn by two vul-
tures.
458. Tantalus, king of Lydia, son of Jupiter, was placed in Hades
in a lake, the water of which retreated when he wished to drink; over
his head hung fruit, which swung away from his grasp when the torments
of hunger forced him to reach for it. His crime was either failure to
46
Notes,
keep the secrets of the gods, or the theft of nectar and ambrosia, or the
trial he made of the gods by cooking his son Pelops, and oiiering the
meat to them as food.
460, Sisyphus, son of ^olus, ruler in Ephyra (Corinth), had to roll
a great stone up a hill, from the top of which it always rolled down. His
crime is also variously recounted; according to one story he informed
Asopus that Jupiter bad carried off his daughter Al^xwd.,
461. Ixion, a Thessalian ruler, offended Juno, and was fastened for
all eternity upon a revolving wheel. (See Fig. 15.)
Fig. 15.
Tantalus, Ixion, and Sisyphus.
463. perdant, subj. of purpose. — Belides: the Danaides, the fifty
granddaughters of the Egyptian King Belus, slew at the command of their
father Danaus their cousins {patruelibus), the fifty son|,of /Egyptus, whom
they had married (only one, Hypcrmnestra, saved her husband Lynceus).
In the lower world they were forced to pour water continually into a per-
forated jar.
466. hie e fratribus: Sisyphus and Athamas (as well as Cretheus
and Salmoneus) were sons of /Eolus.
468. cum conjuge, together luith his loife (Ino).
470. quod vellet, erat, what she ivished, was; the subjunctive of
modesty (§ 311, h\ G. 602; H. 486, i), perhaps used here in part because
the indirect question quid velit made the subjunctive seem natural.
Ino and Melicerta. 47
471. tralierent, subj. of purpose, with ut implied in the preceding ne.
472. coufiiiidit ill iinuni, she unites.
474. Tisiphonc, Tta-ic^oVrj, the avenger of slaughter, one of the Furies.
— capillos, Greek accusative (§ 240, c; G. 332; H. 378).
476. anibagibus, abl. with opus (§ 243, e\ G. 390; H. 414, iv.).
477. facta puta, believe that it is done, i.e. it is as good as done; put
yourself at ease.
480. Thaumantias Iris : Iris, daughter of Thaumas and Electra, was
the special attendant of Juno. She purifies her by sprinkling water over
her, in order that she may not pollute the heavens by entering unpurified
from the infernal regions.
481. nee mora, sc. est, there is no delay, i.e. without delay.
483. induitur pallam, she clothes herself in a cloak; induo in the
passive is not infrequently used with the accusative; this may be explained
as the ace. of specification, or may be derived from the Greek construction
of two accusatives with verbs of clothing. The more natural Latin con-
struction would be the abl. like incingitur angite.
485. vultu, abl. of quality (§ 251 ; G. 402; H. 419, ii.).
486. limine, loc. abl. without i^i (§ 258,/ 3; G. 384, R.^; H. 425, 2,
ii. N.2) ; the threshold is that of Athamas.
487. Aeolii, JEolian ; for Athamas was the son of /Eolus. — Avernus,
adj., deadly, infernal.
488. monstris, prodigies,
490. infelix, baneful — Erinys, Fury,
495. This and the following lines are in close imitation of Virgil, Nxi.
VII. 346 ff. — abrumpit, snatches. — crinibus, dat. (§ 229; G. 344, R.^;
n. 386).
497. Inoos, Athamanteos, adjectives equivalent to genitives.
498. graves animas, baneful breaths.
499. quae sentiat, which is to feel.
500. liquidi monstra veneni, prodigies of liquid poison, i.e. liquid
poisons of wonderful kinds.
501. Echidna (^Viper) was mother of Cerberus and other monsters.
505. viridi versata cicuta, stirred with a green sprig of {^o\^on(:>v&)
hemlock.
506. vergit, pours.
* 508. face jactata, etc. : to confuse them still more, Tisiphone swings
her torch in a circle {^per eundem orbeni) so continually {saepius) and
rapidly that she makes the fire overtake the fire {consequitur ignibus ignes^,
i.e. before the sparks have died away in one part of the circle the torch
reaches the same point again, thus forming a wheel of fire.
48 Notes.
510. jussi potens, having fulfilled the command; the use of potens
with the gen. meaning "ruMng, having mastery over," etc., is not un-
common.
511. recingitur auguem, tmbinds from herself {\,q. takes off) the
snake ; see note on v. 483.
512. Aeolides, Athamas.
513. Ms silvis, loc. abl. vidth omission of in,
515. utque . . . aon^u^iB, he follozvs the tracks of his wife like those
of a wild beast.
518. rigido saxo, on the hard rock, abl. of means. — infantla ora,
equivalent to infantis ora^ his infant features, for the features of the infant.
520, sparsi causa veiieiii, a cause consisting of etc.; veneni is an
appositional genitive of material (§ 214,/; G. 359; H. 396, vi.).
521. passis, ix^m. pando. — male sana, equivalent to insana.
523. Kuhoe Bacche: one of the regular shouts of the Bacchic
revellers.
524. hos usus, such advantage as to increase your madness. — prae-
stet, optative subjunctive. — alumnus : Ino was the nurse of Bacchus.
531. neptis: Harmonia (or Hermione), wife of Cadmus and mother
of Ino, was daughter of Venus and Mars.
533. proxima caelo, Clearest that of heaven.
535. lonio immenso : hiatus in the fifth foot of spondaic lines is
sometimes permitted.
538. Graium nomen, Aphrodite, from acppSs, foam.
542. Ijeucothee cum matre = et matrem Leucotheen ; he called him
the god Palsemon and called his mother Leucothee.
X. PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA.
Acrisius, king of Argos, had been warned that he should be dethroned
and slain by the child of his daughter Danae, whom therefore, to elude
the oracle, he confined in a dungeon with brazen walls. But Jupiter
gained admission in the form of a shower of gold, and Danae became the
mother of Perseus. Being shut with the child — then four years of age —
in a chest or coffer, and cast into the sea, she drifted to the island of
Seriphus, where the boy grew up, and was sent craftily by the tyrant of the
island for the head of the Gorgon Medusa. In this enterprise he was
helped and delivered by the friendly care of the divinities Mercury and
Perseus and Androvicda.
49
Minerva, who armed him for his task, gave him the power of flight,
and made him invulnerable and invincible. (See, for an admirable nar-
rative of the adventure, Kingsley's
" Heroes," and " Andromeda.") Fig- 16.
IV. 615. viperei monstri, the
Gorgon Islcdusa, whose beautiful
locks of hair had been changed to
serpents by the wrath of IMinerva
{yv. 801-803). (See Fig. 16.)
616, stridentibus alls: Per-
seus had been equipped for his aerial
journey with the L"cgis of Minerva, the
winged cap and sandals furnished
by the Graioe, the cap of Pluto,
making its wearer invisible, and the Medusa,
curved sword (Jiarpc) of Mercury,
with its two points, one straight and the other curved. (See the inter-
pretation of the fable of the Gorgons in " Modern Painters," Vol. V.
p. 150.)
617. Ijibycas, African : Libya was the earlier general name of Africa,
the home of the Gorgons.
620. oolubris, belongs with 'both frequens and infesta.
621. per iinniensum, through limitless space,
622. exeinplo, in the manner.
623. seductas longe^ far removed.
625. Cancri : used for the tropical region, as Arctos for the polar.
626. occasus, ortus, sc. soils, West and East.
627. jam cadcnte die, when day was already setting.
628. Hesperio = far western. The gardens of the Hesperides, daugh-
ters of Atlas, were placed somewhere in the west of Africa. -— regriis
Atlantis : Atlas, " the unwearied," was king of Mauretania, son of lape-
tus, and brother of Prometheus, After the rebellion of the Titans, he was
condemned to bear the weight of heaven upon his shoulders.
630. Aiirorae, sc. currus. — diurnos, of the day. The morning star,
Lucifer, calls out the chariot of Aurora, and she, in turn, calls out that of
the Sun. (Cf. Book II. vv. 112-115.)
631. hoininiiin ciinctos — ciinctos homines; praestare^ in the
sense of excels usually takes the ace.
633. qui : the antecedent is pontus.
634. subdit : see Book II. v. 68.
635. illi: dative of reference (§ 235; G. 343, R.2; PL 384, ii. i, 2).
50 Notes,
636. vicinia nulla premebant : as Atlas inhabited the extreme end
of the earth, his territory was not shut in by neighbors.
637. arboreae frondes, etc., a description of the garden of the
Hesperides. Some report of oranges — a fruit unknown to the ancients —
may have helped in shaping the story of the golden apples.
639. seu, if on the one hand ; sive, or if,
641. rerum, heroic deeds.
643. Themis: see liote, Book I. 321.
644. quo, at which, when, referring to tempus. — auro, abl. of
separation with spoliabitur.
645. Jove natus: the son of Jupiter, who stole the golden apples of
the Hesperides, was Hercules, himself a remote descendant of Perseus.
647. servanda, to keep, lit. to be kept (§ 294, d \ G. 431; H. 544, 2,
N.2).
649. ne longe . . . absit, lest the glory, etc., be far from helping thee,
650. mentiris, falsely boast, — tibi : the dat. after abesse in the sense
oi lack, fail {deesse), is common after Cicero, especially in poetry.
652. fortia: sc. dicta,, threatening words.
654. parvi, of little worth.
655. Medusae ora : the horror of the countenance of Medusa, with
its snaky locks, chilled the beholder into stone. Perseus himself had
approached the monster averted, — ipse retroversus, — gazing at her re-
flection in the polished shield; and had borne the bleeding head in an
enchanted sack, given him by the sea-nymphs.
657. quantus erat: sc. tantus = of just his size.
658. abeunt, /^xj-, or are converted.
66i. di: vocative.
663. Hippotades, /Eolus, son of Hippotas, god of the winds.
664. admonitor operum, summoner to toil.
665. ille, Perseus.
666. parte ab utraque pedes = utrumque pedem, both feet.
669. Cephea (adj.), of Cepheus, king of Ethiopia, brother of ^Egyptus
and Danaus.
670. maternae linguae : Cassiopeia, mother of Andromeda, was
" That starred Ethiop queen that strove
To set her beauty's praise above
The sea-nymphs, and their powers offended."
Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Andromeda, and Perseus are among the most striking
constellations in the northern heavens.
671. Auimon, the chief divinity of Egypt, identified with the Greek
Perseus and Andromeda.
St
Fig. 17.
Ammon.
Zeus (Jupiter); represented with the horns of a ram (see Fig. 17). He
had an oracle in the Libyan desert.
672. quani : the relative where in English
the demonstrative is used. — siniul, for simul
atque, as soon as. — bracchia, ace. of speci-
fication (§ 240, c\ G. 332; H. 378).
673. Abantiades : Abas, king of Argos,
descended from Danaus, was father of Acrisius,
and grandfather of Perseus. — nisi quod,
except that.
675. ignes, the flames of love.
679. Quibus: sc. eis catenis.
680. requirenti: sc. mihi.
683. religata, i.e. her hands bound behind.
684. quod potiiit, i.e. the only thing she could; its antecedent is the
sentence lumina, ^io.,
685. saepius instanti, to hmi as he urged her again and again. —
sua . . . videretur, that she might not seem to be unwilling to confess (i.e.
to be trying to conceal) her own guilt; the clause depends upon Indicat.
Notice the emphatic position of sua; the real fault was her mother's, but
she was afraid Perseus might think it was her own.
688. nondum . . . omnibus, before all was told.
690. imminet : he raises his head and neck above the water, and so
overhangs a vast extent of sea {immenso ponto, dat.), while with his breast
he occupies (^possidet') a broad stretch of water.
692. ilia: the mother had more reason for grief, by reason of her
offence, which incurred this penalty.
695. lacrimarum limits tempora; manere governs vos.
697. peterem, seek in marriage; the imperfect subjunctive, although
not implying that the condition is contrary to fact (§ 307,/; G. 598, R.^).
— Perseus: in appos. with ego; so also in v, 699. — ilia, Danae. (See
introductory note.)
702. meritum: i.e. that the boon should be my own earning. —
dotibus, endowments. — faveant, subj. in proviso (§ 314; G. 575; H.
513, i.). — teinpto: the present is sometimes used instead of the future
for the sake of liveliness.
703. ut mea sit, that she be mine.
704. legem, condition.
705. super = insuper. — dotale, a bridal gift. In Ovid's time the
wife brought a dowry to the husband. This usage he has transferred to
the heroic times, when the husband purchased the wife from her parents.
52
Notes,
706. rostro : construe with sulcat.
709. Balearica : the people of these islands were famous slingers.
710. plumbo, i.e. the leaden slug thrown by the sling, — caell, space :
partitive genitive with Quantuin.
714. Jo vis praepes, the eagle.
715. praebentein Phoebo, turning to the sun.
716. neu retorqueat, and lest he turn back ; the snake, being seized
by the neck, cannot turn his head to bite his assailant.
718. inane, the void (i.e. air).
720. Inachides : Inachos, son of Occanus, was the first king of Argos.
— banio: see note, v. 616.
721. se sublimis . . . attolit, raises himself high in the air ; subli-
mis agrees with the subject. In English we use an adverb (see §191;
G. 324, R.6; H. 443).
725. qua patent, where they are exposed.
727. desinit in piscem, goes off into a fish^ i.e. ends in the form of a
fish-tail.
729-
732.
734-
Fig. 18.
graves, -made heavy.
bibulis, soaked with blood.
stantibus, quiet ; abl. abs.
exegit, thrust through ; repetita, attacked repeatedly.
735. implevere : the plural subject is
cum plausu clamor (§ 205, N.; G. 281,
R.2; H. 461,4).
739. See Fig. 18.
741. laedat: the subject is ipse, i.e. Per-
seus.
742. mollit, carpets. — natas, sprung.
744. bibula medulla, i^ith porous pith.
745. rapuit, caught.
749. iterant j aetata, toss repeatedly.
750. curaliis, coral.
751. duritiam capiant: as if the coral
were a sea-plant, which turns to stone by con-
tact with the air. — tacto ab acre, from
contact with the air. In this sentence, capi-
ant ut is for ut capiant, forming an explana-
tory consecutive clause.
754. bellica Virgo, Minerva. She had given Perseus his helmet,
shield, and spear; Mercury had given him wings and curved sword; Jupi-
ter was his grandfather : hence the sacrifices to these three deities.
Andromeda.
Perseus and Andromeda.
S3
756. alipedi, ]\[crciiry. (See Fig. 19.)
757. et . . . indotata, though lotihout a dotujy, a (sufficient) reward
for even so great a deed.
758. Hymenaeus, the god of marriage. Fig. 19.
759. praecutiunt, brandish in fronts in
the bridal procession.
762. roseratis, thro7on hack,
763. iiistriicta, prepared.
764. Ceplieni, /i'tyi»/*:' of Cepheus.
765. fimcti, etc., Jiaving discharged the
se?-viee of high-horii Bacchus.
766. diffuclere, relaxed.
767. Lyncides : Lynceus was a fabled
ancestor of Perseus.
769. qui relates to Cepheus, — simul =
sivnd aiquCy as soon as. Mercury.
771. crinita draconibiis = with snaky locks.
772. Ageiiorides, Perseus, descended from a brother of Agenor,
775. unius luminis usuin; the sisters Graioe, daughters of Phorcys,
had but one eye between them, which Perseus — made invisible by the cap
Fig. 20.
of Pluto — caught as it was passing from
one to the other. Thus made helpless,
they were constrained to tell him the
secrets on w^hich the fate of the Gorgon
depended.
775. partitas, sharing.
780. ferarumqiie: observe that the
syllable -que is elided before the vowel
at the beginning of the next verse (^syna-
Pheia).
781. ex ipm& ~ from their proper
shape.
783. aere repercusso, i.e. by the
image reflected from the polished brass;
limited by clipei, above (see note, t^. 655 ) .
785. caput: see Fig. 20. — pennis
fugacem Pegason: the winged horse
Pegasus, sacred to the Muses, and the Perseus and the Gorgon's head,
giant Chrysaor, wielding a golden sword, sprang from the blood of the
slain Gorgon.
791. sola sororum: the accounts of the three sisters are various.
54
Notes.
795-
797.
According to the story here adopted by Ovid, Medusa was the only one
with snaky locks. She was also the only mortal being of the three.
794. foriria, abl, of specification.
invidiosa, chivied by other maidens.
referret, subj. of characteristic (§ 320; G. 634; H. 503, i.).
708. vitiasse, dishonored.
Pig. 21. '^
803. Minerva wore a Gorgon's head upon her
breastplate. (See Fig. 21.)
The tale of Perseus (like that of Hercules and
many other heroes) represents the daily course of
the sun, in conflict with the powers of darkness
and storm. The hai-pe is his gleaming ray; the
Graioe are the twilight; the Gorgons are the storm-
cloud, which rests upon the bosom of the sea-
wave, and is cloven by the "golden sword" of
the lightning. The jagged edges of the cloud,
and the crimson stream which pours from it in
the glow of sunset, help out the features of the
image.
XI. THE WANDERING OF CERES.
Ceres, in the Greek myth, is the Earth- Mother
(^Ar)juLr)T7)p) , type of the productive power of the
soil, who seeks her child Proserpina (Persephone,
called also KopTj, the maiden), stolen from her
sight by the king of the lower world, and only
restored to her by Jupiter for six months of each
year. By this parable the ancients understood the annual sowing of the
gram-harvest, by which the corn is hidden in the ground through the
winter months, but restored in spring to sunlight, and lipening to the har-
vest, in which the yearly festival of Ceres is celebrated with religious
rites.
V. 341. Ceres: see Fig. 22. — unco aratro: the ancient plough,
still sometimes seen in Italy, was a rude wooden instrument, which broke
the soil with its hooked extremity.
343. dedit leges : because agriculture first led men to an orderly life,
she was called Ce?'es legifera {h.y]fjLT]rrip 0eo-/zo0opoi).
346. iiiembris (dat. after iiigesta), heaped on the giant limbs (Ty
The Wandering of Ceres.
55
phoeus; see Introd.). Typhocus was not reckoned one of the giants, but
represented the violent powers of nature, especially in the earthquake :
hence he is placed for punishment under the volcano Etna.
347. Trinacris, "the three
headlands," is the ancient name -^^S* 22.
describing the triangular form of
Sicily, which, on a rude map, might
suggest the notion of a buried giant.
— subjectum and ausuin agree
withTyplioea; molibus depends
on subjectum, and sperare on
ausuin; sedes is object of spe-
rare.
350. Peloro, etc. : Pdorus is
the headland nearest Italy; Packy-
nus, the southeastern extremity of
the island; Libybccum, the western.
— Ausonio, Italian (an old name
of Southern Italy).
352. resupinus, flat on his
back.
354. remoliri, to cast off (with
effort).
356. rex silentum, king of the
silent realms, Pluto.
361. anibibat, surveyed, going
his rounds, like a watchman.
363. Erycina, Venus, who had
a famous temple on Mt. Eryx, in Ceres,
the western part of Sicily, appar-
ently of Phoenician origin. Eryx was fabled to be her son, killed by Her-
cules in a boxing-match, and buried on this mountain. (See Virgil, yEn.
V. 392-420.)
364. natum volucreni, her zvinged son, Cupido (= ''Epws) or Desire,
son of Venus : the modern Cupid, whose attributes of bow and arrows,
with wings, have come down from ancient works of art. (See Fig. 23.)
365. arma, manus, potentia : all vocative, in apposition with
nate.
366. ilia tela, those shafts, pointed Mdth gold or lead, according as
they were to stir love or hate.
368. triplieis . . . regni, the last lot fell of the threefold realm ;
56
Notes,
Fig. 23.
Jupiter having taken by lot the empire of the heavenS; and Neptune that
of the waters.
370. ipsum, Neptune. — regit qui = qui regit.
371. Tartara, etc., why does Tartarus hold aloof ?
372. agitur, is at stake.
'yj'^. quae . . . est, such is our endurance,
374. mecum vires Amoris, the potver of Love together with me, for
my power and that of Love, or L^ove and /.
375. Pallada, etc. : Pallas (Minerva) and Ar-
temis (Diana) were virgins, and encouraged chastity.
376. filia, Proserpine, — virgo, predicate.
^^]^. spes adfectat easdem, she cherishes the
same hopes as Minerva and Diana.
378. pro socio regno, for the sake of our com-
mon power ; for Venus and Cupid both represented
the power of love, to which Proserpine refused to
yield.
379. patruo : thtpatruus is the father's brother;
the avunculus, the mother's. Proserpine was daugh-
ter of Jupiter and Ceres; hence Pluto was her uncle.
380. arbitrio, abl. of cause (§ 245; G. 407;
H.416).
Cupid. 381. qua, abl. with acutior (§ 247; G. 399;
H.4I7)-
382. magis audiat, is more obedient; characteristic relative clause
C§ 320; G. 634; H. 503, i.).
383. opposite genu (abl. abs.), bracing his knee against it.
384. haniata, barbed. — arundine, reed, of which the arrow was
made.
385. altae aquae, of deep water.
l%6, illo, than it (does) ; a use of the abl. instead of quant with the
noun, which is rare in Latin; for the lake (illo) is not compared with
the Cayster, but is the subject of audit, to be supplied from audit of
V. 387. The corresponding construction is common in Greek. — Cays-
tros : see Book II. 253. The Cayster was famous for its swans, which the
ancients thought of as melodious birds.
389. ut velo, as by a veil (referring to the awning which sheltered the
Roman amphitheatre from the sun).
390. Tyrios, purple,
391. quo luco (loc. abl.), in this grove; the relative, where in Eng-
lish the demonstrative is necessary (§ 201, ^; G. 612; H. 453). — Proser-
The Wandering of Ceres.
57
pina, the Latin corruption of the Greek il€pcre(f>6v'i] ; she was identified
by the Romans with the ItaHan goddess Libera.
394. aequales, comrades.
395. simul, at one mo7?ient. — Diti, dat. of agent (§ 232, a-, G. 352;
H. 388, I).
396. usque adeo, to suck a degree,
398. sumnia ab ora, at Us upper edge.
402. See Fig. 24.
Fig. 24.
Pluto carrying off Proserpina.
404. obscura ferrugine: all the equipment of Pluto is dark, as
becomes the god of the lower world ; so in v. 360 his horses are
black.
406. Palicorum : these were two brothers, who presided over some
bubbling sulphurous springs near Palike, in Sicily. — ferventia (agreeing
with stagna), boiling up through the broken earth.
407, qua . . , portus, i.e. the site of Syracuse, between the outer
(lesser) and inner (greater) harbors. (See Fig. 25.) — Bacchladae, the
leading family of Corinth, claiming descent from Hercules. Syracuse was
a Corinthian colony. — blniari, a common epithet of Corinth, on the
isthmus " between two seas."
409. medium . . . aequor, a sea between Cyane and Arethusa. The
fountain Arethusa, on the peninsula ( Ortygia') which made the old city of
Syracuse, offered the strange phenomenon of fresh water springing up,
apparently, from the midst of salt: hence the fable related below (vv. ^y'j-
641). Cyane was a spring whose waters flowed into the Anapis, and so
into the Great Harbor.
410. angustis cornibus, marrow points of land. The "sea"
(aequor) is the Great Harbor. ■
58
Notes.
411. hie, adverb;
the subject of fuit is
Cyane.
413. summa te-
nus alvo = as far as
the waist.
414. nee . . . in-
Quit, and saidy ^^ you
shall go no further " ;
the connective part of
nee is taken with in-
Qult, the negative part
with ibitis.
416. quod si, but
if; quod is the ad-
verbial accusative (§
240, <^; G. 331, R.3; H.
378, 2).
417. Anapis : the
Anapis or Anapus flows
into the Great Harbor;
a Httle above its mouth
it is joined by the Cy-
ane. The marriage of
the Nymph and the
River-god symbohzes
the union of the two
streams.
420. Saturnius,
son of Saturn y i.e.
Pluto.
425. fontis jura :
fountains were held to
have a sacred charac-
ter, on which Cyane had
presumed too far.
428. modo, but
now.
429. extenuatur,
she is thinned out^ i.e.
she wastes away and
The Wandering of Ceres, 59
chattges. — videres, ;V<?2« might have if ^«, potential subjunctive (§ 311, <7,
N.2; G. 252; H. 485, N.i).
431. tenuissima quaeqiie, all the slenda-est parts (§ 93, d\ G. 305;
H. 458» I).
433. inembrls exililbus: dat. of reference (§ 235, a\ G. 343, R.^;
H. 384, 4, N.2).
436. vitiatas, impaired.
437. possis: potential subjunctive (§ 311, a\ G. 252; H. 485).
438. matri : dat. of agent, with quaesita est.
439. prof undo, deep = sea,
440. udis capillis : Aurora's hair is wet because she is supposed to
rise from the sea.
443. Inrequieta, 7iezjer resting.
444. alma dies : dies^ day, is sometimes feminine in poetry.
450. dulce, etc., a szveet drink which she had first strcion %vith parched
barley. The plural dulcia is often used for sweetmeats.
453. neque: the negative qualifies epota, which is abl. abs. with
parte.
454. Uquido, liquid (subst.), i.e. water; she drenched him with barley
mixed with water.
458. parva lacerta, than a small lizard^ for the boy was changed
into a spotted lizard, one of the smallest species.
459. monstra, the prodigy.
460. petit : the i is long, apparently by contraction for petiit, for the
tense is perf. ; so also Virgil, JEn. ix. 9.
461. nomen habet, stellio is the Latin name of this species.
463. defuit orbis, the world did not suffice (no part of it was left
unsearched) .
464. Slcaniam, Sicily,
467. quo, with which.
471. simul [atque], as soon as. — rap tain, sc. earn esse.
473. repetita, again and again struck.
474. sit, i.e. Proserpine.
477. saeva nianu, with cruel hand.
478. parili agrees with leto.
480. depositum, sc. semen.
481. vulgata, famed : Sicily was in old times ** the granary of Rome."
482. falsa, false to its reputation. — primls in herbis, in the young
blade.
484. slderaque: the -que is lengthened before the caesura; such
lengthening of -que occurs sometimes in the second foot, less frequently
6o Notes,
in the fifth, and always before a second word to which -que is added. — ^
que . o . que, both . . . and : the constellations were thought to have
an influence upon the crops.
486. inexpugiiabile i^Tanien, grass which cannot he rooted up ; this,
with lolium and tribuli, is the subject of fatigant.
487. Eleis, \ji}aves'\ of Elis (a district of Greece) ; Alpheias, \^the
nymph'] beloved by Alpheius, i.e. Arethusa; cf. vv. 577-641.
491. tibi fidae terrae, the land faithful to yozc ; the dat. tibi depends
upon lidae, terrae upon irascere.
493. iiec sum, etc., i.e. it is not affection for my native land, etc.
494- Fisa, a town of Elis.
496. peuates, household gods = home,
499. veniet, etc., there ivill come a sidtable time for my story (jvhy I
was moved, etc.) ivJien you^ etc,
500. curaque . . . et vultiis inelioris, relieved from care, and of
more cheerful aspect.
502. cavernas, i.e. of the sea.
503. desueta, i.e. from the long dark journey.
504. labor, I glide.
506. ilia: this and the following nominatives are in appos. with
Proserpina, ])ut the insertion of is or was makes smoother E,nglish : she
was sad, to be sure, and not yet uiiterrified in expression, but yet quee?i, etc.
509. ceu saxea, as if turned to stone.
510. lit . . . amentia, when her grievous frenzy tvas dispelled by
grievous pain.
512. jixxhW.?^., cloudy, gloomy.
513. invidiosa =zfull of bitter thoughts.
515. matrls, objective gen.
516. cura vilior, a less precious charge.
517. illius, i.e. Proserpine.
519. scire . . . vocas, if you call it finding, to knoiv where she is,
520. quod rapta [est], that she is stolen.
521. iieque . . . non ^^t, for your daughter does not deserve a robber
for a Jiusband, — if she is no longer my daughter, i.e. if T have lost her
utterly.
525. injuria, amor, predicate.
526. pudori, dat, of service.
527. tu modo velis, if only thou consent. — ut desint (concessive),
though, etc. (§ 313; G. 610; H. 515, iii.).
528. quid, quod, etc., what [do you say to this] that, etc. — cetera,
other grounds.
The Wandering of Ceres.
6i
529. nisi sorte, except by lot,
531. lege, condition.
532. cautuin est, it has been provided.
533. certum est, her mind is made up.
534. jejunia solverat, had broken her fast.
535. ciiltis hortis : the gardens of the lower world are not mentioned
elsewhere, but as the Elysian Fields were illuminated by a sun of their
own, and were otherwise attractive, it is natural to suppose that the palace
of Pluto stood in a garden.
537. de cortice: the seeds of the pomegranate are wrapped each in
its separate pulpy sheath. This fruit is often used as a symbol of the lower
world.
540. Avernales: of Av emus, i.e. of the rivers of the lower world; the
name Avernus was applied to the sulphurous waters w^hose fumes were
thought to kill the birds that flew over, especially to the lake Avernus in
Campania.
541. suo, her kindred; Acheron was a river and river-god of the
lower world.
543. profanam, of evil omen.
544. Phlegethontide : Phlegethon was one of the rivers of Hades.
546. sibi ablatus, deprived of himself (his own identity).
547. in caput crescit = his head enlarges. — ungues, bends back long
claws, i.e. receives long hooked claws.
548. natas, which had grown.
552. Acheloides, daughters of Achelous (a river of Central Greece)
and the Muse Melpomene. — nnde, sc. sunt.
555. doctae, skilled (in singing). The Sirens had the faces of maidens
and bodies of birds, and were endowed with the gift of song. (See
Fig. 26.)
Fig. 26.
Sirens.
557. ut, etc., that the waters as well as the land might experience, etc.
558. posse . . . optastis, you wished to be able to rest above the waters
on the oars of ivings (cf. remigio alarum, Virgil, ^n. I. 301), i.e. to float
in the air, or fly.
559. faciles, compliant.
62
Notes.
563. remansit, sing, agreeing with vox, its nearest subject (§ 205, d ;
(i. 281, cxc. i; H. 463, i.).
564. iriedius, as a mediator between : mediiis with the gen. is not
uncommon; cf. v, 409, above.
Fig. 27.
Return of Proserpina
565. ex aequo,
equally,
566. regnorum
. . . duoruni : Pro-
serpine was, as wife
of riuto, a deity of
the lower world, but
as daughter of Ceres
she was a goddess of
fertility and vegetable
life. Her annual de-
scent to Hades (in
the autumn) and re-
turn to the earth (in the spring) symbohzes the apparent death and
resurrection of nature. (See Fig. 27.)
568. mentis et oris, sc. Proserpinae.
569. quae: the antecedent is frons. — I>lti quo que, ^z^^;? to Pluto ,
who was used to the sad faces of the dead.
571. victis, i.e. after conquering them.
573. sacer fons : Arethusa was a peculiarly sacred
spring, and is represented on some Syracusan coins.
(See Fig. 28.)
576. fluminis Ele!, i.e. the Alpheus.
577. Aehaide, Greece.
578. saltus legit, scoured the glades (in the
chase).
Arethusa. 582. uec . . . juvabat, nor did my too highly
praised beauty give me any pleasure.
583. qua : the antecedent is dote corporis ; the abb is abl, of
cause.
585. Stymphalide : Stymphalos was a district of Arcadia.
587. sine vertice, loithout an eddy,
5S8. alte, deep below,
590. nutrita unda, fed by the wave.
591. sponte sua natas, i.e. natural shade, not arranged by human
hands. — ripis, dative.
597. neseio quod murmur, some nmrmur. When ncscio qui (or
TJie Wandering of Ceres. 63
qtiis) means soine^ it is regarded as a mere indefinite pronomi, not as an
indirect question; hence seusi is here indicative (§ 334, e\ Cj. 469, R.'^;
n. 529, 5. 3)-
605. fiigere, sc. solent.
607. Cyllenenqiie : a spondaic verse. Orchomenos and Psophis are
cities; Cyllene, MDcnalus, and Erymanthus are mountains, of Arcadia. The
course here described is an ahiiost impossible one; nor, for the matter of
that, does the Alpheus flow near Stymphalos.
609. me, ablative.
611. patieiis, eiidurhig. — laboris : see § 218, /; ; G. 374; H.
399, ii-
615. unibram, i.e. of Alpheus. — nisi si, pleonastic for nisi (§ 315,
«, 2; G. 592, 2; H. 507, 3, N.'^).
619. Dictynna, a name of Diana, from a mountain in Crete.
620. ferre, object of dedisti; to whom thou hast often given (i.e.
gruftted') to bear, etc.
622. tectain, sc. me.
625. lo : the final vowel of interjections is not elided.
631. servat =^ observat, he keeps in view.
632. miihi, dative of reference (§ 235, a ; G. 343, R.^ ; H. 384,
4, N.2).
633. caeruleae, i.e. the color proper to water-deities : she was already
turning to a fountain.
634. lacus, pool.
636. sed enim : the ellipsis is something as follows, — but [I was not
yet safe] for, etc.
637. posito, laying aside. — ore, countenance.
639. Delia, an epithet of Diana from the island of Delos, which was
sacred to her and her brother Apollo.
640. cognomine . . . meae, zvelcome by the name of my protecting
divinity : Ortygia (named from 'oprv^, a quail) was sacred to Diana, and
is one of her titles.
642. fertilis = of fertility. — angues, dragons, or winged serpents.
The chariot of Ceres was drawn ])y serpents.
645. Tritonida in iirbem, into the city of Pallas (Athens).
646. Triptolemo : Triptolemus was a son of Celeus, king of Eleusis,
with whom Ceres had found shelter during her wanderings. She under-
took to make the boy immortal by laying him in the hot ashes; and when
this was prevented by the fears of his mother, taught him the arts of hus-
bandry. Triptolemus was a principal figure in the Eleusinian worship of
Demeter, being regarded as the medium through whom agriculture was
64
Notes,
taught to mankind. (See Fig. 29.) — rucli humo, in virgin soil
(dative).
647. post . . , recuXteie)^ cuUivah'd agai?t a/ler a long time, i.Q.wYiich.
had long lain fallow; recultae agrees with humo.
Fig. 29.
Departure of Triptolemus.
650. subit penates, arrives at the divelling.
651, qua veniat, indir. question with rogatus; in the same con-
struction with the accusatives nomen and patriam.
661. Mopsonium: an ancient name of Attica was Mopsonia. —
sacros jugales, the sacred yoke-beasts, i.e. dragons.
XII. THE PUNISHMENT OF ARACHNE.
VI. 1. dictis talibus, the story of the transformation of the Pierides
into magpies.
2. Aonidum, the Muses, who lived on Mount Helicon in Aonia,
which was afterward called Boeotia.
3. secum, sc. dixit, she said to herself.
5. Arachnes, Greek genitive.
6. sibi : Minerva was the inventress and patron deity of weaving and
embroidery. Arachne refused to yield to her in the renoivn of skill in
zveaving.
8. Colophonius : Colophon was a city of Ionia.
TJie Punishment of Ar acinic.
65
9. Phocaico murice : Phociica was an Ionian seai:)ort. The mtirex
is a shell-fish which yields a purple dye.
11. aequa: she was his equal; for he was a dyer, and she also was de
plehe, — ilia, Arachne.
1 2. studio, by her diligence in embroidery, etc.
13. Hypaepis, neut. pi., at Ilypfupa, a small town of Lydia.
15. Tiinoli: Timolus (or Tmolus) is a Lydian mountain, in the heights
of which the river Pactolus takes its rise.
17. factas vestes, the finished clofJis.
18. cum fierent, sc. spectare juvabat, // 7jas pleasmit to look on
ivhile they locre making ; such was Arachne's grace (decor) as she worked.
19. rudern lauam, the crude wool- — •primos orlbes, the first balls
into which she rolled the woo).
20. dig'itis subigebat opus, she plied the 7vork 7uilh her fingers. —
repetita . . . tractu, she softened by long and repeated combing the fiocks
of wool that equalled the clouds in lightness; repetita agrees with vellera,
lit. the fiocks of wool combed repeatedly ; tractu refers to the long, steady
motion of the comb (or fmgers used as a
comb). Fig. 30-
22. levi . . . fusum^ ttvirled tvith deft
thumb the tapering spnndle. (See Fig. 30,)
Haupt suggests that a line is lost after this,
for the weaving ought to be mentioned.
24. quod, i.e. se a Pallade dociam esse.
— tantaque offensa magistra, incensed
at so great a teacher, i.e. incensed at the idea
that she had any teacher, even so great an
one as Pallas.
25. vlcta, if I should be defeated.
26. canos, sc. capillos.
27. baculum, obj. of addit. — in-
firinos artus, obj. of sustinet.
29. quae fugianius, y^r us to shun; Spinner,
subj.of purpose (§317, 2; G. 632; ir.497,i.);
i.e. not all which old age brings with it is disagreeable. — usus, experience,
30. tibi, dat. of agent.
34. torvis, sc. oculis, as aspicit shows.
36. obscuram, disguised. — resecuta est, replied ; resequor is rarely
used except by Ovid.
41. profecisse, to have accomplished anything. — eadeni, i.e. the same
as before.
66
Notes,
42. venit; 43. venit.
45. Mygdonides niirus, Lydian girls (or, more exactly, young mar-
ried women) ; the Mygdones had emigrated from Thrace to the confines
of Lydia and Phrygia,
49. ab ortu, causal abl., with the preposition denoting the source from
which the effect (here the glow) proceeds.
50. stolidae, agreeing grammatically with palmae, really limits cupi-
dine.
52. nee jam, a^td no longer, just as non jam means no longer.
53. coiistituunt : the ancient loom was upright, and made it neces-
sary for the weaver to stand. (See Fig. 31.)
Fig. 31.
Penelope at her loom.
54. stamine, with the tvarp, — telas, loom": ; the word (contracted
from texeld) means first the web, then the yam stretched on the loom (i.e.
the warp), then, as here, the loom itself.
55. jugo, the cross-beam, the upper l^ar, by which the upright sides of
the loom are held together. — harundo, the reed, a rod which separates
the threads of the warp (stamen), causing them to fall alternately on
each side, and this forming a passage for the shuttle (radius), by which
the woof (subtemen) is passed in (inseritur).
57. expediunt, timvind from the shuttle.
58. pectine, ivith the comb ; this was used to separate the threads and
drive them home to make the web close. — dentes, the teeth of the comb;
these are cut (insect!) into the comb.
The Punishment of Arachne,
67
59. vestes, ace. (§ 240, c, n.; G. 332, 2; H..377).
60. studio . . . YiAhoiT^xn^ and their i7ite7'est beguiles the toil.
61. Tyrium . . . aenuin, /2/?-//^ (wool) which has felt (i.e. been dyed
in) the Tyrian vat ; the purple dye of Phcenicia was famous.
62. parvi discrlminis, gen. of quality (§215; G. 364; H. 396, v.).
63. ab imbre percussis solibus, when the stints rays arc struck by
the rain,
66. transitus, the transition from one color to the next. — lumiBa,
eyes,
67. usque . . . idem est, to such a degree is that (of one color) tuhich
totiches (the next) the same ; the transition from one color to another is so
gradual that each part seems the same as the next, but the extremes are
clearly different (distant).
69. argumentuin, story.
70. Cecropia arce, the citadel of Athens ; the Areopagus (scopulum
Martis) is close by the Acropolis of Athens, and connected with it by a
ridge, so that it almost forms a part of the same hill.
71. antiquam . . . litem: Minerva (Athena) and Neptune (Posei-
don) both claimed the right to give a name to Athens. Each performed
a miracle to gain the assent of the judges; Minerva created the olive-
tree, and Neptune the horse (or, according to the story most current in
Athens, a salt spring). The victory was awarded to Minerva. (See
Fig. 32.)
Fig. 32.
Minerva's strife with Neptune.
72. bis sex : Ennius (quoted by Haupt) mentions as the twelve great
gods, Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars, Mercurius, Jovi'
68
Notes,
(i.e. Jupiter), Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo; but sometimes others are
mentioned in place of some of these. — medio Jove : Ovid is a little
careless, for how can one be in the middle of twelve? Besides, Minerva
herself and Neptune are not among the twelve seated deities, as they are
otherwise engaged.
74. inscribit, marks, as plainly as if the names were written.
77. ferum, the horse. — quo vindicet, a final clause.
79. aegide: the aegis was Minerva's breastplate (or shield), adorned
with the Gorgon's head.
80. simulat, represents : the meaning is the same as that of faeit, in
V. 76.
81. fetum olivae, the sprig of olive : the olive is called hoary (ca-
nens) because of the dull, grayish color of its leaves.
83. lit . . . ausis : to show Arachne what she may expect (speret)
as a reward for her boldness, Minerva adds four representations of the
punishment of presumptuous mortals.
85. quattuor in partes, on the four corners.
86. brevibus . . . sigillis, set off in small pictures, or medallions.
%^- Rhodope and Haemus were sister and brother who presumptuously
called each other Hera (Juno) and Zeus (Jupiter); they were changed
into mountains.
a woman of the race of the Pygmies, Gerana
(Greek for crane) or Oinoe, despised
the gods, especially Juno and Diana, and
was worshipped by her people as a god-
dess. Juno changed her into a crane,
and ordained that the Pygmies and cranes
should always be enemies. This hostility
is referred to by Homer (II. iii. 3 ff.).
(See Fig. 33.)
93. Antigonen : the daughter of
Laomedon, proud of her long hair, com-
pared herself to Juno, for which she was
changed into a stork (ciconia).
98. qui: the antecedent is angulus.
— Cinyran : Cinyras was an Assyrian king, whose presumptuous daugh-
ters were changed by Juno into the steps of her temple.
loi. oleis pacalibus, //^^ olive-branches of peace : for the olive was
the symbol of peace.
103-128, These lines describe the work of Arachne (Maeonis, the
Lydiafi), She represented the transformations of Jupiter by means of
90. Pyginaeae matris :
Fig. 33.
Pygmies and Cranes,
The Punishment of Arachne. 69
which he seduced Europa, Asteria, Leda, and others (103-114), and
smiilar adventures of other gods (i 15-126).
104. Kuropam: see Book II. 833-875.
108. Asterien : daughter of the Titan Coeus and Phoebe.
109. liedain : Leda, daughter of Thestios, was approached by Jupiter
in the form of a swan ; she was the mother of Castor, Pollux, and Helen.
111. Nycteida: Antiope, daughter of King Nykteus of Boeotia, bore
to Jupiter the twins Amphion and Zethus.
112. Amphitryon: Jupiter approached Alkmena in the form of her
husband Amphitryon, king of Tiryns. Hercules was her son.
113. Daiiaen : Dance was the mother of Perseus; Jupiter gained
access to her in the form of a golden shower. — Asopida: ^Egina,
daughter of Asopus.
1 14. Mnemosynen, one of the Muses. — Deoida : Proserpine, daugh-
ter of Ceres (Arjci).
129. cavp^vQ^ find fault tvith.
130. flava virago, Ihe fair -haired warrior goddess; Minerva is
called virago (cf. vir) on account of her mascuhne character.
131. caelestia crimina, chai^ges against the gods: the web is so
called because in it were represented the disgraceful acts of some of the
gods.
132. Cytoriaco de monte, from Mount Cytorus: a mountain in
Paphlagonia, upon which many box-trees grew; box-wood was used for
making shuttles (radium).
137. ne . . . futuri, that you may not be without care for the future^
i.e. in order that you may be troubled for your descendants as well as for
yourself.
139. Hecateidos, of Hecate: she was a moon-goddess, and was
mistress of all witchcraft.
141. Quis : abl. plur. of qui (§ 104, d\ G. 103, R.; H. 187, foot-note 5).
142. toto corpore : abl. of specification.
145. stamen: this word and telas are used with playful mockery;
Arachne still spins as a spider, just as she did while a woman.
70 Notes,
XIII. THE PRIDE AND GRIEF OF NIOBE.
VI. 165. celeberrima, very numerously attended. — turba, abl. of
speciacation. / j) ^<,^] ii\y^h( ^o , j^/. ^t«^j.
166. VestibTTST-fet with intexto (§ 228; G. 346; H. 386). — intexto
aiiro, abl. of -^S^Vy'
168. iniiniissos,y?(77c/z;2^.
170. aiiditos, i.e. who have only been heard of, not seen. — visis, sc.
caelestibus.
172. Tantalus: a king of Phrygia, honored with the society of the
gods. He is said to have desired, as a boon from them, that he might be
immersed to the lips in sensual delights; and was punished for his crimes
by the torment of eternal hunger and thirst, standing in a lake whose
waters would never rise above his lips, while branches laden with rich
fruit swung back whenever he tried to touch them, — ■ a penalty which has
made his name immortal in the word tantalize. See note on Book IV. 458.
174. Pleiadum soror: Dione, mother of Niobe, and daughter of
Atlas.
176. Juppiter: father of Tantalus, as w^ell as of Niobe's husband,
Amphion.
177. me, abl., in appos. with domina. — regia Cadnii, i.e. Thebes,
the citadel of which was founded by Cadmus, though the city was built
and ruled over by Niobe's husband, Amphion.
178. fidibus, strings I the huge blocks of stone, of which the walls
of Thebes were built, moved of themselves to their places at the sound of
Amphion's lyre.
i8i. accedit eodem, there is added to this, i.e. I have also.
182. hue adice, add to this.
185. nescio quoqiie = et nescio quo, the conjunction introducing
audete; nescio quo Coeo, so?ne Cceiis or other , i.e. some one whom
nobody knows. Coeus was a Titan, and father of Latona. On nescio quo,
see § 202, a\ 334, <?; G. 469, R.^; H. 191, N.; 529, 5, 3.
187. paritiirae negavit: when Latona was about to give birth to
Apollo and Diana the jealousy of Juno prevented her from finding rest
upon any spot of earth; but at last she found a refuge in the island of
Delos, w^here her children were born. This island had before floated upon
the sea, but was now fixed in its place.
189. miserata (agreeing with Delos), kazdng compassio7i.
190, hospita, a stranger without a home.
193. neget, deliberative subjunctive (§ 268; G. 25 1; H. 485).
The Pride and Grief of Niobe. 71
195. possitj subjunctive in a clause of characteristic with quain cui
(§ 320,^; G. 313; H, 503, ii. 3).
196. lit, although.
197. excessere metum, have passed beyond all fear. — fiiigite, sup-
pose.
19S. hiiic populo (§ 229; G. 344, R.2; H. -^^(j, 2) : her children
aliBOSt made a nation by themselves. The children of Latona are deris-
ively called a mob, tiirba.
200. qua . . . orba, hoiu far is she rcinoved from childlessness (lit.
from a childless woman) by this? qua refers to turba, and is abl. of
means with distat; the Latin relative cannot always be rendered by the
relative in English.
201. sacri, vocative, addressed to her children, whom she calls holy
enough and to spare. Haupt reads,
^* lie, satis ^ proper aie^ sacri est, laumm" etc.
making sacri partitive genitive. Several other readings have been pro-
posed.
202. ponite = deponite. — deponunt, i.e. the people lay aside their
wreaths in honor of Latona, and worship her only in silence.
203. quodque licet : the antecedent is tacito . . . numen, they
worship in silence, since that is all that is allowed them.
204. Cynthi, a hill on the island of Delos.
206. animosa, proud.
207. cessiira, %villing to yield.
208. an dea sim, dubitor, my divinity is called in question (lit. /
am doubted whether J am a goddess^; the personal use of the passive of
dubito is rare. — cultis, ivorshipped (agreeing with aris).
210. facto, i.e. the exclusion from the altars. She adds insult to
mjury.
212. quod . . . recidat, may it (i.e. the childlessness implied in
orbam) fall back upon herself. The first syllable of recidat is treated
as long to suit the metre.
213. paternam, like her father^ s ; the tongue of Tantalus had betrayed
the secrets of the gods.
215. poenae limits mora; longa agrees with querella, long com-
plaint is but a hindrance of punishment.
216. Phoebe = Diana; if it were the vocative* of /%^(?(^^j, the e would
l)e short.
217. Cadmeida - of Thebes. — nubibus, abl., limits tecti.
220. moUierat, beaten into dust.
72 Notes.
221. Amphlone, § 244, a; G. 395; H. 415, ii.
222. Tyrio suco : the famous purple dye obtained from a species of
shell-fish.
224. qui . . . fuerat, 2vho had once been the first burden of his mother,
i.e. had been her first-born.
227. ei, monosyllabic interjection.
229. in latus, sideways. — armo, i.e. of the horse.
230. inane, void,
231. frena dabat, i.e. in order to flee. — imbris, objective genitive
with praescius.
232. rector, skipper.
233. deducit, lets dozun, i.e. unfurls; he spreads all sail to reach a port
before the storm. — qua, sc. parte. ~ eflfluat, escape.
234. frena dabat: dantein, he gave loose rein; as he did so, etc.,
the repetition of a verbal idea in the form of a participle is very common.
237. pronus, hailing forward. — admissa, at full speed, agrees with
crura, but refers to the horse in general.
241. nitidae: because the wrestlers anointed their bodies with oil.
245. incurvata, zvrithiiig.
246. suprema, for the last time.
247. exhalarunt: the heavy ending of the verse (spondaic line)
seems intended to suggest the last slow breaths of the dying.
249. complexibus, in his embrace.
254. non belongs with simplex. — intonsuni : the Grecian boys did
not cut their hair until they arrived at manhood.
261. profectura (from proficio),/rt'/^<//o avail.
263. non omnes, not all the gods, but only Latona and her children,
needed to be prayed to.
264. motus, affected. — jam non, no longer,
265. Arcitenens, the archer, Apollo.
269. potuisse, sc. superos boc (see below) following mirantem.
271. nam: this explains why only Niobe is mentioned.
272. finierat . . . dolorein : he had killed himself, and so ended at
once his sorrow and his life.
273. Niobe Niobe : the first is nominative, the second ablative.
275. resupina, with head erect, i.e. tossed so far back as almost to
have the face turned upwards.
276. invidiosa, a7t object of envy.
280. pascere, imperative passive in reflexive sense ^ glut thyself
283. efferor, / am carried out to burial, i.e. T am more than killed.
286. contento, tight-strung. — arcu, i.e. of Diana.
The Pride and Grief of Niobe.
73
289. toros, biers. — demisso crine, in sign of mourning.
291. iiiiposito fratri ore, with her lips pressed (in a kiss) upon her
brother,
293. duplicata, bent Fig. 34.
double. — caeco, blind, i.e.
mysterious.
294. oraque compressit,
she shut her lips together, and
they opened only after her
death.
296. trepidare, rush about
(to find shelter). — videres,
potential subjunctive (§ 311,
a; G. 252; H.485)-
297. sex, abl. abs. with
datis and passis.
298. toto . . . tegens.
(See Fig. 34).
301. pro qua: the ante-
cedent is omitted, being readily
supplied from the context.
304. color, complexion.
310. circunidata
wrapped.
311. in patriam, i.e.
Phrygia; these events had
taken place in Thebes. There :5(^
was in ancient times a colossal
figure of a weeping woman on Niobe.
Mt. Sipylus, in Lydia (origi-
nally a part of Phrygia) : this was identified with Niobe, and was probably
a freak of nature, with perhaps some touches of the human hand.
74 Notes,
XIV. THE ENCHANTMENTS OF MEDEA.
VII. I. Minyae, a mythical race of Greece, with whom the Argonauts
appear to have been connected, and whose name they often bear. -™
Pagasaea: the ship Argo, in which Jason and his companions sailed,
was built in Pagasce, a city of Thessaly.
3. Phineus, a blind king of Thrace, endowed with the gift of prophecy;
he hafl been tormented- by the harpies, — filthy birds with faces of maidens,
who seized and defiled the food upon his table, — and is therefore said to
have been dragging out his old age in want {inopem senectani). He was
freed from them by Zethus and Calais (two of the Argonauts), winged
sons of Boreas (^Aquild), who drove them away, and pursued them through
the air as far as the islands of the Strophades, where they were afterwards
found by ^neas.
6. Phasidos: the Phasis was a river of Colchis.
7. regem, ^ietes, king of Colchis, in whose possession the golden
fleece was. — Phrixea : Phrixos and Helle, children of Athamas (king of
Orchomenos) and Nephele, fleeing from their stepmother Ino, were car-
ried over the sea on the back of a golden-fleeced ram. Helle fell into
the sea and gave her name to the Hellespont. Phrixos reached Colchis,
where he sacrificed the ram to Zeus (Jupiter). The goUen fleece of the
ram was kept in a sacred grove and guarded by a sleepless dragon. Jason
was sent by his unjust uncle Pelias to seize the golden fleece, and was
accompanied by many Grecian heroes.
8. vox, answer ; numeris is abl. of cause with horrenda = dreadful
on account of the number of toils imposed. In reality there were but three
of these,- — to plough with the fire-breathing oxen; to sow the dragon's
teeth, and fight with the armed men who sprang from the soil; after which
he was to get the fleece, guarded by the sleepless dragon.
9. Aeetias, a feminine patronymic: the daughter of ^Eetes was the
famous enchantress Medea.
12. nescio quis deus, some god (§ 334, e\ G. 469, R.^; H. 529, 5, 3).
— iniruin, sc. est, which is, however, generally omitted with mirum and
in many other half-exclamatory expressions.
13. quod relates to hoc and huic.
14. jiissa, i.e. the tasks imposed upon Jason.
15. modo denique, 07tly jtist now,
20. linens, reason,
22. alieni orbis (poss. gen.), zV/ another ivorld.
23. quod ames (§ 317; G. 632; H. 497, i.), something to love, —
vivat ille, zohether he live^ etc.
The Eiichanimenis of Medea. 75
24. in dis est, depends upon the gods.
26. tcingat: § 268; G. 258; H. 484, v.
28. ore, beauty of countenance,
30. suae segetis, of his oivn planting, limiting hostibus (dat.).
31. praeda, predicate.
'ifi. terrigenas feros, the fifrce sons of earth, i.e. the warriors sprung
from the earth at the sowing of the dragon's teeth.
37. ista, i.e. meliora. — precanda, facienda: not mere prayers
(such as di meliora velint), but deeds are necessary if Jason is to be saved.
38. prodainne : Medea suddenly changes her tone and tries to over-
come her love. If she helped Jason to obtain the fleece, she would betray
(yprodani) her father's power, for it had been foretold that ^etes would
be powerful as long as he kept the fleece.
39. ope nostra, by my aid. — nescio quis advena : Jason might be
a mere worthless adventurer.
40. per ine, construed with sospes.
41. poenae: as a traitress, she would naturally expect punishment.
43. non in sense qualifies timeam; such are his features, etc., that I
have no cause to fear.
46. ante, beforehand.
47. Quln, %vhy not? she is deriding her own fears. — tuta, neuter
plural ace, object of times. — accingere, imperative passive, in the
reflexive sense, gird yourself
49. Pelasgas, Grecian,
50. servatrix, i.e. of Jason. — matruni, i.e. of the Argonauts; it
limits turba.
54. stant mecum, are with me, on my side.
56. magna, explained by the following words. — servatae pubis, of
having saved the youth.
58. cultus : Colchis appears to have been then, as now, an uncivilized
region.
^ 60. Aesoniden, Jason, son of Aison : this is in sense the antecedent
of quern, attracted into the relative clause. Observe the different idiom
of English. We should say " for whom I would exchange," etc. — quo
eonjuge, abl. of cause with felix.
61. ferar, sc. sermonibus, / shall be called. The final syllable is
lengthened in the thesis before the caesura.
62. nescio qui montes, the Symplegades, the cliffs between which
vessels must pass, but which closed upon and crushed them. The Argo,
by watching its opportunity, had passed through with only the loss of its
rudder, after which the rocks had become immovable. — incurrere, run
against the voyager.
>]6
Notes.
Fig. ZS'
Scylla.
63. CharyTbdis was a terrible whirlpool on the Sicilian side of the
straits of Messina; Scylla was a monster dwelling in a cave on the
Italian side of the same strait. She was a maiden
down to the waist, which was girt with savage dogs.
(Fig. 35.) See argument to Book XIV. vv. 1-74
(p. 149). There is now a cliff on the Italian side,
and a succession of eddies within the opposite
point, which may have been more formidable in
ancient times. Jason passed between them on his
long and circuitous homeward voyage.
72. pietas,y^/z^/ love.
73. dabat, %vas on the point of turning.
74. Hecates : Hecate, daughter of Perse, was
the goddess of magic, and was identified with
Artemis as goddess of the under- world.
76. fortis, i.e. against her passion.
79. solet agrees with scintilla. que connects assumere and cres-
cere; the quantity of the final a in parva and inducta shows their
agreement.
83. specie, beauty.
84. solito, abb, follows formosior.
%(). turn denique, not until then.
91. torum, marriage.
94. promissa dato = keep your promises.
- trtforiiils : Hecate was represented as com-
posed of three bodies, standing back to back.
(See Fig. 36.)
95. quod, whatever,
96. patrem socerl:
was Helios, the sun-god. -
socerl.
97. eventn&yfaie.
98. cantatas, enchanted (having been the
subject of magic incantations).
99. tesca, waste places (some editors read
tecta, the house) .
Y\QCQXe ^°^* M^vortis, Mavors, an ancient form
of Mars.
102. jugis, on the lines of hills. This scene is represented in Fig. 37.
103. purpureus, clad in purple.
104. adainanteis, unsubdued.
Fig. 36.
the father of ^etes
- f uturi, agrees with
The Enchant7nc7its of Medea. yj
io6. Q^ixinijii, forges.
107. aut, sc. ut resoiiare solcnt. — siliees, limestone. — terrena
foriiace (abl. of means), in a li?ne-kiln (built of earthen bricks). —
soluti, uiade brittle and friable.
108. concipiiiut igueiii, develop heat.
III. verterc, perfect. — venientis, i.e. lasonis.
116. medicaniina, the herbs given him by Medea.
118. subpositos, sc. taiiros.
122. vipereos clentes : these were some of the teeth of the dragon
slain by Cadmus (Book III. ijv. 50-130). They had been given by Minerva
to .Ectes.
123. praetincta agrees with semina.
131. pracacutae cuspidis, gen. of quality (§215; G. 364; H.396,v.).
132. Haemonii, Thessalian.
133. Pclasgi, the Greeks.
138. auxiliare, in aid oi her former incantations.
140. a sc dcpulsuin, turned away from himself.
142. Achivi, another ancient name for the Greeks.
144. barbara, i.e. Medea.
147. adfectu, transport.
Fig. 37-
Jason at Colchis.
148. carminibus, dative. — horum, i.e. the incantations.
151. arietis, three syllables, ar(^y')etis, — aurei, two syllables.
152. Jjethaei, possessing the property of the water of Lethe, — to
cause forgetfulness.
154. eoncita, raging.
155. sibi relates to soinnus = (fj/^5 that were unacquainted with it,
(See the head of the dragon in Fig. 37, right-hand part.)
157. spolia, in apposition with auctorem (Medea).
78 Notes.
158. lolciacos: lolcos was a seacoast upon the Pagasaean Gulf, from
which the Argo had sailed.
160. flainma, ablative.
161. cornibus, dat. following inducta = tvith gilded horns. — au-
rum: § 2d.o, c, N.; G. 332, R.'-^; 11. 377.
162. Aeson, father of Jason.
166. excessit ficlein, has passed belief.
167. possunt, sc. carmina. — possint, deliberative subjunctive
(§ 268; G. 258; 11. 484, v.),
168. deirie, sc. aiinos. — in-eis,/'^?/^'^://^' me.
170. dissimileiri [her mind], unlike his, i.e. unfihal. — suMit: the
last i is long; see note on Book I. v. 114. ™ Aceta relictus, the image
of the deserted /Eeta [^Eetes].
171. affectus, emotions.
173. transcribere : a term used by money-dealers, to describe the
written bill or draft by wdiich money was transferred.
174. sinat, the apodosis of a less vivid future condition. — aequa, a
reasonable request. — isto (sc. munere) follows majus.
177. annis tuis, abl. of means, like arte mea; and aevuiii is the
object of revocare.
179. ut, i.e. until the tiine that ; it was three nights from full moon,
when magic rites could be best practised. — tota, ivholly.
182. vestes : § 240, r, n.; G. 332, 2; H. 377.
183. pedem, capillos, Greek accusative (§ 240, <:; G. 332; H. 378).
— nudos, unbound.
186. niiUo cum inurmure, sc. est: even the insects in the hedge
were silent.
191. solvit, opened.
193. aurea, predicate, agreeing with astra.
195. cantusque artesque (ace), governed by instruis: another
object (of the person) is magos. — magorum : the magi were a priestly
class among the Medes, whose religion consisted in the worship of the
evil principle, embodied in the serpent Afrasiab; it is represented by that
of the devil-worshippers of the present day. As was natural, their worship
was associated with necromantic arts, and the word magic is derived from
their name.
196. lierbis, abl. of means.
200. coiiciissa agrees with freta, being contrasted with stantia;
sisto and conditio are also contrasted : she checks them when in motion,
and excites them when at rest.
204. sua convulsa terra, torn up from the earth in which they grew.
The EncJimitvicnts of Medea, 79
207. traho, bring doivn^ and so cause an eclipse; for it was popularly
believed that eclipses were caused by magic arts. — Temesaea, an epithet
probably derived from Tamassus, in Cyprus, where were copper mines.
On the occasion of an eclipse of the moon, they beat brazen vessels, in
order to dispel the magic by the noise. — labores, eclipse.
209. avi, i.e. the Sun-god, father of .Eetcs.
210. vos refers to the ol)jects addressed, vv, 192-196.
212. in se fera bella,y?£vrt' strife againsi each other.
213. rudem, unacquainted 7oith, construed with somni. — aurum,
i.e. the golden fleece.
214. vindice, its guardian, the dragon.
217. neque . . . frustra: the flashing of the stars signified the con-
sent of the gods.
219. aderat, i.e. sent by her grandfather, the Sun.
222. Tempe, neuter plural, a beautiful valley in Thessaly.
223. Threces : under this name was comprised, in early times, Mace-
donia, lying north of Thessaly.
226. placitas, sc. herbas, those that she selects. The mountains and
rivers here (224-230) mentioned are all in Thessaly.
231. Boebes: Boebe is in Thessaly, Anthedon in Bceotia; the latter
lying on the Euripus, opposite Euboca.
233. vulgatum, made famous, — Glauci : Glaucus was a fisherman
who, by tasting these herbs, was impelled to leap into the water, where he
was changed into a sea-god. (See Book XIII. 917.)
237. posuere : the magic power of the herbs was such that their mere
odor caused the serpents to slough their skins and become young.
239. tantum caelo tegitur, i.e. she remains under the open sky.
242. verbenis, sprigs of various plants, used in sacred rites.
243. scrobibus, sc. e ; construe with^gesta. In sacrificing to the
deities of the nether world, it was customary to dig a ditch, into which
the libation was poured, and the blood of the black animal sacrificed was
allowed to flow.
244. veneris atri - a black-fleeced sheep.
246. bacchi, wine.
249. umbrarum regem, Pluto. — rapta conjuge, Proserpine. (See
Book V. vv, 385-424.)
250. ne properent, i.e. before the completion of her magic rites.
251. precibiisqiie et iriurniure: just as -que is sometimes repeated
in poetry (partly, at least, for metrical reasons), so here it is added before
et (thus making the last syllable of precibus long) without any inde-
pendent meaning.
8o
Notes.
253. plenos, sound, (i.e. complete; cf "full gallop," "full stop," etc.).
258. baecliaiituiu : in the rites of Bacchus (^/)h>;2}>ios), celebrated
by women, the votaries unbound their hair, and were possessed for a
time with a religious frenzy. (See Fig. 38.)
259. miiltiflclas faces, /4///-
^^S- 38. ^y^^^^ spli^ fine,
261. lustrat: this word here
describes the circling about the
old man, as well as the purifying
rites.
265. seminaque : -que is oc-
casionally scanned long, especially
in the first half of the second foot
of the line. — acres, 7'ank.
267. refliiiini describes the
motion of the tide, which is very
slight (and in most places alto-
gether wanting) in the Mediter-
ranean ; so here, Ike lldes of ike
ocean.
268. perriocte,//^//, for when
full it shines through the night.
269. strigis : the strix is a
bird often mentioned in magic, but, says Pliny, qiicc sit avium constare nan
arbitror. It is usually identified with the screech-owl.
271. ambiglii lupl : the were-zuolf here described, was rather a man
who could assume the form of a wolf, than a wolf who could turn into a
man. The belief in such creatures was widespread among many peoples.
— prosecta, the parts cut off far sacrifice,
272. Cinyphil = Libyan.
273. vivacis, long-lived: the stag, as well as the crow, was believed
to live to a great age.
274. passae, that had pasi>ed or lived.
276. reniorari expresses the purpose of propositum, the gift (niu-
nus) intended to delay death (Tartara) (§ 273, d -, G. 424, R.^; H.
533. ". 3).
277. jampridem qualifies arenti. — mitis, the quality of the fruit
transferred to the tree.
290. situs, long tarrying in one place, and so the rust and dirt result-
ing from such tarrying; here, the decay of ai^e.
293. liimc, sc. fuisse, of this aspect.
Bacchanal.
The Murder of Pelias, 8 1
In the story of Jason, a national hero of Thessaly, and Medea, " the
wise one," we have the simple creation of the Grecian mind complicated
with the unholy magical rites of the East. This is a myth, therefore,
which records not only the early converse with far Asia, but the far more
important mental intercourse which helped burden the Greek theology
with superstition and fanaticism.
XV. THE MURDER OF PELIAS.
VII, 294. tanti . . . monstri, i.e. the restoration of ^Eson's youth.
296. hoc munus, that his nurses be made young. — Colchide, i.e.
Medea.
297. odium cum conjuge; odium is sometimes used with cum,
also with in, adversus, and the genitive. — taJsum, J>7'etended.
298. Phasias, Medea, from the river Phasis, in Colchis. — Peliae:
Pelias, half-brother of Jason's father ^son, had usurped the royal power,
and had sent Jason in quest of the golden fleece, with the hope that he
would never return.
303. situs (ace. pi.), t/ie decay of old age, (See note on v. 290.)
304. virginibus, dative. — Pelia, abL of source.
306. sine fine, endless^ infinite,
307. brevi spatio, abl. of time when, implying duration of time
(§ 256,^; G. 392; H. 379, I).
310. qui: the antecedent is dux gregis. — aevo, abl. of specification
(§253; G. 398; H.424).
314. Haemonio, Thessalian; Thessaly was notorious for its magi-
cians and witches.
315. exiguo, because the ram was so old.
317. minuunt: the subject is suci validi.
320. nee mora, sc. est, zvithout <:/d'/^jK. — balatum, object of iniran-
tibus. — mirantibus, dat. of reference (§ 235; G. 354; H. 384, 4, N.^).
(See Fig. 39.)
322, promissa, i.e. of Medea.
324. juga dempserat, had taken off the yokes, i.e. had unharnessed
his horses for the night. — Hibero flumine, the ocean, which washes the
western side of the Spanish peninsula.
'^2%. neci similis somnus, a death-like (i.e. very deep) slumber, — ■
resoluto, relaxed.
82
Notes,
331. jussae, as she had directed.
336. spes inanes, e77ipty hopesy which you have not the energy to
accompUsh.
Fig. 39-
The ram is made young.
338. saniem, diseased blood; here, blood corrupted by age, — conjee to
ferro, by a stroke of the sivord,
339. Ms hortatlbus, [moved] by these iirgings, — pia : the superla-
tive vi^ould naturally be used if there were a superlative of pins. She who
is most fiUal is the first to be unfilial (by kiUing her father in the hope of
making him young) .
342. caeca, unseen [by themselves].
346. in. fata, for the destrttction.
347. illis, dat of reference (§ 235, a; G. 343, R.^; H. 384, 4, N.^).
349. abstulit, ctit off.
350- quod nisi, but if . . . not.
352. Philyreia tecta (in apposition with Pelion), the home of Phily-
ra^s son, the Centaur Chiron.
353. Cerambi: at the time of the flood, Cerambus fled to Mt. Othrys,
and was there changed by the nymphs to a beetle.
The Myrmidons, 83
XVI. THE MYRMIDONS.
VII. 614. tanto . . . rerum, so great a siorni of looes, referring to
the pestilence. (See argument.)
616. sub amplexus isse, to have embraced, — Aeginae: ^gina was
the daughter of the river-god Asopus. yEacus was the son of ^gina and
Jupiter.
617. nostri : the genitive of the personal pronoun, where in prose the
possessive pronoun would be used.
619. secundo- thunder was a favorable sign when it came from the
East.
621. pigneror omen, I regard the omen as a pledge.
622. rarissima, very unusual^ i.e. of unusual beauty.
623. Dodonaeo : at Dodona, in Epirus, the seat of the oldest oracle
of Zeus (Jupiter) was a sacred oak, the rustling of whose leaves foretold
the future.
626. servantes, keeping, i.e. following without intermission.
629. solium, object of dedit. — sine flamine : construe with motis.
637. visa est, appeared ; videri is very frequently used in descriptions
of dreams.
638. subjectis, lying under it,
639. crescere, videri and the following infinitives still depend upon
visa est; infinitive because quod is equivalent to idque (§ '^'^(i, c;
G. 6^^; H. 524, I).
640. recto, erect.
642. ponere = deponere.
643. damno . . . visa, when I azvake I curse my vision.
644. nihil: the long i is the original quantity of this final syllable;
the word is compounded of ne and Jiihwi, " not a shred."
646. has quoque somni, sc. esse.
647. Telamon, son of ^acus.
653. priscis cultorihus, ablative, depending upon vacuos.
654. Myrmidonas, Ant-men (^uupjUTjl). — nee . . . fraudo, i.e. I
keep their origin in mind by their name.
656. laborum, quaeslti, genitive (§ 218, 3; G. 374; H. 399, ii.).
657. reservet, subjunctive in a clause of characteristic (§ 320; G. 634;
H. 503, i.).
84
Notes,
XVII. THE FLIGHT OF D/EDALUS.
VIIL 152. vota, 7>oiive offerings, i.e. for his victory over Athens and
Megara : it is in apposition with corpora.
153. solvit, offered ; Wi. paid, as if the sacrifice vv^ere a debt. — ut, as
soon «5.~Curetida: the Curetes were priests of Zeus in Crete; they
celebrated his worship with strange, wild rites, dancing, and beating their
spears upon their shields.
154. contigit, on hib return from Athens and Megara.
155- opprobrium: the Minotaur, half man and half bull, the off-
spring of Fasiphae, daughter of the Sun and wife of Minos.
158. imiltiplici domo, the labyrtjith.
159. ingenio fabrae artis, tahnt in the art of building.
160. opus, i.e. multiplex domus. — notas, marks, i)y which the pas-
sages could be remembered.— lumina, ^jw.—flexum agrees with errorem.
162. lllaeaiidros : this river was famed for its winding course, and its
name has passed into the
Fig. 40.
Theseus and the Minotaur.
mult, is equivalent to Aegides,
years, belonging with repetita. —
English language w ith this
signification — meander.
166. iiicertas, tinde-
cided.
169. quo = in quem.
— geminam . . . figurain,
i.e. the Minotaur.
1 70. Actaeo = Attic :
the Athenianswere obliged,
by the conditions of peace
imposed by Minos, to send
every nine years seven
boys and seven girls to be
devoured by the Minotaur :
these were selected by lot.
171. sors, i.e. those
who composed the third
lot, and especially its vol-
untary leader, Theseus, son
of King iEgeus; so tertia
sors, the subject of do-
V. 174. — annis iiovenis, every nine
domuit, overcame, (See Fig. 40.)
Tlie Flight of Dcedalns.
85
172. iterata, reached aoai}i. — \\\\\\\s> (dat.), hy none of ikose before.
173. filo, thread. Ariadne, daugiiter of Minos, gave Theseus a elew of
thread, by the aid of whieh he traced his way back through the labyrinth.
174. protiiuis, slraighiioay ; the three clauses introduced by post-
qiiam, et, and utqiie, all lead up to this main sentence. — Diam, an
ancient name of the island of Naxos. This island was sacred to Dionysos
{Bacchus), who found Ariadne here after her abandonment by l^heseus
(see Fig. 41) ; henceforth she is associated with his worship.
177. amplexus, ace.
plural. — Tjiber, a Roman -^^s* ^'^'
god, identified with the
Greek Dionysos.
178. de fronte, i.e.
Ariadne's.
179. ilia, i.e. corona.
182. Nixi (nitor) ge-
nu (§ 254, ^, I; G. 403,
R.^; n. 425, ii. I, N.), the
knceler ; Anguem tenen-
tis, the S7take-holder ; two
constellations. (See, on a
celestial map or globe, the
position of this beautiful
constellation, " the North-
' ern Crown."
184. loci natalis,
Athens.
186. obstruat, de-
pending upon licet (§ 313, b-, G. 609; H. 515, iii.); the subject is Minos.
187. possideat, hortatory subjunctive in concession (§ 266, c\ G. 257;
H. 484, iii.).
189. naturank novat, he makes nature aneiVy i.e. he improves upon
nature.
190. a minima . . . sequenti, beginning with the smallest, and
making a shorter one follow a long one : a confused expression; for if the
smallest came first, a shorter one could not follow. It seems as if the poet
thought of the slope (clivo), as regarded first from one end, and then
from the other.
191. clivo: as the tops of trees growing on a slope overlap one
another, so the feathers overlap, being of different lengths. ~ putes, you
might suppose (§ 311, a, N.i; G. 250; II. 485).— quondam, sometimes,
Bacchus finds Ariadne.
86
Notes.
Fig. 42.
witliout reference to past lime; a frequent use of quondafn and olim in
similes.
192. fistula, an instrmnent consisting of a row of pipes, like a child's
liarmonicon : these pipes were of different lengths, so as to give different
tones. (See Fig. 42.)
193. lino, ceris : he fastened the lower
ends of the feathers together with wax, and
sewed or tied the broader outer part of the
wings with thread. (See Fig. 43.)
199. mollibat: an early form for inollle-
bat.
205. ignis, sc. soils.
206. Booten : the constellations, Bootes
(Arctophylax), Ilelice (the Great Bear or "Big
Dipper"), and Orion are, perhaps, the most
striking groups of stars in the northern heavens.
208. pariter, at the same time.
212. non repetenda, destined never to be
repeated,
215. artes : the accusative of the thing
taught with eriidio is used in poetry and late prose. The usual construc-
tion is the ace. of the person and the abl, of the thing.
217. arundine, fislmig-rod.
218. baculo, like stiva, depends
upon innixus (§ 254, b^i; G. 403, R.^;
H. 425, I,N.).
219. -que connects obstupuit and
credidit.
220. Junonia; Samos was sacred
to Hera {yuno'),
221. relictae, sc. fiierant: they
had flown north over the Cyclades
(Delos, etc.), and then easterly, leaving
Samos upon the north; though why
they should pursue such a course (un-
less to suit the metre) is not clear.
225. rapidi (rapio), burning.
226. odoratas, i.e. from themelting.
227. nudos, sc. alls, stripped of
his imiigs.
22$. percipit, catches in such a way as to be supported.
F/stula and Double Flute.
Fig. 43.
Daedalus and Icarus.
The Flight of Dcedahts,
87
230. nomen ; the waters west and south of Samos were called the
Icarian Sea,
231. nee jam, 7io longe7\
, 235. tellus, the island Icaria, west of Samos.
Fig- 44.
Icarus lying drowned.
237. elice, a ditch, for draining a field.
239. tinica, only one of its kind. (See argument,)
240. longum crimen, a long (i.e. perpetual) reproach; in appos.
with factague wuper avis.
241. liuie, i.e. to Daedalus.
242. germana, i.e. of Daedalus.
243. bis senis: (§ 95, c; G. 95, \\>] H- 174, 2, 2).-~piierum, in
hippos, with progeniem. — animi, genitive of quahty.
88 Notes,
245. traxit in exemplum, took as a model,
246. perpetiios, a row of.
247. ex iiiio iiodo, starting from one hinge. The instrument cle-
cribed is, of course, the compahses.
248. aequali spatio, at an equal distance. — illis, abl. absolute.
249. dticeret orbem, dreno a circle.
250. aree Minervae, the Acropohs of Athens.
251. lapsuni, sc. esse eiiin.
253, reddidit, turned him into.
254. ingeuii quondam velocis, of his once quick mind,
259. auticiui, agrees with easus.
XVIII. THE CALYDONIAN HUNT. ^
VIIL 260. telliis Aetnaea: Sicily, where Doeclalus found a refuge
with King Cocalus; his native land, Athens, not being safe for him.
261. Daedalon, Greek form of the ace; so Meleagron, v. 270.
262. iiiitis habebatiir, loas friendly, inasmuch as he took up arms
to juotect DcX;dalus from the pursuit of Minos.
263. Thesea (adjective), ^' J/jc'j^^/j.
265. sanguine, i.e. of victims.
267. Argolicas, Achaia : both names are used as equivalent to the
whole land of Greece.
268. Theseos, genitive.
272. infestae, offended,
2'j^. Oenea, ace. of Oeneus. — successibus, abl. with pleni (§ 248,
^,2; G. 389; H. 421, ii.).
274. JLyaeo, an epithet of Bacchus.
275. Palladios latices, olive-oil, sacred to Pallas (^Minerva).
278. Jjaioidos, the daughter of Tato (^Latona)^ i.e. Diana.
280. quaeqiie, etc. = et nos, qiue inhonoratce dicimur, non, etc. : the
person speaking is Diana, w^ho speaks of herself in the plural by a common
license.
281. Oeneos, adj.; the genitive form is (luieos.
282. quanto, sc. tantum, so great that.
283. Kpiros : both Epirus and Sicily were famed for cattle, but it
seems that those of Epiius were the largest.
2S5. liorrcnt, stand erect.
' The Calydonian Htmt, 8g
287. dentibus Indis, i.e. elephants' tusks.
292. Cererein, grainy as Bacchus is put for wine.
294. fetus, prochice (of the vine).
297. lion annenta, not evcji^ etc. : aniienta are herds of large cattle,
as distinguished from the pecudes (sheep and goats), which were gathered
in flocks {^ pec or a).
299. una, with him.
300. lecta, chosen, not from that country alone, but from all Greece.
The hunt of the Calydonian boar is represented as about a gejieration
earlier than the Trojan war, several of whose heroes were sons of those
who took part in this, as Achilles (son of Peleus) and Ajax (son of Telamon).
301. Tyndaridae : these were the Dioscuri, or twin sons of Jove,
Castor and Pollux, children of Leda, m ife of Tyndarus. Castor was famed
for horsemanship, and Pollux for skill in boxing.
302. lason: see the story of the Argonautic expedition, which is
represented as the beginning of seafaring.
303. Concordia, in apposition with Theseus cum Pirithoo : their
friendship was proverbial, like that of Damon and Pythias.
304. Thestiadae : Toxeus and Plcxippus, sons of King Thcstius of
yEtolia, who was brother of Althaea, mother of Meleager. Lynceus and
Idas were sons of Alphareus, king in Messenia.
305. Caencus : he had been a woman, but was changed to a man.
306. Leucippus was brother of Aphareus; Acastus was the son of
King Pelias of lolcus ; Dryas was a son of Mars; Amyntor, king of the
Dolopes; the Actoridae were Eurytus and Cleatus; Phyleus was the
son of King Augias; Telamon and Peleus {creator Achilles^ were sons
of King ^acus of ^gina; Pheretiades was Admetus, son of Pheres,
king of Pherae, in Thessaly; lolaus was the son of Iphicles; Echion,
son of Mercury; Nestor, son of Neleus of Pylos, was the famous orator
and counsellor of the Trojan war. Some of the names here mentioned
by Ovid are mere names, of whose bearers nothing is known.
310. Phe 1 retia 1 d6 II et Hylantelo lollao: before et and aut,
preceded by the chief caesura in the third foot, Ovid sometimes uses a short
syllable for a long, and allows hiatus; and hiatus is also allowed in the
thesis of the fifth foot before a Greek name.
315. socer: Penelope was wife of Ulysses, whose father (her father-
in-law) was Laertes. — Parrhasio Ancaeo : hiatus (see on v. 310).
316. Ampycides : this was Mopsus, a soothsayer of the Lapithse.
317. Oeclides, Amphiaraus, an Argivc soothsayer, who was betrayed
through the vanity of his wife Eriphyle. — Tegeaea, Atalanta of Tegea,
famed for her skill in hunting and her speed in running.
go Notes.
318. mordebat, hooked.
321. teloruni custos = pharetra; hence feminine.
325. renuente deo, without the approbation of the gods : an ill-omened
love.
330. devexaque, etc. : i.e. it rose from the plain, so as to look down
upon the cultivated fields.
331, tendunt, etc., the plural agreeing with the plural sense of pars
(§ 205, c, i; G. 202, R.i exc. i; H. 461, i).
'I'}i2}' pedum, i.e. apri.
335. tenet, singular, agreeing with its nearest subject (§ 205, 2, d ;
G. 281, exc. I; II. 463, i.). — ima, bottom (ace).
343, lit qaisque, whichever of them.
347. niitteiitis, i.e. if the sender had not, etc.
348. visa est haesura (sc. fuisse; not visa esset, because the con-
dition belongs to the dependent sentence), it seemed that it would have
struck, etc., if, etc. (§ -^y]^ b; G. 662; H. 527, iii.).
349. It, for lit, perfect.
350. Phoebe (voc.) : the soothsayer Mopsus calls upon Phoebus, the
god of prophecy.
352. qua, so far as,
357. moles, the block of stone hurled by a balista or catapult against
a wall or a wooden tower. These machines were constructed on the prin-
ciple of a bow, with cords (jtervi').
361. eoriiua, wings, as in an army; the hunters moved upon the boar
in a crescent-shaped line. — jacentes, sc. eos.
364. liquerunt, failed.
365. citra Trojana, before the Trojan imr, where the Pylian Nestor
\M)n his chief renown.
306. sumpto conamine, giviitg himself a start. — posita ab hasta,
by bracing his spear.
369. dentibus tritis, whetting his tusks.
370. recentibus armis, these fresh weapons.
371. hausit = tore.
372. nondum: Castor and Pollux became the constellation Gemini;
they were always represented as mounted on white horses.
376. saetiger, the bristle-bearer, i.e. boar.
377. jaculis equo, dative after pervia ; loca, in apposition with
silvas.
380. Tegeaea, Atalanta.
39^ jactis, sc. telis. — ictus, the hits, antecedent of quos.
391. Areas, an Arcadian; his name, AncKus, is given in v. 401.
The Calydonian Hunt.
91
392. quid praestent, hoiv y^r they excel
393. concedlte, make way.
394. protegat, depends upon licet (§ 313, b\ G. 609; H. 515, iii.).
395. invita Diana, in spite of Diana.
398. institerat digitis, rose upon his toes. — primos, etc., restiftg
upon the extreme of the limbs.
405. Aegides, Theseus, son of /Egeus.
406. licet, sc. nobis (§ 272, a-, G. 535, R.^; H* 536, 2, 3).
409. voti limits potente. — f uturo, tipon the point of accomplishing
his wish.
411. Aesonides, Jason, son of ^-Eson.
412. latrantis, a dog.
413. tellure, etc., fixed in the earth,
414. Oenidae, Meleager, son of (Eneus. — variat, varies in its work.
— missis duabus, sc. hastis, abl. abs.
416. nee mora, sc. est. — In orbeni, around.
417. novo, because he had already shed blood once before.
419. venabula : the plural is frequently used in poetry where the
singular seems more natural; so corpora in v. 416 (see §-79,0^; G.
195, R.6). (See Fig. 45.)
Fig. 45.
The Calydonian Hunt.
420. secundo, of applause,
421. victricem, of the conqueror.
422. multa tellure, over a great space.
423. neque . . . cruentat : so the Greeks at once dread and mangle
the slain body of Hector (II. xxii. 368-371).
424. sua quisque : quisque regularly stands, as here, after any noun,
pronoun, or adjective with which it is closely connected.
92 Notes,
426. Nonacria, Atalanta, who was from the mountain Nonacris. —
mei juris, which belongs to me.
427. in partem veniat tecum, be shared with thee.
430. illi, Atalanta. — laetitiae, a source of pleasure (§ 233; G. 350;
H. 390. — cum miunere, as well as the gift.
433. titulos, honors.
434. Thestiadae, the uncles of Meleager. (See v. 304.)
435. sit longe, i.e. from helping thee. — captus amore, lovesick.
436. auctor, so, rauneris = Meleager, — huic (§ 229; G. 344, r,2;
II. 385, ii. 2), Atalanta. -^ jus, right of disposing. — ■illi, Meleager.
437. Mavortius : Meleager was thought to be a son of Mars.
439. facta, deeds.
441. dublum agrees with Toxea. — pariter, at the same time.
445, nato victore, on account of her son''s victory.
448. vestibus, abl. of price, the regular construction with verbs of
exchanging (§ 252, <:; G. 404, R. ; H. 422, N.^).
449. simul = simul atque, as soon as.
450. poenae amorem, thirst for vengeance.
451. partus, ace. pi. (for sing.), object of enixa.
452. Thestias, Althaea, daughter of Thestius. — tripljces sorores,
the three Fates.
453. stamina, the thread of Meleager's life : object of nentes. The
Fates were ClothOj who span the thread of each man's life; Lachesis, who
drew it forth; and Atropos, Avho cut it off, — impresso poUice, for the
thread was twisted between the thumb and finger of the spinner.
455. modo nate (voc), new-born.
462. conata : it cost her so much effort, because maternal and sisterly
love were in conflict. " According to the rules of vengeance which then
prevailed, she holds herself in duty bound to offer the murderer as an ex-
piation for her murdered brothers. Without such vengeance they believed
that the soul of the murdered man would not obtain rest." — Siebelis.
463. coepta, ace. pL, object of tenuit.
467. nescio quid crudele, obj. of minanti, which is dative after
similis.
468. quern . . . posses, which you might think was moved by pity,
469. cum siccaverat, the plupf. indie, with cum (§ 325, a-, G. 582;
H. 521, ii. i), though it is clijfficult to see how the sense differs from that
of the subjunctive.
471. vento, dat. after contrarius.
474. ponit ™ deponit.
475. germana, as a sister.
The Calydonian Hunt. 93
477. impietate, towards her sou; piti^ towards her brothers.
478. rogus : the lire before which she stood was likened to a funeral
pile; also {v. 480) to the altar erected by a tomb {j>cpt{kralcs a7'd') to
receive offerings to the deceased.- — niea viscera, my oion Jlesh^ i.e. child.
4S1. poenaruin deae, the furies. — furialibus sacris (dat.), the
vengca n cc-offering.
483. nefas is object to both ulciscor and facio.
489. magno, at great price,
491. ei iiiilii! here her determination fails her.
493. cur= lit propter hanc causam, — aiictor, i.e. as his mother.
496. cinis cxiguiis, a handful of dust.
510. solacia, i.e. her son; solacia and vos are the objects of scquar.
514. invitis: the very fire was loth to burn the brand upon which
Meleager's life depended.
518. cadat, subjunctive because it expresses the thought of Meleager
(§ 321, 2, N.i; G. 541; H. 516, ii.). — sine sanguine, bloodless.
521, sociaintori: his wife's name was Cleopatra (or Alcyone), and
she died of grief at his death.
525. paulatim, etc., as little by liltle the white ash covered the brand.
526. jacet, is overivhelmed.
527. vulgusque: the ictus not infrequently falls on -que in the
second foot. — ■ capillos, Greek accusative.
528. Eueninae: the Euenus was the chief river of TTitolia.
529. fiisus, stretched^ in grief. — spatiosum, zveary, from its length.
531. inanus, i.e. her own.
532. excgit, inflicted. The Roman regarded punishment as a debt
which the person punished had to pay; consequently, instead of saying,
/ inflict punishment upon any one^ he said, I exact {exigo^ sumo) punish-
ment from {de) any one, an expression not unlike the slang, " I'll take it
out of you."
533. centum : construe with linguis.
534. Helicona: Mt. liehcon, between Bocotia and Phocis, the home
of the Muses.
536. liventia, i.e. ita ut liveant, a proleptic use.
539. post cinerem, i.e. after it was burned. — haustos, collected.
542, quas (the sisters), object of allevat. — Parthaoniae : Par-
thaon was father of CEneus and grandfather of Meleager. — IJatoniaj
Diana.
543. nuriim Alcnienae: Dejanira, who married Ifercules, son of
Alcmcnc; the two remaining sisters, Eurymedes and Melanippe, were
metamorphosed into guinea-hens.
94 Notes.
The wild boar, according to the mythologists, is a type of winter, and
Meleager a hero of the forces of spring (somewhat hke Perseus and Her-
cules), himself carrying with him, in the fatal torch, the seeds of his own
death.
XIX. PHILEMON AND BAUCIS.
VTTI. 620. tiliae contermina qucrciis, <r?;^ c7(^2-/C' //tvz;- rz /^7^^/f/^ tree;
the reason for describing the place in this way appears at the end of the
tale.
621. collibus, for in collibus.
626. specie mortali, m Jiiorial form.
627. Atlantiades : Hermes (Mercury), son of Jupiter and Mala, who
was daughter of Atlas; his herald's staff was called caduceiis. — Perhaps a
reference to this tale is to be found in Acts xiv. 1 1 foil.
632. ilia, sc. casa; loc. abl.
633. fatendo nee . . . ferendo : i.e. by neither concealing nor com-
plaining.
635. requiras, subjunctive in indirect question, used as subject of
refert (§ 329, 4; G. 382, 2; H. 540, i).
636. tota, etc. : these two are the whole household, — neither masters
nor slaves. — idem = iidem.
637. penates, i.e. the house.
640. quo = in quem. — textum rude, a piece of coarse cloth.
644. tecto, //'(?/;/ the ga7^ret.
645. minuit, cut up.
647. tnincat foliis, strips.
648. sordida, nigro, i.e. with smoke. — siiis, from sus.
650, doniat, softens,
654. medias horas, the interval.
655. tor um, mattress.
656. lecto, couch or bedstead, of which sponda is the frame, pedes,
the legs. — salignis agrees with sponda and pedibus (abl. of quality).
660. accubuere: the Greeks and Romans reclined upon couches at
their meals, and this custom is here described as if it had existed in the
heroic times. It appears from Homer, however, that in early times they
sat instead of reclining. — succincta : waiters at table girded up their
garments, in order not to be impeded by them.
661. tertius, i.e. the table had but three legs, — a mark of poverty.
Philemon and Baucis. 95
662. cllvuiii, the sloping surface.
664. bicolor, two- colored^ because the olive (baca Miiiervae) is green
when unripe, but black when ripe, and is eaten in both conditions.
666. radix, I'adish,
667. lion acri, not glowing.
668. JSctilibus, i.e. in common earthenware. — eodein argento (in
joke), the smne so7't of plate ; caelatus, chiselled, engraved, carries on the joke.
670. qua cava sunt, the inside.
671. epulas, \h.e piece de resistance, or solid course of the meal; here
the pork mentioned in v. 648 and the cabbage of v. 647.
672. nee l^ngae senectae, gen. of quality, of no great age. — refe-
runtur, are carried off.
673. seducta agrees with vina; the wine was removed a little to
make room for the dessert (inensis secundis), which was put upon the
table together with the pork.
674. rugosis palmis, tvrinkled (dried) dates. — carica, dried figs
(from Caria),
677. vultus boni, kindly faces.
678. nee iners pauperque voluntas, active and generous good-
will; the negative nee belongs to both adjectives.
679. cratera, accusative.
681. supinis, with the palms up ; in the attitude of prayer customary
among the ancients.
683. nullis paratibus, want of preparation,
684. custodia = custos, the abstract noun used for the concrete.
The Romans regarded the goose as a vigilant creature, as it appears in the
story of the preservation of the capitol by the sacred geese of Juno (Livy,
V. 47). — v\)l2i^, farm-house.
6%6. aetate, construe with tardos.
6%(). poenas, for refusing hospitality to the gods, v. 628 f.
690. immunibus, predicate dative following esse (§ 272, a\ of. G.
535, K.2; H. 536, 2, 3).
699. etiam qualifies dominis duobus (dative). — vetus and parva
agree with casa.
700. f ureas subiere, took the place of the crotched poles.
702. tellus, i.e. the floor of the temple was marble.
711. fides, fulfilment.
712. soluti, enfeebled.
714. ineiperent, i.e. to relate.
721. non vani, trustworthy.
723. ponens, i.e. as was often done by passers-by. — recentia, sc. serta.
()6 Notes.
XX. THE DEATH OF HERCULES.
IX- 134. medii tcmporis, i.e. since the slaying of Nessus. — acta,
deeds.
135. odium, as well as terras, is object of implerant, had filled f/w
eai'th and sated the hate, — novercae, Juno. Hercules was the son of
Jupiter, but not of his queen, Juno, who, through jealousy, imposed upon
him the famous Twelve Labors.
136. Oechalia: this was the city of Euboca, of which Eurytus was
king. After capturing (hxhalia, and putting Eurytus to death, Hercules
proceeded with lole, daughter of Eurytus, to the Cengean promontory, to
offer sacrifices to Jove.
140. Amphitryoniaden : Hercules' mother, Alcmene, w^as wife of
Amphitryon.
143. A\fS\\^\t^ g^ave vent,
145. aliquid novandum est, soine new cotmsel must be taken.
147. conquerar, etc., deliberative subjunctive (§ 2(iZ'y G. 258; H.
484, v.). — Calydona: Dejanira was daughter of Qineus, king of Calydon.
149. me esse, etc., depends on memor. The reference is to Meleager
killing his uncles.
150. injuria, sense of wrong,
152. incursus, suggestions.
157. det depends upon maadat, being regarded as a command in
indirect discourse; in sense it is equivalent to ut det (§ 331, _/,' R.; G.
546, R.2; H. 499, 2).
158. Lernaeae . . . eehidnae: the arrow with which Hercules shot
Nessus had been dipped in the poison of the Hydra, and this it was that
made the blood of Nessus so destructive.
159. priinis, Just kindled.
163. virtu te, fortitude.
165. Oeten: after feeling the effects of the poison, he crossed over
from Euboea to Mt. CKta, in Thessaly. The name "CEte" is usually femi-
nine; here masculine.
171. lacu, tank,
173. caeruleus, livid (steel-blue).
174. caeca, invisible,
176. Saturnia, i.e. Juno, his old enemy. — pascere, glut thyself; im-
perative passive.
179. boc aestu, on account of this flame. — tibi, in appos. with hosti.
— cruciatibus qualifies aegram.
The Death of Hercules.
97
i8o. laboribus, dat. after natam (§ 234; G. 356; H. 391, i).
182. peregrino = peregriiioriiin : Busiris (a king of Egypt) had
caused Hercules to be dragged to the altar for sacrifice; but here he
burst his bonds, and slew the impious king, together with his son and
herald. The fettered Hercules is said to represent the sun in winter,
and his victory the sun's reviving power in spring.
184. Antaeo : Antccus (a giant of Libya), whenever he touched the
earth, his mother, derived new strength from her, Hercules overcame
him by lifting him from the ground and strangling him. — pastoris,
Geryon, a three-headed giant, whose cattle Hercules drove away. With
this begins the commemorating of the Twelve Labors.
185. Cerberus, the three-headed dog who guarded the lower world:
Hercules dragged him up upon the earth. (See Fig. 46.)
186. tauri, the Cretan
bull, which he must bind ^'^' ^^^
and bring to Eurystheus.
187. Elis : here he
cleansed the stables of
King Augeas in one day
by turning the river Al-
pheus through them. —
Styinphalides : he freed
the Stymphalian Vale of
numberless man - eating
birds.
188. Partheniuin, a
mountain between Arcadia
and Argolis, where he
wounded and captured the
brazen-footed hind of Ar-
temis.
189. balteus, the belt
of Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons, who dwelt on the river Thermodon,
in Asia Minor : he slew her, and carried off her girdle.
190. poma, the apples of the Hesperides, daughters of Atlas. (See
IV. 637.)
191. Centaiiri: the fight with the Centaurs was one of his exploits,
but not one of the Twelve Labors.
192. aper, the Erymanthian boar which ravaged Arcadia. — hydrae,
the Lernsean hydra; whenever he cut off one of its nine heads, two sprang
up in its place.
Hercules and Cerberus,
98 Notes,
194. Thracis : King Diomedes of Thrace, whose horses were fed on
human flesh.
197. moles Nemeaea, the Nemean Hon, to kill which was the first
and chief of the labors; he always afterwards wore its hide.
