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JLLSJ^  S-  GREEJ^OUGH'S  LATIJ^  SERIES 

Selections  erom  Ovid 


CHIEFLY  THE  METAMORPHOSES 

EDITED  BY 

J.  H.  AND  W.  R  ALLEN  and  J.  B.  GREENOUGH 

REVISED  BY 

HAROLD   N.   FOWLER 


WITH  A  SPECIAL    VOCABULARY 

PREPARED  BY 

JAMES   B.   GREENOUGH 


BOSTON,  U.S.A. 

GINN    &    COMPANY 

1890 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  i8go,  by 

J.  H,  AND  W.  F.  Allen  and  J.  B.  Greenough, 
in  the  Office  of  the  ]Libranan  of  Congress,  at  Washington, 


All  Rights  Reserved- 


Typography  UY  J,  S.  CusHiNG  &  Co.,  Boston,  [J.S.A. 
Fresswokk  by  Oinn  &  Co.,  Bo.ston,  U.S. A* 


NOTE. 

This  selection  follows  generally  the  text  of  Merkel  (1866)  though 
the  readings  of  other  editors  are  preferred  in  one  or  two  instances. 
We  have  endeavored  to  exhibit  as  far  as  possible  within  our  limits, 
the  variety  of  Ovid's  style  and  genius,  and  especially  to  preserve 
the  more  interesting  biographical  hints  of  the  Amores  and  the  Tris- 
tia.  The  greater  portion  of  the  book  is,  however,  made  up,  neces- 
sarily, from  the  Metamorphoses^  of  which  we  have  taken  about  a 
third.  By  help  of  the  Argument,  which  is  given  in  full,  we  aim  not 
merely  to  show  the  connection  of  the  tales  and  the  ingenuity  of  the 
transitions,  —  necessary  to  comprehend  the  poem  as  a  whole,  —  but 
to  put  before  the  reader  something  like  a  complete  picture  of  the 
Greek  mythology ;  at  least  of  those  narratives  which  have  held  their 
permanent  place  in  the  modern  mind  and  have  entered  more  or  less 
into  every  modern  literature. 

The  first  Z%  lines  of  Book  I.  have  been  omitted  in  this  edition  in 
the  belief  that  they  offer  too  many  difficulties  and  too  little  interest 
to  the  student.  For  similar  reasons  xiii,  1-398,  and  xv,  1-487, 
which  were  included  in  the  old  edition,  are  omitted,  their  place 
being  supplied  by  a  number  of  shorter  selections. 

The  grammatical  references  are  to  Allen  and  Greenough's  (§), 
Gildersleeve's  (G.),  and  Harkness's  (H.)  Latin  Grammars. 

Exeter,  N.H.,  June  13,  1890. 


THE    LIFE   OF    OVID. 


PuBLius  OviDius  Naso  was  a  fashionable  poet  at  Rome  in 
the  reign  of  the  Emperor  Augustus,  perhaps  the  most  fashion- 
able after  the  death  of  Virgil  (b.c.  19)  and  Horace  (b.c.  8). 

All  that  is  worth  knowing  about  his  Hfe  is  told  by  himself  in 
a  pleasing  poem  (Trist.  iv.  10),  which  is  given  as  the  last  but 
one  in  the  present  collection.  Like  most  of  the  literary  men 
of  Rome,  he  was  not  a  native  of  that  city/  being  born  at  Sulmo, 
in  the  country  of  the  Pehgni,  about  90  miles  from  Rome. 
The  year  of  his  birth,  b.c.  43,  was  that  of  Cicero's  death. 
His  father,  a  man  of  respectable  fortune,  removed  to  Rome  to 
give  his  two  boys  a  city  education.  Here  the  young  poet  was 
trained  in  the  usual  course  of  rhetoric  and  oratory,  which  he 
practised  with  fair  success,  going  so  far  as  to  hold  some  subor- 
dinate political  offices.  His  father  was  quite  earnest  to  check 
his  desire  for  a  hterary  career.  But  the  death  of  his  elder 
brother  left  him  with  fortune  enough  for  independence,  and 
following  his  own  strong  bent  Ovid  became  soon  one  of  the 
favorite  court  poets  of  the  brilliant  era  of  Augustus.  He  was 
married  three  times,  but  was  soon  divorced  from  his  first  and 
second  wives.  The  third,  Fabia,  remained  faithful  to  him  to 
the  end.  He  had  one  daughter,  who  inherited  something  of 
his  literary  ability.     After  a  career  of  great  prosperity,  he  was 