198, hac cervice : he took the place of Atlas in supporting the
earth, while Atlas was gathering for him the three golden apples of the
Hesperides.
203. valet, prospers.
206. gerat: on the tense see § 312; G. 604; H. 513, ii. N.^.
209. videres, potential subjunctive, j^^ott anight have seen (§ 311, i.;
G. 252; H. 485, N.3).
210. montibus (dat.), depends upon irascentem. — pairio, i.e. as
son of Jupiter.
212. coUegerat, had passed into.
213. feralia, deathly : ih^feralia were a Roman festival to the dead,
celebrated February 21.
216. genibus, i.e. of Hercules.
218. tormento (torqueo), abl. of comparison: it is an engine for
hurling weights, — catapult or halista,
221. molle agrees with corpus, subject of astringi and glomerari.
225. prior edidit aetas, antiquity gave out or declared.
229. tu, Hercules.
232. iterum : Hercules had captured Troy, when ruled by King Lao-
medon; his bow and arrows were afterwards carried by Philoctetes (the
son of Poeas) to the great siege of Troy.
^ZZ' *1^0 ministro, abl. abs., by whose instrumentality,
234. siibdita, sc. pyrae est.
235. vellere: this w^ord properly means the fleece of a sheep; here it
is transferred to the lion's hide.
236. clavae*(dat.) : a knotty club was a regular attribute of Hercules.
238. redimitus sertis : guests at a banquet wore garlands.
239. in omne latus, over his whole body.
240. secures, indifferent. — contemptorem suum, the hero who
despised it,
241. vindice, i.e. because he had freed the earth from so many
plagues.
243. iste, that which you feel.
245. memoris, grateful.
247. hoc, i.e. your favor.
251. materna parte: his mother, Alcmena, being a mortal, whatever
he derived from her was mortal. — vuleanum — iguem.
Orpheus and Enrydice.
99
253. nulla flanima, abl. of means with domabile; for adjectives in
'bills and others containing a verbal notion may be construed with the
abl. or the dat. as in v, 262,
254. id, that part of him. — terra, governed by def unctum, — cae-
lestibus oris (from ora), xvithin the bounds of heaven,
257. deo, as a god, in apposition with Hercule. — • data praemia,
afie7' the reward has been bestotved, — nolet (fut.), he may disapprove.
260. ultima, his last words.
261. notatam, marked for censure,
264. quicquani , . . inatris, anything derived from the form of his
?nother*
Fig» 47«
Hercules raised to heaven.
265. Jovls vestigia, traces of Jove, i.e. likeness to him.
268. Tirynthius : Hercules was born at Tiryns, in Argolis.
272. astrls, dat. after intulit.
XXI. ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE.
X, I. inde, i.e. from the wedding of Iphis and lanthe, which toph
place in Crete.
2. Ciconum : the Cicones were a people of Thrace.
3. Orphea, an adjective; the noun would be Orpbeg.. — nequi-
quam : because the marriage had an unfortunate end.
lOO Notes.
4. qiiidem^ to he sure: he was present, but brought no luck with
him.
6. fax : the torch was the attribute of Hymen. — fumo, abb of quahty
(§251; G. 402; 11. 419, ii,).
7. motibiis, by szvinging.
II. ad superas auras, to the -upper air, opposed to unibras (the
lower world) ; cf. supero in ora, v, 26. — Rhodopeiiis j Rhodope ^vas
a mountain of Thrace, the home of Orpheus.
13. Taenaria : Tcxniarum was a promontory in the south of Oreece,
where it was believed was an entrance to the infernal regions.
14. leves, i.e. because mere shadows. — functa sepulcro, which have
passed the tomb.
1 6. nervis, i.e. of his lyre.
18. quicquid relates to the subject of recidimiis, lohalever of us, etc.;
the neuter makes the expression very general, applying not only to human
beings, but to every creature.
19. positis, laid aside. — oris from os.
22. Medusaei : the mother of Cerberus was Echidna, a daughter of
Medusa. In vincirein an allusion to Hercules is contained, who bound
Cerberus and took him to the upper world,
25. posse depends upon volui, pati upon posse.
2^. rapliiae, i.e. of Proserpine by Pluto, Book V. vv. 362-424.
29. per ego haec loca : in oaths and similar expressions, ego, if used
at all, is regularly inserted between per and its noun.
31. properata t'aX>^, premature death. — retexite, spin backward,
i.e. unspin, referring to the Fates, who spin the thread of life.
32, omnia, all loe earthly objects. — debemiir, are owed, i.e. we be-
long in the last instance to you, as money really belongs to the person to
whom it is due.
;^6. jiistos, allotted, i.e. to which she had a right (jus).
■^"j. juris erit vestri, will be yours by right (see § 214, i, ^; G. 365;
H. 401). — pro munere usuin, a loan instead of a gift; the right to
the temporary enjoyment of property belonging to another was called
us us.
38. certum est iiiihi, juy mind is resolved.
41. Tantalus: his punishment was to be placed up to his chin in
water, which retreated from him as soon as he stooped to drink. See
notes on Book IV. 458 and foil.
42. Ixionis : he was bound to a revolving jfiery wheel.
43. jecur, the liver of Tityus, fed upon by vultures, and growing again
as fast as consumecL
Orpheus and Ettrydiee,
101
44. Uelides (a (jreck ])\v^v^S^^ grand-daug]iicrs of Bcliis (daughters of
Danaus, hence usually called Danaides) : their punishment was to carry
water in a vase with holes in the bottom, — Sisyplie : the punishment of
Sisyphus is thus descriljed : —
'' With many a weary step, and many a groan,
Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone:
The huge round stone, resulting with a bound,
Thunders impetuous down, and smokes along the ground."
I'ope's Odyssey, Book XI.
46. Eumeniduin : the Furies, to whom this name — as well as that
of "venerable," "revered," was given, in order to soothe them and depre-
cate their anger.
47. sustinet negare, holds otit to refuse, \.q. persists in reftising. —
qui regit, i.e. Pluto.
50. legem, like lianc, is object of accipit; ne flectat, etc., is in
appos. with legem.
Fig. 48.
Mercury bringing a soul to Charon.
55. afu^runt : e short, though regularly long (systole). — telluris
summae, the surface of the earth.
56. hie, adverb. — deficeret, sc. Eurydice.
58. f'.2i'^t^w%y eagerly reaching.
61, quid, as well as se amatam [esse], governed by quereretur.
I02 Notes.
i
65. tria : the story went, that when Hercules dragged the three-headed
Cerberus from the lower world, a person meeting them was turned into
stone from fear.
67. na-tura. prior, /lis for7;ier naUire ; sc. reliquit.
68. traxit : the story here referred to is not known any further. It
would seem that Lethsea drew upon herself the anger of the gods by pride
in her beauty; that her husband Olenos assumed the blame to himself,
and that both were turned into stone. — Siehelis.
71. pectora, lapicles, in appos. with Olenos and Tjethaea.
^]^^. portitor, Charon, the ferry-man over the Styx. (See Fig. 48.) —
septem diebiis, abl. of time in which, used to denote the time during
xvhich (§ 256, b', G. 392, R.-; H. 379, i).
74. squalidus, in mourning. — Cereris munere, food,
77. Rhodopen, the mountain boundary of Thrace ; Haemum, a
Thracian mountain,
XXII. THE SONG OF ORPHEUS.
X. 89. dls genitus : Orpheus was the son of Apollo and the muse
Calliope.
90. loco, dat, by poetic use (§ 225, b, 3; G. 344, R.^; H. 380, ii. 4),
— Chaonis arbor: the oak, sacred to Jove, whose chief sanctuary was
at Dodona, where the Chaonians had once lived.
91. nemus Heliadiim, poplars. (See Book II. 340.)
92. innuba, because Daphne had been metamorphosed into a laurel,
in order to escape Apollo's suit.
95. genialis; the shadow of the plane was a favorite resort for
pleasure and mirth. — impar, varied (the autumn colors of the maple).
98. Hiyrtus : the final tis is accented in the thesis before the csesura,
as is often done by Ovid before et and aut. The myrtle is called bicolor
on account of its spotted leaves. — tinus, a plant similar to the vibtirnn??i.
100. ulmi : the elms were used for vines to run upon.
103. pinus : the stone pine of Italy spreads out at the top to a broad
head, on a very high trunk, so that it seems to have its foliage tied up
(siiccincta comas).
104. deum (genitive) matri, i.e. Cybele. — Cybeleius, loved by Cybele.
105. bac, sc. pinu; abl. of means.
144. -que connects concillo and turba.
147. modos, tones.
The Song of Orpheus.
103
151. Phlegraeis cam pis : near Olympus, where the battle with the
giants took place.
153. superis, dat. of agent.
154. ignibus, the fires of love.
155. Ganyniedis, son of Tros, king of Troy.
156. aliquid, i.e. some form.
157. mallet: subjunctive in a relative clause of characteristic (§ 320;
G. 634; H. 503, i.). — alite, abl. of price (cf. pinii, v. 105) (§ 252, c\
G. 404, R.; H. 422, N."-^), which is derived from the abl. of means.
158. quae posset, etc., i.e. the eagle, the bird of Jove.
1 59. menclacibus, as being not really his own.
160. lliaden: this patronymic describes the country (//mw), not the
parentage of Ganymede; King Ilus
was his brother. (See ¥\g. 49.)
161. invita: because Juno was
jealous of Jupiter's love for Ganymede,
and because Ganymede supplanted
Hebe, Juno's daughter, as cup-bearer
to the gods.
162. Amyclide, Hyacinth us,
great-grandson of Amyclas, king of
Amyclae, near Sparta. — posulsset
in ae there = received into heaven,
164. qua, so far as.
165. Aries: this is the first con-
stellation of spring, and the idea sym-
bolized by the myth of Hyacinthus is
that of the destroying power of the
hot sun. The festival Hyacinthia at Ganymede.
Sparta was in commemoration of this;
at first sad, afterwards joyful, to rejoice in his restoration to life.
167. geiiitor, Phoebus Apollo.
168. Delphi, the place of the oracle of Apollo; this was considered
the middle of the earth, and a stone was preserved here in the sanctuary,
called the Omphalos^ or navel of the earth.
169. Euro tan, the river which flows past Sparta. — immunitam:
Sparta had no walls, its citizens believing that its best defence was in the
valor of its citizens. In fact, no enemy ever came within sight of the city
until the invasion of Epaminondas, B.C. 370.
1 70. citharae, sagittae : the lyre and the bow were the two chief
attributes of Apollo.
I04 Notes,
171. sui, i.e. of his dignity.
172. tenuisse, isse: the perfect infinitive is sometimes used (hke the
Greek aorist) where tlie present seems more natural. The poets occasion-
ally use the perfect for metrical reasons.
174. inediiis, half-way betiveen.- — ^ Titan, the sun.
175. noctis, genitive depending upon mediiis; the more usual con-
struction would be inter . . . noctein.
1 76. olivi : those who took part in these contests rubbed themselves
over with oil, to render themselves supple.
183. Taenarkles, fro7)i, T(€naru7n^ a promontory of Laconia = //^t^
Laccda'uion ian.
185. aeqvie qiiam, as mtich as ; aeque ac is the regular expression.
190. si . . . infringat is the protasis, demittant, etc., the apodosis
of a less vivid future condition (ideal condition).
196. Ocbalidc : Ilyachithus was son of Chbalus, king of Sparta.
199. inscribenda, must he inscribed loith, as if it were a tombstone,
203. reddere, give tip. — qnod (§ 240, b] G. 331, r.^; H. 378, 2),
but.
206. scripto, inscription ; see v. 215.
207. heros, Ajax, which name in Greek was Ams. This same flower
was supposed to have sprung from his blood, when he killed himself (see
Book XIII. 398).
212. lilia, sc. capiiint: the flower here described is not our hyacinth,
but is supposed to be the Titrkh cap lily (see Virgil, "Index of Plants").
213. his, the hyacinths; illis, the lilies.
216. funesta littera: the Greek cry of mourning was al al.
219. praelata pompa, 7£/2V// <?jr/^27;2V2>;z of festal parade ; the festival
came in July.
XXIII. ATALANTA.
X, 560. aliquam, feminine, a maid.
562. posses, potential subjunctive, § 311, i; G. 252; II. 485.
564. scitanti, sc. oraeiiluin; she consulted the oracle about marry-
ing (de conjuge). — deus, Apollo, the god of prophecy.
566. te ipsa viva carebis, you will he deprived of yourself while
living, i.e. you w^ill lose your present bodily form before your death (in-
stead of losing it by death as others do). Atalanta lost her own form by
being transformed into a lioness.
Atalanta, 105
569. nee (= et non) : the connective joins fugat and inqiiit; the
negative belongs to sum potiunda.
578. velainine: her outer garment, for she would run in a light
tunic.
579. meum, i.e. of Venus, who is telhng the story. — tuum, i.e. oi
Adonis, Atalanta was as beautiful as Venus or iVdonis.
582. quae peteretis : informal indirect discourse (§ 341, r.; G. 653,
665; H. 528, i).
584. timet, sc. ne quis . . . velocius. ,
588. non setius, not othei'tvise tkati, i.e. like,
589. Aonio : Hippomenes was a Boeotian.
590. magis, he. more than her swiftness. — et . . . decoreni, and
that stvift running adds to her beauty^ for the reasons given in the follow-
ing lines.
594. puellari candore, of maiden zvhiteness^ abl. of quahty modifying
corpus. — ruborem traxerat, it (the running) had brought a JIttsk.
595. velum, an awning.
600. non negatives deterritus,
605. Onchestius, of Oitchestus, a Boeotian town named after the father
of Megarus, Onchestus the son of Neptune.
609. Schoeneia, Atalanta, daughter of the Boeotian king, Schoeneus.
611. formosis iniquus, hostile to the beautiful.
613. non sum tanti, I am not zvorth so much (gen. of value, § 252, «2;
G. 379; H. 404).
616. quid, quod, etc., what (as to the fact) that, etc. (see § 333; G.
525, R.i; I-L 540, iv.). — interrita leti, see § 218, c\ G. 374, r.2; H.
399> iii-
617. aequorea, as great-grandson of Neptune.' — quartus, because
Neptune himself is counted as the first.
619, ut pereat, expresses the result of tanti.
624. viderit, hortatory subjunctive, let him see to that. This use of
the perf. subj. of video is not rare in Ovid. In sense, the perfect differs
little, if at all, from the present; see § 266, N.i; H. 484, iv.; cf. intereat,
the very next word.
628. non belongs with ferendae, and invidiae non ferendae is
genitive of quality limiting victoria; 7ny victojy ivill be one of unbearable
odium, i.e. will bring upon me unbearable odium.
629. velles: her excitement is shown by the return to the second
person.
632. noUem, subjunctive of modesty (§ 311, b\ G. 602; H. 486, i.).— -
visa fuissem depends upon nollem (§ 331, (^; G. 546, r.^; IT. 499, 2).
io6
Notes.
635. eras, where esses might be expected (§ 308, <5; G. 599, R.^;
n.5")-
636. utque rudis, as (i.e. like) an inexperienced maiden.
637. facit: the indicative in an indirect question is common in early
Latin, but is almost inexcusable in Ovid.
639. me, Venus, who tells the story.
648. comam, ace. of specification. — ramls crepitantibus, abl. of
quality.
649. hinc : construe with decerpta, and forte with ferebam.
652. csiYceYQ, from the barrier.
660. gaiideat, indirect question, the first half of the double question
of which an, etc., is the second half.
668. spectacula, the place whence people looked on, the field.
675. ab obliquo, obliquely.
XXIV. THE DEATH OF ORPHEUS.
Fig. 50-
XL I. cariioiine, the stories of Ganymede, Hyacinthus, etc. (Seethe
two previous selections.)
3. nurus (plur.), often used for women of rank. — Ciconum, a Thra-
cian tribe. — lymphata, frenzied.
4. pectora, ace. of specification. The Bacchae clothed themselves in
doe-skins at the Bacchic festivals.
5. percussis . . . nervis, accompanying his
song zvith striking the strings.
7. nostri contemptor, the man who despises
us: after the death of Eurydice, Orpheus had
withdrawn from the society of women, — a suffi-
cient reason for the hostility of the female wor-
shippers of Bacchus.
8. Apollinei : Orpheus was the son of Apollo
and the muse Calliope.
9. foliis : the thyrsus, carried by Bacchus and
his votaries, was a staff (hasta), adorned at the
top with ivy or with a pine-cone. (See Figs. 50
and 51.) — notam, jjzark, i.e. bruise.
12. veluti supplex: the stone, overcome by
the music, fell like a suppliant at the feet of Orpheus, begging his pardon
for having come through the air against him.
Thyrsus.
The Death of Orpheus.
107
13. sed enim : there is an ellipsis after sed; but it was no use,/c?r, etc.
Such ellipses are common in Latin and Greek {etdnim, namque^ koX ydp
aAA.a ydp), but in English we generally say simply dii^ or ybr, whichever
seems to be the more important.
14. abiit: see note on subiit, Book I. tj. 114.
15. inollita, i.e. like this stone.
16. infracto, curved. The Phrygian pipe — called Bei'ecyntian, from
Berecyntus, the chief seat of the worship of Cybele — was curved at the
end into the shape of a horn.
17. plausus, dapping of hands : these various sounds were connected
with the orgiastic worship of Bacchus. — Bacchei : hiatus.
18. obstrepuere, di-owjted.
20. etianmum, eve/i nozc, in spite of the noise of the Bacchanals.
22. Maenades, the name of the female worshippers of Bacchus, from
/j,aiv€(rOai, to rave, (See Fig. 51.) — titulum triumph!, the honor of the
iriui?zph ; titulum is
in appos. with volu- ^^' ^^'
cres, etc., who form
the glory of the tri-
umph, i.e. form the
procession. — rapu-
ere^ tore Ui pieces,
24. luce, by day-
light.
25. s t r u c t o
utrimque theatre,
amphitheatre : the
Greek term was not
yet introduced into
Latin. The space in the middle was spread with sand, hence the term arena.
26. matutina : the fight with beasts took place at Rome in the
morning.
28. thyrsos : see note on Hne 9. — munera, service^
34. operis arma, the tools of their labor,
37. f^vsi^, the tvild women.
38. divellere (also written divulsere), they tore asunder ; for the
Bacchic revellers, in their frenzy, used to tear asunder even large animals,
and devour their raw flesh.
41. sacrllegae, because they attacked the priest and bard of Apollo.
42. saxis,seiisibus, dat of agent (§ 232, «; G. 352; H. 388, i).
45. carmina, sc. tul^ object of seeutae.
Maenades.
io8 Notes,
48. carbasa, ligkt garments, — obstrusa pullo, obscured with black.
52. flebile iiescio quid queritur, utters some tearful complaint.
54. invectae, agreeing with lyra and lingua; but lingua implies
also caput, as the tongue was in the head. — -populare, of their native
land.
55. Methymnaeae, so called from the city Methymna. Lesbos was
afterwards celebrated for its lyric poets, particularly Alcseus and Sappho.
58. tandem : implying that Phoebus should have protected him before.
62. arva plorum, the Elysian fields, the abode of the blessed.
64, niodo, now^ corresponding to nunc . . . nunc.
65. anteit, dissyllabic, -eit being pronounced as one syllable.
67. Lyaeus, an epithet of Bacchus : Bacchus, as well as Apollo, was
a patron of poets.
68. sacrorum suoruni : Orpheus had introduced these into Thrace.
69. Edonidas= Thracian,
70. videre : the infinitive would be v^dere : it means here partici-
pated in.
71. in quantum, so far as, i.e. on the spot to which. — secuta est, sc.
Orphea.
72. traxit, sc. in terram,
73. suum agrees with crus.
75. astringit, tightens,
76. harum limits quaeque.
79. pes, etc. : the change begins with the feet, and rises to the head.
XXV. THE STORY OF MIDAS.
XI. 85. ipsos quoque agros, even the very country where Orpheus
had been killed.
86. Timoli : Timolus (or Tmolus)^ a mountain in Lydia, in which
the river Pactolus, which flowed through the city of Sardes, takes its rise.
87. aureus : this will be explained by the story now to be related.
%%. erat, the indicative with quamvis occurs in poetry and late prose
(§3i3,<§-; G.6o8,R.i; H. 515, n.^),
89. satyri: a woodland race, with tails like those of horses, who
followed in the train of Bacchus. (See Fig. 52.) The Romans confused
the satyrs with Pan and the Italian fauni. (See Fig. 3.) — bacchae, the
female worshippers of Bacchus, also called Maenc^s, (See Fig. 51.)
The Story of Midas.
109
Youthful Satyrs.
90. Silenus, the foster-father of Bacchus : he, too, was of the nature
of the satyrs. His chief characteristic is drunkenness. (See .Fig. 53.)
91. coronis: the ancients, when carousing, wore garlands of flowers.
92. Midaii, Midas, a
mythical king of Lydia, ^^S- 52.
a country which possessed
great power in the sixth
and seventh centuries
B.C., its territory compris-
ing the whole western
half of Asia Minor. It
was conquered by the
Persian Cyrus, B.C. 546.
93. E^uinolpo, a
Thracian singer, who
found a home in Attica
(called Cecropia, from a
very ancient mythical king of Athens, Cecrops). Connect cui cum Ce-
cropio Eumolpo; for Eumolpus was instructed by Orpheus, but did not
instruct Midas.
94. simul = simul atque. — sacrorum (neuter),
(of Bacchus).
97. coegerat, had marshalled^ as a general mar-
shals his forces preparatory to leading them away.
(Cf. Book II. z;. 114.)
98. undecimus, the tenth : the ancients, in count-
ing a series, reckoned the one from which the series
began, as being the first from itself,
1 00. gratum and inutile agree with arbitrium,
which is limited by optandi muneris.
103. vertatur : after efflcere the usual construc-
tion has ut, but ut is sometimes omitted (§331, Rem.;
G. 546, R.3; PI. 499, 2).
104. solvit, /«^^, i.e. ^^z/^.
105. petisset, subjunctive because quod . . .
petlsset is part of the thought of Bacchus (§ 321;
G. 541; H. 516, ii.).
106. Berecyntius : Midas was son of Cybele.
107. poUiciti, the promise,
108. non qualifies alta, which agrees with ilice.
abl. of quality describing ilice.
sacred rites
Fig. S3'
Silenus.
- f ronde virenti,
no Notes.
114. Hesperidas : the Hesperides, daughters of Atlas, were guardians
of a tree with golden apples. (See notes on Book IV. 637, and IX. 190
and 198.)
1 1 7. Danaen : Jupiter took the form of a golden rain when he visited
Danae. — eludere, deceive.
118. aniino capit, coniprehendsy or realizes. — '^n^^ris, fmicying.
120. tostae : in early times the corn was parched before being ground.
124. preniebat, spread over ; the subject is lamina.
125. auctorein irmneris, the giver of the boon, i.e. Bacchus, i.e. wine.
130. tOrquetur, is tormented,— - ixh auro : Ovid not infrequently uses
ab with the abl. denoting the source from which an action proceeds instead
of the simple abl. of means.
131. splendida: even his skin was tinged with gold.
132. JLenaee, an epithet of Bacchus.
133. eripe, sc. me.
134. mite, sc. est.
135. restituit, restored^ i.e. to his previous condition. — facti . . . sol-
vit, in testimony of the act, he annulled (lit. released) the boon he had
bestowed. This use of solvere is unusual; solvere muniis means bestow a
boon{2& in v. 104), but a boon already given (data munera) cannot be
bestowed, so data munera solvit must mean the very opposite of
munera solvit. Some texts read pacti for facti, the boon given in ful-
filment of the contract (of z^. 100).
137. Sardibuis: Sardes was capital of Lydia; it was north of Tmolus.
(See note on v. Z^^
138. undis follows obvius.
140. plurimus, in full stream.
141. elue has two objects, corpus and crimen, wash off your body
and wash off (i.e. away^ yqur guilt.
144. jam, with veteris. — semlne venae, the seed of the vein (of
metal), means golden sand, which was found in the Pactolus.
145. auro madidis, steeped with gold.
147. Pana, Pan, a god of nature, represented with the legs, cars, and
tail of a goat.
148^ pingue, dull ; as shown by the absurdity of his request.
149. praecordia mentis = mens.
152. Hypaepis, Hypaepa, a little town, south of Mt. Tmolus.
154. arnndine, the syrinx {fistula), or Ban's pipe, was made of reeds
joined together with wax. (See Fig. 42.)
156. Tmolo, here the god of the mountain; in apposition with judlce.
157. monte, abl. of place in which.
Ccyx and Alcyone, ill
158. liberat arboribus (abl.) : the head of the god is quaintly con-
ceived as covered with trees, so as to obstruct his hearing. — qiiereu, ajt
oak'Zoreaih.
160. deum pecoris: Pan, the nature god, was guardian of flocks.
162. barbarico, i.e. as being in Phrygian style.
164. sua, i.e. which crowned it.
166. verrit huTiium, he siveeps the ground. — palla, a poetical form
iox pallium, the outer garment worn by Greeks; it was rectangular, while
the Roman toga was rounded at the ends.
167. dentibiis Indis, ivory.
168. a laeva, on the left side (§ 260, /;; G. 388, R.^; H. 434, i. i.). —
plectrum, the instrument with which the strings of the lyre were touched
in playing.
169. artificis, artist. — status, his very posture.
171. summittere, i.e. in token of inferiority.
1 74. unius, alone. — Delius, Apollo, who was born at Delos.
1 76. in spatiuin, lengthwise.
177. imas, at the base.
1 78. in, in respect to.
179. aures: on the ace. see § 240, c, n.; G. 332, 2; H. 377.
1 80. turpi pudore, abl. of cause with temptat velare, on account
of the shameful disgrace.
181. tiaris, a high cap, bound under the chin, worn by Oriental
monarchs.
187. haustae=:elfossae.
192. agricolam : so called because he had, so to speak, planted the
secret in the earth.
XXVI. CEYX AND ALCYONE.
XI. 583. morte, abl. depending upon functo (§ 249; G. 405; H.
421, i.); functo morte = mortuo. — rogari, object of sustinet; she
does not endure being asked.
584. funestas, defiled by death; for a family in which there was an
unburied corpse was unclean, and Alcyone's husband was a corpse although
she did not yet know it.
585. Iri: Iris was the goddess of the rainbow (see v. 589 ff.), and
acted as Juno's messenger.
587. imagine, in the form, abl, of quality limiting somnia (§ 25 1; G.
402; li. 419, ii.). — mittat: subjunctive after jube; for jubes implies
112
Notes,
Fig. 54-
the idea of saying, and may tlierefore take the construction of indirect
discourse; the command to Somnus was: iiiitte somnia.
589. velamina, accusative (see § 240, c, n.; G. 332, 2; H. 377).
590. arciiato : three syllables, the u being pronounced like w.
591. jussi regis, of the king covunanded, i.e. mentioned in the com-
mand.
592. Ciinmerios, a people dwelling in the region of perpetual darkness,
which the ancients imagined to be in the extreme West.
594, radiis, with his rays,
597. vigil ales, i.e. the cock.
599. sagacior anser : the watchful sagacity of the goose was espe-
cially displayed in the preservation of the Capitol from the Gauls, B.C. 390.
603. Lethes (genitive) : the river Lethe is generally placed in the
nether world, where Virgil puts the abode of dreams; Homer, however,
(Od. xi.) puts the abode of the dead in the extreme West, where Ovid
puts Lethe and the dwelling of Somnus. The dead, Sleep, and Lethe all
belong in the realm of darkness, which was by some supposed to be in the
We^t, by others, under the earth.
605. papavera : the poppy, from which opium is made, induces sleep.
610. ebeno sublimis, built high zvith ebony.
612. quo, loc. abl., on which.
616. siinul = slmul atque. — virgo, i.e. Iris.
618. sacra, as the dwelling of the god Somnus.
621. excussit sil>l se, roused himself from
himself, i.e. from sleep.
626. quae . . . aequent, relative clause of
result (§ 319, 2; G. 633; H. 500, i.).
627. Herculea Trachine, loc. abb, where
one would expect the ace. after adeant. Trachis
is called Herculean because Hercules spent the
last part of his life there, and was burned on the
neighboring mountain, QLta.
628. adeant : see note on -v. 587 above.
630. vaporis, the heavy air, impregnated with
sleep-giving odors.
^ZZ' P^t^r, Somnus. (See Fig. 54.)
635. Morphea, Morpheus (from t,he Greek
\ji.op<^'i\, form) , the god of dream-fofms. — non alter, no second one, i.e.
no other,
640. hunc, i.e. the alter just mentioned. ~ Icelon, a Greek word,
meaning like. — Phobetora : a Greek word, meaning terrifier.
Sleep-god.
Ceyx and Alcyone, 113
642. Phantasos, the god of phantasies and apparitions. This name
also is Greek.
647. Thaumantidos, Iris, daughter of Thaumas.
652. Haemomam, Thessalian : Trachis was in Thessaly, which was
called Hsemonia after Hsemon, father of Thessalus.
662. falso . . . noli, do not vainly expect me to return (lit. do not
falsely promise me to yourself).
669. lugubria, sad things^ i.e. garments of mourning,
670. inania, because the shades in the lower world had no substance,
and could not fill the place.
672. crederet: subjunctive in a clause of characteristic (§ 320; G.
634; H. 503, i.).
678. si sit illic, if he is there ; in indirect questions, si, like English
if means whether.
684. nulla, etc., Alcyone is no more^ i.e. I am as good as dead.
685. tollite, etc., aiuay with your words of consolation.
688. sed et umbra, but even though a mere shade^ still, etc.
696. vellem, subjunctive of modesty (§ 311, b; G. 602;, H. 486, i.);
with duxisses, it is equivalent to utinam duxisses (§ 267, c\ G. 254, r.^).
697. multum utile, very useful. — txiit, it would have been (§ 308,
C; G. 599, R.3; H. 476, 5).
699. non simul, not together, i.e. apart from you. — egissem, i.e. if
I had gone with you. — discreta, separated from yours.
700. absens, parted from thee. — p^rii, etc. : she feels that she is as
good as dead and drowned (cf. v. 684), now that her husband is no
more.
703. pugnem superesse, struggle to survive.
706. littera, inscriptioit ; she would have his name inscribed upon
her tomb, though his body could not be laid there.
714. quae, relative where the demonstrative is needed in English. —
locis = in his locis. — acta, sc. esse.
716. neseio quid, something.
718. aberat: the indicative after quamvis is used by poets and late
writers (§ 313,^; G. 608, R.i; H. 515, N.^).
719. oinine: the body of a shipwrecked man, seen just at this place
after the vision of the preceding night, was an omen of the shipwreck and
death of her husband.
722. quo magis . . . hoc minus, the more . . . the less (§ 250, R. ;
G. 400; H. 423).
723. minus et minus est mentis, less and less she has (est, sc. el)
of her mind, i.e. 7nore and more beside herself she becomes.
114 Notes.
724. posset, subjunctive of result (§ 319, 2; G. 633; H. 500, i).
729. facta nianu moles, not a natural promontory, but an artificial
hreakwaier.
732. modo natis, netvly grown.
734. maesto (dative), sc. sono : ancient writers frequently speak of
the mournful note of the kingfisher.
735. tenui rostro (abl. of means) : the kingfisher's beak is long and
slender.
742, alite, into a bird; the abl. of means (or price) is used with verbs
of exchanging (§ 252, c; G. 404, R.; H. 422, N.^), — fatis obnoxius
isdem, subject to the same fate ; obnoxius agrees with amor, though in
sense it refers to Ceyx and Alcyone.
744. coeunt, th^y mate.
745. perque dies, etc.: the ancients believed that the kingfisher
brooded for seven days in winter upon a floating nest, and that throughout
those days the sea was always calm. Hence the expression dies halcyon-
ides, halcyon days, applied to fair weather or prosperous times. Perhaps
the story of the floating nest is due to the fact that the kingfisher's nest is
built among the rocks low down by the sea, and is sometimes washed off
by the waves.
748. nepotibus, the descendants of Alcyone, daughter of ^olus.
XXVII. THE CHIEFS AT TROY.
XII. I. AesacoDL, ace, subject of vivere; the ace. and inf. depends
upon nescius.
2. nomen [not corpus] : it was called a coenotaph (empty tomb).
3. inferias, offeri?igs to the dead: they are called inanes, because
i^sacus was still living, although they did not know it.
4. Paridis : Paris was absent on his visit to Lacedaemon, whence he
brought back Helen, — the cause of the Grecian expedition against Troy
(the conjuratae rates).
7. commune, union or combined potver.
10. Aulide: Auhs, in Boeotia, was the meeting-place of the fleet, and
here they were detained for several weeks by adverse winds.
16. damna, loss, i.e. her young.
19. Thestorides, Calchas, son of Thestor, the chief soothsayer of the
Grecian host.
21. digerit, divides off, i.e. by way of interpretation.
The Chiefs at Troy.
IIS
22. ille, the serpent.
23. superat, remains.
24. Aoniis, Boeotian .
25. bella, i.e. the host, by metonymy.
28. virginis deae, Diana. Agamemnon had killed a hind consecrated
to her, and so his daughter Iphigenia must be sacrificed by way of atone-
ment.
Fig- 55-
Iphigenia.
29. pietatem, fatherly love.
30. rexque patrein, the king overcame the father^ i.e. Agamemnon's
duty as a king overcame his paternal affection.
ii6 Notes.
32. victa est: according to the original form of the story, the maiden
was actually sacrificed; but it was afterwards modified in this way, in order
to satisfy the popuUr sympathies. (See Fig. 55.)
33. sacri, the sacred rite.
34. Hiutasse, to have exchanged, — Mycenida : Iphigenia's home was
MycencE. — cerva,yi?r a hind (§ 252, r; G. 404, R.; H. 422, N/^).
36. Phoebes, as well as maris, limits ira.
39. orbe medio, in the middle of the world,
40. triplicis inuiidi, the three worlds, of heaven, earth, and hades.
41 . Quatnvis regionibus, by hotvever wide spaces (abl. of specification) ,
43. tenet, sc. locum.
46. tota, sc. doinus.
47. frcMiit, murmurs, — refert, re-echoes.
52. extrema, the last rumblings.
53. leve vulgus, i.e. milia rumor um.
54. mi^Kta and commenta agree with milia; the genitive agreeing
with rumorum. would be equally natural.
56. q^uibus relates to rumorum.
6i. dubio auctore, abl, of quality.
62. ipsa, i.e. Fama. — rerum, partitive genitive, limits quid.
68. Protesilae : Protesilaus, a Thessalian, the first of the Greeks who
fell at Troy : this had been foretold by an oracle. — mag^no stant, cost
dear (§ 252; G. 404; H. 422).
69. fortis auimae (genitive, limiting nece), by the death of Protesi-
laus, that valiant souL — cognitus (sc. est) Hector, i.e. they became
acquainted with Hector and found out what sort of a man he was.
71. Sigea, Sigean ; Sigeum is the northwestern point of Asia Minor,
at the mouth of the Dardanelles (Hellespont), near the site of Troy.
72. Cygnus, king of Colonoe, near Troy : he was invulnerable, as being
a son of Neptune.
74. Peliacae : its shaft was taken from the forests of Mt. Pelion, in
Thessaly, near the home of Achilles'. (See II. xix. 390,)
77. Hector, i.e. his death. — colla, ace. of specification.
81. Haemonio, Thessalian,
82. Aeacides : ^acus was the father of Peleus, father oi Achilles.
84. profecit, sc. Aeacides.
86. nate dea : Achilles was son of the sea-goddess Thetis.
^"j, ille, Cygnus. — quid, why.
89. parma (appos. with onus), a small round buckler.
90. decor, i.e. only ornament.
91. ob hoc,yt?r this reason.
The Chiefs at Troy. \\*J
93. qui, sc. eo, i.e. Neptune.
96. aes, etc. : the shield was composed of ten thicknesses of hide
covered with a plate of copper.
97. novena, used here for the cardinal number. — orbe, circle of hide.
100. apertum, exposed.
102. circo, i.e. the arena of the amphitheatre.
104. elusa . . . sensit, perceived that his blow had missed ; i.e. the
red cloth, held out to excite the bull, gave way when he plunged against it.
106. haerebat, sc. ferrum. — manus, i.e. not the weapon.
108. Tjyrnesia, he had captured the city Lyrnesos in Mysia.
109. Tenedon, Tenedos^ a small island off the coast of Troy.
no. Thebas, a city of Mysia, ruled by king Eetion, father of Androm-
ache.
111. Caicvis, a river of Mysia, where he wounded Telephus, son of
Hercules, and afterwards healed him by the application of rust from his
spear.
112. opus, efficacy : once in the wound, and once in the healing.
113. per litus, along the shore.
115. ante actis, zvhat he had done before.
118. quo plangente, abl. abs. — moribundo vertice, abl. of instru-
ment.
121. in hoc, in respect to this one, i.e. Cygnus.
125. qua, where.
127. sanguis : final is in this word was originally long.
130. cavari, indented.
131. laedi, blunted.
132. vetQcto, pulling off ^ i.e. the shield of Cygnus (abl. abs.).
137. aversos, turned atvay, i.e. from the direction in which he was
going = as he zvent backwards.
138. quern relates to lapis. — impulsum agrees with Cygnum.
140. praecordia = pectus.
141. vincla, bands. — subdita, bound beneath.
145. cujus, etc., whose Jtame he formerly bore, i.e. into a swan i^cyg-
nuni). The transformation of another Cygnus into a swan is described in
Book II. V. ^6j ff.
ii8
Notes,
XXVIII. THE TALP: of GALATEA.
Fig. 56.
XIII. 750. Fauno, Faumis, an Italian god of the woods and fields,
usually identified with the Greek Pan (here abl. of source; § 244, a; G.
395; n. 415, ii.). — Symaethide, daughter of Symoethus, a river of
Sicily.
752. nostra, ??iine ; Galatea tells the story.
753. octonis iterunt, tzuice eight. The ablatives in this line are abla-
tives of quality (§ 251; G. 402; H. 419, ii.).
755. Cyclops: a misshapen race, sons of Poseidon; they had but one
eye, which was in the middle of the forehead. This one was named Poly-
phemus. — fine, here feminine, is usually masculine.
759. ille, the Cyclops.
760. silvis, dative.
761. magni cum dis Olympi, of
great Olympus together with the gods, i.e.
gods and all.
765. rastris : Polyphemus is so huge
that he uses a rake for a comb and a
scythe (falce) for a razor.
769. tiitae, etc. : see the story of the
adventures of Ulysses and of ^Eneas with
the Cyclops, in the third book of Virgil's
/Eneid.
771. nulla, etc. : he was a soothsayer,
who interpreted the flight of birds.
773. Ulixes: this story is told by
Homer, Od. ix. 289-397 (Bryant's transl,
325 ff.)-
775. altera, i.e. Galatea has blinded
him with love, — vera, object of inoneu-
tem, which is object of spernit.
776. litora, when he might hope to
see the Nereid Galatea.
middle of the wedge-shaped hill, which com-
Galatea and Polyphemus.
780. medius, on the
manded an extensive view of the sea.
783. apta, i.e. as the mast of a ship.
784. centum : not of seven, as was the pipe used by ordinary mor als.
785. senserunt, felt, i.e. trembled with. His pastoral whisperings
(pastoria sibila) were so loud as to shake earth and sea.
The Tale of Galatea, 119
791. lascivior, more playful ; the kid is frequently mentioned as an
example of playfulness.
798. eadeni Galatea, jj'd.'^' //it' ^^z;;;^:' Galatea,
800. lentior, originally flexible, and hence hard io break, tough, and
as applied to character, hard io influence, perverse.
803. feta, with young.
805. vellem, subjunctive of modesty (§ 311, h; G. 252; II. 486, i). —
possein, expressing the purpose of vellem (§ 267, c; G. 254, r.^; ^.99, 2).
806. Claris latratibus, at loud barking.
808. noris (i.e. noveris), sc. me; perfect subjunctive in a less vivid
future (future perfect) condition (§ 307, e; G. 598; H. 509).
809. labores, verb.
810. pars montis, appos. with antra. — pendentia, lit. hanging;
then arched because an arch or vault seems to hang unsupported in the
air. — vivo saxo, of living rock.
811. quibus, loc. abl. for in quibus.
819. deerunt, dissyllabic, as those forms of desum in which de is fol-
lowed by er usually are.
820. arbutei fetus : see note on Book I. 104.
821. inultae, sc. oves, the idea being implied in pecus.
824. pauperis, predicate genitive (§ 214, d; G. 365, R.^; H. 401).
826. ut, etc., hotv they can hardly get round their distended udders with
their legs, i.e. can hardly move their legs between which the distended
udders hang.
$2*^. fetura minor, a younger generation, appos. with agni.
829. inde=ex eo=: ejus.
830. liquefacta eoagula, steeped rennet : the English would prefer
here a passive construction, /<3;r/ is curdled with rennet. Rennet is made
from the stomachs of calves; and when steeped and softened in water is
used to curdle milk preparatory to making cheese.
S33. par-ve : the adverb from parvus (if there were one) would be
parve.
840. liquidae aquae, in clear (or calm) water.
844. nescio quern : Polyphemus is represented as so rude as not even
to recognize the existence of the gods.
852. haec omnia, all nature.
853. orbis (= oeulus), sc. est.
^54' genitor, the father of Polyphemus was Neptune.
858. Nerei, Greek vocative.
859. contemptus, genitive depending upon patientior (§ 218, b;
G. 374; H. 399, ii.).
I20
Notes.
863. quod, i.e. placeat; let him please Jiimself, and he shall be f7'ec to
please you, which (i.e. thongJi) I should zuiih he did not, — modo copia
detur, sc. mihi; only let me have an opportunity, and he shall feel, cte,
864. pro, in proportion to.
867. laesus, stirred np.
868. cuinque . , . meo, i.e. I seem to have yEtna with all its hre in
my bosom.
875. veneris, love. — ista . . . vestrae, the whole clause is object
of faciam (§ 332; G. 557; H. 501, ii. i) with omission of ut (IL 502).
879. SymaetMvis : the mother of Acis was the nymph Symsethis.
880. parentes, vocative.
extreinus, only the ex-
Fig. 57-
883.
tremity.
884. angulus montis, comer of
a mountain, i.e. the huge rock thrown
by the Cyclops.
885. quod solum, the only thing
zvhich.' — per fata, with the permis-
sion of the fates,
$S6. avitas, ofhisgrandsire, the
river god Symaethus.
894. cornua (ace. of specifica-
tion) : horns were the regular at-
tributes of river -gods; they were
symbols of strength, (See Fig. 57.)
895. caerulus, the color of the sea, and hence attributed to deities
of the water.
Young river-god.
XXIX. THE DEIFICATION OF ROMULUS.
XIV. 772. proximus, next after Proca, w^ho is mentioned in v. 622.
— PiMSiGvAsL^, Italian. — miles Amuli, /A<? soldiery of Amulius, i.e. the
warlike Amulius.
773. nepotum. munere, as a gift from his grandsons (lit. by the favor
of his grandsons) ; they were Romulus and Remus.
774. Parilibus: the festival of Fates, goddess of flocks and herds.
This festival occurred April 21, which was regarded as the day of the foun-
dation of Rome. See the first selection from the Fasti. The 1 in Pales
is changed to r. - . |-
The Deification of Romulus, 121
775. Tatius, king of the Sabines, — patres, the fathers of the Sabine
women whom the Romans had carried off.
776. Tarpeia : she showed the Sabines the way into the citadel, de-
manding as her reward what they wore on their left arms. She meant
their bracelets; but the Sabines, disgusted with her treachery, threw their
shields (which they wore on their left arms) upon her and killed her. —
via reclusa, abl. abs.
777* poena, abl. depending upon dignam.
778. sati Curibus, those sprung fro?7t Cures, a city in the Sabine
country, i.e. ike Sabines.
779. corpora victa sopore, i.e. the sleeping Romans.
780. portas, the gates of the city which lay between the Capitol,
which they had taken, and the Palatine.
781. Iliades, Romulus, son of Ilia or Rhea Silvia.
782. Saturnia, Juno; she had been an enemy of the Trojans, and
now hated their descendants the Romans.
783. Venus, the mother of the Trojan Aeneas, from whom the Romans
traced their descent, was friendly to the Romans.
784. clausura fuit, was on the point of closing; livelier than elausis-
set. — nisi quod, except that.
785. Jano : the name Janus was in early times that of a real gate
(also called porta Janualis') which was at the same time the temple of
Janus quadrifrons. It stood at one of the entrances to the forum. Near
it were hot sulphur springs.
787. nee sustlnuere, they did not hold out against her.
790. ora, openings door.
791. subponunt, sc. Naides.
794. Alpino rigori ; the cold of the Alps was proverbial among the
Romans.
795. audebatis : the poet now addresses the waters.
797. v\%i^\%^ hard, fierce. — promissa, by Juno.
798. Martlus miles, the soldiery of the race of Mars. Mars, being
the father of Romulus and Remus, was regarded as the source of the
Roman race.
799. quae ... obtulit, i.e. when he attacked them, not acting merely
on the defensive.
801. generi, soceri: the Romans had carried off the Sabine maidens,
and thereby become the sons-in-law of the Sabines.
804. accedere regno, to he associated (with Romulus) in the royal
power.
805. populis duobus, the Romans and Sabines.
122 Notes,
809. nee . . . uno, depends no longer upon one particular ruler, i.e.
can get along without Romulus.
810. promissa, sc. sunt. — nepoti, of Jupiter.
811. ablatum, sc. nepotem.
814. This verse is borrowed from the first book of the Annales of
Ennius. Ovid uses it again, Fasti, ii. 487.
815. summa, the sum, i.e. the co7ttents.
818. sensit: the subject is the same as that of the following verbs. —
rapinae, the carrying away of Romulus, which Mars was to execute.
819. tei¥ione, the pole ; this presses the horses only in so far as its
weight causes the yoke to press them.
820. conscendit eqiios : a not uncommon expression for mounting
into a chariot. — Gradivus = Mars.
823. reddentem regia jura, giving royal judgments. — suo jam
Quiriti, to the Quirites, now really his own since the death of Tatius.
The Quirites are the sati Curibus of v. 778.
825. dilapsum, sc. est. — lata plumbed funda missa : notice the
cases.
826. intabescere, melt, fade away. The melting away of bullets in
the air is mentioned several times in Roman literature. When thrown out
of sight, the bullet naturally seems to disappear entirely.
827. pulvlnaribus altis, the high cushions upon which the images
of the gods or the offerings to them were laid; here used for divine honors
in general.
828. trabeati : the trabea was a robe with red stripes and border
worn by the kings, and afterwards by the equites. A draped statue of
Quirinus seems to be referred to here.
XXX. THE WORSHIP OF ^SCULAPIUS.
XV. 622. praesentia, helpful,
624. Coroniden: iEsculapius was son of Apollo and the nymph
Coronis.
625. insula: the island of the Tiber was the seat of the worship of
^sculapius (see v, 739). — sacris asciverit, enrolled among the sacred rites.
629. nihil posse, have no power.
630. mediam orbls humum : the oracle at Delphi was held to be
the middle point (^omphalos) of the earth.
634, et locus, etc, : the usual description of the circumstances attend-
The Worship of yEsctdafims.
123
Fig. 58.
ing the utterance of oracles. — laurus: the final us, though naturally short,
is occasionally treated as long in the thesis, especially before et and aut.
— ipse, ApoUo, though here his statue is meant.
635. cortina, because the priestess {^Pythia) sat upon it when she
uttered the oracle.
637. proplore loco : Epidaurus, the chief seat of the worship of
^sculapius, was nearer by sea to Rome than w^as Delphi. — pelisses :
hortatory subjunctive, denoting an unfulfilled obligation in past time
(§ 266, e)^you should have sought,
639. Qui niinuat, to lesseii^ clause of purpose.
640. avibus, auspices, because the chief auspices were by the flight or
song of birds.
642. colat, inhabits.
643. qui petaiit, vien to seek.
645. concilium, etc., hendiadys = the coun-
cil of the Grecian fathers. — darent follows
oravere, the subjunctive representing the im-
perative of the direct discourse.
647. Ausoniae, an ancient name of Italy.
— certas . . . sortes, that so the infallible
oracle declares: indirect discourse depending
upon oravere.
652. telluris limits orbi.
654. sed Qualis, etc., i.e. in contrast to his
assumption of a snake's form the next day.
y^sculapius is represented in art as an old man
with a staff about which a serpent is twined
(see V. 659). (See Fig. 58.)
660. nota. imperative.
667. operosa, constructed ivith labor. (See
Book I. 258.)
668. Indicet: subjunctive representing the
imperative of direct discourse (this and similar
clauses are sometimes explained as clauses of
purpose with omission of ut) .
669. cristis altis limits aureus.
670. in serpente deus, the god incarnate in the serpent.
676. vitta,y?//^/. (See Fig. 59.) — crlnes, ace. of specification.
677. animis, etc., a common formula for commanding a reverential
silence.
681. referunt geminata, repeat.
/Esculapius.
124
Notes,
682. Aeneadae: the two syllables e^ are contracted into one in
scanning.
683. rata, authenticating.
691. suum, ofkis attendants.
692. ofRciiim, reverent service.
696. coronatae : ships were festooned with flowers on sailing.
700. Pallantidos,
^^S. 59. . Aurora.
701. liacinia: the
Lacinian promontory,
where was a temple of
Juno : Scylaceum was
a little further south-
west.
703. lapygiam:
this was the southeast-
ern promontory of Italy,
which came in due
course before Lacinium :
the three names that
follow cannot be iden-
tified.
705. Caiilona, a city of the Bruttii. — Naryciam : this name was
given to Locri Epizephyrii, as being a colony of the Locrian Narycus.
706. f return angustaque = f return angustum. — Pelori, a prom-
ontory at the northeastern extremity of Sicily, the modern Capo di Faro.
707. Hippotadae, Jiolus, son of Hippotes, king of the Winds : his
home was the ^olian islands. — Tenieses : Tempsa, famed for copper mines.
708. JJeucosiani, a promontory, south of Psestum, — a place now, as
then, famed for its roses.
709. Mlnervae, the promontory opposite the island of Capri; then
come Surrentum (^Sorrento'), Herculaneum, Stabise, Neapolis (^Naples ^
whose ancient name was Parthenope), and Cumse, the abode of the Sibyl.
713. calidi fontes, Baiae, a fashionable watering-place in Ovid's time.
Liternum lay between here and the mouth of the Volturnus. The other
names are of well-known towns.
716. graves, unhealthy, by reason of the swamps. — quam, etc.,
Cajeta, where ^neas built a sepulchre to his nurse Cajeta.
717. Antiphatae domus: Formise, where Antiphates was king. — ■
Trachae was another name for Tarracina, situated near the Pomptine
Marshes.
The Apotheosis of Ccesar.
125
Fig. 60.
718. tellus Circaea, Circeii. — spissi, tvith deep sand.
721. per sinus, etc., i.e. makings etc.
722. parentis, Apollo, who had a temple on the coast at Antium.
723. Epidaurius, yEsculapius.
724. hospitio . . . usus, having enjoyed the hospitality of the related deity.
726. moderainine, the rudder-.
727. Castrum, sc. Inui, a town midway between Antium and the
mouth of the Tiber; the ancient town of Lavinium was near by.
730. quae . . . servant : the Vestal virgins, six in number, were among
the most important functionaries of Roman
worship. — Troica agrees with "Vesta:
the worship of Vesta and the Penates was
said to have been brought by ^neas from
Troy.
732. per adversas undas, tip the
stream.
734. sonant, crackle.
737. malo, mast (malus, bad^ has
short a).
740. insula: the Island is between
the Capitol and Janiculum. (See Fig. 60.)
— laterum e parte duoruin, on the two
sides.
741. media tellure, while land is betiveen (abl. abs.).
of porrigit is amnis.
742. IJatia pinu, the Roman ship.
743. caeleste, a poetic form of the ablative.
The landing.
The subject
XXXI. THE APOTHEOSIS OF C^SAR.
XV. 745. hie, iEsculapius.
746. marte togaque, war and peace, the toga being the distinctive
garb of peace,
747. magis, construed with quam, v. 750.
748. properata, speedily won. — rerurn, deeds.
749. sidus : see v. 850.
750. progenies, the emperor Augustus, his adopted son.
751. quod exstitit, substantive clause, the fact that, etc. (§ 333; G.
525; H. 540, iv.).
1 26 Notes,
752. domuisse: Tacitus, more modestly, says: potest videri ostendisse
posteris, non tradidisse. — Agr. 13.
753. septeinflua : there were seven principal mouths of the Nile.
755. Cinyphiuin, derived from CinypSy the name of a Lybian river.
— Jubam: Juba, king of Numidia, fought against Caesar at Thapsus
(B.C. 46). — - MitUridateis . . . Pontuin: there had been six kings of
Pontus named Mithradates, the most famous of whom was Mithradates the
Great. His son Pharnaces was overthrown by Caesar (B.C. 47).
756. Quirini : Quirinus, an ancient god of the Romans, was identified
by them with their eponymous hero, Romulus. (See selection xxix.)
757. aliquos: Coesar celebrated five triumphs. — egisse, the word
regularly used for triumphal processions.
758. quo praeside, i.e. in making him ruler,
762. genetrix, Venus.
763. pontiflci : Caesar held the office of pontifex maxinius, the head
of the state religion. The word is used here, in order to fasten upon his
murder the character of sacrilege.
767. liilo : lulus, son of ^neas, was the alleged ancestor of the Julian
gens.
768. justis curis, well-grounded fears.
769. Oalydonia : Diomedes, son of Tydeus, of Caiydon, had wounded
Venus at the siege of Troy, when she was interfering in behalf of the
Trojans. — vulneret and the following subjunctives, seeing that, etc.
(§ 320, e'j G. 636; H. 517) : the relatives refer to the subject of ero, v. 768.
770. male defensae moenia, the unsuccessful defence of the walls, lit.
walls of ill- defended Troy.
771. natum, iEneas: his wanderings, his descent into the infernal
regions, and his war with Turnus (who was supported by Juno) are enu-
merated.
778. sacerdotis Vestae : the worship of Vesta M^as under the special
oversight of the pojttifex maximus, who resided in the Regia, adjoming
her temple.
781. veterum sororum, the Fates.
783. ferunt, they declare. — anna, tubas, cornua, are subjects of
praeiwonuisse, depending upon ferunt. All these signs are said to
have preceded Csesar's death,
789. caerulus, livid, — vultum, ace. of specification.
791. Stygius, Stygian or infernal, because a bird of ill-omen.
792. ebuF, the ivory images of the gods : this was a common portent.
— • eantus and verba are prophetic voices and incantations, heard in the
sacred groves.
The Apotheosis of Ccesar, 127
794. lltat, gives favorable ojnens.
795. caput, a projecting portion of the liver: it was a very bad sign
\i any portion of the viscera was cut by the slaughterer's knife.
800. praeinonitus, premoniiions. — deuni, genitive.
801. in teiiiplum : the place of Caesar's assassination was the Curia
(senate-house) Pompeii, which was a te??iphc?fi, in the Roman sense, as
being a place formally consecrated by auguries. This was necessary for
assemblies of the Senate, or of the people; while, on the other hand, not
every acdes, or abode of a god, was necessarily a temphivi.
803. Cytherea, an epithet of Venus, from the island Cythera.
804. condere, sc. Caesareni : in this manner Venus had saved Paris
from Menelaus, and /Eneas from Diomedes.
806. Diomedeos : the adjective is equivalent to a possessive genitive
(§ 190; ^- 360, R.1; H. 395, N. 2).
808. intres \\Q.e>t, granted that you enter, i.e. though you enter (§ 313,
b; G. 609; H. 515, iii.).
810. rerum tabularia, the archives of fate,
812. metiiunt: Fate was even above the gods.
818. deus (pred.), as a god.
819. natus suus, Augustus, his adopted son.
821. nos, i.e. the gods. — in bella, for his wars. ■ — suos, sc. socios :
he M^ill have us as his friends, i.e. on his side.
822. illius auspiciis : the auspices could be taken only by the com-
mander, who had been formally vested with the imperium. — obsessae :
Mutina was besieged by Antony, B.C. 43, and relieved by Octavius and
others, acting then in the interests of the Senate.
823. Pharsalia: because Philippi, where Octavius and Antony de-
feated Brutus and Cassius (B.C. 42), might be poetically regarded as in the
same country as Pharsaha in Thessaly, where Caesar defeated Pompey.
Emathia is a district of Macedonia.
825. Siculis iindis : it was in the neighborhood of Messana, in Sicily,
that Agrippa, the admiral of Octavius, defeated Sex. Pompeius, B.C. 36.
826. conjunx, Cleopatra, who married Antony.
827. non bene, tmfortunately.
828. servitura, sc. esse, etc. ; depends on minata erit. — Canopo :
Canopus was a city on the western mouth of the Nile in Lower Egypt,
noted for its wealth and luxury.
830. numerem, dubitative subjunctive (§ 268; G. 258; H. 484, v.).
833« jura: Octavius, as Augustus, reorganized the civil institutions of
Rome.
%2i^. prolem : Tiberius and Drusus, sons of Livia (wife of Augustus)
128 Notes,
by a former marriage. They were adopted by their step-father, and
Tiberius succeeded him as Emperor.
838. Pylios annos, i.e. the years of Nestor.
840. hanc aiiimain, this (i.e. Caesar's) soul.
842, aede, the temple of Divus yulius fronted on the Forum.
843. media sede senatus, in the midst of the senate house (abl. of
place; § 258,/ 2; G. '^%^', H. 425, 2, N.^); this act of Venus followed
immediately upon the murder.
845. eripuit, so. aniinant.
850. nati . . . illo : the soul of Caesar, now divine, and placed as a
star in heaven, sees the good deeds (benefacta) of Augustus (nati), and
rejoices that they are greater than his own.
852. hie, Augustus.
853. obnoxia, subject to.
854. una in parte, in this one pointy i.e. his superiority to his father.
855. Agamemnonis, etc. : Agamemnon, Theseus, Achilles, and Jupiter
were greater than their fathers, just as Augustus is greater than Julius Caesar.
857. ipsos: i.e. Julius and Augustus. — aequantibus, because Julius
and Augustus, like Saturn and Jupiter, were gods.
859. triformis, i.e. consisting of earth, sea, and sky.
861. Aeneae comites, the Penates, or household gods, brought by
iEneas — through fire and sword — from Troy, and established in Lavinium.
862. di Indigetes : these are generally reckoned as deified heroes;
among them was Jineas himself. Romulus (Quirinus), again, was son of
Mars, one of whose chief titles was Gradivus, " the strider."
864. Vesta, etc. Augustus became Pontifex Maximus in the year 12
B.C. The Pontifex Maximus was obliged to live near the temple of Vesta.
In order to fulfil the letter of this law, Augustus built a temple of Vesta
within his palace on the Palatine Hill, thereby receiving Vesta among his
household deities.
865. Phoebe : Apollo was the tutelary deity of Augustus, who built a
temple to him on the Palatine.
866. Tarpeias, the original name of the Capitohne Mount, afterwards
confined to a part of the hill.
869. Augustum, adjective. — queni relates to orbe.
870. faveat, as a god. — absens, i.e. no longer on earth.
871. Jovis ira, i.e. the lightning.
872. edax (cf. edo), consuming, wasting,
%*j'^. corporis, objective genitive with jus*
874. finlat, hortatory subji^nctive.
875. mei, of myself
Shorter Poems. 129
SHORTER POEMS.
For the metre of this, and all the following extracts (^elegiac) ^ see
§ 363; G. 762; H. 615. The Pentameter is most conveniently scanned
by dividing it into two half-verses (JiemisHchs) , consisting each of two feet
with an added half-foot.
I. FASTI.
I. The Festival of Pales.
IV. 721. Farilla, ace. (§ 239, 2, c, R.; G. 333, R.i; H. 374, i). The
form Parilia was regularly used by an interchange of 1 and r frequent
among primitive nations, and also among young children. — poscor : this
is the word regularly used of a person formally called upon to sing or
speak.
722. Pales, an Italian goddess of pasturage (possibly of the same root
as pa-scor). The word is sometimes masculine.
723. faveas canenti, be propitious to me as I sing.
725. certe: this gives the reason why he deserves her favor. — de
vitulo cinerem : the ashes were preserved from the sacrifice of the
Fordicidia (April 15), and used for the lustrating rites of the Farilia.
They were mixed with bean-straw (beans being regarded by the -aneieTits
as having a peculiar purifying efficacy) and the curdled blood of the
October horse ^ sacrificed October 15 (see v. 733).
726. februa : from this is derived the name of February^ the month
of purification, — the last in the old Roman year.
727. transilui : the chief ceremonial of thQparilia was leaping through
heaps of blazing hay and stubble; the herds also were driven through them.
This, too, is a cleansing rite.
728. uda laurea : a bough of laurel was used to sprinkle purifying
water.
729. navalibus, ^ic. : the poet thinks of his poem as a voyage upon
which his ship is starting.
730. s^noSf their ownf\.e. favoring.
731. virginea: the suffimen (fumigation) was prepared by the Vestal
Virgin, by whom the blood of the October horse had been preserved.
732. Vestae : she was the special guardian of chastity.
1 30 Notes.
734. inane culmen, the hollow stalk.
736. virga, a brush-broom, usually of laurel.
738. longa coTona>f /i'^loon,
739. vivo, crude.
741, mares : it is hard to see why this epithet should be applied to
the olivej except from its tonic bitterness. — taedam, /?V^/i-//«^. — her-
bas Sabinas, y?/;^z^<?r / the name is still preserved in the word savin.
742. crepet, crackle ; this was an especially favorable sign.
745. suas, appropriate to her ; no blood could be shed on her festival.
— resectis : this is explained as referring to the cutting up of the food to
be shared among the worshippers.
746. silvicolam : the pastures were openings in the forest, or them-
selves covered with a light growth of wood.
749. sacro, sc. loco. "The list of innocent sins which follows curi-
ously illustrates both the superstitious fears and the trifling observances of
a primitive pastoral life. There is, moreover, a touching simplicity through-
out the whole petition, which affords a strong contrast to the frightful
depravity of civilized Rome, as described in the pages of Juvenal and
Martial." — Paley. As illustrated, too, we may add, in many of the
writings of Ovid himself.
750. bustis : the btisttmt was a mound heaped up upon the spot where
the body was burned.
752. semicaper deus : the rural god Faunus was identified with the
Greek Pan, who was represented with goat's legs. (See Fig. 3.)
753. opaco, shady.
754. fiscina frondis : " In countries where grass is less plentiful than
with VIS, sheep, goats, and cattle are still fed in great measure on the
foliage and succulent twigs of trees (see Virg. G. i. 226, ii. 435; Eel. x. 30)."
— Paley.
758. ungula : the worshipper seems at some time to have driven his
flock into a lake, just as, in v. 755, he sheltered them during a hail-storm
under a rustic temple.
759. fontana numina, etc.: "Nothing is more pleasing in ancient
mythology than the fanciful doctrine which peopled all earth and sea with
multitudes of fair female spirits. Every hill and dale, every grot and
crystal spring, every lake and brook and river, every azure plain and coral
cave of ocean, was animated and hallowed by the presence and protection
of the Nymphs." — Ramsay.
761. labra Dianae, referring to the story of Actaeon, who saw Diana
in her bath : the goddess, as a punishment, turned him into a stag, and he
was torn in pieces by his own dogs. (See Met. Book III. 138-252.)
Shorter Poems, 13 1
762. Faunum: this well-meaning god (from faveo) was angry if
discovered asleep on the ground.
765. uiinus multos, fewer (sheep or goats). — redigam, gather in,
i.e. at night.
766. rap^ lupo, snatched from the wolf i.e. after the carcass was
devoured.
768. quae, etc., clauses of purpose.
769. aera, money, for the peasant's money is copper, inasmuch as he
rarely attains to a silver piece.
770. vimina rara, wickerwork, through which the curd was allowed
to drain; they were CB)\eA Jiscellae, — sero, from serum.
772. quamlibet qualifies teneras.
775. ad annum — quotannis.
777. ad ortus, the proper position for the worshipper.
780. sapam, new wine {i7iustuni) boiled down to a third.
781. per, etc., the ceremony alluded to in v. 727.
784. turba, i.e. of interpretations: it is Ovid's custom, on occasion,
to introduce a multitude of these, as here.
786. duce, i.e. the shepherd.
787. semina is predicate : that fire and water are called del illustrates
the ancient custom of deifying all objects and powers of nature.
791. exsul: the formula of exile was aqud et igni interdicere ; the
bride also was welcomed to her new home with these elements.
793, Phaethonta, i.e. his memory. (See Met. ii. i ; i. 253.)
799. pietas Aeneia, i.e. in carrying his father Anchises through the
flames of burning Troy : dant tela locum Jlammceqtie recedunt (Aen. ii.
633).
801. condita est: Rome was said to have been founded on the day
of the Parilia.
802. Lares, the household gods ; in practice there was very little differ-
ence made between the Lares and Penates, but in their origin they were
quite different. The Lares were deified ancestors, the Penates were asso-
ciated with Vesta, and worshipped on the hearth, the name being con-
nected with penus, penetralia, and other words referring to something
in the interior.
803. mutantes agrees with incolas understood, subject of suppo-
suisse.
804. et connects tectls and casae. — cessaturae, because they were
on the point of leaving it.
132 Notes.
2. The Founding of Rome.
809. f rater Numitoris : Amulius, who had stolen the kingdom from
his brother. Romulus and Remus, grandsons of Numitor, restored his
authority to him, and put the usurper to death.
8 10. pastorum : Romulus and Remus had been brought up among
shepherds. — gemino duce, Romulus and Remus.
812. ponat uter: not to be understood of the mere act of building
the city, which was to be done in common, but as to which should enjoy
the dignity of founder.
814. fides, reliance on ; the word auspice is derived from avis (auis)
and -specio.
815. Palati: this was the original seat of the city: the Aventine, south
of it, lay for a long time outside the limits of the city. Romulus ascended
the Palatine, Remus the Aventine.
818. statur, impersonal passive, they abide by.
819. signet, subjunctive of purpose. — aratro : the founder of the
city marked out the walls by ploughing about the space, the sods being
turned inward : the sod represented the walls, the furrow the moat.
821. fossa: this was not the moat, but a pit dug in the centre of the
city; in Rome it was in front of the Temple of Apollo, on the Palatine.
It was called mundus, and in it were placed the objects here enumerated.
It bore thus a certain analogy to the corner-stone of modern buildings. —
ad solidum, to firm earth. — fruges, i.e. boni ominis causa.
822. vicino, i.e. not the neighborhood, but the vicus from which each
of the settlers had come.
824. f ungitur, gets through with, or does its duty by.
826. vacca : the bull was harnessed outside, at the right of the cow.
827. condenti, sc. mihi.
S28. Mavors, an old form of Mars. — mater : this word is not here
used to imply relationship {2J=>genitor ox genitrix), but, V\k.^ pater, is often
applied to the deities in reverence, as in Jupiter, Marspiter, Liber pater.
831. huic is to be taken with dominae terrae, — dominae being
used proleptically, that is, in the way of anticipation.
832. dies = sol.
833. laevo : thunder on the left was a favorable sign, because, as the
person taking the auspices faced south, the east, the place of the sun's
rising, was at his left,
837. Celer, a mythical companion of Romulus, the eponym of the
Celeres, or Roman Knights. — vocarat, i.e. by this name, Swift.
838. ciirae tuae, genitive (§ 214, «:; G. 365, R.^; H. 403).
Shorter Poems, 133
842. his, abl, sc. muris.
843. nee mora, sc. est. — Celer : the usual story was that the blow
was given by Romulus himself.
851. adplicuit, sc. fratri.
852. invito, dat., sc. mihi (§ 229; G. 344, r2.; H. 385, 2).
854. Faustulus and Acca, the shepherd and his wife, who had reared
Romulus and Remus. — comas, ace. of specification.
855. nondum faeti Quirites : this term was, in historical times,
applied to all the Roman citizens, in their character of citizens. Its origin
is uncertain, but it was usually supposed to have been the name of a Sabine
settlement upon the Quirinal, which was afterwards incorporated with the
Palatine Rome.
856. ultima, as the last act.
857. hoc: § 225, a'y credo takes the ace. of the thing (when a neuter
pronoun), and the dat. of the person.
860. nominis hujus (i.e. Caesar) limits pluris (ace. plural).
862. umeris, i.e. by head and shoulders, implying a great disparity.
3. Ritual to avert Blight.
901. quae restant, remaining. — luces, days.
902. in medio cursu : a division of the season which is not easy to
account for, and is inconsistent with other authors.
903. pecudem Helles, the golden-fleeced ram, which carried away
Phrixus and Helle, children of Athamas, and gave its name to the constel-
lation Aries. It really sets March 25, while Canis does not rise, but sets
(i.e. ceases to appear in the west after sunset) in April.
904. signa dant imbres. " The showers give indications of the sea-
sons." ~ Ramsay.
905. Nomento : Nomentum was a town about twelve miles<^northeast
of Rome, on the Via Salaria ; the grove of Robigo was five miles from
Rome on the Via Clodia, which was westerly of this. Probably therefore
Ovid got upon the Via Clodia by a cross road.
907. flamen: the Jlamen was a special sacrificing priest, either
attached to the worship of a special god, or to a special corporation.
There were three of chief rank, called y?^/w?w^5' major eSy the Dialis (of
Jupiter), Martialis, and Quirinalis ; the other twelve were devoted to
the worship of inferior deities, some of them utterly passed into oblivion.
The Flamen of Quirinus had charge of the worship of Robigo (see v, 910).
911. aspera: this word, as well as scahras (v. 621), describes the
roughened surface of the blighted plant.
1 34 Notes.
913. sideribus, construed with niitrita: it is well known how strong
is the belief in most primitive communities of an influence of the stars
upon the crops.
915. notasti, have marked ; perhaps an allusion to the nota censoria,
or rank of infamy, stamped by the censors upon those whom they degraded
politically.
916. liabet, reckons.
918. pallet, loses color.
919. incalfiicit udos ; this was their explanation of blight.
923. ferrum : robigo means rttst as well as blight.
924. prior, beforehand ; predicate adjective agreeing with the subject,
where in English we use an adverb.
926. otia agit, is at peace ; in the reign of Augustus, the temple of
Janus was closed, for the first time in two hundred years.
928. situs, see note, Met. vii. 290.
932. absent!, in gratitude for thy absence.
933. villis solutis, ivith long nap ; linen, among the ancients, was
woven with a nap, as wool is now: the mantele (maniple), patera, and
acerra were regular implements of sacrifice. " Acerra ought to be trans-
lated incense-box [not censer\ The frankincense in ancient sacrifices was
generally consumed on the altar, not in a vessel constructed for the pur-
pose, as in the ceremonies of the Jewish religion and the Roman Catholic
church." — Ramsay.
936. obsceiiae : " as early as the time of Homer, the dog was taken
as the symbol of shamelessness and impudence." — Peter.
937. nova, tmusual.
939. Icariiim : the dog-star, Canicula, was metamorphosed from the
dog of Erigone (the Virgin), daughter of Icarius. It rose (i.e. reappeared
in the east just before sunrise) July 26.
940. praecipitur, ripens too fast.
II. HEROIDES.
Penelope to Ulysses.
1. lento: after the ten years' siege of Troy, Ulysses was delayed by
ten years of wandering and adventures before returning to his wife Penel-
ope in Ithaca, as related in the Odyssey.
2. veni, imperative.
Shorter Poems, 135
3- jacet certe, has doubtless falleii.
4. tanti fuit, was ivorih what it cost (§ 252, a\ G. 379; H. 404).
6. adulter, Paris, who carried off Helen, wife of Menelaus, king of
Sparta.
7. jacuissem, this, like the following. verbs, is in the apodosis of a
condition contrary to fact, the omitted protasis (si abrutus esset) being
implied in the preceding lines.
9. fallere, to while away,
10. tela: she spent her time in weaving a shroud for her father-in-law
Laertes, what she wove by day being unravelled at night, to foil the impor-
tunity of her suitors {v, %'^).
15. Antilochuni, a Greek warrior at Troy, son of Nestor.
17. Menoetladen : Patroclus, son of Menoetius, dearest friend of
Achilles : he was killed by Hector, while wearing Achilles' armor.
18. successu, etc. : Ulysses was famous for craftiness. The failure of
Patroclus fighting in assumed arms makes Penelope fear that the tricks
of Ulysses will not save his life.
19. Tlepolemiis, son of Hercules and Astyoche, led the Rhodians
against Troy, and was slain by Sarpedon, king of Lycia.
22. amantis, i.e. of Penelope.
26. ad patrios deos, before the ancestral gods, i.e. before their altars
or images.
27. nymphae, brides.
28. llli, i.e. mariti, who had fought at Troy. — suis, sc. fatis.
31. monstrat, etc.: he paints with wine a plan of Troy on the table,
and shows how the armies were drawn up.
35. Aeacides : both Peleus, father of Achilles, and Telamon, father of
Ajax, were sons of iEacus. Here Achilles is meant.
36. niissos, let go — at ftdl speed.
37. te quaerere misso, sent to seek you ; the infinitive denoting pur-
pose is poetic (see § 331,^-; G. 546, r.I; H. 533, ii. i).
2i%. gnato: the wanderings of Telemachus, son of Ulysses (see Odys-
sey, Books i.-iv.), were almost as noted as those of his father.
39. Rhesum : Rhesus, a Thracian king, came to aid the Trojans, but
Ulysses and Diomed entered his camp and killed him and many others the
night of his arrival. — Dolon, a Trojan scout, was killed on the same
occasion by a trick.
40. ut, how.
43. uno, i.e. Diomed.
46. Ismariis, of Ismarus, a mountain of Thrace.
47. vestris, of you and your comrades.
136 Notes.
48. IlioS; nominative.
50. dempto fine, without end, or forever.
51. al\i&,for other wives.
52. incola, etc. : the conquerors often colonized a captured city, the
land, cattle, etc., passing to the new settlers.
60. mihl,/rt7w me (§ 229; G. 344, r.^; H. 385, 2); really a dative of
the person interested.
62. cliarta = epistola.
d^i. Pylon : Pylos was reigned over by Nestor, son of Neleus.
67. moenia PhoeM: the walls of Troy were built by Apollo and
Neptune,
68. votis, i.e. for a speedy end of the war.
69. scirem, etc., sc. si starent moenia.
75. quae vestra libido est, such is your lustfulness ; vestra, not
tua, because she refers not to Ulysses alone, but to men in general.
79. fallar, etc., optative subjunctive.
80. revertendi liber, y/^t'^ to return.
82. cogit, attempts to compel.
83. increpet, subjunctive depending upon licet (§ 331,7^ R.; G. 546,
R.3; H. 499, 2)\ so dicar depends upon oportet.
87. Dullchium, an island at the mouth of the Achelous; Samos, an
island off the coast of Asia Minor; Zacynthos, now Zante, one of the
group near Ithaca.
91. Pisapdrum, etc., names of suitors.
94. tuo sanguine qualifies partis (from pario) .
95. Irus, a beggar, favored by the suitors. — edendi limits ultimus
pudor, a most shameful eater.
98. liaertes was the father, Telemachus the son, of Ulysses.
99. ademptus : when Telemachus went to Pylos to seek news of his
father, the suitors lay in wait to kill him, but he was saved by Minerva.
103. Mnc faciunt, besides these are couftted.
104. cura = curator, the swineherd Eumseus.
105. ut qui sit, as one who is (clause of characteristic) i.e. since
he is.
108. erat tuenda, ought to be protected. — ilia, sc, aetas.
109. pellere, infinitive expressing purpose; cf. v. y].
no. portus et aura, haven of safety and breath of air ; she calls him
so because he is so longed for and so necessary.
n6. ut, although.
Shorter Poems. 137
III. AMORES.
I. The Poet of Idleness.
I. 15. quid, why? — livor: properly, a livid color; figuratively,
malice,
3. non me: these accusatives with infinitive are dependent upon
obicis. The only honorable careers for a Roman youth of good family
were war and law, or statesmanship; hence Ovid speaks of being re-
proached for adopting poetry as his profession.
6. foro : the courts of justice as well as some of the public assemblies
(those of the tribes) were held in the Forum. — Ingrato, unremtinerative,
8. niihi, dative of the person interested, who is. here the same as the
agent.
9. Maeonides, Homer; Tenedos, an island; Ide, a mountain, and
Simois, a river near Troy.
II. Ascraeus, Hesiod of Ascra, whose "Works and Days" treat of
the operations of agriculture.
13. Battiades, Callimachus (about 250 B.C.), a native of Cyrene, a
city ruled by a dynasty of Battiadae. Ovid's judgment of this poet in the
next verse is probably sound.
15. cothurno, buskin; a hi^h shoe worn in tragedy, put, therefore, for
tragic poetry.
16. Aratus (about 250 B.C.) wrote on Astronomy.
17. fallax servus, etc., characters of the new Attic comedy, the chief
writer of which was Menander (342-291 B.C.).
19, Ennius, the earliest great Roman epic poet (239-169 B.C.); his
poetry was greatly admired, but seemed to later critics to lack finish (arte
carens). — Acclus, a Roman tragic poet (170 to about 94 B.C.).
21. Varronem: not the celebrated antiquary (116-27 B.C.), but
Varro Atacinus (82-37 B.C.), who translated among other things the Argo-
nautica of ApoUonius Rhodius. — primam ratem, the ship Argo, in
which Jason sailed for the golden fleece.
22. Aesonio duci, i.e. Jason; dative of agent.
23. l<ucretius, a sublime poet upon philosophy : De Rerum Nature
(about 98-55 B.C.).
25. Tityrus, a character in Virgil's first Eclogue. — fruges, the sub-
ject of the Georgics. — Aeneia anna, the ^neid.
2^. Tibullus, a favorite poet of love, of Ovid's own time. Ovid
laments his death, Am. iii. 9.
138 Notes.
29. Gallus, another elegiac poet, contemporary of Ovid, also renowned
as a soldier, in east and west : Lycoris was the name of his mistress.
31. cum, though.
34. Tagi : a river of Spain, then famed for its gold mines.
36. Castalia : a fountain at Delphi, sacred to Apollo.
37. TKiyrtuni : this plant was sacred to Venus.
38. solUcito aiiiante (abl. abs.), while lovers are anxious,
39. fata, death,
2. Elegy on a Parrot.
II. 6. 2. ex.'&^^yiX^k,^, funeral procession ; in the expression ^xjif^e/?«j
ire, the accusative is regularly used without a preposition.
7. quod scelus ista querella, that lamentation for the crime which^
etc. — Isniarii, Thracian ; this was Tereus, king of Thrace. — Philo-
mela, the nightingale.
8. expleta, etc., i.e. you have lamented long enough for that.
9. devertere, imperative.
10. Itys, son of Tereus, served up to him by his wife Progne, and her
sister Philomela, in revenge for an atrocious crime.
15. juvelils Plioceus,'Pylades, son of King Strophius of Phocis, and
friend of Orestes.
17. rari coloris, genitive of quality (§ 215; G. 364; H. 396, v.).
19. ut, when.
21. liebetare, make dull.
22. Punlca, of Tyrian dye, a deep crimson. — croco, saffron, with
rubro, of a reddish yellow, or orange.
23. vocum, genitive, depending upon simulantior (§ 218, b; G.
374; H. 399, ii.).
2^, flant anus, i.e. grow old.
29. minimo, abl. of means, not of fulness. — prae sermonis amore,
by reason of your love of talking.
30. ora, synecdochical accusative.
34. auctor, prophet.
35. invisa Minervae: the crow had lost the favor of Minerva by
prating (see Met. ii. 551).
36. vix moritura : the longevity of the crow has always been prover-
bial.
38. extremo ab OYhe,,from the ends of the earth.
40. suis, i.e. of their years.
41. Phylacidae, Protesilaus, the tirst slain of the Greeks at the siege
Shorter Poems. 139
of Troy; Thersites, a loud-mouthed and mutinous soldier in the Grecian
army at Troy.
44. per mare rapta, sivept to nought.
45. septima lux, i.e. of his illness.
46. vacuo colo : the thread of his life had been spun out. The
Paraey or Fates, were represented as spinning out the thread of life.
48. Corinna, the name of the girl referred to in v. 43.
54. unica, the only one of his kind. The belief of the ancients was
that there was but one phoenix at a time, and upon his death a young one
sprang from his ashes.
55. ales Junonia, the peacock.
61. coUlgor, etc., it is inferred from my very tomb that /, etc. (§ 330,
d; G. 528, R.; H. 534, I, n1.).
%2. ora fuere mlhi, etc., / had a mouth taught to speak more tha^t
{would he expected of) a bird.
3. Farewell to the Loves.
III. 15. I. mater Amorum, Venus.
2. meta: a conical pillar, or goal, at the end of the Circus, about
which the chariots turned in the race, of course often grazing it. — - elegis,
dative of agent.
3. quos relates to elegis (^Amores). — Peligni: see Life of Ovid.
5. ordinis, sc. equestris : this was an aristocracy of wealth in Rome;
here it appears to indicate a class of country gentlemen, to which Ovid
says his family belonged.
6. mllitiae turbine : referring to the parvenu aristocracy which had
sprung from the civil wars.
7. CatuUo, a lyric poet of extraordinary merit, who lived about a
generation before Ovid (B.C. ^'j').
9. coegerat ad. arma, in the Social or Italian War, B.C. 90. This
was a revolt of the Italian allies, among them the Peligni, to force from
Rome an equahty of political rights.
15. Amathusia, an epithet of Venus, from Amathus, a city of
Cyprus.
16. aurea, ^ic, pluck up your golden standards , i.e. decamp.
17. corniger: Bacchus was sometimes represented with horns, as a
symbol of the powers of nature; it was chiefly in his mystic worship (see
Tib. ii. I, 3).
18. area major: this refers to his undertaking greater works, — the
Metamorphoses and the Fasti.
I40 Notes,
IV. TRISTIA.
I. Banished from Rome.
I. 3. 6. finibus, abl. of separation. — Ausoniae, Italy.
7. spatium, tii?te.
15. extremuin,/7r the last time.
1 6. modo de inultis, from inany a short time before; they had
dwindled to one or two.
19. nata, his daughter Perilla.
20. certior, informed,
22. non taciti funeris, of a funeral with loud lamentations.
30. f rustra, in vain, for he was not saved from banishment. — lari, abode.
32. jam, again,
35. sero, etc. : taking up a shield after one is wounded is like shutting
the stable door after the horse is stolen. Ovid feels that it is now too late
to defend himself.
36. odlis, ablative of deprivation.
37. caelesti viro, Augustus.
40. deo, i.e. Augusto.
44. exstinctos : the hearth fire was out, for the master of the house
was banished.
48. Parrhasls, Arcadian ; the Great Bear was originally an Arcadian
maiden, a companion of Diana, named Callisto.
50. fugae, exile.
57. vale dicto, ablative absolute.
62. utraque, i.e. for either reason.
66. Thesea, i.e. with the love of Theseus for Pirithous.
68. \\i.\XLQ,TO, counted as gain.
72. IJucifer, the morning star (the planet Venus).
75. Mettus {Fufetius'), king of Alba, who was thus punished for
treachery by Tullus Hostilius (Liv. i. 28) .
^i^. et mihi facta via est, for me, too, the ivay is made ready. —
ultima, 7^ r distant.
86, Caesar erit, shall be Ccssar, i.e. a ruler whom I cannot disobey.
88. iitilitate, i.e. that this was best. — maniis, i.e. like a captive.
89. ferri, the technical term for carrying upon the bier.
92. sem(i)animis, only four syllables (§ 347, d, R.). — media domo,
abl. of place (§ 258,/ 2; G. ^^6', H. 425, 2, N.2).
100, meiffor me; objective genitive, limiting respeetu.
Shorter Poems. 141
2. 7'he Exile's Sick- Chamber.
III. 3. 2. eram, epistolary imperfect (§ 282; G. 244; H. 472, i).
5. aniini, partitive genitive with quid. — regione, locative ablative.
6. inter, among^ not between; for both these tribes were north of
Tomi : the Sauromatae {Sarmaicc) inhabited Southern Russia, the Getoe,
the modern Moldavia and Wallachia.
8. nescio quo modo, so?nehow.
10. ApoUinea : ^sculapius, god of healing, was son of Apollo.
16. parte, than a part^ i.e. you hold my whole heart.
19. sic qualifies aliena locutuin= been delirious,
22. restituenda, sc. erit.
2.2^. nuntiet aliquis, let some one announce^ i.e. if any one should say .
31. quantum erat, how great a task would it have been.
33. fuisset praecepisset, should have been^ etc.; pluperfect subjunc-
tive, denoting an unfulfilled obligation in past time (§ 266, f).
35. integer, i.e. unharmed by exile.
41. doniinae, of my ivife.
47. ut audieris, when you hear it ; future perfect.
57. ferendo, by bearing them.
58. rude, inexperienced.
62. Samii senis, Pythagoras. — rata, authentic.
65. referantur: z.i\.tx facio, especially in the imperative, tit is often
omitted.
67. fratrem, Polynices; who was killed in the war of *' the Seven
against Thebes," and buried by his sister Antigone, contrary to the com-
mand of the tyrant Creon.
70. suburbano : the Roman tombs were along the sides of the roads
which led from the city.
72. tituli, inscription^ limits notis (§ 214,/; G. 359; H. 396, vi.).
77. majora monumenta, predicate.
81. exstincto, sc. mihi, to me when I am dead. — feralia munera :
gifts carried to the grave of the departed; there was a special festival
styled Feralia, celebrated Feb. 21.
%%. vale, i.e. ^
3. To Perilla.
I. perarata, written, lit. ploughed through; for the ancients often
wrote by scratching with a pointed stylus upon wax-covered tablets. — ■
142 Notes,
Perillam : Perilla was Ovid's daughter. She inherited something of her
father's poetic talent (see vv. 11-32).
6. nee mora, sc. est, immediately.
8. mala nostra, my woes. — levata, sc. esse.
10. cogere, depending upon reverti, is equivalent to ad cogendum.
12. non patrio is explained in the next line, for a maiden to whom
nature had given mores ptidicos could not write in Ovid's earlier manner.
15. hoc, i.e. ingenium. — Pegasidas nndas, the waters of Hippo-
crene, a spring on Mount Helicon in Boeotia, sacred to the Muses; hence
used, like Castalia, to mean poetry. ITippocrene was said to have sprung
forth under the hoof of the winged horse Pegasus.
16. male limits periret.
19. igneSj^^r*?^, \.Q. genius. — idem, nominative plural
20. Ijesbia, vSappho, the Lesbian poetess.
24. tui, objective genitive with judex, equivalent to tiius.
26. cessares : the subjunctive occasionally follows ubi in clauses
having the force of general conditions. This is very rare in Ovid and his
contemporaries, but becomes more common in later writers. — causa
ruboris : she blushed for her negligence.
27. exemplo, by example, i.e. dreading my fate.
28. tu . . . meae, jv^^^ also have folloived the acts of my punishjuent,
i.e. have given up writing or changed your style. But the line may be
corrupt, and several emendations have been proposed.
32. sacra, because poetry was sacred to the Muses. ^
36. strepitum non faclente, noiseless.
40. censibus, riches.^ as estimated by the census.
41. id quodcumque, whatever (that whichever).
42. Irus, the beggar in the Odyssey; Croesus, a king of Lydia.
These two are proverbial examples of poverty and wealth.
45. cum, although.
46. mihi, dative of reference (§ 229; G. 344, R.^; H. 385, 2) equiva-
lent to an ablative of separation.
53. maneat, subjunctive of wish.
4. Winter Scenes in Thrace.
III. 10. 3. suppositum agrees with me, and governs stellis. The
stars which never touch the sea (i.e. set) are the north star and those near
it. He who is under them is in the far north.
5. Bessi, natives of Thrace: for the others see III. 3, 6.
6. quam qualifies non digna, how unworthy.
Shorter Poems.
143
7. medio, iniervening, i.e. between us and the savages.
12. axe treinente, the pole^ poetically represented as quivering with
the earth's weight.
19. braccis : trousers were unknown to Greeks and Romans until
they came in contact with Gauls and Sarmatians.
20. ova>,facc,
23. nucla, harc^ i.e. without the jar.
27. papyrifero ainne, the Nile.
28. niulta ora, seven according to Ovid (Trist. ii. 189) ; according to
Tacitus (Germ. i)(| there were six: scptiinu/n os pahtdihus hattntur. The
Danube was known to the ancients in its lower course by the name His/c7%
and afterwards in its upper waters as the Dajtiibius. — vasto freto, the
Black Sea.
34. plaustra: the Sarmatians, a nomadic race, dwelt in carts drawn
by oxen.
38. lubrica testa, a slippery shell, i.e. ice.
41. Leandre: the youth Leander swam across the Hellespont from
Abydos to Sestos, to visit his mistress Hero.
43. pandi, infmi- Yxg.bx.
tive expressing the pur-
poses of toUere (§ 273,
€', G. 424, R.4; 11.533,
ii.).
45. alls : the winds
were personified as
winged creatures, and
are so represented in
art. (See Fig. 61.)
52. reduudatas,
brimming.
53. aeauato, made Boreas.
level, so that they could ride iipon it.
55. equo pollens, hke the Cossacks of the present day.
64. tinctile, from being dipped,
65. perdunt, destroy,
72. lacus, vats,
73. Acontius, who wrote upon an apple the words Per Dianam jura
me Acontii futuram conjttge7n, and laid it where his mistress Cydippe
should pick it up. As soon as she had read off the words, she was held
bound by the solemn vow.
144 Notes,
5^ 77i€ Foefs Autobiography.
IV. 10. I. qui fuerim depends upon ut noris, which depends upon
accipe.
3. gelidis imdis : it was in the mountain region of the PeKgni.
6. cecidit, etc. : e.g. 43, when both consuls, Ilirtius and Pansa, were
killed in the civil war, before Mutina.
7. usque a proavis: see note, Am. iii. 15, 5, where the same line
occurs. 0
10. quater qualifies trilbus, and tribus mensibus is ablative of the
degree of difference (§ 250; G. 400; H. 423) ; foztr fijjies three months before.
12. liba : the cakes offered to the genius or inborn spirit on the birth-
day. These were made of flour, cheese, and eggs and honey was usually
poured over them.
13. festis quinque, sc. diebus : the Quinquatria (also Quinqiiatrus')
or five days' festival of Minerva, began March 19, and the gladiatorial
shows began on the second day. Ovid's birthday was then the 20th of
March.
15. teneri, predicate adjective, tvhile we are young.
16. ab arte, from their professional skill.
22. Maeonides, Homer.
2Ty, Helicone, the Boeotian mountain sacred to the Muses.
24. soluta modis, devoid of rhythm^ i.e. prose.
25. numeros, measures.
28. liberior toga, the toga virilis, the ordinary dress of a Roman
gentleman, was assumed at about the age of sixteen, on the festival of the
Liberalia, March 17. Before this age boys wore the toga prcttexta, bor-
dered with purple.
29. lato clavo : this was a broad purple stripe running up and down
the front of the tunic or body-garment: it was the mark of senatorial
dignity, and was also given by Augustus to a special body of the wealthier
equites, — thB illustres, — who were thus marked as being destined to the
Senate and a political career.
30. studium, taste.
33. primos lionores, the first steps of honor ; no person could aspire
to the higher offices until he had held certain lower positions. The first
grade was usually the vigintiviratus, or occupancy of one of the group of
twenty magistracies; this was a step to the quosstorship, but did not
entitle him to a seat in the Senate. The office held by Ovid was probably
that of triumvir capitalist police commissioner. There were, however,
SJiorter Poems. 145
two other boards of three, the frittz/nriri noclw^ni and mojue/a/es, having
charge of the night poUce and of the mint.
35. curia restabat, the Senate-house remained, i.e. the next step in
Ovid's political career would have l>een entrant into the Senate, but as
he did not care to pursue a political career, he 'exchanged the broad sena-
torial strijDe for the narrow equestrian. — -coaeta est, loas narrowed.
39. Aoniae sorores, the Muses, whose sacred mountain, Helicon,
was in Boeotia, anciently called Aonia.
41. poetas, i.e. those enumerated below.
44. 3Iacer : he wrote a poem on birds, herbs, etc., not a line of which
is extant.
45. Propertiiis, an elegiac poet of remarkable merit.
46. sodalicio : they were members of the same sodalitas.
47. Ponticus, who wrote a Thebaid : there was more than one poet
of the name of Bassus. — lieroo, sc. versu.
50. Ausonia, Italian. Horace himself claims
Princeps Aeolium carmen ad Ital
Deduxisse modos- — Od. iii. 30, :
iii. 30, 13,
51. Vergilium, Tibullo : these poets both died 19 B.C. when Ovid
was twenty-four years old. — tantum, only, qualifies vidi.
53. Oalle: see note, Am. i. 15, 29.
56. Thalia, properly the Muse of Comedy, is mentioned here simply
as a Muse : Thalia iriea, 7)iy poetry,
57. legi: it was customary in Rome for authors to read their works
in public as a sort of advertisement before pul)Ucation.
60. Corinna : see note Am. ii. 6, 48 ; it has been conjectured that she
was Julia, daughter of Augustus, and that an intrigue with her may have
been the cause of Ovid's banishment.
(i6. moveret : subjunctive in a clause of characteristic.
67. ciini, although. — hie =■ talis, such an one, as described in the
line before and in the following words. — ignG,yire of love.
68. fabula, scandal.
69. paene puero, hardly more than a hoy.
70. tempus per breve : Ovid was divorced from his first wife as well
as his second (z/. 72).
75. filia : Perilla, to whom Trist. iii. 7 is addressed, for Ovid seems to
have had but one daughter.
78. lustrls : as the lustrum is generally reckoned at five years, this
would make his father ninety at the time of his death (but see below, note
on V. 95).
146 Notes.
80. fuit, with fleturus, equivalent to flevissct (§ 308, d-, G. 599, r.^;
H. 511, 2. — justa, due (funeral) I'ites.
83. me, exclamatory ace, though in v. 81 the nominative ib used.
85. exstinctis, the dead. — aliquid nisi, something besides,
S^j. pareiitales umbrae, shades of my parents.
%^. in Stygio foro, in the Stygian courts i.e. in the court of the
lower world. — crimina nostra, charges against me,
90. errorem, a mistake. This is one of Ovid's clearest utterances
concerning the cause of his banishment, but it throws little light upon the
subject (cf. V. loi).
91. studiosa pectora, eager hearts of my friends who wish to know
of my life.
95. ortus, I)irth. — Pisaea oliva: the reward of the victor in the
Olympic games (held in the territory of Pisa) was a crown of wild olive.
As these games came once in four years, decies victor would naturally mean
forty years; he was, however, fifty at the time of his banishment, and we
can account for the discrepancy only by supposing that he reckoned the
Olympiad at five years, an almosl inconceivable blunder. Mommsen ex-
plains it, however {Rom. Chron. p. 170), by calling attention to the con-
fusion of the ancients themselves in regard to the expression quinto quoque
anno, for the period in the Julian calendar : " the poet," he says, " rightly
supposed that the Olympiad and the Julian lustra \deccm lustris peractis.
Ibis, i], were of equal length, and very wrongly supposed the latter to be
five years."
97, ad laeva, i.e. as one sails out from the Bosporus.
99. nimium qualifies nota.
103. indignata est, disdained.
105. per otia, in peace, limiting ductae.
106. temporis, i.e. of the exigency, or the new life into which he was
thrown. — arma : the arms adapted to the occasion seem to have been
self-control and submission,
110. Sarmatis (patrial adj. fern.) agrees with ora.
112. quo possum, the only thing with which I can do so,
113. quod, object of referatur, refers to carmine.
114. sic, even thus,
115. quod vivo, etc., sul)stantivc clauses depending upon gratia
(sc. est) tibi (§ lyy, ^^- 542; H. 540, iv.).
116. lucis, life.
119, ab Histro : the Muse takes him in spirit from the wild banks of
the Ister to the very home of the Muses.
122. ab exsequlis, after the funeral.
Shorter Poems. 147
126. Jxy'SkW.^a^, grudging.
129. veri limits qviid. This is almost the same as the last line of the
Metamorphoses.
130. protinus ut moriar, although I should die at once,
132. jure, deservedly, qualifies carmine tuli.
V. EX PONTO.
To His Wife,
I. 4. I. deterior aetas, a worse age, i.e. old age, — cams, sc. ca-
pillis.
4. lusus, the antecedent of qui, is incorporated in the relative clause
(§ 200, <^; G. 618; H. 445, 9).