1  Virgil  was  a  native  of  Mantua,  Horace  of  Venusia,  Catullus  of  Verona,  Prop- 
ertius  of  Umbria,  Ovid  of  Sulmo,  Cicero  of  Arpinum,  Sallust  of  Amiternum, 
Livy  of  Patavium.  Of  eminent  writers  of  this  age,  only  Caesar,  Lucretius,  and 
TibuUus  were  born  in  Rome.  But  then  Rome,  socially  as  well  as  politically, 
comprised  the  wkole  of  Italy. 


197S68 


vi  The  Life  of  Ovid, 

suddenly,  at  the  age  of  51,  banished  to  Tomi,  a  town  on  the 
western  shore  of  the  Black  Sea,  in  the  present  Bulgaria.  The 
cause  of  his  banishment  can  only  be  guessed  from  his  allusions 
to  the  anger  of  the  Emperor  at  some  weakness,  folly  or  fault, 
which  he  says  he  is  not  free  to  tell.  Some  have  thought  he 
was  indiscreet  enough  to  make  love  to  Julia,  the  bright,  witty, 
and  erratic  daughter  of  the  Emperor,  wife  of  the  grave  Agrippa ; 
others  that  he  unfortunately  knew  too  much  of  some  court 
scandal,  probably  connected  with  Julia  or  her  ill-famed  and 
ill-fated  daughter;  others  that  Augustus,  as  public  patron  of 
morals,  took  offence  at  the  somewhat  cynical  indecorum  of 
certain  of  his  poems.  At  any  rate,  the  Emperor  was  hardened 
against  all  his  flatteries  and  prayers,  and  after  an  exile  of  about 
ten  years  he  died  at  Tomi,  a.d.  18. 

Besides  the  poems  represented  in  this  volume,  Ovid  was  the 
author  of  the  Ars  Amatoria  and  the  Remedinm  Amoris  (to 
which  reference  has  just  been  made),  and  of  numerous  Ele- 
gies. As  a  poet,  his  fame  is  far  below  that  of  Virgil  and 
Horace,  —  deservedly,  since  his  loose  and  easy  verse  bears  no 
comparison  with  the  elaborate  fmish  of  theirs.  For  fancy  and 
fine  poetic  feeling,  however,  mar^y  of  th^  Elegies  —  both  in  the 
THstia  and  Amores  —  show  a  vein  of  as  good  quality  as  either 
of  his  rivals ;  while  in  absolute  ease  of  handhng  the  artificial 
structure  of  Latin  verse  it  may  be  doubted  whether  he  has  ever 
had  an  equal.  His  chief  merit,  however,  is  as  an  excellent 
story-teller,  —  smooth^  facile,  fluent ;  sometimes,  it  must  be 
confessed,  inordinately  diffuse.  As  the  most  celebrated  existing 
collection  of  the  most  famous  fables  of  the  ancient  world,  the 
Metamorphoses y  in  particular,  makes  the  best  of  introductions 
to  the  nobler  and  more  difficult  verse  of  VirgiL 


Writijigs  of  Ovid.  vii 


WRITINGS   OF   OVID. 

1.  Heroides:  a  collection  of  twenty-one  elegies,^  being  letters 
chiefly  from  leading  "  heroines  "  of  the  Homeric  age. 

2.  Amores:  forty-nine  elegies,  in  three  books;  miscellaneous, 
but  chiefly  amatory  or  personal  in  their  topics. 

3.  Ars  Amatoria:  three  books,  on  the  means  of  winning  and 
retaining  the  affections  of  a  mistress  ;  and 

4.  Remedium  Amoris  :  a  poem  prescribing  the  means  by  which 
a  foohsh  passion  may  be  subdued.  These  two  poems  contain  the 
passages  supposed  to  have  excited  the  anger  of  Augustus. 

5.  Metamorphoseon  Libri  xv.  The  Metamorphoses  was  still 
unfinished  when  Ovid  went  into  exile,  and  he  committed  it  to  the 
flames,  apparently,  with  his  own  hand  (Trist.  i.  7.  11,  seq.)  ;  but 
copies  had  been  preserved  by  his  friends. 

6.  Fastorum  Libri  vi. :  a  poetic  Calendar  of  the  Roman  months, 
from  January  to  June,  designed  to  be  continued  to  the  end  of  the 
year ;  a  storehouse  of  Roman  custom  and  Italian  legend. 

7.  Tristium  Libri  v. ;  and 

8.  Epistolarum  ex  Ponto  Libri  iv. :  elegies  written  in  exile. 
Many  of  the  letters  implore  the  intercession  of  friends  at  Rome,  to 
obtain  favor  from  Augustus. 

9.  Ibis,  a  poem  of  646  verses  written  in  exile  :  a  bitter  invective 
against  some  personal  enemy. 

10.  Halieuticon  Liber:  132  hexameter  verses,  fragmentary 
natural  history  of  Fishes. 

11.  Medicamina  Faciei:  a  fragment  of  100  elegiac  verses,  on 
the  use  of  Cosmetics. 

The  following  are  included  in  some  collections  of  Ovid's  poems, 
but  are  probably  not  genuine  :  — 

Consolatio  ad  Liviam  Augustam :  an  elegy  of  474  verses 
addressed  to  the  Emperor's  wife  on  the  death  of  her  son  Drusus. 

Nux  ('*  the  Nut-Tree"):  lamentation  of  a  Walnut-tree  by  the 
roadside,  af  the  cruelties  inflicted  by  wayfarers,  and  the  vices  of  the 
age  in  general. 

1  The  word  Elegies,  in  this  connection,  describes  not  the  topic  or  style  of  treat- 
ment, but  only  the  versification,  —  hexameter  verse  alternating  with  pentameter 
making  the  "  elegiac  stanza." 

■  ) 


INDEX   OF   SELECTIONS. 