7, altera, a second.
9. digerat, should distribute, i.e. allowing one evil to each year.
10. Nestore : Homer says that the Pylian Nestor lived through three
generations of men, i.e. a hundred years.
II. ut, hoiv,
13. novali, fallow la^id ; the ancients did not practice rotation of
crops, but let the land lie unused part of the time to preserve its fruitfulness.
16. non interniissis cursibus, ivith no rest from races,
1 7. firma , . . licet, though she he stroitg.
18. quae . . . aquis : the ancients frequently drew their ships on
land for repairs and to prevent rotting.
22. carpit, gnaws or wears away.
23. Aesone natus, Jason, who sailed to the Euxine for the golden
fleece.
29. mihl opposed to ille, v. 27; /^^ went at the bidding of Pelias, a
petty Thessalian chieftain; my ruin was wrought by the anger of Augustus,
the ruler of theo-world.
30, utraque terra, i.e. the country to the east and to the west.
36. quae tulit, the Argo, built under the supervision of Minerva.
37. Tiphys was helmsman of the Argo. — Agenore natus, Phineus,
who aided the Argonauts by his prophetic power (see note on Met. VII. 3).
41. Cupidinis artes, referring to the love of Medea for Jason (Met.
VII. 9, foil.).
42. quas vellem, etc., which (i.e. artes) / would Love had never
learned from me. The reference is to Ovid's earlier poems, especially the
148 Notes,
An Amaforia. On vellcm didicisset see § 267, ^; G. 254, R."-^; vellem
is subjunctive of modesty (§ 311, b; Q. 602; H. 486, l), followed by a
substantive clause of purpose without ut (§ 33i,y^R. ; G. 546, R.^; H.
499, 2).
44. dei, Augustus.
49. taleni, szic/i, i.e. old, as implied by insenuisse.
51. non pingue, 7tot plump as in youth.
52. ciira mei, care for juc.
57. Meiiinonis mater, Aurora, goddess of dawn.
A SPECIAL
Vocabulary to Ovid
COVERING THOSE PORTIONS OF HIS WORKS
CONTAINED IN
ALLEN 6- GREENOUGH'S OVID
REVISED EDITION
By J. B. GREENOUGH
<fi9^<y
Boston, U.S.A., and London
PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY
I 891
Entered at Stationers' Hall.
Copyright, 1891,
By J. B. GREENOUGH.
All Rights Reserved.
Typography by J. S. Gushing & Co., Boston, U.S.A.
Presswork by Ginn ^ Co., Boston, U.S.A.
ABBREVIATIONS.
a. — Actually long vowels are marked without reference to syllabic quantity,
and all vowels (in the words when first presented) not marked long are
supposed to be naturally short, although the syllable may be long by
position. The pronunciation will of course depend on the rules learned
from the grammar.
[ ] . — All matter in square brackets is etymological.
[Gr. AtoXos].— A Greek word in brackets preceded by Gr, indicates that the
Latin word is borrowed from the Greek one given.
[?] . — The interrogation in brackets marks a doubtful etymology ; after a word
or suggestion it indicates, as usual, a doubt, or a suggestion not yet gen-
erally received..
fservo. — A dagger marks a stem, or, in some cases, a word not found in
Latin, but which must once have existed. Such stems and words are
printed in different type.
V^PBR. — The radical sign is used for convenience to indicate a root. By this
is meant the simplest Latin form attainable by analysis ; though, strictly
speaking, a root is impossible in Latin, as roots had ceased to exist, as
such, ages before Latin was a separate language.
as if. — The words as if indicate that a word is formed according to such an
analogy, though the actual growth of the word may have been different.
cf . — Compare, either for resemblance, contrast, or etymological kinship.
wh. — which.
poss. — possibly.
prob. — probably.
unc. — uncertain.
kin. — kindred, kinship.
(-). — a hyphen indicates composition.
(_|_). — The plus sign indicates derivation by addition of a termination; the
process originally, of course, was one of composition.
reduced. — The word reduced indicates the loss of a stem vowel either in
composition, derivation, or inflection.
strengthened. — The word strengthened indicates a vowel change by which
the length of a root vowel is increased ; as ^/div., fDyau, Vsnu, fnau.
weakened. — The word weakened means that a vowel has descended the
vowel scale ; as from a\o o or e, oXo e or i, etc.
p. — present participle.
p.p. — past participle.
ger. — gerund (or gerundive).
abl. — ablative.
ace. — accusative.
dat. — dative.
compar. — comparative.
superl. — superlative.
Italics. — Matter in italics is for translation ; in Roman, is explanatory only.
VOCABULARY.
Note. — This vocabulary is not intended to serve as a key, but only to show
the ideas which the Romans attached to the words given, and to suggest such
English expressions as will serve for translation after the ideas are discovered.
In using it, therefore, the pupil should acquaint himself with the idea, and if
no suitable expression in English occurs to him, he may then look farther to find
one suggested. If the collocation of ideas is one that is strange to him, he may
also look farther to see in what peculiar turns the Romans used such a collo-
cation. But he should never be content to find the translation merely, or even
first. What he must get is the idea, and then find, in his own vocabulary, or
through some suggestion, an appropriate expression in his own language.
a, interj., see ah.
a, prep., see ab*
ab (a, abs), [gen. or abl. of same
stem as ctTrti], prep., away fi'om
(of. ex, out of), from off. — Esp.
in a series of events after (from
one to another). — Fig. of source,
from. — With the passive, to de-
note the agent, by. — With differ-
ent conn, of ideas from Eng., on,
in, in respect to, for : a dextra,
on the right ; materno a san-
guine, on the mother'' s side ; in-
signis ab arte, famous for his
skill. — In comp. as adv., from,
away, off.
Abantiades, -ae, [Abanti- (as if
stem of Abas) + ades], m., de-
scendant of Abas, king of Argos.
— Esp. Perseus (his great-grand-
son).
abditus, p.p. of abdo.
abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, [ab-
do^], V. tr. 3, put away., hide. ■ —
llence, plunge, bury (of a weapon) .
— p.p., abditus, retired, concealed,
hidden. — n. pi., abdita, hidden
ways.
abduco, -cere, -xi, -ctum, [ab-
duco], V, tr. 3, lead away. — Less
exactly, take away, withdraw.
abeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [ab-eo], v.
intr. irr., go away, go off. — Fig.,
pass, turn, be lost: in flammas,
burst.
abies, -etis, [?], n. 3 i.,fir (tree or
wood).
abigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, [ab-
ago], V. tr. 3, drive away, — Fig.,
dispel.
ablatus, p.p. of aufero.
abluo, -ere, -lui, -lutuin, [ab-luo],
V. tr. 3, wash off, wash, bathe.
aboleo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [ab-foleo,
cf obsolesco] , V. tr. 2, wear away,
waste away, destroy (lit. and fig.).
abripio, -ere, -ripui, reptum,
[ab-rapio], v. tr. 3, snatch from
or away, drag off, carry off, tear
away ox from.
Vocabulary,
abrumpoy -ere, -rupi, -ruptum,
[ab-rumpo], v. tr. 3, break off,
break aivay, break {off'). — p.p.,
abruptus, broken.
abruptus, p.p. of abrumpo.
abscedo, -ere, -essi, -essum, [abs-
cedo], V. intr. 3, withdraw, depart.
— Esp., revolt from (dat).
abscondo, -ere, -didi, -ditum,
[abs-condo], v. tr. 3, hide away,
hide. — Hence, swallow.
abstuli, [abs-tuli], perf. of au-
fero.
absum, -esse, aful, afutnrus,
[ab-sum], v. intr. irr,, be away, be
off^, be far, be distant, be wanting,
not be there, not be among (dat.),
be unknown (poena metusque),
be absent, be far from (helping;
one) : tantum abest, so far is it,
etc. — pres. p., absens, absent.
absamo, -ere, -psi, -ptum, [ab-
sumo], V. tr. 3, {take away), con-
sume, exhaust, waste (lit. and fig.).,
absumptus, p.p. of absumo.
abunde, [old abl. of fabundus
(ab-unda)],adv. (overflowingly) ,
in full measure, abundantly.
abundo, -are, -avi, -atum, [abun-
do-, cf. abunde], v. intr. i, over-
flow. — Less exactly, abound.
ac, see atque.
Acastus, -i, [Gr. *'A/ca<7Toy], m.,
son of Pelias, king of lolcus, en-
gaged in the Calydonian hunt.
Acca, -ae, [?], f., Acca Laurentia,
wife of the shepherd Faustulus,
who cared for Romulus and
Remus.
accedo, -ere, -essi, -essum, [ad-
cedo], V. intr. 3, come to, approach,
join ; (from mercantile use ?) be
added to (cf. accession) : eodem,
be added to the same account.
accendo, -ere, -cendi, -censum.
[ab-fcando, cf. candeo], v. tr.
3, light, kindle, set on fire. — - p.p.,
accensus, inflames.
accensus, p.p. of accendo.
accerso (arcesso), -ere, -ivi,
-itum, [ ?], V. tr. ^i^ fetch, summon,
send for.
accinctus, p.p. of accingo.
accingo, -ere, -nxi, -nctum, [ad-
eingo], V. tr. 3, gird on. — ■ Also,
^Vi/ (with a thing). — Pass., ^V*^
on (to one's self, abl.), arm one^s
self. — Hence, gird one*s self
arouse one'^s self — p.p., accinc-
tus, girded, armed.
accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptuin,
/ [ad-capio], v. tr. 3, take, receive,
\ accept. — Hence, y^(f<a;r.
accipiter, -tris, [unc. stem (akin
to oclor) tpetris, akin to peto],
m., a hawk.
Accius, -i, [cf. Acca], m., L.
Accius, a Roman tragic poet.
acclinis, -e, [ad-clinis, -^CLi (cf.
KKivfo), + is], adj., leaning (on
something), reclining, lying down,
\ drooping.
/acclivis, -e, [ad-clivus, weak-
ened], adj., sloping, ascending.
acclivus, -a, -um, [ad-clivus],
adj., ascending.
acconimodo (adc-), -are, -avi,
-atum [ad-comraodo], v. tr. i,
fit to, fit on, fit (on),
accumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubi-
tum, [ad-cumbo], v. intr. 3, re-
cline (esp. at dinner).
acer, -eris, [?], n., maple (tree or
wood).
acer, -cris, -ere, [ y'AC -f- rus, weak-
ened], adj. {sharp). — Y'lg., fierce,
wild, active, bitter, hot : non acer,
' not too hot.
acernus, -a, -um, [a.cer4- nus],
adj., of maple, maple- (as adj.).
Vocabulary,
acerra, -ae, [?], 1, casket^ box (for
incense),
acervu«, -i, [acer + vus], m., heap^
file,
Achaia, -ae, [Gr. 'Axa(a], f, a dis-
trict in the northern part of Pelo-
ponnesus; also Achaia Phthiotis^
a district in Thessaly. — I^ess ex-
actly, Greece,
Achaicus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Axai'fct^s],
adj., Achcean. — Less exactly, Gre-
cian.
Achais, -idos, [Gr. 'Kx^is'], f. adj.,
Achcean, — Less exactly, Grecian ;
also subst., Achaia, Greece.
Acheloides, -um, [Gr. 'AxeAcwis],
f., daughters of the yEtolian river-
godAchelous. — Hence, the Sirens.
Acheron, -ontis, [Gr. ^Axepwj/],^^
m., a river of the lower world.
— Hence, the lower world. — Per-
sonified, the god of the river.
Achilles, -is (-i, or -ei) , [Gr. *AxtA-
AeiJs], m., son of Peleus and the
sea-goddess Thetis, the greatest
Grecian warrior in the Trojan war.
Achivus, -a, -um, [as if Gr. 'Ax^i-
f6s~\, adj., Achcean. — -Less exactly,
Grecian.
ades, -ei, [ y^AC -1- ies, perh. through
intermediate stem] , f. , point, edge,
line. — Hence, line of sight, look,
glance. — Transf., line of battle,
war.
Acis, -idis, [Gr. "A/cis], m., son of
Faunus and Symsethis, changed
to a river-god.
aconitum, -i, [Greek], n., poison.
— PL, same.
Acontius, -i, [Gr. 'A/ctJi/Tios], m., a
youth from the island of Ceos,
lover of Cydippe.
acriter, [acri -1- ter, N. of -teros,
cf. alter, utrum], adv., sharply,
fiercely, violently : flare {bitterly^ .
Actaeon, -onis, [Gr. ^KKTcd(av\, m.,
son of Autonoe, daughter of Cad-
mus, torn to pieces by his dogs.
Actaeus, -a, -um, [Gr., ^A/cralos],
adj., belonging to the region Acte.
— Hence, Attic.
actor, -oris, [^ag (ago) ■\- tor],
m , driver, mover, doer, performer.
Actorides, -ae, m. : i. an Ethi-
opian, Erytus, son of an unknown
Actor; 2. Patroclus, the friend of
Achilles; 3. Actoridae, -arum,
Eurytus and Cleatus, sons of the
Messenian Actor, participants in
the Calydonian hunt.
acumen, -Inis, (acii- (stem of
acuo) -\r men], n., sharpness,
point: sine acumine, /£?2W/^jj.
/kcuo, -ere, -ui, -iitum, [acu-
(stem of acus, lengthened) +0],
V. tr. 3, sharpen. — p.p., acutus ;
see the word.
acus, -US, [y^AC-f us], f., {sharp
thing, point) , needle.
aciitus, -a, -um, [p.p. of acuo],
adj., {sharpened), sharp, pointed,
sharp-pointed. • — ■ Transf., shrill :
vox.
ad, [case of unc. stem, cf. ert],
TpTCGip., towards, to.- — Less exactly,
at, for, by : ad radios lunae ; ad
annum, {yearly, cf. from year to
year). — Adv. in comp., to, on, in,
often merged in verb.
adamanteus, -a, -um, [Greek],
adj., of adamant. — Hence, im-
perishable, indestructible, immor-
tal.
adamas, -antis, [Greek, uncon-
querable'], m., adamant (a fabled
mixture of metals supposed to be
indestructible).
adcommodo, see accommodo.
laddicS, -ere, -dixi, -dictum, [ad-
' dico], V. tr. 3, adjudge to. — Hence
Vocabulary.
(from decision in case of debt or
slavery), consign to slavery^ en-
slave.
addo, -ere, -didi, -ditum [ad-
(ioland2j^ V. tr. 3, put on, add to,
unite with : se {^join one^s self) ;
nomina rebus (give) ; adde quod
(consider too). '"*"" "
addiieo, -ere, -xi, -ctum, [ad-
duce], V. tr. 3, lead to, lead, draw
to, draw up. — p.p., adductus,
tightened, drawn (of a bowstring).
adductus, p.p. of adduce.
adedo, -ere, -edi, -esum, [ad-
edo], V. tr. 3, eat into, eat t4p, con-
sume.
adeS, -ire, -li, -itum, [ad-eo], v.
tr. and intr. irr., go to, approach
(ace).
adeo, [ad-eo], adv., {to that point),
to that degree, so much (as indi-
cated by what goes before) : us-
que adeo (to that degree) .
adfecto (aflf-), -are, -avi, -atum,
[adfecto- (stem of adfectus, cf.
profectus], v. tr. i, (make for),
assail, aim at, aspire to.
adfectus (aff-), -us, [ad-factus,
through adficio], m., feeling,
emotion.
adfero (aflF-), -ferre, -tuli (at-
tuli), -latum (all-), [ad-fero],
V. tr. irr., bring to, bring, supply.
adficiS (aff-), -ere, -feci, -fec-
tum, [ad-facio], v. tr. 3, (make
in any condition), affect, affect
(with sickness). — Esp., injure.
■ — -p-p., adfectus, affectea, injured
(as by sickness).
adfirmo (aff-), -are, -avi, -atum,
[ad-firmo], v. tr. i, (establish by
assertion), declare, affirm : ad-
firmo, / can affirm.
adflatus (aff*), -us, [ad-flatus,
through adfloj, m., breath (on
anything, as affecting it well or
ill). ^
adfligo (aff-), -ere, -flixl, -flic-
tum, [ad-fligo], v. tr. 3, dash (to
or on), dash down.
adflo, (aff-), -are, -avi, -atum,
[ad-flo], V. tr. and intr. i, breathe
(on anything), blow upon, breathe
upon : adflatum venenum (nox-
ious breath).
adfor, see affor.
adfore, see adsutn.
adfundo (aff), -ere, -fudi, -fu-
sum, [ad-fundo], v. tr. 3, pour
on. — Less exactly, throw on. —
p.p., adfnsus, throwing one^s self
on.
adgredior (agg-), -i, -gressus,
[ad-gradior], v. dep. 3, (step
towards, esp. with hostile intent),
attack, assail. — Also, enter upon,
undertake.
adhaereo, -ere, -haesi, -haesum,
[ad-haereo], v. intr. 2, stick to,
cling to, be caught, ground (of
vessels) .
adhibeo, -ere, -hibui, -hibitum,
[ad-habeo], v. tr, 2, apply, put,
call in (deos) .
adhuc, [ad-huc (cf. adeo)], adv.,
to this (time), yet, as yet, still (not
yet ceased), to this day, even yet,
thus far (of time).
adlcio (adj-), -ere, -jeci, -jec-
tum, [ad-jacio], v. tr. 3, apply
(stimulos), add.
adigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, [ad-
ago], V. tr. 3, drive to, drive (to),
force.
4dimo, -ere, -emi, -emptum,
y I [ad-emo, in its orig. meaning] , v.
tr. 3, take from, take off, rob of,
deprive (ace. with dat.) : sucis
ademptis (by the loss of etc.) ;
Naso ademptus (the lost Naso).
Vocabuldry,
aditus, -us, [ad-itus, through
adeo], m., approach, entrance y ac-
cess : aditu car ens, {inaccessible^.
adjace5, -ere, -ui, no sup., [ad-
jaceo), V. intr. 2, lie near^ be fiear^
be close to.
adjutrix, -icis, [ad-jutrix (ju +
trix)], f., abettor (female), assist-
ant.
adjutus^ p.p. of adjuvo.
adjuvo, -are, -juvi, -jiituni, [ad-
juvo], V. tr. I, aid, assist,
adlevo, see allevo.
adligO (all-), -are, -avi, -aturn,
[ad-ligo], V. tr. i, bind together.
adloquor (all-),-i, -locutus, [ad-
loquor], V. dep. 3, speak tOy ad-
dress, accost.
admirabilis, -e, [stem of admiror
+ bills], adj., admirable.
admiror, -ari, -atus, [ad-miror],
V. dep. I, marvel f marvel at,
wonder.
adinissus, p.p. of admitto.
admittS, -ere, -misi, -missuin,
[ad-mitto], v. tr. 3, {let go to),
admit. — Hence, from allowing,
commit (of an action). — From
letting go reins, let go, urge on (a
' horse, etc.). — p.p., admissus,
rapid, swift: passus {rapid)-,
aura {swiftly moving).
admone^, -ere, -ui, -Itum, [ad-
moneo], v. tr. 2, remind, suggest^
warn.
admonitor, -oris, [ad-monitor,
through admoneo], m., reminder,
prompter : operum I^ucifer.
admoveo, -ere, -movi, -motum,
[ad-moveo], v. tr. 2, move to, bring
near, place near, — Esp., harness
(cf. "put to"), apply, use, employ
(as in medicine). — p.p., admo-
tus : admotae herbae {by the use
of).
Wnuo (ann-), -ere, -nui, -nutum,
[ad-nuo], V. intr. 3, nod assent, as-
sent y smile upon (an undertaking) .
adoleo, -ere, -ui, -ultum, [ad-
oleo], V. tr. 2, {add by grotvth, cf.
adoleseo). — Fig., magnify (in
religious language), sacrifice to. — -
Trans, burn, kindle, light.
adoperio, -ire, -perui, -pertum,
[ad-operio], v. tr. 4, cover up,
cover. — p.p., adopertus, covered,
enveloped, enveloping (as middle),
veiling.
adoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad-
oro], V. tr. \, pray to, worship,
adpareS, see appareo.
adpello, see appello.
adpono, see appono.
adplico, see applico.
adsiduus, see assiduus.
adspicio, see aspicio.
adsternS, -ere, -stravi, -stratum,
[ad-sterno], v. tr. 3, prostrate (on
or near) . — Pass., prostrate one's
self^
adstS (asto), -are, -stiti, no sup.,
[ad-sto], V. intr. I, stand by or
(near, stand (by or near).
adstringo, -ere, -strinxi, -stric-
!/ turn, [ad-stringo], v. tr. 3, bind
to, bind, catch fast, congeal (gla-
cies) .
adsuesco, see assuesco.
adsum, -esse, -fui (aff-), -futii-
rus (alT-), [ad-sum], v. intr. irr.,
be there, be present, be at hand, be
in (trans, by have with change of
subj.), attend, come. — Esp., to aid,
aid, assist.
adulter, -teri, [ad-ulter (cf. ul-
tra) ?], m., adulterer.
adulterium, -i, [adulter + ium],
n., adultery.
aduncus, -a, -um, [ad-uncus],
' adj., curved, crooked.
Vocabulary.
adaro, -ere, -ussi, -ustum, [ad-
uro], V. tr. 3, burn (into), scorch,
— Less exact, nip (with frost) .
adveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectum,
[ad-veho], v. tr. 3, bear to, carry ^
bear (to).
J advena, -ae, [ad +t vena (ven
-j- a, cf. agricola)], m., newcomer
(as opposed to native), stranger.
advenio, -ire, -veni, -ventuin,
[ad-venio], v. intr. 4, come to^
come, arrive at, arrive.
advento, -are, -avi, -Stum, [ad-
tvento-, through advenio], v.
,/' intr. I, come (to).
adventus, -us, [ad - f ventus,
through advenio], m., coming,
arrival.
adversus, -a, -um, p.p. (of ad-
verto, wh. see) as adj. or petri-
fied into adv. and prep., turned
towards, exposed to, opposing, in
one's face, opposite, facing, in
front of : in adversnm (against),
adverto (advorto), -ere, -verti,
-versum, [ad-verto], v. tr. 3,
turn (to). — Pass, as mid., turn
(intr.). — Esp. with animum,
attend (to) . — Also alone, at-
tend.
advoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad-
voco], V. tr. I, call to, call in, call
to one^s aid.
advolo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad-
volo], V, intr. i, fly up (to the
rescue).
adytum, -i, [Gr. ii^vros, unap-
proachable^, n., inner shrine,
sanctuary.
Aeacides, -ae, [ Aeaco -f des, as if
Gr.], m., son or descendant of
^acus : \. Peleus ; 2. Achilles,
Aeas, -antos, [Gr. Afas], m., a river
in Illyria, generally called Aous.
aedes, -is, [^/AED-l-es (cf. aes-
tus)], f., {hearth, fireplace), tem-
ple.— PL, house.
Aeeta (Aeetes), -ae, [AI^tt^s],
m., king of Colchis, father of
Medea.
Aeetias, -adls, [imitation of Gr.],
f., Medea, daughter of ^etes.
Aegaeon, -onis, [Gr. h.l'ya.i(av\, m., a
marine giant with a hundred arms.
Aegaeus (-eus), -a, -um, [Gr.
AiyaZosj, adj., yEgean (i.e., of the
^gean Sea, between Greece and
Asia Minor) . — Neut., with or with-
put mare, the j^gean Sea.
a<^ger, -ra, -rum, [? (cf. ignis)],
adj., sick, disordered. — Transf.,
f' sicken ing (luctus) .
Aegeus, -ei, [Gr. A/yetJs], m., king
of Athens, son of Pandion and
Pylia, father of Theseus.
Aegides, -ae, [imitation of Gr.],
m., Theseus, son of Aigeus, king
of Athens.
Aegina, -ae, [Gr. Mjlvo], t, daugh-
ter of the river-god Asopus, and
mother of ^acus. The island of
-^gina, opposite Athens, was
named after her.
aegis, -idis, [Gr. aljis, same mean-
ing], f., cEgis, breastplate (of Jove
and Minerva).
Aegyptius, -a, -um, [Gr. Aiyv-
TTTtos], adj., Egyptian.
Aello, -OS, [Gr. 'AeA^w], f., ( Wind-
blast), one of Actseon's hounds.
aemulus, -a, -um, [? (cf. imi-
tor)], adj. (often as noun), rival,
emulating. — Esp. m. and f., a ri-
val,
Aeneades, -ae, [Aenea- (as stem
of Aeneas) -f- des], m., descendant
of jEneas. — As. adj., Roman.
Aeneas, -ae, [Gr. AiVetas], m., the
hero of Virgil's ^neid, son of
Venus and Anchises.
Vocabulary.
Aeneius, -a, -um, [Aenea + ins],
adj., belonging io JEneas^ of
Juntas.
aeneusy -a, -um, [aeno + eus],
adj., of copper, of bronze, brazen.
aenus, -a, -um, [aes + nus], adj.,
of copper^ of bronze^ brazen. * — Esp.
n. as noun, kettle.
Aeolides, -ae, [Aeol6 4- des], m.,
son or descendant of ^olus : l.
Athamas ; 2. Sisyphus; 3. Cepka-
lus.
Aeolius, -a, -um, [Aeolo + ins],
adj., of ox belonging to j^olus.
Aeolus, -i, [Gr. AYoXos], m. : \. the
god of the winds, son of Hippotes;
2. son of Hellen, grandson of Deu-
calion, and father of Athamas and
Sisyphus.
aequalis, -e, [aequo + alls], adj.^
uniform, equaL — Esp. as noun,
coeval, * crony ^ playmate (of Pro-
serpine).
aeque, [old abl. of aequus], adv.,
equally, as much, not less.
aequo, -are, -avi, -atum, [aequo
4" o], V. tr. I, make even, even,
level (with the ground). — Pass.,
be equal. — p.p., aequatus, equal,
level. — Pres. p., aequans, equal,
equalling.
aequor, -oris, [aequo (as if
v'AEQv) -f- or], n., {the level), the
sea, expanse (ponti), waves. —
Also pi.
aequoreus, -a, -um, [aequor
4-eus], adj., of the sea: origo
{descent from Neptune^ ; Britanni
{beyond the sea).
aequus, -a, -um, [unc. root + us],
adj., level, even, uniform, equal. —
Hence, just, propitious. — Also, of
low degree {not above the rest). —
n. as noun, justice, right: ex
aequo {equally).
aer, aeris, [Gr. ^irjp], m., the air,
the firmament.
aeratus, -a, -um, [as if p.p. of
faeso {2.9^^ -\- 0)1, 2.^y, furnished
with bronze, bronze-pointed.
aereus, -a, -um, [aes4- eus], adj.,
brazen.
y^eripes, -edis, [aes- Qas if aeso-)
+ pes], adj., brazen-footed.
aijrius, -a, -um, [aer-ius], adj., of
the air, of heaven (aurae), air^
piercing (alpes).
aes, aeris, [?], n., copper, bronze. —
Hence, things of bronze, tablet (of
laws), money, coin : cavum
{bronze kettle).
Aesacus (-os), -i, [Gr. Pd(TaKoi\,
' m., a son of Priam who was changed
\ into a sea-gull.
aesculeus, -a, -um, [aesculo +
' eus], adj., oaken, of oak, oak.
aesculus, -i, [faesco (perhaps y'ED
-f eus) -f lus], i., oak (the Italian
oak with edible acorns).
Aeson, -onis, [Gr. Afo-w»'], king of
lolcus, father of Jason.
Aesonides, -ae, [Aeson -f- ides],
m., son of j^son, Jason.
Aesonius, -a, -um, [Aeson -f ius] ,
adj., of or belonging to j^son :
heros {Jason, son of ^son).
aestas, -atis, [as if faed 4- tas (cf.
juventa and juventus)], f.,
{heat), summer.
aestivus, -a, -um, [as if faed
+ tivus (cf. captivus), adj., of
summer, summer'' s, summer-.
aestuo, -are, -avi, -atum, [aestu
+ o], V. intr. i, boil, seethe, burn,
grow hot.
aestus, -us, [y'AED -f tus (cf.
aedes)], m., heat, summer, tide
(as seething) : aestus erat {it
was hot) . — Also pi.
aetas, -atis, [aevo+tas], f., age
8
Vocabulary.
(generally), age of the world, time
of life, — Esp., youth.
aeternus, -a, -una, [aevo -f ternus
(cf. diuturnus, sempiternus)],
adj., eternal (lasting an age),/<fr-
peiual (yeic) , if/imortal : in aeter-
num {forever).
aether, -eris, [Gr. aWy]py fiery air\
m., air, heaveriy heavens. — Op-
posed to aer {the lower atmos-
phere).
aetherius, -a, -utti, [aether + ius],
adj., of heaven : aurae,
Aethiops, -opis, [Gr. K\Qlo-^\ adj.,
African. — ■ Subst., an Ethiopian.
Aetlion, -onis, [Gr. hW(jov\ m.,
i^ihe Blazing One), one of the
horses of the snn.
Aetna, -ae, [Gr. Aztj/t?], f., Mt.
jEtna, the famous volcano in Sic-
ily (now Monte Gibello).
Aetnaeus, -a, -tun, [Gr. AiVj^aTos],
adj., belonging to Mt. ALtna, of
jEtna, yEtncean.
Aetne, -es, f., the Greek form for
Aetna.
aevum, -i, [^^i-l-vum (cf. aioov)'],
n., age (esp. long continued), age
of the world, the world, time.
aft-, see adf-.
affor (adf-),-ari, -atus, [ad-for],
V. dep. I, address.
Agamemnon, -onis, [Gr. 'Ayaixe/u.-
vcav'], m., king of Mycenae, son of
Atreus, brother of Menelaus, hus-
band of Clytemnestra, father of
Orestes, Iphigenia, and Electra,
commander-in-chief of the Grecian
forces at Troy, was murdered by
his wife and her paramour -^gis-
thus.
Agenor, -oris, [Gr. 'A^tJj'wp], m.,
king of Phoenicia, father of Cad-
mus and Europa.
Agenorides, -ae, [Agenor + ides],
m., son or descendant of Agenor .*
I. Cadmus / 2. Perseus.
ager, -ri, [^AG-f rus], m., field,
agger, -erls, [ad-tger (root of
gero as stem)], m., heap, pile (for
funeral pile), mole.
aggredior, see adgredior.
agit§,-are, -avi, -atum, [fagito-
(p.p. of ago) -f o],v. tr. I, drive,
set in motion, wave, shake, agi-
tate: spes (foster); fumos {roll,
whirl).
Aglauros, -i, [Gr. " kyXavpos], f.,
daughter of Cecrops, king of
Athens.
agmen, -inis, [y'AG -f men], n.,
{drove), band, pack, throng,
crowd.
agna, -ae, [?], f., ewe lamb.
agnosco, -ere, -novi, -nitum,
[ad-nosco], v. tr. 3, recognize.
agnus, -i, [?], m., lamb.
ago, -ere, egi, actum, \^-yfhG, cf.
agmen], v. tr. 3, drive, put in
motion, perform, do. — In various
uses not conforming to English :
silentia terrae {be wrapped in ;
properly, be engaged in) ; grates
{render) ; rimas {show) ; iter
{press on, pursue) ; natales
(/«w). "-Pass., be at stake, —p.p.,
actus : acta nox {past) ; trium-
phus {celebrated). — N. pL, deeds.
Agre, -es, [Gr."A7p'rj], f.. Huntress,
a hound of Actaeon.
agrestis, -e, [agro- (by some unc.
analogy) + tis], adj., rustic, wild,
sylvan. — PI. as noun, rustics.
agricola, -ae, [agro-fcola (cf. in-
cola)], m., planter, husbandman.
Agrlodus, -ontos, [Gr. ^ K'ypi6hovi\,
m., Wild-tooth, one of Actseon's
hounds.
all (a), interj,, ah, oh.
ai, [Gr. At], interj., alas.
Vocabulary.
aiS, [?], V. tr. def., say,
ala, -ae, [for axilla (?)], f., whig
(in all Eng. senses).
alacer, -ris, -re, [?], adj., active.
albeo, -ere, no perf., no sup.,
[al'bo+ Go]> V. intr. 2, whiten. —
Less exactly, foam. — pres. p.,
albens, white.
albidus, -a, -um, [albo+dus],
adj., whitish, white.
albus, -a, -um, [?], adj., white
(not shining ; cf. candidus,
shining white).
Alee, -es, [Gr. 'AA-kt]], Courage, one
of Actaeon^s hounds.
Alcides, [Gr. 'AA/c/S)?^], m., Hercu-
les, as grandson of Alceus.
Alcmena (-e), -ae, [Gr/AA.«:^V*?],
f., daughter of Electryon, wife of
Amphitryo, mother of Hercules by
Jupiter.
Alcyone, -es, [Gr. ^hXKvovri], f.,
daughter of ^olus and wife of
Ceyx.
ales, -itis, [ala + tis (reduced)],
adj., winged. — As noun, bird.
alienus, -a, -um, [alio- (with unc.
lengthening) +nus (cf.egenus)],
adj., of another^ another'' s, strange,
foreign.
allmentum, -i, [ali- (stem of alo)
-fmentum], u., food, sustenance,
subsistence (for living creatures,
and also for fire, and in figurative
uses). — Also pi.
alio, [old dat. of alius, cf. eo],
I adv., elsewhither, elsewhere (as end
* of motion).
alipes, -edis, [ala- (weakened)
4- pes], adj., wing-footed. — As
noun, steed, Mercury.
aliquando, [ali- (as stem of alius)
quando (cf. allquis)], adv., at
some time, for once {at last, if
never before) ,
aliquis, -qua, -quod, (-quid),
[ali- (as stem of alius) quis],
pron,, some, any, some or other. —
As subst., some one, something.
aliter, [ali- (as stem of alius)
-Fter (cf. leviter)], adv., other-
wise : non aliter (Just as) .
alius, -a, -ud, [?], z,d]. pron., other,
another. — As subst., another, some
{thing) else, others.
allevo (adl-), -are, -avi, -atum,
[ad-levo], v. tr. i, raise up, re-
lieve.
almus, -a, -um, [V^l (alo)
+ mus], adj., fostering, kindly,
propitious.
alnus, -i, [?], f, alder (tree or
wood).
alo, -ere, -ui, -itum, (but cf. alius,
altor), [cf. almus], v. tr. 3,
nourish, feed, foster.
Alpes, -ium, [prob. Celtic], f., the
Alps.
Alpbeias, -adis, f., the Alphean
One, a name given to Arethusa on
account of her union with the
river-god Alpheus.
Alphenor, -oris, [Gr. 'AA^^^/wp],
m., one of the sons of Niobe.
Alpheos, -i, see Alpheus.
Alpheus, -i, [Gr. 'AA<^€t(^s], m., the
chief river of Ehs; personified, the
river-god, husband of Arethusa.
Alpinus, -a, -um, [Alpi- (as stem
of Alpes, lengthened) -f- nus], adj.,
<yor belonging to the Alps, Alpine.
altare, -is, [alta- (stem of altus)
-fare (n. of -aris)], n., altar
(perh. properly the elevated struc-
ture on the top of the raised
mound, ara?).
alte, [old abl. of altus], adj., high,
(as adv.) aloft. — Comp., altius,
too high. — From change of point
of view, deeply, deep.
10
Vocabulary.
alter, -tera, -terum, [al- (reduced
stem of alius) +ter (cf. uter)],
adj. pron., a second, the other ^ an^
other (where an indefinite object
out of all others is opposed to one
definite one) : alter . . . alter
{the one . . . the other) ; quilibet
alter {anybody else) ; unus et
alter {one or two).
alternus, -a, -um, [alter- (as stem
of alter) + nus], adj., alternate;
pedes, alternate (i.e. of elegiac
verse, pentameter and hexameter
alternating) ; crinibus, with alter-
nate hair (hair alternating with
snakes).
Althaea, -ae, [Gr. *AX0aia], f.,
mother of Meleager, wife of
CEneus, king of Calydon.
altor, -oris, [^/al (alo) +tor],
Tn., fosterer, foster -parent (used of
Silenus) .
altrix, -icis, [V^l (alo) +trix],
f., nourisher^ nurse.
altus, -a, -um, [V^l (alo) 4-
tus], adj., fostered, — Hence,
(grown, and so) high, lofty. —
From change of point of view,
deep : pulvis {th ick) . — Comp . ,
higher (than usual, etc.) : unda
(overwhelming, rising). — Sup.,
highest : sol {at its height) ; ab alto,
from the heights (of the air), on
high (cf. a dextra).
alumnus, -i, [prob. for falomenos,
pres. pass. p. of alo], m., foster-
child, nursling,
alveus, -i, [alv6+ eus], m., channel.
alvus, -i, [V^L (alo) -^vus], f.,
belly.
amans, -antis, pres. p. of amo, as
adj., loving. — As noun, a lover.
— Comp., more a lover.
suriarus, -a, -um, [?], adj., bitter
(Ht. and fig.).
Amathusius, -a, -um, [Amathus
+ ius], adj., Amathusian, of Ama-
thus, a city in Cyprus; an epithet
of Venus, who was worshipped at
Amathus.
amator, -oris, [ama-1- tor], m.,
lover. — As Q.(X].,fond of.
amljages, -is, [cf. ambigo], f., long
story, circumlocution, disguise (of
speech), story (impliedly long).
— Also of journeys, roundabout
course, winding.
ambigo, -ere, -egi, -actum,
[amb-igo], v. tr. 3, drive around.
—Also (cf. ago), plead on both
sides, discuss. — Pass, impers., the
question rises.
ambiguus, -a, -um, [amb-faguus
( v'AG -{• vus), through ambigo],
adj., {to be argued on both sides,
cf. ambigo), in doubt, uncer-
tain, dubious, deceptive. — Hence,
many-formed, twoform-ed.
ambio, -ire, -ii, -itum, [amb-eo],
v. tr. irr., go around, surround,
explore, come over, grow over (of
a bark on a tree) .
ambitio, -onis, [amb-fitio (cf.
ambio)], f., {a going round). —
Esp. to canvass for office, a can-
vassing. — Hence, ambition,
ambitiosus, -a, -urai, [f ambitio-
(as stem of fambitium, cf. exi-
tiumi) -|- o^M^I, full of ambition. —
Also, being an object of ambition,
coveted {honor) .
ambo, -ae, -o, [cf. amb-], adj.,
both (as taken together) (cf.
uterque, each).
ambrosia, -ae, [Gr. ajjL$p6<nos, im-
mortal ~\, f., ambrosia (the fancied
food of the gods).
ambaro, -ere, -ussi, -ustumi,
[amb-nro], v. tr. 3, burn around,
scorch, — p.p. as adj., scorched^
Vocabulary,
II
amens, -entis, [a-mens], adj., out
of one's mind, frenzied^ zvild.
amentia, -ae, [ament + ia] , f.,
madness, frenzy.
amicio, -ire, -ixi (-icui), -ictum,
[amb-jacio], v. tr. 4, (throw
around), put on, clothe with (of
loose apparel). — Pass., be clad
{in or with).
amicitia, -ae, [amico -f tia], f.,
friendship, friendly relations, alli-
ance.
amictus, -us, [amb-j actus, through
amicio], m., robe, mantle.—^
Also pi.
amicus, -a, -um, [unc. stem (kin-
dred with amo) -f- cus], adj.,
friendly. — As noun, friend.
amissus, p.p. of amitto.
amitto, -ere, -misi, -missum,
[ab-mitto], v. tr. 3, let gb away,
lose.
Ammon (Hamm-), -onis, [Gr.
''AfifKvu'], m., a name of Jupiter,
worshipped in Africa under the
form of a ram.
amnicola, -ae, [amni-cola (cf.
colo)], m., river-loving.
amnis, -is, [?], m., river, torrent,
stream (more rapid and smaller
than fluvius) .
amo, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. tr.
I, love, be in love. — pres. p., lover.
— p.p., beloved.
amomum, -i, [Gr. ^^cy/io^], n.,
balsam (a fragrant resin).
amor, -oris, [y^AM (in amo)
+ or], m., love, desire. — Trans.,
object of love, love (as in Eng.) ,
love affair. — Personified, Love.
Amphion, -^onis, [Gr. 'AjU^^wv],
m., king and builder of Thebes,
son of Jupiter and Antiope, hus-
band of Niobe.
Ampbitrite, -is, [Gr. *A^<^4r/?iT7?],
f., a sea-goddess, wife of Neptune;
hence, the Sea.
Amphitryon, -onis, [Gr. 'A^<^t-
Tpva>v\, king of Tiryns, step-father
of Hercules.
Amphitryoniades, -ae, [Amphi-
tryon -1- lades], m., Hercules, as
step-son of Amphitryon.
Amphrysius,-a,-um, [Amphryso
-|-iusj, adj., belonging to the Am-
phrysos, Thessalian.
Amphrysos, -i, [Gr.^A^^pwos], m.,
a river in Thessaly.
ample, [old abl. of amplus], adv.,
fully. — Comp., amplius, more,
further, again.
amplector, -i, -plexus, [amb-
plecto], V. dep. 3 {throw one's self
around), embrace.
amplexus, -us, [amb-plexus, perh.
through amplector], m., embrace,
winding-coil (of serpent).
amplius, see ample.
Ampycides, -ae, m., son of Ampyx,
Mopsus, a participant in the Caly-
donian hunt.
Amulius, -i, [?], m., younger
brother of Numitor, son of the
Alban king Procas.
Amyclae, -arum, [Gr. 'A/ii^K-\at], f.,
an ancient town in Laconia, south
of Sparta.
Amyclides, -ae, m., Hyacinthus,
a descendant of the Laconian king,
Amyclas. «
Amymone, -es, [Gr. 'A/ii/^ciij'r/], f.,
a spring (and nymph) near Argos.
Amyntor, -oris, [Gr. 'Afttij/reop],
m., king of the Dolopians in Thes-
saly, father of Phoenix.
an, [?], conj., or (in interrog.) :
utrum ... an (ne . . . an),
whether . . .or. — With utruin,
etc. omitted (in rednctio ad
absurdum), or (introd. an impos-
12
Vocabulary.
sible supposition), or do you sup-
pose. — So, anBe, or was zV, and
the like. — Also, with whole first
part omitted, whether,
Anapis, -is, [Anapus, -i), [Gr.
^Ai/airos], m., a small river of Sic-
ily, the river-god of which was
husband of the nymph Cyane.
Ancaeus, -i, [Gr. 'AyfcaZos], m., an
Arcadian, who was killed in the
Calydonian hunt.
anceps, -cipitis, [amb-caput],
adj., {with a head on both sides'). —
Less exactly, double-edged, double.
aiieora, -ae, [Gr. ^ynvpa], f.,. an-
chor.
Andromeda, -ae, [Gr.'AvSpo/xeST]],
f., daughter of the Ethiopian king
Cepheus and Cassiope. Perseus
rescued her from a sea-monster,
and married her.
anguicomus, -a, -um, [angui-
coma, deck as adj.], adj., serpent-
ha ired, snaky-haired.
anguifer, -era, -erum, [angui-fer
(for ferus)], adj., serpent-bearing,
serpent-covered, snaky-haired.
anguipes, -edis, (angui-pes), adj.,
snake-footed (of certain giants
whose legs were serpents) .
anguis, -is, [y'ANG (cf. ango)
-f is], m., a serpent. — Esp., the
Serpent (the constellation).
angulus, -i, [fango- (cf. ancus)
+ lus], m., (bend, crook), corner.
an^ustus, -a, -um, [angOs- (cf.
angor) -f tus], adj., narrow. —
N, pL, narrows, straits.
anhelitus, -ns, [unc. prefix -halitus
(cf. anlielo)], panting, breath,
panting breath.
anhelo, -are, -avi, -atum, [anhelo
-f- o], V. tr. I, breathe {violently).
— p.p., breathed forth: ignes
(^ fires of one^s breath).
anhelus, -a, -um, [unc. prefix
-ffhalus (cf. halo)], adj., pant-
ing.
anills, -e, [anu- (reduced) + ills],
adj., of an old woman, an old
womarCs.
anima, -ae, [ani- (verb stem, to
blow) + ma], f., breath. — Hence,
breath of life, life. — Less exactly,
soul. ' — Also pi.
animal, -alis, [n. of anima ^ lis],
n., living creature, creature.
animo, -are, -avi, -atam, [anima
4*0], V. tr. I, give life to (ace),
animate, make alive: guttas in
angues {bring to life as snakes).
animosus, -a, -um, [animo -f
osus], adj., spirited, made spir-
ited by (ignibus) , proud.
animus, -i, [ani- (as stem, to
blow, 'cf. anima) -^ mus], m.,
{breath), mind, heart, soul, feel-
ings, disposition, thought, purpose,
desire (denoting generally the
moral powers as opposed to mens,
the intellectual) : animum inten-
dere (turn the attention). — Also,
esp, in pk, spirit, pride.
anne, see an»
annosus, -a, -um, [anno -f osus],
z.^],, full of years, aged: annosa
senecta {aged years, advanced
age)^
annuo, see adnuo.
annus, -i, SJI, m.., year ; also per-
sonified. — In pk, years, life, des-
tined years of life.
annuus, -a, -um, [anno-f us (?)],
adj., of a year .f annual.
anser, -eris, [?], xo.., goose.
Antaeus, -i, [Gr. ^KvTaios\ m., a
giant of Libya, son of the earth,
killed by Hercules.
ante, [old abk of stem fanti, cf.
antes, antae], adv. and prep., be-
Vocabulary.
13
forcy in front of. — Also of time,
formerly^ fir St. — As adv. in comp.,
before^ in fronts in advance, previ-
ously,
anteeo, -ire, -ii, no sup., [ante-eo],
V. tr. irr., go before, outstrip, pre-
cede, go on (^before) »
antemna, ae, [?], f., yard (for
sail) .
Anthedon, -onis, [Gr. 'AvBrjBdv'],
f., a city in Boeotia, opposite Eu-
boea.
antieipo^ -are, -avi, -atum, [fan-
ticip- (cf. princeps, particeps)
•+-o],v. tr. I, be beforehand with,
anticipate : viam, cut short (get-
ting the start thereby) .
Antigone, -es, [Gr, "Kv'Tiy6v'(\\ I,
daughter of Laomedon, changed
by Juno into a crane.
Antilochus, -i, [Gr. 'AurixoxosJ,
m., son of Nestor. He was killed
by Hector at Troy.
Aiitinoiis, -i, [Gr. 'Avrivoos'], m.,
one of the suitors of Penelope.
Antiphates, -ae, [Gr. 'Ai^Tt^axT^s],
m., king of the cannibal Laestry-
gones.
antique, [old abl. of antiquus],
adv., anciently, formerly.
antiquus, -a, -um, [anti- (stem of
ante) + cus (cf. posticus)], adj.,
ancient, former, old: ver {as it
used to be).
Antium, -i, [(?), cf. ante], n., a
city on the coast of Latium.
antrum, -I, [Gr. Hvrpoy'], n., cave,
— Also pi.
anus, -us, [?], f., old woman. — In
app. as adj. of things feminine, old.
anxietfs, -tatis, [anxio -f- tas],
f., anxiety.
anxius, -a, -um, [fanxo- (p.p. of
ango) -f ius], adj., anxious, fear-
ful.
Aonis, -idis, [Gr. 'Aovts], f. adj.,
Aonian, i.e. Bceotian. — PL, the
Muses, as dwellers on the Boeotian
_ Mt. Helicon.
Aonius, -a, -um, adj., Aonian, i.e.
Bceotian. — Aonif, Boeotians:
Aoniae sorores {the Muses).
aper, -pri, [?], m., boar (wild).
aperio, -ire, -ui, -rtum, [ab-pario
(cf. operio)], v. tr. 4, uncover ^
unclose, disclose. — p.p. apertus,
opeit., naked : fores ; campi ; pec-
tus; discrimen {public).
Aphareius, -a, -um, adj., of Apha-
reus : Aphareia proles (Lynceus
and Idas, sons of King Aphareus
_ of Messenia.
Apidanus, -i, [Gr. 'AitL^aySs], m., a
river in Thessaly.
Apollineus, -a, -um, [ApoUin +
eus], adj., ^or belonging to Apollo :
vates {the bard Orpheus) \ pro-
les {the god j^sculapius, son of
Apollo); ars {medicine),
Apollo, -inis, [Gr. "Air6\\o}v\, m.,
son of Jupiter and Latona, twin
brother of Diana, god of the sun,
of music and poetry, of divination,
archery, pestilence, and medicine.
appareo (adp-), -ere, -ui, no sup.,
[ad-pareo], v. intr. 2 (prob. come
at one^s call), appear.
1. appellS (adp-), -are, -avi,
-Stum, [prob. fappello- (stem
akin to appello, -ere) + o (cf.
compello)], V. tr. i, address,
speak to, cippeal to, call upon:
virum; decs.
2. appello (adp-), -ere, -puli,
-pulsum, [ad-pello], v. tr. 3,
drive nearer^ drive in.
Appenninus, -i (also Apen-), m.,
the Apennines, the mountain chain
that runs diagonally across Italy.
applico (adp-), -are, -avi (-ui),
14
Vocabulary,
-atum (-itum), [ad-plico], v.
tr. I, (^enfold), apply, attach, im-
print (oscula), drive (angues).
appono (adp-), -ere, -posui,
-positum, [ad-pono], v. tr. 3,
put at, place at, beside or near, set
' before, supply {oiioodi).
Aprilis, -is, [stem akin to aperio
+ lis], m., (prop. adj. implying
mensis), April.
apto, -are, -avi, -atum, [apto
+ 0], V. tr. I, Jit, set carefully.
aptus, -a, -um, [p.p. of fapio (cf.
apiscor)], z.d^]., fitted for, suited
to, prepared for, ft, fitting.
apud, [abl., prob. of same stem as
ob], prep., at, among.
^qua, -ae, [?], f., water. — Also pi.
aquaticus, -a, -um, [aqua +
ticus], adj., of the water, moist,
aquatic, from the sea (Auster).
aquila, -ae, [prob. f. of adj. mean-
in'ggray'], f., eagle.
Aqwllo, -onis, [faquilo- (reduced,
cf. aquila) -fo (on)], m., the
North Wind. — Less exactly, the
North.
aquosus, -a, -um, [aqua- (reduced)
-f- osus], adj., watery, rainy.
ara, -ae, [?], f., altar. — Esp. the
Altar (constellation).
Arachne, -es, [Gr. 'kpa.xvri], f., a
Colophonian maiden, changed by
Minerva into a spider.
aranea, ae, [Arachne -F a (f. of
-us)], f., spider.
arator, -oris, [ara- (stem of aro)
+ tor], m., ploughman, husband-
man.
aratrum, -i, [ara- (stem of aro)
-\- trum], n., ploughshare, plough,
Aratus, -i, [Gr.^Aparos], m., a poet
who wrote (about 250 B.C.) on
astronomy. He was born at Soli
in Cilicia.
arbitrium, -i, [arbitro- (reduced)
+ ium], n., decision, choice, will,
control, pleasure {at the pleasure
of, etc.).
arbor (arbos), -oris, [?], f., tree.
— Coll., trees : lovis {the oak).
arboreus, -a, -um, [arbor -F eus],
adj., of a tree, of the trees.
arbustum, -i, [arbos -{- turn (n. of
-tus, cf. robustus)], n., orchard^
grove (of planted trees).
arbuteus, -a, -um, [arbuto- (re-
duced) -f- eus], adj., of the straw-
berry tree.
arbutus, -i, [?], f., strawberry tree.
Arcadia, -ae, [Gr. 'Ap^aSia], f., the
mountainous district in the middle
of the Peloponnesus.
arcanus, -a, -um, [area -j- nus],
adj., secret. — N. pi., secrets.
Areas, -adis, [Gr. 'ApfccCs], m., an
Arcadian. — As adj., Arcadian.
arceo, -ere, -ui, arctus, [farco-
(akin to area) -f eo], v. tr, 2,
shut out, keep out, drive away, re-
pel. — With inf. , prevent from.
Arcitenens, -entis, [farcu- (weak-
ened) tenens], adj., holding a bow,
bow-bearing. — Masc, the bow-
holder {Apollo').
Arctos, -i, [Gr. "'Ap/cros], f., Greek
fcrm for Arctus, wh. see.
Arctus (Arctos), -i, [Gr. "Apfcros],
f., the Great and Little Bear
(Ursa Major and Minor), a double
constellation in the vicinity of the
north pole; hence, the North, —
Also pi., gemiinas Arctos, the
two Bears.
arcuatus, -a, -um, [p.p. of arcuo],
adj., arched.
arcus, -us, [y'ARC- (cf. arceo)
+ us], f., bow, arch, vault, circle
(of the zones). — Esp., rainbow.
ardens, pres. p. of ardeo, wh. see.
Vocabulary.
IS
ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsum, [arido
+ eo], V. intr. 2, blaze ^ burtiy be in
flames, — Also fig. , be inflamed^ be
fl-redy buruy and the like. — pres.
p., burning (lit. and fig.)*
ardesco, -ere (perf. and sup. as
with ardeo), [arde- (stem of
ardeo) + see], v. intr. 3, burst into
flames^ blaze,
ardor, -oris, [ard- (as if root of
ardeo) + or), m., heat^ flame. —
Also fig., love.
arduusy -a, -um, [?], adj., steep,
lofty, high, reared high, on high. —
N. pi., heights.
area, -ae, [?], f., space, threshing-
floor, stretch (campi). — Y\g., field
(for anxiety), scope,
arena (har-), -ae, [are- (stem of
areo) -f na (f. of -nus)], f., sand,
strand. — Fig., arena.
areo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [unc. stem
-|- 60 (cf. aridus)], v. intr. 2, be
dry, be parched. — pres. p., arens,
dry, dried.
Arestorides, -ae, [Gr. patronymic],
m., Argus, grandson of Arestor.
Arethusa, -ae, [Gr. 'Ape^outra], f.,
a spring in Syracuse. — Personi-
fied, the nymph of the spring, who
ran under the sea from Elis to Sic-
ily to escape the river-god Alpheus.
argenteus, -a, -um, [argento-
(reduced) + eus], adj., of silver,
silvern, silvery white : proles {the
Silver Age) .
argentum, -i, [akin to arguo,
named from its brightness], n.,
silver.
Argi, see Argos*
Argolicus, -a, -um, [Gr. ^kpyoM-
k6s, from "ApyoMs, Argons'], adj.,
of Argos, Argolic, — Grecian,
Argos (only nom. and ace), [Gr.
"Apyo^] , n., more freq. plur. Argi,
-orum, m., the capital of the dis-
trict Argolis in the Peloponnesus,
sacred to Juno.
argnmeutum, -i, [argu- (stem of
arguo) -i- mentum], n., proof, wit-
ness, story, meaning (of a custom).
arguo, -ere, -ui, -utum, [fargu-
(cf. ^pyos) ■\- o (cf. tribuo)],
V. tr. 3, make clear. — So, give evi-
dence, blame, find fault with.
Argus, -i, [Gr. "Apyos'], m., the
hundred-eyed keeper of lo after
she was changed into a heifer by
Jupiter. His hundred eyes were
placed by Juno in the tail of the
peacock.
aridus, -a, -um, [faro- (whence
areo) -|- dus], adj., dry, parched:
Libye facta est (^an arid desert) .
aries, -etis, [?], m., ram. — Esp.,
the Ram, the constellation Aries,
between Pisces and Taurus. — Less
exactly, yf^^f^ (golden).
arista, -ae, [?], f., ear (of grain),
head,
arma, -orum, [ y'AR {fit) -f- mus) ] ,
n., arms, weapons, tools, imple-
ments. — Fig., war, arms, con-
tests (fori).
armentum, -i, [y'AR (cf. arma)
+ mentum, team ( ?)], n., herd (of
large cattle).
armifer, -era, -erum, [arm6-fer],
adj., arm-bearing, armed,
armiger, -era, -erum, [armo-ger
(us, cL gero)], adj., arm-bearing.
— Fern, as noun, armor-bearer, at-
tendant (of Diana) .
armo, -are, -avi, -atum, [armo
-f o], V. tr. I, arm. — p.p., armed,
in ai^ms,
armus, -i, [m. from same word as
arma], m., {joint?), shoulder.
aro, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. tr. i,
plough, hold the plough.
i6
Vocabulary.
-rep-
grasp,
arripio (adr), -ere, -
turn, [ad-rapio], v. tr.
seize.
ars, artis, [ V^R (^^- a-rma) + tis
(reduced)], f., art, skill, stratagem,
means. — PI., the arts ; also same
as sing.
artifex, -icis, [arti- (stem of ars)
-f fex (root of facio as stem), c,
artist.
artus, -us, [ V^R + tus], m,, limb.
— PL, limbs ^ members.
artus, -a, -um, [p.p. of arceo],
adj., close.
arundo (har-), -inis, [?], f., reed.
— Hence, arroiv ; also, Jiute.
arvum, -i, [ V^^ 0^ ^^^) + vum],
n., yield (as opposed to woods),
yields (as cultivated), lands.
arx, arcis, [ VaRC (in arceo) + is
(reduced)], f., citadel, height, sum-
mit, high abode, lofty height;
summa (heights of heaven),
Asbolus, -i, [Gr. "'Ao-jSoAos], m.,
Soot, one of Actoeon's hounds.
Ascalaphus, -i, [Gr. " k(rKd\a(^os],
m., son of Acheron and Orphne,
changed by Ceres into an owl.
ascendo (ads-), -ere, -cendi,
-censum, [ad-seando], v. tr. 3,
climb up, mount, ascend, climb.
ascensus (ads-), -us, fad-fscan-
sus], through ascendo], m.,
ascent.
ascisco (ads-), -ere, -scivi, -sci-
tum, [ad-scisco], v. tr. 3, adopt
(by formal resolution).' — Less ex-
actly, adopt, add, attach.
Ascraeus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'AcKrpaTos],
adj., of A sera, Ascrcean, an epithet
of the poet Hesiod, who lived at
Ascra in Boeotia.
asellus, -i, [asino + lus], m., little
ass, ass (as regarded with commi-
seration or contempt).
Asis, 4dis (-idos), [Gr. 'Ao-ts], f.,
Asia; prop, adj., Asiatic.
Asopis, -idis (-idos), [Gr. 'Atrw-
TTts], f., JElgina, daughter of the
river-god Asopus.
aspargo (aspergo), -inis, [akin to
adspergo], f., spray, sprinkling,
blood (spattered) .
asper, -era, -erum, [ ?], adj., rough,
harsh (lit. and fig.).
aspergo -inis, see aspargo.
aspergo (ads), -ere, -spersi,
-spersura, [ad-spargo], sprinkle
(a thing on, or a thing with) .
aspicio (ads-), -ere, -spexi,
-spectum, [ad-fspecio], v. tr.
3, look at (or upon), behold, see.
aspiro (ads), -are, -avi, -atunri,
[ad-spiro], v. intr. i, breathe on.
— Hence, yi?^c?r.
assensus (ads-), -as, [ad-sensus,
through assentlo], m., assent,
silent assent. — Also pi.
assentiS (ads), -ire, -sensi,
-sensum, [ad-sentio], v. intr. 4,
give assent, assent.
assero (adsero) , -ere, -serui, -ser-
tum, [ad-sero],v. tr. 3, lay claim
to, claim.
assiduus (ads), -a, -um, [ad-
fsiduus (VsED + vus)], (sitting
down, esp. to a thing), adj., busy,
attentive, laborious. — Hence, con-
stant, incessant, never-ceasing.
assilio (ads), ire, -silui, -sul-
tum, [ad-salio], v. intr. 4, leap
on, dash on (of a wave).
assimulS (ads), -are, -avi,
-atum, [ad-simulo], v. tr. i,
feign, pretend.
assisto (ads-), -ere, astiti, no
sup., [ad-sisto], v. intr. 3, stand
up, stand by,
assuesco (ads), -ere, -suevi,
-suetum, [ad-'Suesco],v. intr. 3,
Vocabulary.
17
become accustomed, be accustomed.
— p.p.» assuetus, wonted.
assuetado (ads-), -Inis, [ad-
fsuetudo], f., custom J habit, in-
dulgence (of habit).
assnin^ (ads-), -ere, -sfimpsi,
-sumptum, [ad-sumo], v. tr. 3,
take in, take on, gather, assume,
ast, [?], conj., but.
Asterie, -es, [Gr. 'AorepiTj], f.,
daughter of the Titan Coeus, and
Phoebe, sister of Latona. She
was beloved by Jupiter, and was
changed into a quail.
asto, see adsto.
Astraea, -ae, [Gr. 'Ao-rpaiij, f., an
epithet of Justice (Aiktj) as daugh-
ter of the Titan Astraeus.
astringo (ads-), -ere, -strinxi,
-strictum, [ad-stringo], v. tr.
3, bind, tighten, harden (snow).
astrum, -i, [Gr. ^crrpov], n., constel-
lation, star. — PI., stars, sky.
astus, -us, [?], m., craft. — Abl.,
astu, with craft.
at, [(?), cf. ad], conj., but, then, at
least: attamen, but yet, still.
Atalanta, -ae, [Gr. ' kra\dvry)\y f.,
daughter of Schoeneus of Boeotia.
She was a celebrated runner, but,
being beaten in a race, married
Hippomenes, her competitor. She
was changed into a lioness.
ater, -tra, -trum, [?], adj., black,
dark (esp. as a sign of mourning).
Athamanteus, -a, -um, [Atha-
mant+ eus], adj., of Athamas.
Athamantis, -idis (-idos), f.,
Helle, daughter of Athamas.
Athamas, -aiitis, [Gr. ^h.Q6.fji^s\,
m., king of the Minyans in Boeotia.
He was the husband of Ino, uncle
of Pentheus, and brother of Sisy-
phus. He was made insane by
Juno.
Atheiiae, -arum, [Gr. 'Adi}i/at], f.,
Athens, the great city of Attica.
Athos, (gen. not found ; abl.,
Athone; dat. and abl., Atho;
ace, Atho, Athon, Athonem,
Athoiia), [Gr. *'A^6tJs, later "A^wv,
-<iivo%\, m.. Athos, a high mountain
on the Strymonian Gulf, in Mace-
donia.
Atlantiades, -ae, [Gr. patronymic],
m., Mercury, grandson of Atlas.
Atlas, -antis, [Gr.^ArXas], m., son
of the Titan lapetus, father of the
Pleiades and Hyades. He bore
the heavens upon his shoulders.
He was changed by Perseus into a
mountain, — the mountain itself in
Northern Africa.
atque (ac), [ad-que], conj., {and
in addition), and.
Atreus, -ei, [Gr. Ar^eus], m., king
of Argos and Mycenae, son of
Pelops and Hippo damia, father of
Agamemnon and Menelaus.
Atrides, -ae, [Gr. ^Arpe/Soy^], m., son
of Atreus. — PI., the sons of Atreus
(Agamemnon and Menelaus, the
leaders of the Greeks at Troy). '
atrium, -i, [atro-|- ium], n., hall
(of a house), — - PL, * halls, ^ palace.
attamen, see at.
Attis (Atth-), -idis, m., a Phrygian
shepherd who loved the goddess
Cybele, and was changed into a
fir-tree.
attollo (adt-), -ere, perf. and sup,
supplied from affero, [ad-toUo],
V. tr. 3, raise up (to something),,
raise: se, rise.
attonitus, see attono.
attono (adt-), -Sre, -ui, -itum,,
[ad-tono], v. tr. i, strike with
a thunderbolt. — p.p., attonitus, „
thunderstruck, paralyzed, sf>eU-
bound, struck (with passion)^
i8
Vocabulary.
attrabo (adt-), -ere, -traxi,
-tractum, [ad-traho], v. tr. 3,
draw to one, draw in, drag in, —
Fig,, attract.
aiiceps, -cupis, [avi-ceps (root of
capio as stem)], ro.,, fowler.
auctor, -oris, [aug- (as root of
aiigeo) 4-tor], m., (increaser).
' — Hence (perh. from raising price
at auctions), seller, guarantor,
•voucher. — So, authority, author^
adviser, founder, originator,
father, ancestor, giver. — Poeti-
cally, hurler (of a weapon), har-
binger (a prophet, authority for).
.Auctumnus, see Autuninus.
ductus, see augeo.
a^udaeia, -ae, [audac -f- ia], f.,
boldness, recklessness : verbis da-
tur, boldness of speech is pardoned.
audax, -acis, [aud- (as if root of
audeo) 4- ax], adj., daring, bold,
desperate, fearless.
Audeo, -ere^ ausus, [avido + eo],
V. intr. 2, (^desire?), venture, dare.
■ — p.p., ausus, daring, venture-
some.— As subst., the one who
dared. -^J^Qut., ausum; see the
word.
audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [perh.
ausi- (stem of auris) do (cf.
condio)], V. tr. 4, hear. — Fig.,
obey (sagitta avium).
aufero, -ferre, abstuli, ablatum,
[ab-fero], v. it. irr., bear away,
take away, take from, tear away,
cut off (annos), carry off (a
prize) .
augeo, -ere, auxi, auctum, [?],
V. tr. 2, increase, swell, swell the
number of (decs), enlarge, be
added to : clamoribus {swell the
shout).
augur, -uris, [(?), compound with
avis], m., soothsayer.
augurium, -I, [augur + iuiia], n.,
amgury, soothsaying, wise counsel.
auguror, -art, -atus, [augur -|- o],
V." dep. I , divine, conclude^ imag-
ine.
augustus, -a, -um, [(?), perh.
akin to augur, more likely to
augeo], adj., venerable, august. —
Esp. an epithet (and in the masc.
' a surname) of Octavius Caesar, and
after him of all the Roman empe-
rors.
aula, -ae, [Gr. o.^Kf\\, {,, hall, pal-
ace.
aulaeum, -i, [Gr, avKaiov, real or
supposed], n., curtain, hangings.
— Also pi.
Aulis, -idis, [Gr. AvA/y], f., a sea-
port in Boeotia, from which the
Greeks sailed against Troy.
aura, -ae, [y'AU {blow) -f ra (f. of
-rus)], f., breeze, wind, air (as
moving), breath of life, the air,
winds of heaven (often as opposed
to hidden or enclosed space).
auratus, -a, -um, [p.p. of auro],
adj., gilded.
aureus, -a, -um, [auro -f- eus],
adj., .of gold, golden. — Hence,
beautiful, splendid, etc.
aurifer, -era, -erum, [auro-
fer (for ferus)], adj., gold-bear-
ing.
auriga, -ae, [perh. aurea- {head-
stall) faga (akin to ago), cf.
-cola], m., charioteer, driver.
auris, -is, [(?), for ausis, cf. au-
sculto], f., ear.
Aurora, -ae, [v^us (see uro), for
ausosa], f., the dawn, daybreak,
— Personified, Aurora, the god-
dess of the morning, daughter of
Hyperion, wife of Tithonus, and
mother of Memnon. — Also, the
eastern country, the East.
Vocabidary,
19
aurum, -i, [perh. V^s (cf. Au-
rora)], n.^gold, — Poetically, the
golden age»
Ausonius, -a, -um, [Auson +
ius], adj., Ausoniait^ Italian^
Latin, — Ausonia, f. (sc. terra),
Italy. — Masc. plur., the Italians.
auspex, -icis, [avi-spex (root of
fspecio, as stem)], m., soothsayer,
witness: auspicibus vobis, with
your approval (from consulting
soothsayers on any important busi-
ness),
auspicium, -i, [auspic + ium],
n., taking of omens, omens, begin-
ning (as opposed to exitus) . —
PI., auspices, leadership.
auster, -tri, [^us + ter (f-tro, cf.
-trum)], m., the south wind (dry
and hot). — Personified, the God of
the South Wind. — Less exactly, the
South.
aus trails, -e, [austro + alls], adj.,
{of the south wind), southern.
ausum, -i, (n. p.p. of audeo], n.,
daring attempt, undertaking.
aut, [(?), cf. autem], conj., or, or
else : aut . . . aut {either . . . or').
autem, [(?)» cf. aut], conj., intro-
ducing an antithesis, or even a
mere transition, but always "with
some contrast, but, on the other
hand, on the contrary, however,
then again, now.
Autonoeius, -a, -um, adj., of or
belonging to Autonoe : heros
{Actceon, son of Autonoe).
autumnalis, -e, [autumno (re-
duced) + 3-118], adj., autumnal.
Autumnus, -i, [prob. for fAucto-
menos, cf. augeo], m., Autumn.
auxiliaris, -e, [auxilio- (reduced)
4- aris], adj., auxiliary, assisting,
subsidiary.
auxilium, -i, [fauxili- (akin to
augeo, cf. pensilis) + ium], n.,
assistance, succor, help.
avarus, -a, -um, [lost noun-stem
(cf. aveo and avid us) + rus],
adj., eager, eagerly desirous. —
Esp., avaricious, covetous, greedy.
avello, -ere, -vulsi, (-velli),
-vulsum, [ab-vello], v. tr. 3,
pluck off, tear away.
avena, -ae, [?], f., oats, oat-straw,
— Hence, pipe.
Aventinus, -i, m. ; -um, -i, [?],
n., (prop, adj.), the Aventine, one
of the seven hills of Rome, extend-
ing from the Palatine to the Coelian
Hill.
Avernalis, -e, [Averno -1- alls],
adj., of Avernus.
Avernus, -a, -um, [?], adj., of qx
belonging to Lake Avernus, near
Cum£e, in Lower Italy. Its deadly
exhalations killed the birds flying
over it ; hence in fable it was
placed near the entrance to the
lower world. — Hence, infernal^
hellish, deadly, deathlike.
aversatus, p.p. of aversor.
aversor, -ari, -atus, [ab-verso
(perh. through averto)], v. dep.
I, {turn aivay), be unwilling, be
reluctant. — p.p., refusing, opposed
to (ace), reluctant, unwilling.
aversus, p.p. of averts,
averto, -ere, -verti, -versum,
[ab-verto], v. tr. 3, turn away,
turn off. — p.p., turned aivay,
turning away: passus {back-
ward) ; occupat aver sum {from
behind).
avidus, -a, -um, [favo- (cf. aveo)
+ dus], adj., greedy, 'greedy of •
(gen.), thirsty for, eager.
avis, -is, [?], f., bird. — Hence,
omen.
avitus, -a, -um, [avo- (as if avi-)
20
Vocabulary,
4- tus], adj., of one's grandfather.
— Less exactly, ancestral.
avius, -a, -una, [ab-via (inflected
as adj.)] , adj., out of the way, path-
less : per avia {through pathless
regions^.
avus, -i, [?], m., grandfather,
axis, -is, [perh. corrupted from Gr.
^Ig?»'], m., axle (of a chariot). ~
Hence, axis (of the earth or the
sky), pole (of the sky), chariot,
the heavens. — Also pi.
B.
JSabylonius, -a, -um, [Babylon
+ ius], adj., Babylonian, of Baby-
lon.
batca (bacca), -ae, [?], f., berry.
Baccbae, -aruixi, [Gr. Ba^xai],
f., Bacchce, female Bacchanals,
wotnen who performed the wild
orgies of Bacchus.
baccbans, -antis, [pres. p. of
baccbor], f., bacchante, bacchant.
Baccheius (-eus, -ius), -a, -um,
[Gr. ^oLKx^'^os, etc.], adj., of ot per-
taining to Bacchus, Bacchic.
Pacchiadae, -arum, m., a noble
family of Corinth, which was ex-
pelled from that city and founded
Syracuse in Sicily.
baccbor, -ari, -atus, [fBaccbo-],
V. dep. I, celebrate the festival of
Bacchus. ' — Less exactly, revel,
rave, rant, rage.
Bacchus, -i, [Gr. Bawrxoy], m,, a
son of Jupiter and Semele, the god
of wine and of poets. — Fig., the
vine, wine.
baeulum, -i, [?], n,, stajf.
balaena, -ae, [?], f., whale.
balatus, -us, [bala 4- tus], m.,
Balearicus (Bali-), -a, -um.
[Baleari + cus], adj., Baleaj-ic, of
the Baleares, or Balearic Islands,
Majorca and Minorca, in the Medi-
terranean Sea. The inhabitants
were famed for the use of the
sling.
balo, -are, -avi, -atum, [prob.
from sound], v. intr. i, bleat.
balteus, -i, [?], m., bell.
barba, -ae, [?], f., beard.
barbaricus, -a, -um, [barbaro-
(weakened) -f cus], adj., barbaric.
barbaries, -ei, [barbaro- (re-
duced)-f- ies], f., (* savagedom,'
cf. heathendom), barbarous tribes
(as a whole).
barbarus, -a, -um, [prob. from
sound], adj., barbarian. — Fem.
as noun, the fair barbarian
(Medea).
Bassus, -i, m., a Roman proper
name. There were several poets
named Bassus.
Battiades, -ae, [Gr. BarrmSi/s], m.,
descendant of B alius. The city of
Cyrene was ruled by the Battiadse;
hence the Cyrenean poet Calli-
machus is called Battiades.
Baucis, -idis, [Gr. BauKts], f.,
Baucis, wife of Philemon, who
was changed into a tree.
beatus, p.p. of beo, wh. see.
Belides, -uui, [Gr. patronymic] , f.,
granddaughters of Belus, king of
Egypt, daughters of Danaus ;
hence usually called the Danaides.
Belides, -ae, [Gr. patronymic], m.,
descendant of Belus.
bellatrix, -icis, [bella- (cf. bello)
-1-trix], L, female warrior, war-
rior maid.
bellicus, -a, -um, [bello + cus],
adj., warlike,
bellua, see belua*
bellum, -i, [old fduellum, formed
Vocabulary,
21
from duo], n., war. — More con-
cretely, expedition, armament^
war (poetical).
belua (bellua), -ae, [?], f., mon-
ster (huge creature) .
bene, [old abl. of bonus, cf.
aeQue],adv.,Wif//; nee bene {not
very weW) ; vix bene (hardly ^
fully).
benefactum, -i, [n. p.p. of bene-
facio], n., service, generous deed.
benignus^ -a, -uin, [bono-fgnus
(akin to nosco)], adj., kindly,
generous. - — -Also of tliings,/r(7^iW(r-
iive, fertile.
beo, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. tr.
I, bless. — p.p. as adj., blessed,
happy.
Berecyntius,-a,-um (-cynthlus),
[Gr. Bepe/cvvTios], adj., of ot per-
taining to Berecyntus, a mountain
in Phrygia on the Sangarius, sacred
to Cybele. She was worshipped
with sound of flutes j hence, Bere-
cyntia tibia : Midas was her son;
hence, Berecyntius heros.
Bessi, -oruni, [Gr. BeVo-oi], m., a
Thracian tribe.
bibS, -epe,bibi, bibitum, [redupl.
root, cf. potus], V. tr. 3, drink.
bibulus, -a, -um, [from bibo, as
if bibo + lus], adj., absorbent,
soaking (wet).
biceps, -cipitis, [bi (i.e. dvi)
-caput (reduced)], adj., two-
headed. — Less exactly, two-peaked.
bicolor, -oris, [bi (i.e. dvi) -color],
adj., two-colored, variegated.
bicornis, -e, [bi (i.e. dvi) -cornu
(weakened to i stem)], adj.,
two-horned. — Less exactly, two-
pronged.
bidens, -entis, [bi (i.e. dvi) -dens],
adj., two-toothed. — As noun, ttoo-
' pronged hoe, — Also, an animal
for sacrifice, esp. a sheep, two
years old, when two teeth only are
prominent.
bifores, -ium, [bi (i.e.dvi)-foris],
2,^]., two-door ed, double (of doors).
biforniis, -e, [bi (i.e. dvi) -forma
(weakened to i stem)], adj., two-
bimaris, -e, [bi (i.e. dvi) -mare
(infl. as adj.)], adj., two-seaed
(Corinthus, i.e. with a sea on
both sides).
bimus, -a, -um, [bi (i.e. dvi)
-fhimiis (akin to hiems)], adj.,
{of two winters), ttvo years old,
bini, -ae, -a, [bi (i.e. dvi) + nus],
adj., two at a thne, two {at a time,
implied).
bipennifer, -era, -erum, [bipenni-
fer], adj., axe-bearer.
bis, [case (gen.?), of duo], adv.,
ttvice,
bisulcus, -a, -um, [bi (i.e. dvi)
-sulcus], adj., two-furrowed, cleft,
cloven.
bitumen, -inis, [?], n., asphalt,
bitumen.
blaesus, -a, -um, [?], d,6^]., stam-
mering, indistinct.
blandior, -ivi, -itus, [blando (as
if fblandi-) + o], v. intr. 4, coax,
flatter, cajole, entreat (with blan-
dishments).
blanditiae, -arum, [blando-
(weakened) + tia], f., blandish-
ments, wooing, endearments, ca-
resses.
blandus, -a, -um, [?], adj.,
persuasive, seductive, coaxing
(verba), caressing (lacerti).
Boebe, -es, [Gr. ^oi^r[\, f., an
ancient town in Eastern Thessaly.
BoeStia, -tie, [Gr. Botwrta], f., a
division of Central Greece, north
of Attica.
2^
Vocabulary,
Boeotius, -a, -um, [Gr. Boic^rios],
adj., of Bosotia, Bceolian.
Boeotus, -a, -um, [Gr. Boiwros'],
adj., of Boeoiia, Boeotian,
bonus, -a, -um, [ ?], 2i.di^.,good (in all
Eng. senses), y^w^j, excellent, noble :
vultus (^kindly) ; artes {liberal,
generous, noble^. — n. pL, blessings,
^ goods, ^ fortunes.
Bootes, -ae, [Gr. Bot^njy, plough-
man\ m., the constellation Bootes,
" near the Great Bear.
Boreas, -ae, [Gr. Bopias], m., the
mountain or north wind (pure
Lat aqoilo) . — Personified, Bo-
reas, the son of the river-god
Strymon, and father of Calais and
Zetes by Orithyia, daughter of
Erechtheus, king of Attica.
bos, bovis, [?], c, ox, cow, heifer,
bull. — PL, cattle,
braccae, -arum, [Gallic word], f.,
breeches, trousers.
braccMum, -i, [?], n., arm. —
Less exactly, claws (of the Scor-
pion).
brevis, -e, [for bregvis, cf. j8paxvs],
adj. , short, narrow, small. — Of
time, brief, speedy.
breviter, [brevi -f ter], adv.,
shortly, briefly.
Britannus, -a, -um, [?], adj., of
Britain, British. — Masc. pL,
Britons.
bubo, -onis, [?], c, oivl.
buoina, -ae, [?], f., trumpet.
Busiris, -idis, [Gr. Bovffipis], m., a
king of Egypt, who sacrificed
strangers» and was himself slain by
Hercules.
bustumi, -1, [(?), cf. comburo],
n., funeral pile (burnt down),
tomb. — Also pi.
buxum, -i, [?], n., box (wood or
tree).
cacumen, -inis, [?], n.,peak, sum-
mit, top : summa cacumina, top-
most shoots (of a tree).
cacuminS, -are, -avi, -atum,
[cacumiii+ o], v. tr. i, point,
sharpen : aures (give pointed
ears^ .
Cadmeis, -idis, [Gr. KaS^urjts], f.,
adj., of, from, or pertaining to
Cadmus : Cadmeis arx {the cita-
del of Thebes, founded by Cad-
mus).
Cadmus, -i, [Gr. Ka5/^os], m., son
of the Phoenician king Agenor.
He founded Thebes in Boeotia, and
was afterwards changed into a
serpent.
cado, -ere, cecidi, casum, [?], v.
intr. %fall, set (dies).
cadficifer, -era, -erum, [caduceo-
(reduced) + fer (for ferus)], adj.,
bearing the caduceus (herald's
wand).
caecus, -a, -um, [?], adj., blind,
blinded. — Hence, dark, hidden,
secret.
caedes, -is, [caed- (as root of
caedo) + es], f,, slaughter, l^lood,
murder.
caedS, -ere, cecidi, caesum, [(?),
akin to cado, but conn, unc], v.
tr. 3, beat, strike, cut (with a
stroke), y^// (trees), /(25/^ (horses).
caelestis, -e, [caeles- (for caelo-)
-f- tis (cf. agrestis)], adj., heav-
enly, divine, of the gods, of heaven,
godlike. — As noun, divine being,
divinity, god.
caelicola, -ae, [cielo- (weakened)
+ cola (cf. agricola)], m., god,
citizen of heaven.
caelo, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. tr.
I, carve, engrave.
Vocabulary.
23
caelum, -1, [?], n., sky, heaven^ at-
mosphere, air, climate.
Caeneus, -ei, [Gr. Kaij^eiJy], m.,
Cdeiteus, originally a girl named
Caenis, daughter of Elatus, changed
by Neptune into a boy, and made
invulnerable. He took part in the
Calydonian hunt.
caeruleus, -a, -um, [caerulo- (re-
duced) + eus], adj., of ike blue sea,
dark blue^ sea-green, dark, livid:
frater {Neptune^.
caerulus, -a, -urn, [caelo + lus],
adj., {of the sky), blue : caerula
caeli {lAe blue of the sky).
Caesar, -aris, [(?),cf. caesaries],
m., a family name in the gens
Julia, — Esp. : i. C. Julius Caesar,
the conqueror of Gaul, and the op-
ponent of Pompey in the civil war,
assassinated by Brutus and Cas-
sius; 2. C. Octavius Ccesar, called
Augustus, the Roman emperor
who banished Ovid.
Caesareus, -a, -um, [Caesar 4-
eus], adj., of ox belonging to Ccesar
or the CcBsars : Vesta ( Vesta, pro-
tectress of Augustus).
caesaries, -ei, [(?), akin to
caedo], f., locks (poetic for hair).
caestus, -us, [?], m., cestus, boxing
straps.
Caicus (Cay-) , -i, [Gr. KcitKos], m.,
a river of Greater Mysia, which
takes its rise on Mount Teuthras,
passes near Pergamon, and falls
into the sea at Lesbos (now the
Mendr agora) .
calamus, -i, [Gr. /cc^Aajuos], m.,
reed, pipe.
calathus, -i, [Gr. K6xa.Bos\ m.,
basket.
calc5, -are, -avi, -atum, [calc-
(calx, heel) 4-0], v. tr. i, tread,
tread on, tread out (of grapes).
calculus, -i, [calc- (calx, lime)
-t-ulus (as if calco + lus)], m.,
pebble.
caleo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [fealo-
(cf. calldus) -1- eo], v. intr, 2 j
and
calesco, -ere, -ui, no sup., [cale-
(stem of caleo) -f- sco], v. intr.
3, be warm, be hot, be heated,
grow warm. — pres. p., calens,
hot.
calldus, -a, -um, [fcalo- (cf, '
caleo) + dus], adj., hot, warm,
reeking (telum).
caligo, -inls, [akin to clam, and
perh. caleo], f., smoke, mist, dark-
ness.
callidus, -a, -um, [callo- (cf.
callum) + dus], adj., {hardened
to a thing), cunning.
callis, -is, [akin to callum], m.,
{ivorn path) , path, track (of small
by-paths).
calor, -oris, [cal- (as if, perhaps
really, root of caleo) -|- or], m.,
heat.
Calydon, -onis (Gf. ace, Caly-
dona), [Gr. KaXvSciv], f., a very
ancient town of ^tolia, on the
river Evenus. It was the abode
of OEneus, father of Meleager and
Deianeira, and grandfather of
Diomedes.
Calydonis, -Idis, [Gr. patronymic],
f., Calydonian maid or woman.
Calydonius, -a, -um, [Gr. KaAw-
5c«jvios], adj., of or belonging to
Calydon, Calydonian : hasta (the
spear of Diomedes, who was of
Calydonian birth) .
Calymne, -es, [Gr. Kc^Au/zva], f.,
Calymna, a small island off the
coast of Asia Minor, near Cos.
camella (camm-), -ae, [?], f.,
goblet (of unc. form) .
u
Vocabulary.
caminiis, -i, [Gr. Ka/xtvos], m.,
forge, furnace.
campus, -i, [?], m., plain, level,
expanse (aquarum).
Cauace, -es, [Gr. Kaj/aw:??], f.,
Crasher, one of Actason's hounds.
Cancer, -cri, [?], m., the Crab, one
of the signs of the Zodiac.
candeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [perh.
fcanido- (tf. canus) + eo], v.
intr. 2, glow, burn. — pres. p.,
candiens, burning.
candesco, -ere, candui, [cande-
(stem of candeo) -f see], v. intr.
3, burn, blaze, brighten.
candidus, -a, -um, [perh. fcanido-
(cf. candeo, through wh. it is
formed) + dus], adj., shining,
bright, white {Q,i. alb us, dead
white^, fair (of women), clad in
whiles — Fig., fair-minded (cf.
livor).
candor, -oris, [cand- (as if root
of candeo) -1- or], m., brightness,
whiteness.
caneo, -ere, -ui, [cano- (reduced)
-|- eo], V. intr. 2, whiten, be white,
be gray. — pres. p., white, gray.
canesco, -ere, canui, [cane- (stem
of caneo) -}- sco], v. intr. 3, grow
white, whiten.
canis, -is, [?], c, dog, hound. —
Esp., the Dog (a constellation).
canistruin, -1, [Gr. /ccificrpot'], n.,
basket.
canities, -ei, [cano -f ties], f.,
hoariness, gray hair.
cauna, -ae, [Gr. k6.vv(x\, £, cane,
reed.
cano, -ere, cecini, cantum, [?],
V. tr. 3, sottnd, sing : ilia cauends^
est (?jr the subject of song).
€anopus, -i, [Gr. Kat'cDTroy], m.,
Canopus, a city in Egypt, on the
western mouth of the Nile.
canor, -oris, [y^CAN -j- or], m,»
music, songfulness.
canor us, -a, -um, [canor + ns],
adj., sounding.
canto, -are, -avi, -atum, [canto
-f o], V. tr. I, sing. — Hence, en-
chant.
cantus, -US, [^can + tus], m.,
song, music (vocal or instr.) . —
Hence, incantation.
canus, -a, -um, [?], adj., hoary,
white, gray, zvhitened, snow-white.
— Less exactly, jj/^/^w (of grain).
— As noun, zvhite hair.
capax, -acis, [ v^cap -|- ax (as if
fcapa ■\- cus, reduced)], adj., capa-
cious, capable of (ad praecepta) :
ingenium {jnighty).
capella, -ae, [capra + la], f., she-
goat.
caper, -ri, [?], m.,goat.
capillus, -i, [akin to caput], m.,
hair. — PI,, hair.
capi§, -ere, cepi, captum,
[y'CAP], V. tr, 3, tahe, hold, seize,
take in, deceive, enjoy (spectacle).
— p.p., captivated, smitten.
Capitolium, -1, [developed from
fcapit-], n., the Capitol at Rome.
— Also pl.
Capreae, -arum, [fcapro- (re-
duced) -h ea (cf. caprea)], f., an
island in the Tuscan Sea, off the
Bay of Naples (now Capri').
captivus, -a, -um, [ v'cap -f tivus
(as if tcapti + vus)], adj., cap-
tured, imprisoned, captive,
captS, -are, -avi, -atum, [capto
+ 0], V. tr. I, catch at, seek (with
inf.) . — p.p., caught.
capulus, -i, [fcapo -t- lus], m., hilt.
caput, -itis, [?], n., head, heads
(sing, of two), source (of a river,
etc.), life : rerum (capital); lioc
caput (phis body).
Vocabulary.
25
carbasus^ -i, [of oriental origin],
f. (n. in pi.), linen or cotton,- — •
Hence, sail.
career, -eris, [?], m., prison. —
Hence, starting-point (in a race),
goal.
carchesiuin, -i, [Gr. K(xpx^(yiov\
n.ycup, beaker (of peculiar shape).
cardo, -inis, [?], m., hi7tge.
careo, -ere, -ui, -itiirus, [caro
+ eo ?], V. intr. 2, (^he dear ?), be
wanting. — Transf., want, be desti-
tute ofy be free fro7n, be deprived,
feel the want of • — pres. p., desti-
tute of.
caricus, -a, -uin, [caria- (reduced)
+ cus], adj., C^rz^^. — Hence,
f. (sc. ficus), Carian fig, fig (from
Caria).
carina, -ae, [?], f., keel, bottom (of
ship). — Hence, ship.
carmen, -inis, [unc. root -f men
(cf. Camena)], n., song, music,
verse, air (instr.). — Hence, in-
cantation, charm. — Also, proph-
ecy.
caro, carnis, [?], i., flesh.
carpo, ere, -psi, -ptum, (cf. Gr.
- Ktt/jTrJs], V. tr. 3, pluck, crop, gnaw
(of envy). — Hence of travel,
tread (vias), cleave (aera), take
(a course, etc.), pass over or
through. — Also, carp at, ^ pick in
pieces,^ find fault with (cf. gnaw,
above), waste.
carus, -a, -uin, [?], adj., dear (in
both Eng. ^tn^^^ , precious.
casa, -ae, [?], f., cottage.
caseus, -i, [?], m., cheese.
Cassiope, -es, [Gr. Kao-o-K^Trr?], f.,
wife of Cepheus and mother of
Andromeda.
cassis, -idis, [?], f., helmet.
cassis, -is, [?], m., hunting-net.
Oastalius, -a, -uni, adj., of ax per-
taining to the Fount of Casialia
at Delphi, sacred to Apollo and
the Muses ; hence Castalium
antrum, the cave at Delphi where
was the oracle of Apollo.
castanea, -ae, [adj. formed from
Ka.(Tro.vQv\, f., chestnut (tree or
nut).
Castrum, -i, n., a town in Latium,
generally Castrum Inui.
castus, -a, -um, [?], adj., clean
(religiously), pure, chaste, sacred,
hallowed.
casus, -us, [V^AD -\- tus], m.,
chance (good or bad). — Esp.,
mischance, mishap.
catena, -ae, [?], f., chain.
Catullus, -i, m., one of the greatest
of Roman lyric poets. He lived
B.C. 87-54.
catiilus, -i, [cato + lus], m., whelp,
cub, young (of animals).
Caucasus, -i, [Gr. Kaii/facros], m.,
a chain of rough mountains, in-
habited by wild tribes, in Asia,
between the Black and the Caspian
Seas.
Cauda, -ae, [?], f., tail.
Caiilon, -onis, [Gr. KauAaj//ia], m.,
a town on the east coast of Brut-
tium.
causa, -ae, [akin to caveo], f.,
reason, cause, motive : sparsi
veneni (^effect). — Hence, cause
(in the Eng. sense of the interests,
etc.).
cautes, -is, [?], f., rock.
cautus, see caveS.
caveo, -ere, cavi, cautum, [?],
V. intr. 2, take care, beware, pro-
vide (in a bargain or the like). —
p.p., cautus, as adj., careful, cau-
tious, carefully (in agreement,
transl. as adv.).
caverna, -ae, [prob. f caves- (cf.
26
Vocabulary.
cavus and genus) -|- na (f. of
-nus)], f., cavern,
cavo, -are, -avi, -atum, [cavo
+ o], V. tr. I, hollow out, hollow,
indent.
cavus, -a, -um, [?], adj., hollow»
Cayster (-stros), -i, [Gr. Kdv-
(TTpos'l, m., a river of Ionia, cele-
brated for its tuneful swans.
Cecropius, -a, -uin, [Gr. K^Kpo-
TTLOs], adj., of Cecrops, Cecropian.
— Less exactly, of Athens or Attica,
Athenian, Attic.
Cecrops, -opis, [Gr. KeVpa;//], m,,
the most ancient king of Attica,
who went thither from the Egyp-
tian Sais, and founded the citadel
of Athens ; ace. to the fable, half
man and half serpent (or half man
and half woman) .
cedo, -ere, cessi, cessum, [?], v.
intr. 3, (move ; cf. procedo, re-
cedo), draiv back, retire, retreat,
yield, be inferior to. — Also, fall to
(the lot of, perh. from being con-
quered hy), pass into.
celeber, -bris, -bre, [prob. same
as creber], adj., frequented by,
famous (as in everybody's mouth).
cel.ebro, -are, -avi, -atum, [cele-
bri (reduced) + 0], v. tr. i,
throng, make fatuous (cf. cele-
ber), worship: artes, pursue (in
zeugma with forum) .
Celennia (occurs only in neut. ace.
pi.. Met. XV. 704), adj., Celen-
nian, belonging to an unknown
place, Celenna (or Celennum), in
Southern Italy.
celeJP, -eris, -ere, [akin to cello],
adj., swift, quick, quickly (in agree-
ment). — Esp. m., Celer, the slayer
of Remus.
celo, -are, -avi, -atum, [(?), cf.
clam, occulo], v. tr. i, (^keep in
the dark, both of things and per-
sons).— Hence, hide, conceal. —
Also, keep in ignorance, conceal
from (two aces.).
celsus, -a, -um, [cf. excello], adj.,
high, lofty, on high.
Cenaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. Ki^raTos],
adj., Cencean, of or pertaining to
Cenceum, a promontory of Euboea,
where was a temple of Jupiter.
census, -us, [unc. root (cf. censeo)
-f-tus], m., census, assessing. —
Hence, property (as rated), pos-
sessions. — Also pi.
Centaurus, -i, [Gr. KeVrai/pos], m.,
a Centaur. The Centaurs were
fabulous beings, half man, half
horse, sons of Ixion and of a cloud
in the form of Juno.
centum, [?], indecl., one hundred.
Cephenus, -a, -um, [Cephe •\-
nus], adj., of or belonging to
Cepheus, Cephenian, Ethiopian.
Cepheus, -ei, [Gr.K77(^ei;s], m,, king
of the Ethiopians, father of An-
dromeda.
Cepheiis, -a, -um, [Gr. form], adj.,
of or belonging to Cepheus.
Cephisis, -idis, [Gr. Yi-r\^i<Tis\, f.
adj., sprung from or belonging to
the Cephisus.
Cephisus, -i, [Gr. Yi7]<picr6s'\, m., a
river in Phocis.
cera, -ae, [Gr. Kripos\, f., wax.
Cerambus, -i, [Gr. Ke^a^)8os], m.,
Cerambus, who fled to Mount
Othrys to escape the flood, and
was changed into a beetle.
ceratus, -a, -um, [p.p. of cero],
as adj., waxed.
Cerbereus, -a, -um, adj., of ox per-
taining to Cerberus.
Cerberus, -i, [Gr. K^p^cpos'], m.,
the three-headed dog that guarded
the entrance to the lower world.
Vocabulary.
27
Cerealis, see Cerialis.
Ceres, -eris, [Vcer (root of cres-
co) +es, cf. pubes], f., goddess
of grain, daughter of Saturn and
mother of Proserpine. — In prob.
earlier meaning, grainy fiour^
bread.
Cerialis (Cere-), -e, [stem, real or
imaginary, akin to Ceres 4- alls],
adj., of Ceres y of gram, pertaining
to grain or agriculture.
cerno, -ere, erevi, cretum, [?,
cf. Kpivw], V. tr. 3, separate. —
Hence, distinguish, discern, descry,
see, look at, gaze on.
certamen, -inis, [certa + men],
n., contest. — Also pi., same sense.
certatim, [certa + tim, as if ace.
of fcertatis], adv., contentiously,
— With verbs, vie with each other
in, etc.
certe, [old abl. of certus], adv.,
certainly, surely, zvithout doubt,
at least, at any rate,
certo [abl. of certus], adv., cer-
tainly, surely.
certo, -are, -avi, -atum, [certo
+ 0], v. intr. I, {decide?). —
Hence, strive, contend, vie.
certus, -a, -um, [pp. of cerno],
adj., sure (both of things and per-
sons), unfailing, steady, * reliable,^
certain, undoubted, undeniable :
amor (constant) ; non certas
(wandering) ; certum est (with
dat.), one is determined; certum
facer e (inform).
cerva, -ae, [?], f., hind.
cervix, -icis, [akin to cerebrum],
f., neck (esp. pL), stiff neck (of
spirited horses).
cervus, -i, [?], m., stag.
cespes, -itis, [?], m., turf sod.
cessS, -are, -avi, -atum, [cesso
(cf. cedo) 4- o], V. intr. i, linger,
delay, be slow, languish, be idle,
lie dormant, be replaced, be sup-
planted.— pres. p., inactive^ at
rest: tempera cessata (time of
idleness).
(ceterus), -a, -um, [ce- (cf. hie)
+ terus (cf.uter)], adj., the other
(including all the rest) . — As noun,
m., all the rest, the others. — n.,
everything else, the rest, the conse-
quences (the rest, after an action
or the like).
eeu [?, prob. ce (in hlc)-f-ve],
conj., as, like, as if
Ceyx, -ycis, [Gr. K^u^], m., Ceyx,
king of Trachis, son of Lucifer,
and husband of Alcyone.
Chaonis, -idis, [Gr. XaoWs], adj.,
f., Chaonian, of Chaonia, a district
in Epirus.
Chaos, abl. Chao, [Gr. X^fos], n.,
(a yawning gulf ), the boundless,
empty space, as the kingdom of
darkness, the Lower World. —
Personified, Chaos (or Infinite
Space and Darkness).
charta, -ae, [Gr. x^p^vs^t^-y p^pf- ^
rus, paper, piece of paper, — Hence,
letter, book.
Charybdis, -is, [Gr. Xcipui85is], f.,
a whirlpool in the Strait of Mes*
sina, between Sicily and Italy.
chelydrus, -i, [Gr. x^^vSpos], m.,
water-snake.
chorda, -ae, [Gr. x^pS-^]» f»? string
(musical).
chorus, -i, [Gr. x^9'^^\ ^-j band of
dancers, band (of Bacchus) . -
chrysolithus, -i, [Gr. xpwo-<^A(^os],
c, chrysolith (a precious stone),
topa%.
cibus, -i, [?], m., food, article of
food.
Cicones, -um, [Gr. KUov^sI, m., a
people in Thrace, on the Hebrus.
28
Vocabulary.
ciconia, -ae, [?], f., sto?'k.
cicuta, -ae, [?], f., hemlock branch,
hemlock (poisonous).
cieo, -ere, \ _ _ ,. r > ^
ci§,-ire, }civi,citum,[Vci],v.
tr. 2 and 4, set in motion, call
forth, summon.
Cilix, -icis, [Gr. KtAtl], adj., Cili-
cian, of Cilicia, a province in the
southern part of Asia Minor.
Cimitierii, -orum, [Gr. KtyU^eptoi],
m., Cimmerians, a fabled people
in the extreme West or North,
where the sun does not shine.
cinctus, p.p. of cingo.
citigo, -ere, cinxi, cinctum, [?],
V. tr. 3, surround, gird, envelop,
gird up (vestes). — Pass., gird
one^s self, wind around (of a
snake), roll himself — p.p., sur-
rounded, girt, crowned.
cinis, -eris, [?], m., ashes. — Also
pi.
Cinyphius, -a, -um, [fCinyph
+ ius], adj., of the Cinyps (a river
of Libya), Cinyphian. — Less ex-
actly, Libyan, African.
Cinyras, -ae, [Gr. K.Lvvpas\, m., an
Assyrian king whose daughters
were changed by Juno into the
* steps of a temple.
circa, [unc. case-form from circum
(cf. antea, etc.)], adv. and prep.,
around, round, about.
Circaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. Kt.pK.a1os~\,
adj., of Circe, a daughter of the
sun, famous for Jier sorceries, by
which she changed men into
beasts.
circueo (circumeo), -ire, -ii,
-itum, [circum-eo], v. tr. irr.,
go around, surround (of Minerva
weaving a pattern).
circuitus, -Hs, [circum-itus,
through circueo], m., circuit.
circum, [petrified ace. of circus],
adv. and prep., around, round,
about. — In comp., same.
circumdo, -are, -dedi, -datum,
[circum-do], v. tr. 1, put around
(one thing round another), sur-
rotmd (one with another). — p.p.,
surrounded.
circumeo, see circueo.
circumfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,
[circum-fero], v. tr. irr., bear
around, turn around.
circumfluo, -ere, -fluxi, no sup.,
[circum-fluo], v. tr. 3, flow
around, bathe, wash (of a rjver).
circumfluus, -a, -um, [circum-
ffluus (akin to fluo)], adj. (both
act. and pass.), flowing around,
wave-washed.
circumf undo, -ere, f iidi, -f usum,
[circum-fundo], v. tr. 3, pour
around. — Also, surround (a thing
by pouring). — p.p. (as middle),
pouring around (of a crowd).
circumlino, -ere, no perf., -lituiii,
[circum-lino], v. tr. 3, smear
around : auro {encase).
circumsono, -are, -sonui, -sont-
tum, [circum-sono], v. tr. i,
roar around. — Pass., be sur-
rounded with the sound of
circumsonus, -a, -um, [circum-
sonus], adj., somtding routed,
baying (round impHed in the con-
text in Eng.).
circumspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spec-
turn, [circum-spicio], v. tr. 3,
look around, look around upon,
look around to see.
circumsto, -are, -steti, no sup.,
[circum-sto], v. tr. i, stand
around^ surround.
circus, -i, [?], m., circus, amphi-
theatre.
Cithaeron, -onis, [Gr. Kidaipd>v\,
Vocabulary.
29
m., a mountain in Bceotia, a famous
haunt of Bacchus and the Muses.
cithara, -ae, [Gr. /ci^c^pa], f., lyi'e.
cito, [abl. of citus], adv., quickly.
' — Comp., citius, quicker^ sooner.
citra, [prob. instr. of fciter, cf. cite-
riorj, adv. and prep., this side, —
Hence, from point of view, outside,
beneath. — Of time, before.
citus, -a, -um, [p.p. of cieo], adj.,
quickj hasty, rapid, stvift^ fiyi'^g
(i.e. swift).
civilis, -e, [civi- (lengthened) +
lis], adj., of a citizen, civil : acies
{internecine)', jura {of polity).
civis, -is, \_^JCl, lie'], c, citizeit.
clades, -is, [?], f., disaster, calam-
ity, misfortune.
claino, -are, -avi, -atum, [noun
stem (akin to calendae) + o], v.
tr. I, shout, cry out.
clamor, -oris, [clam- (as if root of
clamo) -f or], m., shout, outcry,
cry, noise (of voices).
Claros (-rus), -i, [Gr. KAapos], a
town in Ionia, where there was a
famous temple of Apollo, who is
called Clarius (deus), the Cla-
rian god.
clarus, -a, -um, [cla- (as in
clamo) -f rus], adj., loud, distinct,
clear, — So, bright, refulgent, brill-
*» iant, conspicuous. — Hence, fa-
mous.
classis, -is, [y^CLA (in clamo) -f
tis], f.., {a summoning). — Less
exactly, the arjny (called out) . —
Esp., an army (called out for duty
at sea) , a fleet (the usual meaning) .
claudo, -ere, clausi, clausum,
[perh. clavi-do], v. tr. 3, shut, en-
close., shut up, confine^ bar, im-
prison.
clava, -ae, [?], f., club.
ClavuSy -i, [ ?], m., stripe. — Esp. on
the tunic as distinctive of rank:
latus {the broad stripe of senato-
rial rank).
clipeatus, -a, -um, [clipea- (as if
stem of clipeo) -{- tus], adj.,
argued with a shield, shield-bearing.
cllpeus, -i, [?], m., shield (round,
as opp. to scutum),
clivus, -i, [cli- (cf. clino) + vus],
m., slope, hillside, sloping table (in-
dicated by context).
Clymene, -es, [Gr. KAujuei/ry], f.,
daughter of Tethys, wife of the
Ethiopian king Merops. Her
children by the sun (Phoebus)
were Phaethon and the Heliades.
Clymeneius, -e, -um, [Clymene
-f-ius], adj., of Clymene. — Cly-
mieneia proles, Phaethon, son of
Clymene.
coacervo, -are, -avi, -atum, [con-
acervo], v. tr. i, heap up, heap to-
gether. — \).^., piled, heaped: luc-
tus {combined, one upon . . . an-
other) .
coagulum, -i, [con-tagulus (ago
-f- lus)], n., curd.
coargu5, -ere, -gui, -gutum, [con-
arguo], V. tr. 3, prove, make
knoivn (cf. arguo).
Cocalus, -i, [Gr. YidoKoKos], m., a
king in Sicily who received and
protected Dsedalus when he fled
from Crete,
coctilis, -e, [cocto- (weakened) -f
lis], adj., baked. — Hence, of brick.
coeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [con-eo], v.
intr. irr., go together, assemble,
gather, unite, be joined, be nar-
rowed (two sides coming to-
gether).
coepi, -isse, coeptum, [con-
fapio, cf. apiscor], v. tr. def. irr.,
begin. — p.p., coeptus, begun. — n.
pL, coepta, undertakings^ efforts.
30
Vocabulary,
coerceo, -ere, -ercui, no sup.,
[con-arceoj, v. tr. 2, restrain^
confine, quell, subdue.
Coeus, 'i, [Gr. Ko7os'], m., a Titan,
the father of Latona.
cognatus, -a, -uin, [con-gnatus,
p.p. of nascor], as adj., akin. —
As noun, kindred.
cognomen, -inis, [coii"(g)nomen,
through cognosce], n., name.
cognosco, -ere, -novi, -nitum,
[con-tgnosco (old form of nos-
co)], V, tr. 3, learn, recognize. —
p. in -dus, recognizable.
ciogo, -ere, coegi, coactuni,
[con-ago], V. tr. 3, bring together,
coagulate (lac) . — Also, compel,
force, reduce:, nullo cogente,
with no (outside) force ; agmen,
close (of Lucifer coming last of the
stars) .
cOhaereo, -ere, -haesi, -liaesum,
[con-haereo] , V. intr. 2, stick fast,
be caught.
eohors, -hortis, [?], f., bajtd, com-
Colchis, -idis, [Gr. KoAxis], f., the
Colchian woman, i.e. Medea.
Colclius, -a, -nm, [Gr. ¥^6kxos\
adj., Colchian, of Colchis, a town in
the northeast of Asia Minor, on the
Black Sea. — PL, Colchi, the Col-
chians.
collabor (conl~), -i, -lapsus,
[con-labor], v. dep. '^,fall, sink.
eolligo (conl-), -ere, -legi, -lec-
tum, [con-lego], v. tr. 1,, gather,
collect, bring together. — Also, in-
fer, gather (as in Eng.) : sitim
{contract, get thirsty^ .
collls, -is, [?], m., hill.
colloquium, see conloquium.
collum, -i, [?], n., neck.^Kho pi.
colluo (conl-), -ere, -lui, -lutum,
[con-luo], V. tr. j, wa^h^ mgiU^n,
colo, -ere, -ui, -cultum, [ ?] , v. tr.
3, cultivate, inhabit, che7''ish, wor-
ship.— See also cultus.
colonus, -i, [colo- (old stem akin
to colo) + nus (cf. aegrotus)],
m., husbandman, farmer.
Coloplionius, -a, -um, [Gr. KoAo-
(pdivios], adj., Colophonian, of Colo-
phon, a Greek city in Lydia.
color, -oris, [?], m., color, hue,
complexion.
colubra, -ae, [?], f., snake, ser-
columba, -ae, [?], f., dove.
columna, -ae, [akin to colo, but
conn. unc. (cf. alumnus)], f.,
column, pillar.
colus, -i, (-lis) [?], f., distaff.
coma, -ae, [?], f., hair, head (cov-
ered with hair). — Less exactly,
foliage.
comans, -antis, [as if pres. p. of
tcomo, (cf. coma)], adj., having
hair : stella {a comei).
combibo (conb-), -ere, -bibi, no
sup., [con-bibo], v. tr. 3, drink
up, absorb, drink in.
comes, -itis, [con-, stem akin to
meo, (cf. semita)], c, compan-
ion, sharer : comes esse, share
Jacting).
cominus, [con-manus, petrified as
adv.], adv., hand to hand, at short
range, iit close fight.
comity, -are, -avi, -atum, [comit
-f- o], V. tr. I, accompany. — Pass.,
as deponent, accompany.
commentum, -i, [con-fmentum
(p.p. of memini)], n., {thing
thought up^, fiction, idle tale.
commereo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [ffon-
mereo], v. tr. 2, deserve, earn.
commissus, p.p. of committo.
committS, -ere, -misi, -missum,
[con-mitto], v. tr. 3, cQ?nmit, m-
Vocabulary.
31
trust, trusty place (in some posi-
tion).— Also of crimes, etc., com-
7?iit. — Of contest, join, begin,
engage in.
comniove5, -ere, -inovi, -motum,
[con-moveo], v. tr. 2, arouse,
commQiiis, -e, [con-fmunis (cf.
iiiunia)], adj., {having duties to-
gether, cf. iinmuiiis), held in
common^ common (to two tilings).
— As noun., the commons, the body
(gentis).
communiter, [communi + ter],
adv., together, in common.
como, -ere, conipsi, comptum,
[?], V. tr. 3, deck, arrange.
compactus, -a, -um, [p.p. of com-
pingo], as 2,di]., joined together.
cornpages, -is, [com-fpages (akin
to pango), perh. through coin-
pingo], f., joining, joint: lapi-
Avim, jointed {ox joined) stones.
1. compello, -are, -avi, -atum,
[stem alcin to 2. compello + o
(cf. I. appello)], V. tr. i, address,
accost.
2. compello, -pellere, -puli,
-pulsum, [com-pello], v. tr. 3,
join together in a body. — With
weaker meaning of prep., drive,
force.
conipendluin, -i, [con-fpendium
(t/pend + ium), perh. through
compendo], n., saving: com-
pendia montis {short cut over,
etc.).
compesco, -ere, -pescui, [ ?] , v. tr.
3 {keep within pasture bounds?),
restrain, confine, quell, quench.
complector, -i, -plexus, [com-
plecto], V. dep. 3, embrace, sur-
round, encompass.
complex, -ere, -evi, -etum, [con-
pleo], V. tr. 2, fill up, fulfil, com-
plete.
coiTiplexus, -as, [con-plexus,
through complector], m., em-
brace.
complor5, -are, -avi, -atum,
[con-ploro], v. tr. i, lament, be-
wail.
componS, -ere, -posui, -positum,
[con-pono], v. tr. 3, put together.
— - Hence, compare, compose
(verse), arrange, compose (the
countenance). — Also, put up, lay
to rest, bury.
comprecor, -ari, -atus, [con-pre-
cor], V. dep. i,pray (stronger than
precor).
comprehendo (-prendo) , -ere,
-endi, -ensum, [con-prehendo],
V. tr. 3, catch, seize, arrest.
comprendo, see comprejiendo.
comprensus, p.p. of compre-
hendo.
comprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pres-
sum, [con-premo], v. tr. 3, press
together, close (the eyes in death),
check, restrain.
conamen, -inis, [cona -{- men], n.,
effort, spring (effort of motion) .
conbibo, see combibo.
concavo, -are, -avi, -atum, [con-
cavo], V. tr. l, bend together, bend
in, hollozv out.
coucavus, -a, -um, [con-cavus],
adj., hollowed in, hollow.
concedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum,
[con-cedo], v. tr. 3, yield, yield
concentus, -us, [con-cantus], m.,
accord, harmony (prob. here in
our modern sense?).
concha, -ae, [Gr. idyx^i f-» shell,
conch-shell.
concido, -ere, -cidi, -casum,
[con-cado], v. intr. 3, fall, col-
lapse.
concieo, -ere, -civi, -citum, (also
32
Vocabulary.
concio, -ire), v. tr. 2 and 4, stir
Mpy set in (violent) motion^ arouse^
rouse. — p'P-, concitus, aroused^
excited: amnis {szuollejt); sagitta
(shot) . — Hence, stvift.
concilium, -i, [ ?, perh. con-cilium
(cf. ' put heads together ')], n., as-
sembly^ council,
concipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum,
[con-capio], V. tr. 3, catch, gather^
collect, be filled with (ace), con-
ceive : iras {conceive) ; animo
imaginem {conceive, form) ; ignes
{kindle, catch); preces {begin to
titter) ; a lupo conceptus {sired
by, etc.),
coiiclamo, -are, -avi, -atum,
[con-clamo], v. tr. i, cry out, ex-
claii7i.
Concordia, -ae, [concord + ia],
f., harmony, unanimity, peace,
friendship, agreement, union (of
souls).
concordo, -are, -avi, -atum,
[concord -{- o], v. intr, i, harmo-
nize, be in hai^mony : carmina
nervis {music sounds in harmony
on the strings) .
concors, -cordis, [con-cor, infl. as
adj.], adj., agreeing (prop, of per-
sons) . — Less exactly, in harmony,
harmonious,
coucresco, -ere, -crevi, -cretum,
[con-cresco], v. intr. 3, grow to-
gether, congeal, gather, — p.p.,
concretus, gathered, congealed.
concurr5, -ere, -curri, -cursum,
[con-curro], v. intr. 3, run to-
gether, — Esp. in hostility, fight
with, meet (in battle) .
concursus, -iis, [con-cnrsus,
through concurro], m., rush to-
gether,— Hence, crash (caeli).
concfistodio, -ire, [con-custodio],
V. tr. 4, guard.
concutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum,
[con-quatio], v. tr. 3, shake up,
shake, clash (arma).
condiciS, -onis, [con-dicio (cf.
condico)], f., terms, condition,
terms of agreement.
condo, -ere, -didi, -dituin, [con-
^do], V. tr. 3, put together, build,
found (a city), lay (walls). —
Also, put aiuay (up), hide, bury,
preserve (fruits, cf. * put up'),
close (the eyes in ^tz\}i), prepare
for burial.
conduco, -ere, -diixi, -ductiim,
[con-ducoj , V. tr. 3, bring together,
gather,
confero, -ferre, -tiili, -latum
(colla-), [con-fero], v. tr. irr.,
bring together, match (breast to
breast), unite, contend, change (in
volucrem) : se {betake),
conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum,
[con-facio], v. tr. 3, make tip, do
^(^,y^;^^^V^. — p.p , confectus, ex-
hausted (cf. ' done up ').
confido, -ere, -f isus sum, [con-
fido], V. intr. 3, trust.
conf inium», -i, [confini- (reduced)
-f inm], n., common boundary.
conflteor, -eri, -fessus, [con-
fateor], v. dep. 2, confess: se
{confess his identity).
confrcmo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [con-
fremo], v. intr. 3, set up a mur-
fnur, murmur.
confiigi^, -ere, -fngi, no sup.,
[con-fugio], V. intr. 3, betake
one's self in flight, take refuge with
(ad). ^
CO nf undo, -ere, -fudi, -fnsum,
[con-fundo], v. tr. 3, pour to-
gether, mingle together. — Fig,,
confound, confuse. — Also (by de-
stroying organization), destroy, —
Pass., be lost in, be confounded.
Vocabulary.
33
congelS, -are, -avi, -atum, [con-
gelo], V. tr. I, congeal^ harden^ pet-
rify.
congeries, -ei, [con-fgeries,
(ger- as root +ies), through
congeroj, f., mass.
congero, -ere, -gessi, -gestum,
[con-gero], v. tr. 3, briiig together ,
heap up., heap upoit, mass.
congestiis, p.p. of congero.
congredior, -i, -gressiis, [con-
gradior], v. dep. 3, come together.
— Esp. in hostile sense, 7?ieet in
battle.
conicio (conjicio), -ere, -jeci,
-jectiim, [con-jacio], v. tr, 3,
(throw with a stroke), strike,
plant (of a weapon), implant.
conjectus, p.p. of conicio.
conjugialis, -e, [conjugio- (re-
duced)-}- alls], adj., relating to
marriage, conjugal.
conjugiuiti, -i, [conjug- (stem of
conjunx) + ium], n., marriage,
alliance (by marriage).
conjungo,-ere, -jiinxi, -junctum,
[con-jungo], v. tr. 1,join together,
join, unite.
conjunx, -jugis, [con-jug (root of
jungo as stem, with accidental
n)], c, consort, husband.^ wife.
conjuro, -are, -avi, -atum, [con-
jure], V. intr. I, swear together,
conspire. — p.p., conjuratus, hav-
ing conspired, conspiring, having
sworn together.
conloquium (coll-), -i, [con-flo-
quium, through conloquor], n.,
converse, conversation.
connubium, see conubiuin»
Conor, -ari, -atus, [?], v. dep. i,
try, endeavor.
conp-, see comp-.
conqueror, -i, -questus, [con-
queror], V. dep. 3, complain.
consangulneus, -a, -uni, [fcon-
sanguin- (cf. exsanguis, etc.) +
eus], adj., of a brother, a brother's,
kindred.
conscelero, -are, -avi, -atum,
[con-scelero],v. tr. i, make guilty,
stai7i, pollute (with crime) .
conscendo, -ere, -scendi, -scen-
sum, [con-scando], v. tr. 3, climb
up, mount.
conscius, -a, -um, [con-fscius
(akin to scio, cf. iuscius)], adj.,
havijig knoivledgc of (together
with the party concerned), privy
to. — As noun, co7ijidant, witness,
person privy (to a thing).
consenesco, -ere, -senui, [con-
senesco], v. intr. 3, grow old to-
gether.
consequor, -i, -seciitus, [con-
sequor], v. dep. % follow up, over-
take, attain.
conserS, -ere, -sevi, -situm, [con-
sero], V. tr. 3, sow (lands) with
(abh). ^
consider^, -are, -avi, -atum,
[f considus, an astronomical word,
referring to constellations] , v. tr. i,
(calculate positions of stars?), con-
- template, consider, question.
consido, -ere, -sedi, -sessum,
[con-sido], v.intr.3, sitdozvn, sit on.
consilium, -i, [consul -f ium, perh.
orig. body of colleagues (cf. col-
legium)], n., (body of counsel-
lors?), council. — Hence, counsel,
advice, plan, design.
consisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum,
[con-sisto] , V. intr. 3, take a stand,
take 07te''s place, stand, alight:
vina, hold together (so as to stand
up), stand firm.
consitus, p.p. of consero.
consolor, -ari, -atus, [con-sol or],
V. dep. I, console, condole with.
34
Vocabulary,
consors, -sortis, [con-sors], c,
prop, adj., {sharing the same lot),
partner, wife, husband. — As adj.,
sanguis, kindred.
conspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum,
[con-spicio], v. tr. 3, espy, come
in sight of, — p.p., conspectus,
observed, conspicuous.
conspicuus, -a, -um, [con-fspic-
uus (^SPEC+ vus)], adj., disti7t-
guished, conspicuous, visible.
constern^, -are, -avi, -atuin,
[noun stem akin to sterno], v. tr.
I, strike with terror. — Pass., be
terror-stricken.
coiistituo, -ere, -ui, -utum, [con-
statuo], V. tr, 3, set up, set.
consuesco, -ere, -suevi, -suetum,
[con-suesco], v. tr. i, accustom.
— p.p., consuetus, accustomed,
wonted, usual.
consul, -ulis, [?, prob. con -j- sal
(in salio)], m., consul (orig.
dancing priest, then colleague).
consulo, -ere, -siilui, -sultuin,
[unc, peril, con-salio, referring
to a college of dancing priests], v-
tr. 3, {be a consul or colleague) . — ■
Hence (through the action of the
consuls), counsel, take measures
(for one, dat.), consult for, take
care (for). — With ace, consult.
consumo, -ere, -suinpsi, -suinp-
tum, [con-STimo], v. tr. 3, devour,
consume.
consurgo, -ere, -rexi, -rectum,
[con-surgo], v. intr. 3, rise tip
{together), rise.
contactus, -us, [con-tactus,
through contingo], m., contact,
touch.
eontemno, -ere, -teuipsi, -terap-
tum, [con-temno], v. tr. 3, de-
spise, scorn.
contemptor, -oris, [con-temptor,
through conteuino], m., scorner,
despiser.
contemptrix, -icis, [con-temp-
trix, through eontemno], f.,
scorner (female), regardless (in
app. treated as adj.).
contemptus, -us, [con-temptus,
through eontemno], m., scorn,
contempt.
contends, -ere, -tendi, -tentuni,
[con-tendo], v. tr. 3, strain,
stretch. — Fig., contend, maintain
(a proposition).
contentus, -a, -um, [p.p. of con-
tineo], as adj., {self-restrained),
content, satisfied. — Also, bounded
(i.e. contained).
conterminus, -a, -um, [con-ter-
minns], adj., {with same bounda-
ries) , close by, near to.
conterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [con-
terreo], v. tr. 2, alarm (much or
^MdiA^xAy)., frighten.
conticesc5, -ere, -ticui, no sup.,
[con-tacesco, through conticeo],
V. intr. 3, be hushed.
contiguus, -a, -um, [con-ftiguus
(tag 4- vus), perh. through con-
tingo], adj., adjoining.
contineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum,
[con-teneo], V. tr. 2, hold together,
hold, contain, restraiii.
contingo, -ere, tigi, -tactum,
[con-tango], v. intr. 3, touch,
reach, come to. — Hence, fall to
the lot of, become one''s (possession),
happen (without a definite person
to whom), occur.
contiuiius, -a, -um, [con-ftinuus
(vTEN-f vus), perhaps through
contineo], adj., adjoining, con-
tin uo us J u n interr up ted.
contorqueo, -ere, -torsi, -tortiim,
[con-torqueo], v, tr. 2, hurl.
contra, [unc. case-form, prob. instr.
Vocabulary.
35
of fcontro- (con -f tero-, cf. in-
ter)], adv. and prep, — Adv., op-
posite^ on the other side, on the
opposite side. — • Fig., 07i the othe^'
hand, on the contrary^ in return,
in reply, in opposition. — Prep.,
, over against, against, opposite.
contractus, p.p. of contraho.
contraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum,
[con-traho], v. tr, 3, bring to-
gether, contract, shorten, shrink.
eontrarius, -a, -um, [contra (re-
duced) + arius], adj., in opposi-
tion, opposed, the opposite of, oppos-
ing: in contraria {in the opposite
direction, backzvard).
contremisco, -ere, -tremui, no
sup., [con-tremisco], v. intr. 3^
tremble all over, shake, shudder,
quake.
contribuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, [con-
tribuo], V. intr. 3, contribute.
contumiilo, -are, -avi, -atuni,
[con-tumulo], v. tr. i, bury, en-
tomb.
contundo, -ere, -tudi, -tusum,
[con-tundo], v. tr. 3, beat, bruise.
conubium (connu-), -i, [connba
(reduced) -1- ium], n., marriage.
— Also pi., same.
conus, -i, [Gr. kS>vos (cf. cuneus)],
m,, a cone. — From its shape, the
peak {of a helmet^, a crest (to
which tHe flowing crest was fas-
tened) .
convalesco, -ere, -valui, no sup.,
[con-valesco], v. intr. 3, grow
strong, be restored, increase, burn
bright (ignes). '
convello, -ere, -velli, -vulsuiii,
[con-vello], v. tr. 3, tear, tear
a%vay.
convenio, -ire, -veni, -ventuin,
[con-venio], v. intr. 4, come to-
gether, assemble, meet. — Hence^
agree, befit: convenit {it is
agreed^ .
conversus, p.p. of converto.
convert^, -ere, -verti, -versuin,
[con-verto], v. tr. 3, ttirn around
(with reflex., turn (intr.)), change,
transfor^n. — Also, turn to one^s
self, attract. — p.p., conversus,
changed, transformed : terga con-
versa dare, turn the back (in
flight).
convexus, -a, -um, [p.p. of con-
veho], adj., vaulted (arched like
the heavens) .
convicium, -i, [prob. convoc- (con-
vox, as adj., talking together) -\-
ium], n., altercation, wrangling,
abusive or insulting words. — Also
pi., same.
convictus, -us, [con-victus], m.,
liviiig together, coterie.
eonviva, -ae, [con-fviva (cf. agri-
cola)], m.., guest.
convivium, -i, [eonviva- (reduced)
4- ium, but possibly primary from
root], n., feast. — Also pi.
convoco, -are, -avi, -atutn, [con-
voco], V. tr. I, call together, sum*
mon.
copia, -ae, [fcopi- (con-ops re-
duced) -f- ia], f., abundance, re-
sources, freedom of choice, liberty
(to do a thing), chance (to do),
opportunity . i
coquo, -ere, -coxi, -coctum,
y'COQU (cf. TreVo-ftj)], v. tr. 3, cook,
boil. — Pass., boil (intr.).
cor, cordis, [cf. «:ap5ia], n., heart
(physical and moral sense).
Corinna, -ae, [Gr. ¥^6pivv(i\, f., an
unknown person, mistress of the
parrot whose death Ovid lamented
in an elegy.
Corinthus, -i, [Gr. Y.6^\.vQo{\, f.,
'Corinth, a celebrated city by the
36
Vocabulary.
isthmus that joins the Peloponne-
sus to Central Greece; called bi-
maris because it lay close to
the Corinthian and the Saronic
gulfs.
corneus, -a, -um, [cornu- (re-
duced) + eus], adj., of horn,
hor7ty.
coriilger, -eri, [cornu- (weakened)
+ ger (for gerus)], adj., horned.
comix, -icis, [?], f., crow.
cornii (-us), [cf. horn\ n., horn,
tongue (of land), wing.
cornum, -i, [n. of cornus], n.,
cornel berry.
cornus, -i, [cornu- (reduced) -f
us], f., cornel (tree or wood,
named from its hardness; cf. horn-
beant), cornel shaft,
corona, -ae, [?], i., garland, crown.
Coronides, -ae, [Gr. Kopa!i/i57]s],
va.f ALsculapius, son of the nymph
Coronis and Apollo.
corono, -are, -avi, -atum, [co-
rona+o], V. tr. I, decorate ivith
garlands. — Less exactly, encircle
(like a garland).
corpus, -oris, [unc. root + us], n.,
body, frame, form, creature : fidis-
sima {souls).
correptus, p.p. of corripio.
corrigo (conr-),-ere, -rexi, -rec-
tum, [con-rego], v. tr. 3, straight-
en. -*- Hence, reform, change for
better, better, remedy, mend.
corripio, -ere, -ripuT, -reptum,
[con-rapio], v. tr. 3, snatch up,
seize, grasp, catch, captivate : viam,
begin (their) course ; segetes
{spoil, catch with a blight) .
cortex, -icis, [?], m., bark, rind.
cortina, -ae, [?], f. (properly,
kettle). — Hence, shrine (at Del-
phi, which was a kettle on a tripod,
over the sacred orifice).
corusco, -are, -avi, -atum, [co-
rusco-f- 0], V. intr, l, quiver,
Corycides, -um, [Gr, Kwpu/ciSes],
f. adj., of Corycium (a cave of Mt.
Parnassus), Corycian. — Assubst.,
Nymphs of Parnassus.
corylus, -i, [Gr. KopuAos], f., hazrl
(wood or nut).
costa, -ae, [?], f., rib.
cothurnus, -i, [Gr. K6dopvos~\, m.,
buskijt (a high boot worn on the
tragic stage), cothurnus.
coturnix, -icis, [?], f., quail.
crater, -eris, [Gr, KpaTi]p], m.,
(also cratera, -ae, f.), boivl, cup.
— Hence, basin (of a spring).
creator, -oris, [crea- (stem of
creo)+tor], m., sire, father,
founder, creator.
creatus, p.p. of creo.
creber, -bra, -brum, [?, akin to
creo, cresco], adj., thick (either
of that which abounds, or that with
which a thing abounds), numer-
ous, croivded. '
credibilis, -e, [credi- (as stem of
credo) -f bills], adj., to be be-
lieved, credible, trustworthy.
credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, [fcred-
(trust) -j-do], V. tr, 3, place confl-
de7tce in (dat.), credit, trttst, believe,
think. — p.p., creditus, believed.
Credulitas, -atis, „ [fcredulo
(weakened) -f tas], f., Credulity
(personified).
cremo, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v.
tr. I, bur7t, consume.
creo, -are, -avi, -atum, [causative
of root in Ceres, or from noun
stem akin], v. tr. \, produce (as of
the earth, or by generation), ^zV^
birth to. — p.p., QT^^tM^^ produced
by, son of daughter ^(a1)l.).
crepito, -are, -avi, no sup., [cre-
pito- (p.p. of crepo) 4- o], v. intr.
Vocabulary.
37
I, rattle, chatter, babble (of a
brook).
crepS, -are, -ui, -ituni, [?], v. inir.
I, crackle J rattle^ chatter,
crepusculum, -i, [fcrepus (old
creper) + culum], n., twilight —
Also pi.
eresco, -ere, -crevi, -cretum,
[ere- (stem akin to fcreo) -f sco],
V. intr. 3, grow^ eiilarge, widen^
extend, — p.p., cretus, son of
(abl.).
creta, -ae, [prob. from Creta], f.,
chalk, chalk line (as goal),^^^/.
Crete, -es, (Creta, -ae), [Gr.
K/)7jTi7], f., Crete, the large island
(now Candia) south of Greece.
cretus, -a, -uiii, p.p. of eresco.
crimen, -inis, [cri- (as root of
eerno) -f men], n., {decision^,
chai'ge, cj'ime, guilt, suspicion (of
a charge).
crinalis, -e, [crini (cf. crinis,
reduced) + alls], adj., for the
hair.
crinis, -is, [?], m., hair (also pi.),
locks. — Also, train, trail (of a
comet).
crinitus, -a, -um, [crini- (as if
stem of tcrinio) -f tus], 2.^),, fur-
nished with hair : crinitus dra-
conibus {with dragon locks),
crista, -ae, [?], f., crest.
crista tus, -a, -um, [crista- (as if
stemoftcristo)-l-tus],adj.,irr^5^^a^.
Crocale, -es, [Gr. KpondXri], f., a
nymph, daughter of Tsmenus.
croceus, -a, -um, [croco- (re-
duced) 4- eus], adj., of saffron,
saffron (colored).
crocus, -i, [Gr. k^Skos], m., saffron.
Croesus, -1, [Gr. Kpor<ros], m.,
king of Lydia, proverbial for his
wealth.^
cruciatus, -us, [crucia- (stem of
crucio) 4- tus], m., crucifixion.
— Less exactly, torture.
cru delis, -e, [unc. e-stem (akin to
crudus) 4- lis], adj., cruel.
cruento, -are, -avi, -atum, [cru-
ento 4- o], V. tr. i, stain with blood.
— p.p., blood-stained, bloody,
cruentus, -a, -um, [fcruent- (par-
ticipial stem akin to cruor) + us],
adj., bloody, of blood, blood-stained,
cruor, -oris, [?], m., gore (shed,
but still warm), blood (from a
wound) .
crus, cruris, [?], n., leg (of beast
or man), limb,
cubile, -is, [cubo- (or kindred stem)
-f- ills], n. of adj., bed. — Esp. mar-
riage bed. — Also pi.
cubitus, -i, [p.p. of cubo], m.,
elbow (from its use in reclining).
cubo, -are, -ui (-avI), -itum,
[cuba -f 0], V. intr. i, lie, recline,
culmen, -inis, [V^^l (in colo)
-f men], n., (perh. orig. thatch),
roof, top. — Also pi. — Also, stalk,
straw.
culmus, -i, [akin to colo, but conn,
unc; see preceding word], m.,
stalk.
culpa, -ae, [?], t, fault, guilt.
culpo, -are, -avi, -atum, [culpa
-t- 0], V. tr. I, blame, find fault
with.
Culter, -tri, [?], m,, knife.
cultor, -oris, [^coL+tor], m.,
cultivator. — Hence, inhabitant,
worshipper.
cultus, -a, -um, [p.p. of colo], as
adj., cultured, polished. — n. pi.,
culta, crops.
cultus, -as, [^coL-ftus], m., cul-
tivation, civilization, mode of cul-
tivation (concretely), garb (part
of cultivation of the body), wor-
ship, cult.
38
Vocabulary.
cum (quom), [ace. of stem quo-
(cf, turn)], conj., Qwhat time'),
when, while, at the time whett,
since, although.
cum, [?], prep., with (of accom-
paniment, rarely instrumental),
along with, together with : mutare
cum {change for) ; quid cum,
what (has one) to do with. — As
adv. in comp., com, con, co,
with, together, up (as in Eng,, fin-
ishing up the action of the verb,
or concentrating it) ; often lost in
force of verb.
Onmaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. YiupLaios\,
adj., Cumcean, of Cmmcb, an an-
cient colony of the Chalcidians in
Campania, the residence of the
Sibyl.
cumba (cym-), -ae, [Gr. ku^jSij],
£, boat.
cumulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [cu-
mulo -f o], v. tr. i, pile up, fill up.
ciinctor, -ari, -atus, [?], v. dep.
I, hesitate, object, refuse. — pres. p.,
ciiDLCtans, loath.
cfinctus, -a, -um, [co-iunctus],
adj., all. — m. pi. as noun, all
(men). — n. pi., all things, every-
thing.
cuneatus, -a, -um, [p.p. of cuneo],
adj., wedge-shaped.
cupidineus, -a, -um, [Cupidin
+ eus], adj., of Cupid ^ of Love.
eupido, -inis, [cupido (reduced)
+ o (n)], f , desire, thirst, longing,
eagerness, hunger (%•)■ — "^- P^'^"
sonified, Cupid.
cupidus, -a, -um, [noun stem (akin
to cupio) -1- dus], adj., eager, de-
sirous.
cupio, -ere, -ivi, -itum, [^cup],
v. tr. 3, be eager for, desire (ur-
gently). — pres- p., ciipiens,
eager, very tvilling.
cupressus, -i, [Gr. «v7rapt(ro-os], f.,
cypress.
cur, [some form of quis and res
(cf. quare)], adv. inter, and rel,
why, wherefore.
cura, -ae, [perh. akin to caveo], f.,
care, anxiety, attention (esp. med-
ical) : alicui esse curae {be one's
care) .
curalium (cora-), [Gr. KopdXiou],
n., coral. — dso pi.
Cures, -ium, n. and f., the ancient
chief town i " the Sabines in Cen-
tral Italy.
COretis, -idl [Gr. Koi^piyns], f.
adj., Cretan if the Curetes, who
were the t rly inhabitants of
Crete.
curia, -ae, [?], f., senate-house.
euro, -are, -avi, -atum, [cura*
-f- o], V. tr. I, care, take care, take
care of, care to know (followed by
question).
curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum,
[?], V. intr. 3, run.
currus, -lis, [akin to curro], m.,
chariot. — Also pi.
cursus, -us, [^cur(r) -f- tus], m.,
running, rush, course, rtintiing
race, race : timido cursu {in
frightened haste).
curvamen, -inis, [curva-fmen],
n., curve.
curvatura, -ae, [curva -}- tura (as
if curvatu -}- ra, cf. figura)], f.,
curve.
curvo, -are, -avi, -atum, [curvo
-f- o], V. tr. I, curve, bend. — -p.p.
as adj., curved.
cvirwis, -a, -um, [unc. root + vus
(cf. curtus)], adj., cttrved, round
(of ships' bottom), bending (of
dolphins as they rise),
ciispls, -idis, [?], f., point, sting,
spear, pointed spear.
Vocabulary.
39
custodia, -ae, [custod-f ia], f.,
guardianship. — (Zoncxt'itX^^gziard.
ciistodio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [cu-
stod- (as if fcustodi-) + o] , v. tr.
4, keep guard over, guard,
custos, -odis, [?], c, guardian,
guard.
cutis, -is, [?], f., skin, hide.
Cyaiie, -es, [Gr. Kvavri], f., a little
stream flowing into the Anapis
near Syracuse in Sicily. Personi-
fied, the nymph of the stream.
Cybeleius, -a, -uin, [Gr. Ku/3e-
A7]i"os], adj., of or pertaining to
Cybele, a Phrygian goddess, wor-
shipped as mother of the gods.
Cyclades, -um, [Gr. Ku/tAaSes], f.
pi, a group of islands around
Delos, in the ^gean Sea.
Cyclops, -opis, [Gr. KvKXocTf\, m.,
\ a Cyclops, fabled giants with one
\. eye in the middle of the fore-
\ head. Their home was in Sicily,
and they worked in the forges of
Vulcan.
Cycaus (Cygnus), -i, [Gr. Kvkvos'],
m., S2van. — As proper name: i.
son of Sthenelus, king of Liguria,
a relative of Phaethon; 2. son of
Neptune, king of Colons, near
Troy, killed by Achilles, Both
Cygni were changed into swans.
Cygnus, see Cycnus.
Cyllene, -es, [Gr. KvKXi]vri], f., a
mountain in Arcadia where Mer-
cury was born.
cymba, see cuinba.
Cynthus, -i, [Gr. KvvQos], m., a
mountain in Delos, the birthplace
and favorite haunt of Apollo.
Cyprius, -a, -um, [Gr. KuTrpios],
adj., Cyprian, of Cyprus, a large
island in the Eastern Mediterra-
nean, where was a famous temple
of Venus.
Cyprius, -i, m., the Cyprian, one of
Actseon's hounds.
Cythereus, -a, -um, [Gr. fKu^?]-
petos], adj., of Cythera, an island
off the coast of Laconia, sacred
to Venus. — fern., the goddess of
Cythera, Venus.
Cytoriacus, -a, -um, [as if from
Gr. KuTcopittfCfis], adj., of ox pertain-
ing to J\It. Cy torus, in Paphlagonia,
famous for its boxwood.
D.
Daedalus (-os),-i, [Gr. AatSaXos],
m., a famous mythical artist *^of
Athens, who built the Cretan laby-
rinth, and, escaping from Crete on
artificial wings, landed at Cumae in
Italy.
Damasichthon, -onis, [Gr. Aajua-
(TixBiiov]^ m., a son of Niobe.
damma (dama), [?], f. (rarely
m.), fallow deer.
damn5, -are, -avi, -atum, [dam-
no -f-o], V. tr. I, {fine?), con-
demn, sentence, punish : visa
(judge vain).
damnosus, -a, -um, [damno- (re-
duced) + osus], adj., causing loss,
injurious .• senectus {ivithering,
robbing one of pleasures and
powers).
damnum, -i, [prob. pres. pass. part.
of do (cf alumnus)], n., (prop.,
fine), loss, injury, outrage (suf-
fered), destruction, curse.
Danae, -es, [Gr. Lavir\~\, f., daugh-
ter of King Acrisius of Argos.
She was beloved by Jupiter, who
approached her in the form of a
shower of gold ; and she became
the mother of Perseus.
Danaus, -a, -um, [Gr. Aai^ac^s],
adj., of Danaus, a mythic king of
40
Vocabulary.
Egypt who settled in Argos, father
of the Danaides and king of Argos.
— Less exactly, Grecian.'— ra. pi.,
the Greeks,
Daphne, -es, [Gr. txi(pvt]\ f,, a
nymph beloved by Apollo and
changed by her mother the Earth
into a laurel tree.
daps, dap is, [?], i., feast, viands.
— PI., viands.
Dardanius, -a, -um, [Gr. AapSa-
vios], adj., {of Dardanus, king of
Troy), of Troy., Trojan. — fern.,
the Trojan country.
datus, p.p. of do.
de, [unc. case form], prep., down
(cf. deintim), down from, off from
(cf. ex, out of; ab, aivay front),
of, out of made of, according to
(cf. ex), by. — As adv. in comp.,
same. — Also, not, un-, azvay,
completely ; often merged in verb.
dea, -ae, [f. of deus], f., goddess.
debeo, -ere, -ui, -ituin, [de-
habeo], V, tr. 2, 07ae (cf. ^ be so
much ouf), ought. — Pass., be due :
se {owe one's life^\ debita ali-
menta {ivhich one ought io give) .
debilis, -e, [de-habilis], adj.,
('* unhandy^), weak, feeble.
debilito, -are, -avi, -atum, [prob.
de-habilito, but associated with
debilis], v. tr. i, weaken.
decern, [prob. old ace], adj., ten.
decens, -entis, [pres, p. of decet],
as adj., charming.
decerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretiim,
[de-cerno], v. tr. 3, decide (cf.
cerno), determine. — With inf.,
resolve, determine. — Esp. in a
contest, contend, fght.
decerpo, -ere, -cerpsi, -cerptum,
[de-carpo], v. tr. 3, pluck off,
pluck.
deeerto, -are, -avi, -atuin, [de-
certo, but associated with de-
cerno], v. intr. I, fight out, fight
to the end.
decet, -ere, -uit, [prob. noun stem
(cf. decor) + eo], v. impers. 2,
befit, be fitting, ought, and the like.
— Rarely personal in third person :
esse {it should be).
decido, -ere, -cidi, no sup , [de-
cade], V. intr, 3, fall down, fall
ojf.faU.
decies (deciens), [decem (re-
duced) + lens], adv., ten tt?nes.
decimus, -a, -um, [decem (re-
duced) -f imus], adj., tejtth.
decipio, -ere,-cepi, -ceptum, [de-
capio], V. tr. 3, {take of, cf. Uake
in''^, deceive, mislead, beguile.
declino, -are, avi, -atuin, [de-
cline], V. tr. I, bend away, turjt
off: se, turn away (intr.); cur-
sum {turn from one^s course).
deelivis, -e, [de-clivus (weak-
ened) J, adj., descending downward
(via), sloping (downward) : per
declive {dotvn the descent).
decor, -oris, [^DEC-for], m.,
beauty, adornment.
decoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [decor-
(stem of decus) + 0], v. tr. r,
decorate, adorn.
decorns, -a, -um, [decor- (stem of
decor) 4- us], adj., lovely, beauti-
ful.
decresco, -ere, -evi, -etum, [de-
cresco], v. intr. 3, decrease, di-
minish,
decretum, -i, [n. p.p. of decerno],
n., determination, decree,
deciirro, -ere, -curri, -cursum,
[de-curro], v. intr. 3, run out
(with cogn. ace), run off.
decus, -oris, [y'DEC -f us (cf.
decor)], n., brilliancy, glory (in
all Eng. senses).
Vocabulary.
41
dedecet, -ere, -uit, [de-decet],
V. impers. 2 (but sometimes pers.
in third pers.), be tatbeconiing
dedecus, -oris, [de-decus], n.,
disgrace.
ded^, -ere, dedidi, deditum,
[de-^do], V. tr. 3, {give away)^
consign^ surrender: neci (^piii).
dediico, -ere, -duxi, -ductum,
[de-diico], V. tr. 3, lead down,
draw down, empty (river), weave
(argumentum), stroke (bar bam),
draio tight (a sail).^ — -Also, escort^
conduct.
defectus, p.p. of deficio.
defendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensum,
[de-fendoj, v. tr. 3, {strike down),
ward off. — Hence (transf. to ob-
ject attacked), defend, protect,
cover,
deferisus, p.p. of defendo.
defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [de-
fero], V. tr. irr., bear down. —
Hence, bear to, bring, report. —
Pass., sail to, land on or at.
defessus, -a, -urn, [de-fessus],
adj., tired out.
deficit, -ere, -feci, -fectum, [de-
facioj, V. tr. 3, (' make off^ cf. prO-
ficio), desert, abandon. — Hence,
fail, give out. — p.p., defectus,
failing, faded (amor) : defectus
vigore {failing in, etc., faint).
defigo, -ere, -fixi, -fixum, [de-
figo], V. tr. 3, fasten down, bind
down, fix in (of a weapon, etc.).
deflco, -ere, flevi, -fletum, [de-
fleo], V. tr. 2, bewail, lament.
defluo, -ere, -flOxi, -fluxum
(fluct-, fluit-), [de-fluo], v. intr.
2,, flow down. — Less exactly, drop
away, fall, sink.
deformis, -e, [de-forma, infl. as
adj.], adj., unshapely, unsightly.
defrenatus, -a, -um, [de-frena-
tusj, adj., unbridled, unhindered.
defungor, -i, -functus, [de-fun-
gor], V. dep. 3, perform through,
have done with : defunctus terra
{done ruith earth).
degrandino, -are, -avi, -atum,
[de-grandino], v. intr. i, hail
(severely).
degravo, -are, -avi, -atutn, [de-
gravo], V. tr. i, weigh dozun, de-
press, press down.
dehisco, -ere, -hivl, uo sup., [de-
hisce], V. intr. 3, gape open, yawn,
Deianira, -ae, [Gr. Arjiat'etpa], f.,
the daughter of OEneus, king of
Calydon, sister of Meleager, and
wife of Hercules.
deicio, -ere, -jeci, -jectum, [de-
jacio], V. tr. 3, throw down, over-
throw.
deinde, [de-inde], adv., {from
thence), afterwards, and then,
then.
dejectus, -us, [de-jactus, through
deicio], m., throwing down. —
Less exactly, fall.
delabor, -i, -lapsus, [de-labor], v.
d^P- 3? g^^^^ down, descend. —
"i^.-^s, fallen off, slipped off,
delenio, -ire, ivi, -itum, [de-
lenio], V. tr. 4, soothe.
Delia, see Delius.
deliciae, -arum, [delico- (stem of
delicus, pig left by its mother) -\-
ia], f., {cossetting),pet, thing kept
for pleasure, delight, sportive tri-
fles (verse).
delictum, i, [p.p. of delinquo],
li., failure, wrongdoing, guilt.
deliqueo, -ere, -licui, [de-liqueo] ,
V. intr. 2, thaw.
Delius, -a, -um, [Gr. A^Atos], adj.,
ofDelos, Delian. — m. sing., Apollo,
god of Delos. — i. sing., Diana,
goddess of Delos,
42
Vocabulary,
Delos, -i, [Gr. At/Aos], f., the cen-
tral island of the Cyclacles in the
A^Igean Sea, birthplace of Apollo
and Diana.
Delphi, -oruin, [Gr. A6A(^oi], m.
pi., a place in Phocis, at the foot
of Mt. Parnassus, where was a
famous oracle and temple of
Apollo (in the earhest times be-
longing to Themis) .
Delphicus, -a, -ura, [Gr. Ae\(pi-
fccJs], adj., o/ Delphi, Delphic. —
m. sing., the Delphic god, Apollo.
delphin, -inis, [Gr. 5eA0tV], m.,
* dolphin.
delubruin, -i, [de-flubrum (V^u
+ bruin, cf. poUubrum)], n.,
shrine (for purification, hence gen-
erally) .
deinens, -mentis, [de-mens], adj.,
{out off Mind), mad, wild, frenzied.
cleitiitto, -ere, -niisi, -missum,
[de-mitto], v. tr. 3, let fall, let
doivn, send dozun, plunge (a
weapon). — With reflex., run
down, fall down : demisit vultum
aninnimqtie, dropped, fell (chang-
ing subject). — p.p., deinissiis,
as adj., descending, low : crinis
{^dishevelled'). — Comp., too loiv.
demo, -ere, -dempsi, -demptum,
[de-emo], v. tr. 3, take away, re-
move, take (from) ; dempto fine
{tvithoiit end).
demptus, p.p. of demo.
deni, -ae, -a, [decern, (reduced) -}-
nus], adj., ten (each), ten.
deiilque, [deni (case of de + nus)
-<^Q~\, z.^v ., finally (cf. demum),
at last, only (then and not before) .
dens, dentis, [?], m., tooth (of ani-
mal, or comb, and the like) ; dens
Indas (ivory).
densus, -a, -um, [?], adj., thickly
grown^ thick, stout (carina) .
Deois, -idis, [Gr. Atjw'/s], i., daugh-
ter of Deo (Ceres), Proserpine.
depello, -ere, -puli, -pulsum,
[de-pello], V. tr. 3, drive off, put
to flight, scatter : bellum {turn
aivay, ward off) .
dependeo, -ere, -pendi, no sup.,
[de-pendeo],v. intr. 2, hang dozvn,
hang^ be suspended.
deperdo, -ere, -dldi, -ditum, [de-
perdo], V. tr. 3, lose utterly, lose.
depereS, -ire, -ii, -itum, [de-
pereo], v. intr. irr., die off, die out,
perish, waste away.
deploratus, p.p. of deplore,
deplor^, -are, -avi, -atum, [de-
plore], V. tr. I, lament, bewail.
depono, -ere, -posui, -positum,
[de-pono], v. tr. 3, lay down, lay
aside, put aside, lay to rest, entrust
(seed to the ground), dismiss
(metus) , quench (sitim) . — n.
p.p., depositum, a triist.
depopulor, -ari, -atus, [de-popu-
lor], V. dep. i, ravage, lay zvaste.
deposed, -ere, -poposci, no sup.,
[de-posco], V. tr. 3, demand (to
be given up).
deprecor, -ari, -atus, [de-precor],
V. dep. I, beg off, pray (to be de-
livered from something) : hoc
unnm {renounce, I pray, etc).
depreliendo, -ere, -hendi, -hen-
sum (-prendo, etc.), [de-pre-
hendo], v. tr. 3, seize, catch, get. —
Hence, detect, find out.
deprendo, see deprehendo.
deprensus, p.p. of preceding.
derigeo, see dirigeo.
derigesco, -ere, -rigui, [de-rige-
sco], V. intr. 3, grow rigid, stiffen.
descendo, -ere, -scendi, -scen-
siim, [de-scando], v. intr. 3,
climb down, descend, penetrate (of
a weapon).
Vocabulary.
43
desero, -ere, -serui, -sertum,
[de-sero], v. tr. 3, forsake , aban-
don, desert, leave.
desidia, -ae, [desid- (stem of de-
ses) + ia], f., idleness.
design^ (confounded with dissi-
gao), -are, -avi, -atum, [de-
(dis-) signo], v. tr. i, mark otit,
draw (e.g. in embroidery).
desilio, -ire, -ui (-ii), -sultum,
[de-salio], v. intr. 4, leap down,
leap (^doivn implied).
desino, -ere, -sivi (-sii), -situm,
[de-sino], v. intr. 3, leave off (^cL
sino), cease, finish, desist, end in,
go off into (in piscem).
desist^, -ere, -stiti, -stitum, [de-
sisto], V. intr. 3, {stand off).,
cease, desist, abandon an under-
taking.
desolatus, -a, -uiii, [p.p. of de-
solo], adj., desolate, deserted.
despectS, -are, -avi, -atum, [de-
specto, through or associated with
despicio], V. tr. \,look down upon.
despicio, -ere, -spexi, -specturn,
[de-specio], v. tr. 3, look down
upon. — Hence, despise.
destino, -are, -avi, -atum, [de-
fstino (perh. akin to sto), of.
obstino],v. tr. i, destine, purpose,
plan, appoint.
destituo, -ere, -ui, -utum, [de-
statuo], V. tr. 3, {leave in the
lurch, cf. Fr. ^planter la''), desert,
abandon.
destringo, -ere, -strinxi, -stric-
tum, [de-stringo], v. tr. 3, strip
off, rub off, scrape. — - Hence (cf.
* scrape ' and ' rub '), graze.
desuetus, -a, -um, [p.p. of desu-
escojj'as adj., unwonted (of a lost
habit), unaccustomed.
desum, -esse, -fui, -futurus, [de-
sum], V. intr, irr., be wanting, be
lacking. — Often with dat. to be
trans., have no — , find no — , be
no — : quaerenti orbis deest
{the earth is too small, etc., 'gives
out').
detego, -ere, -texi, -tectum, [de-
tego], V. tr. 3, uncover, lay bare.
deterior, -oris, [comp. of deterus
(de + terus)], adj., worse.
detero, -ere, -trivi, -tritum, [de-
ter 0], V. tr. 3, rub off, wear off,
wear away.
deterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [de-
terreo], v. tr. 2, frighten off. —
Less exactly, deter (in any way).
detraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum
(prob. also -a, cf. detrecto), [de-
traho], V. tr. 3, drag off, pluck. —
Fig., remove.
(letrectS, -are, -avi, -atum, [de-
tracto], V. tr. i, {take off by hand-
ling, cf. earpo), malign, dispar-
detrudo, -ere, -trusi, -trusum,
[de-trudo], v. tr. 3, thrust down.
Deucalion, -onis, [Gr. AevKaKiojv'],
m., a son of Prometheus, king of
Thessaly, the survivor, with Pyrrha,
of the f^ood.
deus, -i, [?, akin to dlvus, etc.],
m., god.
devertS, -ere, -verti, -versum,
[de-verto], V. tr. 3, turn off^ turn
aivay, divert.
devexus, -a, -um, [p.p. of de-
veho], adj., sloping (perh. orig.
on all sides, cf. convexus).
devius, -a, -um, [de-via, infl. as
adj.], adj., out of the way, remote.
devolvo, -ere, -volvi, -volStum,
[de-volvo], V. tr. 3, roll off.
devoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [de-
voro], V. tr. i, {gulp down),
swallow: lacrimas, restrain (cf.
' swallow,' ' choke down ' in Eng.),
44
Vocabulary.
devoveo, -ere, -vovi, -votum,
[de-voveo], v. tr. 2, {vow away
or to destruction) , curse^ devote.
dexter, -era (-ra), erum (-rum),
[unc. stem -f ter(us)], adj., the
right: dextra {on the right). —
Comp., dexterior, the right.
dexterior, see dexter.
Dia, -ae, [Gr. Am], f., the ancient
name of the island of Naxos.
Diana, -ae, [perh. akin to lanus],
f., the goddess of the moon and of
hunting, sister of Apollo, identified
with Hecate.
dico, -ei:e, dixi, dictum, [v^ic
(lengthened)], v. tr. 3, say^ call,
iiame, appoint, lay down (legem.),
speak of as (lapides ossa): dixe-
rat, he had finished (speaking) . —
See also dictum.
Dictaeus, -a, -um, [Gr, AlktoIos'],
adj., of Dicte (a mountain in
Crete). — Less exactly, Cretan, of
Crete,
dicto, -are, -avi, -atum, [dicto
+ o], V. tr. I, dictate.
dictum, -i, [n. p.p. of dico], n.,
loord, speech, * sentiment ' (ex-
pressed).
Dictynna, -ae, [Gr. AiVrui/i/a], f.,
a Cretan name for Diana.
dies, -ei, [akin to divus], m. and
f., daylight, day, the Day (person-
ified).— Hence, time: die {by
day); ante diem, before (his)
time ; cadens {the setting sun) ;
oriens, occidens (used of places
or regions, the East, the West).
differ^, -ferre, distuli, dilatum,
[dis-fero], v. tr. in., postpone, put
off, delay.
difficilis, -c, [dis-facilis], adj.,
difficult.
diflFido, -ere, -fisus, -sum, [dis-
fidoj, V. intr. 3, distrust.
diffugio, -ere, -f ogi, no sup., [dis-
fugio], V. intr. 3,y?r 171 all direc-
tions, disperse, fly {apart being
implied in Eng.).
diffundo, -ere, -fadi, -fusum,
[dis-fundo], v. tr. 3, pour away,
scatter abroad, scatter.
digero, -ere, -gessi, -gestum, [dis-
geroj, V. tr. 3, {carry apart, each
thing to its place), arrange. —
Hence, interpret (giving each
thing its meaning), set fo7'th (in
detail) .
digitus, -i, [akin to dico], Yd., fin-
ger, — Also, toe.
dignor, -ari, -atus, [digno -f o],
V. dep. I, deem ivorlhy, deign.
dignosco, -ere, -giiovi, -gnotum,
[dis-(g)nosco], v. tr. 3, tell apart.
dignus, -a, -um, [?, cf. digitus
and dico], adj., worthy, 7neet for,
deserving : esse {deserve).
digredior, -i, -gressus, [dis-gra-
dior], V. dep. 3, step apart, depart.
dilabor, -i, -lapsus, [dis-labor],
V. dep. 3, glide away.
dilacero, -are, -avi, -atum, [dis-
lacero], v. tr. i, tear in pieces,
rend, mangle.
diligo, -ere, -lexi, -lee turn, [dis-
lego], V. tr. 3, {select apart), —
Hence, love (with reflection, cf.
amo, love zvtth passion).
dimitto, -ere, -imsi, -missum,
[dis-mitto], v. tr. 3, send azvay,
dis7Jiiss, dispel: animum {set to
rove) .
dimoveo, -ere, -movi, -motum,
[dis-moveo], v. tr. 2, draw aside,
dispel, part, cleave.
Dindyma, -orum, [Gr. Aivdviid],
n., a mountain in Mysia sacred to
Cybele.
Diomedeus, -a, -um, [Gr. a^o^t)
Seios], adj., of Diomedes, an Argive
Vocabulary.
45
chief, one of the greatest Grecian
warriors at Troy.
Dirce, -es, [Gr. Aip/cT?], f., a spring
near Thebes in Bosotia.
directus, p.p. of dirigo.
dirigeB (der-), -ere, -ui, no sup.,
[dis- (de-) rigeo], v. intr. 2, stif-
fen^ become motionless.
dirigesco, see derigesco.
dirigo, -ere, -rexT, -rectum,
[dis-rego], v. tr. 3, direct (cf.
dispicio), aim. — p.p., directus,
straight.
dirinio, -ere, -eini, -emptum,
[dis-emo], v. tr. 3, take apart,
rend asunder, separate, take
away.
diripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptuin,
[dis-rapio], v. tr. 3, tear ojf,
plunder.
diruo, -ere, -rui, -rutum, [dis-
ruo], V. tr. 3, {dig up, so as to
destroy), raze,
dirus, -a, -um, {^^Di (/^«7r) -f- rus] ,
2^^],, fearful, dreadful, dire, dread.
dis, ditis, [dives contracted], adj.,
rich. — Masc. as noun, Pluto (as
god of the earth below, the source
of wealth).
'dis- [akin to duo], prep, in comp.,
apart, asunder, un- (reversing the
meaning of the simple word).
discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessuin,
[dis-cedo], v. tr. 3, withdraw,
depart.
discerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretum,
[dis-cerno], v. tr. 3, separate,
divide. — Hence, distinguish, dis-
cern.
discidium, -i, [dis-fscidium (cf.
excidium)], n., separation, di-
vorce.
disco, -ere, didici, no sup., [mcep.
of dieo], V. tr. 3, learn.
disco rs, -cordis, [dis-cor (infl.
as adj.)], adj., at variance (prop-
erly, of feelings), discordant.
discrimen, -inis, [dis- crimen], n.,
decision, test, crisis, decisive mo-
ment, danger, risk, distinction.
discus, -i, [Gr. bia leas'], m., discus,
quoit.
discutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum,
[dis-quatio], v. tr. 3, dash in
pieces, crush.
disiciO (disji-), -ere, -jeci, -jec-
tum, [dis-jacio], v. tr. 3, cleave,
scathe, tear asunder.
dispar, -is, [dis-par],adj., unequal.
dispenso, -are, -avi, -atum, [dis-
pense], V. tr. I, distribute.
dispersus, -a, -um, [p.p. of di-
spergo], adj., scattered.
displiceo, -ere, -m, no sup., [dis-
placeo], V. intr. 2, displease.
disporio, -ere, -posui, -positum,
[dis-pono], V. tr. 3, set apart
(each thing in its place), dispose,
a7-range.
dissaepio,-ire, -saepsi, -saeptum,
[dis-saepio], v. tr. 4, wall asun-
der, keep apart, enclose,
dissideS, -ere, -sedi, -sessum,
[dis-sedeo], V. intr. 2, {sit apart).
— Hence, be discordant, differ.
dissilio, -ire, -ui (ivi), -sultum,
[dis-salio], V. intr. 4, leap apart,
yawn (solum), crack.
dissimilis, -e, [dis-similis], adj.,
unlike.
dissimulo, -are, -avi, -atum,
[dis-simulo], v. tr. i, pretend the
contrary (something is not, that
is), conceal.
dissipo (supo), -are, -avi, -atum,
[dis-fsupo], V. tr. i, scatter.
dissociatus, -a, -um, [p.p. of
dissocio], adj., separated, sev-
ered, sundered, divided.
dissuadeo, -ere, -suasi, -suasum.
46
Vocabulary.
[dis-suadeo], v. intr. 2, dis-
suade.
distendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentum,
[dis-tendo], v. tr. 3, stretch apart,
stretch out, stretch, distend.
distinguo, -ere, -tinxi, -tinctum,
[dis-stinguo], v. tr. 3, mark
apart (to distinguish, originally by
tattooing?), mark, distinguish, set
i 'ito, -are, -stiti, no sup., [dis-
to], V. intr. I, stand apart, be dis-
•nt, be far. — Hence, be different,
1 inferior. — pres. p., distans,
t 'iant.
dit_ [case-form of fdius, akin to
dies], adv., {for a day, all day),
— Hence (cf. dies), for a long
time, a long time, long.
diurnus, -a, -uni, [prob. fdiiis-
(akin to dies)+ nus], adj., daily,
diuturnus, -a, -um, [akin to
dies], adj., lasting.
dius, -a, -urn, [akin to divus],
adj., divine.
diva, see divus.
divello, -ere, -velli (-vulsi), -vul-
sum, [dis-vello], v. tr. 3, tear
asunder, tear in pieces.
diversus, -a, -uia, [p.p. of di-
verto], adj., different, apart, dis-
tant, afar.
dives, -itis, [ ?J, adj., 7'ich (humus).
divido, -ere, -visi, -visum, [dis-
fvido (cf. viduus), v. tr. 3, sepa-
rate, divide, tear asunder.
diviiio, -are, -avi, -atum, [divino
4- o], V. intr. i, prophesy, fore-
kno7v. — \)xes. p., divinans, pro-
phetic.
divitiae, -arum, [divit- (stem of
dives) + ia], f., zvealth, riches.
divus, -a, -um, [y'Div (length-
ened) 4- ^s], adj., divine. — As
noun, god, goddess.
Mo, dare, dedi, datum, [cf. r/-
QriixC^, in comp. in abdo, condo,
etc., place, set. — Mostly con-
founded with ^do, wh. see.
^do, dare, dedi, datum, [y^DA],
V. tr. I, give (more widely even
than in Eng.), — To be transl.
by a great variety of verbs with
originally quite different ideas,
cojisign (to the tomb), render,
offer, utter (murmura sortem),
devote, give up, afford, perform
(promissa), fulfil, grant, pay
(poenas), allow, imprint (os-
cula), inflict (vulnera), entrust,
turn (terga), administer (jura).
— Often with changed form of
expression : dare saltus in acre
{bound in air) ; dare retro aura
{ffow back).
doceo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [akin to
disco], V. tr. 2, teach, show. —
p.p., doctus, leaj-ned., skilful.
documentum, -i, [doce- (weak-
ened) + mentum], n., proof
Dodonaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. AcuSw-
voLos'], adj., of Dodona, a city in
Epirus famous for its oracle of
Jupiter in an oak grove.
doleo, -ere, -ui, -itumi, [?],v. intr.
2, be pained, suffer, grieve.
Dolon, -oriis, [Gr. AoXcav'], m., a
Trojan scout, killed by Diomedes
and Ulysses.
dolor, -oris, [del- (as if root of
doleo) + or], m., pain, grief
cause of grief tears (in a poetic
sense) : dolori est {it is a grief).
dolus, -i, [akin to doleo and dolo,
orig. a stroke?'], m., a trick. —
PI., trickery, wiles.
domabilis, -e, [doma- (stem of
domo) 4- bills], adj., conquer-
able.
domesticus, -a, -um, [fdomesti-
Vocabulary.
47
(akin to domus, cf. agrestis)
+ cus], adj., native^ of the home,
domestic. ^
domiiia, -ae, [domo + na], f,, 7?iis-
tress, — In appos., like an adj.,
dominant (terra).
dominor, -ari, -atus, [domino
+ o]. V. dep. I, be i7iaster^ ride,
do7?iinate.
dominus, -i, [domo 4- nus], m.,
7naster of the house, owner, master,
lord.
doniB, -are, -ui, -ituin, [?], v. tr.
I, overco77ie, ta7ne, quell, softeft (by
cooking).
\ domus, -us (-i), [ ?], L, house, fa7n-
ily (cf. * house ^), household : rega-
lis ( palace) ; domi {at ho7fie) . —
PL, halls, homes.
donee, [?], conj., as long as, until,
till.
dono, -are, -avi, -atuni, [dono
+ o], V. tr. \,give (aliquid alicui),
present (aliquem aliqua re) :
paelice donata {having received,
etc.).
donum, -i, [d5- (as stem of do)
+ num (n. of nus)], n., gift, of-
fering.
Dorceus, -ei, [Gr. Aop^eus], m.,
one of Actgeon's dogs.
Doris, -idis, [Gr. Acopfy], f., daugh-
ter of Oceanus, a sea-nymph, wife
of Nereus and mother of the Ne-
reids. — Also, the sea.
dorsum, -i, [?], n., back.
dos, dotis, [do- (as stem of do)
-\- tis], f., dowry, marriage gift.
— Hence, endowmettt, excellence
(cf. * dowry,' fig. )•
dotalis, -e, [doti- (reduced) +
alls], adj., belonging to a dowry ;
regnum {as a dowry).
draco, -onis, [Gr. S/oa/fo)^], m., ser-
pent, dragon.
Dronias (onlynom.), [Gr. ApOjuas],
f., one of Actaeon's hounds.
Dryades, -um, [Gr. ApyaSes], f.,
nymphs of the trees.
Dryas, -antis, [Gr. Ap^as], m., a
son of Mars who took part in the
Calydonian hunt.
dubitabilis, -e, [dubita -f bills],
adj., doubtful: nee erit dubita-
bile verum {nor will there be a
doubt of the truth).
dubito, -are, -avi, -a turn, [fdu-
bito- (stem of p.p. of fdubo) -f o],
V. intr. I, doubt, be in doubt, have
doubt, hesitate: dubitor an {it is
doubted whether I, etc.); ne du-
bita {doubt not, do not be alarmed,
have no fear). — p.p., dubitatus,
questioned, suspected.
dubius, -a, -um, [akin to duo],
adj., doubtful (either of person or
thing) , z£)^^'(?rm^ .' in dubio {in
doubt) .
duco, -ere, -dnxi, -ductum,
[y'DUC (cf. redux;], v. tr. 3,
lead, draw, guide. — Also to be
transl. by many words of different
origin in Eng., take on (formam), •
get, construct, take, prolong, think.
dulcedo, -inis, [dulci- (reduced)
-f- edo, as if fdulce -f do] , f.,
sxveetness.
dulcis, -e, [?], adj., sweet, dear. —
n. as noun, a sweet mixture, a
* sweet. '
Dulichius, -a, -um, [Gr. AovAi-
X^o^\ adj., Dulichian, of Duli-
chium, an island near Ithaca and
often confounded with it.
dum, [ace. of -^da (cf. num, tum,
cum)], conj., {that time), so long
as, while, until: nondum, not
yet.
dummodo, [dum-modo], conj., so
long only, provided.
48
Vocabulary.
duo, -ae, -o, [dual form, cf. 5v6u],
num., two.
duplieo, -lire, -iivi, -atum, [du-
plic- (stem of duplex)], v. tr. i,
double. — Hence, collapse (cf.
* double up ') .
duritia, -ae ) p-, - , .. /,. n-,
,_ .^.J _J, [diiro + tia (ties)l,
durities, -ei) v. /j?
£., hardness.
diir5, -are, -avi, -atum, [duro
-f o], V. tr. and intr. i, harden. — ■
Also, harden (one's self), endure,
last^ hold out.
durus, -a, -um, [?], adj., hard,
rough, tough. — Also, hardy ^ harsh.
dux, duels, [v'i^uc, as stem], c,
leader, guide, conuiiander, general :
liac duce {tinder her guidance).
e, see ex.
ebeiium, -i, [Gr. i^tvos\, n., ebony.
ebur, cboris, [?], n., ivory. — ■
Hence, things of ivory, ivory scab-
bard, ivory statues (pi.)-
eburiieus, -a, -uiii, [ebor + neus],
adj., of ivory, ivory-. — Less ex-
actly, of color, ivory- (white).
eburiius, -a, -uin, [ebor + nus],
same as eburueus.
ecce, [?], inter]., lo I here !
Echidna, -ae, [Gr. "ExtSi'a], f., a
poisonous monster, daughter of
Chrysaor, mother of Cerberus, the
Chimsera, the Lerna^an Hydra,
and the Sphinx.
Ecliiou, -onis, [Gr, 'Extcoj/], m. :
I. one of the men that sprang
from the dragon's teeth sown by
Cadmus; 2. a son of Mercury, who
took part in the Calydonian hunt.
EeliToiiius, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Exio-
vio%\, adj., of Echion.
fjcquis (-qui), -qua, -quid (quod),
[en (em?) -quis], pron., %vill
{does, has, etc.) any one : ecquid,
at all .^ (in question),
edax,. -acis, [ed- (as root of edo)
-f ^x], adj , consuming, gnatvutg,
voracious.
ediscS, -ere, -didici, [e-disco] , v.
tr. 3, learn (by heart) .
edo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, [ex-do],
V. tr, "^, give out, say, declare, pro-
claiui, utter, emit. - — Also, pro-
duce, give birth to. — p.p., editus,
born, son of — n. pL, co??i7/iands.
edo, -ere, edi, esuni, [y'ED], v.
tr. 3, eat, gnaio.
edoceo, -ere, -ui, -doetum, [ex-
doceo], V. tr. 2, show forth, teach,
explain.
Edoiiis, -idis, [Gr. 'Udcavis'], f. adj.,
Edonian, i.e. Thracian. — Also,
Thrace.
edOco, -ere, -duxi, -duetum, [ex-
duco], V. tr. 3, draiu out, draw
up, take azuay.
Eetioueus, -a, -uoi, [Gr. 'nerico-
veios'], aclj , of E'etion, king of
Thebes in Mysia, father of An-
diomache.
eftero, -ferre, extuli, elatuni,
[ec(s)-fero], v. tr. irr., bear forth,
bear out, raise up, put forth, ptd)-
lish. — Esp., carry to the grave.
efferveseo, -ere, no perf., no sup.,
[efferve- (as stem of efferveo)
+ sco], V. intr. 3, boil up. — Less
exactly, burn.
effetus (effoetus), -a, -um, [p.p.
of feffeo], adj , exhausted by bear-
ing, zoom out (by age).
efficio, -ere, -feei, -fectuin, [ec(s)-
ficio], V. tr. 3, 7?i-ake out, make tip,
produce, make, cause.
cfl[ij»ies, -ei, [ec( s)-tfigies, through
ettiii«o], {., form, figure.
elUo, -are, -a\i, -atum, [ec(s)-
Vocabulary.
49
floj, V. tr. 1, blow otit, breathe out^
breathe.
effluS, -ere, -floxi, no sup., [ec(s)-
fluoj, V. intr. ^, flow out. — Less
exactly, slip out, drop, escape.
effodio, -ere, -fodi, -t'ossuiii,
[ec(s)-fodio], v. tr. 3, dig out,
dig lip.
effoetus, see elfetus.
elTugio, -ere, -fugi, no sup., [ec(s)-
fugio], V. intr. i^^Jlyfroni^ escape,
avoid, fly (from something).
elTiilgeo, -ere, -fulsi, no sup.,
[ec(s)-fulgeo], v. intr. 2, shine
Jorih.
elTundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum,
[ec(s)-fundo], v. intr. 3, pour
forth, waste, put forth, let loose. —
p.p., effiisus, pouring (of a
river).
egeo, -ere, -m, no sup,, [fego-
(stem of fegus) (of. indigus)],
V. intr. 2, be without, lack, need, re-
quire, ivajit. — pres. p., egeiis,
without. — ^As noun, a beggar.
egero, -gerere, gessT, -gestum,
[e(x)-gero], v. tr. 3, carry out,
dig out.
ego, mei, etc., [?], pron., /, me,
etc.
egredior, -i, -gressus, [e(x)-gra-
dior], V. dep. 3, go forth, come
forth (out), go up, pass up, pro-
ceed.
egressiis, -Gs, [e(x)-tgrassus (of.
grassor), through, egredior], m.,
going forth, egress.
ei (hei), [?], interj., alas!
eicio (ejicio), -ere, -jeci, -jectum,
[e(x)-jacio], v. tr. 3, cast out, cast
up.
ejaculor, -ari, -atns, [e(x)-jacu-
lor], V. dep. i, throw out, spurt out
(trans.). — With reflex., spurt out
(intr.).
ejccto, -are, -mfi, -atuni, [e(x)-
jacto], V. tr. I, cast out, cast ikp,
cast forth : ej aetata favillal {show^
ers of sparks).
electrum, -i, [Gr. ^x^Krpov'], n.,
amber. — Also pi.
Klegi, -oriiiii, [Gr. "EAeyot], m.,
elegiac verses personilied.
elegia, -ae, [Gr. €/\e7eta], f., eli^\
elegiac poetry.
eleiiientuin, -i, [L, M, N + tum,
orig. pi.], n.. A, ]^, C's. — Hence,
element.
Kleus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'HAeZos], adj.,
of E lis, Elean.
elex, -icis, [ex-flex ( y'Lic as stem)
(cf elicio)], m., drain, ditch.
elicio, -ere, -lieiil, -licitum, [e(x)-
lacio], V. tr. 3, lure forth, call forth.
elido, -ore, -lisi, -lis vim, [e(x)~
laedo], V. tr. 3, strike out, force
out: aere eliso {flashing the air) .
— Also, crush.
eligo, -ere, -legi, -leetuin, [e(x)-
lego], V. tr. 3, choose out, select,
choose, elect.
Elis, -idis, [Gr.^HAis], f , a district
in the western part of the Pelo-
ponnesus.
eloquhiin, -T, [e(x)-tloquiiim (cf.
colloquiiiiu)], n., eloquence, ora-
tory.
eliido, -ere, -liisi, -lusinm, [e(x)-
ludo], V. tr. 3, {dodge, parry, in
sword 'play'), ^ dodge, ^ elude, es-
cape, evade. — ^ Hence, deceive.
elu5, -ere, -liii, -Isitum, [e(x)-
_ Ino], V. tr. 3, wash away.
Klysiiis, -a, -um, [Gr. 'HAuorioy],
adj., Elysian, of FJysium^ the
abode of the blessed dead.
EmathiTus, -a, -um, [from Gr.
'H^a^ia], adj., of Emathia, Mace-
donian.
emendS, -are, »avi, -atum,
so
Vocabulary.
[femendo- (e-mendum) + o], v.
tr. I, correct, emend.
emico, -are, -micui, no sup., [e(x)-
mico], V. intr. i, dart forth, shoot
forth, spurt forth, flash (out), dart.
— Less exactly, project (of a rock
in the water).
emineo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [e(x)-
mineo], v. intr. 2, project, stand
up, rise up.
emiuus, [e(x)-manusj, 2.^-^., from
afar, at long range (opp. to
coiiiiuus).
emitto, -ere, -misi, -missum,
[e(x)-mitto], v. tr. 3, let go
fdrth, let loose, let go, let out, utter,
s^nd away.
eu, [?J, interj., lo 1
Enaesimus, -i, [Gr. 'Et^aiVt/xos], m.,
a son of Hippocoon, killed in the
Calydonian hunt.
enim, [?], coDJ.,/^r (explanatory) :
sed enim {but) ; neque . . . enim
{for . . . not),
Enipeus, -i, [Gr. "EvLTrem'], m., a
tributary of the Apidanus in Thes-
saly.
enitor, -i, -nisus (-nixus), [e(x)-
nitor], V. dep. 3, struggle up. —
Also, bring forth.
Ennius, -i, m., the earliest Roman
epic poet (239-169 B.C.).
enodis, -e, [e(x) -nodus (infl. as
adj.)], adj., free from knots,
smooth-stemmed.
en sis, -is, [?], m., sivord.
eniimero, -are, -avi, -atuin,
[e(x)-numero], v. tr. i, recotmt,
enumerate.
eo, ire, ivi (ii), itum, [Vi]» v.
intr. irr., go (of almost all kinds of
motion), pass^ go by, walk, —
Fig., of time and the like.
eo, [old dat. of is], adv., to that
place, thither, thereto.
eodem, [old dat. of idem, i.e. eo
+ dem], adv., to the same place. —
_ Fig., to the same account.
Eoiis,-a, -um, [Gr. 'H<^oy, adj. from
'Htos-, Daiim\ adj., of the dazvn.
Eastern. — m. sing., the name of
one of the horses of the sun. — m.
pL, the Eastern people, the Ori-
entals,
Ephyre, -es, [Gr. '^<p{^pa'\, f., the
ancient name of Corinth.
Epidaurius, -a, -um, [Gr. 'ETriSau-
pio{\, adj., Epidaurian,of Epidau-
rus, a city in Argolis. — Esp. m.
sing., the Epidaurian god, ^scu-
lapius, who was carried to Rome
in the form of a snake.
Epimethis, -idis (idos), [Gr.
patronymic], f., Fyrrha, daughter
of Epimetheus.
Epiros, -i, [Gr. ^HTretpos], f. , a dis-
trict of Greece, in the northwest,
bordering on the Adriatic Sea.
epistola (-tula), -ae, [Gr. eVc-
dToAo?], f., epistle, letter.
epotiis, -a, -um, [ex-potus], adj.,
drunk tip.
epulum, -i, epulae, -arum, [?],
n. and i., feast, banquet, viands.
eques^-itis, [equ6-}-tis (reduced)],
c, horseman (or tvoman), cavalry
man. — Also, knight (of an order
of citizens at Rome).
equidem, [?], conj. (emphasizing a
statement), in fact, truly.
equinus,-a, -um, [equo- (reduced)
-f inns], adj., of a horse : juba {a
horse^s mane).
equus, -i, [-^/ak (root of acer) +
vus], m., horse.
Erebus, -i, [Gr. "E/jeySos], m., the
god of darkness. — Less exactly,
the Lozver World, Erebus, IIa~
des.
ereptus, -a, -um, p.p. of eripio.
Vocabtdmy,
Si
ergo, [?], conj. (making logical
connections), the^'efore, then, nozv.
Eridanus, -i, [Gr. 'Hpt5ai/os], m.,
a fabled stream in the extreme
west of Europe, on whose banks
amber was found; later identified
with the Po and also with the
Rhone.
erigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectum, [ex-
rego], V. tr. 3, raise. — Pass.,
raise one's self.
erilis (her-), -e, [ero- (reduced)
+ ilis], adj., o/<^ master J a mas-
ier''s.
Eriijys, -yos, [Gr. ^Y.pivh\ f., a
Fury.
eripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptum, [ex-
rapio], V. tr. 3, snatch away,
carry off, bear away, tear from,
wrest from. — Esp., rescue.
erro, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v.
intr. I, rove, wander, stroll. — Fig.,
go astray, waver, hesitate, vacil-
late.
error, -oris, [err- (as if root of
erro) + or], m., wandering. —
Fig,, doubt, mistake, error, wan-
dering (of mind), maze, uncer-
tainty, failing. — Personified, Er-
ror.
erubesco^ -ere, -rubui, no sup.,
[ex-rubesco] , v. intr. 3, redden,
blush.
erudio, -ire, -ii, -itum, [ferudi-
(ex-rudis, out of the fencing foil)
-f- o], V. tr. 4, train (orig. in sword
play), instruct, educate.
eru5, -ere, -rui, -rutum, [ex-ruo],
V. tr. 3, dig out, tear out.
Erycinus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Epv«:?^oy],
adj., of Eryx. — Esp., f. sing., the
goddess of Eryx, Venus.
Erymanthus, -i, [Gr. 'Epu^a^/^os],
m., a river and also a mountain in
Arcadia.
Eryx, -ycis, [Gr.^E^ul], m., a moun-
tain in Western Sicily, with a
famous temple of Venus.
esca, -ae, [V^^" G^ edo)4-ca],
i.,food, bait.
et, [?], conj., and, also, too, even:
et . . . et, both . . . and (often
merely, and).
etenim, [et enim (cf. «:ai 7<ip)],
adv., for . . . you see, for natu-
rally^ for you know,
etiam, [et jam], conj., (and now),
even, also, even now, still, yet:
etiam num (nunc), even now,
still.
etiainnuHi, see etiam and num.
etsT, [et si], conj., eveii if, although.
Euboicus, -a, -um, [Gr. Eu^ol/co's],
adj., of Euboea (the island off" the
eastern coast of Boeotia and At-
tica), Euboean,
Euenmae, -arum, [Gr. Ev7?r7i/ai] ,
i., daughters of, or (as adj.) belong-
ing to, Euenos (a river of Ar-
cadia).
Euhoe, [Gr. Eyo?], interj., Evo'e !
(a shout of joy at the festivals of
Bacchus) (also Euoe).
Eumenides, -um, [Gr. Eu^ej/ZSes],
f. pi., the Well-wishers, the Furies
(so called to propitiate them, or
to avoid the omen of their name) .
Eumolpos (-us), -i, [Gr. Eu^oA-
iros], m., a Thracian bard, pupil of
Orpheus, who founded the Eleu-
sinian mysteries in Attica.
Eupalamos (-us), -i, [Gr. EuTraAa-
ixos\ m., one of the hunteis of the
Calydonian boar.
Euphrates, -is, [Gr. Evi^pc^ri^s],
m., a celebrated river of Asia, ris-
ing in Armenia, and uniting with
the Tigris near Babylon.
Europe, -es (-a, -ae), [Gr. EupdJTTT?],
f., the daughter of Agenor, sister
52
Vocabulary.
of Cadmus, carried off by Jupiter.
— Also the continent Europe.
Eurotas, -ae, [Gr. EupdJras] , m. , a
river of Laconia, on which Sparta
stood.
Eurus, -i, [Gr.ES/3os], m., the south-
east wind,
Eurydice, -es, [Gr. EupySZ/ci?], f.,
the wife of Orpheus, for whom he
descended into the lower world.
Eiirymachus, -i, [Gr. Eypu^axos],
m., one of the suitors of Penelope.
Burymldes, -is, [Gr. Ev/)w/xt5r;s],
m., the son of Eurymus, Telemus.
Eurystheus, -ei, (ace, -ea, abl.,
eo), [Gr. ^vpva0€vs]i m., son of
Sthenelus, grandson of Perseus.
He imposed upon Hercules his
twelve labors.
Eurytion, -onis, [Gr. 'E.vpvriojv'],
m., an uncle of Patroclus, partici-
pant in the Calydonian hunt.
Euxinus, -i, [Gr. 'Ev^glvos], m., the
Euxine, or Black Sea.
evado, -ere, -vasi, -vasiim, [ex-
vado], V. tr. 3, pass ihroughy pass
beyond, pass out.
evanesco, -ere, -vaniii, no sup.,
[ex-vanesco], v. intr. 3, vanish,
disappear.
evanidus, -a, -uth, [ex-fvanidus
(vano 4- dus), cf, evanesco], adj.,
vanishing^ evanescent.
evehO, -ere, -vexi, -vectum, [ex-
veho], V. tr. 3, carry out, bear on
(and so, away).
evenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, [ex-
venio], v. intr. 4, come out. — Fig.,
turn outy happen.
eventus, -us, [ex-ventus, perh.
through evenio], m., outco?ne,
events fate.
everto, -ere, -verti, -versum, [ex-
verto], V. tr. 3, turn upside down,
overturn^ overthrow, ruin.
evineid, -ire, -vinxi, -vinctum,
[ex-vincio], v. tr. 4, bind fast,
bind.
evince, -ere, -vici, -victuin, [ex-
vinco], V. tr. 3, outstrip, overpass
(conquering as an obstacle) , /(25j
by, succeed in passing.
evitabilis, -e, [evita- (as stem of
evito) 4- bills], adj., avoidable.
evito, -are, -avi, -atuni, [ex-
vito], v. tr. I, avoid, escape.
evoco, -are, -avi, -atuin, [ex-
voco] , V. tr. I , call forth, call out,
call up.
evolo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex-
volo], V. intr. \, fly forth.
evolvo, -ere, -volvi, -volutum,
fex-volvo], V. tr. 3, roll out, roll
forth.
ex, e, [prob. gen. of unc. stem],
prep., out of{<zi. ab and ^^,from.
— Transl. by various preps, in Eng.
of different character, on, by (ex
rapto vivere), ^(pars ex illis),
on (pendere), by, in, in accord-
ance with : ex ordine (in order).
— In comp., out, up, from, of,
away., thoroughly, un-.
exactus, p.p. of exigo.
exaestuo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex-
aestuo], v. intr. i, boil up, heat
up, blaze up, burst out.
exanimatus, -a, -um, [p.p. of ex-
animo], adj., lifeless.
exanimis, -e, [ex-anima, infi. as
adj.], adj., breathless, lifeless.
exardeS, -ere, -arsi, -arsum, [ex-
ardeo], v. intr. 2, blaze up (also
fig.)-
exardesco, -ere, same as exardeo.
exaudio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [ex-
audio], V. tr. 4, hear (as at a dis-
tance or with difficulty), listen to.
excedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum,
[ex-cedo], v, tr. 3, come forth.
Vocabulary.
S3
come out, pass beyond, exceed, pass
the hounds of, depart.
excelsus, -a, -uni, [p.p. of ex-
cello], adj., lofty, high,
excido, -ere, -cidi, no sup., [ex-
cado], V. intr. % fall from, fall off,
subside: 2J\X^\s,, fall fr 07)1 {i.e. fail
i7i),
excieS, -ere, -ii, -itam | j-
excio, -ire, -ii, -itum j '
cieo, ex-cio], v. tr. 2 and 4, set i?t
^notion, call forth, rouse, waken. —
p.p., excitxis, kept awake, roused.
excipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum,
[ex-capio], v. tr. 3, take up, re-
ceive (after something else), fol-
low, begin (after some other), re-
ply, gather. — p.p., exceptus, (in
agreement), except.
excito, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex-
cite], V. tr. I, call up, summon.
exclamo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex-
clamo], V. tr. i, cry out, exclaim.
excol^, -ere, -eoliii, -cultuni,
[ex-colo], V. tr. 3, train up, culti-
vate.
excoquS, -ere, -eoxi, -coctum,
[ex-coquo], v. tr. 3, cook out, melt
out.
exciiso, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex-
causo (cf. causor)], v. tr. i, {as-
sign a reason^, allege as an excuse,
make excuse for (ace.) : verba
excusantia {words of excuse).
excutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum,
[ex-quatio], v. tr. 3, shake off,
shake out, throzv dotvn, overthrow,
cast out, drive out, dash together. —
With reflex., rouse one^s self, rouse :
excussa brachia {brandishing,
waving).
exemplum, -i, [akin to eximo],
n., sample (taken Qi\!i\), pattern, ex-
ample. — PL, sole relics (left as a
pattern) : pari exemplo {in like
manner') ; exemplo alicujus rei
{in the mariner of, etc.).
exemiptus, -a, -uni, p.p. of eximo.
exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [ex-eo], v.
intr. irr., come forth, go forth, be
efuitted, depart.
exerceS, -ere, -ui, -itum, [ex-
arceo, but conn, of ideas unc], v.
tr. 2, be busied with, agitate, exer-
cise, worry. — Pass., be busied, be
worried: aquas, flow with (of a
river).
exhalo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex-
hale], V. tr. I, breathe out, exhale.
exhibeS, -ere, -hibui, -hibitum,
[ex-habeo], v. tr. 2, hold out,
show, display, exhibit.
exhorrescS, -ere (-horreS, -ere),
-horrui, no sup., [ex-borresco],
V. intr. 3 (2), shiver, tremble,
shudder.
exhortor, -ari, -atus, [ex-hortor],
V. dep. I, encourage, set on, spur
on.
exig^, -ere, -egi, -actum, [ex-
ago], V. tr. 3, drive through (per
ilia ferrum) , finish, complete, ac-
co77iplish. — Also, drive away, ask,
exact. — From steelyards or the
like (cf. momentum), {run
out), tueigh (lit. and fig.).
exiguus, -a, -um, [akin to exigo,
through idea of weighing (cf.
momentum)], adj., small, short,
scant, slight, narrow, too little, a
little: exiguum temporis {short
time).
exiliS, see exsilio.
exilis, -e, [?], adj., slender.
exilium, see exsilium.
eximo, -ere, -emi, -emptum,
[ex-emo, take'], v. tr. 3, take out,
exempt.
existo, see exsisto.
exitiabilis, -e, [exitia- (as stem
54
Vocabulary.
of fexitio) + bills], adj., destruc-
tive.
exitiuni, -i, [exito- (reduced) +
ium], n., destructioUj ruin, mur-
der, death.
exitus, -us, [ex-itus, through
exeo], m., outcome, event, result.
flKonero, -are, -avi, -atuin, [ex-
onero], v. tr. l, disburden, free
from the burden of (abl.).
exorior, -oriri, -ortiis, [ex-orior],
V. dep. 4 and 3, rise up, rise,
exoro, -are, -avI, -atuin, [ex-oro],
V. tr. I, entreat (so as to prevail),
entreat.
exosus, -a, -um, [ex*osus (p.p. of
fexodi)], adj., hating.
expallesco, -ere, -pallui, no sup.,
[ex-pallesco, perh. through ex-
palleo], V. intr. 3, grotv pale.
expecto, see exspecto.
expedio, -ire, -ivi, -itiiin, [exped-
(as if expedi, ex-pes) + 0], v. tr.
4, disentangle, dratv out, ply (in
Weaving), hasten.
expello, -ere, -puli, -pulsuni,
[ex-pello], V. tr. 3, drive out,
force out, drive azvay, d?'ive, send
(arrow), deprive of.
experientia, -ae, [experient +
ia], f., trial, method of testing.
experior, -iri, -pertus, [ex-
pario], V. dep. 4, {get out for oneh
self), try, test. — p.p., expertus,
experienced. — pres. p., experi-
ei % trying: laborum (^daring
in, ready to endure).
expers, -pertis, [ex-pars], adj.,
having no part, destitute of, free
from, renouncing, not knowing,
having nothing to do zvith.
expleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, [ex-
pleo] , V. tr. 2, fill out, complete,
fill up.
explico, -are, -plicavi (-plicui),
-plicatum (-plicitum), [ex-
plico], V. tr. I, unfold (lit. and
explore, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex-
plore], V. tr. I, search (perh. orig.
by shouting), enquire, determine
(by exploration), consider.
expono, -ere, -posui, -posituin,
[ex-pono], V. tr. 3, set forth, ex-
pose.
expriino, -ere, -pressi, -pressum,
[ex-premo], v. tr. 3, press out,
stamp. — Hence, represent, iini-
tate.
exsanguis, -e, [ex-sanguis (re-
duced)], adj., bloodless.
exsatiatus, -a, -um, [ex-satia-
tus] , adj , fully satisfied, satiated.
exsequiae, -arum, [fexsequo-
(cf. pedisequius) -f la], f., obse-
quies, funeral.
exsero, -ere, -serui, -sertum;
[ex-sero], v. tr. 3, thrust forth,
put forth, raise (above something).
exsilio (exilio), -ire, -ilui,
-ultum, [ex-salio], v. intr. 4,
spring forth, dart forth, spring up.
exsilium, -i, [exsul ■{■ ium], n., ex-
ile, banishment.
exslsto, -ere, -stiti, no sup., [ex-
sisto], v. intr. 3, stand out, rise,
stand forth.
exspatior (exp-), -ari, -atus,
[ex-spatior], v. dep. i, szverve
from the track, shy (of horses) . — -
p.p. set at large, let loose.
exspecto (exp-), -are, -avi,
-atum, [ex-specto], v. tr. i, look
out for, azvait, wait for: ante ex-
spectatum {sooner than expected) ,
cxspiro (exp), -are, -avi, -atum,
[ex- spire], v. tr. i, breathe out
(esp. in death).
exsterno, -are, -avi, -atum, [?,
adj. stem akin to sterno (of.
Vocabulary.
S5
Cionsterno)], v. tr. \^ frighten, —
^,-^., frightened, in terror.
exstinguo (ext-), -ere, -stinxi,
-stinctum, [ex-stinguo], v. tr. 3,
(^ptmch out^), extinguish. — Fig.,
blot out. — ^g».^., slain, departed: ex-
stinctum persequor {in death) .
exsto (exto), -ai*e, -stiti, -sta-
tum, [ex-sto], v. iiitr. i, stand
out, appear (above or out of some-
thing), rise, extejid (of a snake
unwound) .
exstruo (extr-), -ere, -struxi,
-struetum, [ex-struo], v. tr. 3,
build up, pile up (mensas dapi-
bus).
exsul (exul), -ulis, [ex-sul, root
of salio as stem (of. praesul)],
c, exile.
exsulto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex-
salto, perh. through exsilio], v.
intr. I', leap up, leap (also of boil-
ing water), spring (out or away).
— Less exactly, bubble, struggle. —
Fig., exult.
exta, -orum, [?], n., entrails (esp.
as used in divination).
extemplo, [ex-templo, {augural
position)^ adv., immediately (cf.
sur le champ), at once, at the same
time.
extendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentum,
[ex-tendoj, v. tr. 3, stretch out,
stretch. — p ■ p • J outstretched.
extenuo, -are, -avi, -atuin, [ex-
tenuo], V. tr. i, make thin, shrink.
— Fig., assuage, lessen : mala.
extentus, p.p. of extendo.
externus, -a, -um, [extro- (cf.
extra) + nus], adj., foreign, ex-
ternal, from abroad, — m. pi., for-
eigners.
exterritus, -a, -um, [p.p. of ex-
terreo], adj., terror-stricken.
extiraeo, -ere, -timui, no sup.,
[ex-timeo], v. tr. 2, be terrified
{at or abs.).
extinguo, see exstinguo*
extS, see exsto.
extrah5, -ere, -traxi, -tractum,
[ex-traho], v. tr. 3, draw out or
forth, drag out.
extreinus, -a, -um, [extra (j^
kindred form) -f imus], adj. (sup.
oi ^^t^vxx^) , the farthest, last, the
end of, very distajzt, distant. — n.,
the last time, the end.
exul, see exsul.
exulto, see exsulto.
exululo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex-
ululo], V. intr. l, howl out, hotvl,
screa??i, cry out.
exuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, [?, perh.
from analogy with indue], v. tr.
3, strip off, tear away. — Fig., put
away (metum), dismiss, lose
( vitam) .
exBiro, -ere, -ussi, -iistum, [ex-
uro], v. tr. 3, burn off, burn up,
burn.
exuviae, -arum, [akin to exuo,
through an adj. stem], f., {strip-
pings), spoil, skins.
F.
faba, -ae, [?], f., beans.
fabalis, -e, [faba + lis], adj., of
beans: stipulae {beanstraw).
faber, -bri, [-y/FAC + berJjj, m,,
craftsman, mechanic. — A? adj.,
faber, -bra, -brum, construc-
tive: ars.
fabricator, -toris, [fabrica -f tor],
xa., fashioner, maker, constructor.
fabricor, -ari, -atus, [fabrica -f-
o], v. dep. I, fashion, make. —
p.p. in pass, ^tn-ht, fashioned.
fabula, -ae, [ y^FA -|- bula (f. of
-bulus)], f., story.
56
Vocabulafj^.
facies, -ei, [Vf^c + ies, perh.
through intermediate stem], f.,
form J fashion, appearance.
facilis, -e, [ffaco- (cf. beneficus)
+ lis], adj., easy, easily acquired,
kindly, obliging,
facinus, -oris, [facin- (as if root of
ffacino) + us], n., deed. — ■ Esp.,
evil deed, crime.
facio, -ere, -feci, -factum,
[^FAC], V. tr. irr., do, make, per-
form, create, cause, give (making
for some one) : quid faciat (%vkat
can he do?)-, fac {suppose^-, fac
condas {take care to build, build) ;
f actus modo {netv created) ; fac-
tae vestes {completed').
factumi, -i, [p.p. of facio as noun],
n., deed^ act, exploit,
f^ex, faecis, [ ?], f., dregs (of wine).
fagus, -i, [</)??7oy], f., beech (wood
or tree) .
falcatus, -a, -uni, [as if p.p. of
ffalco, from falx], adj., hooked
(like a sickle).
fallacla, -ae, [fallac -f ia], f., de-
ceit, trickery,
fallaciter, [fallaci- (as if stem of
fallax) + ter], adv., deceitfully,
deceptively.
fallax, -acis, [ffall- (as if stem of
fallo) + ax], adj , deceitful, de-
ceptive, treacherous.
fallo, -ere, fefelli, falsum, [akin
to <r^aA.AcD], v. tr. 3, deceive, disap-
point, beguile, escape: fallor (/
am mistaken)', arva . . . depo-
situm {betray its trust); studio
fallente laborem {beguile, hide).
— See also falsus.
falsiis, -a, -iim, [p.p. of fallo],
adj., false, untrue, deceitful, not
real, apparent (not real), found
false. — Abl. as adv., falso,
falsely.
falx, falcis, [?], f., sickle, pruning-
hook, pruning-knife.
fama, -ae, [fa- (as stem of for) +
ma], f., {talk), rumor, report,
fame, reputation, story. — Personi-
fied, Fa7?ie (the goddess).
fames, -Is (abl. fame), [?], f.,
hunger .^ famine.
famulus, -i, [?], m., servu at-
tendant.
fanuiu, -i, [fa- (as stem of for) -|-
nus], n., shrine.
fas, indecl., [fa- (in for) + us], n.,
right : fas (est), it is right, it is
alloiued; fas habet {considers it
right) .
fassus, see fateor.
fastigium,-!, [ ?], n., roof. — ^ Also pi.
fatalis, -e, [fato- (reduced) -{-
alls], adj., of the fates (or fate),
fated, fatal.
fataliter, [fatali -f ter], adv., by
fate, by the decrees of fate.
fateor, -eri, fassus, [perh. akin
to for, perh. to fatiscor], v. dep.
2, confess, admit.
fatldicus, -a, -um, [fato-dicus
(cf. dieo)], 2.<X]., prophetic.
fStifer, -era, -eruiu, [fato-fer,
(for -ferus)], z.^\., fatal
fatigo, -are, -avi, -atum, [akin to
affatim, through adj. stem (cf.
castigo)], V. tr. i, tire out, worry,
crowd out, crowd, exhatcst; so-
nitu {fill)^
fatum, -i, [fa- (as stem of for) -f
tus, p.p. of for], n., {zvhat is
spokeft), fate. — Esp., ill fate, de-
struction.— PL, the Fates: esse
in fatis {be fated); illi fatum
non est {he is not destined).
fauces, -iumi, (n. sing., faux, not
used), [?], f., throat, motith. —
Sometimes transl. by lips.
Fauniis, -i, [ y'FAV (in faveo) +
Vocabulary,
57
nus], m., a sylvan deity, patron of
shepherds, identified with Pan.
He was supposed to be an Italian,
son of Picus and grandson of Sat-
urn. — Less exactly in pL, fauns,
deities partly identified with the
Greek satyrs, but with less animal
characteristics than they.
Faustulus, -i, [fausto + lus], m.,
the shepherd who brought up
Romulus and Remus.
fautrix, -icis, [favi- (as stem of
faveo) + trix], f., patro7tess.
faveo, -ere, favi, fautum, [?, cf.
favilla], V. intr. 2, favor, be pro-
pitious to : animis linguisque,
show respect with, etc. (i.e. by re-
fraining from evil thoughts and
words).
favilla, -ae, [akin to faveo?], f.,
spark, cinder, ashes,
favor, -oris, [fav- (as if root of
faveo) 4- or], va., favor, applause,
(yfavor shown), partisanship, par-
tiality,
fav us, -i, [?], m., honey-comb,
fax, facis, [?, akin to faveo?], f.,
torch, firebrand. — Esp., marriage
torch.
februus, -a, -uni, [perh. akin to
ferveo] , adj., cleansing, expiatory :
februa casta (.offering).
f ecundus, -a, -uin, [fe- (as if stem
of ffeo, cf. fetus) + cundus], adj.,
prolific, copious, rich, pregnant.
fel, fellis, {;>\Ti,gall.
felix, -icis, [fe- (as if stem of ffeo)
+ unc. term.], adj., fruitful, pros-
perous, fortunate, happy.
femina, -ae, [fe- (as stem of ffeo)
-}- mina (cf. alumnus)], f.,
woman, zvomen (collectively).
feiuineus, -a, -um, [femina (re-
duced) -f- eus], adj., of a {the)
woman, feminine.
femur, -oris, [?], n., thigh.
fera, see ferus.
feralis, -e, [?], adj., deadly, fatal,
funereal.
ferax, -acis, [-v/FER+ax], adj.,
fruitftd, fertile.
fere, [?], adv., mostly, nearly, gen-
erally.
feretrum., -i, [fere- (as stem of
fero) -|- trum] , n., barrow, bier.
ferinus, -a, -um, [fero- (reduced)
-f inus], adj., of wild beasts, of
a wild beast : vultus {animal).
feri5, -ire, no perf., no sup., [?], v.
tr. 4, strike, splash (of water) .
feritas, -tatis, [fero -f tas], f.,
wild?tess, barbarity, cruelty,
fero, ferre, tuli, latum, [y'FER
and VTOL (tla), cf. tollo], v. tr.
irr. , bear (both at rest and in mo-
tion, lit. and fig.). — Hence, en-
dure, suffer, enjoy (terra colo-
res) . — Also, give, produce, bring,
carry, offer (opem), render, re-
ceive (a gift, carried off), carry
off, turn (vestigia), lead, inflict
(vulnera), say, report: leges
{carry). — Pass., be borne, fly,
pass, fall, rush, speed on, go (prae-
ceps).
ferox, -ocis, [akin to ferus], adj.,
fierce, savage, ferocious, maddened
(dolore) .
ferreus, -a, -um, [ferro- (reduced)
-feus], adj., iron. — Fig., iron-
hearted, cruel, ' iron^
ferrugo, -inis, [ferro- (or kindred
stem) 4- ugo (of unc. formation,
cf. imago)], f., iron rust, brown
(as a color).
ferrum, -i, [?], n., iron, steel. —
Hence, spear, sword.
fertilis, -e, [fferto- (lost p.p. of
fero) -f lis], 13,^)., fertile., produc-
tive.
58
Vocabulary.
fertilitas, -atis, [fertili + tas], f.,
productiveness, fertility.
ferus, -a, -um, [ ?] , adj., wild, sav-
age, cruel. — f. as noun, beast, wild
beast, monster (even of the sea) :
ferae {tnad women) .
ferveS, -ere, ferbui, no sup., [prob.
ffervo -|- 60 (cf. febris)], v. intr.
2, be hot, burn, boil. — pres. p., hot,
burning, boiling, warm, bleeding
(vulnils) .
fervidus, -a, -uiii, [prob, ffervo
(cf. ferveo) + dus], adj., boiling,
se€ thing, hot, burning.
fervor, -oris, [ferv- (as if root of
ferveo) 4- or], m., heat. — Also pi.
fesisus, -a, -um, [prob. p.p. of
fateor, in sense of fatiscor],
adj., weary, tired, exhatisted, worn
0l4t.
festino, -aire, -avi, -atiim, [unc.
noun stem, perh. akin to festus],
V. tr. I, hasten.
festws, -a, ^uoi, [?, possibly p.p. of
ffendo], adj., {clashed as in a
war danced), festive. — m. as
TiOVin, festival {^Ao.y'). — n. "pX., fes-
tival.
f etiira, -ae, [fetu 4- ra (f. of -rus,
cf. figura)], L, prodtiction, prod-
uct, offspring, increase (of the
flock),
fetus, -ttts, [fe- (as stem of fee)
+ tiis], m., {production^, fruit,
progeny. — Also pi.
fetus, -a, -um, [p.p. of ffeo], adj.,
having brought forth : ursa {with
her young) .
fibra, -ae, [?], f., {fork at the end
of anything?).— Esp-., split ends
of liver, etc. — - Less exactly, liver ^
heart, q\.c., entrails (in divination).
fibula, -ae, [-^/fig 4- "btila (cf.
fabula)], f., {fastening), pin,
buckk.
fictllis, -e, [ficto + lis (cf. ferti-
lis)], adj., earthen (as fashioned
by the potter) . — n. pL, earthen
ware, pottery.
fidelis, -e, [prob. Me 4- lis, but cf.
cr u delis ] , adj . , /^ ithful.
fides, -ei, [?, cf. fido], f., good
faith, faith, belief trustworthiness,
promise, pledge, performance (of a
promise). — Kho, protection. — In
pi. also.
fides, -is, [^FiD (in findo) 4- is],
f., itring, lyre (esp. in pL).
f ido, -ere, fisus sum, [cf. fides],
V. intr. 3, trust.
f idiicia, -ae, [ffiduc- (cf. loquax,
ferox) + ia], f., confidence (both
good and bad), assurance, security
(by change of point of view as in
' security ' itself).
fidus, -a, -um, [akin to fido],
d.^]., faithful.
figo, -ere, fixi, fixum, [?], v. tr.
3, transfix, pierce. — Also (of
thing ^XQ(X), plant in, fix, set, im-
print {o^Q.vl'd.), fasten up (spolia),
suspend: an coram {drop).
figura, -ae, [ffigu.- (-y/fig 4- us)
4-ra (cf. fetura)], i., fashioning,
shape, form, appearaitce. — Esp.,
beauty.
f ilia, -ae, [f. of filius], f., daughter.
filius, -i, [akin to fetus, etc.], m.,
son.
filum, -i, [?], n., thread. — Less
exactly, string (of lyre) .
findo, -ere, fidi, fissum, [V^^^
(cf, fldis)], V. tr. 3, split, crack,
cleave. — p.p., cleaving (intr.).
fingo, -ere, finxi, fictum, [v^ig
(cf. figura)], V. tr. % fashion. —
Fig., represent, feign, irnagine,
suppose. — fictum, n. -p.^., fiction,
false hood.
f iiiio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [fini -f- o],
Vocabulary.
59
V. tr. ^, put an end to, end,Jinish,
bound.
finis, -is, [?], m., e7id, limit, boun-
dary, borde7\ — PL, boundaries,
territories : nuUo cum fine, with-
out limit (no end).
f inltimus, -a, -iim, [ffini + timus
(unc, perh. akin to tueor)], adj.,
bordering upon, neighboring. —
Masc, a neighbor (esp. in pi.).
fio, fieri, f actus sum, [V^u, in
fui] , V. intr. irr. (pass, of facio) ,
become : fit fragor, {there comes,
etc.); fit timor mlM (/ become
alarmed^ .
firmus, -a, -um, [?, cf. frenum],
adj., strong, firm, solid, eitduring.
fiscella, -ae, f., and fiscellus, -i,
[ffisculo- (fisco + lus) 4- lus],
m., basket.
fiscina, -ae, [fisco -f tia (f. of
-nus)], f., basket (of wicker).
fistula, -ae, [?], i., pipe. — Esp.,
Pan'' s pipe.
f ixus, p.p. of figo.
flagello, -are, -avi, -atum, [fla-
gello + o], V. tr. I, lash, whip.
flagro, -are, -avi, -atum, [flagro-
(cf, flagrum, lash) -f o], v. intr.
I, burn, be fired.
ilamen, -inis, [fla- (stem of flo)
4- men], m., (blower of the fir e^,
priest (of a particular divinity).
flamen, -inis, [fla- (stem of flo)
+ men], n., blast.
flamma, -ae, [^/flag (cf. flagro)
-f- ma], f., flame {thunderbolt) :
flammas concipere {catch fire).
flammifer, -era, -erum, [flamma-
(weakened) fer (for -ferus), adj.,
fiery^
flaveo, -ere, no perf., no sup.,
[flavo + eo] , V. intr. 2, be yellozv.
— pres. p., flavens, yellow.
flavesco, -ere, no perf., no sup.,
[flave- (as stem of flaves) +
" SCO], V. intr. % grow yellow.
flavus, -a, -um, [?], adj., yellow,
yellow-ha ired.
flebilis, -e, [fie- (stem of fleo) -f
bilis], adj., lamentable, mournful:
flebile nescio quid {so7ne mourn-
ful straiii).
flecto, -ere, flexi, flexum, [?], v.
tr. 3, turn, turn away, avert, bend,
guide (habenas) , wind. — flex-
us, p.p., bent, bending, winding.
fleo, -ere, flevi, fletum, [?], v. tr.
2, weep for, mourn, weep.
fletus, -us, [fie- (stem of fleo) -f
tus], m., weeping, tears, mourn-
ing. — Also pi.
flexilis, -e, [flexo -f- lis], Sidj., flex-
ible.
flexipes, -pedis, [flexo + pes],
adj., winding, twining (ivy).
flexus, -Us, [v'FLEC + tus], m.,a
winding, bending.
floreo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [floro
(cf. flos) -f eo], V. intr. 2, bloom,
blossom, — pres. p., florens, flow-
ery., blooming.
florid us, -a, -um, [f floro- (cf.
floreo) -f dus], adj., blooming
(Galatea).
flos, floris, [?, perh. akin to flo],
m., flower. — Less exactly, blooj?t
(of life).
fluctus, -us, [flu(g)- (as root of
fluo) -f tus], m., wave.
fluidus, -a, -um, [fluo- (cf. cir-
cumfluus) + dus], adj., flowing,
d7'ipping (cruor).
fluitS, -are, -avi, no sup., [ffluito-
(p.p. of fluo) + o], V. intr. i,
flow.
flumen, -inis, [flii- (as stem of
fluo) -\- men], n., (flowing) river ^
stream.
6o
Vocabulary.
flamineus, -a, -um, [flumin +
eus], adj., of a river ^ river- (as
adj.).
fluo, -ere, fliixi, fluxum (flue-
turn, fluituin), [V^^u (cf.
fluus)], V. intr, ^, Jiow, d?Hp, be
melted (of gold), course (of tears).
fluvialis, -e, [fluvio- (reduced) +
alls], adj., of a river ^ river- (as
adj.), water- (as adj.).
focus, ~i, [?, perh. akin to foveo],
m., hearth (usually a brazier for
coals), altar.
fi^diq, -ere, fodi, fossum, [?], v.
tr. 3, dig, pierce.
fo^cundus, see fecundus.
foed^» -are, -avi, -atum, [foedo
+ o], V. tr. I, besmear, defile, be-
spatter, disfigure.
foedus, -a, -um, [?], adj., filthy,
foul, horrible, vile, ill-omened.
fo^dus, -eris, [strong form of y'fid
(in fides) + us], n., compact,
bond (created by agreement).
fo^ths, see fetus,
fdlmm, -i, [?], n., leaf (pi a flower
or book).
fons, fontis, [unc. root + tis], m.,
Spring, source, fountain. — ■ Fig.,
source, origin.
foiitaiius, -a, -um, [font + anus],
adj., of a {the) fountain (^foun-
tains) .
for, f ari, fatus, [_\/fa], v. dep. i,
speak, say, tell.
foramen, -inis, [for a- (stem of
foro) + men], n., aperture.
fore, see sum.
forem, see sum.
foris, -is, [for- (as root, cf. door)
+ is], f., door. — Usually pi., doors.
forma, -ae, [same root and foima-
tion as firmus], f., form, shape,
appearance, image, person (i.e,
form) . — E5l>.i fine form, beauty.
formiatus, p.p. of formo.
formica, -ae, [prob. adj. form, from
fformiis (cf. amicus)], f., ant.
formidabilis, -e, [formida +
bills], adj., {to be feared), ter-
rible, fearful, formidable, dreaded
by (dative), an object of fear.
formido, -inis, [fformido- (ffor-
mo + dus) + o], f., fear, terror,
alarm.
formo, -are, -avi, -atum, [forma
-f o], V. tr. I, forin, fashion,
77iould.
formosus, -a, -um, [forma -H
osus], adj., handsome, beautiful.
— As appositive, in his beauty.
fornax, -acts, [furno + ax], f.,
furiiace, kiln.
fornix, -ids, [akin to fornax],
m , an arch.
fors, fortis, [V^er -f tis], f.,
chance, fate. — Esp., mishap. —
See also forte.
forsitan, [fors sit an], adv., {it
would be a chance zuhether), it
fuay be that, perhaps.
fortasse, [forte with some form of
sum], d^&v., perhaps, may be.
forte, [abl, of fors], adv., by
chance, as it happened.
fortis, -e, [fore- (cf. farcio) -f
tis], adj., strong, stout, warlike,
daring, courageous, untiring :
fortia {brave deeds)-, O fortis-
sime {0 bravest of heroes).
fortiter, [forti + ter] , adv. , stoutly,
strenuously^ with force, violently.
fortflna, -ae, [ffortu- (kindred
form to fors) -f na (f. of -nus)],
f,, fortune^ chance., lot, good for-
tune, misfortune. — Personified,
Fortufie.
forum, -i, [akin to foris and foro],
n., {open place, thoroughfare),
market-place, forum.
Vocabulary.
6i
fossa, -ae, [f. of p.p. of fodio], f.,
ditch^ moat.
foveo, -ere, fovi, fotum, [?], v. tr.
2, cherish^ fondle : pectore {clasp
to the breast) \ vota {cherish),
fragilis, -e, [frago- (^frag + us)
+ lis], adj.,y;'«z7, brittle.
fragmen, -inis, [t/frag + men],
Xi.y fragjnenty splinter,
fragor, -oris, [T/FRAG+or], m.,
crash.
fragosus, -a, -um, [frago- (cf.
fragilis) + osus], adj., broken,
■precipitous.
fraguin, -i, [?], n.^ strawberry. —
Also pi.
frangO, -ere, fregi, fractuni,
[y^FRAG], V. tr. 3, breaks break
dowUf overcome (lit. and fig.).
f rater, -tris, [unc. root + ter (cf.
pater)], m., brother.
fratemus, -a, -um, [frater + nus],
adj., brotherly, fraternal, a broth-
er's.
fraiido, -are, -avi, -atum, [fraud
:;!- o], V. tr. I, deprive, defraud,
fraus, fraudis, [akin to frustum
and frustra] , i. , loss, injury. —
Hence, deceit. — Also pi.
fraxiuus, -i, [?], f., mountain ash
(tree or wood). — Hence, ashen
spear, spear.
fr^mebundus, -a, -um, [freme-
(as stem of fremo) + bundus] ,
adj., raging.
fremio, -ere, fremui, no sup., [?,
cf. 0pefxoi\, V. intr. 3, roar., growl,
murmur. — Hence, rage : fre-
mentis {of the raging beast) ;
frementi {to his rage) .
frendens, -entis, [pres. p. of
frendo], 2>.dy, gnashing the teeth.
freno, -are, -avi, -atum, [freno
+ 0], V. tr. I, bridle t harness. —
Fig., restrain^
frenum, -i, (pi. also -i, -drum),
[form of root in firmus -fnum],
n., bridle. — Less exactly, helm, (of
ship).
frequens, -entis, [pres. p. of verb
akin to farcio], adj., crowded,
abounding in, swarming, full of,
thick with.
frequenter, [frequent + ter], adv.,
croivded, in large numbers.
frequento, -are, -avi, -atum,
[frequent-!- o], V. tr. i, frequent,
go to in numbers, attend in num-
bers, throng.
fretum, -i, [?], n., strait. — Less
exactly, the sea, the seas.
fretus, -a, -um, [p.p. of verb akin
to firmus], adj., relying on, sup^
pointed by.
frigid us, -a, -um, [prob. \ttigO'
(whence frigeo) -\- dus], adj.,
cold.
frigus, -oris, [^frig (in frigeo)
-f-us], n., cold, coolness. — mso
p'-
frondeo, -ere (frondui, frondi-
tum), [frond + eo], v. intr. 2, put
forth leaves. — pres. p., frondens,
leafy.
frondosus, -a, -um, [frond 4-
osus], adj., leafy.
frons, frondis, [?], m., foliage,
leaves.
frons, frontis, [unc. root -f tis (re-
duced)], f., brow, forehead. — Less
^x2iCi\y, front, brow (of a hill, etc.),
front side.
fructus, -us, [-^FRUG (in fruor)
-f- tus], m., enjoyment, fruit, crop,
reward (as the fruit of endeavor) .
Esp. in pi.
frugifer, -era, -erum, [frugi- (as
if stem of frux) + fer (for -fe-
rns) ] , adj., fruitful, productive.
frugilegus, -a, -um, [frugi- (as if
62
Vocabulary.
stem of frux) + legus (leg +
Tis)], 2id]., grain-gathering.
frumeiituin, -i, [y^frug + men-
turn], n., grain. — Also pi.
fruor, frui, fruitus (fructus),
[•y/frug],'v. dep. 3, enjoy.
frustra, [akin to frustum and
fraus], adv., in vain^ to no pur-
pose.
frustuiii, -i, [p.p. akin to fraus],
n., bit, piece.
i frtitex, -icis, [ ?], m., thicket, growth
of foliage.
frux, fragis, [^frug (in fruor)
as stem], f., fruity crop, grain. --
Esp. in pi.
fuga, -ae, [V^UG + a], f., flight
(lit. and fig.) .
fi^gax, ^acis, [fug- (as stem of
fUgio) + ax], adj., disposed to fly,
flying, swift in flight, fugitive. —
As no\m, fugitive.
fug|o, -ere, fagi, fugitum, [ ^fug
4- io], V. tr. '^ifly, take flight, shun,
flee, avoid, flee from .
fugS, -are, -avi, -atuni, [fuga
+ o], V. tr. I, put to flight, banish
(anior6iii), chase away (tene-
braS) .
fulgeo, -ere, falsi, no sup.,
[ffulgo- (cf. fulgidus) + eo], v.
intr. 2, shine, gleam.
fulgor, -oris, [fulg (as root of
fulgeo) -1- or], m., brightness,
gleam, flash, lightning flash.
f ulica, -ae, [ ?] , f., coot, sea- fowl.
f ulmen, -inis, [ y^fulg (cf. fulgeo)
+ men], n., flash, lightning, thun-
derbolt.
f ulvus, -a, -um, [perh. akin to ful-
geo], did]., yellow, tawny, brozvn.
ftimificus, -a, -uin, [fuma- (weak-
ened) + ficus (cf. facio)], adj.,
smoky.
lumo; -ai'ej -avi^ no sup., [fumo-
(as if fuma) -f o], v. intr. i,
smoke.
fumus, "i, [?, cf. Qv\i.6s'\, m., smoke.
funda, -ae, [?], f., sling.
fundamen, -iiiis, [funda- (as stem
of fundo) + men], n., founda-
tion.
fundo, -ere, f udi, fasuin, [ y'FUD] ,
V. tr. 3, pour, pour out {forth),
utter (verba). — Pass., pour
(intr.). — fusus, p.p., prostrate.
funereus, -a, -um, [funer- (as
stem of funus) + eus], adj.,
deadly, fatal.
funestus, -a, -um, [funes- (orig.
stem of funus) + tus (cf. robus-
tus)], adj., fatal, deadly, fune-
real. — - Less exactly, ill-omened,
ill-starred, melancholy, polluted
(by a death).
fungor, -i, functus, [?], v. dep.
3, perform: functus sepulcbro
(who has passed through the tomb,
honored with burial)', functus
morte, dead.
funus, -eris, [?], n., death, burial,
funeral.
f urea, -ae, [ ?] , f., fork, forked pole.
Furia, -ae, [?, cf. furo], f., a Fury
(madness personified), agent of
the divine wrath.
furialls, -e, [furia + lis (regular
formation of -alls)], adj., of the
Furies (venenum, cf. ' devil's
broth'). — Less exactly, frenzied,
crazy (as impelled by the Furies) -
furibundus, -a, -uin, [furi- (as
stem of furo) + bundus], adj.,
raging, frenzied. ■
furo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [?, cf.
furia], v. intr. 3, rave, rage.
furor, -oris, [fur- (as root of furo)
-f or], m., madness, frenzy.
furtim, [ace. of ffurtis, ^yxjk (cf.
furtum) -|- tis], adv., secretly.
Vocabulary.
63
furtivus, -a, -um, [furti- (length-
ened) + vus], adj., furtive, de-
ceitful.
furtum, -i, [^^fur (cf. fur) -f
tum, n. p.p.] J i^-j i^^sfti deceit, de-
ceitful actj secret act, stolen pleas-
ure.
fusilis, -e, [fuso 4- lis], adj., molten,
fluid.
fusus, -i, [?], m., spindle.
futarus, see sum.
G.
Galatea, -ae, [Gr. raAareta], f., a
sea-nymph, daughter of Nereus
and Doris, beloved by Acis and
Polyphemus.
galea, -ae, [?], f., helmet (properly
qf skin) .
Gallicus, -a, -um, [GalloH-cus],
adj., Gallic.
Gallus, -i, m., a Roman elegiac
poet of the time of Ovid.
Ganges, -is, [Gr. v6.-yyr\%\, m,, the
famous river of India.
Ganymedes, -is (-1), [Gr. Vawfx'fi-
Srjs], m., a beautiful Trojan youth,
son of Laomedon, carried away by
an eagle to be the cup-bearer of
Jupiter.
Gargaphie, -es, [Gr. Tapyatplr]'], f.,
a spring and valley at the northern
foot of Mt. Cithgeron.
garrulus, -a, -um, [prob. garro-
(cf. garrio) -f lus], adj., nois)^,
garrulous.
gaudeS, -ere, gavisus sum,
[prob. tgavido- (cf. Gavius,
gaudium) -f eo], v. intr. 2, re-
joice, be delighted, delight.
gaudium, -i, [prob. fgavido H-
ium (cf. gaudeo)], n., joy, —
Also pi
gelldus, -a, -um, [gelu -f dus],
adj., chill, icy cold, icy.,
gelii, indecl., [?], rv., frost, ice.
gemlno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ge-
mind -f 0], v. tr. l, double, repeal,
redouble. — p.p., geiuinatus,
double, twofold.
geminus, -a, -um, [?], adj., twin,
double, two, tivo alike, '-of two, a
pair of
gemitus, -us, [gemi- (as stem of
gemo) -f- tus], m., groan, moan,
moaning.
gemma, -ae, [?], f., gem^ precious
stone.
gemo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [?], v. intr.
3, groan.
gena, -ae, [?], f., cheek.
gener, -eri, [?], m., son-in-laiv.
generosus, -a, -um, [gener- (as
stem of genus) -f- osus], adj.,
nobky of fine stock : palmite coUes
{ennobled by) .
genetrix, see genitrix.
genialis, -e, [genio- (reduced) +
alls], adj., belonging to the Genius.
— Hence, festive, convivial, pleas-
ure-giving.
genialiter, [geniali + ter], adv.,
merrily, with good cheer.
gen i tor, -oris, [geni- (as stem of
gigno, or kindred verb) -f tor],
TH., father, sire.
, genitrix, -icis, [geni- (as stem of
gigno) -f trix], f., mother,
genitus, see gigno.
gens, gentis, [Vgen -f tis (re-
duced)], f., race, breed, descent. — •
Hence, a nation, a tribe. — PL,
the nations (all men).
genu, -lis (-u), [?], n., knee.
genualia, -ium, [genu + alis], n.
pL, leggings, (narrow and hardly
differing from) garters.
I genus, -eris, [Vgen + us], n.,
64
Vocabiilarv.
race^ descent^ family, descendants.
' — ^Fig., character^ nature.
gennana, se6 germanus.
germanus, -a, -um, [prob. akin to
germeii], adj., of the same par-
ents, — As subst., own brother, own
sister.
gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, [ ^^ges],
V. tr. 3, bear, support, wear, have
(anything^ about one), do (res),
wage (bellum).
gesta^len, -inis, [gesta- (stem of
gesto) + men], n., arms (as borne
by a warrior) .
gestiS, ^ire, -ivi, no sup., [fgesti-
(akin to gestus) + o], v. intr. 4,
{gesticulate in delight), rejoice
greatly. — Also, long, be eager.
gesto, -are, -5vi, -atum, [gesto-
-f o], V. tr, I, bear, carry, wear.
gestus, -fis, [y^GES + tus], m.,
bearing, movement (maniis).
Oetae, -arum, [Gr. T^rai], m. pi,
the^ Getes (Dacians), a Thracian
tribe on the Danube.
giganteus, -a, -um, [gigant +
eus], adj., of a giant, gigantic,
gigas, -antis, [Gr. 7*705], m.,
giant.
gigno, -ere, genui, genitum,
[y^GEN reduplicated], v. tr. 3,
produce, beget, tear. — p.p., geni-
tus, borTi of, son of daughter of
sprung from, offspring of
glacialis, -e, [glacie- (reduced) -j-
alis], adj., icy, cold.
glides, -ei, [?], f., ice, icicles.
gladtus, -i, [?J, m., sword.
glans, glandis, [?], f., nut, acorn.
— Hence, hall, bullet,
Glaucus, -i, [Gr. VKclvk6s\ m., a
fisherman of Anthedon, in Boeotia,
who was changed into a sea-deity.
gleba, -ae, [ ?] , f., clod, sod, earth, soil.
glomero, -are, -sivi, -itui», [glo-
mer- (stem of glomus) -}- 0], v.
tr. I, roll up y collect, gather.
gloria, -ae, [stem akin to «Atos 4-
ia] , f., glory, pride.
glorior, -ari, -atus, [gloria -f o] ,
V. dep. I, take pride in, boast of
(abl.).
gnatus, see natus.
€riiosius (Onoss-), -a, -um,
[fGnoso- (reduced) -f- ius, or per-
haps borrowed directly (cf. Yv<a<T-
(t6s\ adj., of Gnosos (the city of
Minos, in Crete), Gnosian. — Less
exactly, Cretan.
Gorge, -es, [Gr. Y6p^'(]'\, f., the
daughter of QEneus, mother of
Tydeus and Thoas.
Gorgo, -onis, [Gr. rop7£6], f,, a
Gorgon (one of three mythical
women of Libya, having some re-
semblance to the Furies). — Esp.,
Medusa, the chief of these sisters,
slain by Perseus. Her head with
serpent hair was placed in the
shield or aegis of Jove and Pallas.
— PI., the three sisters, Gorgons.
Gorgoneus, -a, -um, [fGorgon
~|- eus], adj., of the Gorgons,
gracilis, -e, [?], adj., slender, light,
thin.
graculus, -i, [perh. borrowed from
Kopa^'], m., jackdaw.
gradior, -i, grassus, [ v'grad] , v.
dep, 3, walk, move, pass.
Gradivus, -i, (fgradi- (cf. gradior
and aggrediri) -f vus], m., the
Strider (name of Mars).
gradiis,-us, [V^RAD- (in gradior)
-f- us], m., step (as of a man or of
a temple), degree.
Graius, -a, -um, [Gr. fr^atos],
adj., Greek (orig. only the name
of a tribe, but used by the Latins
as the general name). — Masc, a
Greek'— V\"f the Greeks,
VocahtUary.
65
gramen, 4nis, [unc. root + men!
(cf. gerinen)], n., grass, pasture,
pasturage, kerbs (for magic arts).
gramineus, -a, -um, [gramm +
eus], 2.^)., grassy,
grandaevus, -a, -um, [grandi-
aevum, infl. as adj.j, adj., aged,
grandis, -e, [?], adj., large, great,
huge. — Comp., advanced: aevo
{elder),
grarido, 4nis, fakin to xa^^Ca]» f->
kail,
granifer, -era, -erum, [grano-
fer (for -ferus)], adj., grain-
bearing,
granum, -i, [gra- (root as in gra-
men) + num], n., seed.
grates, -ium, [unc. root + tis], f.
pi., thanks,
gratia, -ae, fgrato- (reduced) +
ia], f., gratitude, favor, good will,
friendship, regard for (changing
point of view), influence, induce-
ment,
grator, -ari, -atus, [grato + o],
V. dep. I, congratulate,
gratus, -a, -um, [p.p. of unc. verb
( c f. grates) ] , adj . , pleasing, grate-
ful (in both senses), dear.
gravidus, -a, -um, [gravi + dus],
adj. , heavy, pregnant, fruitful.
gravis, -e, [fgaru- (cf. iSapiis) -t-
is], adj., heavy, weighed down,
cruel, burdensome, unwholesome,
baleful, poisonous, deep (somnus),
grievous : tibi ne sit grave {do
not think it troublesome^ .
gravitas, -tatis, [gravi + tas], f.,
weight, dignity, seriousness,
gravo, -are, -avi, -atum, [gravi-
^ (as if grava-) + 0], v. tr. i, zveigh
down, make heavy, burden, over-
whelm.
gremiuui, -i, [?], n., bosom, lap,
arms (as holding something).
gressus, -as, [ v'grad -^ tus], m.,
step, gait,
grex, gregis, [?], m., flock (of
small animals).
grfls, gruis, [ ?] , m., crane.
gurges, -itis, [?], m., pool, depths,
waters, mass of waters, sea.
gutta, -ae, [?], f., drop, spot.
guttur, -uris, [?], n., throat. —
Also pi.
gyrus, -i, [Gr. yvfios], m., circle. .
H.
habena, -ae, [habe- (stem of
habeo) -f na], f., rein.
habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [?], v. tr.
2, hold, have, possess. — Often
transl. by other words in Eng.,
fnd (faciles decs), seize (of an
emotion), show (discrimen), hold
(have in itself) , hold (consider) ;
amor habendi (gain).
habitabilis, -e, [habita + bilis],
adj., kabi table.
habits, -are, -avi, -atum, [habito-
(see habeo) + 0], v. tr, i, in-
habit, dwell in, dwell.
hac, [abl. or instr. of hie], adv., by
this way, that way, here, there.
haetenus, [hac tenus], adv., thus
far, so muck.
haedus, -i, [?], m., kid.
Haemonia, -ae, [Gr. ktfxovia], f.,
an old name of Thessaly, derived
from a mythical king, Haemon.
Haemonius, -a, -um, [Gr. AtV<^-
vios'\, adj., HcEmonian,, Thessalian.
— arous, the bow of the constel-
lation Sagittarius; for this constel-
lation was imagined as a Centaur,
and the Centaurs lived in Thessaly
(or Thrace).
Haemos (-mus), -i, [Gr. kilos'],
66
Vocabulary.
m., a range of motintains in Thrace,
now Great Balkan.
Haemus, see Haeinos.
haereo, -ere, haesi, tiaesuin, [?],
V. intr. 2, clingy stick, hang (on),
be entangled, be caught. — Fig.,
doubt, be in suspense.
haeres, see heres.
halitus, -fis, [haii- (as if stem of
halo) + tus], m., breath, exhala-
tion.
hatnatus, -a, -um, [hamo- (stem of
imaginary hamo, hama + o) -f
tus], adj., hooked, barbed.
hamus, -i, [?J, m-, hook, barb,
hooked sword,
hara, -ae, [?], f., sty.
harena (ar-), -ae, [are- (as stem
of areo) + na] , see arena.
Harpalos, -i, [Gr. ''ApTraAos], m.,
one of Actseon's hounds.
Harpyia, -ae, [Gr. "ApTryia], f., one
of Actseon's hounds.
harundo (ar-), -inis, [?J, f., reed,
shaft, arrow.
hasta, -ae, [?], f., spear, spear -
shaft.
hastile, 4s, [hasta- (reduced) +
ile (n. of -ills)], n., shaft, spear-
shaft.
haud, [?], adv., not : hand pltira
{no more) : baud mora {there is
no delay).
haurSo, -ire, hausi, haustunn,
[?], V. tr. 4, draw, take up, drain,
exhaust, take in, drink in, wound
(so as to bleed). —Less exactly,
dig up, gather (cineres).
haustum, -i, [p.p. n. of haiirio],
n., draught.
haustus, -«s, [haus- (as root of
haurio) + tus], m., draught,
stream.
hebcs, -etis, [?J, adj., dull, point-
less : ictus {ineffectual) .
hebcto, -are, -avi, -atum, [hebet
4- oj, V. tr. I, dull, dim, cast into
the shade (by superior brightness;
cf, 'take the shine off').
Hebrus (Eb-),-i, [Gr. "E^Spos], m.,
a river of Thrace, now Martza,
Hecate, -es, [Gr. 'E/car?;], f., a mys-
terious goddess particularly asso-
ciated with the lower world. Her
nature and attributes were very
variable, and she was especially
identified, as a three-formed god-
dess, with the moon (in heaven),
Diana (on earth), and Proserpine
(in the world below).
Heeateis, -idis (-idos), [as if Gr.
'E/caT»?is], f. adj., of Hecate, deadly,
magic.
Hector, «oris, [Gr.^E/crwp], m., the
eldest son of Priam and the most
famous warrior of the Trojans,
finally slain by Achilles and
dragged around the walls of
Troy.
Hectoreus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'EktJ-
peos'], adj., of Hector. — Less ex-
actly, of Troy, Trojan.
hedera (ed-), -ae, [?], f., ivy, —
Also pi
hei, see ei.
Heliades, -um, [Gr. patronymic],
f. pi., the daughters of the Sun
(""HAios), and sisters of Phaethon,
changed into trees; hence, Helia-
dum nemus, the grove of these
trees.
Helice, -es, [Gr. 'EXUri}, f., a
daughter of Lycaon, changed to a
bear and placed among the stars.
— The constellation of the Great
Bear. #
Helicon, -onis, [Gr. 'EKlkojv], m.,
a famous mountain in Boeotia, the
abode of the Muses and favorite
haunt of Apollo.
Vocabulary.
67
Helle, -es, [Gr.^'EAAij], f , daughter
of Athamas and sister of Phrixus.
From her the Hellespont has its
name.
Hennaeus, -a, -uni, [Gr. 'Ewfuos']^
adj., of Henna or Enna^ a town in
Sicily, famous for its fertile land
and a temple of Ceres (now Castro
Giovanni).
herba, -ae, [?], f., grass, growing
grain, herb^ blade (of grain). —
PL, herbage, ^ simple s\- graminis
{sprouting').
herbidus, -a, -um, [herba- (weak-
ened) + dus], adj., grassy, luxu-
riant (with herbage).
Hercules, -is, [Gr. 'H^a/cA^s,
through a shorter form], m., the
famous demigod, son of Jupiter
and Alcmena, renowned for his
strength and services to mankind,
represented with a club and a
lion's skin.
Herculeus, -a, -um, [imitated
from 'HpawAetos], adj., of Hercules:
urbs, Herculaneum (a town of
Campania, close to Mt. Vesuvius,
said to have been built by Her-
cules) .
heres, heredis, [?], c, heir.
herois, -idis, [Gr. n]^i)iW\,i., heroine ^
heros, -ois, [Gr. T^pous], m , hero.
herous, -a, -um, [Gr. •^/[)cj?os], adj.,
heroic.
Hesperis, -idis, [Gr. 'Eo-Trepiy, adj.
of ''Eo-Trepos], f. adj., (^Wester it),
Hesperian, Italian. — PL, the Hes-
perides, daughters of Hesperus
(the evening star), keepers of a
garden of golden apples in the far
West, near Mt. Atlas.
Hesperius, -a, -um, [Gr. 'EiTTeptoy,
adj. of ''Effirfpos], adj., Western.
-— PL, the people of the West. —
Fern., the western land, Italy (as
viewed from Greece). — Hence,
Italian,
Hesperus, -i, [Gr. "Y.air^poi — Lat.
Vesper]^, m., evening, the evening
star.
hesternus, -a, -um, [hesi- (old
form of heri) -f ternus (cf. sem-
piternus), adj., of yesterday, yes-
terdays.
heu, [?], interj., alas I
hiatus, -us, [hia- (stem of hio) -|-
tus], m., fissure, chasm^ gaping
jaws. M.
hibernus, -a, -um, [akin to hiems,
formation unc.J, adj., wintry:
tempus {winter).
Hiberus, -a, -um, adj., Spanish :
flumen (the ocean which washes
the western coast of the Spanish
peninsula).
hie, haec, hoe, [hi-ee], pron., this
(near), the one, he {she), it, this
(following), that (preceding):
hie . . . alter {here one . . . an-
other) .
hie, [old loc. of hie], adv., here.
hiems (-mps), is, [?, cf. Hima-
laya], f., winter.
hinc, [him- (old loc. of hie ; cf.
interim) + ce], adv., from here,
hence .^ from this, then. — Also (cf.
a dextra) , on this side.
hinnitus, -us, [hinni- (in hinnio)
-f tus], m., neighing.
Hippasus, -i, [Gr. "l7r7ra<ros], m.,
son of Eurytos, a participant in the
Calydonian hunt.
Hippoeoon, -ontis, [Gr. 'Itttto-
K6odv~\, m., king of Amyclae, in
Laconia. Some of his sons took
part in the Calydonian hunt.
Hippomenes, -is, [Gr. 'iTrTro^et^Tjs],
m., son of Megareus, winner of
Atalanta's hand in marriage.
68
Vocabulary.
Hippotiides, -ae, [Gr. 'iTTTroraS^s],
m., son of Hippotas^ jEoluSy god
of the winds, whose home was on
the Lipari Islands off the Italian
coast.
Hippothoiis, -i, [Gr. 'linroQoos']^ m.,
a king of Arcadia who took part
in the Calydonian hunt.
hirsatus, -a, -um, [imc. stem (cf,
Mrtus) + tus (cf. veFSiitiis)],
adj., rough, unkempt^ shaggy ^ hairy.
hirtus, -a, -um, [?], adj., rough,
unshaven.
Msco, -ere, no perf., no sup., [root
in hio + SCO], v. intr. 3, open,
yawn.
Hister (Is-) -tri, [Gr. ''lffTpos~\, m.,
the river Danube.
tiomo, -inis, [prob. humo+ o], c,
{earth born)^ man. — PL, men^
mankind.
honestus, -a, -um, [hones- (as
stem of honor) -f tus], adj.,
{honored^ ^ honorable, beautiful.
lionoi:', -oris, [?], ra., honor, re-
iifard, decoration.
hora, -ae, [Gr. &pa], f., season,
hour, time, moment (as a point of
time). — PL, the Hours, the Sea-
sons (personified).
Horatius, -i, m., a Roman gejitile
name. — Esp., Q. Horatius Flac-
cus (the famous Augustan poet).
liorreo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [fhorro-
(cf. horrifer) -f-eo], v. intr. 2,
bristle, be rough. — Hence (from
the feeling of the hair standing on
end), shudder, shiver, tremble, be
in dread. — pres. p., liorrens,
bristling. — gerund., horrendus,
dreadful, dread.
horreum, -i, [^}^,u., granary, store-
house.
horridus, -a, -um, [fliorro- (cf.
horrifer) -f dus], adj., rough.
unkempt, in rough attire. — Also
(cf. horreo),^r^^^.' arma (really
bristling, but with associate idea
of dread) .
horrifer, -era, -erum, [horro- (cf.
horreo) -j- fer (for -ferus)], adj.,
dread, dreadful, awful.
hortamen, -inis, [horta- (in lior-
tor) 4- men], n., exhortation.
hortatus, -5s, [horta- (in hortor)
+ tus], m., exhortation, encour-
agement, rallying cry, urging on.
hortor, -ari, -atus, [?], v. dep. i,
encourage, urge on, rally.
hortus, -i, [?], m., garden.
hospes, -itis, [fhos- (in hostis)
tpes (akin to potis)], m., Qord
of eating?), host. — Also, guest,
stranger.
hospita, -ae, [f. of hospes], f.,
stranger, guest.
hospitium, -i, [hospit 4- ium], n.,
hospitality, entertainment.
hostia, -ae, [prob. hosti- (in hos-
tis) -{-ia], f., victim (sacrificed).
hosticus, -a, -um, [hosti ■\- cus],
adj., of the enemy, hostile.
hostilis, -e, [hosti- (lengthened)
4- lis], adj., hostile.
hostis, -is, [hos- (in hospes) -1-
tis], c, (orig. guest at table),
stranger, enemy.
hue, [ho- (cf. eo, illo) -f ce (re-
duced)], adv., hither, this way, to
this, on this.
humanus, -a, -um, [prob. humo-
(or kindred stem akin to homo)
•\- anus], adj., of man {men), of a
man, human.
hameo, see umeo.
humerus, see umerus.
humidus, see umidus.
humilis, -e, [humo + lis], adj., {on
the ground?), low, humble.
humor, see umor.
Vocabulary.
69
humus, -i, [?], f., the ground, the
soil, bottom (of a stream) : media
orbis (Jhe centre) ; humi (on the
p'0und)\ humo {on the ground) .
Hyacinthia, -orum, [Gr. 'Ta/ctV-
dia\, n. (properly n. pi. of the
adj. Hyacinthius), the Hyacin-
thia (a great Spartan festival in
the month of July).
Hyacintlios (-us), -i, [Gr. 'TdKiv
Bos'], m., son of a Spartan king,
CEbalus, beloved by Apollo, who
killed him accidentally and
changed him into a flower.
Hyanteus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Taj/retos],
adj., o/or belonging to the Boeotian
tribe Hyantes, Hyantean, Boeotian.
Hyantius, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Taj/rtos],
adj., Hyantian, Boeotian: Ac-
taeon, as grandson of Cadmus.
hydra, -ae, [Gr. vSpos], f., a water-
snake, hydra.
hydrus, -i, [Gr. v^pQs\ m., water-
snake, snake.
Hylactor, -oris, [Gr. 'TAci/crajp],
m., one of Actseon's hounds.
Hylaeus, -i, [Gr. 'Y\atos], one of
Actseon's hounds.
Hyle, -es, [Gr."TA^], f., a nymph,
companion of Diana.
Hyleus, -ei, [Gr. 'TAeus], m., one
of the hunters of the Calydonian
boar.
Hymen, -enis, see Hymenaeus.
Hymenaeus, -i, [Gr. 'Y/teVatos],
m., the god of marriage, Hymen.
— Transf., marriage, wedding. —
Also, Hymen, -enis*
Hypaepa, -orum, [Gr. "YTra^Tra],
n. pi., a small town on the Cayster
in Lydia, near Mt. Tmolus.
Iambus, -i, [Gr. Ko.yi.^o{\^ m., iambic
verse.
lapetionides, -ae, [Gr. 'laTrertoj/f-
St/s], m., son of lapetus. Atlas.
lapetus, -i, [Gr. 'lairertis], m., a
Titan, son of Heaven and Earth,
father of Atlas, Prometheus, and
Epimetheus.
lapygla, -ae, [Gr. 'laTruyta], f., the
country about the Tarentine Gulf,
in Southern Italy.
lason, -onis, [Gr. 'It^crojv], m., the
leader of the Argonauts, son of
^son, king of lolcus in Thessaly.
ibi, (dat. or loc. of is), adv.,
there.
icarius, -a, -um, [Gr. 'I/capios],
adj., of Icarus, Icarian : mare,
the sea off the southwest of Asia
Minor, where Icarus was drowned.
Icarus, -i, [Gr. "l/capoy], m., the son
of Daedalus, who fell while accom-
panying his father's flight.
Icelos, -i, [Gr.^I/ceAos], m., a dream-
god, who imitated beasts and birds,
etc.
Ichnobates, -ae, [Gr. 'Ixj^o/Sc^tijs],
m., one of Actseon's hounds.
ictus, -a, -um, [p.p. of icio, strike\
part., struck, pierced.
ictus, -us, [ v'lc (in icio) + tus] ,
m., blow, impact, force (of water),
rayioiXh^ sun).
Ida, -ae, [Gr. "iSa], f. : i. a moun-
tain in Crete, the seat of a famous
worship of Jupiter. Here Jupiter
was supposed to have been nursed
in secret ; 2. The mountain of
Phrygia, near Troy, famous for
many divine incidents, and espe-
cially for the worship of Cybele.
Idas, -ae, [Gr.''l5as], m., son of the
Messenian king Aphareus, partici-
_ pant in the Calydonian hunt.
Ide, -es, see Ida.
ideirco, [id circo (akin to circa)],
adv.,y(?r that reason, therefore, for
70
Vocabulary,
this reason (explained by quod,
etc.).
idem, eadem, idem (gen. eius-
dem), [is-dem (akin to dum)],
pron., the same. — • Often transl. by
other forms, too, alike : idem dis-
tat {the same distance\.^
ideo, [id eo], conj., {this on this ac-
count)^ for that reason^ therefore.
Idinon, -onis, [Gr. "iS/ixwi'], m., a
Colophonian, father of Arachne.
Idmonius, -a, -um, [Idmon +
ius], adj., of Idmon, — Fern.,
Arachne, daughter of Idmon.
igitur, [?, prob. for agitur], conj.,
therefore, then.
ignarus, -a, -um, [in-gnarus],
adj., ignorant, not knowings una-
ware, blind (fors) : ignare {un-
thinking boy) .
fgnavus, -a, -um, [in-gnavus],
adj., sluggish^ idle, cowardly, inac-
tive.
igfneseo, -ere, no perf., no sup.,
[igni- (as if igne) + sco], kindle,
take fire.
igneus, -a, -um, [igni- (reduced)
-f eus], 2id]., fiery, of fire.
ignifer, -era, -erum, [igni-fer
(for -ferns)], adj., fire-bearing,
fiery^
ignipes, -edis, [igni-pes], adj.,
fiery-footed.
ignis, -is, [?], m., fire, heat, — In
^.^ fire, fiery bolts, heat, stars, pas-
sion (of love), glow (of genius),
light (in the eyes), amorous works
(of Propertius) : Jovis {lighi-
ignorantia, -ae, [ignorant + ia],
f., ignorance.
ignoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [prob.
ignaro-f o], v. tr. i, not knoiv, be
ignorant, ignore.
igooseS, -ere, ignovi, ignotum,
[prob. in-(g)nosco, though con-
trary to analogy], v. intr. y pardon.
ignotiis, -a, -um, [in-(g)notus],
adj., unknown, strange.
ilex, -icis, [?], f., holm oak.
ilia,-ium, [?], n,, loins, flanks, body
(of a snake).
Iliades, -ae, [Gr 'lAiaS???], m.: i.
descendant of llus, Trojan; 2. de-
scendant of Ilia, as Romulus,
son of Ilia, who is also called
Rhea Silvia.
Ilion, -i, [Gr. "iKtov'], n., Ilium or
IVoy, the city taken by the Greeks
after a siege of ten years.
Ilioiieus, -ei, [Gr. 'Ikiovevs^, m., a
son of Niobe.
Ilios, -i, m., see Ilion.
iliac, [illa-ce], 2,^v.,that way, there,
by it (referring to via).
ille, -a, -ud, [old ollus], pron.,
that (at a distance, cf. hie), this
(of what goes before), he. — PI.,
those, these, them. — With hie,
ariother, the other.
illic, [illi (dat. or loc. of ille, cf.
hie) -ce], adv., there, therein, in it
{that, etc.).
illinc, [illim (loc. of ille) -ce],
adv., thence (cf. \\\\iQ^, from there.
Also, cf. a dextra, on that side.
illin^, -ere, -levi, -litum, [in-
line], V. tr. 3, smear on, stJiear.
illuc, [illo (cf. eo) -ce], adv.,
thither, there (as end of motion) :
hue . . . illuc {this loay . . .
that).
illustris, -e (inl-), [?], adj., brill-
iant.
imago, -inis, [akin to imitor], f.,
likeness, appearance, sembla^zce,
representation, ifnage, vision, pre-
tence, re/lection (in water, etc.),
echo, memory (image present to
the mind).
Vocabulary,
71
imbellis (inb-), -e, [in-bellum,
inflected as adj. J, adj., unwarlikey
peaceful^ cowardly.
iniber, -bris, [?], m., rain, shower.
— Less exactly, shower of tears.
imbuo, -ere, -ui, -iitum, [?], v.
tr. 3, moisten, imbue, soak.
imitamen, -inis, [imita+ men],
n., imitation, semblance.
iinitatrix, -icis, [imita + trix], f.,
imitator (as adj.), imitative.
imitor, -ari, -atus, [?, cf. imago],
V. dep. I, imitate y simulate, repre-
sent, be like.
immadescS, -ere, -madui, no
sup., [in-madesco], v. intr. 3,
become wet, become steeped.
immanis (inm-), -e, [in-fmanus,
good?'], adj., {^ uncanny^), mon-
strous, huge, gigantic.
iKimedica bills (inm-), -e, [in-
medicabilisj, adj., incurable. —
n., what is not to be cured.
immemor (inm-), -oris, [in-
memor], adj., unmindful, regard-
less.
immensus (inm-), -a, -um, [in-
mensus], adj., immeasurable,
boundless, immense, unbounded. —
, n., the boundless air : in immen-
sum i^fctr and wide, to enormous
size) .
immeritus (inm-), -a, -um, [in-
meritus], adj., undeserving, unof-
fending, innocent.
immineS (inm-), -ere, -ni, no
sup., [in-mineo], v. intr. 2, over-
hang, lean over, hang over, rise
above, brood over, be intent on.
immisceo (inm-), -ere, -miscui,
-mixtum (-mistum), [in-mis-
ceo], V. tr. 2, mix, mingle.
immitis (inm-), -e, [in-mitis],
adj., cruel, savage, vindictive, in-
human.
immitto (inm-), -ere, -misi,
-missum, [in-mitto], v. tr. 3, let
go at, fling (at), fling towards, let
in, let loose, insert ■ immisso vo-
latu (with a swoop).
immobilis (inm-), -e, [in-mo-
bilis], adj., i^nmovable, obstinate.
immodicus, -a, -um, [in-modi-
cus], adj., immoderate.
imniorior (inm-), -i, -mortuus,
[in-morior], v. dep. 3, fall dying
upon.
immotus (inm-), -a, -um, [in-
motus], adj., unmoved, immov-
able.
immundus (inm-), -a, -um, [in-
mundus], adj., unclean.
immnnis (inm-), -e, [in-fniunis
(cf. munia and communis)],
adj., {free from distributive share
or tribute),exempt from, free from,
untaxed, untouched by, vt^ithout
pay.
immunltas (inm-), -atis, [im-
muni -h tas], i., freedom.
immiinitus (inm-), -a, -um, [in-
munitus], adj., unwalled.
immurmurS, -are, -avi, -atum,
[in -murmur o], v. intr. i, whisper
in.
impar (inp-), -aris, [in-par], adj.,
unequal, too short coloribus (^of
different colors) .
impatiens (inp-), -entis, [in-
patiens], adj., impatient.
impavidus (-inp), -a, -um, [in-
pavidus], adj., unterrified, un-
daunted, without fear.
impediS (inp-), -ire, -ivi, 4tum,
[fimped-l-io (cf. compes)], v.
tr. 4, entangle (orig., the feet by-
snare), entwine, hinder, prevent,
forbid (as of fear and shame).
impello (inp-), -ere, -puli, -pul-
sum, [In-pello], v. a. 3, strike
72
Vocabulary.
agaimtj strike^ throw over, Jill
(auras).
impense (inp-), [old abl. of im-
pensus], adv., urgently^ press-
ingly.
imperfectus (inp-), -a, -um,
[in-perfectus], adj., unfinished,
incomplete.
imperium (inp-), -i, [fimpero-
(cf. impero) + ium], n,, com-
mand, authority, sway.
impero (inp-), -are, -avi, -atuin,
[fimpero- (cf. proper us and
imperium) + o], v. tr. i, order,
{co?nmdnd to be procured, dative
of pers., ace. of thing), enjoin, did,
rule, command, contrM (of horses) .
impes (inp-), -etis, [in-fpetis
(^PET+is, cf. impetus)], m.,
impetus, rusk, charge, force (in
motion), effort (as producing
force).
impetus (inp-), -fis, [in-fpetus
(y'PET-f tus)], m., impetus, im-
pulse, rush, charge, onset, momen-
tum, onward course.
impietas (inp-), -atis, [impio +
tas], f., impiety, failure of duty
(to a father or son).
impiger (inp), -gra, -grum, [in-
piger], adj., not sluggish, active,
vigorous, energetic, with active
flight (as suggested by the con-
text).
impius (inp-), -a, -um, [in-pius],
adj., undutiful, impious, sacrile-
gious.
implaeabilis (inp-), -e, [in-pla-
cabilis], adj., implacable.
imple^ (inp), -ere, -evi, -etum,
[in-pleo], V. tr. 2, fill, fill up, fill
out, complete : ripas {fill with the
sound of etc.) ; mulierem {im-
pregnate^ .
imploro (inp-), -are, -avi, -a turn,
[in-ploro], v. tr. i, implore, be-
seech,
impluo (inp-), -ere, -ui, -utum,
[in-ploro], v. intr. 3, rain upon,
drip upon, shotver.
impono (inp-), -ere, -posui,
-positum, [in-pono], v. tr. 3,
place on, set on, set (over),/?// on,
impose, give {jiome>iL), serve (men-
sis), endow with (ace. of thing);
finem {put); impositus pater
{lying on the bier) .
importnnus (inp-), -a, -um, [in-
portunus (portu + nus) ] , adj .,
{harbor less, inhospitable), cruel,
unkind, inhuman*
imprimo (inp-), -ere, -pressi,
-pressum, [in-premo], v. tr. 3,
press on, impress on : impressa
hasta {with a thrust of his spear),
improbus (inp-), -a, -um, [in-
probtis], adj., (not first class),
rascally. — As noun, wretch,
impradens (inp-), -entis, [in-
prudens], adj., tmwise, unaware,
impulsus (inp-), -us, [in-pulsus,
through impello], m., impulse,
stroke, blow, force, momentum.
impnnis (inp-), -e, [in-poena,
infi. as adj.], adj., unpunished,
with impunity. — n., impune, as
adv., without revenge (of the sub-
ject), with impunity, unpunished
(of the object or thing) .
imputo (inp-), -are, -avi, -atum,
[in-puto {reckon)'], y. tr. i, charge
to., impute : natum equis {charge
the death of, etc.).
imus, -a, -um, [in + mus, sup. of
in], adj., {inmost), lowest, the bot-
tom of, lowest part of, depths of:
sub imum pectus {below); ima
{the bottom) ; ab imo {from the
bottom).
in, [?], prep., into (with ace), in
Vocabulary.
73
(with abl.), ofty upon (ace. or
abl.)» to, towards , against, for^
withf in the power of^ within : in
locum, in place (of) ; in praeceps
{headlong) ; in diem {for a day) ;
in facinus jure (to); in latus
obliquum {half-turned, sidewise) ;
inquirere in annos {pry into,
etc.). — In comp., 2«, into, on,
upon, to, against.
in- [cf. ««-], insep. adv., un-, not.
luachides, -ae, [Gr, 'Imx^^Tjs], m.,
son or descendant of Inachus : i.
Epaphus as grandson of Inachus;
2. Perseus as a member of the
royal family of Argos.
inacMs, -idis, [Gr. 'imx^y], f-, de-
scendant of Inachus. — Esp. lo, the
grand-daughter of Inachus.
Inachus, -i, [Gr. *'lj'axos], m., a
river of Argolis. — Esp. the river-
god, first king of Argos and father
oflo.
iuaequalis, -e, [in-aequalis], adj.,
unequal.
inamabilis, -e, [in-amabilis], adj.,
unlovely, hateful.
inamoeuusy -a, -um, [in-amoe-
nus], adj., unlovely.
inauis, -e, [?], adj., empty, unpeo-
pled (orbis), shadowy (regna
Ditis), idle, ineffectual^ useless. —
n., inane, the empty air, the void.
inaratus, -a, -um, [in-aratus],
adj., unploughed, untilled.
inardeo, -ere, -arsi, -arsum, [in-
ardeo], v. intr. 2, blaze out.
inardesco, -ere, -arsi, -arsum,
[in-ardesco], v. intr. 3, blaze out.
inb-, see imb-.
incalesco, -ere, -calui, no sup.,
[in-calesco], v. intr. 3, groiu
warm, become fired, be warmed.
incal(e)faei5, -ere, -feci, -fac-
tum^ ^iu-calefacioj, v, tr. j,
warm, heat, make reek (knife in
blood).
incandesco, -ere, -candui, no
sup., [in-candesco], v. intr. 3,
glow (ignibns).
incautus, -a, -um, [in-cautus],
adj., incautious, careless, heedless.
inoedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum,
[in-cedo], v. intr. 3, advance, go
forth, come forth, walk, proceed.
incendium, -i, [prob. in-tcandium
(fcando -1- ium, cf. candeo)], n.,
fire, conflagration.
incendo, -ere, -cendi, -censum,
[in-fcando (cf. candeo)], v. tr.
Ztfre, light, kindle.
inceptum, -i, [p.p. of ineipio as
noun], n., undertaking, enterprise f
purpose.
incertus, -a, -um, [in-certus],
adj., uncertain, doubtful, waver-
ing.
incessus, -us, [in-fcessus, through
incedo], m.,gait, walk.
incingS, -ere, -cinxi, -cinctum,
[in-cingo], v. tr. 3, gird around,
wind around, gird, surround. —
Pass., gird one's self. — p.p., in-
cinctus, girt with (ace), sur-
rounded by.
Incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum,
[in-capio], v. tr. 3, begin.
incisus, -a, -um, [p.p. of incido],
part., cut in, engraved,
inclitus, -a, -um, [in-fclntus (p.p.
of eluo, hear)\ adj., famous, re-
nowned.
includo, -ere, -clusi, -clusum,
[in-claudo], v. tr. 3, shut in, en-
close, imprison, contain (arrows
in a quiver).
incognitus, -a, -um, [in-cogni-
tus], adj., unknown, unseen (ocu-
lis).
iucola, -ae, [in-fcola (ycoi^+a,
74
Vocabulary,
cf, agricola)], m., dweller in,
inhabitant.
incomitatus, -a, -um, [in-coiiii-
tatus], adj., unaccompanied.
inconcessus, -a, -um, [in-conces-
sus], adj., unallowed, unauthor-
ized, unlawful.
inconsolabilis, -e, [in-consola-
"bilis], adj., inconsolable, incurable
( vulftus) .
incoqUo, -ere, -coxi, -coctuni,
[in-coquo], v. tr. 3, boil in, boil
down, boil.
lucre mentum, -i, [incre- (as if
root of incresco) -h mentum], n.,
means of increase, increase. — PI.,
a nursery (of dragon's teetli
planted).
Increpo, -are, -ui, -Hum, [in-
cre^jo], V. tr. i, rattle, crash,
crack. — Hence, scold, chide, up-
braid, reproach, curse,
Incresco, -ere, -crevi, -cretum,
[in-cresCo], v, intr. 3, grow, in-
crease, swell, be swollen.
incubo, -are, -ui (-avi), -itum
(-atum), [in-cubo], v. intr. i,
lie on, brood (of a bird on the
nest).
incumbo, -ere, -cubui, [in-
cunlbo], V. intr. 3, lie down in
{on), fall upon (a sword), bend
over, lean otter, bend to the zvork.
incurr5, -ere, -curri -(cucurri),
-cursum, [in-curro], v. intr. 3,
run in (into), jut out into (mon-
tes undis).
incurso, -are, -avi, -atum, [in-
CTirso], V. intr. l, run against, hit
against, dash against.
incursus, -us, [in-cursus, through
incurro], m., onset, attack, rush.
— Fig., impulse, suggestion.
ineurvo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in-
cur vo], V, tr» ly bend up^ bend :
incurvata membra [doubled
up).
incurvus, -a, -um, [in-curvus],
adj., curved, bent.
ineustoditus, -a, -um, [in-custo-
ditus], adj., unguarded, without a
keeper.
indago, -are, -avi, -atum, [in-
dago- (indu -F fagus) -\-o\, v. tr.
I, hunt, track out.
inde, [fim (cf. hinc) -de], adv.,
from that, thence, from it, then
(next), then (therefore), of it.
indefessus, -a, -um, [in-defes-
sus], adj., unwearied.
indejectus, -a, -um, [in-dejectus],
adj., undemolished, intact.
indelebilis, -e, [in-delebilis], adj.,
indestructible.
indeploratus, -a, -um, [in-deplo-
ratus], adj., unmourned.
indestrictus, -a, -um, [in-destric-
tus], adj., ungrazed, without a
scratch.
indicium, -i, [indie- (stem of
index) + ium], n,, information,
disclosure, testimony (given by an
informer) : indicio linguaque
{informing tongue) .
indieS, -ere, -dixi, -dictum, [in-
dico], V. tr. 3, declare, proclaim,
announce.
indico, -are, -avi, -atum, [in-
die 0], V. tr. I, show., point out,
declare.
indigena, -ae, [indu-gena (^Gen
-I- a, cf. incola)], m., native. —
PL, natives.
indiges, -etis, [indu-fges (V^a,
shorter form of y'GEN + tis, re-
duced)], m., native. — Esp. a na-
tive god or hero raised to the rank
of a local divinity, home-born.
indigestus, -a,-um, [in-digestus],
adj., undigested f chaotic.
Vocabulary.
75
indignor, -ari, -atiis, [indigno
+ o], V. dep. I, deem unworthy,
be indignant^ disdain. — pres. p.,
iiidignans, indignant. — ger.,
indigiiandus, to be disdained,
untvorthy of.
indignus, -a, -uiii, [in-digaus],
adj., u7tworthy (of the thing suf-
fered).—- Also, unworthy (of the
person suffering), undeserving (a
particular fate), innocent,
indoleo, -ere, -dolui, no sup., [in-
doleo], V. intr. 2, mourn, grieve,
be hurt.
indomitus, -a, -uni, [in-domitus],
adj., unconquered, unbroken (of
animals), untamed.
indotatus, -a, -um, [in-dotatusj ,
adj., doiuerless, without dowry.
iridaco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum,
[in-duco], V. tr. 3, spread on,
draw over, bring on, gather, spread
over, take on (of the subject itself),
cover, coat.
indulgeo, -ere, -dulsi, -dultum,
[?],v. intr. 2, indulge, indulge in,
give way to.
induo, -ere, -ui, -utum, [?, perh.
indu + 0 (of. tribuo)], v. tr. 3,
put on, clothe. — Pass., put on (to
one's self). — p.p., indutus, clad.
induresco, -ere, -durui, no sup.,
[in-diiresco], v. intr, 3, harden.
induro, -are, -avi, -atum, [in-
duro], V. tr. i, harden, petrify.
Indus, -a, -urn, [Or. 'Ii/Sc^s-], adj ,
Indian, of India : denies {ele-
phants' tusks, ivory') . — m. pi ,
the Indians, inhabitants of India.
ineo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [in-eo], v. tr.
irr., go into, enter, enter upon, go
upon, attend.
iners, -ertis, [in-ars], adj., *^/^?/?-
less,^ sluggish, listkss, inactive,
cowardly.
inexpugnabilis, -e, [in-expugna-
bilis], adj., unconquerable, im-
pregnable, ineradicable.
inexspectatus (inexp-), a, -um,
[in-exspectatus] , adj., unex-
pected.
infamia, -ae, [infami-fia], f, ill
report, ill fame.
infamis, -e, [in-fama, infl. as adj. J,
adj., of ill report, infamous, ill-
omened.
infans, -antis, [in-fans, pres. p. of
for], c. (really adj.)», infant, child,
— As adj., childish : ora.
infaustus, -a, -um, [in-faustus],
adj., uitpropitious, unlucky.
infeetus, -a, -una, [in-factus], adj.,
undone, unfinished.
infelix, -icis, [in-felix], adj., un-
lucky, unhappy, ill-starred, ill
inferiae, -arum, [infero- (reduced)
-f- ia], f. pi, sacrifice (to the gods
below).
inferior, see infer us.
infernus, -a, -um, [infero + nus],
adj., of the lower world : sedes
{the world below) .
infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [in-
fero], V. tr. irr., bring to, bear to,
place among, inflict (morsus, etc.).
(inferus), -a, -um, [?, unc. stem
-f- rus], adj., loiv, below. — Comp.,
lower, too low. • — For sup., see
imus.
infestus, -a, -um, [in-festus], adj.,
hostile, dangerous, infested with,
offended (Diana).
inficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, [in-
facio], V. tr. 3, dip in, dye, tinge,
color, come over (pallor foxes),
infect (tabe), paint (of reflected
color) : infeetus {reeking).
infirmus, -a, -um, [in-firmus],
adj.,/^^<^/^,
I^
Vocabulary,
infitior, -ari, -atus, [infitia- (stem
infitiae) + o], v. dep. i, deny. —
ger., infitlandus, io be denied, to
be repudiated.
inflo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in-flo],
V. tr, I, blow on J fill., inflate.
infra, [instr. of inferus], adv.,
lozver, below i beneath.
infractus, see infringo.
mfriBgo, -ere, -fregi, -fractum,
[in-frango], v. tr. 3, break down,
break off. — p.p., infractus,
broken, crachtd (of sound).
infundo, -ere^ -fudi, -fnsum,
[in-fundo], v. tr. 3, pour in, in-
fuse, brealhe into : infusa capillos
{with hair flowing).
ingemo, -ere, -geniui, -gemitum,
[in-gemo], v. intr. -i^, groan (at a
sight, ^\.z^,give a groan, creak,
ingeniosus, -a, -um, [ingenio
-f osus] , adj., ingenious, talented.
ingekiium, -i, [fingena- (or simi-
lar stem) -f ium], n., nature (born
in one), character, genius, mind,
talent. — PI., genius (coll. for men
of genius).
ingens, -entis, [in-gens (i.e. a mon-
ster out of its class)], adj., vast,
huge.
ingero, -ere, -gessi, -gestum,
[in-gero], v. tr. 3, heap upon.
ingratus, -a, -um, [in-gratus],
adj., unpleasing, ungrateful.
ingredior, -1, -gressus, [in-gra-
diorj, V. dep. 3, enter, pass {on
or over^, proceed.
Inguen, -inis, [?], m., the groin.
— Also pi.
inhaereo, -ere, -haesi, -haesum,
[in-liaereo], v. intr. 2, stick in,
cling to, inhere.
inhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [in-
habeo], v. tr. 2, hold in, check,
restrain, stay.
inhonoratus, -a, -um, [in-hono-
ratus], adj., unhonored.
inhospitus, -a, -um, [in-hospes,
decl. as adj. (cf. hospita)], adj.,
inhospitable.
inicio (inj-), -ere, -jeci, -jectum,
[in-jacio], V. tr. 3, throw upon {in,
into), thrust into, throw around,
cast upon: manum {lay hands
on).
inlmicus, -a, -um, [in-amicus],
adj., hostile. — As noun, enemy.
iniquus, -a, -um, [in-aequus],
adj., unequal, unfair, cruel, un-
willing (mens), rough (mons).
injuria, -ae, [in-jus, of unc. forma-
tion], f., injustice, outrage, wrong.
Injuste, [old abl. of injustus],
adj., unjustly.
injustus, -a, -um, [in-justus], adj.,
unjust, unfair.
inm-, see imm-.
innabilis, -e, [in-nabilis], adj.,
unnavigable.
innascor, -i, -natus, [in-nascor],
V. dep. 3, grow on {in).
innatus, p.p. of innascor.
innitor, -i, -nisus (nixus), [in-
nitor], V. dep. 3, lean on.
innocuus, -a, -um, [in-nocuus],
adj., ha7'mless, innocent.
iunubus, -a, -um, [in-fnubus (cf.
pronuba)], adj., unmarried.
innumerus, -a, -um, [in-nume-
rus], adj., numberless, countless,
innuptus, -a, -um, [in-nuptns],
adj., unmarried. — Fern., maiden.
ino, -us, [Gr. 'Ivcw], f-, daughter of
Cadmus, wife of Athamas, sister of
Semele, and nurse of Bacchus,
changed to the sea-goddess Leu-
cothee,
inops, -opis, [in-ops], adj., desti-
tute, feeble, helpless, wretched : in-
ops mentis {crazed).
Vocabulary.
77
inornatus, -a, -um, [in-ornatusj,
adj., unadorned.
Inous, -a, -um, [Gr. "Ivt^os^^ adj.,
of Ino,
inp-, see Imp-.
Inquam, [?], v. intr. def., said /,
said he y etc.
Inquino, -are, -avi, -atum, [?J, v.
tr. I, stain.
inquiro, -ere, -quaesivi, -quaesi-
tum, [in-quaero], v. tr. 3, in-
quire, pry, investigate, learn^ in-
quire into.
Inrequietus (irr-), -a, -um, [in-
frequietus (p.p. of requiesco)],
adj., restless., without rest.
Inrideo, see irrideo.
inritamen, see Irritamen.
Itiritamentum, see irritamen-
tum.
inrito, see irrito.
inritus, see Irritus.
inroro (irr-), -are, -avi, -atum,
[in-roro], v. tr. l, sprinkle., bedew.
inrumpo (irr-), -ere, -rupi, -rup-
tum, [in-rumpo], v. intr. 3,
break in (into), break out upon.,
burst upon.
insania, -ae, [finsano- (reduced)
+ ia], f., madness, insanity, frenzy.
— Also personified.
insanus, -a, -um, [in-sanusj, adj.,
{unsound), mad^ crazy. — Of in-
animate things, wild (aquae).
inscius, -a, -um, [in-fscius (cf.
nescius)J, adj., ignorant, una-
ware, unknowingily) .
inscribo, -ere, -scrips!, -scrip-
turn, [in-scribo], v. tr. 3, write
upon^ inscribe, mark.
inseco, -are, -secui, -sectum, [in-
seco], V. tr. i, cut into, cut in,
cleave.
insenesco, -ere, -senui, [in-
senesco], v. intr. 3, grow old.
insequor, -i, -secutus, [in-sequor],
V. dep. 1,, pursue,
insero, -ere, -serui, -sertum, [in-
sero?J, V. tr. 3, thrust in, intrude,
insert.
Insidiae, -arum, [finsido -f- ia], f.
pi , (ambush) , plots, treachery,
snare, hidden dangers.
insignis, -e, [in-signum, infl. as
adj.], adj., marked, conspicuous,
distinguished,
insilio, -ire, -silui, -sultum, [in-
salio], V. intr. 4, spring into
(upon), leap into (upon).
insisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitiim,
[in-sisto], V. intr. 3, stand on^
step upon, rest on, rise up on
(digitis).
insolitus, -a, -um, [in-solitus],
adj., unwonted, unaccustomed,
insomriis, -e, [in-somnus, infl. as
adj.], adj., sleepless.
insono, -are, -sonui, no sup., [in-
sono], V. intr. i, blow upon^
sound, roar.
Insons, -sontis, [in-sons], adj.,
guiltless, innocent, unoffending.
insopitus, -a, -um, [in-sopitus],
adj., sleepless.
inspiciS, -ere, -spexi, -spectum,
[in-t specie], v. tr. 3, look upon,
see, gaze upon.
inspiro, -are, -avi, -atum, [in-
spire], V. intr. I, blow upon,
breathe into (with ace. of thing).
instabilis, -e, [in-stabilis], adj.,
unsteady, unstable.
instar, indecl., [unc. form from
insto], n., (image), like (properly
in apposition) ; used with gen.
instigo, -are, -avi, -atum, [prob.
instigo- (in-fstigus, ^stig +
us)], V. tr. I, spur on, urge
on.
instillo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in-
78
Vocabulary.
stillo], V. tr. I, drop in, pour in
(slowly).
iusto, -are, -stiti, -statum, [in-
stoj, V. intr. l, stand over^ urge,
press oHy pursue^ threaten^ insist.
— pres. p., instans, approachingy
threatening^ pressing.^ urgent.
instringo, -ere, -strinxi, -stric-
tum, (_m-strmgoJ, v. tr. 3, bind.
instriiS, -ere, -struxi, -structum,
[in-struojj v. a. 3, arrange, sup-
ply, furnish, prepare^ set (con-
vivia) .
insuetus, -a, -um, [in-suetus],
adj., unaccustomed.
insula, -ae, [?], f., island.
insulto, -are, -avi, -atum, [in-
saltoj, V. intr. i, leap upon, dance
upon. — Often with accessory idea
of contempt : fluctibus carinae.
insum, in^sse, infui, no sup., [in-
sum], V. intr. irr., be in. — Often
transl. by have (with change of
subject).
insiiper, [in-super], d^dy., over and
above, besides, moreovei'.
insiiperabilis, -e, [in-supera-
bilis], adj., unconquerable, inevi-
table.
iotabesco, -ere, -tabui, no sup.,
[in-tabesco], v. intr. 3, pine (at
anything), melt away.
intactus, -a, -um, [in-tactus],
adj., untouched, not disturbed.
integer, -gra, -grum, [in-fteger
( Vtag + rus) ] , adj ., untouched,
uninjured, intact, in (its) en-
tirety.
intellegS, -ere, -lexi, -lectum,
[inter-lego], v. tr. 3, understand.
— p.p., intellectus, intelligible.
intemptatiis, -a, -um, [in-temp-
tatus], adj., untried.
intendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentuni,
[in-tendo], v. tr. 3, stretch tipon^
stretch. — With or without ani-
mum (bend one^s mind, devote
one's self aim, intend).
intentus, -iis, [in-ftentus, perh.
through intendo], m., effort, un-
inter, [comp. of in (in-fter)],
prep,, between (prop, of two),
among, amid: inter se {ivith
each other) — As adv. in comp.,
between, among, m, apart, in ad-
vance.
intercipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum,
[inter-capio], v. tr. 3, take away
(before somebody else), take pos-
session of.
interduin, [inter dum], adv., (cf.
' between whiles '), sometimes.
interea, [inter ea (cf. hac)],adv.,
meanwhile .
intere§, -ire, -ii, -itum, [inter
(with unc. force, perh. apart) -eo,
cf. intcrficioj, v. intr. irr., perish,
be destroyed.
interior, -oris, [comp, of finterus
(cf. intra)], adj., inner. — n. as
adv., within. — See also intimus.
interius, see interior.
intermitto, -ere, -misi, -missuni,
[inter-mitto], v. tr. 3, {let come
between), leave off, cease, stop, in-
termit.
internodium, -i, [inter-nodo -f
ium], n., space between knots. —
Hence, limb (between joints).
interritus, -a, -um, [in-territus],
adj., unterrified, fearless, without
alarm.
intertexo, -ere, -texui, -textum,
[inter-texo], v. tr. 3, interiveave.
intervenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum,
[inter- venio], v. tr. 4, come be-
tween, interrupt.
intexo, -ere, -ui, -turn, [in-texo],
V, tr. 3, weave in, interweave*
Vocabulary.
79
intibum (intu-), [Gr. ivrv^ov]^ n.,
endive.
intimus, -a, -um, [in-ftimus,
sup. of in], adj., inmost.
intinguO, -ere, -tinxi, -tinctum,
[in-tinguoj, v. tr. 3, dip in.
intono, -are, -tonui, -tonitum,
[in-tono], v. intr. i, thunder.
intonsus, -a, -um, [in-tonsus],
adj., unshorn^ long-haired (as a
sign of youth).
intra, [instr. of finterus], prep.
and adv., withiny inside.
intremiseo, -ere, -tremui, no sup.,
[in-tremiscoj, v. intr. 3, trejnble^
shake.
intro, -are, -avi, -a turn, [fintero
+ 0], V. tr. I, enter.
introitus, -us, [intro-itus], m.,
entrance.
introrsus, [intro-vorsus, (p.p. of
verto)], adv., zvithin.
intus, [in + tus (cf. divinitus)],
adv., {fi'om within), within (cf. a
dextra) .
inultus, -a, -um, [in-ultus], adj.,
unavenged.
inutilis, -e, [in-utilis], adj., use-
less, injurious.
intrado, -ere, -vasi, -vasum, [in-
vade], V. tr. 3, attack.
inveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectum,
[in-veho], v. intr. 3, bear to (or
against) . — Pass., attack, make a
raid. — p.p., invectus, borne on.
invenio, -ire, -veui, -ventum,
[in-venio], v. tr. ^,find, discover.
— p.p. n., inventuHi, invention,
discovery.
inventum, see invenio.
invergo, -ere, no perf., no sup.,
[in-vergo], v. tr. 3, pour.
invietus, -a, -um, [in-victus],
adj., unconquered, unconquerable.
Inyide^^ -ere, -vidi, -visum,
[prob. invido 4- eo, but con-
founded with in-video], v. intr.
2, be jealous of, envy, grudge.- — -
Also with ace. of thing grudged.
— p.p., invisus, hated, hateful
invidia, -ae, [invido -1- ia], f.,
envy, jealousy, ill will, evil fame
(among others, changing point of
view) . — Also personified, Envy,
invidiosus, -a, -um, [invidia-
(reduced) -f osus], adj. (fraught
with invidia), envied, to be en-
vied, an object of envy. — Also,
full of ill will, envying^ jealous.
invidus, -a, -um, [in-fvidus (cf.
video)], adj., {looking askance
at), envious, jealous, grudging.
invisus, see invideo.
invitus, -a, -um, [?], adj., unwill-
ing.
invius, -a, -um, [in- via (infl. as
adj.)], 2,^)^., pathless, impassable,
invoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [in-
voco], V. tr. I, {call in), appeal
to, invoke.
involvo, -ere, -volvi, -volutum,
[in-volvo], V. tr. 3, enwrap,
wrap, envelop.
lo, -us, [Gr. "loj], f., daught^ of
Inachus, changed by Juno into a
heifer.
io, [?], interj., ho ! oh!
lolaus, -i, [Gr. 'Ic^Aaos], m., son of
Iphicles, nephew and companion
of Hercules. He took part in the
Calydonian hunt.
lolciacus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'IwA/rm-
k6s'\, adj., of lolcus in Thessaly„
the native place of Jason.
lole, -es, [Gr. ^\6Kt]\, f., daughter
of Eurytus, king of OEchalia in
Euboea, beloved by Hercules.
lonius, -a, -um, [Gr. "idviosl, adj.,
Ionian. — Esp. neut. (sc. mare),
the Ionian Sea^ west of Greege,
8o
Iphigenia, -ae, [Gr. ^I<piy€V€La'if f.,
the daughter of Agamemnon, king
of Mycenae. She was to be sacri-
ficed to Diana, but was exchanged
for a deer.
ipse, -a, -um, [is-pte (potis?)],
pron., /limsel/, herself^ itself^ self.
— Often transl. by other forms of
speech, very, of itself even, the
very, the master {lord, etc.) him-
self (Jupiter and the hke) : ex
ipsis, from their otvn forms (into
something else).
ira, -ae, [?], f., zvrath, anger, fury.
— Also pi.
irascor, -i, iratus, [ira- (prob.
verb stem) + see], v. dep. 3, be
angry. — p.p., iratus, angiy, in
wrath.
iris, -idis (also -is), [Qr.^lpis'], f.,
the goddess of the rainbow, daugh-
ter of Thaumas, messenger and
servant of Juno.
irrideo (iiir-), -ere, -riisi, -risvim,
[in-rideo], v. tr. 2, deride.
irritamen (inr-), -inis, [irrita +
menj, n., cause of irritation, irri-
tation.
irritamentiim (inr-), i, [irrita
+ mentum], n., cause of irrita-
tion, exciting cause (malomm).
irrit5 (inr-), -are, -avi, -atuni,
[?], V. tr. \, provoke.
irritiis (inr-),-a, -um, [in-ratus],
adj., {unratified^, void, null, un-
availing, vain, in vaii7, brought to
naught.
irriiinripo^ see iiirumpo.
Irus, -i, [Gr. ^Ipos-], n., a beggar
slain by Ulysses with a blow of his
fist, — As common noun, an Irus,
a beggar.
is, ea, id, gen ejus, [VO» pi^o^->
he, she, it, that: ea {all this, all
thai).
Ismarius, -a, -um, [Gr. 'I(r/io^tos],
adj., of Ismarus (a mountain of
Thrace), Ismarian, Thracian.
Ismenis, -idis, [Gr. 'Icr/zT^j'ts], f.
adj., of Ismenos (a river near
Thebes). — Hence pi., Theban
women.
Ismenos, -i, [Gr. ^\<Tp.-r]v6s\, m. : i.
a river near 'J'hebes; 2. one of the
sons of Niobe.
iste, -a, -ud (gen. -ius), [is-te (cf.
tarn, tuni)], pron., that (near
the person addressed), those.
istic, [isti-ee], adv., there (by the
person addressed).
ita, [?, akin to item], conj., so,
thus : ita . . . ut {just as).
Italia, -ae, [fltalo- (reduced) +
ia (f. of -ius)], f., Italy.
iter, itineris, [akin to eo, forma-
tion unc], n., way, road, course,
passage, channel.
itero, -are, -avi, -atiim, [itero-
(cf. iterum) -f- o], v. tr. i, repeat,
reiterate, find again, reproduce.
iterum, [ y'l (in is) + terus (cf.
utrum)], adv., a second time,
again, once more, twice.
itum, see eo.
Itys, -yos, [Gr. "Itus], m., son of
Tereus and Progne, who was
changed into a pheasant.
lulus, -i, [Gr. ''louAos], m., a name
of Ascanius, son of ^Eneas, from
whom the Juhan family in Rome
derived its name.
Ixion, -onis, [Gr. 'l^iuiv~\, m., a
king of the Lapithso, who was
bound to a wheel in the world be-
low as a punishment for his
crimes.
jaceo, -ere, -uT, no sup., [ptob.
jaco- (jac + us) 4- eo, but perhaps
Vocabulary,
M
not denominative], v. intr. 2, /z>,
lie prostrate^ be situated, lie still,
befallen, decline, be downcast,
jaci6, -ere, -jeci, -jactum, [VM^,
as in jaceo] , v. tr. 3, throw, throw
down, throw out, sow (semina),
lay (foundations).
jacto, -are, -avi, -atum, [jacto
+ 0], V. tr. I, throw, toss, hurl,
move (yvings), whirl (torch), throw
<7^(carmina), show off, display. —
p.p., jactatus, moving, flapping
(wings).
jactora, -ae, [jactu + ra], f., loss
(properly from throwing over-
board) .
jactus, -us, [v'JAC + tus], m.,
throwing.
jaculatrix, -icis, [jacula-f- trix],
f., {thrower of darts), huntress,
jaculor, -ari, -atus, [jaculo -{- o],
V. dep. I, hurl (properly, javelins).
jaculum, -i, [prob. jaco- (cf.
jacio) + lum (n. of -lus)], n.,
javelin,
jam, [?], adv., now (pi succession
or growth, cf. nunc, an instanta-
neous now) ,just now, immediately,
already, at last: jam jamque
(just now, immediately) ; neque
jam (no longer), — jam diidum,
adv., already, now for some time.
— jam pridem, long since.
janua, -ae,[akin to Janus], f., door.
Janus, -1, [akin to dies, Jupiter,
and Diana], m., an Italian deity,
represented with two faces, presid-
ing over doorways and beginnings
of things. An ancient gate in
Rome was also called Janus or
Porta Janualis.
jecur, jecinoris (jecoris), [?, gen.
from expanded form], n., liver.
jejnnla, -ae, [jejuno-j- ia], i., fast-
ing, fast, starvation.
juba, -ae, [?], f, mane,
Juba, -ae, m., a king of Numidia,
who was defeated by Julius Csesar
in the battle of Thapsus, B.C. 46,
and killed himself.
jubar, -aris, [?], n., sunbeam,
comet, star.
jubeo, -ere, jussi, jussum, [prob.
jus habeo, but forms obscure], v.
tr, 2, comm'and, bid. — See also
jussum.
jucundus, -a, -um, [?], 2>Ky, pleas-
ant, agreeable.
judex, -icis, [jus-dex (yjY>vz, as
stem)], c, judge, critic: me ju-
dice (in my judgment),
judicium, -i, [judic 4- ium], n.,
judgment, decision.
jugalis, -e, [ju.go- (reduced) -f
alis], adj., conjugal, of marriage,
— Also pi., team (in the yoke),
serpent steeds ( from the context) .
jugerum, -i (also -eris, ere, etc.),
[prob. VJUG + us, certainly akin
to jugum], ii.,a measure of land,
acre (loosely, being only about
two-thirds of an acre).
jugulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [jugulo
+ o], V. tr. I, cut the throat, kill,
slay.
jugulum, -i, [jug6+ Ium], n., the
throat (at the 'yoke' of the col-
lar-bones) .
jugum, -i, [-y/JUG-l-um], n., yoke.
— -Less exactly, ridge (of moun-
tains), beam (of a door), hill-tops.
Julius, -a, -um, [fJulo- (reduced)
+ ius], adj., Julian (the name of
the Roman gens to which Csesar
belonged). — Esp. Julian (of
Julius Caesar). — Masc, Julius,
the name of Gains Csesar and his
adopted son, Augustus.
juncosus, -a, -um, [junco + osus],
adj., reedy, rushy.
^2
Vocabulary.
junctura, -ae, [junctu + ra (f. of
-rus)], f., joining, ligament, web
(of web-footed birds).
jwncus, -i, [?], m., rush.
jungo, -ere, junxi, junctum,
[VJ'-'*^]» V- ^r- 3» yoke, harness,
unite, imprint (oscula). — p.p.,
united with, close by, next to, con-
nected, related.
Juno, -onis, [prob. for Jovino,
akin to Jupiter], f., the queen of
the gods, wife of Jupiter, enemy
of Hercules and of the Trojans.
Janoiiius, -a, -um, [tJunon +
ins], adj., of Jztno : avis, the pea-
lock (sacred to Juno) : Samos
(the island of Samos, where Juno
had a famous temple) .
Jcppiter, Jovis, [f Jovis-pater] ,
m., the supreme divinity of the
Romans, corresponding in general
%Qi Z^vs of the Greeks : arbor Jovis
{thp pak) ; also, the air, the sky.
^iiro, -ai?e, -^vi, -atum, [jus (as if
fJTira) + o], V. intr. i, swear,
swear by (ace), conspire : juranda
palus {the oath of the gods).
jus, juris, [ju (akin to jug) + us],
n., right (humanly speaking, cf,
fas), justice, rights, control (rights
over), bond (taedae); jure
{Justly, with reason).
jussum, -1, [n. p.p. of jubeo], n.,
order, command, behest, bidding.
juste, [old abl. of Justus], adv.,
justly, zvith reason.
Justus, -a, -um, [jus + tus (cf.
robustus)], adj., just, lawful,
regular, proper, zvonted, well-
founded, — n. pL, what is just, jus-
tice, funeral rites, sad offices,
juvenalis, -e, [juven-f- alls], adj.,
youthful.
juvenaliter, [juvenali + ter], adv.,
with youthful strength.
juvenca, -ae, [juven + ca (f. of
-cus)], f., heifer.
juvencus, -i, [juven -|- cus], m.y
bullock, ox.
juvenilis, -e, [juven- (as if juveni-)
-f lis], adj., youthful.
juvenis, -is, [?], c. (used as adj.
v^ith neuter form], you7tg, youth-
ful. — As noun, young man, youth :
anni {o J youth).
juventa, -ae, [juven + ta (abstract
ending)], i., youth. — Personified,
Hebe, Youth.
juventus, -utis, [juven + tus], f.,
youth — Also, the youth (collec-
tively) , young men.
juvo, -are, juvi, jutum, [?], v. tr.
I, aid, assist, help, delight, give
pleasure, be wholesome.
juxta, [sup. of stem akin to jungo],
adv., near by, close by.
labefacio, -ere, -feci, -factum,
[tlabe- (case-form akin to labo)
-f facio]. v. tr. 3, shake, make tot-
ter, sway to and fro, zvrench.
labo, -are, -avi, no sup., [?], v.
intr. I, roll, shake, totter, sway, be
weak (cf. *be shaky ').
labor, -oris, [?], m., toil, fatigue,
trouble, difficulty, sorrows (pi.),
pain, trial.
labor, i, lapsus, [?, akin to labo],
V. dep. 3, slide, slip, fall, flow,
swim, glide, — ^.^., lapsus, flozv-
ing, fading, glazing (oculi).
laboro, -are, -avi, -atum, [labor-
(as if labora) -f o],v. intr. i, toil,
be in travail, be in distress, stag-
ger (under a burden). — Also,
zvork, strive, care. — p.p., wrought.
Ijabros, -i, [Gr. AdjSpos], m,, one of
Actceon's dogs.
Vocabulary.
H
labrum, -i, [akin to labium], n.,
lip.
lac, lactis, [?], n., milk, juice.
Ijacedaemon, -ouis, [Gr. AaiceSai-
^wi^], f., LaceddBMotz or Sparta.
lacer, -era, -erum, [?, unc. root
4-rus], adj., torn, distnembered,
shattered, lacerated.
lacero, -are, -avi, -atiim, [lacero-
(as if lacera) + o], v. tr. i, tear,
lacerate.
lacerta, -ae, [?], f., lizard.
lacertosus, -a, -uin, [lacerto -f
osus], adj., muscular.
lacertus, -i, [?, perh. same as
lacerta, cf. musculus], Ta.,arm
(perh. orig. of the biceps muscle).
"Lachne, -es, [Gr. Kdxvr]], f., one
of Actaeon's hounds.
liacinius, -a, -uitx, [Gr. AaKiviovl,
adj., of Lacinimn (a promontory
of Southern Italy, on which was
a temple of Juno, a landmark for
sailors). The name of the prom-
ontory is the neut. of the adj.
Liacoii, -onis, [Gr. ts.6.K(av\, m.,
Laconian, the name oi otxq of
Actseon's dogs.
Jjaconis, -idis (-Idos), f., adj.,
Laconian ; used referring to a
female dog of Laconian breed.
lacrima;, -ae, [unc. stem (akin to
5a«-/3u) -f ma (f. of -mus)], f.,
tear.
lacriinabilis, -e, [lacrima (stem of
laerimo) + lc)ilis], adj., lament-
able : nil lacrimabilis {no cause
for tears').
lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atuni, [la-
crima-f o], V. intr. i, weep, shed
tears: ^hvac {of moisture found on
it).
lacrimosus^ -a, -um, [lacrima
4- osus]; adj., tearful (fumus).
lactans, -antis, [lact- (as if lacta)
+ o], pres. p. (of lacto), milky
(ubera) .
lacteus, -a,-um, [lact-i- ens], adj.,
milky : via {the 7nilky way).
lacuna, -ae, [lacu + na (f. of
-nns)], f., hollow^ gap.
lacus, -us, [?], m., lake, pool, reser-
voir, vat.
liadon, -onis, [Gr. AaScov], m. : i.
a river of Arcadia and Elis; 2. one
of Actseon's dogs.
laedo, -ere, laesi, laesum, [?],v.
tr. 3, hurt, injure, wound, violate,
outrage, offend (cf. 'hurt'), hack
(ferrum), trample on (ignem).
Laelaps, -apis, [Gr. AaiAa)|/], m.,
one of Actseon's dogs.
Laertes, -ae, [Gr. AaeptTjs], m., the
father of Ulysses.
laetabilis, -e, [laeta4- bills], adj.,
joyfuly acceptable.
laetitia, -ae, [laeto -f- tia], f., joy.
— Personified, Joy.
laetor, -ari, -at us, [laeto- (as if
laeta) + o], v. dep. i, rejoice, .
take delight, be glad.
laetus, -a, -um, [unc. root -J- tns],
adj . , joyful, gla d.
laevus, -a, -una, [?], adj., the left
(hand) : laeva {on the left).
lambo, -ere. Iambi, sup. obs., [?,
cf. labium, labrum], v. tr. 3,
lick.
I lamentabilis, -e, [lamenta +
bilis], adj., lamentable, distress-
ing.
lamina, -ae, [?], i., plate (of metal),
metal.
Lampetie, -es, [Gr. Aayuirerf^], f.,
one of the Heliades.
lana, -ae, [?], f., wool. — Also pi.
lancea, -ae, [prob. borr. from
^^yxrf], f., lance.
langueo, -ere, langui, no sup.,
[?, prob. from adj. stem, cf. Ian-
84
Vocabulary.
guidus], V. intr. 2ffailf languish,
die out,
languesco, -ere, langui, no sup.,
[langue- (stem of laugueo) +
SCO], V. intr. 3, languish^ die out,
die.
languor, -oris, [langu- (as if root
of laugueo) + or], m., languor,
weakness,
lanifieus, -a, -um, [lana-ficus],
^.d]., wool-making, textile : ars {of
spinning or weaving),
laulger, -era, -erum, [lana-ger
(for -gerus)], adj., wool-bearing,
fleecy. — As novcix, fleecy sheep.
lauid, -are, -avi, -atuni, [lania
+ o], V. tr. I, tear, rend, mangle,
lacerate.
lanugo, -inis, [?, flanu- (akin to
lana) + go], f., down.
Xiaomedon, -ontos, [Gr. Kaoyii-
S&ji/], m., king of Troy, son of
Ilus, father of Priam.
lapidosus, -a, -um, [lapid+ osus],
adj., stony.
lapillus, -i, [lapid -f lus], m., little
stone, pebble,
lapis, -Idis, [?], m., stone^
lapsus, -Os, [lab- (as root) + tus],
m., slip, swoop, shoot, descent (by
gliding), course (of a river).
laqueus, -i, [?, akin to lacio, perh.
orig, of a pit, cf. lacus], m., snare,
noose.
liHr, Ijaris, [?, orig. las], m., a
household god^ a tutelary divinity^
— Usually in the pL, the special
protectors of the household, spirits
of deceased ancestors, or some
deified persons. — Less exactly,
hearth, home, house, habitation.
largus, -a, -um, [?], adj., bounte-
ous, generous, bountiful,
lascivio, -ire, -ii, -itum, [la-
scivo- (as if lascivi-) -F o], v.
intr. 4, be frolic so fne, be wanton,
wanton, sport.
lascivus, -a, -um, [?, unc. stem
-fvus (cf. noeivus)], adj., wan-
ion, frolicsome, sportive, playful.
lasso, -are, -avi, -atum, [lasso-
(as if lassa) -f o], v. tr. i, tire,
fatigue, weary. — p.p., tired,
weary.
lassus, -a, -um, [?, perh. akin to
lascivus, ' tired with play '], adj.,
weary, fatigued, exhausted.
late, [old abl. of latus], adv.,
widely, far and wide, widely
abroad.
latebra, -ae, [late- (weakened) -f
bra], f., lurking-place, hiding-
place, den, haunt, — Fig., riddle
(as means of concealing meaning).
lateo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [prob.
from adj. stem?], v, intr. 2, be hid,
lie hid, skulk, lurk, hide, lie buried
(fig,). — pres. p., hidden, secret.
latex, -icis, [?], m., water, fluid,
— Often in pi.
Ijatinus, -a, -um, [Latio- (or sim-
pler stem) -f inus], adj., Latin, of
Rome.
latito, -are, -avi, no sup., [flatito-
(or kindred stem) -f- o (cf. lateo)],
V. intr. I, hide.^ lurk.
Ijatius, -a, -um, [flatu- (or -o)
(akin to TrAarus-,) -f ius], adj., of
Latium, Latin, Roman.
IJatois, -idis, [Gr. iVr^TOJiy], f.,
daughter of Latona {Leto), Diana.
Latona, -ae, (Gr. Aryrco 4- na (cf.
Diana, Neptunus)], f., the
mother of Apollo and Diana.
Latonius, -a, -um, [fLatona (re-
duced) -f ius], adj., of Latona. —
As subst. f., daughter of Latona
{Diana).
Ijatous, -a, -um, [Gr. A'nT(pos'\,
adj., of Latona.
Vocabulary.
85
IStratuSy -us, [latra + tus], m.,
barkings baying^ bark.
latro, -are, -avi, -atum, [?, prob.
from noun stem], v. intr. i, bark.
— pres. p., latrans (as noun),
barking dog.
latiirus, see fero.
latus, -a, -um, [ ?, prob. for fpla-
tus], adj., broad f wide : in latum
{in width).
latus, -eris, [?], n., side, flank :
omne latus, every side (fig.)*
laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, [flaud
-f o], V. tr. I, praise, comjuend,
approve, speak well of, extol.
laurea, -ae, [lauro -f ea (f. of
-eus)], f., laurel.
laureus, -a, -um, [flauro- (re-
duced) + eus], adj., of laurel.
laurus, -1, [?], f., laurel.
laus, laudis, [?, prob. for fclaus],
f., glory. — PL, creditable acts;
also same sense as sing.
Lavinium, -i, [fLavino- (reduced)
-fius], n., the town in Latium
built by yEneas and named after
his wife, Lavinia.
lavo, -are (-ere), -avi (lavi),
-atum (lautum, lotum), [akin
to luo, through noun stem], v. tr.
I and 3, wash, bathe.
lea, -ae, [f. of leo, through earlier
form], f., lioness.
leaena, -ae, [Gr. \eai»'a], f., lioness.
lieandros, -i, [Gr. Aeai/Spos], m.,
Leander (a youth who swam the
Hellespont from Abydos to Sestos
to visit his mistress, Hero) .
!Learclius, -i, [Gr. Aeapx^s]? m., a
son of Athamas and Ino.
Ijeblnthos, -i, [Gr. ^i^lvQos\ f., a
little island off the southwest coast
of Asia Minor.
lector, -oris, [-y/leg -\- tor], m., a
reader.
lectus, -i, [?, VLKG-l- tus], m.,
bed, bier, couch.
Iieda, -ae, [Gr. A7)5a], f., wife of
Tyndareus, king of Sparta, mother
of Helen, Castor, and Pollux.
lego, -ere, legi, lectum, [yLEc],
V. tr, 3, pick out, choose, pick,
gather. — Hence, read, thread (a
path, etc.) , coast (along a shore) .
Lelex, -egis, [Gr. AeAe|], m., a
sharer in the Calydonian hunt,
from Naryx in Locris.
lena, -ae, [?], i., procuress.
Lenaeus, -1, [Gr. h.r\va'ios\ m. adj.,
{of the winepress), an epithet of '
Bacchus. — • Pater, Bacchus.
leniS, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [leni-1- o],
V. tr. 4, soften, appease.
lenis, -is, [?], adj., gentle, soft,
kindly.
leniter, [leni+ter], adv., gently.
— Comp., lenius, less violently,
less fiercely.
lente, [old abl. of lentus], adv.,
slowly.
lentiscifer, -era, -erum, [lentisco-
fer], adj., mastic-bearing.
lentus, -a, -um, [len (as root of
lenis) -t- tus], adj., pliable, wind-
ing, sinuous. — Hence (on the
one hand), tough; (on the other),
sluggish, lingering, slow, dormant.
leo, -onis, [ ?, simple stem (cf. lea)
-fo], m., lion. — So, the Lion
(constellation).
lepus, leporis, [?], m., hare.
IJerna, -ae, [Gr. Kipvr\\, f., a lake
and marsh near Argos, where Her-
cules slew the famous hydra.
Lernaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. Ae/jwros].
adj., of Lerna, Lerncean.
Iiesbius, -a, -um, [Gr. AeViStos],
adj., of Lesbos, Lesbian : Lesbia
vates, Sappho (a famous Lesbian
86
Vocabulary.
Ijesbos, -i, [Gr. AeV^os], f., an
island in the yEgean, famous for
its wine and as the birthplace of
the poetess Sappho and the poet
Alcseus.
Lethaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. K-nBadosI,
adj., of Lethe ^ Lethaan. — Less ex-
actly, causing fo7'getfulness : sucus.
Lethe, -es, [Gr. A-^Or}'], f., a river
of the lower world, whose waters
caused those who drank of them
to forget the past. It also flowed
past the dwelling of Sleep.
letifer, -era, -erum, [leto-i- ferj,
adj., deadly.
leto, -are, -avi, -atum, [leto- (as
if leta) + o], V. tr. i, kill^ murder.
letum, -i, [?], n., death.
Leucippus, -i, [Gr. Aeu/ctirTros], m.,
brother of the Messenian king
Aphareus, and a sharer in the
Calydonian hunt.
lieucon, -onis, [Gr. Acvkicoi/], m.,
one of Actseon's dogs.
Leucosia, -ae, [Gr. Aeuwwo-fa], f.,
an island off the coast of Lucania,
near Psestum.
licucotliee, -es, [Gr. AeywoOea], f.,
a sea-goddess into whom Ino,
daughter of Cadmus, was changed.
levis, -e, [?, for flegvis], adj., light
(not heavy), slight, thin, unsub-
stantial, light (swift), airy, blood-
less (shades), y?r^/i?.
levis, -e, [?, cf. Aeros], adj., smooth,
levitas, -atis, [levi-tas], f., light-
ness.
levo, -are, -avi, -atum, [levi- (as
if leva) + o], v. tr. i, lighten,
raise, lift, — Fig., lighten (curam),
relieve, assist. — Also, strip.
lex, legls, [y^LEG, in lego, but
conn, unc], f., law (statute),
order, control, condition, terms (of
a bargain).
libatus, -as, [liba -{- tus],. m., liba-
tion.
libellus, -i, [liber + Ins], m., little
book, book, work.
liber, -era, -erum, [strong form of
y'LiB (in libet) -|- rus (with unc.
e)], 2.di].,free, permitted, untram-
juelled, unconstrained.
Liber, -eri, [?], m., an Italian
' divinity identified with Bacchus,
Bacchus. — Prob. same word as
preceding.
liber, -bri, [?], m., bark. — Hence,
book (orig. of bark).
libero, are, -avi, -atum, [libero-
(as if libera) -f o], v. tr. i, free,
set free, clear (arboribus).
libertas, -atis, [flibero (reduced)
-f tas], f., liberty, freedom, permis-
sion,
libet (lubet), -ere, libuit (libi-
tum est), [prob. flubo- (V^UB
-fus) H- eo], V. intr. imp. 2, it
pleases, one would like. — pres. p.,
libens, ^/^(f//, with joy.
libido, -inis, [?, unc. stem from
^LUB (in libet) + do], f., desire,
passion, lust, fancy, inclination.
libo, -are, -avi, -atum, [?, cf.
libum], V. tr. i, pour (as liba-
tion), dip up (as sample for
libation), take off (a little from a
mass). — Hence, skim (arenam).
libro, -are, -avi, -atum, [libra
+ o], V. tr. I, (weigh'), poise, swing,
brandish : cursum, wing its flight
(of a bird) .
libum, -i, [akin to libo], n., cake
(used in sacrifice).
Libycus, -a, -um, [Gr. Ai&vk6s'],
adj., of Libya, Libyan. — Less ex-
actly, African.
Libye (a), -es (ae), [Gr. Ai&vrf],
f., Libya. — Less exactly, Africa.
licentia, -ae, [licent- (pres. p. of
Vocabulary.
^7
licet) + ia], f., liberty^ license,
lawlessness.
licet, -ere, licuit (licitiim est),
[?], V. intr. imp. 2, it is per-
mitted, be lataful, be allowed, one
may.
Ijichas, -ae, [Gr. A(xay], m., a ser-
vant of Hercules.
lignum, -i, [?], n., log, wood. —
Hence, ship.
ligo, -onis, [?], m., hoe, mdttock,
ligo, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. tr.
I, bind, unite, bind fast.
Ijigures, -um, [?], m. pi., M^ Ligu-
rians (a people of Cisalpine Gaul,
about modern Genoa and the
neighborhood).
ligustrum, -i, [?], n., privet (a
shrub) .
liliuin, -i, [Gr. X^i^iov\ n., lily.
Ijilybaeum, -i, [Gr. IS.iKv^oliov\, n.,
a promontory on the southern
coast of Sicily.
limbus, -i, [?], m., fringe, border.
limen, -inis, [?, perh. akin to
limus as crosspiece'], n., thresh-
old. — Less exactly, door.
limes, -itis, [?, akin to limus], m.,
boundary (orig. side boundaries
between farms running back from
road), path (because a road was
left on the line), track (of a
comet).
llmosus, -a, -um, [limo (reduced)
4- sus], adj., muddy, of the mud^
of the shore.
limus, -i, [?], m., mud.
lingua, -ae, [?], f., tongue.
linquo, -ere, liqui, lictum,
[■y/LTQu], v. tr. 3, leave, go away
from., fail (one) .
^internum (L/it), -i, [?], n., a
town of Campania.
linteum, -i, [lino- (t unc.) + eus],
n., {linen), sail.
linum, -i, [Gr. }Civov\ n., flax. —
Hence, net, flaxen toils (in pi.).
liquefacio, -ere, -feci, -factum,
[lique- (case-form akin to liqueo)
+ facio], V. tr. 3, liquefy, melt.
liqueo, -ere, licui, no sup., [prob.
liquo-f- eo], v. intr. 2, be liquid,
be clear, flow clear. — Fig., liquit,
it is clear. — pres. p., liquens,
liquid, flowing.
liquesco, -ere, licui, no sup.,
[lique- (stem of liqueo) + sco],
V. intr. 3, become fluid, liquefy,
liquidus, -a, -um, [fliquo- (cf.
liqueo) -\- dus], adj., liquid, fluid,
watery, flowing, clear, limpid.
liquor, -1, no perf., [y'LiQU, not the
same as linquo], v. dep. 3, dis-
solve, liquefy.
liquor, -oris, [^/liqu (in liquor)
H- or], m., water. — Also pi.
lis, litis, [for stlis], f., strife, con-
test.
lito, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v.
intr. r, sacrifice favorably, succeed
(in securing favorable omens).
litoreus, see littoreus.
littera, -ae, [akin to lino], f., let-
ter. — PI. , inscription, epistle.
littoreus, -a, -um, [litter -f- eus],
adj., of the shore.
littus (litus), -oris, [?], n., shore,
seashore, shore (country, loosely as
in Eng.).
litus, see littus.
liveo, -ere, no perf., no sup., [?,
akin to lividus and livor], v.
intr. 2, be dark, be black. — pres.
p., livens, dark, livid, sallow.
livor, -oris, [unc. root (in liveo)
-f or], m., blackness, turning dark.
— Hence, envy. — Personified,
Envy.
loco, -are, -avi, -atum., [loco- (as
if loca) -1- o], V. tr. i, place, set up.
Vocahdary.
locus, -i, [for stlocus, akin to sto],
m. (n. in pi.) , place, spot^ position.
— pi., the ground, region, spots of
ground,
lolium, -1, [?J, n., darnel (a weed).
longaevvis, -a, -um, [longo-
aevum, infl. as adj.], adj.,
aged,
loiige, [old abl. of longus], adv.,
far, afar. — Comp., longius,
{any) farther.
longus, -a, -iini, [?], adj., long,
long continued, far . — Also (where
Eng. takes different view), great,
wide, deep.
loquax, -acis, [loqu- (as root of
loQuor) + ax], adj., loquacious,
talkative,
loquor, -i, locutus, [?], v. dep. 3,
speak, say (plura).
lorica, -ae, [loro + ica (f. of
-icus)], f., mail (orig. of leather),
coat of mail, breastplate, armor.
lorura, -i, [?], n., leather thong,
strap, rein.
lotos, -i, [Gr. AwT(Jy], f., water lily,
lotus.
Ifibricus, -a, -iini, [?], adj., slip-
pery.
luceo, -ere, IHxT, no sup., [fluco-
(cf. noctiluca) + eo], v. intr. 2,
shine, gleam, glare.
Incidus, -a, -um, [fluco + dus],
adj., bright, shining, transparent.
liucifer, -era, -erum, [flue- (as if
luei) + fer (v^fer + us)], adj.,
light-bringing. — Masc. as subst.,
the morning star.
liUcretius, -i, m., T. Lucretius
Carus, a famous poet on philos-
ophy (about 98-55 B.C.).
Iiieriim, -i, [?], n., gain : in lucre
{so much gained).
luetor, -ari, -atus, [?], v. dep. r,
struggle^ wrestle, strive.
luetus, -OS, [Vlug (in lugeo) -f
tus], m., grief — Personified,
Grief
IHciis, -i, [akin to luceo (orig. open
grove)'] f ni-j grove, clump (of
reeds).
15d§, -ere, lusi, Insum, [?], v.
intr. 3, sport, play. — Also, deceive
(with ace).
ladiis, -i, [lud- (as root of ludo)
+ us], m,, sport, play.
lues, -is, [?, akin to luo], i.,pesii-
Ingeo, -ere, Ifixi, luctuin, [?], v.
tr. 2, mourn for, mourn.
lugubrls, -e, [stem akin to lugeo
4- bris], adj., mournful, sorrotv-
ful, mourning, — n. pi. as noun,
mourning.
lurnen, -inis, [y'LUC + men], n.,
light. — Hence, eye, eyesight. —
Also pi. : capere {take fire, become
ablaze) .
lana, -ae, [y'LUC+na], f., the
moon. — Personified, Diana, god-
dess of the moon.
lunaris, -e, [luna-f ris], adj., of
the moon,
luo, -ere, lui, luitum, [V^u,
tvash ?~\, v. tr. 3, atone, pay (poe-
nas).
lupus, -1, [?], m., wolf.
lOridus, -a, -um, [?], adj., dark,
lurid.
lasor, -oris, [lud- (as root of ludo)
+ tor], m., player : amorum
{sportive writer).
lustro, -are, -avi, -atum, [lustro-
(akin to luo) -f o], v. tr. \, purify
(by sprinkling), lustrate. — Hence,
go about, pass over, frequent, rove
through (woods).
lustrum, -1, [V^u (in luo) -1-
trum, with unc. s (cf. mon-
strum)], n., purification, — •
Vocabulary.
89
Hence, a lustre (five years, the
interval of purification) .
lustrum, -1, [?, perh. same as last,
as * wallow ' of wild boar], n., den^
haunt (of wild animals), glade
(home of wild animals) .
lusus, -OS, [lud- (as root of ludo)
4-tus], m., playy sport (esp. of
poetry).
lux, lucis, [Vluc, as stem], f.,
lights daylight^ su7ilight {the sun).
— Hence, life^ day.
luxurio, -are, -avi, -atum, [luxu-
ria + o], V. intr. (also dep.) i,
grow fat, grow fresh , grow rank,
^ wax faf (fig.)*
luxuriosus, -a, -um, [luxuria +
osus], adj., luxurious, luxuriant.
Lyaeus, -i, [Gr. Auaros], m., a name
of Bacchus.
Lyaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. AuaTos], adj.,
of Bacchus.
lij^caeus, -a, -um, [Gr. Au/caTos],
adj., Lyccean, of Mt. LyccEus (in
Arcadia, a favorite resort of Pan).
— Masc, LyccEus (the mountain).
Ijycaon, -onis, [Gr. hvKo.'jiv\ m., a
king of Arcadia, who was changed
for his inhuman conduct into a
wolf.
Uycaonius, -a, -ura, [Lycaon +
ius], adj., of Lycaon.
Ijycisce, -es, [Gr. Au/ciV/ctj], f., one
of Actseon's hounds.
Ijycius, -a, -um, [Gr. Au/ctos], adj.,
Lycian, of Lycia, a province of
Asia Minor.
Lycoris, -idis, [Gr. AuKiwpis], f., a
girl loved by Cornelius Gallus.
Ijycormas, -ae, [Gr. AvKSpixas"], m.,
a river in iEtolia, afterwards called
Evenus.
Iiydus, -a, -um, [Gr. hvUs'], adj., of
Lydia (a province of Asia Minor),
Lydian. — PL, the Lydians,
lymiplia, -ae, [?], f., water. — So,
spring, stream, pool.
lymphatus, -a, -um, [lympha 4-
tus, of unc. connexion], adj.,
frenzied.
Ijynceus, -ei, [Gr. A.vyK^vs'], m.,
a son of the Messenian king,
Aphareus, and a sharer in the
Calydonian hunt.
Lyncides, -ae, [Gr. patronymic],
m., Perseus as a descendant of
Lynceus, the father of Atlas.
Ijyncus, -i, [Gr. AvyKos], m., a king
of Scythia, changed by Ceres into
a lynx.
lynx, lyncis, [Gr. \vyl\, f., lynx.
lyra, -ac, [Gr. Kvpd], f., lyre.
Lj^rcaeus (-ceius, or -ceus), -a,
-um, [Gr. Kx)pK€LQs'\, adj., of or
near Mt. Lyrceum^ between Ar-
cadia and Ai^gohs.
Ijyrnesius (-essius),-a, -um, [Gr.
h.vpvi[\(nos'\, adj., Lyrnesian, of
Lyrnesus (a town of the Troad) .
Macer, -eri, m., ^milius Macer
(poet and friend of Ovid and
Virgil).
maeies, -ei, [mac- (root of macer)
H- ies], f., leanness, emaciation.
macto, -are, -avi, -atum, [macto-
(as if macta-) -f oj, v. tr. i, sacri-
fice, slay.
m.acula, -ae, [?], f., spot.
maculo, -are, -avi, -atum,
[macula + oJ, v. tr. i, spot^ stain.
maculosus, -a, -um, [macula -|-
osus], adj., spotted, dappled.
madefacio, -ere, -feci, -factum,
[made- (case-form akin to
madeo) H-facio], v. tr. 3, wet,
moisten, — p.p., drippings soaked.
90
Vocabulary.
madlf io, -fieri, -factus, [pass, of
preceding], be wet.
madeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [prob.
fmado + eo], v. intr. 2, be zvet,
reek.
niadesco, -ere, maduT, no sup.,
[made- (stem of madeo) + sco],
V. intr. 3, become wet, be soaked, be
moistened.
madidus, -a, -um, [prob. fmado-
(cf. madeo) + dus], adj., wet,
dripping, 7noist, moistened.
Maeaudros, -i, [Gr. Matat-S/^os],
m., the Mceander, a river in West-
ern Asia Minor, proverbial for its
windings.
Maenades, -urn, [Gr. Mati/aSes], f.,
a name given to the v^omen who
took part in the Bacchic orgies.
Maenalius, -a, -umi, [Gr. Maij/a-
Aios-], adj., of Mcenalus, Arcadian.
Maenalus, -i, (also Maenala,
-orum), [Gr. MaiVaAos], m. (and
n. pi.), a mountain in Arcadia.
Maeonides, -ae, [Gr. yiaiovilt]s\,
m., son of McBon, or from Mao-
nia (the old name of Lydia in
Asia Minor). — Esp., Homer,
whose home was said to have
been in Lydia.
Maeonis, -idis, [Gr. Maio^is], f.
adj., Mceoniaii, Lydian.
Maeonius, -a, -mm, [Gr. Mai6vio{\,
adj., Mceonian, Lydian.
maereo, -ere, -ui, maestns, [?, cf.
TOiiser, orig. form, fmaeseo], v.
intr. 2, grieve, be sor7y.—prGs. p.,
sorrowful, in sorrow. — p.p.,
maestns, sad, sorrotvful, mourn-
ful, gloomy.
magicus, -a, -um, [mago + cus] ,
adj., magic : lingua {magic spell).
magis, [mag- (in magnus) + ins
(n. of comp. ending)], adv.,
more.
magister, -tri, [fmagius 4^ ter],
m., master, instructor,
magistra, -ae, [f. of magister],
f., mistress, teacher.
magnanimus, -a, -um, [magno-
animus], adj., great-souled, val-
iant. — As noun, the hero, the
valiant hero.
magniloquiis, -a, -um, [magno-
floquus], adj., grandiloquent,
magnus, -a, -um, [y'MAG+nus],
2Ldj., great, mighty. — n. pi., great
destiny {fortunes, etc.) : stat
magno {dear) ; magnum funda-
men {strong). — Comp., major,
greater, too great, elder. — As noun
in pi., elders. — Sup., maximus,
greatest, very great: maxima
pars {greater part),
miagus, -i, [?], m., magician.
majestas, -tatis, [majes (as stem
of major) + tas], f., majesty, dig-
nity.
major, see magnus.
mala, -ae, [?], f., cheek.
male, [old abl. of malus], adv.,
ill, badly, not much, not enough :
male sanus {insane, out of his
mind). — See also pejus and
pessime.
malignus, -a, -um, [prob. male-
genus], {ill born), adj., unkindly,
spiteful.
malo, malle, malui, [magis-
volo], V. tr. irr., wish rather, pre-
fer, wish {rather than as it is, im-
plied).
uialum, -i, [Gr. ixrfXov'], n., apple
(fruit, tree, or wood).
malus, -i, [same word as preced-
ing], m., mast.
malus, -a, -um, [?], adj., bad, evil,
ill-starred, accursed. — n. sing,
and pi. as noun, evil, evils, ill.
Vocabulary.
91
ctirse^ scourge, mi'^fortuite^ bane,
poison.
mando, -are, -avi, atum, [manu-
do (prob. through adj. stem)], v.
tr. I, commit^ entrust, deliver,
leave to, — p.p. n. as noun, covi-
mand, order, instructions.
mane, [loc. of stem akin to matu-
tinus], adv., in the 7nor7ting :
mane erat (it tvas mornijig).
maneo, -ere, niansi, mansum,
[?], V. tr. 2, aivait. — Also (intr.),
remain., be left, stay, continue.
manes, -ium, [fmanis (J good'),
cf. immanis], m. pi., departed
spirits, the world below.
manifestus, -a, -um, [manu-
festus (p.p. of fendo)], adj.,
caught in the act, proved by direct
(not circumstantial) evidence. —
Yl^nce, plainly seen, obvious, con-
spicuous, plain, clear.
mano, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v.
intr. I, flow, drop (with cogn.
ace), shed.
mantele, -is, [akin to manus,
through verb stem in e-f-lis], n.,
napkin, towel.
Mantua, -ae, [?], f., a town of
Gallia Transpadana, on the Min-
cius, near which (at Andes) Virgil
was born.
manus, -us, [?], f., hand, touch,
stroke (of the hand) : dare manus
(surrender, give in).
marceS, -ere, marcui, no sup.,
[ 1, prob. adj. stem (cf. marcidus)
-f eo], V. intr. 2, be weak, languish.
— pres. p., marcens,y^<?/5/^.
marcidus, -a, -um, [prob fmarco-
(cf. marceo) -f- dus], adj., droop-
ing, languid.
mare, -is, [?], n., the sea.
margo, -inis, [?], in., brink, edge.,
shore,
marinus, -a, -um, [mari-}- nus],
adj., of the sea: aquae {sea-).
maritus, -i, [?], m., husband.
marmor, -oris, [?], n., marble;
esp. as gravestone. — Also pi.
marmoreus, -a, -um, [marmor -f-
eus], adj., of marble, marble-. —
Also, poetically, of ice, like marble.
Mars, -tis, [prob. contracted from
Mavors], m., the Latin god of
war. He was the son of Jupiter
and Juno, and father of Romulus
and Remus; hence Rome was
sacred to him. — Fig., war, battle^
conflict: suo marte (one's own
weapons, war with each other).
Martius, -a, -um, [fMart -f ius],
adj., of Mars, of war, martial, war-
like: anguis (^sacred to Mars)\
miles, (descended from Mars,
Roman).
mas, maris, [?], adj., male.
massa, -ae, [?], f., mass (properly
of dough * kneaded '). — Hence
any mass (of metal), r w^a^ (lactis) .
mater, -tris, [unc. root -f ter (cf.
pater)], f., mother, matron, dam
(of animals).
materia, -ae, [mater- (as stem of
mater) 4- ia], i., material, means.
maternus, -a, -um, [mater- (as
stem of mater) -1- nus], adj., of a
mother, maternal, motherly.
matrona, -ae, [fmatro- (mater +
o, verb in oo)-l-na], f., matron,
wife.
maturesco, -ere, maturui, [fma-
ture- (as stem of tn^a-tureo) ^
sco], V. intr. 3, mature, ripen.
maturus, -a, -um, [fmatu- (ma-
in mane -f- tus) + rus] , adj., early.
— By unc. conn., mature,
matiitinus, -a, -um, [matuta -|-
inus], adj., of the morning, in the
morning.
92
Vocabulary,
Mavors, -ortis, [?, cf. Mars], m.,
Mars. • — Also, war^ conflict^ deeds
of arms,
Mavortius, -a, -um, [fMavort +
ius], adj., of Mars, ifiartial^ of
tvar, warlike, son of Mars, sacred
to Mars,
maximiis, -a, -iim, [sup. of mag-
nus (mag 4- -timus)], ^di]., great-
est, eldest, the great, the mighty,
immense.
Medea, -ae, [Gr. M-^Sem], f., the
daughter of King ^Eetes of Col-
chis, a famous sorceress who as-
sisted Jason and accompanied him
home to Greece.
medeor, -eri, no perf., [adj. stem
(cf. medicus) + eo], v. dep. 2,
attend (as physician), heal. —
pres. p., \w^^^w^, physician.
inedicamen, -inis, [medica ~f-
men], n., drug, antidote, oint-
ment, magic treatment.
medicina, -ae, [medico- (as if
medici-)4-na (f. of -nils)], f.
(prop, adj., sc. ars), the healing
art, medicine, remedy (used of a
person, as healer).
medius, -a, -um, [?, cf. mid^, adj.,
middle, the middle of (in agree-
* ment), half, halfway, between :
medius loco {placed in the mid-
dle); medio {iit the middle).
Medon, -ontis, [Gr. MeSw»/], m.,
one of the suitors of Penelope.
medulla, -ae, f ?, akin to medius],
f., marrow, pith.
Medusa, -ae, [Gr. MeSowcra], f., the
chief of the three Gorgon sisters.
She was killed by Perseus, Who-
ever looked at her was turned to
stone.
Medusaeus, -a, -um, [e^s if MeSou-
gqXqs\, adj., of Medusa.
Megareius, -a, -um, [Gr. Me7a-
pTjios], adj., of Megareus, son of
Megareus.
Megareus, -ei, [Gr. Me7apfus], m.,
the son of Onchestus, and father
of Hippomenes.
mel, mellis, [Gr. \xiKi\, n., honey
(also pL).
Melampus, -odis, [Gr. MeXdfxwovs,
Blackfoot\, m., one of Actaeon's
dogs.
Melanchaetes, -ae, [Gr. M6Aa7x«^-
rr\s\, m., one of Actaeon's dogs.
Melancus, -ei, [Gr. MeAai'eiJs], m.,
one of Actaeon's dogs.
Melanthius, -i, [Gr. MeAai/^tos],
m., a goatherd of Ulysses.
Melas, -anos, [Gr. MeAas], m., a
river in Thrace, north of the Thra-
cian Chersonesus.
Meleagros, -gri, [Gr. MeAeaypos],
m., son of OEneus and Althaea, the
hero of the Calydonian hunt.
Melieerta (-tes), -ae, [Gr. MeAi-
Klprt]s'\, m., son of Athamas and
Ino, changed into the sea-divinity
Palsemon.
melior, -oris, see op timus.
membrana, -ae, [membro- (re-
duced) + ana], f. (prop, adj.),
skin.
membrum, -i, [?], n., part of the
body, member, limb. — Less ex-
actly, part, member,
memini, -isse, [perf. of fmeno,
V^MEN, redup.], v. tr. defect., re-
member.
Memnon, -onis, [Gr. yiiixvtav], m., .
king of the Ethiopians, son of
Tithonus (brother of Priam) and
Aurora. From his ashes sprang
the birds called Memnonides.
memor, -oris, [akin to memini,
unc. form], adj., remembering,
thoughtful, gr/iteful, unforgetful :
animus {sure memory).
Vocabulary,
93
memorabilis, -e, [memora +
bills], adj., (^io be commemorat-
ed) j famous, glorious, memorable.
memor5, -are, -avi, -atum,
[memor- (as if memora) + o],
V. tr. I, commemorate, — Hence,
say, tell, utter.
Menandros, -dri, [Gr. yiivavbpos'],
m., Menander (B.C. 342-291), the
chief writer of the New Attic
Comedy.
mendacia, -ae, [mendac + ia], f.,
falsehood, lying.
mendaxy -acis, [akin to miendumi,
through verb stem], adj., lying,
false, deceitful.
Menoetes, -ae, [Gr. Mcj/o/ttj^], m.,
a Lycian, killed by Achilles.
Menoetiades, -ae, [Gr. Me^'otna-
%'(]s\, m., Patroclus, son of Menoe-
tius of Thessaly.
mens, mentis, [y'MEN (in me-
mini)-f-tis (reduced)], L, mind,
purpose, intent, — Also (with dif-
ferent conception from Eng.),
heart, feeling,
mensa, -ae, [?, akin to metior,
'measured board'], f., table. —
V\.y feast, banquet.
mensis, -is, [?, akin to metior],
m., month. — Personified, Month.
mensor, -oris, [V^^T (in metior,
with n by analogy) -|- tor], m.,
measurer. — Esp., surveyor.
mensOra, -ae, [fmensu- (^met,
(cf. mensor) + tu) -f ra (f. of
-rus)], f., measure^ magnitude.
menta, -ae, [?], f., mint (stalks,
leaves, etc.).
mentior, -iri, -itus, [akin to men-
dum?], V. dep. 4, falsely state,
pretend, falsely pretend, feign,
falsely boast, lie.
men turn, -i, [men- (as root of
mineo) + turn], n., chin.
Mercurius, -i (-ii), [stem in -ro or
-ri from fmerc- (reduced) -{- ius],
m., Mercury y the god of gain
among the Romans. He was
identified with the Greek Hermes
and regarded as the son of Jupiter
and Maia, grandson of Atlas, mes-
senger of the gods, and conductor
of souls to the lower world. As
Hermes he carried the rod twined
with serpents, or caduceus, identi-
cal with the herald's staff. .
mereo, -ere, -ui, -itum, (also
dep.), [?]> V. tr. 2, deserve, win:
nihil meruit {has done nothing
w'/ong). — See also meritum.
meretrix, -icis, [mere- (in mereo)
+ trix], f., courtesan,
mergo, -ere, mersi, mersum,
[?], V. tr. 3, plunge, submerge. —
Less exactly, thrust. — Fig., drown^
overwhelm : mersae res {ruined
fortunes).
mergus, • -i, [merg- (as root of
mergo) -{■ us], m., diver (a sea-
fowl) .
meritum, -i, [n. p.p. of mereo],
n., service, services,
Merops, -opis, [Gr. Mepoi|/], m.,
king of Ethiopia, husband of Cly-
mene, reputed father of Phaethon.
mersus, see mergo.
merus, -a, -um, [?], adj., pure, un-
adulterated.— n. as noun, pure
wine, wine (unmixed).
messis, -is, [^met (in meto) -I-
tis], f., harvest, grain (gathered).
meta, -ae, [akin to metior], f.,
goal, boundary, bounds (pl.)>
course (as bounded).
metallum, -i, [Gr. ix.iToX\ov\, n.,
mine. — PL, metal.
Methymnaeus, -a, -um, [Gr.
Mefiw/ui/aTos], adj., of Methymna,
Methymncean. — IJesbos, because
94
Vocabulary.
Methymna was on the island of
Lesbos.
inetior, -iri, mensus, [^^met (cf.
meta), (n in the p.p. from some
other pres. form)], v. dep. 4, meas-
ure.
meto, -ere, messui, messum,
[y^METJ, V. tr. 3, mow, reap, —
Less exactly, lay waste (of a
boar).
Mettus (-tins), -i, [?], m., an
Alban name. — Esp., Mettus Fuf-
fefius, an Alban dictator who, on
account of treachery, was drawn
asunder by horses.
metlio, -ere, metui, metutum,
[metu + o], V. tr. 3, fear, be
afraid. — pres. p., a fearer^ fear-
ful. —• Ger. , terrible.
me^us, -us, [?], m.,fear, alarm.
meus, -a, -uin, [pron. root ina4-
insj, pron., 7ny, mine. — PI m. as
noun, my kindred, my friends.
nilCo, -are, -ui, no sup., [mica
-f o], V. intr. I, fash, gleam. —
pres. ^., gleaming, glittering, flash-
ing. — Also less exactly, move
quickly, palpitate (sinus).
Midas, -ae, [Gr. MtSas], m., king
of Phrygia, son of Gordius and
the goddess Cybele. His touch
turned things into gold.
miles, -itis, [stem akin to mille
+ tis (reduced)], c, soldier. —
Coll., soldiery.
ndilitia, -ae, [milit -f- ia], f., mili-
tary service, service.
Tniliiim, -i, [?, cf. Gr. /ueAiV??], n.,
millet.
mille (indecl.), [?], adj., a thou-
sand.— PI. milia, -ium.
miluus, -i, [?], m., kite.
Mimas^ -antis, [Gr. Mi^as], m., a
mountain or promontory in Ionia.
WliWa-e, -arum, [ y'MiN (in mineo)
-f- a] , f. pi., threats, menace, threat-
ening aspect.
minax, -acis, [really mina (in
minor or minae) -f cus (re-
duced), i.e. apparently min -f ax
(cf. loquax)], adj., threatening,
menacing.
Minerva, -ae, [?, perh. akin to
mens], f., the Roman goddess of
wisdom, partially identified with
the Greek Pallas Athene. She
was reckoned as the daughter of
Jupiter, patroness of all arts and
sciences, especially of the house-
hold arts and of war, and the in-
ventress of the olive. The city of
of Athens was sacred to her.
minime, see minus.
minimus (minu-), see parvus.
minister, -tri, [minus-f-ter (cf.
magister)], m., servant, minis-
ter, attendant, messenger, inter-
preter (of a letter).
ministerium, -1, [minister- (as if
stem of minister) -f- ium], n.,
service, function.
ministra, -ae, [f. of minister], f.,
servant (female).
ministro, -are, -avi, -atum,
[ministro- (as if ministra) -f o],
V. tr. I, serve, supply.
minitor, -ari, -atus, [minito-
(p.p. of minor, as if -a) -}- o], v.
dep. I, threaten.
Minois, -idis, [Gr. yiivmW], f.,
Ariadne, as daughter of Minos,
king of Crete.
minor, -ari, -atus, [mina- . (stem
of minae) + o], v. dep. i, threaten,
menace.
minor, -oris, see parvus.
Minos, -ois, [Gr. MtVws], m., son
of Jupiter and Europa, king of
Crete. He caused Daedalus to
build the labyrinth,
Vocabulary.
95
Minturnae, -arum, [?], f. pi, a
city in Campania, by the swampy
mouth of the Liris.
minume, see minus,
mlnuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, [minu-
(as if stem of minus) + o], v. tr.
3, lessen, itnpair^ shrink^ reduce,
assuage (luctum).
minus, [n. of minor], adv., less,
not so much, not very. — Sup.,
minime (-ume), (old abl. of
minimus), least, not at all, by no
means.
Minyae, -arum, [Gr. Mii'uat], m,
pi., the Minyans, an iEolian tribe
living in Thessaly about lolcus,
and also in Boeotia. The Argo-
nauts are called Minyae, as Jason,
their leader, vi^as from lolcus.
mirabilis, -e, [mira -f bills], adj.,
marvellous, admirable.
miraculum, -i, [mira -1- culum],
n., wonder, marvel.
miratop, -oris, [mira -f tor], m.,
admirer.
miratus, see miror.
miror, -ari, -atus, [miro- (as if
mira) + o], v. dep. l, marvel at,
marvel, wonder, admire.
mirus, -a, -um, [?, -y/Mi-f rus],
adj., marvellous, strange. — n. as
noun, marvel, wonder: mirum!
oh wonder I
misceo, -ere, -ui, mixtum (mi-
stum), [fmisco- (cf. promiscus)
+ eo], V. tr. 2, mingle, concoct,
unite, mix : canities comas,
affect (changing the color to
mixed) .
miser, -era, -erum, [?, ^mis (in
maereo) -f rus, with adventitious
e], adj., 7vr etched, unfortunate:
me miserum, tvretched me (with
ne and clause of fearing); res
miserae {misfortunes).
miserabilis, -e, [misera- (in mise-
ror) -f bills], adj., /?V2^/5/(?, miser-
able, wretched.
miserandus, see miseror.
misereor, -eri, -itus, [miser6 +
eo], V. dep. 2, have pity on, pity.
miseror, -ari, -atus, [misero-
(as if misera) -f o], v. dep. i,
pity. — p.p., miseratus, pitying.
— Ger., miserandus, pitiable,
wretched.
missus, p.p. of mitto, wh. see.
Mitbridateus, -a, -um, [Gr. Mi-
OpaSctTCios], adj., of Mithradates
(better than Mithri-). There
were six kings of Pontus of this
name.
mitis, -e, \_l'],2idi],, gentle, soft, mild,
delicate, peaceful, fnerciful. — Sup.
as noun, most gentle one.
mitto, -ere, misi, missum, |[?],
V. tr. 3, let go, make go, send, send
in, send forth, fling, hurl, throw,
shoot, drive.
Mnemosyne, -es, [Gr. Mvnixoavvii],
f., goddess of memory, daughter
of Uranus and Gaea (Heaven
and Earth), and mother of the
Muses.
moderamen, -inis, [modera -f
men], n., control, government,
guidance, direction, helm (as
means of control) .
moderate, [old abl. of modera-
tus], 3idY., gently, slowly.
moderor, -ari, -atus, [friioder-
(as stem of fmodus, cf. modes-
tus) -f- o], V. dep. I, control, guide,
direct. — p.p., moderatus, con-
trolled, gentle.
modestus, -a, -um, [modes- (as
stem of fmodus, -eris, cf. mode-
ror) 4- tixs (cf. robustus)], adj.,
under control, self-controlled, mod--
est.
96
Vocabulary.
modicus, -a, -um, [modo + cus] ,
adj., moderate^ not extravagant^
not excessive,
modo, [abl. of modus, with short-
ened final], adv., {by measure^,
just (no more), only, just now,
newly, lately: mode . . . modo
{now . . . noiv) ; si modo, if only
(a wish). — modo with subj., only
let, if only (a wish).
modulor, -ari, -atus, [modulo-
(as if modula-) + o], v. dep. i,
tune, play.
modus, -i, [?], ja., measure, man-
ner, limit, end, restraint, note (of
music), measure (of poetry). —
With gen., in the manner of, as
by, as with, etc. : quo modo
{how) .
moenia, -iumi, [same word as
munla, distributive shares (cf.
immuBis, communis), from
working on walls, as roads are
made in sparsely settled regions],
n. pL, walls, a city. -
molaris, -is, [mola-fris], m.
(prop, adj., sc. lapis), millstone.
— Less exactly, huge stone (for
any purpose) .
m.oles, -is, [?], f., mass, weight,
pile, bank, mole, wall, shore, mis-
sile (heavy). — Transf., effort :
mundi {mighty fabric) ; porta-
rum {massive gates); nemeaea
{tnighty Nemcean lion).
molimen, -iois, [moli-f- men], n.,
effort, toiL
molior, -iri, -itus, [moli- (as stem
of moles) + o], V. dep. 4, exert
one's self raise, build, continue,
plan, compass (the death of), try,
force, plant (arrow in breast) .
molitor, -oris, [moli -\- tor], m.,
builder, contriver,
nioUio, -Ire, -ivi, -itum, [molli
-f o], V. tr. 4, soften, make soft,
smooth. — Also fig.
mollis, -e, [?], adj., soft, tender (lit.
and fig.) , gentle, easy (otium) .
moUiter, [molli + ter], ^^dv., softly.
mollities, -ei, [molli -\- ties
(-tia)], f., softness, gentleness,
effeminacy.
Molossus, -a, -um, [Gr. MoXoa-
crJs], adj., of Molossus, a city of
Crete. — Less exactly, Cretan.
moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [prob.
causative of miemini, formed
originally with (a)yami], v. tr. 2,
remind, warn, admonish, warn
of (cog. ace. vera). — See also
monitumi.
monimeutum, -i, [moni- (as stem
of moneo) + mentum], n., re-
minder, record, relic, monument,
memorial.
monitum, -i, [n. p.p. of moneo],
n., warning, command.
monitus^ -us, [moni- (as stem of
moneo) -f tus], m., warning, re-
minder, command.
mons, montis, [root of mineo
-f tis (reduced)], m., mountain,
monstrS, -are, -avi, -atum^
[monstro- (as if monstra-) -V o],
v. tr. I, point to, show, explain,
illustrate.
monstrum, -i, [m.on- (as root of
moneo, with unc. s)-{-trum],
n,, {indication of the will of the
gods), prodigy, miracle,— Hence
(as the most common prodigy),
monster.
montanus, -a, -um, [mont- (as
stem of mons) -F anus], adj., of
the mountains, mountain-.
monticola, -ae, [monti- (as stem
of iiions) 4- cola], m., mountain-
dweller. — In app. as adj., moun-
tain dwelling.
Vocabulary.
97
monumentum, see monlmen-
turn.
Mopsopius» -a, -um, [Gr. Mo^6~
TTtos], adj., Attic f from Mopsopus,
an ancient king of Athens.
mora, -ae, [?], f., (perh. considera-
tion), delay, lapse of time, time,
cause of delay, hindrance : longa
mora est {it would take too long) ;
mora (abl.), by time, gradually.
morbus, -i, [mor- (in morlor, as
root) + bus], m., sickness, disease,
disability (in medical sense) .
mordeo, -ere, momordi, mor-
sum, [ ?, akin to morior, through
adj. stem], v. tr. 2, bite, gnaw
(of envy) . — Less exactly, clasp
(fibula).
moribundus, -a, -um, [mori- (as
stem of morlor) + bundus], adj.,
dying, expiring, deathly (os).
morior, -i (-iri), miortuus, [mor
(as root)], V. dep. 3 and 4, die.
moror, -ari, -atus, [mora + o],
V. dep. I, linger, delay, loiter, stop,
abide, dwell.
Morpheus, -ei, [Gr. Mop<^et5s], m.,
a dream-god who imitates human
forms.
mors, mortis, [mor (as root of
morior) + tis], f., death.
Sometimes trans, by the dead.
morsus, -us, [mord (as root of
mordeo) 4- tus], m., bite, teeth,
jaws: inferre {attack with teeth).
mortalls, -e, [mort 4- alls], adj.,
deadly, mortal, of mortals. — PI.
as noun, mortals, men.
mortuus, -a, -um, [p.p. of mo-
rlor], as adj., dead.
morum, -i, [Gr. ixwpov], n., mul-
berry (fruit).
morus, -i, [f. of preceding], f.,
mulberry (tree),.
mos, mioris, [?], m., custom, man-
ner, fashion, habit. — PI., morals,
habits, character (as exhibited in
* ways ').
motus, -us, [mo- (as root, or con-
tracted stem of moveo) -f tus],
m., movement, motion, shaking,
jar.
moveo, -ere, movi, motum, [?],
V. tr. 2, set in motion, move, shake,
send, cause, ply, urge, influence,
affect, stir, arouse, dig (terram).
— p.p., in motion, moving: Aurora
movetur (rises).
mox, [?], adv., soon, by and by,
presently, later.
mificro, -onis, [?], m., point, knife,
blade.
mngio, -ire, -ivi (-11), -itum, [?,
cf. fjLVKoiofiai., fJi'vCcD'jf V, intr. 4, bel-
low, roar.
mugitus, -us, [mugi--l-tus], m.,
lowing,
mulceo, -ere, mulsi, mulsum,
[?], V. tr. 2, {soften by touching),
soothe, calm, caress, stroke.
Muleiber, -bri, [as if fniulci-
(weaker stem of mulceo) + bar
(prob. -bo 4- rus)], m., a name
of Vulcan {the softener of iron),
— Transf.,y?r(?.
mulctra, -ae, [mulg- (as root of
mulgeo) + tra], f., milk-pail.
multiiidus, -a, -um, [multo-
ffidus (fid, in findo, + us)],
adj., many-parted, many-cleft*
multiplex, -icis, [multo-plex],
adj., manifold.
multo, see multus.
multum, see multus.
multus, -a, -um, [unc. root -{- tus],
adj., much, many, many a, copious
(blood) : minus multi {fexver) ;
multa pars {a great part) ; multa
tellure jacens {covering much
ground). — m. pi. as noun, many
98
Vocabulary,
(men). — n. sing, as adv., much^
most^ very. — Abl. as adv., much^
far,
niundus, -i, [originally adj., clean,
adorned ; hence as translation of
^<^(r/ios], m., the universe, the world.
munimen, -inis, [muni + men],
n.ffortiJicaHon, defence.
muiiio, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itum,
[muni- (cf, moeiiia) + o], v. tr.
4, fortify, wall, protect,
manus, -eris, [mnn- (as root, cf,
inunia) + ns], n., tribute (as dis-
tributive share, then generally),
service, task. - — Hence, gift, boon,
reward.
mirex, -icis, [?], m., shellfish
(singly and coll.), purple (made
from shellfish).
murmur, -uris, [?, unc. root re-
dupL], n., murmur, noise: mur-
mtira parva dedit {gently mur-
tnured^.
murmuroy -are, -avi, -atum,
[murmur (as if murmura) -\- o],
V. intr. I, murmur, whisper.
murus, -i, [?, prob. different root
from moenia], m., wall.
Mnsa, -ae, [Gr. MoOca], f., a Muse.
The Muses were goddesses of
song, etc.; hence, a song, a lay,
verses,
museus, -i, [?], m., moss.
mustuni, -i, [?], n., fermenting
juice, new wine, must.
mutabilis, -e, [muta -f- bills], adj.,
capably of change, changeable.
Mutina, -ae, [?], f., a town in Cis-
alpine Gaul (now Modend).
muto, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v.
tr. I, change, exchange, get in ex-
change for (with cum), vary
(sonos, of a parrot). j
mntus, -a, -urn, [?], adj., dumb,\
silent, mute. \
mutuus, -a, -um, [mut (as if root
of muto) H- vus], adj., mutual.
Mycale, -es, [Gr. lAvKi\.j\\, f., a
promontory in Ionia (now Cape
St. Mary).
Mycenis, -idls, [Gr. MvKtivis^, f.
adj., MycencBan, of Mycence (the
city of Agamemnon in Argolis).
— Esp., Iphigenia, daughter of
Agamemnon.
Mygdonis, -idis, [Gr. Mi/75o»'(s],
f. adj., Mygdonian, Thracian,
Lydian (from the Mygdones, a
Thracian tribe that migrated to
Lydia and Phrygia).
Mygdonius, -a, -um, [Gr. MU75J-
vioi\, adj., Mygdonian, Thracian.
myrica, -ae, [Gr. /xupi/c??], f., ta^na-
risk (a shrub) .
Myrmidon, -onis, [Gr, Mvp^i^Sv'],
m., a Myrmidon. The Myrmi-
dons were a tribe of men created
from ants.
myrtus, -i, [Gr. /Lcvpros], f., myrtle.
N.
Nabataeus, -a, -um, [Gr. Naj8a-
raToy], adj.; Nabatcean, belonging
to the Nabatceans (a tribe of Ara-
bia), Arabian,
Nais, -idos, [Gr. Noi's], f., a Naiad,
a water-nymph.
nam, [unc. case-form of -y/NA (cf.
tarn)], conj., {now), for (explana-
tory).
namque, [nam que], conj., for
(with a slight emphasis, for you
know, etc.).
nanclscor, -i, nactus and nanc-
tus, [\/NAG, formed with -see], v.
dep. % gain, secure, obtain, reach,
get.
Nape, -es, [Gr. NciTTTj], f., one of
Act£eon's hounds.
Vocabulary.
99
naris, -is, [ ?] , f., nostril. — Usually
pi., nostrils^ keen-scented nose (on
account of context).
narratus, -us, [narra + tus], m.,
narration, narrative^ story,
narrS, -are, -avi, -a turn, [fgna-
rigo- (gnaro-fagus) -|- o], v. tr. i,
{jnake aware), tell (often as much
as boast), tiarrate, relate.
Narycia, -ae, [Gr. Napu/c^o], f., a
town in the country of the Bruttii
in southern Italy, also called
Naryx.
Narycius, -a, -um, [Gr. Napv/ctos],
adj., of Narycium, or Naryx (a
city of the Locri on the Euboean
Sea, the home of Ajax Oileus and
of Lelex; also another city of the
same name, or Narycia).
nascor, nasci, natus, [y^GNA^-
sco], V. dep. 3, be born. — p.p.,
natus (gnatus), born, sprung
from, destined for, the son (of),
daughter, whelp : flores {spring-
ing). ^
Naso, -onis, [fnaso + o], m., P.
Ovidius Naso (the poet) .
nata, see nascor.
natalis, -e, [nato- ^as if nata) +
lis], adj., native, natal. — As noun
(cf. dies), birthday (either sing,
^orpl.).
nativus, -a, -um, [nato- (as if
' nati-) -f- vus (cf. captivus)],
adj., native, natural.
nato, -are, -avi, -atum, [nato- (as
if nata-) + o], v. intr. i, swim,
float (also fig.).
natiira, -ae, [natu \ ra (f. of
-rus)], f., birth, nature, character.
— Personified, Nature.
natus, see nascor.
naufragus, -i, [navi-fragus (frag-
in frango, + us)], adj., of a ship-
wreck, shipwrecked, by shipwreck
(in agreement). — As noun, a
shipwrecked man {a mariner).
nauta (navita), -ae, [prob. bor-
rowed from va.vTii]s\, m., sailor.
navalis, -e, [navi- (reduced) -f
alis], adj., naval. — n. pL, nava-
lia, dockyards.
navigo, -are, -avi, -atum,
[navigo- (navi-fagus) + o], v.
intr. I, sail, float, voyage,
navis, -is, [V^NU (strong form)
-t- is], f., ship, vessel, boat.
navita, lengthened form of nauta,
wh. see.
ne, [case-form of y^NA (cf. nam,
num)], conj., {not), that . . -
not, lest, for fear that, that (with
verbs of fearing), so that . . . not.
— With imp., do not. — ne . . .
quidem, not . . . even, not either.
-ne, [orig. same as preceding], conj.
(enclitic), whether, — Often only
transl. by question.
Nebrophonus, -i, [Gr. N€0po(i>6-
vos^, m., one of Actseon's hounds.
nebula, -ae, [akin to nubes], f.,
cloud., mist, cloud of mist, flock (of
wool) .
nee (neque), [ne-que], conj., and
not, neither, nor, not . . . either,
not even : nee non, nee non et
{and also) ; nee . . . et {not . . .
and ) ; nec . . . nee {neither . . .
nor)', nec (neque) . . . enim,y^r
. . . not {you see, etc.).
neco, -are, -avi, -atum, [nec-
(stem of nex, as if neca) -f- o],
V. tr. I, put to death, kill, be fatal.
necopinus, -a, -um, [nec-fopinus
(cf. opinor)], adj., unexpected,
unexpecting.
nectar, -aris, [Gr. viKraf\, n., nec-
tar (the drink of the gods).
necto, -ere, nexi, nexum, [?], v.
tr. 3, bind, twine, wind. — "With
lOO
Vocabulary,
ace. of thing which, or around
which.
nefandus, -a, -um, [ne-fandus,
ger. of for], adj., unspeakable,
impious.
nefEs» indecL, [ne-fas] , n., impiety,
impious crime.
nego, -are, -avi, -atuin, [?], v.
tr. I, say no, say not, refuse, deny :
requiem {leave us),
Neleius, -a, -um, ,[Gr. NtjAtjios],
adj., of ^eleus (king of Pylos in
Elis, and father of Nestor), Nelean.
Nemeaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. Ne/teaTos],
adj., of Nemea (a town and valley
not far from Corinth, where Her-
cules killed the Nemean lion).
nemo, -iiiis, [ne-homo], m., nobody,
no one.
uemoralis, -e, [nemor- (as stem
of uemus) -f alls], adj., woody^
wooded.
nemorosus, -a, -uui, [nemor- (as
stem of nemus) + osus], adj.,
woody.
i|eYm>e, [nam-pe (dialectic form of
que)], conj., namely, for instance,
for why I but then (explanatory of
preceding remark).
nemus, -oris, [?, cf. vi^iw^ n.,
grove, woods (open and suitable
for pasturage),
neS, -ere, nevi, iietum, [?], v. tr.
2, Spin,
Nephele, -es, [Gr. Ne^eArj, cloud~\,
L, a nymph and attendant of
Diana.
nepos, -otis, [?], m., grandson,
grandchild. — Less exactly, de-
scendant.
neptis, -is, [f. of nepos, unc. form],
f., granddaughter.
Neptunius, -a, -um, [fKeptuno-
(reduced) -h ius], adj., of Nep-
tune, Neptunian.
Neptunus, -i, [fneptu-, akin to
Eng. naphtha (a Persian word)
-f nus, cf. Fortuna, Portunus],
m., the god of the sea, brother of
Jove and Pluto. — Also (cf. Ceres,
grain), the sea.
neque, see nee.
nequeo, [ne-queo], v. intr. def.,
cannot,
nequiquam, [ne-quiquam], adv.,
{not any how), to no purpose, in
vain.
Nereis, -idis, [Gr. Nriprjis, f. pat-
ronymic of 1^7] pelfs'], f., a daugh-
ter of Nereus, a Nereid, a sea-
nymph.
Nereus, -ei, [Gr. Nyjpei/s], m., a
sea-god, father of the Nereids. —
Less exactly, the sea, the water.
nervosus, -a, -um, [nervo -f- osus],
adj., sinewy, strong.
nervus, -i, [for fneurus], m., sinew,
string (of lyre) , bow-siring.
neseio, -ire, -ivi (ii), >itum, [ne-
scio], V. tr. 4, know not, be una-
ware, be ignorant: neseio quis
{some one or other, some {one),
(often disparagingly, with affected
ignorance) .
nescius, -a, -um, [ne-fscius (sci
-f- us, cf. inscius)], adj., not know-
ing, ignorant, unaware, unknow-
ingijy).
Nesseus, -a, -um, [as if Gr. Neo*-
<retos], adj., of Nessus (a centaur
who was killed by Hercules with
a poisoned arrow).
Nestor, -oris, [Gr. Necrroyp], m.,
son of Neleus, king of Pylos. In
his youth he shared in the Caly-
donian hunt and the contest of the
Lapitha; with the Centaurs; in his
old age he was prominent in the
Trojan War.
neve, neu, [ne-ve], conj., or lest.
Vocabulary.
lOI
and lest, and . . , not to, nor^ and
(do) not.
nex, necis, [?], f., death.
nexilis, -e, [nexo + lis], adj., twin-
ing.
nexus, -us, [nee- (as root of necto)
4- tusj, m., twining, knoty fold,
coil (of snake), grapple.
ni, [old (or collateral) form of ne],
conj. (not in imperative forms, cf.
ne) , if not, had not, were not, did
not (and the like).
nidus, -i, [?], m., nest.
niger, -gra, -grum, [?], adj., black,
dark, dusky.
nihilum, nihil, nil, [ne-hilum, (cf.
*not a grain,' *not a bit')]> n.,
nothing, nought. — Often as adv.,
nought, not at all, not.
nil, see nihil.
Nilus, -i, [Gr. NelAos], m., the Nile
(the famous river of Egypt).
nimbus, -i, [remotely akin to
nubes], m., cloud.
nimis, [prob. comp., cf. inagis],
adv., too much, too : admovit (^too
near) .
niinius, -a, -um, [?, cf. nlmis],
adj., too great, excessive, too much.
— n. as noun, loo much. — As adv.,
Joo much, too.
Nlnus, -1, [Gr. N/fos], m., king of
Assyria, husband of Semiramis.
Niobe, -es, [Gr. NtcJiST;], f., daugh-
ter of Tantalus and wife of Am-
phion. Her children were killed by
Apollo and Diana, and she became
a rock dripping with water.
nisi, [ne-si], conj., {not ...if, in-
dicating an exception to general
statement, cf . si non) , unless, ex-
cept, only. — With subj., were not,
etc.: nisi si {unless), nisi qui
{except that, etc., which)', nisi
postquam {until after) .
niteS, -ere, nitui, no sup., [prob.
fnito (cf. nitidus) -f eo], v. intr.
2, shine, gleam, be bright, ■ — pres.
p., nitens, shining, sleek, bright.
nitidus, -a, -um, [prob. fnito 4-
dus (cf. niteo)], adj., shining:
palaestra {as shining with oil) .
nitor, -oris, [nit- (as root of niteo)
-f- or], m., brilliancy, brightness.
nitor, -i, nisus (nixus), [prob.
for tgnitor (akin to genu)], v.
dep. 3, {strain with the knees
against something), strain, strug-
gle, strive. — p.p., nixus, supported
by, leaning on : nixns genu, see
Nixus.
niveus, -a, -um, [niv- (as stem of
nix) •{- eus], adj., snowy. — Also
of color.
nix, nivis, [?], f., snow.
Nixus, -i, [part, of nitor], m., the
Kneeler. — Esp., Nixus genu,
the constellation of the Kneeler or
Hercules.
n§, nare, navl, no sup,, [akin to
navis], v. intr. i, swim, float.
nobills, -e, [(g) no- (as if stem of
nosco) + bilis], adj., {to be
knoivn), famous, distinguished,
noble, well-known.
nobilitas, -atis, [nobili-tas], f.,
nobleness, nobility.
nobilito, -are, -avi, atum, [fno-
bilito -f- o], V. tr. i, make famous.
noceo, -ere, noeui, nocltum,
[akin to nex, unc. form.], v. intr.
2, be harmful, do harm, injure,
hinder. — pres. p., nocens, harm-
ful, guilty.
nocturnus, -a, -um, [as if fnoctus
(imaginary stem akin to nox)
-fnus (cf. diurnus)], adj., of
night, nightly, by night, nocturnal.
nodosus, -a, -um, [nodo + osus],
adj., knotty.
102
Vocabttlary,
nodusj -i, [?], m., knot.
nolo, nolle, nolui, no sup., [ne-
volo], V. intr. irr., not be willing ,
be unwilling, wish not, not like,
regret, — Imper. with inf., do not :
nemo nolet (no one but will
wisk) .
nonien, -inis, [(g) no (as root of
nosco) + men], n., name (lit.
and equivalent to race, also to
idea^ : vero nomiiie (by its true
nafne) *
Nomentum, -i, [?], n., a Sabine
city.
nomino, -are, -avi, -atum, [no-
min- (as if -a stem) + o], v. tr. i,
name, call by na?7te, call.
non, [ne-oenum (-unum)], adv.,
{not one, cf. * not a whit,' not),
not: nondum {not yet); nonne
(is'-not? does not? etc., in ques-
tions) .
Honaerius, -a, -um, [Gr. Najva-
/cptos], adj., of Nonacris in Arca-
dia, Arcadian, — fern., Atalanta of
Arcadia.
nonus, -a, -um, [unc. form from
novem], adj., ninth.
nSsco, -ere, novi, notum, [ ^^gno
+ SCO], Y. tr. 3, learn, come to
know (a thing, cf. scio, knoiu a
fact). — In perf. tenses, know, un-
derstand. — T^.^.yfamedy notorious,
jioted, well-known, familiar.
noster, -tra, -trum, [nos-ter (of
unc. origin)], pron. adj., (72^r, my :
poena {fro?n me).
nota, -ae, [prob. (g)no + ta (as in
nauta)], f., sign, mark, letter.
notabilis, -e, [nota + bills], adj.,
reinarkable, noticeable, conspicu-
ous.
notitia, -ae, fnoto-f-tia], f., ac-
quaintance, knowledge ^/(gen.),
noto, -are, -avi, -atum, [nota
-f- o], V. tr. I, mark, scratch {leave
marks on), mark {remark), notice,
stigmatize (cf. a ' marked man '),
i?iean (by a remark), note.
notus, see noseo.
not us, -i, [Gr. votqs], m., south
wind.
n<)valis, -e, [novo -|- alls], adj.,
fallow. — n. as noun, fallow land.
novem, indecL, f ?], adj., nifie.
noveni, -ae, -a, [nove- (as stem of
novem) + nusj, adj., every nine,
nine.
noverca, -ae, [form akin to novus
(real or imaginary) -f ca], f,, step-
mother.
novies (-lens), [nov- (as if stem
of novem) -|- iens], adv., nine
times.
no vitas, -atis, [novo + tas], f.,
newness, strangeness, marvel
{marvellous nature) : remm
{sir a nge surroundings) .
novo, -are, -avi, -atum, [novo-
(as if nova) -f- o], v. tr. i, make
new, change, renew, do something
new.
novus, -a, -um, [?], adj., netv^
strange, fresh, unwonted. — Sup.,
newest, last, rear.
nox, noctis, [prob. noc- (in noceo)
-f tis (reduced)], f., night. — Per-
sonified, Night : nocte {by night).
noxa, -ae, [noc- (in noceo) -f-
ta (cf. nota)], f., guilt, harm.
(Possibly this order should be re-
versed, but prob. the word was
orig. a noun of agency.)
nubes, -is, [nub (in nubo) + as],
f., cloud. — Also fig. of the mind.
nubifer, -era, -erum, [nubi- (as
stem of nubes) -fer (for -ferns)],
adj., cloud-bearing, cloud-capped.
niibilus, -a, -um, [nubi- (as stem
of nubes) + lus], adj., cloudy,
Vocabulary.
103
clouded^ dark. — n. as noun, sing.
and pL, cloudy 7nist, spray,
iittbo, -ere, nupsi, nuptum,
[nub, as root], v. intr. 3, {veil,
cf. nubes). — Hence, tnarry (of
the woman). — p.p., nupta, bride.
nudo, -are, -avi, -atum, [nudo-
(as if nuda-) + o], v. tr. i, lay
bare, disclose, tin cover. — p.p.,
naked, bare.
niidus, -a, -um, [?], adj., bare,
naked, uncovered.
nullus, -a, -um (gen. -ius), [neul-
lus], adj., 7iot any, no. — As noun,
nobody : nullus sum (be no ?nore) .
num, [V^A, prob. ace. (cf. tuni,
dum)], conj., {now? cf. nunc),
whether. — Often merely question,
implying negative answer.
nuinen, -inis, [nu- (as stem of
nuo) + men], n., {nod'), will
(expressed), command, {divine)
power, divinity, disposition
(deum) .
numerabilis, -e, [numera +
bills], adj., that can be counted.
numero, -are, -avi, -atum, [nu-
mero- (as if numera-) + o], v. tr.
I, count, number, reckon, recount.
numerosus, -a, -um, [numero
+ osus], adj., in great numbers.
— Also, tuneful, {poetic, writing
in numbers).
numerus, -1, [akin to nummus,
Numa], m., number, numbers
(verses).
Numidae, -arum, [Gr. vo^asl, m.
pi., the Numidians (a people of
Northern Africa).
Numitor, -oris, [?], m., the grand-
father of Romulus and Remus.
numquam, see nunquam.
nunc, [num-ce], adv., now: nunc
quoque {even now, still); etiam
nunc {still).
nunquam (num-), [ne-unquam],
adv., never.
nuntia, -ae, [f. of nuntius], f.,
messenger, harbinger.
nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, [nuntio-
(as if nuntia-) + 0], v. tr. i, an-
nounce, report, bring news.
nuntius, -i, [?, akin to novus,
unc. form], m., messenger.
nuper, [prob. novum-per], adv.,
just now, lately, not long before.
nurus, -us, [?], f., daughter-in-law.
— Hence, bride.
nusquam, [ne-usquam], adv., no-
where.
nuts, -are, -avi, -atum, [nuto-
(as if nuta-) -j- o], v. intr. i, nod,
shake.
niitrio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [i-stem,
akin to nutrix + 0], v. tr. 4,
nurse, feed, nourish. — Also 6g.
nutrix, -icis, [prob. fnutri- (f.
noun-stem from which nutrio)
-f ca (reduced)], f., nurse.
nutus, -us, [nu- (as stem of nuo)
-f tus], m., nod.
nux, nucis, [?], f., nut (walnut).
Nycteis, -idos, [Gr. Nu/cr-j^ts], f.,
Antiope (daughter of King Nycteus
of Boeotia.
nympha, -ae, [Gr. v{)ix.<pf)\, f.,
nymph, Oride.
O.
O, [from sound], interj., oh! 01
ob (obs), [?], prep., {near, at),
against, about, around, toivards.
— Hence, from mercantile use, on
account of. — As adv. in comp.,
about, around, against, towards,
over.
obambulo, -are, -avi, -atum,
[ob-ambulo], v. tr. i, roam about,
roam over, roam.
104
Vocabulary.
obduco, -ere, -dnxi, -ductiim,
[ob-duco], V. tr. 3, draw over, —
Also, cover (by drawing over), veil.
obeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, [oh-Qo], v.
tr. irr., go to meet^ go about ^ cover
(era cacumen).
obex, -icis, [ob-fjex (Vjac, as
stem)], m., bolt (cf. * throw the
bolt')-
obicio, -ere, -jeci, -jectum, [ob-
jacio], V, tr. 3, throw against,
throw over, draw over (nubem
'■-> — Hence, reproach (cf.
' throv
obitus, -us, [ob-itus], m., death,
decease, departure (cf. obeo mor-
tem).
Objecto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob-
jacto] , V. tr. I, throw at. — Hence,
accuse, reproach : natum equis,
accuse of the death of his son
(* throw in their teeth ').
obligS, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob-
lige], V. tr. I, bind. — Pass., be
bound, feel bound (by gratitude).
oblino, -ere, -levi, -litum, [ob-
lino], V. tr. 3, smear over.
obliquus, -a, -um, [ob-fliquus
(cf. limus)], adj., sidelong, ask-
ance, transverse, oblique : in obli-
quum (obliquely) ; in latus obli-
quum {half-turned) ; ab obliquo
(sidelong)', obliquo (^transversely).
obliviscor, -i, -litus, [unc. form
with ob-flivo- (cf. liveo)], v.
dep. 3, (become darkened), forget.
— ^.^., forgetful.
oblivium, -i, [ob-flivo + ium (cf.
obli viscor) ] , n., forgetful ness. —
Also pi.
obnoxiiis, -a, -um, [ob-noxa +
ius], adj., (enslaved on account of
injury, cf. addictus), under the
power of, controlled by.
oborlor, (-i) -iri, -ortus, [ob-
orior], v. dep. 3 and 4, come over,
veil. — p.p., obortus, rising:
lacrimae (i.e. over the face and
filling the eyes) .
obruo, -ere, -rui, -rutus, [ob-
rno], V. tr. 3, (dig over), bury. —
Hence, overwhelm.
obrutus, p.p. of obruo.
obscenus, -a, -um, [?], adj., ill-
omened, foul.
obscarus, -a, -um, [?], adj., hid-
den, dark, obscure, disguised.
obsequor, -i, seeiitus, [ob-
sequor], v. dep. 3, (follow
around, cf. ' be led by the nose '),
comply, yield.
obserS, -ere, -sevi, -situm, [ob-
sero], V. tr. 3, (sow over), cover
over (perh. orig. with trees). —
p.p., beset, covered.
observo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob-
servo], V. tr. i, (watch around),
watch, tend,
obses, -idis, [ob-ses (y'SED, as
stem, cf. praeses)], c, (sitting as
security for^ perh. a mercantile
word, cf. mercantile use of ob?),
a hostage.
obsldeo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, [ob-
sedeo], v. tr. 2, besiege, blockade,
block, beset, shut off, paralyze
(artus).
obsistS, -ere, -stiti, -stituin, [ob-
sisto], V. tr. 3, withstand, resist,
hinder.
obstipesco (obstu-) , -ere, -stupui,
no sup., V. intr. 3, (stand by like a
stick), stand amazed, stand aghast,
be paralyzed (at a sight), be
amazed, be thunderstruck.
obsto, -are, -stiti, -statum, [ob-
sto], V, intr. i, withstand, oppose,
stand in the way of (dat.), stay,
stop, check, encumber, be in the
way.
Vocabulary.
105
obstrepo, -ere, -strepui, -strepi-
tum, [ob-strepo], v. tr. 3, drozvn
(with a noise).
obstrfido (obt-), -ere, -trusi,
-trusum, [ob(s)-trudo], v. tr. 3,
shove againsty force upon.
obstruo, -ere, -straxi, -structum,
[ob-struo], V. tr. 3, {build up
against) y blocks obstruct
obstupesco, see obstipesco.
obsum, -esse, -fui, -futiirus, [ob-
sum], V. intr. irr., {be against, cf.
prosum), be harmful, injure.
obtundo, -ere, -tudi, -tusum, [ob-
tundo], V. tr. 3, {hammer against) ,
blunt, beat against. — p.p., dull,
blunt.
obumbro, -are, -avi, -atuin, [ob-
umbro], v. tr. i, overshadoiv,
shade^ cast in the shade.
obvius, -a, -um, [ob-viam, infl. as
adj.], adj., in the way of, in one's
face, towards (in agreement) :
obvius ire {go to meet, meet). — So
with other verbs in same sense.
occasus, -as, [ob-casus, through
occldo], m., falling, setting, set-
ting sun, the west. — Also pi.
occido, -ere, -cidi, -casum, [ob-
cado], V. intr. 3, fall, perish, die.
— Perf. tenses, be dead.
occiduus, -a, -iini, [ob-fcaduus
(VcAD-1-vus, cf. deciduus)],
adj., falling, setting. — n., the west.
occulo, -ere, -cului, -cultum,
[ob-colo], V. tr. 3, conceal y hide.
occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, [foc-
cupo- (ob-fcapus, v^cap + us)
-f 0], V. tr. 3, take possession of
(excluding something else), seize
upon, take, cover , gain, overtake,
— Hence, anticipate.
occurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum,
[ob-curro], v. intr. 3, run to meet,
come to meet, meet, appear.
Oceanus, -i, ['Hfceaj/os], m., the
ocean ; Ocean personified.
ocior, -us, [foci- (cf. ociter)-}-
ior, comp. stem], adj., swifter. —
n. as adv., see ociter.
ociter, [foci- (cf. ocior) -1- ter],
adv., quickly, swiftly. — Comp.,
ocius, more swiftly, swiftly,
quickly.
octoni, -ae, -a, [octo -|- nus (cf.
noveni)], adj., eight apiece, eight
(with pi. nouns).
oculus, -i, [foco- (oc-, as root in
ocior, •\- us) -f lus], m., eye (cf.
acies) .
odi, odisse (osus sum), [?],v. tr.
def., hate, abhor.
odium, -i, [akin to odi], n., hate,
hatred.
odor, -oris, [y'OD-f or], m., odor,
smell, emanation, exhalation.
odoratus, see odoro.
odoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [odor-
(as if odora) -^ o], v. tr. i, per-
fume. — p.p., perfumed.
Oeagrius, -a, -um, [Gr. Oldypios^t
adj., (Eagrian, Thracian, of Hcb-
mus.
Oebalides, -ae, [Gr. QL^ahShy\{\,
m., Hyacinihus, as son of the Spar-
tan king, CEbalus.
Oechalia, -ae, [Gr. Oi'xaXto], f.
(prop, adj.), a city of Euboea.
Oeclides, -ae, [Gr. Oi/cAe/^rjs], m.,
AmphiaraUs (a famous soothsayer,
son of OScles. He took part in
the Calydonian hunt) .
Oeneus, -ei, [Gr. O/Vei^s], m., king
of Calydon, father of Meleager and
Deianira.
Oenides, -ae, [Gr. OtVe^Stjs], m., i.
son of (Eneus, Meleager ; 2. grand-
son of (Eneus, Diomedes.
Oetaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. OiraTos],
adj., of Mt, (Eta ^CEte), (Etcean.
io6
Vocabulary.
— Less exactly, Tkessalian, Tra-
ckinian,
Oete^ -es (Oeta, -ae), [Gr. OItt?],
m. and f., Mt. (Eta (a mountain
range on the southern border of
Thessaly).
oflRendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensum,
[ob-fendo], v. tr. 3, strike against,
— Hence, offend^ incense. — p.p.,
oflTensus, offended^ incensed.
offero, -ferre^ obtuli, oblatum,
[ob-fero], v. tr. irr., bring to^
bring against^ offer. — With bel-
lum and the hke, cany on offen-
sive war.
officium, -i, [ob-ffacium (^fac
4-iuiil)], n., service, office, act of
duty, adt (of duty, as funeral or the
like).
olea, -ae, [?], f., olive.
0|§,||0S, -T, [Gr. "XiAfi/oy], m., an
inhabitant of Mt. Ida, who was
changed into a stone.
olens, -entis, [pres. p. of oleo],
adj. J, odorous, odoriferous.
oleum, -i, [?, cf. oliva], n., olive
tree.
olim, [loc. of ille], adv., {at that
time'), once, formerly, some time.
oliva, -ae, [?, cf. oleum], f., olive
(tree and berry).
olivum, -i, [?, cf. oleum], n., olive
oil, oil (presumably olive).
olor, -oris, [?], m., swan.
olorinus, -a, -um, [Olor+ inns],
adj., of a swan.
olus (ho-), -eris, [?], n,, vegetable
(esp. greens).
Olympus, -T, [Gr. "OAvfiiros^, m.,
Mt. Olympus inThessaly, regarded
as the home of the gods. — Hence,
the heaven, heaven, the sky.
omen, -inis, [unc. root -f men], n.,
omen, portent.
omuipotens, -entis, [omni-po-
tens], adj., all-powerful, omnipo-
tent.
omnis, -e, [?], adj., all, the whole,
every, entirely (in agreement) . —
PI. as noun, everything, all. —
With negative implied or ex-
pressed, any.
Onchestius, -a, -um, [Gr. '07%^-
aTios~\, adj., Onchestian, of On-
chestus, son of O^ichestus.
onerS, -Sre, -avi, -atum, [oner-
(as stem of onus) -f o], v. tr. i,
burden, load down. — p.p., bur-
dened, loaded, weighed down, over-
come.
onerosus, -a, -um, [oner- (as stem
of onus) -1- osus], adj., burden-
some, heavy., laborious.
onus, -eris, [?], n., burden^ load.
opacus, -a, -um, [?], adj., dark,
obscure,
operio, -ire, -ui, opertum, [ob-
pario (cf. aperio)], v. tr, 4, cover,
conceal.
operosus, -a, -um, [oper -f osus],
adj., busy, laborious, laboriously
wrought (moles mnndi),
opes, see ops.
opifer, -era, -erum, [opi- (as stem
of ops)+fer (for -ferus)], adj.,
succoring, bringing help.
oplfex, -icis, [opi- (as stem of
ops) + fex (-y/FAC, as stem)], c,
artisan.
oportet, -ere, -uit, no sup., [?, cf.
opportunus], v, imp. 2, it befits,
it behooves, one ought.
oppldum, -i, [?], n., {solid foun-
dation ?), town (as place of refuge
from surrounding country).
oppono, -ere, -posui, -positum,
[ob-pono], V. tr. 3, place against,
put to, raise to, set (against), op-
pose.— p.p., opposed, opposing.
opprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum,
Vocabitlaiy.
107
[ob-premo] , v. tr. % press against^
press down, oppress. — p-p.? down-
cast, gloomy.
opprobrium, i, [ob-probro +
ium], n., reproach, disgrace, in-
sult.
ops, opis, [?, akin to opus, opifex],
f., help, aid, succor, relief. — PI.,
rarely in sing., wealth, resources.
— Sing, personified, Ops (a god-
dess of abundance).
optimus, [op- (in ops) + timus],
sup. used with bonus, wh. see.
opto, -are, -avi, -atum, [? opto-
(p.p, of f opio, perh. akin to ops)
+ o], V. tr. I, choose, elect, desire^
wish, pray for, pray.
opus, -eris, [fop- (in ops) +us],
n., {service?'), work (in its effect,
cf. labor, toil) , task, effect: diversa
{effects). — As predicate, need,
use : nil opus est (it is of no use,
there is no need)\ sic opus est
{necessary).
ora, -ae, [?], f., edge, border. —
Hence, shore, region.
oraculum (-clum), -i, [ora +
culum], n., oracle (both utterance
and place).
orbls, -is, [?], m., circle, disc,
sphere (inexactly conceived), fold
(of snake), course (circular). —
With and without terrarum, the
world, zvorld (of a part of the
earth), shore.
orbo, -are, -avi, -atum, [orbo-
(as if a-stem) -1- 0], v. tr. i, be-
reave, make childless, make orphan.
— Less exactly, deprive.
orbus, -a, -um, [?], adj., bereaved,
childless, orphaned, deprived, desti-
tute.
Orchomenos, -1, [Gr. 'Opxo^€i/(is],
m. and f., a town in I, Arcadia, 2.
Boeotia,
ordior, -iri, orsus, [?, akin to
ordo], V. dep. 4, begin, — p.p.,
begin72ing.
ordo, -inis, [?, akin to ordior,
through simple stem], m., row,
line, series, order, arrangement,
circle (of spokes) : ex ordine {in
detail) (beginning at the beginning
and going on); nullo ordine
{wildly) ; sine ordine {promiscu-
ously).
Oresitrophus, -i, [Gr. *Ope<r(Tpo-
(posl, m., one of Actaeon's hounds.
Orestes, -ae, [Gr. ^Opearris], m.,
son of Agamemnon and Clytem-
nestra. He killed his mother and
was driven mad by the Furies.
orgia, -orum, [Gr. ^pyia], n. pi.,
rites of Bacchus, orgies. — Less
exactly, sacred myste7nes, ceremo-
nies (of a secret worship) .
Oribasus, -i, [Gr. 'OpeijSao-os], m.,
one of Actseon's dogs.
oriens, see orior.
origo, -inis, [akin to orior, through
simpler stem], f., origin, birth,
_^source, parentage. — Also, cause.
Orion, -onis, [Gr. 'npfwj^], m., a
gigantic huntsman of Hyria in
Boeotia, changed after his death
to a constellation, Orion, the ris-
ing and setting of which are ac-
companied by storms.
orior, (-1) -iri, ortus, [?, perh.
akin to ordo], v. dep. 3 and 4,
rise, spring up (lit. and fig.). — -
pres. p., rising. — As noun, the
rising sun, the East. — p.p., risen,
rising, springing.
orno, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. tr^
I, adorn, decorate, furnish, equip.
ornus, -i, [?], f., ash (tree or wood).
Orny tides, -ae, [Gr. ^OpvvT[Zt]s\,
m., son of Ornytus (a sharer in
the Calydonian hunt),
io8
Vocabulary.
orS, -are, -avi, -atum, [or- (stem
of OS, as if a-stem) -f o], v. tr. i,
pray for, pray^ entreat: oranti
anniiit (to her prayer') .
Orontes, -is (-ae), [Gr. 'OpoVr^/s],
m-, the chief river of Syria.
Orpheus, -ei, (ace. -ea), [Gr.
^Opfp^vs\y m., a mythic bard of
antiquity. He almost rescued his
wife, Eurydice, from the world be-
low by his skill in music, but was
afterwards torn in pieces by the
Thracian women.
Orpheus, -a, -uin, [as if Gr.
'0/)<|)€ios], adj., of Orpheus.
Orphne, -es, [Gr. 'Oppvr], dark\
f., a nymph of the lower world,
mother of Ascalaphus.
ortus, -us, [or- (as root of orior)
H- tils], m., rising, origin, birth.
— Also, rising sun^ sunrise, the
East.
Ortygia, -ae, [Gr. ^OprvyicL], f . : i.
the island upon which the oldest
part of the city of Syracuse was
built; 2. an old name of Delos.
OS, oris, [ ?] , n., mouth, lips, face,
Jaws, words, head. — Sometimes
fig. in. these senses.
OS, ossis, [?], n., done.
osculum, -i, [os- (orig. stem of
oris) + culum (perh. through in-
termediate stem in -cum)], n.,
lips, kiss.
Ossa, -ae, [Gr. "Oato-o], f., a moun-
tain in Thessaly, used by the giants
in scaling heaven.
ostendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentum,
[obs-tendo], v. tr. 3, {stretch
towards) , shozv, point out.
ostiuTn, -i, [os- (old stem of os)
-{■ unc. term, perh. through a false
analogy], n., mouth (of a river),
door.
ostrum, -i, [?, akin to ostrea,
perh. borr. from oo-rpaKov], n.,
purple (made from shellfish).
Othrys, -yos, [Gr. ^Odpvs^, m., a
mountain in Thessaly.
otium, -i, [?], n., ^uiet, ease (luxu-
rious) , freedom from care.
ovile, -is, [ovi -f- lis], n. (of adj.),
sheepfold.
ovis, -is, [?], f., sheep.
ovum, -i, [?, prob. akin to avis, as
if avium], n., egg>
pabulum, -i, \_^vk. (in paseor)
-f bulum], n., fodder, grass, ver-
dure,
pacalis, -e, [pac- (stem of pax)
■\- alls], adj., belonging to peace :
olea {peaceful, emblem of peace).
Fachynus (-uin),-i, [Gr.ricixwos],
m. and n. (f.), the southeastern
extremity of Sicily {Capo di Pas-
sard).
paciscor, -i, pactus, [-y/pac,
formed with -sco from simpler
stem (cf. pSco)], v. dep. 3, agree,
bargain, stipulate (demand in a
bargain). — p.p. in pass, tense,
agreed upon. — See also pactum.
pSLeo, -are, -avi, -atum, [pac- (in
pax)], V. tr. \, pacify (prop, lit,
but also fig.) .
Pactolis, -idis, [Gr. Ila/crajAts], f.,
of Pactolus, Pactolian.
Pactolos, -i, [Gr. nafTwAJs], m., a
river of Lydia famous for its gold.
pactum, -i, [n., p.p. of paciscor
and pango], n., agreement.
Padus, -1, [?], m., the Po (the
famous river of Northern Italy) .
Paean, -anis, [Gr. Ila.i6.v, Tlaniiv'],
m., the physician of the gods,
Apollo. — Also, a hymn, a song of
triumph.
Vocabulary,
109
paelex (pellex), -icis, [Gr. iraAAa-
/ctsj, f., concubine^ rival (of lawful
wife).
paene, [?], adv., almost, nearly, all
but.
paenitet (poen-), -ere, paenituit,
[ ?] , V. tr. imp. 2, it repents, one
regrets.
Paestum, -1, [?], n., a city of
Lucania, formerly called Posido-
nia, famous for its roses.
Pagasaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. na7a-
(Totos], adj., Pagascean, of Pagasce,
the harbor near lolcus, where the
ship Argo was built.
Palaemon, -onis, [Gr. llaAatjuwj'],
m., the name of Mehcerta, son of
Athamas and Ino, after he was
changed into a sea-god.
palaestra, -ae, [Gr. Tra\ai<rrpa],
f., palaestra or wrestling-place. —
Less exactly, wrestling, athletic
games.
palam, [?], adv., openly, in public.
Palatium, -i (-ii), [fpalato- (re-
duced) + ium (n. of -ius)], n.,
the Palatine hill (on which was
the imperial residence of Augus-
tus).— Less exactly, palace (of
heaven) .
palatum, -i, [?, akin to pala-
tium], n., roof of the mouth, pal-
ate, mouth.
palear,.-aris, [?], n., dewlap (usu-
ally pi.).
Pales, -is, [?, ^pal (in palea,
palor) -f- is (-es)], f. (anciently
m.), the divinity of shepherds (of
the wandering flocks?).
Palici, -orum, [?], m., the name
of two sons of Jupiter, deified in
Sicily. Near their sanctuary, be-
tween Henna and Syracuse, were
two sulphur springs.
Palilia, see Parilia.
palla, -ae, [?], f., robe, cloak,
mantle.
Palladius, -a, -um, [Gr. UaXKa.-
hioi], adj., of Pallas (Minerva) :
latices, olive oil (sacred to Mi-
nerva).—n.. Palladium, 'statue
of Pallas.
Pallantis, -idos, [Gr. TlaXXavris},
f., descendant of Pallas, Aurora
(whose grandfather was the Titan
Pallas).
Pallas, -adis, [Gr. HaAAciy], f., the
Grecian divinity, identified by the
Romans with Minerva, a goddess
of war and of household arts and
of learning, and discoverer of the
olive.
palleo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [?], v.
intr. 2, be pale, be gray.
pallesco, -ere, pallui, no sup.,
[palle- (stem of palleo) -f sco],
V. intr. ■T,, pale, grow yellow.
pallidus, -a, -um, [prob. fpallo-
(cf. palleo) + dus], adj., pale,
pallid.
pallor, -oris, [pall- (as if root of
palleo) + or], m., pallor, pale
hue.
palma, -ae, [Gr. iraKd^ri], f,, palm
(of the hand), hand. — Hence,
from its shape, palm (the tree),
date, palm (of victory) .
palmes, -itis, [prob. palma -ftis],
m., branch, vine branch, vine.
palpo, -are, -avi, -atum, [palpo-
(as if a-stem) H- o], v. tr. i, stroke,
caress, pet.
pains, -Hdis, [?], f., marsh.
paluster (tris), -tris, -e, [palud
+ tris], adj., of the marsh, marsh-,
Pamphagus, -i, [Gr. Tla/^^ci^os],
m., one of Actseon's dogs.
pampineus, -a, -um, [pampino -1-
eus], adj., leafy, branching, clus-
tering, of the vine (umbra).
no
Vocabulary ,
Fan, -OS, [Gr. Ilai/], m., the god
of shepherds, represented as half
goat, and playing on the syrinx.
paiid5, -ere, pandi, passum, [?],
V. tr. I, spread, open, disclose. —~
Hence, declm-e, — p.p., spread,
dishevelled, loose (of the hair) .
pandus, -a, -um, [akin to pando],
adj., bent, turned up.
Panope, -es, [Gr. \iav6-nf]\, f., a
city in Phocis on the Cephisus.
Panopeus, -ei, [Gr. riai/oTreus], m.,
a sharer in the Calydonian hunt.
papaver, -erls, [?], n., poppy.
papyrifer,-era,-erum,[papyr6-fer
(for -ferus)], 2.^]., papyrus-bea7^ing.
par, paris, [?], adj., equal, two like
(in plu.), alike (fatum). ~ n. as
noun, pair.
par (noun), see par (adj.).
paratus, -«s, [para + tus], m.,
preparation, pomp, splendor.
Parcae, -arnm, [?, prob. akin to
parco], f. pL, the Fates, goddesses
of birth and death (Nona, Decuma,
and Morta), and so the arbiters of
human destiny, identified with the
Greek MoTpat (Clotho, Lachesis,
and Atropos).
parc5, -ere, peperci (parsi),
parcitum (parsum), [?], v.
intr. 3, spare, refrain from, stay.
parous, -a, -um, [akin to parco],
2i<X]., sparing, parsimonious, frugal.
parens, -entis, [pres. (really aorist)
p. of pario], c, parent, mother,
father,
parentalis, -e, [parent + alls],
adj., of parents, of relatives.
pareo, -ere, parui, paritum,
[fparo (cf. opiparus)], v. intr.
2, {appear?^, obey.
paries, -etis, [?], m., wall (of a
house).
Parilin, -iuiri, n. pi , the feast of
Pales (celebration on the 21st of
April, the anniversary of the foun-
dation of Rome). See Parilis.
Parilis, -e, [fpali (of Pales, with
change of 1 to r) -f- ills], adj., of
or sacred to Pales,
parilis, -e, [pari- (as stem of par)
-f- lis], adj., equal, like, at the
same time (letum) .
pario, -ere, peperi, paritum
(partum), [-y/par (akin to
fparus, paro, pareo)], v. tr. 3,
get, obtain, secure. — Esp., bring
forth, bear children.
Paris, -idis, [Gr. Ilapis], m., the
son of Priam, king of Troy, and
Hecuba. He carried off Helen,
wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta,
and thus brought on the Trojan
war.
pariter, [pari- (as stem of par)
-f- ter], adv., equally, together, in
like manner, at the same time,
alike.
parma, -ae, [Gr. Trap^'»)], f., buck-
ler, shield (round), targe.
Parnasis, -idis (-idos), [Gr. Tiap-
vaais'], f. adj., of Parnassus.
Parnasius, -a, -um, [Gr. Yiapva-
(TLos'], adj., of Parnassus.
Parnasus, -1, [Gr. TIa/7i/a<ros], m.,
Mt, Parnassus in Thessaly, the
favorite haunt of the Muses and
of Apollo.
paro, -are, -avi, -atum, [?, akin
to pario, prob. through adj. stem
(cf. opiparus)], v. tr. i , procure,
get, prepare, make preparation for.
— Hence, attempt, purpose, intend
going to (bellum), think t?/ (doing
something).
Paros, -i, [Gr. Ilctpos], f., one of
the Cyclades islands, famous for
its white marble.
Parrliasis, -idis (-idos), [Gr.
Vocabulary,
III
riap^oo-is], f. adj., Parrhasian^ of
Farj'-hasia (a town of Arcadia),
Arcadian : arctos, Callisto (who
was made the constellation of the
Great Bear).
Parrhasius, -a, -um, [Gr. Uappd-
aios}y adj., of Parrhasia, Parrka-
sian^ Arcadian,
pars, partis, [V^-^^^ (i^ P^^r) +
tis (reduced)], i.^ part, some, one
of. — Also, side, region, quarter,
direction. — V\., part (role).
Parthaonius, -a, -um, [fPar-
thaon+ius], adj., of Parthaon
(king of Calydon, father of
CEneus) .
Parthenius, -a, -um, [Gr. YlapO^-
vios^, adj., of Parthenius (a moun-
tain in Arcadia), Parthenian.
Parthenope, -es, [Gr. nap^e^oVT/],
f., the ancient name of Naples, or
of the city for which Naples (Nea-
polis, the New City) was substi-
tuted.
particeps, -Ipis, [parti- ceps ( V^ap
as stem)], adj., sharing. — PI. as
noun, companions, partners.
partim, [old ace. of pars], adv.,
partly. — Taking place of a noun
or pronoun, some, some . . . others.
partior, -iri, it us, [parti + o], v.
dep. 4, share, divide. — p.p., shar-
ing.
partus, -us, [y'PAR (in pario) -f
tus], m., birth, giving birth, off-
spring.
parum, [?, cf. parvus], adv., too
little, not enough.
parvus, -a, -um, [?, akin to
parum], adj., small, little, tri-
fling, slight, humble (domus),
gentle (murmur), lozv (vox). —
n. pi., trifles : parvi {of small
account). — Comp., minor, less,
inferior, younger, -^ n. as adv.,
less. — Sup., minimus, least, very
Utile, only the slightest, very small,
youngest.
pasco, -ere, pavi, pastum, [ V^'^»
formed with -sco], v. tr. T^,feed. —
Pass, as dep., graze, feed, — Fig.,
satiate one's self — p.p., pastus,
fed.
pascuum, -i, [pasc- (as if root of
pasco) 4- vum], v^.., pasture.
passim, [ace. of real or imaginary
tpassis (pand as root + tis), cf.
partim], adv., all around, here
and there^ everywhere.
passus, p.p. of paudo, wh. see.
passus, -iis, [pand- (as root of
pando) + tus], m., {spread of
step), step, pace.
pastor, -oris, [pas- (as if root of
pasco, cf. pastus) -}- tor], m.,
shepherd.
pastorius, -a,-um, [pastor -f ius],
adj., of a {the) shepherd.
Pataraeus, -a, -um, [Gr. riara-
paTos], adj., of Patara (a city on
the coast of Lycia, where was a
famous temple of Apollo.
patefacio, -ere, -fgci, -factum,
[pate- (case-form akin to pateo)
4- facio], V. tr. 3, lay open, open.
pateo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [unc,
noun stem (cf. patefacio) -\- o],
V. intr. 2, lie open, spread, extend,
be disclosed, be exposed, appear,
open.
pater, -tris, [?, cf. mater], m.,
father , senator (i.e. elder), sire (of
animals).
patera, -ae, [?, akin to pateo], f.,
spreading dish, bowl, patera (a
spreading dish used in libations).
paternus, -a, -um, [pater- (as
stem of pater) + nus], adj., of
one^s father, one'^s father'' s, paternal.
patientia, -ae, [patient + ia], f.,
112
Vocabulary,
patience, long-suffering, power of
endurance.
patior, -i, passus, [?], v. clep. 3,
suffer, undergo, submit to, bear,
live through. — pres. p., patiens,
capable of enduring, having endur-
ance for.
patrius, -a, -una, [pair- (as stem
of pater) + ins], adj., of one's
father^ native. — f, as noun (sc.
terra), fatherland, country, na-
tive city.
patruelis, -e, [patruo- (as if
pa true-) + lis], adj., of an uncle,
of a cousin, one's cousin's.
patruiis, -i, [pair- (as stem of
patei^) + vus], m., uncle.
patnlus, -a^ -uni, [fpato- (whence
pateo) + lus], adj., spreading,
■wide open, open.
paulgtim, [paulo- (reduced) +
atim (as if paula + tis, in acc,)]>
adv., by degrees, gradually^
paulus^ -a, -unci, [ ?, akin to par-
vus], adj., little. — n. as adv., a
little, somewhat.
pauper, -eris, [?, perh* akin to
parvus, paulus], adj., poor,
hujuble. — As noun,/^^r man.
paupertas, -atis, [pauper + tas],
f., humble circumstances, poverty.
pavefacio, -ere, -feci, -factum,
[tpave- (case-form akin to
paveo) + facio], v. tr, 3, terrify.
pavens, see paveo.
paveo, -ere, no perf., no sup.,
[prob. fpavo- (cf. pavidus) +
eo], V. intr. 2, be afraid, be fright-
ened, be struck with terror, shud-
der at (inf.).
pavidus, -a, -um, [prob. fpavo-
(cf, paveo) + dus], adj., terrified,
frightened, trembling.
pavo, -onis, [?], va.., peacock.
pavor, -oriSj [pajV- (as if rOot of
paveo) + or], m., fear, timidity.
— Personified, Fear.
pax, pacis, [ V^^c (pag) as stem],
f., peace,
peccS, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v.
intr. I, sin, do wrong.
pecteu, -iuis, [unc. form from stem
of pecto], m., comb, sleigh (of
loom).
pecto, -ere, pexui, pexum,
[^PEC (formed with to)], v. tr. 3,
comb.
pectus, -oris, [pect- (as if root of
pecto) + us], n., breast (prob.
from its shape, like a comb).—
Hence, as seat of heart, heart, soul,
mind (purpose), ;//z«^ (generally).
pecus, -oris, [?], n., sheep. — PL,
flocks.
pecus, -udis, [?, akin to pecus,
-oris], f., sheep. — V\., flocks.
Pegasis, -idis (-idos), [Gr. liriya-
<jii], f. adj., of Pegasus: undae
(the sacred spring of the Muses,
Hippokrene, on Mt. Helicon,
which was created by a blow of
the hoof of Pegasus.
Pegasos (-us), -i, [Gr. Il-hyaffoi],
m., the winged horse of the Muses,
that sprang from the blood of
Medusa.
pejor, see malus.
Pelagon, -onis, [Gr. lieXdyoiv], m.,
a sharer in the Calydonian hunt.
pelagus, -i, [Gr. ir^Kajos], n., the
sea, the deep.
Pelasgus, -a, -um, [Gr. UcKanyos'],
adj.^ Grecian (from the supposed
ancient inhabitants) . — m. pi., the
Greeks.
Peleus, -ei, [Gr. linXeifi], m., son
of yEacus, husband of Thetis, and
father of Achilles. He took part
in the Calydonian hunt and the
Argonautic expedition.
Vocabjdary.
^n
Pellacus, -a, -Um, [Cr. fif\\iaK6s\
adj., of or from Mt, Pelion (in Thes-
saly, near the home of Achilles).
Pelias, -adis, [Gr. n?7\tas], f. adj.,
of Mi. Pelion,
Pelias, -ae, [Gr. IleAtas], m.,
brother of ^son, king of lolcus.
He robbed his brother of his king-
dom, and sent his nephew Jason
on the Argonautic expedition. He
was killed by his own daughters
and Medea,
Pelignus, -a, -um, [?], adj., of the
Peligni (a tribe of Central Italy,
in whose territory Sulmo, the
native town of Ovid, was situated),
Peligni an,
Pelion, -ii, [Gr. nif]Atov], n., (also
Pelios, m.), a mountain of Thes-
saly fabled to have been used by
the giants in scaling Olympus.
pellex, -icis, see paelex.
pellis, -is, [?], f., skin, hide.
pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, [?],
V. tr. 3, drive, drive away, over-
come, dispel: nerves (^strike)',
moram {escheiv, avoids make no').
— p.p., pulsus, beaten, overcome.
Peloros (-us, -uin), -i, [Gr. Xl^Xw-
posl, m. and n., a promontory on
the northeast coast of Sicily, now
Capo di Faro J one of the headlands
of the Straits of Messina.
penates, -um, [pen- (in penitus,
penus) -\- as (cf. optimas)], m.
pi., household gods y penates. — They
were the gods of the inner recesses
of the house, and of the hearth,
but of uncertain character and
functions. — Also, home, hearth,
house.
pendeo, -ere, pependi, pensum,
[prob. tpendo- (cf. pendulus)
-f- eo], V. intr. 2, hang^ be sus-
pended, be poised. — Fig., depend
upon (ab, ex). — pres. p.,
ing, suspended.
pendo, -ere, pependi, pensum,
[^pend], v. tr. 3, haiig. — Hence,
(hang on steelyards), weigh. — ■
Hence, pay : poenas {^pay pen-
alty, suffer punishment) .
pendulus, -a, -um, [fpendo -f-
lus (cf. pendeo)], adj., hanging,
Peneis, -idos, [Gr. Xl-qvrits], f. adj.,
of the Peneus (a river inThessaly),
Peneian : nympha (i.e. Daphne,
daughter of the river-god).
Peneius, -a, -um, [Gr. IlTji/^tos],
adj., of the Peneus, Peneian. — f.
as subst., Daph^ie (daughter of the
river-god Peneus).
Penelope, -es, [Gr. Uy\v^\iwt\\, f.,
daughter of Icarius, wife of Ulys-
ses, and mother of Telemachus.
Peneos (-us),-i, [Gr. Uyiv^i^sX, m.,
a river of Thessaly flowing through
the vale of Tempe.
penetrabilis, -e, [penetra -f- bills],
adj., penetrable, — Also, penetrat-
ing, piercing.
penetrans, -e, [fpenetro- (re-
duced) + alls], adj., interior.-^
Esp. n., penetrale, -is, interior.
— PL, inner recesses, shrines, pri-
vate home, hearthstone.
penetro, -are, -avi, -atum,
[fpenetro- (as if penetra-, cf.
penetrans) + o], v. tr. i, pene-
trate.^ enter.
Peneus, see Peneos.
penitus, [stem akin to penus +
tus (cf. intus)], adv., within, be-
low : penitus penitnsque i^far,
far below) .
penna, -ae, [prob. -v/pet, in peto
-f na], f., feather, wing (of bird,
also of an arrow) .
pennatus, -a, -um, [penna + tus,
as if p.p. of tpenno], adj., winged.
114
Vocabulary.
per, [?], prep., through, over,
among, amid. — Fig , by means of,
through (of agent), by: per se
{of itself), — ■In comp., through,
thoroughly, over, very (perh. differ-
ent case-form).
perago, -ere, -egi, -actum, [per-
ago], V. tr. 3, lead through, carry
out (jussa), compktf, pass, accom-
plish : otia {pass a life of\,
peraro, -are, -^\% -atum, [per-
aro], V. tr. l, plough over. — -
Hence, write (by scratcliing).
percenseo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [per-
censeo], V. tr. 2, search over, search
through.
percipiS, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum,
[per-capio], v. tr. 3, gather
(fruits), receive, catch, take on. —
Hence, learn.
perciirro, -ere, -curri, -cursum,
[per-curro], v. tr. 3, run over.
percussus, p.p. of percutio.
percutiS, -ere, -cussi, -cussum,
[per-cutio], v. tr. 3, strike, beat.
— Less exactly, reflect. — r p.p.,
wounded: pennis {tvith the stroke
of) ; unda (as she struck) .
perdlx, -icis, [Gr. 7rep5i|], c, par-
tridge. — As proper name, Perdix,
nephew of Daedalus, changed into
a partridge.
perdS, -ere, -didi, -ditum, [per-
do (cf. interficio)], v. tr. 3, de-
stroy, waste, lose.
peregrinus, -a, -um, [peregro-
(reduced) + inus], adj., foreign,
abroad, of strangers, strange. —
As noun, foreigner, stranger.
perennis, -e, [per-annus, infl. as
adj.], adj., eternal.
pereo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [per-eo (cf.
perdo)], V. intr. irr., fall, perish,
be lost, be destroyed.
pererro, -are, -avi, -atum, [per-
erro], v. tr. i, wander over, glide
over, crawl over, wander through.
perficiS, -ere, -feci, -fectum,
[per-facio], v. tr. t,, finish, com-
plete.
perfringo, -ere, -fregi, -fractum,
[per-frango] , v. tr. 3, break
through, burst through.
perfund§, -ere, -fudi, -fflsura,
[per-fundo], v. tr. 3, pour over,
pour on, flood, ^sprinkle, bathe. —
p.p., bathed, bedewed.
Pergama, -orum, [sing, not used
in the Metam.~\, [Gr. n/p7a/;tor],
n. pi., the citadel of Troy, Troy
itself.
Fergus, -i, [?], m., a lake near
Henna in Sicily (now Lago Per-
gussa) .
perhorresco, -ere, -borrui, no
sup., [per-horreo], v. tr. and intr.
3, shudder (all over), shudder at.
periculum (-clum), [peri- (as
stem of tperior) + culum], n.,
trial. — ■ Hence, danger, peril,
source of danger.
Perilla, -ae, [Gr. HepfAAa], f., the
name, real or fictitious, of Ovid's
daughter.
perimo, -ere, -emi, -emiptum,
[per-emo, take'], v. tr. 3, destroy
(cf. perdo), slay, put to death.
perlucidus, -a, -um, [per-luci-
dus], adj., very bright. — Also,
transparent.
perluo, -ere, -lui, -latum, [per-
luo], V. tr. 3, zvash, bathe., rinse.
' — Pass., bathe (intr.).
permaneo, -ere, -mansi, -man-
sum, [tper-maneo], v. intr. 2,
' continue, remain, last.
permaturesco, -ere, -maturui,
no sup., [per-maturesco], v. intr.
3, become fully ripe.
permisceo, -ere, -miscui, -mix-
Vocahttlary.
Ill
turn, [per-misceo], v. tr. 2,
mingle,
permitto, -ere, -misi, -missum,
[per-mitto], v. tr. 3, hand over^
leave to. — Hence, allow, per vtit,
permuleeo, -ere, -mulsi, -mul-
sum, [per-mulceo], v. tr. 2,
stroke, caress.
pernox, -noctis, [per-nox], adj.,
all night (luna) .
perosiis, -a, -um, [p.p. of per-odi],
partic, hating, abhorring, a deadly
enemy to.
perpessus,'p.p. of perpetior.
perpetior, -i, -pessus, [per-
patior], V. dep. 3, endure, suffer.
perpetuus, -a, -um, [prob. perpetu-
(cf. impetus) + us (or -vus)],
adj., {going through to the end),
perpetual, eternal, continuous, for-
ever, a row of. — Abl,, perpetuo,
perpetually, ever,
perquirS, -ere, -quaesivi, -quae-
situm, [per-quaero], v. tr. 3,
search for.
Perseis, -idis (-idos), f. adj.,
daughter of Perses.
Persephone, -es, [Gr. \lep(TG^p6vy\\,
f. , the Greek name for Proserpine.
persequor, -i, -secutus, [per-
sequor], v, dep. 3, follow (to the
end), pursue. — Hence, narrate
(fully).
Perseus, -ei, [Gr. nepo-e^js], m.,
son of Jupiter and Danae (daugh-
ter of King Acrisius of Argos),
slayer of the Gorgon Medusa.
Persis, -idis (ace. -ida), [Gr. Ilep-
<ris], f. 2.^y^ Persian.
perspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum,
[per-f specio] , v. tr. 3, look over,
gaze at, survey, look upon.
perspicuus, -a, -um, [per-fspe-
cuus, -^sPEC4-vus (cf. conspi-
cuus)], adj., transparent.
persto, -are, -stiti, -statum, [per-
sto], V. intr. \, persist.
perterritus, -a, -um, [per-terri-
tus], adj., much terrified, in terror.
pervenio, -ire, -veni, -venfeiim,
[per-venio], v. intr. 4, cofne
through to, come to, arrive at,
reach,
pervigll, -is, [per-vigil], adj.,
wakeful all night, ever watchful.
pervius, -a, -um, [per -via, infl. as
adj.], adj., passable, traversable,
accessible, exposed (vento).
pes, pedis, [^ped, as stem], m.,
foot, hoof — Sometimes to be
transl. swift foot, swiftness of foot,
— Also,y^o/ (of verse) ;j verse.
pestifer, -era, -erum, [pesti-fer
(for -ferus)], adj., pestilent, pes-
tiferous-, noxious, destructive,
pestis, -is, [unc. root -|- tis], f.,
plague. — Less exactly, ruin^ de-
struction, curse.
peto, -ere, -ivi, -itum, [^^pet], v.
tr. 3, {fly to, rush to, cf. impetus),
hie to, approach, seek (go to), go for,
aim at, seek to gain, seek (to gain),
rise to, seek (in marriage), zvoo. —
Hence, ask, beg.
Phaedimus, -i, [Gr. ^aihLiios\ m,,
a son of Niobe.
Phaethon, -ootis, [Gr. ^ae^wj/],
m., a son of the Sun (Phoebus)
and Clymene, who tried to drive
his father's horses. They became
unmanageable, and he was de-
stroyed by a thunderbolt. His
sisters, mourning for him, were
changed into poplars.
Phaethiisa, -ae, [Gr. ^aidova<i\,
f., one of the Heliades, sisters of
Phaethon.
Phantasos, -i, [Gr, ^cti/rao-ov], m.,
a god of dreams, who imitates in-
animate objects.
ii6
Vocabulary.
pharetra, -ae, [Gr. <i)ap€rpa], f.,
quiver,
pharetratus, -a, -um, [fpliaretra
+ tus (ci armatus)], adj.,
armed with a quiver, quiver-bear-
ing.
Pharsalia, -ae, [Gr. ^a/DiraAm], f.,
the region about Pharsaliis in
Thessaly, where Caesar defeated
Pompey.
Pbaslas, -adis, [Gr. ^ao-ias], f.,
of or from, the Fhasis ; Medea
(whose home was in Colchis on
the Phasis).
Phasis, -idis, [Gr. 4>acrts], m., a
river in Colchis.
Phegiacus, -a, -um, [as if Gr.
*i77ia«:(^s], adj., of Fhegia (a town
in Arcadia, afterwards called Pso-
phis), Fhegian.
Pheretiades, -ae, [Gr. ^epr^Tidd-ns'],
m., son of Fheres, Admetus (king
of Pher^, a sharer in the Caly-
donian hunt) .
Phiale, -es, [Gr. #taA7/], f., a
nymph of Diana.
PMlemon, -onis, [Gr. ^iKi\ixmv\,
m., a pious Phrygian, husband of
Baucis, changed into £L tree.
Philippi, -ioruin, [Gr. ^/Aittttoi],
m. pL, a town of Macedonia, near
the foot of the range of Hsemus.
It was famous for the battle in
which Octavius and Antony over-
came Brutus and Cassius.
PMlomela, -ae, [Gr. ^iKo}ii\\T]\^ f.,
a daughter of Pandion, king of
Thebes, who, with her sister Proc-
ne, served up to Tereus, her sis-
ter's husband, his son Itys, pre-
pared for food. They were all
changed to birds, Philomela to a
nightingale, for which bird her
name often stands.
Philyreius, -a, -um, [as if Gr.
^iKvpii]ios\, adj., of or belonging to
Philyra or of Chiron (the son of
Philyra and Saturn).
Phineus, -ei (-eos), [Gr. 4»iz/ew^],
m., a king of Thrace, who was
struck blind and afterwards tor-
mented by the Harpies.
PMegethontis, -idis (-idos), [Gr,
4>Ae76^oi/Tis3, f. 2i^].j of Flegethon
(a river of Hades).
Phlegon, -ontis, [Gx.^Kiyiav], m,,
one of the horses of the Sun.
Phlegraeus, -a, -um, [Gr. *Ae-
7pa?os], adj., Fhlegrosan, of Fhlegra
(the place, in Thrace or elsewhere,
where Jupiter destroyed the gi-
ants) .
Phobetor, -oris (ace. -ora), [Gr.
^ojSijTajp], m., a dream- god, also
called Icelos.
phoca, -ae, [Gr. ^d5/f7?], f., seal.
Phocai'cus, -a, -um, [Gr. *a>/fai'-
K6i\^ adj., Fhocman, of Fhocoea (a
town on the coast of Ionia) .
Phoceus, -a, -um, [as if Gr. ^(a-
K€i,os\ adj., Phocian : juvenis,
Fylades (son of King Strophius of
Phocis) .
Phocis, -idis, [Gr. ^w/cts], f., a
mountainous country between Boe-
otia and Thessaly.
Phoebe, -es, [Gr. ^oi^t\\ f., a name
of Diana (the moon-goddess), as
sister of Phoebus (the sun-god).
Phoebeius, -a, -um, [Gr. *oi^T^i'os],
adj., of Phoebus or Apollo: yd^Q-
mSj ^sculapius (son of Apollo).
Phoebeus, -a, -um, [Gr. ^oi&^ios],
adj., of Phoebus or Apollo : ignes
(the fiery rays of the sun) .
Phoebus, -1, [Gr. ^ol^os}, m., a
name of Apollo as god of the sun
(^the bright one) . — Also, the Sun,
rays of the sun : uterque (the ris-
ing and the setting sun).
Vocabulary.
ii;
Phoenices, -um, [Gr. ^o[vikbs\
m. pi., the Phcenicians (inhabitants
of Phoenicia, the coast-land east of
the Mediterranean).
phoenix, -icis, [Gr. <^(Hvii\^ f.,
pkmnix (the fabulous bird).
Phoenix, -icis, [Gr. *o?ri|], m.,
son of Amyntor in Thessaly,
teacher of Achilles, a sharer in the
Calydonian hunt.
Phorcis, -idis, (ace. pi. -Idas), [Gr.
^opKis']t t, daughter of Phorcus
(Phorcys), a Gorgon. — PL, the
Gorgons.
Phorcynis, -idis, [Gr. patronymic],
f., Medusa^ as daughter of Phorcys.
Phrixeus, -a, -um, [Gr. ^pi^etos],
adj., of Phrixus : vellera (the
golden fleece of the ram that carried
Phrixus over the sea).
Plirygia, -ae, [Gr. *pu7^a], f., a
country of Asia Minor.
Phrygius, -a, -um, [Gr. ^pvyios\
adj., Phrygian: vestis (many-
colored clothing, which was con-
sidered a Phrygian invention). —
Less exactly, Trojan^ as Troy was
in Phrygia.
Phryx, -ygis, [Gr. */oi5|], m., a
Phrygian, — Less exactly, a Tro-
jan.
Phylacides, -ae, [Gr. *uXa«t5>7s],
m,, Protesilaus (who was the
grandson of Phylacus).
Phyieus, -ei, [Gr. ^vKevs'], m., son
of King Augeas of Elis, one of the
hunters of the Calydonian boar.
piceus, -a, -um, [pic -f eus], adj.,
pitchy, — Esp. (from the color of
resin Stvcid^e) , pitchy black, pitchy ^
pitch dark, — f. as no\m, pitch pine,
pine.
Pierldes, -um, [Gr. IliepfSes], f.
pi., the Muses (so-called from their
haunt Pieria in Thessaly) .
pietas, -atis, [pio + tas], f., filial
duty, fatherly affection, brotherly
love, family affection, conjugal
affection.
piger, -gra, -grum, [v^piG-{- rus
(reduced)], adj., slothful, slow,
sluggish.
piget, -ere, -uit (pigitum est),
[^piG (cf. piger), perh. through
adj. stem], v. tr. imp. 2, it irks,
one regrets, is tired of.
pignerS, -are, -avi, -atum,
[pigner +0], v. tr. i, take a
pledge. — Pass, as dep., bind by a
pledge, receive as a pledge.
pignus, -eris (-oris), [?], n.,
pledge. — Hence, assurance (as if
a pledge were given of the truth) .
— PI, offspring (pledges of love).
pigre, [old abl. of piger], adv.,
lazily,
Pindus, -i, [Gr. n^pSos], m., a
mountain in Thessaly.
pinetum, -I, [pino- (reduced) -f
etum], n., pine forest.
pingo, -ere, pinxi, pictum,
[■y^PlG], V. tr. ^, paint, draw, em-
br older (acu) . — p.p., ornamented,
variegated,
pinguis, -e, [?], ^di]., fat, fattened,
rich. — Hence, dull, stupid.
pinna, -ae, [same w^ord as penna],
f., zving.
pinus, -us, [?], {., pine (tree or
wood). — Hence, ship, bark, torch.
pio, -are, -avi, -atum, [pio- (as if
a-stem) -f 0], v. tr. i, (make
pure), expiate.
Pirene, -es, [Gr. IleipV'»?]) f-» a
fountain in the citadel of Corinth,
sacred to the Muses.
Pirenis, -idis (ace. pi. -idas), [Gr.
neipr]i/is], f adj., of Pirene,
Pirithous, -i, [Gr. rietptOoos], m.,
son of Ixion, king of the Lapithse
Ilg
Vocahtdary.
in Thessaly, an inseparable friend
of Theseus. He shared in the
Calydonian hunt.
Pisa, -ae, [Gr. ritVa], f., a town in
EHs, in the territory of which
Olympia lay.
Pisaeus, -a, -ufn, [Gr. nicraTos],
adj., of Pisa; oliva (the olive
wreath given as a prize at the
Olympic games) ; Arethusa (^from
Pisa ox from Elis).
Pisander, -dri, [Gr. lielcravdpos'],
m., son of Polyctor of Ithaca, a
suitor of Penelope.
piscis, -is, [?], m., a fish. — Also
(usually in pi.); Pisces, the con-
stellation.
piscosus, -a, -um, [pisci + osus],
2.^]., full of fish, fishy.
pias, -a, -um, [?], adj., diitiful (in
any domestic relation, esp. child
to parent), affectionate, paternal,
pious, propitious (of the gods to
men). — Also, hallowed^ sacred.
places, -ere, -ui, -itum, [prob.
tplaco+ eo (cf. placidus and
placo)], V. intr. 2, please, be
agreeable, be approved. — Often
transl. by change of subject, deter-
mine, be resolved on, desire, ap-
prove: placet sibi {is satisfied
with himself thinks well of him-
self) ; cui placens (who is your
lover) : si placet hoc {if this is
your pleasure) . — p.p., placitus,
pleasing.
placidus, -a, -um, [prob. fplaco
-l"dus (cf. placeo, placo)], adj.,
{pleased, not angry?), gentle,
calm, quiet,
placo, -are, -avi, -atum, [placa
+ o (cf. Viriplaca)], v. tr. i,
pacify, appease.
plaga, -ae, [Or. •nKtiyii], £, blow,
stroke.
plaga, -ae, [Gr. irXdyos], {., (side),
region.
plangS, -ere, planxi, planctum,
[ ?, cf. plaga], V. tr. 3, beat, strike,
fall on (so as to beat), struggle (of
a bird). — Esp., beat the breast,
wail.
plangor, -oris, [plang- (as root of
plango) -f or], m., beating, noise
(of beating the breast), m., lamen-
tation (cf. plaiigo).
plaiita, -ae, [?], f., sole of the foot,
foot.
planus, -a, -um, [?], adj., level,
flat, plane.
platanus, -i, [Gr. -nKaravos'l, f.,
plane tree, plane.
plaud^, -ere, plausi, plausum,
[?, cf. plaustrum], v. intr. 3, clap
the hands, applaud^ clap, flap.
plaustrum, -i, [plaud- (cf.
plaudo) + trum], n., tvagon. —
Also pi.
plausus, -us, [plaud- (cf. plaudo)
4 tus], m., clapping of hands,
clapping, applause.
plebs, plebis, [akin to plenus],
f., the common people, the commons.
— Also of the gods, the lower gods.
plectrum, -i, [Gr. TrA-JJ/cTpoj/], n.,
quill (to strike the lyre), plectrum.
Pleias, -adis, [Gr. liK-nds'], f., a
Pleiad (one of the seven daughters
of Atlas who were changed into
the constellation of the Pleiades).
— Also, one of the stars. — PI.,
the Pleiades (the constellation).
plenus, -a, -um, [pie- (as stem of
pleo) 4- nus], 2^d]., filled, full, dis-
tended, beset with, satisfied : som-
nus {deep); annus {productive).
Plexippus, -i, [Gr. nA-^^tTTTTos], m.,
one of the sons of Thestias of Cal-
ydon.
ploro, -are, -avi, -atum, [prob.
Vocabulary .
ixq
fploro- (wet^ inundated') + o], v.
tr. I, weep for ^ lament, weep.
plama, -ae, [?], i., feather,
plumbeus, -a, -um, [plumbo- (re-
duced) + eus], adj., leaden,
plumbum, -i, [?], n., lead, ball,
bullet.
plameus, -a, -um, [pluma- (re-
duced) + eus], adj., of feathers,
plurimus,/ -a, -um, [plur- (stem
of plus) + imus], adj. (as sup. of
multus), most, very many, very
much, countless, copious, most copi-
ously (in agreement).
plus, pluris, [pie- (in pleo) -f us],
adj. (as comp. of multus), sing,
as noun, more. — As adv., more,
— PI. as adj. and noun, more, \
pluvialis, -e, [pluvio -f alls], adj.,
of the rain : aqua {I'ain water),
pluvius, -a, -um, [unc. form from
pi., as root of pluo], adj., of the
rain. — With or without aqua,
rain,
poculum, -i, [V^^ (^f* potus) -f-
culum], n., bold, cup.
Foeas, -antls, [Gr. iToias], m., the
son of Thaumacus and father of
Philoctetes.
Poemenis, -Idis, [Gr. riot^ei'^s], f.,
one of Actaeon's hounds.
poena, -ae, [?], i., penalty, punish-
ment, vengeance. — Personified,
Punishment.
poeniceus, -a, -um, [poenic6 +
eus], adj., scarlet (the Phoenician
color).
poeta, -ae, [Gr, Trotrjr-^s], m., poet,
polenta, -ae, [?, cf. pollen], f.,
meal (baked in cakes and crum-
bled).
poUeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [?, perh.
comp. with valeo], v. intr. 2, be
strong, be powerful, be able. — pres.
p., powerful.
poUex, -icis, [?], m., thumb.
poUiceor, -eri, -llcitus, [fpor- (to,
forth) + liceor (cf. licet)], v.
dep. 2, offer, promise.
poUuo, -ere, -ui, -«turn, [tpor-
luo], V. tr. 3, {wet, bathe), infect.
— Fig., pollute.
polus, -1, [Gr. irtiAos], m., the pole (of
the earth or heaven), the heavens,
Polybas, -i, [Gr. riciAuiSos], m., one
of the suitors of Penelope.
Polyphemos (-us) -i, [Gr. rioAu-
<^77Mos], m., a Cyclops who loved
Galatea and whose eye was put out
by Ulysses.
pomarium, -i, [porno + arius], n.
(of adj.), orchard.
pompa> -ae, [Gr. tto/utt^], f,, pro-
cession.
pomum, -1, [?, perh. akin to po-
tus], n., apple, fruit,
pondus, -eris, [pond- (as root of
pendo) -f us], n., weighty burden,
load, — Also pi.
pono, -ere, posui, positum,
[tpor-sino], v. tr, 3, {leave be-
hind), lay down, set, place,
arrange, establish, build. — Also,
lay aside, lose. — p.p., set, placed,
laid aside, lost : positus est {lies) ,
pons, pontis, [?], m., bridge.
Ponticus, -i, [fponto (reduced)
4- eus], m., a Roman poet, who
wrote a Thebaid.
pontifex, -icis, [ponti- (orig. stem
of pons) -1- fax ( V^ac as stem)],
m., (from early functions of priest),
high priest,
pontus, -i, [Gr. ttSvtos'I, m,, sea, the
ocean.
Pontus, -i, [Gr, hSptosI, m,, the
Black Sea and the region south of
it.
poples, -Itis, [?], m., hamstrings,
the knee (both back and front).
i26
Vocabulaiy.
populabilis, -e, [popula. + bills],
adj., destructible.
popularise -e, [populo + aris],
adj., of the country ^ native, — Also,
of the people,
populifer, -era, -erum, [populo-fer
(for -ferus)], adj., poplar-bearing.
populor, -ari, -atiis, [prob. populo-
(as if a*stem) + o], v. dep, i,
(strip of inhabitants P^ ^ ravage,
lay waste, consume (of fire) .
populus, -i, [akin to pleo^ redupL],
m., the people (as opposed to ruler),
a people f a nation, a throng.
populus, -i, [ ?J , f., poplar.
fpor, (for poi-t), [cf. Gr. 7rp6s']y
prep, (only in composition), y^r/-^,
towards, to.
porrigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectum,
[tpor-rego], v. tr. 3, extend, hold
out, stretch out.
porta, -ae, [?], i.,gate.
portico r, -oris, [porta + tor], m.,
gatekeeper.
porto, -are, -avi, >atum, [porta-
(in some older meaning) + o], v.
tr. I, {bring in ?^, ca^^ry, bear.
portus, -us, [akin to porta, with
reference to commerce], m., har-
bor, haven (also ({g,),port.
posco, -ere, poposci, poscitum,
[?], V. tr. 3, demand, ask for,
claim, ask, call on for (ace).
positus, p.p. of pono.
possideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessuiu,
[por-sedeo], v. tr. 2, {sit in front
off)f hold, occupy, cover, possess.
possum, posse, potui, no sup.,
[potis-sum], V. intr. irr,, be able,
can, may, {might), be capable of,
have potver. — With n. ace, can do.
post, [abl. of postis, orig. an augu-
ral word?], adv. and prep., behind,
after, since, later, afterwards. —
See also postquam.
posteritas, -atis, [postero -f tas],
i., posterity, later ages, future ages.
posterus, -a, -um, [post (or stem
akin) + rus (or -terus)], adj.,
later, the next.
postis, -is, [tpos- {behind) -f- tis],
m. (from augural usage), doorpost,
post. — Also pi., doors, door.
postmodo, [post modo], SLdv.,just
after, soon after, presently.
postpono, -ere, -posui, -positum,
[post-pono], V. tr. 3, put after,
postpone.
postauam, [post qnam], conj.,
{later than), after, as soon as, now
that.
potens, -eiitis, [potis-fens (pres.
p. of sum)], 2A],, powerful, mas-
ter of, potent, victorious : jussi
{having fulfilled) ', yqH {possessor
of having gained).
potentia, -ae, [potent -|- ia], f.,
power, potency, rule (rerum).
potestas, -atis, [stem akin to potis
(real or imaginary) + tas], f.,
potver.
potior, -iri, -itus, [poti +0], v.
dep. 4, become master of take pos-
session of, possess, gain, reach.
poto, -are, -avi, -atum, [poto-
(as if, perh. really, a-stem) ■\- o],
V. tr. I, drink, quaff.
prae, [?, akin to pro], prep., i^^r^,
in front of, for (of hindrance,
something being between), on ac-
count of — As adv. in comp., be-
fore, in advance, very.
praeaeutus, -a, -um, [prae-acu-
tus], adj., very sharp, sharpened.
— Also, sharpened at the point (in
front)^
praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [prae-
habeo], v, tr. 2, hold out (before),
offer, furnish, afford, show, expose :
aures {lend).
Vocabulary,
121
decl. as adj.], adj., head foremost,
headlongy swifi, deep (fossa), steep ,
precipitous^ downward : in prae-
ceps {headlong),
praeceptuni, -i, [n. p.p. of prae-
cipio] , n., precept, injunction.
praecipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptuin,
[prae-capio], v. tr. 3, take before-
hand. — Also, prescribe, enjoin,
command.
praecipito, -are, -avi, -atuni,
[praecipit- (as if a-stem) + 0],
V. tr. I, send headlong, send do%vn.
— Pass . , desce nd. — p.p., hastily
descending (nox).
praecipue, [old abl. of praeci-
puus] , adv., especially, more than
all,
praecipuus, -a, -um, [prae-
fcapuus (^CAP+vus)], adj.,
pre-eminent, especial.
praecludo, -ere, -clusi, -clusum,
[prae-claudo], v. tr. 3, close in
front, close, cut off.
praecordia, -orum, [prae-fcor-
dium (cord -h ium)], n. pL, {the
region about the heart'), the vitals,
the breast. — Also fig., the mind,
thoughts (mentis).
praecutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum,
[prae-cutio], v. tr. 3, brandish
before : taedas {carry the bran-
dished torch) .
praeda, -ae, [?, prae- (with unc.
syncopated stem)], f., booty, prey.
praedelasso, -are, no perf,, no
sup., [prae-delasso], v. tr. i,
weaken in advance.
praedo, -onis, [praeda + o], m.,
robber, pirate.
praefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,
[prae-fero], v. tr. irr., bear before.
— Also, prefer.
praefigo, -ere, -fixi, -jfixum,
[prae-figo], v. tr. 3, fix in
front. ■ — p.p., armed with, tipped
with.
praemium, -i, [prae-femium,
y^EM (in eino) -}- ium], n., {what
is taken out beforehand), special
prize, reward.
praemoneo, -ere, -ui, -itutn,
[prae-moneo], v. tr. 2, forewarn,
give warning of
praemonitus, -ns, [prae-monitus,
perh. through praemoneo], m.,
a forewarning, premonition.
praenosco, -ere, -novi, -notum,
[prae-nosco], v. tr. 3, knoiv be-
fore.
praennntius, -a, -um, [prae-
nuntius] , adj., foreboding, foretell-
ing, prophetic.
praepes, -etis, [prae-pes (Vpet,
as stem)], adj., {flying before),
szvift. — Esp. as noun, swift
bird.
praeponS, -ere, -posui, -positum,
[prae-ponoj, v. tr. 3, set before (in
grade), /r^r.
praerumpO, -ere, -riipi, -ruptum,
[prae-rumpo], v. tr. 3, break off
in front. — p.p., praeruptus,
rugged, precipitous.
praesaepe, -is, [prae-fsaepes
(decl. as adj.)], n. (of adj.), stall.
praesagium, -1, [praesago + ium],
n., presage, prophecy.
praesagus, -a, -um, [prae-sagus],
z.d^]., foreboding, a presage of.
praescius, -a, -um, [prae-fscius
(cf. inscius)], d,^]., foreknowing,
foreseeing, presaging.
praesens, -entis, [pres. p. of prae-
suna], adj., /r^5'£';//', immediate, in
person. — Hence, propitious, ac-
tive, potent.
praesentia, -ae, [praesent + ia] ,
i,, presence.
praesentio, -ire, -sensi, -sensum.
122
Vocabulary.
[prae-sentio], v. tr. 4, foresee,
knoiv beforehand.
praeses, -idis, [prae-fses (^sed
as stem)], c, guardian.
praesignis, -e, [prae-signum, decl.
as adj.], adj., {marked in front),
adorned, brilliant,
praesto, -are, -stiti, -statum,
[prae-sto], v. tr. i, set before, ren-
der, afford, secure, perform, shoiv
(esp. one's self). — Also, stand
before, be superior. — pres. p., ex-
cellent, superior, surpassing. —
Comp., superior.
praestruo, -ere, -struxi, -strfic-
tum, [prae-struo], v. tr. 3, build
up in front, block up, fill up.
praesum, -esse, -fui, -futiirus,
[prae-sum], v. intr. irr., be pres-
ent.
praestttus, -a, -um, [p.p. of prae-
suo], adj., {sewed in front), bound
at the end.
praetendS, -ere, -tendi, -tentum,
[prae-tendo], v. tr. 3, stretch for-
ward^ hold forward, present, stretch
out : praetenta cuspide {by hold-
ing out, etc. ) .
praeter, [prae -f ter (n. of-terus)],
prep., along by, beyond, except.
praeterea, s [praeter-ea (cf. in-
ter ea)], adv., further, besides,
moreover, afterwards, again.
praetereS, 4re, -ii, -itum, [prae-
ter-eo], v. tr. irr., go by, outstrip,
pass by, pass over, omit.
praetingiio, -ere, -tinxi, -tine-
turn, [prae-tinguo], v. tr. 3,
moisten beforehand.
praevalidus, -a, -um, [prae-vali-
dns], adj., very strong, stout, strong,
poiverful.
praevius, -a, -um, [prae-via, infl.
as adj.], adj., in advance.
pratuui^ -i, [?], n., meadow.
precor, -ari, -atus, [prec- (as if
a-stem) + 0], v. dep. l, pray, pray
for, offer prayers to (ace). — pres.
p. pi, precantes, worshippers.
prehendo (prendo), -ere, pre-
liendi (prendi), prensum,
[prae-ixendo, seize'\,\. tr. 3, grasp,
seize, take (dextram).
preinS, -ere, pressi, pressuin,
[?], V. tr. 3, press, keep down,
urge, press close, depress, rest on,
ride on, close, burden, cover, hem
in, narrow, light on, crush, re-
press, hide, suppress, hold fast,
hold. — With all ramifications of
idea of applying weight or force to
a thing. — p.p., pressus, low, slow,
low-lying, overwhelmed, deep set,
imprinted (signum), suppressed,
oppressed.
prendo, see preliendo.
pressus, p.p. of premo.
pi*etiosus, -a, -um, [pretio -f-
osus], z.^y, precious, costly.
pretium, -1, [?, cf. interpres], n.,
price, prize, reward.
(prex), precis, [cf. precor], f.,
prayer, entreaty.
Priamus, -i, [Gr. npia/ioy], m., the
king of Troy, father of Hector,
Paris, and others.
primitiae, -arum, [primo + tia],
f. ^\.,firstfruits.
primo, [abl. of primus], adv., at
first, first.
primum, [ace. n. of primus], adv.,
first, for the first time.
primus, [prae -|- mus, (sup. of
prae)], see prior,
prineeps, -ipis, [primo- (reduced)
-f ceps (y'CAP, as stem)], adj., at
the head of, chief — As noun, the
head, emperor.
principio, see principium.
priucipium, -i, [princip+ ium],
Vocabttlary.
123
n., beginning. — Abl. as adv., in
the beginnings at first.
prior, -us, [prae- (or other case-
form of same stem) -}- ior] , adj.,
former^ earlier. — n. as adv., be-
fore, ojtce, earlier f first. — m. pi.
as noun, the ancients. — Sup.,
primiiSjj^r^^, the first of ^ first part
of: prima via {at first) ; primis
undis {the edge of) ; primi artus
{the extremity of).
priscus, -a, -uni, [prob. prius +
CUSj, adj., ancient, of ancient
ti?nes.
pristinus, -a, -um, [prob. prius
-f- tinus], adj., former, earlier^
ancient.
prius, see prior.
pro, [?], interj., oh.
pro (old form prod), [abl. form
akin to prae], prep., {before) ^ in
place of instead of on behalf of
for, in proportion to.
proavus, -i, [pro-avus], m., great-
grandfather.
probo, -are, -avi, -atum, [probo-
(as if a-stem) ^- o], v. tr. i, ap-
prove^ express approval of prove,
shoiv (to be).
procellosus, -a, -um, [procella -j-
osus], adj., stormy, squally.
proceres, -um, [fproca -f unc.
term], m. pi., chiefs, nobles.
procerus, -a, -um, [perh. fproce-
(stem of proceo, from fprocus)
+ rus], adj., tall^ stately.
procul, [n. of proculus (or -is)
reduced (cf. simul)], adv., {just
off) , at a distance, afar.
proculco, -are, -avi, -atum, [pro-
calco], V. tr. i, trample down
(lit. as one goes forward).
procumb^, -ere, -cubui, no sup.,
fpro-cumbo], v. intr. 3, lie down,
fall prostrate f
procus, -i, [?], m., suitor.
prodeo, -ire, -ii, -ituiu, [pro
(prod) -I- eo], v. intr. irr., come
forth, go forth.
proditid, -onis, [pro-ditio, through
prodo], f., treachery.
prodo, -ere, -didi, -dltum, [pro-
do], v. tr. 3, thrust forward, put
forward. — Also, betray {give
away), disclose.
prodiieo, -ere, -duxi, -ductum,
[pro-duco], V. tr. 3, lead forth :
ignem ad flammas {bring to a
blaze) .
proelium, -i, [?], n., fight, battle.
profanus, -a, -uni, [pro-fanum,
infl. as adj.], adj., {uninitiated),
unholy, impious, unhallowed, ill-
omened, profane.
proferS, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,
[pro-fero], v. tr, irr., bring out,
put forth, advance, extend.
profieiS, -ere, -feci, -fectum,
[pro-facio], v. intr. 3, make for-
ward (cf. proficiscor), advance
(intr.), gain, profit.
proficiscor, -i, -fectus, [pro-ffa-
ciscor,. formed from facio with
-sec], V. dep. '^, go forth (cf. pro-
ficio), depart, set out. — p.p.,
l^YofQQtn^, proceeding from, hav-
ing come away.
profugus, -a, -um, [pro-ffugus
( v^FUG + us)], 2^^]., fugitive. — As
noun, a fugitive, an exile.
profundi, -ere, -fudi, -fiisum,
[pro-fundo], v. tr. 3, pour forth :
profusis lacrimis {with floods of
tears).
profundus, -a, -um, [pro-fundus] ,
adj., deep. — n. as noun, the deep,
the sea : summo profundo {the
lowest depths).
progenies, -ei, [pro-fgenies
(yoEN 4- ies)], f, offsprings son.
124
Vocabulary,
prohibeo, -ere, -Mbui, -hibitum,
[pro-habeo], v. tr. 2, {hold away),
prevent, forbid.
proles, -is, [pro-foles (akin to
adolesco)], ^,, progeny, offspring,
children: Clymeneia {son of
Clymene); gemina (whelps).
Promethiades, (-ides), -ae, [Gr.
patronymic], m., Deucalion (as
son of Prometheus) .
promineS, -ere, -ui, no sup., [pro-
mineo], v. intr. 2, stand out, pro-
ject.
prdmissum, -i, [n. p.p. of pro-
mitto], li., promise, what one has
promised.
prSmitto, -ere, -misi, -niissum,
[pro-mitto] , v. tr. 3, promise.
promS, -ere, prompsi, promp-
tum, [pro-emo, take^, v. tr. 3,
take out, draw out. — p.p.,
prornptus, ready, easy, at hand.
promontoriuin (promuii-), -i,
[pro + stem akin to inons], n.,
promontory.
proinptus, -lis, [pro-emptus,
through promo], m. only in
abl. in proinptu, easy, in one's
power.
proinptus, -a, -um, see promo.
pronepos, -otis, [pro-nepos], m.,
great-grandson.
promts, -a, -um, [pro + nus (cf.
supernus)], adj., bending for-
ward, on one^s face, prone, head-
long, dotvnward, dozvn, prostrate,
descending,
propago, -inis, [fpropago- (pro-
pagus, cf. pango, propago) +
0], f., offshoot. — Hence, progeny,
race, stock, brood, offspring, son.
prope, [prob. n. of fpropis (cf.
propior) , dialectic form for f pro-
cis, akin to procul], adv., near,
nearly. — Comp., propius, more
nearly, nearer. — As prep, with
ace, near.
propello, -ere, -puli, -pulsuin,
[pro-pello], V. tr. 3, throw for-
ward, throw down,
p^ropero, -are, -avi, -atum,
[propero- (as if a-stem) + 0], v.
tr. I, hasten on, accelerate in haste.
— intr., make haste, hasten. — ■
pres. p., hasty. — p.p., speedy.
Propertivis, -i, [?], m., a famous
Roman elegiac poet (about 49-15
B.C.).
proper us, -a, -um, [pro-parus (cf.
opiparus)], adj., (prepared be-
forehand?), in haste.
propinquus, -a, -um, [fpropi -f
cus, with unc. n], adj., near. —
Trans, by adv., nearly.
propior, -us, [propi- (cf. prope)
+ ior], comp. adj., nearer.
propono, -ere, -posui, -positum,
[pro-pono], V. tr. 3, set before,
propose, purpose, intend.
propositum, -i, [n. p.p. of pro-
pono as noun], n., purpose.
proprius, -a, -um, [?], adj., one's
own,
propter, [prope -{■ ter (cf. inter)],
adv. and prep., 7iear. — Hence, on
account of.
proscindo, -ere, -scidi, -scissum,
[pro-scindo], v. tr. 3, break up
(with plough).
prosectum, -i, [n. p.p. of proseco,
as noun], n., clippings.
prosequor, -i, -secutus, [pro-
sequor], v. dep. 3, follotv forth,
escort, attend (festa), assist
at.
Proserpina, -ae, [prob. corrupted
from Gr. Ti^^^i^^^vi], with an idea
of connection with proserpo], f.,
the wife of Pluto, daughter of
Ceres. She was stolen by Pluto
Vocabulary.
125
from her mother, who sought her
over the world.
prosiliS, -ire, -silui, sup. late,
[pro-salio], v. intr. 4, leap forth^
spring f 07' th.
prospecto, -are, -avi, -atum,
[pro-specto], v. tr. i, look forth
upon, look at, look forward to.
prospicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum,
[pro-t specie], v. tr. 3, look for-
ward to J look out and see, look out
over.
prosterno, -ere, -stravi, -stra-
tum, [pro-sterno], v. tr, 3, lay
loWy overturn. — p.p., laid low^
prostrate.
prostituB, -ere, -stitui, -stitu-
tum, [pro-statuo], V. tr. '^^, pros-
titute (vocem foro).
prosum, prodesse, profui, pro-,
futiirus, [pro-sum], v. intr. irr.,
be of advantage to (of. obsum),
avails profit^ help.
protego, -ere, -texi, -tectum,
[pro-tego], V. tr. 3, cover in front,
cover, protect, defend.
protero, -ere, -trivi, -tritum,
[pro-tero], v. tr. 3, trample down,
tread down.
Protesilaus, -i, [Gr. npwTedi^ao^],
m., son of Iphiclus, grandson of
Phylacus. He was killed when
the Greeks landed at Troy.
Proteus, -ei, [Gr. npoorevs], m., a
prophetic sea-god, who changed
himself into various shapes.
protinus, [pro-tenus], 2l&v., forth-
with, at once, then, next.
proturbo, -are, -avi, -atum,
[pro-turbo], v. tr. i, drive away.
— Less exactly, tear atvay, break
down.
provenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum,
[pro-venio], V. intr. 4, come for-
ward, grow, be produced.
providusV a, -urn, [pro-fvidus (cf.
invidus)], adj., foreseeing, care-
ful^ provident.
provoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [pro-
voco], V. tr. I, call forth.
proximus, -a, -uiri, [proco- (re-
duced) + timus], adj. (sup. of
prope), nearest, next, very
7zear.
prudens, -entis, [pro-videns], adj.,
far-seeing, wise.
pruina, -ae, [?, akin to pruna?],
f., frost.
pruinosus, -a, -um, [pruina -}-
osus], 2.6^., frosty.
pruna, -ae, [?], f., coal (live coal).
prnnum, -i, [?], n., plum (the
fruit).
Psecas, (only nom.), [Gr. "'Fe/cciy],
f., a nymph of Diana.
psittacus, -i, [Gr. t|/iTTa/fo$], m.,
parrot.
PsopMs, -idis (ace. -ida), [Gr.
'¥(a(pLs'], f., a town in Arcadia.
Pterelas, (only nom.), [Gr. rire-
peKas], m., one of Actseon's
dogs.
pubes, -is, [?], f;, youth (collec-
tively), young men.
publicus, -a, -um, [populo 4- cus],
adj., of the people, common, univer-
sal (lux).
pudet, -ere, puduit (puditum
est), [?], V. impers. 2, it
shames. — Trans, by be ashamed.
pudicus, -a, -um, [pudi- (as if
stem of pudet, or kindred stem)
H- cus], adj., modest, chaste.
pud or, -oris, [pud- (as root of
pudet) -f- or] , m., shame, modesty,
disgrace: pudori (^for a shame,
to he ashamed of).
puella, -ae, [puero -f ula (f. of
-ulus)], f., girl, maid, mistress
(of a lover) .
126
Vocabulary.
pu^llaris, -e, [puella + ris], adj.,
girlish.
puer, pueri, [?], m., boy^ child.
puerilis, -e, [puero + ills], adj.,
boyish, childish.
pugna, -ae, [y'PUG (in piigno)
+ na (f. of -nus)], i.^ fight, bat-
tle.
pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, [pugna
+ o], V. intr. i, fight. — Fig.,
struggle, contend.
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, [?], adj.,
lovely, beautiful, handsome.
puUus, -a, -um, [?], adj., dark.
pulmo, -onis, [?], m., lungs.
puls5, -are, -avi, -atum, [ptilso-
(as if a-stem) + o], v. tr. i, beat,
strike, clash on, knock at, beat
against: pulsatus equis {by the
hoofs of^. '
pulvereus, -a, -um, [pulver +
ens], adj., dusty.
pulveriilentus, -a, -urn, [pulver-
(as if pulvero-) + lentus], adj.,
dusty.
pulviuar, -aris, [pulvino + aris],
n., couch (of the gods).
pulvis, -eris, [?], m., dust.
puiuex:, -icis, [?], m., pumicestone,
pumice (soft) rock.
p5 ulceus, -a, -um, [Punico + eus],
adj., red, scarlet.
pfinicus, -a, -uin, [Poeno + cus],
adj., red, scarlet.
puppis, -is, [ ?] , f- , stern (of ship) ,
ship.
piirgo, -are, -avi, -atum, [purigo-
(puro-agus) + o], v.'tr. i, cleanse,
clear.
purpura, -ae, [Gr. 7rop!|)upa], f.,
purple, purple cloth.
purpureas, -a, -um, [Gr. iroptpv-
peos, or purpura 4- eus, in imita-
tion of Greek], adj , purple, crim-
^gn^ red, bright^ clad tn purple.
piirus, -a, -um, [pu- (as root) -f-
rus], adj., clean, pure, clear.
puto, -are, -avi, -atum, [puto-
(clean^ as if a-stem) -}- o], v. tr. i,
clean. — Hence (with or without
rationem), clear up accounts. —
So, reckon. — Hence the common
meaning, think.^ consider, sup-
pose.
Pygmaeus,-a, -um, [Gr. nt/7juatos],
adj., of the Pygmies: mater, Ge-
rana (a woman of the Pygmies,
who was changed into a crane).
Pylius, -a, -um, [Gr. UbMos'], adj.,
of Pylos, Pylian. — Esp. m.,
Pylius, Nestor (king of Pylos.
He is said by Homer to have lived
through three generations of men) .
— Hence, Pylii anni, the years
of Nestor.
Pylos (-us), -i, [Gr. J\vKos~\, f., the
name of three cities in the Pelo-
ponnesus. The Pylos of Nestor
was in Triphylia.
pyra, -ae, [Gr. irvp^^, f., funeral
pile, pyre.
Pyramus, -i, [Gr. riupa/ios], m., a
Babylonian, lover of Thisbe.
Pyrois, -entis, [Gr. riupJets], m.,
one of the horses of the sun.
pyropus, -i, [Gr. TrvpcoTrJs], m.,
firestone (a gem).
Pyrrha, -ae, [Gr. Iluppa], f., the
wife of Deucalion, who with him
was saved from the deluge.
Python, -onis (ace. -ona), m., the
Python (a huge serpent killed by
Apollo after the deluge).
qua (reL), [unc. case-form (prob.
instr.) of qui], adv., {by which
way), where f wherever^ so^ar as,
Vocabulary.
127
qua, (inter.), [unc. case-form (prob.
instr.) of quis], adv., which way,
what way,
quacunque, [qua + cunque (cum-
que)], adv., wherever,
quadrijugus, -a, -um, [quadro-
iugum, decl. as adj.], adj.,yo/fr-
horse- (cursus). — PI. as noun,
team (four horses), horses, steeds,
quadrupes, -pedis, [quadro-pes],
2^6!]., four-footed, — As noun, steed,
quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesi-
tutn, [?, orig. quaeso], v. tr. 3,
seek, look for. — So, secure, gain,
m;?. — Also, ask, inquire, miss,
feel the loss of: quaesiti causa (of
what you ask),
qualis, -e, [quo- (stem of qui and
quis) -f alls], adj., (of which
sort), such as (with implied ante-
cedent).
quain, [unc. case-form of qui],
conj. (inter, and rel), how, than,
quamlibet, [quam-libet], adv., as
it pleases, how much soever, how-
ever,
quamquaiYi (quan-), [quam-
quam], conj., (however), although,
though. — Often in a corrective
sense (the correlative idea preced-
ing), though,
quamvis, [quam vis], conj., as you
wish, however, although, though.
quando, [?], adv., when, ever :
feiquando {if ever, whenever).
<tuantuluscunque, -acunque,
-umeunque, [quantulus-cunque
(cum-que)], rel. adj., however
small.
quantus, -a, -um, [stem akin to
qui + tus], adj. inter., how much
(niany), how large, — Rel., as
much as, as great as (with correl-
ative idea previously expressed) :
qiianto (abl as ?^A^.),as much as;
quantus erat {great as he was,
full length, with all his size); tan-
tus in quantum (as great as that
into which),
quare, [qua-re], conj., why, where-
fore, the reason for which.
quartus, -a, -um, [quatuor- (re-
duced) -f tus], 2,^^]., fourth.
quasi, [quam-si], conj., as if
quater, [unc. form from quatuor],
a.dv.,four times.
quatio, -ere, (perf. only in comp.),
quassum, [?], v. tr. 3, shake,
move, brandish^ shatter.
quattuor (quatuor), [?], adj.,
four.
-que (enclitic), [akin to qui], conj.,
and,, also: -que . . . -que {both
. . . and, and ; ter quaterque
' {three or four times).
quercus, -us (-1), [?], f., oak (tree
or wood) .
querella (-ela), -ae, [unc. stem
(akin to queror) -f- ela (or -la),
cf. loquela], f., complaint, lam-
entation,
quernus, -a, -um, [querco- (re-
duced) + nus], adj., of oak, oaken,
queror, queri, questus, [?, orig.
tquesor], v. dep. 3, complain,
lament.
questus, -us, [y'QUES (in queror)
4- tus], m., complaint, wailing,
qui, quae, quod, gen. cnjus,
[stems qui and quo], rel. pron.,
who, which, what, and this, such
(with a change of point of view).
quia, [unc. case-form of qui], conj.,
because.
quicunque, quae-, quod-, [qui-
cunque (cum-que)], rel. pron.,
whoever, whichever, whatever, all
. . . which {who).
quidam, quae-, quod- (quid-),
[c(^ui-d£t.m (akin to dum, dem)],
128
Vocabulary,
indef. pron., a certainy some, some-
thing like.
quidein, [unc. case (cf. qui) +
dem (akin to dam, dum)], conj.,
(emphasizing the word it follows),
to be sure, it is true. — Often
omitted in transl.
quies, -etis, [quie- (cf. quiesco)
+ tis (reduced)], f., rest^ sleep.
quiescS, -ere, -quievi, -quietum,
[tquie (of lost or assumed fquieo,
-y/QUi, cf. civis, Ke'i/j.ai) + sco],
V. intr. 3, come to rest, become quiet,
rest, be still. — p.p. as adj., quiet,
still.
quilibet, quae-, quod-, [qui
libet], pron., which it pleases,
whoever, etc., any (whatever),
anybody.
quin, [qui {how^ -ne], conj., by
which not, so that not, but what
(after regular clause). — Also
inter., why not, co77ie : aspice.
quinque, [?], adj.,y?z^<?.
quill tus (old quinctus), -a, -um,
[quinque (reduced) -f- tus], adj.,
the fifth.
quippe, [dialectic form for quid-
que], conj, (almost without trans-
latable force), j^r, of course, %vhy
yes.
Quirinus, -i, [?, akin to Quiris],
m., the name given to Romulus as
the divinity of Rome.
Quiris, -itis, (usually pi.), [?, perh.
fCuri- (of Cures), lengthened
(cf. civilis) + tis (cf. Carmen-
tis)], m , inhabitant of Cures. —
Also, Roman citizens. — Sing, as
collective noun, Romans,
quis (qui), quae, quid (quod),
gen. cujus, [same as rel. stems],
inter, pron,, who? which? what?
hoiv much ? : quid nocebit {what
harm, etc.); quid si, etc. {what
if)) <l^icl tibi cum, etc. {what
have yov to do, etc) ; quid {why ?
why I) . — For indef. uses see
under si-.
quis, abl. pi. of qui.
quisquam, quae-, quod- (quid-),
[quis-quam], indef. pron., any one
{thing) ; non quisquam {no one).
quisque, quae-, quod- (quid-),
[quis-que], pron., each, every. —
With sup., all the.
quisquis, quaequae, quidquid
(quicquid), [quis doubled],
pron., whoever, tvkickever, what-
ever: quicquid creamur {all of
us who) .
qui vis, quae vis, quod- (quid-)
vis, gen. eujusvis, [qui- vis],
pron., any {one you wish).
quo, [abl. of qui], conj., that, in
order that. — Also adv.,//^^.- quo
magis {the more) ; quo . . . hoc
{the . . . the).
quo, [old dat. of qui], adv., whither,
into which.
quocumque, [quo-cumque], adv.,
whithersoever, wherever (as end of
motion).
quod, [n. nom. or ace. (prob. both)
of qui], conj., that, the fact that,
because: quod quoniam {but
since) .
quodsi, [quod-si], conj., but if,
now if
quominus, [quo (abl.) + minus],
conj., that the less.^ that not : quo-
que minus {and that . . . not).
quondam, [quom (cum) -dam (cf.
quidam)], adv., once, sometimes.
quoniam, [quom (cum) -jam],
conj., when now, since, inasmuch
as,
quoque, [unc. form (of qui) -{-
que], conj., also, too, even, besides,
so then.
Vocabulary.
129
quot, [?, orig. fquoti- (cf. quoti-
die)], indecl. adj., inter., how
many. — Rel., as many.
quotiens, [quoti + iens], adv., in-
ter., how often, how many times.
— Rel., as often as.
R.
rabies, -ei, [y^RAB (in rabo) +
ies], f., rage^ 7nadness,fury.
radi5, -are, -avi, -a turn, [radio-
(as if a-stem) -f o], v. intr. i,
gleamy shine. — pres. p., radiant,
shining.
radius, -i, [?], m., ray^ ray of the
sun, spoke. — Also, shuttle.
radix, -icis, [unc. root + ix], f., root.
rado, -ere, rasi, rasum, [?],v. tr.
3, scrape, graze, skim, wear.
raniale, -is, [ramo- (reduced) +
alls], n., dry wood, chips.
ramus, -i, [?], m., branch, bough.
rapax, -acis, [-y/RAP+ax], adj.,
greedy, rapacious.
rapidus, -a, -um, [rapo- (V^ap
+ us) + dus], adj., (' tearing')»
swift, rapid, swift-flying, raging.
rapina, -ae, [rape- (as if rapi- in
rapio) + na (f. of -nus)], f, rob-
bery : rapinae patuit terra (rav-
isher) .
rapio, -ere, rapui, raptum,
[VRAP], V. tr. 3, carry away
(with violence), snatch away,
carry off, snatch, drag (in tri-
umph), ravish, catch quickly,
sweep away, seize, rob of, take in
{on). — Pass., be hurled, be borne :
raptis umoribus, robbed of its
moisture (changing subject) ;
rapta {the stolen maid)-, raptis
immisit {seized and flung). — See
also raptum.
rapto, -are, -avi, -atum, [rapto-
(as if a-stem) + o], v. tr. l, hurry
away.^ hurry on, drag on.
raptor, -oris, [ ^RAP -|- tor] , m.,
robber, plunderer, ravisher.
raptum, -i, [n. p.p. of rapio], n. ,
plu7ider, prey : ex rapto {in
plunder, by rapine).
rarus, -a, -um, [?], adj., loose, thin,
loose-fueshed, rare.
rasilis, -e, [ras6-l-lis], adj., /0/-
* ished, smooth.
rastrum, -i, [rad- (as root of
rado) +trum], n., hoe, mattock,
rake {a heavy tool for breaking
clods) .
ratio, -onis, [as if y'RA -f tio
(prob. rati+o)], f., reckoning,
account. — Hence, reason, power
of reason.
ratis, -is, [?], f., raft, boat, ship.
ratus, see reor.
raucus, -a, -um, [unc. stem (akin
to ravis) + cus], adj., hoarse,
hollow (sounding).
re- (rel-), [?], insep. prep., back,
again, un-, re-.
re- (red-), [abl. of unc. stem], prep.
(adv.) in comp., forth, again,
back, out.
rebellis, -e, [re-bellum, infl. as
adj.], adj., renewing war, rebel-
lious.
recalfacio, -ere, -feci, -factum,
[re-calfacio], v. tr. 3, warm
again.
recandeS, -ere, -candui, no sup,,
[re-candeo], v. intr. 2, gleam,
shine, be ablaze.
recedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum,
[re~cedo], v. intr. 3, zviihdraw,
retire, give way, take flight, go
forth (anima in ventos), depart :
ira {be assuaged, be appeased).
recens, -entis, [pres. p. of freceo
130
Vocabulary.
(freco, cf. reciprocus, + eo)],
adj., just back, fresh, recent, new^
late, new-born: umbrae {of the
lately dead ) .
receptus, -us, [re-captus, through
recipio], m., recall, retreat.
recessus, -us, [re-cessus, through
recedo], m., retreat, recess^ retH^e-
ment,
recidS, -ere, -eidi, -casurus,
[re-cado], v. intr. 3, fall back^ be
turned (back) , fall (away) .
recidS, -ere, -cidi, -cisuin, [re-
caedo] , v. tr. 3, cut off, cut away,
prune, trim.
reeingo, -ere, -cinxi, -cine turn,
[re-cingo], v. tr. 3, ungird. —
Pass, in mid. sense, loose one's gir-
dle, ungird (one's own). — p.p.,
reciiictus,y7(7Wi«;^ (ungirded).
recipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum,
[re-capio], v. tr. 3, take back, re-
cover, get back. — Also, receive.
i»ecito, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-
cito], V. tr. I, read (aloud).
reclndo, rcre, -clnsi, -clQsum,
[re-cludo], v. tr. 3, unclose, lay
open, open, sever (jugulum).
recognosco, -ere, -gnovi, -gni-
tum, [recognosco], v. tr. 3,
recognize again, recognize.
recollig§, -ere, -legi, -lectum,
[re-colligoJ,v. tr. -^, gather again,
take again.
recoil, -ere, -colui, -cultum,
[re-Colo], V. tr. 3, recultivate.
recondo, -ere, -didi, -ditum,
[re-condo], v. tr. 3, hide away,
hide, bury, conceal.
recorder, -ari, -atus, [prob.
frecord- (re-cor) + o], v. dep. i,
remember, recollect.
rector, -oris, [^REO + tor], m.,
ruler, director, helmsman, pilot.
rectus, see rego.
recub§, -are, -cubui, -cubitum,
[re-cubo], v. intr. i, recline.
recumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubitum,
[re-cumbo], v. intr. 3, recline,
fall
recurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum,
[re-curro], v. intr. 3, run back,
hurry back.
recurvo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-
curvo], V. tr. l, curve back, bend
back: recurvatae undae {wind-
ing on themselves^ .
recurvus, -a, -um, [re-curvus],
adj., bending backward, recurved,
curved.
recuso, -are, -avi, -atuiii, [re-
causo], V. tr. i, {give a reason in
refusing), refuse.
redds, -ere, -didi, -ditum, [red-
do], V. tr. '^igive back, restore, re-
turn, answer. — Also, give forth,
give up, deliver, repeat, render up.,
render, make, cause.
redeo, -ire, -if, -itum, [red-eo],
V. intr. irr., go back, return, come
back.
redlg^, -ere, -egi, -actum, [red-
ago], V. tr. 3, drive back, bring
back, bring (something to where
it belongs), reduce.
redimio, -ire, ii, (-ivi), -itum,
[?], V. tr. 4, bind up, crown (with
garlands).
reditus, -us, [red-itus], m., return,
chance of return (adimere).
redoleS, -ere, -olui, no sup., [red-
oleo], V. intr. 2, smell. — pres. p.,
fragrant.
rednco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum,
[re-duco], V. tr. 3, lead back, draw
back, bring back.
redundatus, -a, -um, [p.p. of
redundo], part., flowing back,
rolled back.
refero, -ferre, rettuli, relatum.
Vocabulary.
131
[re-fero], v. tr. irr., bear back,
bring back, bring in again, draiv
back^ imthdraw, repay, reply, re-
peat, consider, revolve, recount,
turn, relate, tell, titter, refer to. —
With reflex., betake one's self again.
— p.p., relatus, in all senses. —
n. as noun, relatum, statement,
words,
refert, -ferre, -tulit, [unc. case of
res-fert], v. intr. imp. irr., it con-
cerns, it matters, it interests.
reflecto, -ere, -flexi, -flexum^
[re-flecto], v. tr. 3, bend back,
turn back, turn away. — Pass, in
mid. sense, turn one's, etc.
refluo, -ere, -fliixi, no sup., [re-
fluo], V. intr. 3, j?ow backward,
flow back.
refiluus, -a, -uiii, [re-ffluus (flu,
as root, -f us, of. circumfluus)],
adj. , flowing back, refluent.
refoveo, -ere, -fovi, -fotum, [re-
foveo], V. tr. 2, fondle again, re-
fondle, caress.
refriiigo, -ere, -fregi, -fractum,
[re-frango], v. tr. 3, break off, tear
off ^
refugio, -ere, -fugi, -fugitum,
[re-fugio], v. tr. '}^, flee back from,
flee from, shrink from, avoid, fly.
refugus, -a, -um, [re-ffugus (of.
profiigus)], adj., retreating.
refundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum, [re-
fundo], V. tr. 3, pour back, pour
over: refusus flatus {pouring
over^ .
regalis, -e, [reg + alls], adj., regal,
royal, of the king: domus {royal
palace^ .
regaliter, [regali + ter], adv., in
royal wise, as a king, royally.
regero, -ere, -gessi, -gestum,
[re-gero], v. tr. 3, throw back,
heap back.
regina, -ae, [reg- (as stem of rex)
-{- ina], f., queen.
regio, -onis, [stem akin to rego
+ io (or -o)], f., direction. —
Hence, quarters, space, region :
regionibus abest {is far distant
in place).
regius, -a, -um, [reg -f ius], adj.,
of a king, royal. — fern., so. do-
mus, palace: regia virgo
{princely).
regno, -are, -avi, -atum, [regno-
(as if a-stem) + o], v. tr. i, reign
over. — Intr., reign, hold sway.
regnum, -i, [ -y/reg 4- num (n. of
-nus)], n., reahft, kingdom, rule,
throne.
reg§, -ere, rexi, rectum, [^reg],
V. tr. 3, direct. — Hence, rule,
control, sway. — pres. p., regens,
king. — p.p., rectus, straight,
direct. — Hence, right, upright. —
n. as noun, right,
reicio (rejicio), -ere, -jeci, -jec-
tum, [re-jacio], v. tr. 3, thi-otv
back, reject.
relabor, -i, -lapsus, [re-labor], v.
dep. 3, slide back, glide back, fall
back.
relanguesco, -ere, -langui, no
sup., [re-languesco], v. intr. 3,
faint, collapse.
relatus, -us, [re-latus (through
refero)], m., report, story.
relaxo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-
laxo], V. tr. I, open wider, open,
loosen.
relego, -ere, -legi, -lectum, [re-
lego], V. tr. 3, retrace.
relev5, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-
levo], V. tr. I, lift up again, re-
lieve, assuage, rest.
religo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-ligo],
V. tr. 3, bind back, bind.
relinquo, -ere, -liqiii, -lictum.
132
Vocabulary.
[re-linquo], v. tr. 3, leave behind,
leave, abandon.
reluceo, -ere, -luxi, no sup., [re-
luceo], V. intr. 2, shine forth,
shine.
remaneo, -ere, -inansi, -man-
sum, [re-maneo], v. intr. 2, re-
main behind, remain, continue.
reme^, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-
meo], V. intr. l,^^ back, return.
remigium, -i, [remig- (in remex)
-f ium], n., (arrangement for
rowing) , oars. — Less exactly,
machinery (of wings) , $
reminiscor, -i, no sup., [re-fmim-
scor (cf. comminiscor)], v. dep.
3, recall, remember,
remitto, -ere, -misT, -missum,
[re-mittoj, v. tr. 3, send back,
send off, let go, let loose, send out,
emit.
remolior, -iri, -itus, [re-molior],
V. dep. 4, lift up, roll off.
remoUesco, -ere, no perf., no sup.,
[re-mollesco], v. intr. 3, soften,
be softeited.
remoror, -ari, -atus, [re-moror],
V. dep. I, stay back, delay, stay. —
p.p., delaying, waiting a while,
delayed.
removed, -ere, -movi, -motum,
[re-moveo], v. tr. 2, {iiiove back),
remove, put aside, put away, put
off, disperse.
Remus, -1, [?], m., the brother of
Romulus.
remus, -i, [?], m., oar. — 'So, ala-
rum remi (^propelling wings).
renarro, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-
narro], v. tr. i, recount (going
over again what happens).
renidens, -entis, [pres. p. of reni-
deo], adj., shining.
renovatus, p.p. of renovo.
renovo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-
novo], V. tr. I, renew, re till
(agrum) .
renuo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [re-nuo],
V. intr. 3, (nod in opposition), dis-
sent, refuse.
reor, reri, ratus, [akin to res, with
lost y, perh. for frayor], v. dep.
2, reckon, think. — p.p., ratus, in
active sense. — Also pass., ratified,
confirmed, accomplished, true, sure.
repagula, -orum, [re-, with stem
akin to pango], n. ^., fastening
(of a door), bar,
reparabilis, -e, [repara -f- bills],
adj., that can be repaired.^ repa-
rable.
reparo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-
par o], V. tr. I, refurnish, replace,
repair, refit.
repello, -ere, reppuli, repulsum,
[re-pello], v. tr. 3, drive back,
throw back, repel, spurn, drive
away, avert.
repercutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussuin,
[re-perciitio], v. tr. 3, strike back,
reflect. — p.p., rebounding : reper-
cusso aere {in the reflecting
bronze) .
reperio, -ire, -peri (repperi),
-pertum^, [re-pario], v. tr. 4,
find out, discover, find.
repetS, -ere, -petivi, -petitum,
[re-peto], v. tr! -i^, go back to, re-
new, go over, resume, seek again,
attack again, recall: suspiria
{heave repeated sighs)-, repetita
pectora percussit, struck, etc.,
repeatedly {again and again).
repleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletum,
[re-pleo], v. tr. 2, refill. — Also,
fill up, fill.
repono, -ere, -posui, -positum,
[re-pono], v. tr. 3, lay axvay, lay
aside, lay down.
reprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum.
Vocabulary.
133
[re-premo], v. tr. 3, repress, re-
strain, suppress,
repngno, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-
pugno], V. intr. i, resist^ sptirn^
rebel at.
repulsa, -ae, [prob. f. of p.p. of
repello], f., repulse^ refusal.
requies, -etis, [re-quies], f, rest
requiesco, -ere, -quievi, -quie-
tum, [re-quiesco], v. intr. 3, rest,
lie down to rest, rest {be buried),
rest upon (fig.)*
requiro, -ere, -quaesivi, -quaesi-
tum, [re-quaero], v, tr. 3, seek
out, search out, seek to knozv, ask
for, ask, request.
res, rei, [akin to reor], f., thing,
property, object. — PL, all things,
the universe, the world, property,
circumstances, fortunes, brave
deeds, exploits, affairs, situations,
interests : rerum summa {the gen-
eral welfare) .
resclndo, -ere, -scidi, -scissum,
[re-scindo], v. tr. 3, cut off. —
Also, undo.
rescribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scrip
turn, [re-scribo], v. intr. 3, write
back, answer.
reseco, -are, -seeui, -sectum,
[re-seco], v. tr. i, cut off, cut,
gather, carve,
*resequor, -i, -secutus, [re-
sequor], v. dep. 3, pursue, in-
veigh against.
resero, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-
sero], V. tr. i, unbar, unlock.
reserve, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-
servo], V. tr. I, hoard up, preserve,
keep.
resideo, -ere, -sedi, no sup., [re-
sideo], V. intr. 2, sit down, sit
(retired).
reside, -ere, -sedi, no sup., [re-
side], V. intr. 3, sit down, subside.
resisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum, [re-
sisto], V. intr. 3, ivithsiand,
resist, stop, stay.
resolve, -ere, -solvi, -selfitum,
[re-solvo], v. tr. 3, unloose,, open,
release, relax, dissolve, thaw,
melt,
resenS, -are, -avi, no sup., [re-
sono], V. intr. i, resound, roar,
rattle, ring.
respectus, -as, [re-spicio, through
respicie], m., regard.
respicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum,
[re-fsp^.cio], v. tr. 3, look back at,
look upon, regard,
resplramen, -inis, [respira-h
men], n., breathing,
responded, -ere, -spendi, -spon-
sum, [re-spondeo], v. intr. 2,
reply, answer. — Less exactly, re-
echo.
restitue, -ere, -stitui, -stitatum,
[re-statuo], v. tr. 3, set up again,
restore.
resto, -stare, -stiti, no sup., [re-
sto], V. intr. i, remain, survive,
be left,
resume, -ere, -sumpsi, -siimp-
tum, [re-sumo], v. tr. 3, take
again, resume.
resupinus, -a, -um, [re-supinus],
adj., falling backivard, stretched at
length (on the back). — Less ex-
actly, with head raised (from
pride).
resurgo, -6re, -surrexi, -surrec-
tum, [re-surgo], v. intr. 3, rise
again,
resuscito, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-
suscito), V. tr. I, revive again,
revive.
retardo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-
tardo], V. tr. I, stay, check, hinder,
retard one's career, ward off.
rete, -is, [?], n., net, toils.
134
Vocabulary.
retego, -ere, -texi, -tectum, [re-
tegoj, V. tr. 3, uncover, disclose.
retempto, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-
tempto], V. tr. i, t7y again,
retendo, -ere, -di, -turn [re-
tendo], V. tr. 3, slacken^ unbend.
retex^, -ere, -texui, -textum,
[re-texo], v. tr. 3, unweave (fata,
the web of fate),
reticeo, -ere, -ticui, no sup., [re-
taceo], V. intr. 2, keep ' silence^
keep silent^ be silent.
retinaculum, -i, [retine- (as if
retina) -f culum], n., cable,
hawser.
retineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentum,
[re-teneo], v. tr. 2, hold back,
hold off, detain, hold, restrain,
stop: see under retendo ; radice
retentus {caught).
retorqueo, -ere, -torsi, -tortum,
[re-torqueo], v. tr. 2, turn back,
turn round.
retraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum,
[re-traho], v. tr. 3, draw back.
retro, [dat. of fretrus (cf.
contra, etc.)], adv., backward^
back.
retroversus, -a, -um, [retro-ver-
STis], adj., turned back., turned
azvay.
revello, -ere, -velli, -vulsum,
[re-vello], v. tr. 3, tear away,
tear off, tear.
reverentia, -ae, [reverent (cf. re-
vereor) -}- ia] , f., respect, regard,
revertor, -i, -versus, [re-verto,
pass, as dep.], v. tr, 3, return.
reviresco, -ere, no perf., no sup.,
[re-viresco], v. intr. 3, live again,
bloom again.
revivo, -ere, -vixi, -victum, [re-
vivo], V, intr. 3, live again, revive.
revocabilis, -e, [revoea + bills],
adj., revocable (sagitta).
revoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-
voco], V. tr. I, call back, recall. — ■
Hence, take away (a gift).
revolvo, -ere, -volvi, -volutum,
[re-volvo], v. tr. 3, roll back, turn
back.
rex, regis, [^reg, as stem], m.,
king, ruler.
Khan is, -idis, [Gr, '^a.vis'\, f., a
nymph of Diana.
Rhenus, -i, [?], m., the Rhine (the
river separating Gaul and Ger-
many) .
Khesus, -i, [Gr. 'P^cros], m., a king
of Thrace, who was killed, and
whose horses were taken away
before they had eaten Trojan food
or drunk Trojan water by Ulysses
and Diomed.
Rhodanus, -i, [?], m., the river
Rhone, in Gaul.
Rhodope, -es, [Gr. 'PoSoTr?/], f., a
mountain in Thrace.
Rhodopeius, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Po5o-
TTT^ios] , adj., ofRhodope, Rhodopean.
— Less exactly, Thracian : vates,
Orpheus (the Thracian bard) ,
rictus, -lis, [rig- (as root of ringo)
-|- tns], m., open jaivs, jaws, mouth.
— Also pi.
rideo, -ere, -risi, -risum, [?], v.
intr. 2, laugh, smile.
rigeo, -ere, rigui, no sup., [?, cf.*
rigidus] , v. intr. 2, stiffen, be stiff,
become solid, stand on end (of the
hair), stand out, project.
rigesco, -ere, rigui, no sup., [rige-
(in rigeo) + sco], v. intr. 3,
harden.
rigidus, -a, -um, [stem akin to
rigeo + dus], adj., hard, stiff,
tough, solid, U7iyielding, unbending.
rigor, -oris, [rig- (as root of
rigeo) -f- or], m., stiffness, rigid-
ity. — Hence, icy cold.
Vocabulary.
135
riguus, -a, -um, [?, cf. iirigoj,
adj., well-watered.
rima, -ae, [?], f., clefts crack, chink.
ripa, -ae, [?], f., ba^tk, shore, chan-
nel (as bounded by the banks).
risus, -us, [-v/RiD (in rideo) +
tus], m., laughter, laugh.
ritus, -us, [?], in., custom, jnanner^
rite.
rivus, -i, [?], m,, rivulet, stream.
Robigo (Kiib-), -inis, [stem akin
to rubeo + go (cf. aerugo)], f.,
Rust or Blight personified; the
Demo7i of Blight. See also ru-
bigo.
robur, -oris, [?], n., wood. — YU
oaks, trees, wood.
rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, [?],v. tr.
I, ask for, asky inquire ^ fray^ en-
treat.
rogus, -i, \l\-m., funeral pile, pyre.
Roma, -ae, [prob. akin to Gr. ^ui^
the stream-city'], f., Rome.
Romanus, -a, -iim, [Roma-f
nus], adj., Roman, of Rome. —
Masc, a Roman.
Romethius (-um), -i, [?], m. or
n., an unknown place on the coast
of Southern Italy.
Romuleus, -a, -um, [fRomulo-
(reduced) -f- eus], adj., of Romu-
lus.
Romulus, -i, [stem akin to Roma
-}- lus], m., the mythic founder of
Rome.
roro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ror- (in
ros) + 0], V. intr. l, drip, drop
dew. — pres. p., rorans, drip-
pings moist. — p.p., roratus,
sprinkled: aquae {spray).
ros, roris, [?], m., dew, water,
fluid, moisture.
rosa, -ae, [?], f., rose,
rosarium, -i, [rosa + arius], n.,
rosebed.
roseus, -a, -um, [rosa (reduced)
-f eus], adj., of roses. — \^qs,s ex-
actly, rose-colored, rosy.
rostrum, -i, [^rod- (in rodo) ■\-
trum], n., beak., muzzle. — Hence,
proiv, ram, beak (of a ship).
rota, -ae, [?], f., ivheeL — PL, char-
iot, car.
roto, -are, -avi, -atum, [rota -|- o],
V. tr. I, whirl. — p.p., rotatus,
whirling.
rubefacio, -ere, -feci, -factum,
[rube- (akin to rubeo) -f- facio],
V. tr. 3, redden,
rubeo, -ere,rubui, no sup., [rubo-
(cf. rubus, bramble) + eo], v.
intr. 2, be red, be reddened. — pres.
p., red, grown red, crimsoned,
rubesco, -ere, rubui, no sup.,
[rube 4- sco] , v. intr. 3, grow red,
redden, brighten,
rubeta, -orum, [rube -f turn (n. of
-tus)], n. pi., bramble bushes^
thicket.
rubigS (rob-), -inis, [akin to
rubeo], f., rust. — Hence, decay,
rubor, -oris, [rub- (as root of
rubeo) -f- or], m., redness, blush,
flush, red gleam (in the eyes).
rudis, -e, [?], adj., rough, rude,
uncultivated, fierce, coarse, un-
taught, inexperienced, raw,
ruga, -ae, [?], f., wrinkle.
riigosus, -a, -um, [ruga-h osus],
adj., wrinkled.
ruina, -ae, [ruo- (or kindred stem)
-f- ina], i.,fall, ruin, destruction.
ruinosus, -a, -um, [ruina -1- osus],
adj., in ruins, ruined.
rumor, -oris, [?], m., rumor, mere
hearsay, hearsay, idle rumor.
rumpo, -ere, rupi, ruptum,
[V'RUP, formed with u], v. tr. 3,
break, cleave, break through, tear,
burst: rupta terra {fissured).
136
Vocabulary.
ruo, -ere, rui, rutum, [ V^^], v.
tr. 3, overturn. — - Also intr., hurry ^
rush, start, run away, rush on,
fall in ruins, fall, roll down.
rupes, -is, [^rup4- es], f., rock,
diff.
ruricola, -ae, [ruri- (as stem of
rus) + fcola (cf. incola)], m.,
cultivator of the field, countryman.
— In app. as adj., of the field
(boves) .
rursus, [reversus, with loss of in-
flection], adv., back, again.
rus, ruris, [?], n., the country, the
fields.
rnstlcus, -a, -uin, [rus- (old stem
of rus) -f ticus], adj., of the coun-
try, rustic.
rutilus, -a, -um, [akin to riibeo],
adj., red, crimson, auburn (hair).
rutrum, -i, [y^RU + trum], n.,
pickaxe.
S.
Sabinus, -a, -um, [?], adj., Sabine,
of the Sabines (a powerful people
of Central Italy). Some of them
united with the Romans ; hence,
Sabini patres {Ro?nan elders');
Sabina herba {juniper) . — M.
pi., the Sabines.
sacer, -era, -crum, [y'SAC (in
sancio) -f rus], adj., sacred, ven-
erable.— N. pi. as TiOMTi, sacred rites,
sacred things, sacred contents (of
penetralia), ^(^(Trz/fiT^, sacred food.
sacerdos, -otis, [sacro -f- fdos
(t/da 4- tis)] , c, priest, priestess.
sacrilegus, -a, -urn, [sacro-flegus
(^LEG -f us)], adj., (stealing sa-
cred things), sacrilegious, impious.
sacro, -are, -avi, -atuin, [sacro-
(as if a-stem) -f o], v. tr. i, conse-
crate.
saeelum, see saeculum,
saeeulum (saeelum, seculumi),
[?, prob. akin to sero], n., gen-
eration, age.
saepe, [n. of fsaepis, akin to sae-
pes], adv., often. — Comp., sae-
pius, many times.
saepes, -is, [akin to saepio], f.,
hedge.
saeta, see seta,
saetiger, see setiger.
saeviS, -ire, -ii, -itum, [saevo-
(as if saevi-) -\- o], v. intr. 4, rage,
be enraged, be angry, vent one's
rage, aim with rage (with inf.).
saevus, -a, -um, [?], adj., ^^r^r^,
savage, bloody (caedes), cruel,
wild.
sagax, -acis, [as if ^sag (in sagio)
+ ax (prob. from kindred stem)],
adj., keen-scented, sagacious, wise,
keen.
sagitta, -ae, [?], f., arrow.
sagittifer, -era, -erum, [sagitta-
fer (for -ferus)], adj., arrow-
bedring, arrow-laden.
salictum, -i, [salic + turn (n. of
-tus)], n., willow grove, zvillow
copse.
salignus, -a, -um, [salic -f nus],
adj., of willow, willow-.
salio, -ire, -ui (-ii), saltum,
[y^SAL], V. intr. 4, leap, dance.
salix, -ids, [?], f., willow.
saltem [ace. of lost word saltis,
of unc. kin.], adv., at least (if
nothing more or better), at any
rate.
saltus -us, [t/sal, -f tus], m.,
leap, spring, plunge. — Also, glade,
woody pasture.
sains, -utis, [akin to salvus, prob.
salvo + tis], f,, safety, life (as
saved).
salutifer, -era, -eruui, [saluti-
Vocabulary.
137
(as stem of salus) + fer (for
-ferus)], adj., health-giving. — As
noun, saviour.
salnto, -are, -avi, -atum, [salut-
(as stem of salus) + o], v. tr. i,
{%vish healthy salve), salute.
salvus, -a, -una, [?], adj., safe^
preserved.
Samius, -a, -um, [Gr. %6.ixios\
adj., SamiaUt of Santos : senex,
Pythagoras (a famous philosopher,
born at Samos about 580 B.C.).
Samos (-us), -i, [Gr. Sciaaos], f., a
large island off the coast of Asia
Minor, famous for its temple of Juno.
sanabllis, -e, [sana + bills], adj.,
curable,
sanctus, -a, -um, [p.p. of sancio],
adj., sacred^ revered.
sanguineus, -a, -um, [sanguin +
eus], adj., bloody.
sangulnulentus (-olentus), -a,
-um, [sanguine- (as if stem of
sanguis) + lentus], adj., bloody,
weltering in blood.
sanguis (-uen), -guinis, [?], m.,
blood (as shed), blood (race) :
raaterno a sanguine {on his
mother^ s side)\ Caesario san-
guine {by shedding the blood of),
sanies, -ei, [?], f., corrupt bloody
venom.
sauus, -a, -um, [?], adj., sound
(in body or mind), sane. — Comp.,
sanior, less mad.
sapa, -ae, [?], i., juice (of grape),
must.
sapiens, -entis, [pres. p. of sapio],
adj., wise, discreet.
sapienter, [sapient + ter], adv.,
wisely.
sarcina, -ae, [fsarci- (akin to
sarclo) -1-na], i.,pack, burden.
sarculum, -i, [sar- (as root of
sarrio) + culum], n., hoe.
Sardes, -ium, [Gr. iSapSeis], f. pi.,
Sardis (the capital of Lydia) .
Sarmatae, -arum, [Gr. :S,apixdrai],
m. pL, the Sarmatians (a Scythian
tribe on the northern coast of the
Black Sea).
Sarmaticus, -a, -um, [Gr. 2ap^a-
TiK^s^, adj., Sarmatian, of the
Sarmatians. — m. pi., the Sarma-
tia7is.
Sarmatis, -idis, [Gr. -^ap^aris'], f.,
adj., Sarmatian.
sat, see satis.
satio, -are, -avi, -atum, [sati-
(stem of satis, as if a-stem) + 0],
V. tr. r, satiate, satisfy, feed
full.
satis, [?, akin to satnr], adv., suf-
ficiently, enough, very. — As noun,
enough (with gen.).
satum, -i, [p.p. of sero], n., crop
(pi.).
satur, -ura, -urum, [?, akin to
satis], adj.,y«///, well fed.
Saturnius, -a, -um, [fSaturno-
(reduced) -f ius], adj., of Saturn,
son of Saturn, daughter of Saturn
(used of Jupiter, of Neptune, of
Pluto, and of Juno) . — So, Satur-
nia (alone), Juno: Saturnius
pater {Jupiter).
Saturnus, -i, [prob. akin to sero],
m., the father of Jove. An old
Italian divinity of the crops.
saturo, -are, -avi, -atum, [saturo-
(as if a-stem) + 0], v. tr. I, fill
full. — Hence, soak, dye.
satus, p.p. of sero.
Satyrus, -i, [Gr. "^irvpos^ m., a
Satyr (one of a subordinate class
of deities of the woods, of a frolic-
some and mischievous disposition,
represented with goat's legs and
horns. They often appear as com-
panions of Bacchus, whose attend-
138
Vocabulary.
ant, Silenus, seems to have been
one of them. They are hardly dis-
tinguishable from the Latin Fauns) .
saucius,-a, -um, [ ?], adj., wounded.
Sauromatae, -arum, [Gr. Xavpo-
juarai], m. pi., Sarmatians, the
same as Sarmatae.
saxeus, -a, -um, [saxo-f- eus],
adj., of stone.
saxum, -i, [?], n., rock, stone.
scaber, -bra, -brum, [^scab -f
xus], adj., rough.
sceleratus, -a, -um, [p p. of sce-
lero], adj., polluted by crime ^
criminal, impious, accursed.
scelus, -eris, [?], n., crime,
wickedness, wicked words.
sceptrum, -i, [Gr. (rK7]Trrpov~\, n,,
staff, sceptre. — Also pi.
Sclioeneiius, -a, -um, [Gr. ^x°^~
vh'ios}, adj., of Schceneus (father
of Atalanta) . • — • Hence fem., Ata-
lanta.
scilicet, [prob. sci- (imp. of scio)
-f- licet] , adv., one may know, for-
sooth (in irony), now of course,
naturally, for pray.
scindo, -ere, scidi, scissum,
[■y/scid, formed with n], v. tr. 3,
cleave, split, tear, tear off, burst,
divide.
scintilla, -ae, [?, perh. akin to
scindo], f., spark.
scio, scire, scivi, scitum, [?],v.
tr. 4, know (a fact, cf. nosco).
scitor, -ari, -atus, [scito- (as if
a-stem) -f o], v. dep. i, {seek to
know'), ask, inquire.
scopulus, -i, [prob. Gr. o-zcoTreAos] ,
m., rock, cliff.
scorpios, -i, [Gr. o-«:op7rios], m.,
scorpion. — Esp., the Scorpion (the
constellation) ,
scribo, -ere, scrips!, scriptum,
[ysCRiB], V. tr. 3, write.
scriptum, -1, [n. p.p. of scribo],
n., writing, inscription,
scrobis, scrobis, [?], f., (m.),
ditch, trench.
Scylaceus, -a, -um, [Gr. S/cuAa-
Keios], adj., of Scylaceum (a tovi^n
on the coast of Bruttium in South-
ern Italy, near a promontory sup-
posed to be dangerous for ships).
Scylla, -ae, [Gr. 1,KvKKa\, f., a
nymph, daughter of Phorcys and
Cratais, changed by Circe into a
monster, girt about the middle
with dogs. This monster inhab-
ited some rocks on the Italian side
of the Straits of Messina.
Scythia, -ae, [Gr. 'tKvQial, f. (of
adj.), the country north of the
Black Sea.
Scytbicus, -a, -um, [Gr. 1,Kvdi-
k6s\, adj., Scythian, of Scythia.
se, see sui.
se- (sed-), [?, cf. sed], insep. prep,
in comp,, apart, aside, away.
secedB, -ere, -cessi, -cessum,
[se-cedo], v. intr. 3, withdraw,
retire, go apart.
seceruo, -ere, -crevi, -cretum,
[se-cerno], v. tr. 3, separate, dis-
tinguish. — p.p., secretiis, re-
tired, secret, occult. — N. pi. , hid-
den depths, secrets.
secius, see setius.
seco, -Sre, secui, sectum, [?], v.
tr. I, cut, cleave.
secretus, p.p. of secerno.
secundus, -a, -um, [ger. form of
sequor], adj., following, second,
favorable, favoring, fortunate,
prosperous : mensae (dessert') .
seciiris, -is, [akin to seco], f., axe.
secGrus, -a, -um, [se-cura, decl.
as adj.], ^d]., free from care, fear-
less, sure (futuri), safe (almost
equal to tutus),
Vocabulary,
139
secus, [?, perh. akin to sequor],
adv., otherwise.
sed, [same word as se- (sed-)j,
coiij., but (adversative or transi-
tional), still.
sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum, [prob.
sedo- ( VSED + us) -f eo], v. intr.
2, sit down, sit, rest, lie^ sink, take
effect (plaga), settle.
sedes, -is, [^^SED + es], f., seat,
abode, dwelling-place, house, spot,
place, footing (place to rest) : in-
fernae sedes {the world below') .
sedile, -is, [stem akin to sedis -f
ills], n., seat, chair, stool.
seditio, -oiiis, [sed-itio], f., mu-
tiny, revolt, dissension, sedition.
seduc5, -ere, -duxi, -ductum,
[se-duco], V. tr. 3, lead apart,
- draw aside, set aside, remove.
sedulus, -a, -um, [fsedo- (y'SED
-f- us) + lus], adj., {sitting down),
attentive, diligent.
seges, -etis, [?], f., standing grain,
growing crop, fields, sowing (of the
earth for a crop), crop.
segiiis, -e, [?], adj., slow.^ tardy.
semel, [similis (or kindred stem)
reduced], adv., once, only once,
semen, -inis, [some form of root of
sero + 3iien], n., a seed, seed.
seinesus, -a, -um, [semi-esus],
adj., half- eaten.
fsemi-, [?], adv. only m composi-
tion, half.
semianimis, -e, [semi-animus,
decl. as adj.], adj., half lifeless
(prop, half in life).
semiicaper, -pri, [semi-caper], m.,
{half goat) , Pan (in allusion to his
lb rm).
semiideus, -i, [semi-deus], m.,
setnilacer, -era, -erum, [semi-
J^tcer], adj., half butchered,
seminex, (-necis), -ecis, [semi-
nex], adj., half dead, half living.
Semiramis, -idis, [Gr. Seju/pa^is],
f. , mythical queen of Assyria, wife
and successor of Ninus, and btttl'^er
of the walls of Babylon. ^
semisepultus, ~a, -um, [semi-
sepultus], adj., half buried.
semper, [sem- (in semel, simut
+ per (cf. parumper)], adv.*^
ever, always.
senatus, -us, [fsena- (stem akin
to senex) -\- tus] , m., {being an
elder), body of elders, senate.
senecta, -ae, [fsenec- (as stem of
senex) + ta (cf. juventa)], f.,
old age, years (as many or old).
senectfls, -utis, [fsenec- (as stem
of senex) + tus (cf. virtus)], f.,
age, old age,
senesco, -ere, senui, no sup., [stem
akin to senex, senatus, + sco],
V. intr. 3, grow old, wear out,
decay.
senex, senis, [two stems, sen- (as
root) + is and icus (reduced)],,
adj., only m., old, aged. — • As noun,
old man, — Comp., senior, old.
seni, -ae, -a, [sex-h nus], adj., .y/x
(at a time), six.
senilis, -e, [seni- (as stem of senex)
-1- lis], adj., of an {the) old man, of
age, advanced {in years).
sensim, [ace. (real or imagined) of
fsensis (sent + tis, cf. sensus)],
adv. (of unc. conn, of ideas), ^r«</-
ually,
sensus, -us, [ -^/sent (of sentlo) -f
tus] m., taste, feeling, perception.
Concretely, a feeling, the mind,
the senses, sense.
sententia, -ae, [fsentent- (parti-
cipial stem akin to sentiens) -I-
ia], f., feeling, sentiment, resolve ^
opinion^ verdict^ vot^.
140
Vocahtdary.
sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum, [?],
V. tr. ^^ feel, be aware, know, no-
tice, find out: ilium Pharsalia
■ (^feel his power) .
sentis, -is, [?], m., briar.
seiitus, -a, -uiii, [ ?, akin to sentis],
adj., briary, overgrown with bri-
ars, neglected, rough, wild.
sgparo, -are, -avi, -atum, [se-
paro], V. tr. i, set apart, divide.
sepelio, -ire, -ivi, sepultum, [?],
V. tr. 4, bury, entomb.
sepes, -is, see saepes.
sepono, -ere, -posui, -positum,
[se-pono], V. tr. 3, set apart, sepa-
rate.
septem, [?], adj., seven.
septemflims, -a, -um, [septem-
ffluus], adj., seven streamed, seven
mouthed.
Septimus, -a, -um, [septem -f
mus] , adj., seventh.
sepiilcralis, -e, [sepulero- (re-
duced) -f- alls], z.^]., funereal.
sepulcrum, -i, [fsepel- (as if root
of sepelio) 4- crum], n., tomb,
grave,
sequor, -i, secutus, [y'SEQu], v.
dep. ;^, follow, pursue.
sera, -ae, [?], f., bolt, bar.
serenus, -a, -uin, [perh. akin to
seriis], adj., clear, fair, serene.
series, -ei, [-y^sKR (in sero) + ies],
f., rozv, order, succession, series.
seriiio, -onis, [y'SER (in sero)
+ mo, prob. through intermediate
stem], m., discourse, talk, conver-
sation, tvords, gossip.
sero, see serus.
sero, -ere, sevi, satuin, [ ^^se re-
dupl.], V. tr. 3, plant, sow, pro-
duce (by sowing). — p.p., satus,
planted, produced, sprung from,
son of, daughter of — N. pi., crops.
serpens, -entis, [pres. p. of serpo].
c, serpent. — Esp., the Serpent
(constellation).
serpentigena, -ae, [serpenti- (as
stem of serpens) + gena (y'GEN
+ a, cf. incola)], m., snake-born.
serpo, -ere, serpsi, serptum, [ ?,
perh. akin to repo], v. intr. 3,
creep, crawl.
serra, -ae, [ ?], f., saw.
sertum, -i, [n. p.p. of sero, twine'],
n., garland.
serum, -i, [?], n., whey.
serus, -a, -um, [?], adj., late, too
late: anni (^advanced). — Abl.,
sero, as adv., late, too late.
servator, -oris, [serva-f- tor], m.,
preserver, saviour.
servatrix, -icis, [serva + trix],
f., presej-ver, saviour.
servi§, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itum,
[servo- (as if servi) -f o],
V. intr. 4, be a slave, be subject,
obey, serve.
servitium, -i, [servo -f tium], n.,
slavery, servitude.
servo, -are, -avi, -atum, [servo-
(as if serva) + o], v. tr. i, guard,
keep, watch, keep watch over, pre-
serve.
servus, -i, [y'SER (in sero) + vus],
m., slave (orig. captive?), servant.
seta, (saeta), -ae, [?] f., bristle.
setiger, (saetiger), -era, -erum,
[seta-ger (for -gerus, ger -f
us)], adj., bristle-bearing. — As
noun, the bristly {creature, mon-
ster, foe).
setius, [?, cf. secus], adv., lessy
not so, worse.
sen, see sive.
sevoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [se-
voco], V. tr. I, call aside, catlatvay.
sex, [?], adj., six.
sextus, -a, -um, [sex -|- tus], adj.,
sixth.
Vocabulary.
141
si, [?, akin to se], conj., {so .?), if.
sibilus, -i, (pi., -a, -orum), [?]
m. and n., hissing, hiss, whistling
note.
Sibylla, -ae, [Gr. ^iRvWa], f., a
Sibyl, a female seer. A large
number of such persons are men-
tioned, of which the most famous
is the Cumaean. The idea of such
persons seems to have been of
foreign origin (prob. Hebrew),
though their functions were
closely connected with the wor-
ship of Apollo.
sic, [si-ce], adv., so^ thus: ut . . .
sic {although . . . yet).
Sicania, -ae, [Sicano- (reduced)
+ ia], f. of adj. (sc. terra), Sicily.
sicco, -are, -avl, -atum [sicco-
(as if a-stem) -f- 0], v. tr. l, dry,
dry up, stanch.
siccus, -a, -um [?], adj., dry,
parched.
Sicelis, -idis, [Gr. Si/teAts], f. adj.,
Sicilian, a Sicilian woman,
Siculus, -a, -um, [fSico- (cf.
Sicanus) + lus, akin to %ik^\6s~\,
adj., Sicilian^ of Sicily.
sicut, [sic ut], zQ>v^].,just as,
Sicyonius, -a, -um, [Gr. ^wv^-
vios'], adj., of Sicyon (a city of the
Peloponnesus), Sicyonian.
sidereus, -a, um, [sider- (as
stem of sidus) + eus], adj., of
the stars, celestial.
Sidonis, -Idis (ace. -ida), [Gr. ti-
Soofis], f. adj., Sidonian, of Sidon
(the famous city of Phoenicia) . —
Less exactly, Phoenician.
SIdonius, -a, -um, [Gr, SiScljfios],
adj., Sidonian, of Sidon. — Less
exactly, Phoenician.
sidus, -eris [y'SED -f us], n., {po-
sition, in augural sense) , constella-
tion, star, heavenly body. — PI.
the stars, the heavens, the stars of
Sigeius, -a, -um, [Gr. Styi^i'os],
adj., of Sigeufu (a promontory of
the Troad). — Less exactly, Tro-
Jan.
Sigeus, -a, -um, [Gr. 2i7eioi/],
adj., of Sigeujn. — Less exactly,
Trojan. — Neut., the pro7nontory
Sigeum.
sigillum, -i, [akin to signum,
prob. fsigu-lo- + lum], n., sign,
small figure or picture, seal,
signo, -are, -avi, -atum, [signo-
-f 0], V. tr. I, mark, inscribe.
signum, -1, [sig- (as root, cf. si-
gillum) -\- num], n., mark, sign,
indication, signal, trace, track,
standard (of soldiers), statue,
constellation, sign (of the Zodiac),
figure (embroidered or painted) .
silentium, -i, [silent- (pres. p. of
sileo) -1- ium], n., silence.—
Also, pi.
Silenus, -i, \%uX'(]v6s\, m., an old
satyr, the chief attendant of Bac-
chus. He is represented as a fat
old man, generally intoxicated.
sileo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [?], v
intr. 2, be silent. — pres. p., silent,
— 'M. pi., the shades.
silex, -icis, [?], c.,fiint, stone., rock.
silva, -ae, [?], f., wood., woods, for-
est. — Also, timber^ wood.
Silvanus, -1, [f silva -F nus, cf.
Neptunus], m., an Italian,
woodland deity, presiding over
woods, tillage, and earth. — Also
in the pL, Silvani, thought of as
similar to the Fauns.
silvestris, -tre, [silva- (with s from
unc. analogy) -f- tris], adj., of the
woods, woodland.
silvicola, -ae, [silva- + cola (cf.
iucola)], c, lover of the woods.
142
Vocabulary.
similis, -e, [tunc, stem (akin to
semi) + lis (cf. simplex)], adj.,
like^ similar.
Simois, -entos, (-entis), [Gr. 2i-
^oeijr], m., a river of the Troad.
simplex, -icis, [perh. fsimo- (akin
to similis) + fplex (cf. du-
plex)], adj., simple J single, in
simplicity.
slmplicitas, -atis, [simplici- +
tas]j f., simplicity, singleness.
simul,[prob.n. of similis, reduced],
adv., al the same time, at once,
together, as soon as, along with.
simulacrum, -i, [simula + cruna],
n.,form, image, semblance, figure
(as false), empty form.
simulator, -oris, [simula- + tor],
m., imitator, pretender.
simulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [fsini-
ulo (as early stem of similis) + o],
V. tr. 1, imitate, put on appearance
of, simulate. — ^pres. p., imitative,
— p. p., imitated.
sincerus, -a, -um, [?], adj., un-
mixed, pure, untainted, unaffected
(by disease, etc.), unscathed.
sine, [?], prep., without.
singultus, -us, [singulo- (re-
duced) + tus] m., (prob. words
forced out one at a time), sob,
sobbing.
singuli, -ae, -a, [unc. stem (akin
to similis) + lus], adj., one at a
time, each, single. — N. pL, every-
thing, particulars, details (in full) .
sinister, -tra, -trum, [fsinis- (of
unc. meaning) -f- ter (cf. dex-
ter)], adj., the left, ill-omened.- —
Gomp. sinisterior, {the left^.
sino, -ere, sivi, situm, [V^i?
found with n], v. tr. 3, leave. —
Hence, allow, permit. — p.p., situ-
ated, lying: situs est {lies).
Sinuessa, -ae, [akin to siuusj, f.,
a town in the northern part of
Campania, formerly called Sinope.
sinuo, -are, -avi, -atum [sinu (as
ifa-stem)-l- o], v. tr. i, bend. —
Pass., be bent, float (in folds), be
blown, be curved. — p.p., bent,
round, curved.^ arched,
sinus, -us, [?], m., fold, winding.
— ■ Hence, robe. — So from form of
garments, lap, bosom^ arins (of a
mother) . — Also pi.
Sipylus, -i, [Gr. SiTryAos], m., i. a
mountain in Lydia; 2. a son of
Niobe.
siquando, see quando.
siquidem, [si quidem], conj., at
least if since, in as much as.
siquis, -qua, -quid, (-quod), [si-
quis (as indef.)], pron., if any, if
one, whoever {whatever),
Sirenes, -um, [Gr. :Setp^//es], f. pi,
the Sirens, monsters who enticed
sailors to destruction by their
songs. They had the heads of
women and the wings and legs of
birds, having been changed from
their original form of maidens.
They were the daughters of Ache-
lous and Melpomene.
sisto, -ere, stiti, statum [^sta,
redupk] V. tr. (and intr.) 3, stay.
— Also, stand, cease, stop, alight.
Sisyphus, -i, [Gr. 2io-u(^o^], m., a
crafty, cruel king of Corinth,
brother of Athamas. In the lower
world, he was condemned to roll
up hill a huge stone which always
rolled down just before reaching
the top.
sitio, -ire, -ivi (-ii), no sup., [siti
4- o]) V. intr. 4, thirst, be athirst,
be thirsty.
sitis, -is, [?], f., thirst, drought.
situs, -lis, [v^i (^'^ sino) -f tus],
m-, neglect, decay, rust.
Vocabulary.
143
situs, -a, -um, see sino.
sive (seu), [si (sei) -ve], conj., if
either J or if, whether . . . or.
smaragdus, -i, [Gr. crfidpay^os'],
f., emerald,
socer, -eri, [unc. stem + rus (cf.
eKU/Dos)], m.^ father-in-law. — PI.,
parents- in-law,
socio, -are, -avi, -atum, [socio-
(as if a-stem) +0], v, tr. i,
share, join, unite, acco?npany
(music).
socius, -a, -um, [ ? (akin to socer) ],
adj., sharing, allied: manus {the
Social War). — As noun, compan-
ion, sharer, partner.
sodalicius, -a, -um, [sodali -f-
ioius], adj., of a companion.
sodalis, -is, [unc. stem -|- lis],
c, companion^ intimate friend,
* crony.''
sol, -is, [?], m., the sun. — PL,
rays of the sun, heat.
solacium, (-atium), -i, [stem
akin to solor- + ium], n., solace.
— Also, pi.
solamen, -inis, [sola -1- men], n.,
solace, consolation.
solemnis, (soil-), -e, [fsollo- (cf.
sollicitus) -annus (deck as
adj.)], adj., annual. — Hence,
custojnary, festival, solemn, sacred.
soleo, -ere, solitus sum, [?], v.
intr. 2, be wont, be accustomed, use.
— • p.p., wonted, usual, accustomed.
solicitus, see sollicitus.
solidus, -a, -um, [solo- (in solum)
-f dus], adj., solid, firm, steady,
massive: ad solidum, (in the
earth) .
solitus, p.p. of soleo.
solium, -i, [?], n., throne.
sollemnis, see solemnis.
sollers, -ertis, [fsollo- (cf. solici-
tus) -f- ars], adj., cunning, artful.
soUerter, [sollert -f- ter], adv.,
cunningly, cleverly, artfully.
sollertia, -ae, [sollert -f ia) , f.,
cunning, cleverness. ^
soUicito, (sol-), -are, -avi,
-atum, [soUicitd- (as if a-stem)
-f o]., V. tr. I, tuorry, importune,
stir, strike (strings),
sollicitus, (sol-), -a, -um, [fsollo-
(cf. sollers) -f- citus], adj., com-
pletely aroused, anxious, dis-
turbed, restless : preces {earnest) .
solor, -ari, -atus, [?], v. dep. i,
console,
solum, (adv.), see solus.
solum, -i, [? (cf. solidus], n., the
soil, the earth, land,, floor, bare
ground, the depths of Hades.
solus, -a, -um, (gen. solius),
[?], adj., alone, only, merely,
lonely. — N. as adv., only: nee
. . . solum {and not only) .
solvo, -ere, solvi, solutum [prob.
se-luo], V. tr. 3, dissolve, loose,
thaw, melt, unbind. — Hence, /^^y
(loose an obligation) , open, break,
(jejunium), wrap in sleep, give
(in payment), annul. — p.p., looser
unbound, flowing (capilli).
somnium, -i, [somno- + ium], n.^
dream.
somnus, -i, [V^op (in sopio) +
nus], m., sleep, sleepiness, — Also,
pi. — Personified, the god of Sleep.
sonitus, us, [soni- (as stem of
sono 4- tus], m., sounds roar, rat-
tle, ring, noise,
son§, -are, -ui, -itum, [sono- (as
if a-stem) -f- o], v. intr. l., sound.
— Often trans, by special words of
sound, hiss, roar, rattle, ring, cry,
resound, crack, sing, speak, mur-
mur, grate,
sonus, -i, [-v/soN -f us], m., sound,
voice ^ words (cf. sono).
144
Vocabulary,
Sophocleus, -a, -um, [Gr, :So<^J-
KAetos], adj., of Sophocles, the
great Athenian tragic poet of the
fifth century B.C.
sopio, -ire, -ivi, (-ii), -ituin, [prob.
causative of -y/sop], v. tr. \., put
to sleep, lull.
sopor, -oris, [ V^OP + or], m., sleep.
soporifer, -era, -eruin, [sopori-
(as if btem of sopor) -f fer (for
ferns)], adj., sleepbringing, nar-
cotic.
sorbet, -ere, sorbui, no sup.,
[?], V. tr. 2, suck in, draw in, take
in. — Also, consume,
sordidus, -a, -um, [sordi- (stem
of sordes) + dus], adj., dirty,
dark, stained.
soror, -oris, [unc. root, same for-
mation as pater], f., sister.
sors, sortis, [ ^'ser (in sero -}- tis,
reduced)], f., lot, destiny, fortune,
fate, allotment, lot in life. — Also
(prob. orig. meaning), response
of oracle (written on billet of
wood), oracle,
sortior, -iri, -itus, [sorti + o], v.
dep. 4, gain by lot, have allotted
(to me). — Also, allot. — p.p., des-
tined to (ace).
sospes, -itis, [?], adj., safe, un-
harmed.
spargo, -ere, sparsi, sparsuin,
[?], V. tr. 3, scatter., fling tvide,
sprinkle (of the thing scattered
and of that covered) . — Less ex-
actly, spread, — p.p., loose, scat-
tered, flowing, sprinkled (of the
thing covered).
Spartanus, -a, -iim, [fSparta 4-
nus], adj., Spartan.
Sparte, -es, (-a, -ae), [Gr.
SxapTTj], f,, also called Lacedcs-
mon, the capital of Laconia, in
the Peloponnesus.
spatior, -ari, -atus, [spatio- (as if
a-stem) 4- o], v. dep. i, walk,
wander, stroll. — ^res. p. as noun,
wanderer.
spatiosus, -a, -um, [spatio -f-
osus], adj., roomy, spacious, huge,
long; aevum {advanced): vetu-
stas (remote, long).
spatium, -i, [unc. root + ium], n.,
space (prob. as measured), extent,
distance, size, length, span, track,
region (extent of country). — Also
of time, division (season), space
of time, lime; in spatium {in
length) : spatio distante {at a
distance) .
species, -ei, [y'sPEC -f ies], f.,
appearance, form, beauty (cf.
* looks').
speciosus, -a, -um, [specie- (re-
duced) + osus], adj., beautiful,
comely, specious,
spectabilis, -e, [specta + bilis],
adj., beautiful, lovely.
spectaculum, -i, [specta -f cu-
lum], n., spectacle, sight, show,
spectators (i.e. 'grand stand').
spectator, -oris, [specta -}- tor],
m., spectator (one who views the
games) .
specto, -are, -avi, -atum, [specto-
(as a stem, or perh. specta) -f- o],
V. tr. I, gaze at, behold, see, look at.
— p.p., looked at (with approval),
approved, tried.
Speculum, -i, [fspeco- (-,/spec -f
us) + Ium (n. of -lus)], n., mir-
ror.
specus, -us, [?], m., cave.
spelunca, -ae, [?, cf. spelaea], f.,
cave,
Spercheis, -idls, [Gr. STre/Jx^J'^]»
f. adj., of Spercheus (see next
word).
Spercheus, (-ius), -i^ [Gr. 27re/j-
Vocabulary^
145
X6i(is], m., a nver in southern
Thessaly, flowing from Mt. Pindus
to the Maliac Gulf.
sperno, -ere, sprevi, spretam,
[y'SPER formed with n], v. tr. 3,
sptirn, scorn^ disdain,
sper5, -are, -avi, -atum, [spes-
(as stem of spes) + 0 (as if a-
stem)], V. tr. I, hope for, hope.
spes, spei, [?], f., hope. — Also, as
in Eng., hope (object hoped for).
spica, -ae, [?], f., ^ar (of grain).
spiceus, -a, -um, [spica (reduced)
4- eus], adj., of ears.
spiculum, -i, [unc. stem (akin to
spica) 4- lum], n,, dart^ spear.
spma, -ae, [akin to spica], f.,
thorny spine. — Hence, backbone^
bone, back.
spineus, -a, -um, [spina- (re-
duced) -f eus], adj., thorny.
spira, -ae, [?], f., fold, coil (of a
snake).
spiritus, -us, [spiri- (as if stem
of spiro) -f tus], m., breath,
breath of life, soul.
spiro, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v.
intr. I, breathe.
spissus, -a, -um, [p.p. of unc.
verb], z.^)., thick, solid, frequent :
litus (thick with sand).
splendeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [prob.
splendo- (cf. splendldus) + eo],
V. intr. 2, shine. — pres. p., shining,
splendesco, -ere, no perf., no sup.,
[splende- •\- sco], v. intr. 3, shine.
splendldus, -a, -um, [fsplendo-
(cf. splendeo) ^ dus], adj., shin-
ing, brilliant.
spolio, -are, -avi, -atum, [spolio-
(as if a-stem) + o, v. tr. i], strip,
despoil. — Less exactly, rob.
spolium, -i, [? cf. (TKvKov^y n.,
spoils skin.
sponda;, -ae, [?], L, side of bed,
frame.
sponte, [abl. of fspons (akin to
spondeo), as adv.], of one^ s accord,
spontaneously.
spiima, -ae, [? cf. spuo], i., froth,
foain.
spumiger, -era, -erum, [spuma-
ger (for gerus)], 2,^]., foambear-
ijtg, foajny.
spumo, -are, -avi, -atum, [spuma
4- 0], V. intr. i, foam, frgth.—
pres. 1^., foaming.
spiimosus, -a, -um, [spuma -{■
osus] Sidi]., fo awning, foamy.
squaleo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [squalo-
(only as name of a fish) -f eo], v.
intr., be rough. — pr "s. p., squalid.,
foul, rough, unkempt.
squalidus, -a, -um, [squalo -f-
dus], adj., roughs unkempt, un-
tidy, foul.
squama, -ae, [akin to squaleo],
f., scale (of a fish).
squameus, -a, -um, [squama -h
eus], adj., scaly.
squamiger, -era, -erum, [squama-
ger (for gerus)], adj., scalebear-
ing, scaly.
squamosus, -a, -um, [squama -f
osus], adj., scaly.
Stabiae, -arum, [?], f. plur., a
town on the Gulf of Naples.
stabulo, -are, -avi, -atum, (also
stabulor, dep.), [sta-bulo (as if
a-stem) -1- 0], v. tr. i,fold (sheep),
stable.
stabulum, -i, [y'STA -f bulum],
n., sheepfold, stable.
stagno, -are, -avi, -atum,
[stagno + 0], v. intr. i, be over-
flowed, lie stagnant, be immersed.
stagnum, -i, [unc. root -f- num],
n., pool, marsh, fen.
stamen, -inis, [y'STA -1- men], n.,
146
Vocabulary,
warp^ threads (of web), strings
(of lyre).
statio, -onis, [as if -^/sta + tic
(prob. fstati + o)], f., station,
postf position.
statu§9 -ere, -ui, -iitum, [statu +
o], V. tr. 3., set up, establish. —
Hence, resolve, agree, determine,
status, -lis, [v'STA + tus], m.,
position, attitude, pose, state. —
Fig., state, condition^
Stella, -ae, [?], f, star.
stellatus, -a, -uin, [stella + tus
(as if p.p. of fstello)], adj., starred,
spotted.
sterilis, -e, [fstero- {hard ?) +
lis], adj., sterile, unproductive. —
Fig., frtnthss.
sterno, -ere, stravi, stratum,
[^STER, formed with n], v. tr. 3,
strew, spread, cover, lay low. —
p.p., stratae lierbae, (a couch of
kerbs') .
Stheneleius, -a, -um, [Gr. S^ere-
AtJi'os], adj., of Sthenelus (father
of Cycnus) : proles {Cycnus, a
son of Sthenelus).
Stiete, -es, [Gr. '%T[Kr'r\\j f , one of
Actaeon's hounds.
stillo, -are, -avi, -atiim, [stilla
-f o], V. intr. l, drop, distil. —
pres. p, dripping. — p.p. , stilla-
tiis, dropping, exuding.
'Stimulus, -i, [fstimo- (y^sTiG -|-
mus) -f- lus], m., goad, spur : sti-
mulum adicere {goad on) .
stipes, -itls, [stipi- (as stem of
stips) + tis (reduced)], m.,
trunk, stalk, stock.
stipo, -are, -avi, -atum, [tstipo-
(cf. obstipus) -f- o], V. tr. i,
crowd, hem in, surround, attend
(as in a crowd of followers).
.'Stipula, -ae, [stip- (stem of stips,
as if stipd-) + la], f., little \
stalk, kiraw, stubble, {bean)
straw.
stirps, stirpis, [?], f., stock, race,
progeny, offspring.
stiva, -ae, [?, akin to sto], f,
plough handle.
sto, stare, steti, statum, [y'sTA],
V. intr. I, stafid, stand still , stop, be
fixed, alight, be still, stand up,
stand by, hold out, last. — Also,
cost. — Often merely, be.
stolidus, -a, -um, [fstolo- (cf.
stolo) + dus], adj., dull (cf, aike
a stick ^), foolish : palma {foolishly
desired) .
straihen, -inis, [stra- (as root of
sterno) + men], n., straw,
thatch.
stratum, -1, [n., p.p. of sterno],
n., couch (as spread).
strenuus, -a, -um, [?], adj., active,
energetic.
strepitus, -us, [strepi- (as stem
of strepo) + tus], m., noise, diit,
murmur.
strideo, -ere, (strido, -ere),
stridi, no sup., [?], v. intr. 2
and 3, make a noise, hiss. — p.p.,
hissing, whizzing, creaking, snort-
ing.
stridor, -oris, [strid- (as root of
strido) -f- or], m., noise, creak-
ing, grotvling.
stridulus, -a, -um, [fstrido -f
lus], adj., hissing, whizzing, creak-
ing, sputtering (fax).
stringo, -ere, strinxi, strictum,
[unc. root], v. tr. 3, strip, graze,
skim, folloiv, close (vestigia),
touch lightly, draw (sword, strip-
ping off scabbard).
strlx, strigis, [?], f., owl.
struo, -ere, struxi, structum,
[•y/STRUG], V. tr. 3, build, pile,
erect, set, lay, contrive*
Vocahitary.
HI
Strymon, -onls, [Gr. STpujucoy],
m.j a river in Thrace, on the bor-
ders of Macedonia.
studiose, [old abl. of studiosus] ,
adv., eagerly^ assiduously , zeal-
ously.
studiosus, -a, -uin, [studio +
osus], adj., eager, inter est edy zeal-
ous, friendly.
studium, -i, [?, akin to studeo],
n., eagerness, zeal, interest, favor-
ite pursuit (^pleasure), study, in-
dustry, favor, devotion.
stiilte, [old abl. of stultus], adv.,
foolishly.
stultus, -a, -um, [?], 2,^].^ foolish.
stupeo, (stip)-, -ere, -ui, no sup.
[stipi- (or kindred stem) + eo]
V. intr. 2, {be like a stick), stand
aghast, stand dazed, be dazed, be at
a loss^ stand dumb.
Stygius, -a, -um, [Gr. 2TV7tos],
z.^]., of the Styx, Stygian. — Also,
of the loiver world, of Hades. —
Hence, dark, pestilent, deadly. —
Less exactly, underground.
Stymphalis, -idls, [Gr. tr\)\ir
^aA.is], f. adj., of Stymphalus, a
lake in Arcadia, where Hercules
killed the Stymphalian birds.
Styx, -ygis, [Gr. Srt^|], f., the
river that surrounded the lower
world, and by which the gods
swore. — Less exactly, the world
below. Hades.
suadeo, -ere, suasi, suasum,
[suavi- (or stem akin) + eo], v.
intr. 2, advise, persuade, urge.
sub (subs), [akin to super], prep.,
under, beneath, below, at the end
of, just before, up to: sub noctem.,
at nightfall. — As adv. in compo-
sition, down, under. — Also, from
beneath, up, after.
subdo^ -ere, -dldi, -ditum, [sub-
do], v. tr. 3, put underneath,
plunge, set (under) . — Also, supply.
subeo, -ire, -ii, -ituin, [sub-eo],
v. tr. and intr. irr., go down, go
under, enter, come in, take upon
oneself, bear, occur (to one) • —
Also, come up, come on, succeed.
subfiirien, see suffimen.
subfundo, see suffundo.
subicio (-jicio), -el-e, -jeci,
-jectum, [sub-jacio], v. tr. 3,
place below, put under, put
beneath. — Hence, subject. — Also,
throw up, suggest. — p.p., lying
below, beneath, subject.
subigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, [sub-
ago], V. tr. 3, bring into subjec-
tion, bring into order, cultivate^
plough, mould.
subito, [abl. of p.p. of subeo, as
adv.], adv., suddenly.
subitus, -a, -um, [p.p. of subeo],
adj., sudden, suddenly grown, new,
late born, nezvly risen.
subjectus, p.p. of subicio.
sublevo, -are, -avi, -atum, [sub-
levo] v. tr. I, lift up. — Fig.,
assist, relieve.
sublimis, -e, [sub-limus (infl. as
adj.)], adj., {up to the crossbeam,
cf. limen ?), high, on high, sub-
lime. — N. pi., the heights.
submittS, see summitto,
submov^5, see sum.moveo.
suboles, -is [sub- -f- oles ( y^ol +
es, cf. adolesco)], f., {out-
groivtJi) , progeny, race, generation.
subpono, see suppono.
subprimo, see supprimo.
subsequor, -1, -secGtus, [^sequ],
V. dep. 3, follow up, follow after,
follow.
subsido, -ere, -sedi, no sup., [sub-
side], V. intr. 3, settle down, sink
down, subside (of a river).
148
Vocabulary.
subsisto, -ere, -stlti, no sup., [sub-
sisto], V. intr. 3, siopj cease, sub-
side.
substringo, -ere, -strinxi, -strie-
tum, [sub-stringo], v. tr. 3,
bind underneath^ restrain, con-
fine. — p.p., contracted, pinched.
subsum, -esse, no perf., [sub-
sum], v.4intr. irr., be beneath.
siibtemen, -inis, [sub- + temen
(tex -f men)], n., woofi filling.
siibter, [sub-ter (cf. inter)],
prep., beneath.
suburbanus, -a, -um, [sub urbe
-f- anus], adj., suburban.
succedo, -ere, -cessi, -eessum,
[sub-cedo], v, intr. 3, go under,
come under, go be^ieath, enter. —
Also, come on, com,e over, come up,
grow over, go to, succeed {come
next). — Impers. with dat., one
succeeds.
suecendo, ere, -cendi, -censum,
[sub- -f cando (cf. incendo)],v.
tr. 3, kindle, light.
successor, oris, [sub-cessor,
through succedo], m., successor.
successus, us, [sub- -\- cessus^
through succedo], m., success (cf.
succedit.)
succido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum,
[sub-caedo], v. tr. 3, cut under,
cut doijun, sever.
succing^, -ere, -cinxi, -cinctum,
[sub-cingo], v. tr. 3, gird up. —
p.p. succinctus, high girt, girded
up : comas pinus (Jiigh growing,
long-stefnmed) .
succresc^, -ere, tcrevi, no. sup.,
[sub-cresco], v. intr. ^, grow up,
be supplied (to till a want) .
succumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubi-
tutn, [sub-cumbo], v. tr. 3,
{fall under), yield, succumb.
succurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum,
[sub-curro], v. intr. 3, run to sup-
port, come to one''s aid, succor.
succutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussuni,
[sub-quatio], v. tr. 3, throw up,
shake up.
sucus (succus), -i, [?, akin to
sug'o], tcl., juice, liquid, moisture,
richness, sap, dye.
sudo, -are, -avi, -atuin, [?], v.
intr. I, sweat.
sudor, -oris, [V^UD + or], m.,
sweat, exuding moisture.
suffiinen (subfi-), -inis, [suffi-
(as stem of sufflo) + men], n.,
incense.
sufliindS (subfundo), -ere, -fudi,
-fusum, [sub-fundo], v. tr. 3,
pour slowly. — Also, suffuse, im-
bue.
sui, sibi, se, [^sva], refi. pron.,
him- {her-, its-) self, themselves.
sulco, -are, -avi, -atuiii, [sulco-
(as if a-stem -j- o], v. tr. i,
furrow, plough, make a furrow.
sulcus, -i, [?], XQ..,furroiu.
sulfur (sulph-, sulp-), -uris, [?],
n., sulphur.
Sulmo, -onls, [?], m., a town in
the territory of the Peligni, the
birthplace of Ovid.
sulphur, see sulfur.
sulpur, see sulfur.
sum, esse, fui, futnrus, [V^s
and V^u], V. intr. irr., exist, be,
live. — As copula, be (with predi-
cate) : est {there is) ; est mlM (/
have) . — fut. p., f uturus, future,
coming.
sumuia, -ae, [f. of summus,
unc. noun supplied], f., sum, total,
substance: summa rerum {the
general welfare, the highest inter-
ests) .
summitto (subm-), -ere, -misi,
-niissum, [sub-mitto], v. tr. 3,
Vocabulary.
149
send up. — Also, send down, lay^
rest, drop, lower, submit, — p»?»!
subdued, low,
summoveo (subm-), -ere, -movi,
-motum, [sub-moveo], v. tr. 2,
remove, disperse, keep off.
sumtnus, -a, um, [fsup- (cf. su-
perus) + mus], adj. (used as
superl. of superus), highest, the
top of, the height of, the surface of,
the lowest, the last. — N. pi., the
heights, the surface of: summa
arx {the citadel of heaven).
snm§, -ere, sumpsi, somptum,
[sub-emo, takeA^, v. tr. 3, take, put
on, assume, make (conamen).
suo, suere, sui, sntum, [V^u],
V. tr. 3, sew.
super, [petrified case form of supe-
rus], adv. and prep., over^ above,
upon, into, beside, besides. — In
comp. with same meanings.
superator, -oris, [supera -j- tor],
m., conqueror.
superbia, -ae, [superbo -f ia], f.,
pride, arrogance.
superbus, -a, -um, [super- (as if
stem of superus) bus (of un-
known origin)], 2.^y, proud, arro-
gant, exultant .1 haughty.
superemineo, -ere, -minui, no
sup., [super-emineo], v. intr. 2,
tower above.
superiniciS (-Injicio), -ere, -jeci,
-jectum, [super-inicio], v. tr. 3,
throw over, throw upon.
supero, -are, -avi, -atum, [supero-
(as if a-stem) -f o], v. tr. i,
overtop, reach above, surpass, ex-
ceed, conquer, outstrip, be above.
superstes, -itis, [super -f stes
(y'STA ■\- tis, reduced)], adj. ,^//r-
viving.
supersum, -esse, -fui, -futurus,
[super-sum], v. intr. irr., be over
and above, survive, be left from,
remain.
superus, -a, -um, [comp. of stem
akin to sub], adj., upper, on high.
— PI. m., the gods. — See also
summus and supremus, used as
superlatives.
supervolo, -are, -avi, -atum, [su-
pervolo], V. intr. 1,7?^ over.
supinus, -a, -um, [?, prob. stem
akin to sub- -}- nus, (cf. pronus)],
adj., lying on the back, upturned
(of the hands in supplication).
supples, -ere, -evi, -etum, [sub-
pleo], V. tr. 2, fill up, fill, bathe,
wash (vulnera lacrimis).
supplex, -ieis, [sub-plex (y'PLic,
as stem, cf. simplex)], adj., sup-
pliant (from the bending of the
knees). — As noun, a suppliant.
supplicium, -i, [supplic- + ium.],
n., punishment (from the position
on the knees for the death-
stroke).
suppono (subp-), -ere, -posui,
-positum [sub-pono], v. tr. 3,
put beneath, shelter under, substi-
tute, set (ignem), plant, subject
(to the yoke). i
supprimo (subp-), -ere, -pressi,
-pressum, [sub-premo], v. tr. 3,
press under, suppress. — Also,
up, press, press against.
supra, [case form (prob. instr.) of
superus], adv. and prep., above,
over.
supremus, -a, -um, [superl. of
superus], adj., highest, topmost,
uttermost, last.
sura, -ae, [?], f., ankle.
surdus, -a, -um., [?], adj., deaf.
surgo, -ere, surrexi, surrectum,
[sub-rego], v. intr. 3, rise.
Surrentiuus, -a, -um, [Surrento-
-1- inus], adj., of Sorrento (Sur-
i;d
Vocabulary,
rentum), a town on the bay of
Naples.
sfis, suis, [?], c, boar, so7v, swine.
susclto, -are, -avi, -atum, [subs-
cito], V. tr. I, rouse up, call up,
revive, rekindle.
suspendo, -ere, -pendi, -pensum,
[sub-pendo], v. tr. 3, hang up,
suspend, — Fig., keep in suspense,
restrain. — p.p-j hanging on, raised
on.
suspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum,
[sub- 4- specio], v. tr. 3, look up
to, look up at. — Fig., suspect, lie
beneath (of land) . — p.p., suspected,
suspicious.
suspicor, -ari, -atus, [fsuspic-
(stem of fsuspex, cf. aiispex)],
V. dep. I, suspect.
suspirium, -i, [unc. stem (akin to
suspiro) + ium], n., sigh.
stistineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum,
[sub-teneo], v. tr. 2, hold up,
bear, endure, sustain, withstand,
support, wear (in pectore angues).
sustuli, perf. of toUo.
susurrus, -i, [?], m., whisper. —
Also, personified.
suus, -a, -um, [stem of se + us],
pron,, his, her, its (reflexive, refer-
ring to subject, cf. se), on one^s
side, favoring. — In pi. as noun,
one^s friends, countrymen, and the
like.
Symaethis, -idis, [Gr. :Su^at0(s],
f., adj., daughter of SyttKEthus
(a Sicilian river-god), the mother
of Acis.
Symaethius, -a, -um, [Gr. ^vfjiai-
Oioy], adj., of or descended from
Symcethus,
T.
tilbes, -is, [?], f., thick liquid,
matter, poison, venom.
tabesco, -ere, tabui, no sitp.,
[tabe 4- sco], v. intr. 3, dissolve,
melt, zvaste away.
tabulariuin, -i, [tabula -f arius],
n., archives,
tabum, -i, [akin to tabes], n.,
corrupt blood, gore, venom.
taceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [?], v.
intr. 2, be silent, cease speaking. —
p.p., silent, inatidible : tacita
mente {^silently in the heart) .
taciturnus, -a, -um, [taci- (stem
akin to taeeo) + turnus (cf.
diuturnus)], adj., silent, silently
(in agreement).
tactus, -us, [Vtag (in tango) -f
tus], m., touch, contact.
taeda, -ae, [?], i., pitchwood, torch.
— Esp., marriage torch, marriage.
taedium, -i, [stem akin to taedeo
-f ium], n., disgust, weariness. —
Also pi.
Taenarides, -ae, [Gr. Taivapi^ris;'],
m., of ox from TcBnarus, promon-
tory of Laconia. — Hence, Laco-
nian, Lacedcsmonian.
Taenarius, -a, -um, [Gr. Taivd-
pios'], adj., of Tcenarus (cf. prec.
word). — Hence, Lacedcemonian,
Tagus, -i, [Gr. Tayos], m., a river
in Spain (now Tajo).
talaris, -e, [talo -j- aris], adj., of
the heel. — Esp. n. pL, talaria,
hem of robe, wings (on the
feet).
talis, -c, [V^^ (^^ tantus) -f
alis], adj., such, of this kind, this
(such as follows). — N. pL, such
deeds.
talus, -i, [?], m., ankle bone, heel.
tarn, [unc. case of -y/ta, cf. talis
(cf. nam)], adv., so, such, thus.
Tamasenifs, -i, [fTamaso (re-
duced) -1- enus], m., (of adj.), a
plain near Tamasus in Cyprus.
Vocabulary.
f5f
tamen, [?], conj., yet^ hozvever,
still, nevertheless^ after all,
tamquaiii (tanq.uaii[i), [tarn-
quam], conj., {so as), as if, like,
Just as,
Tanais, -is, [Gr. Tdvu'is'], m., a
river in Scythia (now the Don) ;
also the god of the river.
tandem, [tam-dem, (cf. idem)],
conj., at length, at last.
tangS, -ere, tetigi, tactum,
[y"rAG, formed with n], v. tr. 3,
touch, reach, affect^ move, attain.
Tantalis, -idis, [Gr. Tai'TaA/s], f.
adj., daughter or descendant of
Tantalus.
Tantalus, -i, [Gr. livraKos'\, m. :
1. Son of Jupiter, father of Pelops
and Niobe. He was a guest at
the table of the gods, but betrayed
their secrets, and offered them his
son's flesh for food. For this, he
was punished in the lower world;
2. a son of Niobe.
tantum, [n. of tantus], adv.,
only.
tantummodo, [tantum modo],
adv., only,
tantus, -a, -um, [stem akin to tarn
+ tus], adj., so great, such, so
much, such great. — Abl. as adv.,
so much, so. — N. as adv., so much
(and no more), only (see tan-
tum).— Gen. of price, worth so
m,uch, of so much importance.
tarde, [old abl. of tardus], adv.,
slowly, with delay, late.
tardo, -are, -avi, -atum, [tardo-
(as if a-stem)], v. tr. i, retard,
hold back, detain, prevent.
tardus, -a, -um, [?], adj., slow.
Tarpeius, -a, -um, [fTarpa -f
ius (of unc. kin)], a Roman gen-
tile name, in some unknown man-
ner connected with the rock of
the Capitol. --^ arx (areas) {the
Capitol of Rome). — Fern,, Tar-
peia, the maiden who betrayed
the Capitol to the Sabines.
Tartara, -orum, (also Tartarus,
-i), [Gr. Taprapos, -a], n., (m.), (a
deep abyss below the infernal
world). — Hence Tartarus (the
abode of the damned), the lower
world (generally), death.
Tatius, -i (-ii), [an adj. of unc.
kin (tata ?)], m., Titus Tatius,
a Sabine king with whom Romu-
lus was supposed to have shared
his kingdom.
taurus, -i, [prob. for fstaurus, cf.
raSpos], m., hull, steer.
Taurus, -i, [same word as taurus],
m. : I. The Bull, Taurus (the
constellation) ; 2. A mountain
range in Asia Minor.
taxus, -i, [?], i., yew-tree, yew.
tectum, -i, [n. p.p. of tego], n.,
dwelling, roof, abode. — Also pi.
Tegeaeus (-eus), -a, -um, [fr. Gr.
T67€a (as if Te7eaIo5)], adj., of
Tegea (a town of Arcadia). —
Less exactly, Arcadian. — Esp.
fem., Tegeaea, Atalanta, daugh-
ter of lasius. She first wounded
the boar in the Calydonian hunt.
tegmen, -inis, [V^J^^ + men], n.,
covering.
tego, -ere, texi, tectum, [y'TEG],
V. tr. 3, cover, envelop, conceal,
veil, engulf
tegumen (tegi-), [tegu (tegi),
(as stem of tego) -f Mien], n.,
covering.
tela, -ae, [?], f., web.
Telamon, -onis, [Gr. TeAajuc^Jy],
m., son of ^acus, brother of
Peleus and Phocus, father of Ajax,
Telemachus, -i, [Gr. 1'<]\l\Laxos\,
m., son of Ulysses and Penelope.
tS2
Vocabulary.
Telemus, -i, [Gr. T^Aeyuos], m., a
prophetic Cyclops, son of Eurymus.
Telephus, -i, [Gr. Ti\K^(pQs\ m.,
son of Hercules, king of Mysia.
He was wounded and also cured
by the spear of Achilles.
tellus, -uris, [?], £, the earth, the
land, (a) land, — Also person.,
Earth (Tellus).
telum, -i, [?, perh. akin to tela],
n., shaft, spear, trident, weapon,
thunderbolt.
temerarius, -a, -um, [flemero-
(cf. temere) 4- arius], adj., un-
thinking, heedless^ reckless, rash.
Temesaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. Te^ue-
o-a?os], adj., of Temese, Temescean.
Temese, -e^, [Gr. Te/^es-i?], f., a
town in Bruttium, famous for its
copper mines. — Hence, Temeses
metalla.
temo, -onis, [?], m., pole (of a
chariot).
Tempe, indecL, [Gr. n. pi., Te/xTn)],
n. pi., a valley in Thessaly famous
for its beauty.
tempero, -are, -avi, -atum,
[temper- (as stem of tempiis)
+ o], V. tr. I, mix (in proper pro-
portions) . — Hence, regulate, gov-
ern, control, restrain.
temperies, -ei, [temper- (stem of
lost adj., really same word as
tempus) + ies], f., mixture, cli-
mate, temperature.
tempestas, -atis, [ftempes- (stem
of lost adj., cf. temperies) +
tas], f., weather (cf, temperies),
season. — Hence, time.
tempestive, [old abl. of tempes-
tivus], adv., seasonably, timely, in
good time,
tempestivus, -a, -um, [ftempesto-
(cf. rol>ustus) + ivus], adj.,
seasonable, timely, suitable.
templum, -i, [akiii to tempus
(prob. ftempo + lum, n. of lus)],
n., (prob. spot, space in augural
language), consecrated spot, temple.
temptamentuin (tenta-), -i,
[tempta + mentum], n., trial,
attempt, effort.
tempto, (tento), -are, -avi,
-Stum, [?], V. |r. I, try.
tempus, -oris, [unc. root, (perh.
akin to reixvoo) + us], n. {limit),
{spot), temple (of the head), —
Transf., limit (of time), time,
lapse of time, season, day, age, life
(as lapse of time).
tenax, -acis, [V^'^n (root of
teneo) + ax], adj., tenacious,
persistent.
tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentum
(tensum), [?, akin to teneo],
V. tr. 3, stretch, spread, stretch out,
strain, set (net) . — Absolutely,
hold one's course, aim at (perh.
from aiming the bow) .
tenebrae, -arum, [?], f. pi., dark-
ness, shades.
teuebrosus, -a, -um, [tenebra -f
osus], adj., dark, gloomy.
Tenedos, ~i, [Gr. TeVeSos], f., an
island in the ^Egean, off the Troad.
teneo, -ere, -ui, tentum, [-y/ten,
prob. through noun stem, cf.
tenus], V. tr. 2, hold, hold fast,
grasp, cling to., clasps keep, retain,
possess, occupy, maintain. — So,
attain.^ reach, gain, catch. — Also,
hold, restrain, prevent, stop, detain,
delay.
tener, -era, -erum, [y'TEN (in
sense of 'stretch,' cf. tendo) -f
rus], adj., delicate, tender, thin,
yielding, feeble, young.
tenor, -ioris, [-y/ten -{■ or], m.,
{holding of a course), movement
(in a certain direction).
Vocabulary.
153
tenuis^ -e, [v^ten + uis], adj.,
{stretched), thin, delicate^ fine,
narrow, little, slight, light (firmis),
small.
tenuo, -are, -avi, -atum, [tenui-
(as if a-stem) + o], v. tr. i,
make thin, sh7'ink, attenuate. —
Y2i%%,,grow thin, grow shrill (vox).
tenus, [prob. ace. n. of same word
as tenor], prep., (following its
noun), as far as, up to,
tepefacio, -ere, -feci, -factum,
[tepe- (stem akin to tepeo) +
facio] , V. tr. 3, make warm, warm
(with one's blood, h-astam) .
tepeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [unc.
stem (akin to tepor) + eo], v,
tr. 2, be warm. — pres. p., warm.
tepescS, -ere, tepui, no sup.,
[tepe- (stem of tepeo) -f sec],
V. intr. 3, grow warm, warm.
tepidus, -a, -um, [ftepi- (stem
akin to tepeo) -f dus], adj.,
warm, tepid. — Esp. of blood,
reeking (the earth by bloodshed) .
ter [unc. case form of tres], adv.,
thrice, three times.
terebro, -are, -avi, -atum, [tere-
bra + o], V. tr. i, bore, pierce.
teres, -etis, [-v/ter (in tero) +
tis (reduced)], adj., {rubbed^,
smooth round, round (and usually
smooth) .
tergeo, -ere, (and tergo, -ere),
tersi, tersum, [?, prob. adj. stem,
akin to tergus], v. tr. 2 and 3,
clean, scour.
tergum, -i, [?, akin to tergeo],
n., {hide ?), back. — Hence, side
(of pork), fleece (of sheep) :
tergo {from behind, behind)',
terga dare, etc. {turn the back,
in flight).
tergus, -oris, [akin to tergum],
n., back, flitch (of bacon).
terni, -ae, -a, [ter- (as stem of
tres) + nus], adj., three at a
time, three.
tero, -ere, trivi, tritum, [^ter],
V. tr. 3, rub, pound (in a mortar),
mix, grind, sharpen, whet, graze.
— p.p., beaten (track). '
terra, -ae, [akin to torreo], f.,
earth (dry land as dist. from sea),
laftd, earth (clay) : terramm
orbis, the circle of lands (the
lands J the world), — iVlso pi. —
Also, personified, the Earth,
mother of the Titans and the
giants.
terrenus, -a, -um, [terra- (as if
terre-) + nus, (cf. egenus)], adj.,
earthy, earthen, of the earth.
terreo, -ere, -\ii, -itum, [?, prob.
adj. stem fterro -j- o], v. tr. 2,
frighten, alarm.
terribilis, -e, [terri- (as if stem of
terreo) -\- bills], adj., dread,
fearful, terrible, dire.
terrific us, -a, -um, [fterro- (akin
to terreo, perh. its origin) -f- ficus
(^FAC -i- us)], adj., terrifying,
dreadful, dread.
terrigena, -ae, [terra-gena ( ^/gen
+ a)], m., earthborn.
terror, -oris, [terr- (as if root of
terreo) -f or], m,, terror, panic,
fright. — Also person., Terror,
the god of Terror.
tertius, -a, -um,, [ter- (as stem of
tres) + tius], adj., third,
tesca, -orum, [unc. root + cus],
n. pi., thicket (apparently spots
left uncultivated as sacred), ybr^^;',
wild woods.
testa, -ae, [?, perh. akin to
torreo], f., {baked earthenware),
jar, potsherd. — • Less exactly, shell
(of ice).
testificor, -ari, -atus, [ftestificQ-
154
Vocabulary.
(as if a-stem) + o], v. dep. i,
bear witness, disclose (as a wit-
ness).
testis, -is, [?], c, witness.
testor, -ari, -atus, [testi- (as if a-
stem) + o], bear witness to, show,
express. — Also, call to witness.
Tethys, -yos, [Gr. Ttj^us], f., a
sea-goddess, nurse of Juno, wife
of Oceanus, and mother of Cly-
mene.
Teuthranteus, -a, -um, [as if Gr.
Teu^pcij/reios], adj., of Tetithrania,
a district in Mysia. — Less exactly,
Mysian.
texo, -ere, texui, textum [ ?] , v.
tr. 3, weave.
textum, -i, [n. p.p. of texo], n.,
web, cloth.
tbalamiis, -i, [Gr. Odxaixos'], m.,
marriage-chamber, marriage-bed,
marriage. — Also pi.
Thalia, -ae, [Gr. 0<iAeca], f., the
Muse of Comedy.
Thaumantias, -adis, [Gr. ^avixav-
ti6ls\, f. adj., daughter of Thau-
mas, Iris.
Thaumantis, -idos, [Gr. Qavfiau-
ris'], f. adj., daughter of Thaumas,
Iris.
theatrum, -i, [Gr. dearpov'], n.,
theatre : structum utrimque (i.e.
amphitheatre) .
Thebae, -arum, [Gr. 0^j8at],f. pi.,
Thebes, the famous city of Boeo-
tia.
Thebanus, -a, -um, [Theba +
nus], adj., Theban, of Thebes:
sorer {Antigone, who buried her
brother against the command of
the king).
Themis, -idos, (ace. Themin,
voc. Themi), [Gr. 0e/tis], f,,
daughter of Heaven and Earth,
dess of law, predecessor of
Apollo in the oracle at Delphi. —
Hence Parnasia, for Delphi was
on the slope of Parnassus.
Theridanias, (only nom.), [Gr.
077/)£5aiUas], n., one of Acteeon's
hounds.
Thermodoii, -ontis, [Gr. ©epindo-
doov'], ni., a river of Pontus, fa-
mous as being in the region of
the Amazons,
Thermodontiacus, -a, -um, [Gr.
©epixoodouTiaKos^, adj., of or from
the Thermodon. — Less exactly,
Amazonian.
Theron, -onis, [Gr. %iip(av'], m.,
one of Actaeon's dogs.
Thersites, -ae, [Gr. ©epo-tTijs], m.,
the ugliest, most impudent, and
most talkative of the Grecian
army at Troy.
Theseus, -a, -um, [Gr. ©7?o-eros],
adj., of Theseus.
Theseus, -ei (-eos), [Gr. ©T^cei^s],
m., a king of Athens, who took
part in the Calydonian hunt, killed
the Minotaur, and did many other
great deeds.
Thessalia, -ae, [Gr. (deacaXia] , f.,
Thessaly, the eastern part of north-
ern Greece.
Thessalus, -a, -um, [Gr. %^<iffa-
Aos], adj., Thessahan, of Thessaly.
Thestiades, -ae, [Gr. ©eo-ria 577s],
m., soft of Thestius. The sons of
Thestius, Plcxippus and Toxeus,
were killed by their nephew
Meleager.
Thestias, -adis, [Gr. ©eo-rtas], f.,
daughter of Thestius, Althcea,
mother of Meleager.
Thestius, -i, [Gr. %i(nLQs'\, m.,
king of NXoXxd,, father of Althaea,
Toxeus, Plexippus, etc.
Thestorides, -ae, [Gr. %^(yTopi-
^r\s\, m.;, the son of Thestor, Cat-
Vocabulary.
155
chas, the soothsayer of the Greek
army at Troy.
Thinems, (occurs only once), [as
if Gr. ©ij/irjifos], adj., of Thinceuvi^
or a place of some similar name,
at or near which Philemon and
Baucis lived.
Thislbe, -es, [Gr. ©iVjSrj], f., a Baby-
lonian maiden,beloved by Pyramus.
Thous, -1, [Gr. %6os'\^ m., one of
Actseon's dogs.
Thiracius, -a, -um, [Gr. 0p://<:toy],
adj., Thracian,
Thrax, -cis, [Gr. ©fx?^], m., a
Thracian.
Threce, -es, [Gr. 0p?//c7j], f.,
Thrace^ the country north of the
^gean Sea.
Thre'icius, -a, -um, [Gr. (d^-ni-
Kios\ adj., of Thrace, Thracian.
— Fem. pi., the Thracian women.
Thybris (Ty-), -is, [?], m., the
Tiber^ the river of Rome.
thyrsus, -i, [Gr. Q{)p(xos\ m., thyr-
sus (the wand of Bacchus).
tiara, ae, [Gr. Ticipa],f., cap, tiara,
head-dress.
Tiberinus, -a, -um, [Tiber i -}-
nus], adj., of the Tiber: Ostia
(^at the mouth of the Tiber') .
tibia, -ae, [?], i.,pipe (resembling
a clarinet).
Tibullus, -i, [?], m., a Roman
lyric poet, an older contemporary
of Ovid.
tignum, -i, [unc. root -f num (n.
of -nus)], n., log, beam.
tigris, -is (-idis), [Gr. riypts], c,
tiger.
Tigris, -idis, [Gr. Ti7p£s],f., Tiger,
one of Actgeon's hounds.
tilia, -ae, [?], f., linden.
timeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [prob.
timo- (cf. tiiiiidus) -1- eo], v. tr.
2, fear f
timlde, [old abl. of timidus],
adv., timidly.
timidus, -a, -um, [stem (prob.
timo-, akin to timeo) -}- dus],
z.d^]., frightened, timid. — As noun,
a coward.
Timolus, -i, m., see Tmolus.
timor, -oris, [tim- (as root of
timeo) -f or], m., feur, fright,
alarm. — Person., Fear.
tinctilis, -e, [ttncto -f lis], adj.,
fluid.
tinguo (tingo), -ere, tinxi, tinc-
tum, [ V^iG, formed with n], v.
tr. 3, moisten, wet, dip, bathe,
plunge, dye, stain, tinge. — Pass.,
in middle sense, plunge.
tiaus, -i, [?], f., *viburnum (a
shrub).
Tiphys, -yos, [Gr. Tt^iJs], m., the
pilot of the ship Argo.
Tirynthius, -a, -um, [Gr. Ttpi^i/-
Qios^ adj., of Tiryns (an ancient
city of Argolis) , Tirynthian. —
Masc, Hercules. — Fem., Alcmene,
the mother of Hercules.
Tisiphone, -es, [Gr. 1i<yi(^6v'{\\, f.,
one of the Furies.
Titan, -anis, [Gr. Tirci^], m., a
Titan, one of a race of giants,
sons of Heaven and Earth, who
warred against Jupiter. One of
the Titans was Flyperion, father
of the Sun and the Moon, and
these latter are called Titans
also.
Titaiiis, -idis (-idos), [Gr. Ttra-
vis\, f. adj., daughter of a Titan.
— Esp., Latona, daughter of
Coeus.
Titan ius, -a, -um, [Gr. Tltq.vlos\,
adj., of the Titans, Titanian. —
Esp. fem., Diana. — Also, Pyrrha,
as daughter of the Titan Epime-
theus,
156
Vocabulary,
titubo, -are, -avi, -atum, [?],
V. mtr. I, stagger.
titulus, -i, [?, perh. tito + Ins],
m., inscription, tablet, — Hence,
fame, honor.
Tityos (-us), -i, [Gr. Ttruc^s], m., a
giant of Euboea who offered vio-
lence to Latona. He was pun-
ished in Tartarus, stretched out
on the ground, and having his
liver torn by vultures.
Tityrus, -i, [Gr. Hirvpos, Doric
form of ^irvpos\ m., a shepherd's
name in Virgil's bucolic poems.
Tlepolemus, -i, [Gr. TAT/TTfJAe^uos],
m., a son of Hercules, leader of
the Rhodians in the Trojan war.
Tmolus (Tim-), -i, [Gr. TyuwAos:],
m,, a mountain in Lydia. — Also
the god of the mountain.
tofus (tophus), -i, [?], m., tufa
(a kind of stone). — Also pi.
toga, -ae, [VTAG + a], f., toga
(the Roman robe). — Hence,
peace (as opposed to * arms').
tolero, -are, -avi, -atum, [ftoler-
(as stem of ftolus, ^tol + us) -f
o], V. tr. I, bear, endure.
tolls, -ere, (y'TOL formed with y),
sustuli, sublatum, [perf. and
sup. of suflfero], v. tr. 3, raise,
lift up, take up, pick up. — ^ Hence,
take away, remove. — With reflex.,
rise. — Also in imperative, cease,
away with.
Toraitae, -arum, [Gr. Tojurrat]»
m. pi., the inhabitants of Tomi,
the town on the Black Sea to
which Ovid was banished.
tonans, see tono.
tondeo, -ere, totondi, tonsum,
[?], V. tr. 2, shear.
touitrus, -us, [toni- (as if stem of
tone) -f- trusj, m., thunder, light-
ning.
tonitruum, -i, [tonitru -f um] , n.,
thunder.
tono, -are, tonui, tonituiii, [?],
V, intr. I, thunder.- — pres. p.,
tonans, thundering. — As noun,
the Thunderer (Jove).
tormentum, -i, [torqu- (as root
of torqueo) + mentum], n.,
sling (of twisted rope), engine
(of war).
torpescS, -ere, torpui, no sup.,
[torpe- (as stem of torpeo) -f
see], V. intr. 3, become inactive,
become torpid.
torpor, -oris, [torp- (as root of
torpeo) -f- or], m., lethargy, tor-
por.
torqueo, -ere, torsi, tortum, [?],
V. tr. 2, twist, whirl, roll. —
Hence, hurl. — Also, torture.
torreo, -ere, torrui, tostum,
[t/tos, of unc. formation, cf.
torris], v. tr. 2, roast^ parch,
bake, scorch, burn,
torris, -is, [torr- (as if root of
torreo) -f is], m., firebrand,
brand,
tortilis, -e, [torto -f lis], adj.,
twisted, twined, winding.
tortus, p.p. of torqueo.
torus, i, [?], m., bed, couch. —
Esp., marriage-bed, marriage. —
Also, bier. — Also, muscle.
torvus, -a, -um, [?], adj., angry,
stern, lowering, gloomy , frowning.
tot, [orig. ftoti (akin to tarn,
etc.)], adj., so many (cf. quot).
totidem, [toti -f dem (cf. idem)],
adj., as many, an equal number.
totiens, [tot -f lens (cf. quoti-
ens)], adv., so often, so many
times.
totus, -a, -um, [akin to tot], adj.,
whole, entire, the whole, wholly (in
agreement) .
Vocabulary.
157
Toxeus, -ei, [Gr. To|€i5s], m., a son
of Thestius and uncle of Meleager.
trabeatus, -a, -um, [trabea +
tus, as if p.p.], adj., clad in the
irabca (cf. 'booted and spurred ').
trabs, trabis, [?], f., beatn^ log,
trunk,
Trachas, -antis, [Gr. Tpcixa^], U
an old name of the town of Tarra-
cina near the Pomptine Marshes.
TracMn (-s), 4nis, [Gr. Tpax^j/],
f., a town in Malis, the home of
Ceyx and Alcyone.
tracto, -are, -avi, -atum,
[tracto- (as if a-stem) + o], v.
tr. I, handle,
tractus, -us, [trah- (as root of
traho) + tus] , m., course, path,
flight. Also, region, tract. — Also,
handling, drawing.
trado, -ere, tradidi, traditum,
[trans-do], v, tr. 3, hand over,
give over, hand, give, pass (from
one to another), exchange, trans-
fer, communicate, assign >
traho, -ere, traxi, tractum,
[v'tra(g)h],v. tr. 3, ^r^^, draw,
drag on, drag out (senectam),
draw in, draw away, take in,
bring on, carry (with one), dis-
tract: ignem {become inflamed) \
in pestem (drag into pestilence,
by contagion).
traiclo (trajicio), -ere, -jeci,
-jectum, [trans-jacio], v. tr. 3,
throw across, throw through. —
Hence, pierce, transfix.
trames, -itis, [trans -f mes ( Vme,
in meo + tis), cf. comes], m.,
by-path, path.
trans, [?], prep., through, across.
transcribS, -ere, -scrips!, -scrip-
turn, [trans-scribo], v. tr. 3,
transcribe, — Hence, transfer (on
military rolls).
transeo, -ire, -if, -itum, [trans-
eo], V. tr. irr., go across, pass
over, go by, pass, pass into,
transfer©, -ferre, -tuli, -latunGi,
[trans-fero], v. tr. irr., bear
across, bear over, send over, allow
to go over, transfer.
transiliS (transsilio), -ire, -silui
(-ivi), no sup., [trans-salio], v.
tr. 4, leap over, leap through.
transitus, -us, [trans-itus (perh.
through transeo)], m., a going
over, passage, change.
transmitto, -ere, -misi, -missum,
[trans-mitto], v. tr. 3, let go
through, hurl through, send
through.
tremebundus, -a, -ttin, [treme-
(as stem of tremo) + bwndus],
adj., trembling, quivering.
tremescS (-isco), [treme- (as
stem of tremo) ■\- sco],v. intr. 3,
tremble.
tremo, -ere, treniui, no sup.,
[y'TREM], V. intr. 3, tremble,
quiver, shudder.
tremor, ^-oris, [trem- (as root of
tremo) + or], m., tremor, shud-
der, trembling. — Hence, earth-
quake.
tremulus, -a, -um, [prob. ftremo-
(trem -F us) -f- lus], adj., trem-
bling, quivering, shaking, flutter-
ing.
trepido, -are, -avi, -a turn, [tre-
pido -f o], V. intr. i, bustle about.
— Hence, be alarmed, tremble,
quiver. — pres. p., tre?nbling,
timid, terrified.
trepidus, -a, -um, [as if trepo-
(cf. trepo) -f dus], adj., restless,
bustling, trembling, shuddering,
quivering, alarmed, in terror.
tres, tria, [?, stem tri-], adj.,
three.
IS8
Vocabulary,
tribula^ -ae, [tri- (as root of
tero) + bula], f., drag (for
threshing), thresher, harrow.
tribulus, -i, [Gr. rpi^oXos']-, m.,
thorn, thistle.
tribiio, -ere, tribui, tribfitum,
[tribu- (intribus) + o], v. tr. 3,
(^assign to each tribe its share ?),
assign^ grant, assume (sibi) : me
tribuente (a/ 7ny hajids) .
tiiibntuin, -i, [n. p.p. of tribuo],
n., tribute (that part assigned to
one to pay).
triceps, -cipitis, [tri- (as stem of
tres) + ceps (caput, reduced, and
decl. as adj.)], adj., three-headed.
tricuspis, -idis, [tri- (cf. tres) +
cuspisj, atlj., three-forked, three-
pointed : telum (i.e. trident),
tridens, -dentis, [tri- (cf. tres)
+ deiis], adj., three-toothed. — As
noun, trident.
trifidus, -a, -iim, [tri- (cf. tres)
-l-fidus ( V^i^' i^ findo, -r us)],
adj., three-cleft, forked.
triformis, -e, [tri- (cf. tres) -f
formis (forma, weakened and
decl. as adj.)], adj., three-formed.
Trinacria, -ae, [Gr. i:pivaKp[a\, f.
(of adj.), Sicily (the three-cor-
nered island) .
Trinacris, -idis, [Gr. Tptj/a/cpts], f.
(adj.), Sicily.
Triones, -um, [?], m. pi., the Great
Bear (constellation).
triplex, -plicis, [tri- (cf. tres) -f
plex (cf. duplex)], adj., triple,
threefold : sorores {born three at
a birth).
Triptolemus, -i, [Gr. TpnrroXep.os'],
m., son of King Celeus of Eleusis.
He was sent by Ceres to teach
agriculture.
tristis, -e, [?], adj., gloomy, cruel,
sad : tristia officia (^complaint).
trisulcus, -a, -um, [tri- (cf. tres)
4- sulcus], adj., (making three
furrows) , three-forked,
triticeus, -a, -um, [tritico (re-
duced) -f eus], adj., of wheat,
wheaten.
triticum, -i, [trito- ■{• cum (n. of
-cus)], n,, {the threshed grain ?),
wheat.
Triton, -onls, [Gr. Tpirtav'], m., a
sea-god, son of Neptune, repre-
sented as blowing a conch-shell.
— PL, sea-gods.
Tritonia, -ae, [Gr. i:pLT(*)vios'], f., a
name or appellation of Pallas
(Minerva), prob. derived from a
BcEotian stream (Triton).
Tritonis, -idis, [ace. ida], f. adj.,
of Tritonia, of Pallas. — Also,
as subst., Pallas, Minerva.
tritus, p.p. of tero.
triumpbo, -are, -avi, -atum,
[triumpho -f o], v. intr. i, tri-
umph (lit. and fig.)« — P-P-» ^^^ ^^
triumph.
triumphus, -i, [Gr. ^^(a^ajSos], m.,
triumph.
Troes, -um, see Tros.
Troicus, -a, -um, [Gr. T/)cui'«:os],
adj., Trojan, of Troy, of the Tro-
jans.
Troius, -a, -um, [Gr. Tpcc'ios],
adj., Trojan, of Troy, of the Tro-
Troja, -ae, [fern of Troius], f.,
the city of Tros, Troy.
Trojanus, -a, -um, [fTroja -f nus],
adj., Trojan. — As subst., £2 Tro-
jan.
Tros, -ois, [Gr. Tp'is], m., a king of
Phrygia, after whom Troy and the
Trojans were said to have been
named, — As adj., Trojan. — As
subst., a Trojan. — PL, the Tro-
jans.
Vocabulary.
IS9
truculentus, -a, -um, [stem akin
to trux + lentus], adj., savage^
churlish.
trunco, -are, -avi, -atum, [trunco-
(as if a-stem) + o], v. tr. i, cut
off, strip,
truncus, -i, [?], m.^ trunk (of tree),
body (of a man) .
trux, trucis, [?], adj., savage.
tn, tui, [V^^]» pron., thou^you.
tuba, -ae, [?], f., trumpet.
tueor, -eri, tuitus (tutus), [prob.
ftuo- (cf. aedituus) + eo], v.
dep. 2, {look after ?) , guard, pro-
tect, behold, see, gaze at. — See
also tutus,
turn, [pron. stem fto- (cf. Iste),
perh. ace. (cf.num, duin)], adv.,
then, thereupon.
tumeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [prob.
ftumo- (cf. tumulus, etc.) +
eo], V. intr. 2, swell, be swollen,
be puffed up (as with pride) .
tumesco, -ere, tumui, [tume (as
stem of tumeo) -f- sco], v. intr.
3, swell, be puffed up.
tumidus, -a, -um, [ftumo- (cf.
tumeo) -\- dus], adj., swelling,
swollen.
tumulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [tu-
mulo- (as if a-stem) + o], v.
tr. I, entomb.
tumultus, -us, [tumulo- (reduced)
-f- tus], m., swelling crowd or
noise, disturbance.
tumulus, -i, [ftumo- (cf. tumeo)
4- lus], m., {swelling), hill, mound,
tomb.
tunc, [tum-ce], adv., then^ at that
time (more demonstrative than
tum), at that point,
tunjdo, -ere, tutudi, tnsum (tun-
sum), [ VTUD, formed with u], v.
tr. 3, beat, pound.
tunica, -ae, [?, perh, corrupted
and further formed from Gr. xi-
t4}v\, f., tunic (the inner garment
of the ancients).
turba, -ae, [apparently v^TUR ? +
ba], f., {whirl), throng, crowd,
number (great), body. — Hence,
the people (as opposed to princes).
turbo, -are, -avi, -atum, [turba
-f 0], v. tr. I, {inake a disorderly
crowd disperse), drive away (in
disorder), drive. — Also, confuse,
disturb. — p.p., in disorder, angry
(mare).
turbo, -inis, [turba -|- o], m.,
whirl, whirlwind, spiral. — Less
exactly, rush (militiae).
Turnus, -i, m., a Ji^itulian king,
who, as a suitor for the hand of
Lavinia, resisted the settlement of
^neas in Latium, and was finally
slain by him.
turpis, -e, [?], adj., unsightly, ugly,
unbecoming, vile. — Morally, base.
turpiter, [turpi -f ter], adv.,
vilely i basely , foully .
turrls, -is, [Gr. rr^pcris], f., tower,
towering roof
turtur, -uris, [prob. from sound],
m., turtle dove.
tus, turis, [?], n., incense. — Also
pi.
tutela, -ae, [tuto- (or kindred
stem) 4- ela], i., guardianship. —
Concretely, guardian.
tutor, -ari, -atus, [tuto- (as if
a-stem) -f o], v. dep., guard,
protect,
tutus, -a, -um, [p.p. of tueor], as
adj., protected, defended, safe (cf.
securus), secure, in safety, —
Abl., tuto, safely.
tuus, -a, -um, [tu ■\- us], adj.,
{thine), your, yours. — PI. as
nom., your {^friends, subjects,
etc.).
i6o
Vocabulary,
Tydides, -ae, [Gr. patronymic],
m., son of Tydeusj Diomedes,
tympanum, -i, [Gr. Ti5^Troi/oy], n,,
drum*
Tyndarides, -ae, [Gr. Tu»'Sa/)t89?s],
m., son of Tyndarus (king of
Sparta). — Esp. pi, Castor and
Foiiux, sons of Tyndarus.
Typhoeus, -ei, (eos), [Gr. Tt/<^<»-
€vs~\jtQ.,, a giant also called Typhon.
According to a fable, he was
struck by lightning, and buried
under the island of Sicily, his
fiery breath issuing from the vol-
cano Mt. ^tna. He seems to
have been a type of volcanoes in
general.
tyrannus, -i, [Gr. Tvpa.vvos\ m.,
king^ monarch.
Tyrius, -a, -urn, [fTj^ro- (re-
duced) 4- ius], adj., of Tyre,
Tyrian, — As Tyre was famops for
its purple (red) dye, purple, red,
brilUanL
fiber, -eris, [? cf, \%h^Tj fertile\ n.,
udder.
fiber, -eris, [? cf. uber, tidder\
adj., fruitful, plentiful, abound-
ing, fertile.
wbi, [?], dat. or loc. of qui], adv.,
where, when.
ubique, [uM-que, cf. quisque],
adv., everywhere.
ndus, -a, -um, [fuvo- (cf. uveo),
-f- dus], adj., moist, wet, dripping.
ulciscor, -i, ultus, [ulc- (as root)
formed with -sco], v. dep. 3,
avenge, revenge, punish.
Ulixes, -is, (-ei, -i), [dialectic
form of Gr. 'O5u(ro-€i5s], m., Ulys-
ses, a Greek hero of the Trojan
war famed for his cunning. His
wife was Penelope.
fillus, -a, -um, [prob. for funulus
(uno + Ius)], adj. pron., any. —
Without noun, anybody.
ulmus, -i, [?], f., elm.
ulna, -ae, [?], f., elbow, arm (as
used in an embrace).
ulterior, -ius, [fultero (cf. ultra)
-f- ior], 2id]., farther, later, — n.,
ulterius, as adv., farther, longer.
— SuperL, ultimus, last, last of,
farthest.
ultimus, see ulterior.
ultor, -oris, [ulc- (as root of ul-
ciscor) + tor], m., avenger.
ultra, [unc. case-form (prob. instr.)
of fulterus (ul -\- terus)], adv.,
farther, longer, more. — As prep.,
beyond.
ultrix, -icis, [ulc- (as root of
ulciscor) -f- trix], f., avenger. —
As adj., avenging, vengeful.
ultro, [dat. (cf. eo) of fulterus
(cf. ultra)], adv., {to the farther
side). — Hence, beyond (what is
expected, etc.), unprovoked, in
offensive war, gratuitously, of
one^s own accord.
ululatus, -fis, [ulula -f- tus], m.,
scream, cry.
ululo, -are, -avi, -atunoi, [stem
formed from the sound -f 0], v.
intr. I, howl, cry, scream.
ulva, -ae, [?], f,, sedge.
umbra, -ae, [?], f., shade, dark-
ness, shadow. — Esp., a shade (de-
parted spirit). — PL, the Shades,
the world below.
umbrosus, -a, -um, [umbra -f
osus], adj., shady.
umeo (ham-), -ere, no perf., no
sup., [?, perh. humo -f eo], v.
intr. 2, be wet, be moist. — pres. p.,
moist, wet, damp.
umerus (hum-), -i, [?], m., shoul-
der.
Vocabulary,
i6i
Smidns, (hum-), -a, -um, [? ,
perh. humd + dus], adj., moist,
wet
amor (hum-), -oris, [um- (as if
root of umeo) + or], m., moist-
ure^ liquid.
iimquam (unq-), [prob. cum +
quam, cf. ubi and quisquami],
adv., ever, at any time.
una, [case (prob. instr.) of unus],
adv., together^ at the same time,
with (anybody).
uncus, -a, -um, [?], adj., hooked,
curved,
unda, -ae, [?], f., wave, water (in
any form) . — PI., waves, sea, water,
waters, stream.
undc, [?, akin to ubi], adv., (interr.
and rel.), whence, wherefrom,from
whence, whereupon.
undecimus, -a, -um, [undecim +
mus], adj., eleventh.
undiquc, [unde-que, cf. quisque],
adv., from every quarter, on all
sides, on every hand.
ungo (unguo), -ere, unxi, unc-
tum, [?], v. tr. 3, anoint.
unguis, -is, [?], m., nail, talon,
claw.
ungula, -ae, [ungui- (or kindred
stem) -I- la], f., hoof.
unguo, see uugo.
unicolor, -oris, [uno-color], adj.,
of one color.
unicus, -a, -um, [uno + cus],
adj., single, the only, unique, one.
anus, -a, -um, [ ?, old oenus, unc.
root], adj., one, a single, alone:
non unus (not one only') . — Also,
not the same: in unum {to-
gether).— Also pi., vf'VCa. plural
nouns.
urbs, urbis, [ ?], f., city. — Esp., the
City (Rome).
urgeo (-gueo), -ere, ursi, no
sup., [?], V. tr. 2, press, press upon,
press on, roll up, pursue,,
urna, -ae, [?], i., jar, water-jar,
burial urn.
uro, -ere, ussi, ustum, [ ?], v. tr.
3, burn, consume. — Pass., burn^
(intrans.), be seared, be scorched»
— Also, burn with love, burn, —
p.p., ustus, burning.
ursa, ae, [?], f., she-bear.
usquam, [case-form akin to ubi
(cf. usque, obs. subs) ■\- quam
(cf. quisquam)], adv., anywhere
(with negatives) -
usque [us (cf. usquam) + que
(cf. quisque)], adv., all the way
(to a place), to that degree, as far
as, even to. — Also, ever, con-
stantly (of time).
ustus, p.p. of uro.
usus, -us, [unc. root (in utor) -|-
tus], m., use, experience, advan-
tage., service, result. — Also, use
(habit), habit, enjoyment, loan
(use of a thing). — Hence, need :
praebere usum (take the place
cf).
usus, -a, -um, p.p. of utor.
ut (uti), [unc. form akin to unde,
etc.], conj. (interr. and rel.),
how ? when ? — With indicative,
when, as, just as, as if (with a
noun), in proportion as. — With
subjunctive, that, in order that, so
that, to, although, though .* ut . . .
sic (although . . . yet) ; ut quis-
que, etc., whenever any one, etc.
uter, utra, utrum, [u- (as in ubi)
+ terus], pron. (interr. and rel.),
which (of two).
uterque, utraque, utrumque,
[uter-que (cf. quisque)], pron.,
each (of two), both: Phoebus
(i.e. rising and setting sun)',
inter utrumque (between the
1 62
Vocabulary.
two)', utrumque prohibeo
(^either).
uterus, -i, [?], m., belly j womb. —
Hence, offspring.
uti, see ut.
utilis, -e, [as if futo- (akin to
utor) 4- lis], adj., useful, benefi-
cial, valuable.
utilitas, -atis, [utili + tas], f.,
usefulness, advantage.
iitiliter, [utili + ter], adv., advan-
tageously, to advantage, better (to
more profit), to one's help,
utiuam, [uti-nam (cf. quisnam)],
conj ., (how in the world) , would that.
ntor, -i, nsus, [?, cf. utSlis], v.
dep. 3, use, employ, avail one's self
of take advantage of take (con-
siliis).
utrimque, [utrim (cf. hinc,
illiin) + que (cf. quisque)],
adv., on both sides.
uva, -ae, [?], f., bunch of grapes,
grapes.
uxor, -oris, [?], f., wife.
vacca, -ae, [?], f., cow, heifer.
vaco, -are, -avi, -atum, [?, cf.
vacuus], V. intr. i, be empty, be
devoid of, have room for.
vacuus, -a, -um, [prob. for vaci-
vus (stem akin to vaco) + vus],
adj., empty, void (of), unoccupied,
vacated, deserted.
vado, -ere, no perf., no sup., [?], v.
intr. 3, go, come, depart, begone
( vade procul) .
vadum, -i, [ ?], n., shallows, channel.
vagina, -ae, [?], f., sheath.
vagor, -5ri, -atus, [vago- (as if a-
stem) -f- o], V. dep. i, rove, ramble,
wander,
vagus, -a, -nin, [?], adj., roving,,
wandering, unsteady, uncertain,
wild, flying.
valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [?], be
strong, be well, be able, have power,
prevail, avail: vale {^farewell).
— pres. p., valens, stout, strong.
validus, -a, -um, [as if vale
(stem of valeo) ■\- dus], adj.,
stout, strong, sturdy, violent.
vallis (-^es), -is, [?], f., valley.
valva, *ae, [?], f., door (one side of
double doors) . — PI., doors.
vanescS, -ere, vauui, no sup.,
[vano- (as if a-stem) -f- o], v.
intr. 3, vanish.
vanus, -a, -um, [ ?, perb. vac- (in
vacuus) + nns], 2.d^y, empty, use-
less, idle, ineffectual, vain, false,-
untruthful.
vapor, -oris, [?, unc. root (cf.
vapidus) + or], m., steam, smoke,
heat, fiery breath, vapor.
vario, -are, -avi, -afcum, [vario-
(as if a-stem) + o], v. tr, i,
change. — Also, intr., waver, be at
variance.
varius, -a, -um, [varo -f- ius],
adj., {crooked, irregular ?), vari-
ous, variegated, spotted, parti-col-
ored. — Also, various parts of,
many kinds of
Varro, -onis, [?], m., a Roman
name. — Esp., Varro Aiacinus
(82-37 B.C.), who translated into
Latin the Argonautica of ApoUo-
nius Rhodius.
vastator, -oris, [vasta -t- tor],
m., devastator, ravisher.
vastus, -a, -um, [?], adj., vast,
monstrous, enormous. — Also (wh.
meaning is original is uncertain) ,
waste, desolate.
vates, -is, [?], c, soothsayer, seer.
— Henqe, bard (inspire d),/c?<f/,
singer, poetess.
Vocabulary,
163
-ve, [?], conj. (enclitic), or : neve
(and nof).
vectB, -are, -avi, -atum, [vecto-
(as if a-stem) -f o] , v. tr. I, carry ^
bear, — Pass., ride,
vectus, p.p. of veho.
veh5, -ere, vexi, veetum,
[y'VE(G)H], V. tr. 3, heary carry.
— Pass., be borne^ ride. — p.p. vec-
tus, ridings sailhig.
vel, [prob. imperative of volo],
conj., or: vel . . . vel, either
. . , or, — Also, even.
vela men, -inis, [vela -f men], n.,
coverings garments.
velifer, -era, -erum, [velo-fer
(for ferus)], adj., sail-bearing,
sail-clad.
vello, -ere, vulsi, vulsum, [?],
V. tr. 2)^ pluck, pull up, pull, tear.
vellus, eris, [veil- (as root of
vello) + us], yx., fleece (plucked),
fleece, coat (of hair), wool, skin. —
Less exactly, sheep.
vel5, -are, -avi, -atum, [velo- (as
if a-stem) -|- 0], v. tr. r, cover,
veil.—^^."^., velatus, clothed.
velociter [veloci- (as stem of
(velox) + ter], adv., swiftly.
velox, -ocis, [stem akin to volo
(perh. its root) + ox], adj.,
swift, fleet, active (ingenium).
velum, -1, [?, cf. velo], n., awn-
ing, sail, veil.
velut (veluti), [vel ut], conj., as
if, like, as it were.
vena, -ae, [?], f., vein (of the
body, of earth, or a stream of
water), metal, vitality,
venabulum, -i, [vena + bulum],
n., hunting-spear .
venatus, -us, [vena + tus], m.,
hunting, the chase.
venefica, -ae, [unc. stem (akin to
venenum) + ficus (V^Ac ■\-
us)], f., poisoner, — Also (from
use of drugs), enchantress.
venenifer, -era, -erum,, [veneno-
fer (for ferus)], adj., poisonous,
venomous,
venenum, -i, [?, perh. fvene-
(stem of lost verb, poss. akin to
venor) + num], n., poison, drug,
charin, venom,
veueror, -ari, -atus, [vener- (as
stem of Venus) + o], v. dep. i,
worship (orig. Venus), venerate.
venia, -ae, [?, akin to Venus], f.,
grace, indulgence, pardon, excuse,
venio, -ire, veni, ventum, [^ven
formed with i], v. intr. 4, come,
arrive. ,
venter, -tris, [?], m., belly.
ventus, -i, [unc. root -f tus], m.,
wind.
Venus, -eris, [^ven (akin to Sk.
y'VAN) + us (cf. genus)], f.,
grace, beauty. — Esp,, Venus, the
goddess of love and beauty. —
Also (cf. Ceres, corn'), love. —
Concretely, a loved one.
vepris (-es), -is, [?], f., bramble.
ver, veris, [?], n., spring (time).
verbena, -a'e, [?], f., sacred herb.
verber, -eris, [?], n., lash.
verbero, -are, -avi, -atum, [ver-
ber -f 0], V. tr. I, lash, beat. -—
Less exactly,//)/ (with).
verbosus, -a, -um, [verbo +
osus], adj., wordy, prolix,
verbum, -I, [?], n., word, words,
language.
vere, [old abl. of verus], adv.,
truly (with truth), really,
verecundus, -a, -um, [vere +
cundus], adj., shy, diffident, modest,
vereor, -eri, veritus, [?], v. dep.
2, fear (weaker than timeo), be
fearful of, be alarmed. — Ger.,
verendus, venerable.
164
Vocabulary.
Vergilius (the proper Latin spell-
ing, not Virg-), -i (ii), [?, cf.
Vergiliae], m., a Roman gentile
name. — Esp., Publius Vergilius
Maroy Virgil (the established
English word, cf. Horace, Livy,
Leghorn) , the poet of the ^neid,
etc.
vergo, -ere, no perf., no sup., [?],
V. tr. 3, incline. — Hence, pour.
vern^, -are, avi, -atunfi, [vqrno-
(as if a-stem) -f- o], v. intir. i,
bloom.
venius, -a, -um, [ver -f nus],
adj., of the spring, spring.
vero, [abl. of verus], adv., in
truth, truly, in fact. — Transi-
tional (introducing a new mo-
ment), but: ut vero (but when);
turn vero, then (with emphasis).
Verona, -ae, [akin to Verus], f.,
a city of Cisalpine Gaul, the birth-
place of the poet Catullus (still
called Verona).
verro, -ere, verri, versum, [?],
V. tr. 3, sweep. — Often fig., as in
English.
verso (vorso), -are, -Svi, -atum,
[verso- (as if a-stem) + o], v. tr.
I, turn (repeatedly), stir, twirl,
whirl.
versus, -a, -urn, p.p. of verto.
versus, -us, [■y/VERT (of verto) -f-
tus], m,, a turn, a turning. So,
a furrow, a line, a row, and esp.,
a verse (of poetry), poetry.
vertex (vortex), -icis, [fverto-
(akin to verto) -f ex], m., (whorl
on the head, crown). — Hence,
eddy, head, top, summit, crown.
vertigS, -inis, [fverto- (cf. ver-
tex) -f go (perh. really vertic -\-
o?], f., ivhirling,
verto (vorto) , -ere, verti (vorti),
versuuL (vorsum), [^vert],
V. tr. 3, turn, change, convert,
overturn. — Hence, drive (of cat-
tle).— Pass., be turned, turn (in-
trans.).
veruin, [n. ace. of verus], adv.,
in truth, however, but.
verus, -a, -um, [?], adj., true, un-
doubted, real. — N. as noun, truth.
vesper, -eri (-eris) , [ ?, cf. Hespe-
rus], m., evejiing-star. — Hence,
evening, the west.
Vesta, -ae, [ ?, cf. kcrria, poss. ^ves,
dwell? (cf. Sk. vas and tarv, but
also ver) + ta], f., the goddess of
household fire. She is the em-
blem of household purity and fam-
ily life. Her sacred fire was kept
constantly burning in charge of
the vestal virgins at Rome. — Also,
the household fire, the hearth.
vester, -tra, -trum, [vos -|- ter],
z.^]., your, yours.
vestigium, [fvestigo + ium], n.,
track, footstep, print (of foot), sole
(of foot) . — Hence, trace (gener-
vestigo, -are, -avi, -atum, [fves-
tigo- (as if a-stem) + o],v. tr. i,
trace, track.
vestiS, -ire, -ivi, (-ii), -itum,
[vesti + o] , V. tr. 4, clothe, cover,
adorn.
vestis, -is, [^ves (cf. i<jB^s, Skt.
■y/vas, clothe) -f tis], f., clothing,
clothes, garment, robe.
veto, -are, -ui, -itum, [prob. akin
to vetus], V. tr. \, forbid, bid not
(to, etc.).
vetus, veteris, [?, cf. %tos, year'],
adj. (prob. orig. noun), old, an-
cient.
vetustas, -atis, [vetus + tas], f.,
antiquity, lapse of time.
vetustus, -a, -um, [vetus -f- tus,
(cf. robustus)], adj., ancient.
Vocabulary.
i6s
via, -ae, [?, perh. for fvehia,
akin to veho], f,, path^ way^ road,
course, journey,
viator, -oris, [via- (prob. stem of
t vio, cf. invio) + tor] , m., way-
farer,
vibro, -are, -avi, -atuin, [?], v. tr.
1, shake, brandish. — Also, intrans.,
quiver, — p.p., quivering,
vicinia, -ae, [vicino + la], f.,
proximity, vicinity, the vicinity,
neighborhood. — Concretely, neigh-
bors,
vicinus, -a, -um, [vico + inus],
adj., {belonging to the samevvsKX.^,
near^ neighboring, near by, — N.
pi., vicina, the neighborhood.
fvicis, vicis, [?], f., (defect.),
change, vicissitude : in vices, in
vicem {in turn).
victima, -ae, [victo + ma (f. of
mns)], f. (orig. conquered enemy
or the like), victim (in sacrifice).
victor, -oris, [ V^ic (in vinco) +
tor], m., victor. — As adj., victo-
rious, conquering,
victoria, -ae, [victor + ia] , t,
victory.
victrix, -icis, [^vic (in vinco)
+ trix], f., victor (female). —
As adj. (f. and n.), victorious,
successful.
victus, -Us, [unc. root (of vivo)
4- tus], ra.,food, subsistence.
victus, -a, -um, p.p. of vinco.
video, -ere, vidi, visum, [partly
fr. fvido- (cf. invidus)], v. tr.
2, see, behold, look upon, — Pass.,
be seen, seem, appear. — Hence,
seem good: visi dolores {^the sight
of etc.) : videndo (^at the sight).
viduus, -a, -um, [-y/vid {separate)
+ vus], adj., widowed, lonely, soli-
tary (noctes, lectus).
vlgeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [prob.
fvigo (cf. vigil) + eo], v. intr. 2,
flourish, be strong, be vigorous, be
great (fama).
vigil, vigilis, [f vigo- (cf. vigeo)
+ lis (reduced)], adj., awake,
wide awake, watchful, wakeful.
vigilax, -acis, [vigila + ens (re-
duced)], adj., watchful, wakeful.
vigils, -are, -avi, -atum, [vigil-
(as if a-stem)], v. intr. i, zvake.
He awake, watch. — pres. p., awak-
ing, wakeful, watchful.
vigor, -oris, [vig- (as root of
vigeo) + or], m., strength, vigor,
power.
vilis, -e, [?J, adj., ^-^<?^/. — Hence,
of little account, worthless, poor,
mean.
villa, -ae, [poss. for fvinola, cf.
villum], f., {vineyard?), farm-
house.
villosus, -a, -um, [villo + osus],
adj., shaggy, hairy,
villus, -i, [?, cf. vellus], m., [usu-
ally plu.), hair (of animals), coat.
— Hence, nap (of cloth).
vimen, -inis, [vi- (as root or stem
of vieo) -f men], n., osier, twig
(flexible).
vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctum, [?,
prob. fvinco- (or i-) + o], v. tr.
4, bind, fasten^ chain, wind, en-
tivine.
vinclum, see vinculum.
vincS, -ere, vici, victum, [unc.
root (prob vie)], v. tr. 3, over-
come, overpower, vanquish, con-
quer, prevail over. — p.p., over-
thrown^ prevailed on, exhausted,
baffiifd^ •■
vinculum (vinclum), -i,~'[viijc6-
(cf. vincio) + lum], n., fasten-
ing, band, bond, chain, cord, lacing
(of sandals), strings,
vindex, -icis, [unc. s|em (akin to
i66
Vocabulary.
vis) + dex (^Dic as stem),
perh. made by analogy from
vindico (cf. judex, judico)],
c, {claimant^ in law). — Hence,
champion (upholder of rights and
punisher of wrongs), avenger ^
prosecutor i defender. — As adj.,
avenging.
vindico, -are, -avi, -atum, [vin-
dic- (stem of vindex;) + o (but
cf. viiidex)], V. tr, i, claim, de-
fend, assert, avenge.
vindicta, -ae, [vindic- (stem of
vindex) + ta (perh. as in
nauta)], f., claimanfs staff, —
Hence, championship, vengeance,
punishment.
vinetuin, -i, [vino + etum (as if
fvine + turn)], n., vineyard.
vinum, -i, [prob. borr. fr. olvos, but
assimilated to vieo, vitis] , n. , wine.
viola, -ae, [?], f., violet (poss.
akin to vis through blue color,
cf. * black and blue ').
violentia, -ae, [violento + ia],
f., violence: vultus {savage ex-
pression of).
violentus, -a, -um, [unc. stem
(akin to vis) + lentus], adj.,
savage, violent, wrathful^ untamed
(of an unmarried maid) .
violo, -are, -avi, -atum, [fviola-
(dimin. of vis?) 4- o]j v. tr. i,
injure^ do violence to.
vipera, -ae, [for fvivipara], f.,
viper, snake.
vipereus, -a, -um, [vipera + ens],
adj., of vipers, of a {the) serpent,
snaky.
vir, vlri, [?], m., husband, man,
consort, hero, lord (as husband) .
virago, -inis, [?, akin to vir,
perh. fviraco- (cf. vigilax) -f o],
f., manly woman, fierce maiden,
warrior maid.
vireo, -ere, no perf., no sup., [?,
akin to vir or vis], v. intr. 2,
bloom, flourish, grow strong, grow
green. — pres. p., green.
virga, -ae, [?, akin to viridis,
vireo] , f , new shoot, twig, branch,
osier, sapling, stalk.
virgineus, -a, -um, [virgin -f
eus], adj., of maidens, of a
maiden, virgin, a maiden's : Hel-
icon {loved of the Maids, i.e. the
Muses).
virginitas, -atis, [virgini- (as if
stem of Virgo) -}- tas], f., 7nai-
denhood.
virgo, -inis, [prob. virga -f- o, cf.
'scion,' *a slip of a girl'], f., a
maid, the maid.
viridis, -e, [prob. fviro- (cf vireo)
-j- dus, weakened], adj., green,
fresh, blooming.
virllis, -e, [viro -|- ilis], adj., of a
man, of the hero, of one's husband.
virtus, -litis, [viro- (reduced) -f
tus], f., m^anliness, heroism, protv-
ess. — Hence, virtue (quality of a
true man), value (cf 'virtue').
virus, -i, [akin to viridis], n.,
poison, "mnom.
vis, vis, [?], f., violence, force. — PL,
forces, might, strength, powers, po-
tency, influence, means.
viscus, -eris, [?], n., bowels, inter-
nal organs, flesh, body, * bozvels ' (of
compassion, heart), soul.
viso, -ere, visi, visum, [old de-
siderative of video] , v. tr. 3, go to
see, visit, see.
visus, -us, \_^YiD 4- tns], m.,
sight.
vita, -ae, [viv- (as root of vivo) +
ta], f., life.
vitio, -are, -avi, -atum, [vitio-
(as if a-stem) -|- o], v. tr. i, cause
a flaw in, corrupt, vitiate, spoils
Vocabidary.
167
poison, injure^ violate^ change^
make sterile.
vitis, -is, [^vi (in vleo) + tis],
f., vine.
vitiosus, -a, -um, [vitio + osus],
2.^y^ faulty, spoiled.
vitium, -i, [?], n., flaw, crack,
dross, — Also, morally, vice, crime,
fault.
vitS, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. tr.
I, avoid, shun, escape.
vitrum, -1, [prob. -y/viD + trum],
n., glass.
vitta, -ae, [?, cf. vieo], {., fillet,
Vilnius, -i, [pfob. akin to vetus],
m., {a yearling), bullock, calf
vivax, -acis, [vivo- (or viv-, as
root of vivo) + ax], adj., tena-
cious of life, long-lived.
vivo, -ere, vixi, victuin, [root of
unc. form, as if vi(g)v], v. intr. 3,
live.
viviis, -a, -um, [root of unc. form,
as if vi(g)v -1- us], adj., living,
alive, still alive, in one's lifetime,
native (rock), solid.
vix, [?], adv., hardly, scarcely.
vocalis, -e, [voc- (as stem of vox)
4- alls], adj., vocal, tuneful.
voco, -are, -avi, -atum, [^voc,
of unc. formation], v. tr. i, call,
summon, call upon^ draw out:
vocati, the summoned (gods),
volatus, -us, [vola + tus], m.,
flight, swoop.
Volcanus, see Vulcanus.
volgus, and derivatives, see vul-
gUSj.
volito, -are, -avi, -atum, [volito-
(as if p.p. of volo) + o], V. intr.
i,flit,fly.
volnus, and derivatives, see vui-
nus.
volo, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v.
intr. iifly.
volo, velle, volui, no sup., [ y'voL],
v. tr. irr., wish, be willing, will,
Volturnus (Vul-), -i, [fvoltur -t-
nus], m., a river of Campania
(Volturno).
voltus, see vultus.
voliibilis, -e, [volvi- (as stem of
volvo) -f- bills], adj., rolling,
winding, coiling.
volucer, -cris, -pre, [volo- (as
stem of volo or kindred stem) -f
cris], adj., flying, swift-flying,
winged. — As noun, bird. — PL,
The Birds, a work of Macer.
volumen, -inis, [volvi- (as stem
of volvo) -f men], n., whirling,
rolling, spinning, fold (of snake),
roll.
voluntas, -atis, [volent- (stem of
pres. p. of volo) + tas], f., wisk^
desire. — Hence, esp., goodwill.
voluptas, *ati^, [volupi- (reduced)
-f tas], f., pleasure, delight (con-
cretely).
voluto, -are, -avi, -Stum, [voluto-
(as if a-stem) -\- o], v. tr. i, roll.
— Fig., revolve (verba).
volvo, -ere, vplvi, ^olntum, [?],
V. tr. 3, roll, fling. — Pass., be rolled,
roll.
vomer, -eris, [perh. akin to vomio],
m., ploughshare, plough.
vomo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [?, cf.
e/xeoj], V. tr. 3, throw up, vomit,
throw out, send forth, breathe forth.
vorto, and derivatives, see verto.
vos, pi. of tu.
votum, -i, [n. p.p. of voveo], n.,
vow, prayer, desire, hope (object
prayed for).
vove§, -ere, vovi, votum, [?], v.
tr. 2, vow, pray for, pray.
vox, vocis, [V^oc, as stem], f.,
voice., sound, word, — Sometimes
better trans., lips.
1 68
Vocabulary.
Vulcanius (Vol-), a, -um, [Vul-
oano + iUS], adj., cf Vulcan.'^
Less exactly, of fire,
Vulcamis (Vol-), -i, [?], m., Vul-
can, the god of fire in its mechan-
ical and destructive forms. — Less
exactly, 7?r^.
vulgo (Volgo), -are, -avi, -atum,
[ vulgo- (as if a-stem) + o] , v. tr.
I, make common^ spread abroad^
make known, — ^,^.y famed, com-
mon.
valgus (volg-), -i, [?], n., the
crowd, the people,
vulnero (voln-),-are, -avi, -atum,
[vulner- (as stem of vulnus) 4-
o], V. tr. I, wound.
vulnificus (voln-), -a, -um,
[fvolno- (perh. only vulnus, re-
duced) + ficus], adj., deadly,
vulnus (voln-), -6ris, [akin to
vello (i.e. vein + us) J, n., wound,
attempted wound, thrust: vulnera
minitans {to wound).
vultur (vol-), -uris, [?], m., vul-
ture.
vultus (vol-)» -«»> [ V^OL + tus],
m., expression, countenance^ face,
X.
Xanthus, -i, \fsc.^'B,iv^os\, m., i. A
river of the Troad; 2. A river in
Lycia, a favorite hauntof Apollo.
Z.
Zacynthos (-us), -i, [Gr. zIkmv
eos], f., an island in the Ionian
Sea (now Xante).
Zephyrus, -i, [Gr. Z€<^uf>os], m.,
Zephyrus (the west wind). — Less
exactly, wind (from any quarter),
zephyr,
zmaragdus (sm-),-i, [Gr. Cfidpay-
5os], f., emerald,
zona, -ae, [Gr. C^pti}, f., girdle,
zone.
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