METAMORPHOSES, 

PAGE 

1.  The  Four  Ages  and  the  Flood  (I.  89-415) i 

2.  Apollo  and  Daphne  (I.  452-567) 12 

3.  The  Adventure  of  Phaethon  (II.  1-400) 16 

4.  The  House  of  Envy  (II.  760-796) 29 

5.  The  Rape  of  Europa  (II.  833-875) 31 

6.  The  Search  of  Cadmus  (III.  1-137) 33 

7.  Actaeon  (III.  138-252) 38 

8.  Pyramus  and  Thisbe  (IV.  55-166) 42 

9.  Ino  and  Melicerta  (IV.  432-542) 47 

0.  Perseus  and  Andromeda  (IV.  615-803) 51 

1.  The  Wandering  of  Ceres  (V.  341-661) 58 

2.  The  Punishment  of  Arachne  (VI.  1-145) 7^ 

[3.    The  Pride  and  Grief  of  Niobe  (VI.  165-312)      ....  75 

[4.   The  Enchantments  of  Medea  (VII.  1-293) 80 

[5.    The  Murder  of  Pelias  (VII.  294-353)  ■.     , 90 

[6.   The  Myrmidons  (VII.  614-657)  .     , 93 

[7.   The  Flight  of  Daedalus  (VIII.  152-259) 95 

[8.    The  Calydonian  Hunt  (VIII.  260-546) 99 

[9.   Philemon  and  Baucis  (VIII.  620-724) 109 

20.  The  Death  of  Hercules  (IX.  134-272) 113 

21.  Orpheus  and  Eurydice  (X.  1-77) 118 

22.  The  Song  of  Orpheus  (X.  86-219) ^22 

23.  Atalanta  (X.  560-680) 126 

24.  The  Death  of  Orpheus  (XL  1-84) 130 

ix 


X  Index  of  Selections, 


PAGE 


25.  The  Story  of  Midas  (XL  85-193) 133 

26.  Ceyx  and  Alcyone  (XI.  583-748) 137 

27.  The  Chiefs  at  Troy  (XI L  1-145) 143 

28.  The  Tale  of  Galatea  (XIII.  750-897) 148 

29.  The  Deification  of  Romulus  (XIV.  772-828)       ....  155 

30.  The  Worship  of  i^sculapius  (XV.  622-744) 158 

31.  The  Apotheosis  of  Caesar  (XV.  745-879) 163 

SHORTER  POEMS. 

I.  The  Fasti. 

1.  The  Festival  of  Pales  (IV.  721-808) 170 

2.  The  Founding  of  Rome  (TV.  809-862) 172 

3.  Ritual  to  avert  Blight  (IV.  901-942)  .     ,  .174 

II.  Heroides:  Penelope  to  Ulysses       ...           .                .  [76 

III.  Amores. 

'I.   The  Poet  of  Idleness  (I.  15) 180 

2.  Elegy  on  a  Parrot  (IL  6) 18 r 

3.  Farewell  to  the  Loves  (IIL  15) 183 

IV.  Tristia. 

1.  Banished  from  Rome  (L  3) 185 

2.  The  Exile's  Sick  Chamber  (IIL  3) 188 

3.  To  Perilla  (III,  7) 191 

4.  Winter  Scenes  in  Thrace  (IIL  10) 193 

5.  The  Poefs  Autobiography  (IV.  10) 195 

V.  Ex  PONTO. 

To  His  Wife  (I.  4) 200 


LIST   OF    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


ABBREVIATIONS  OF  WORKS   REFERRED   TO. 
Arch*   Zeit,  —  Archaeologische   Zeitung.    i    Millin. — A.  L.  MilUn,  Galkrie  mytholo- 


Berlin. 
Baum,  —  Baumeister,    Denkmaler     des 

Klassischen  Alterthums.    Munich. 
H.  &>  P.  —  Herculanum  et  Pompei,  par 

H.  Roux  Aine.    Paris,  1840. 


gique.     Paris,  1811. 

Muller.  —  Denkmaler  der  Alten  Kunst, 
C.  O.  Muller.     Gottingen,  1832. 

Roscher,  —  Roscher's  Ausfiihrliches  Lex- 
icon der  griechischen  und  romischen 
Mythologic.    Lcipsic. 

Fig. 

1.  Jupiter.     [Wall  painting.] I/.  &^  P, 

2.  Jupiter  destroying  the  Giants.     [Gem.] Baum, 

3.  A  Faun  with  grafting  implements.     [Gem.]      .     .     .      Pine's  Virgil, 

4.  Neptune.     [Relief.] Miiller. 

5.  Nereid  on  a  sea-monster.     [Wall  painting.] MUller, 

6.  Prometheus.     [Relief.] Arch,  Zeit, 

7.  Apollo.     [Statue.]         Millin. 

8.  Lucifer,  Aurora,  and  the  Sun  rising  from  the  ocean.     [Vase.] 

Gerhard^  Akademische  Ahhandlungen, 

9.  Atlas.     [Statue.]       MUller. 

10.  Europa  on  the  Bull.     [Vase.] Baum, 

11.  Cadmus. slaying  the  Dragon.     [Vase.] Millin, 

12.  Diana.     [Statue.] Baum, 

13.  Actaeon  torn  by  his  hounds.     [Relief.] Bauvi. 

14.  A  Fury.     [Vase.] Roscher. 

15.  Tantalus,  Ixion,  and  Sisyphus.     [Relief.] 

Pietro  Sante  Bartoli,  Gli  Antichi  Scpolcri, 

16.  Medusa.     [Relief.] MUller, 

17.  Ammon.     [Coin.] Millin, 

18.  Perseus  and  Andromeda.     [Relief.] Millin. 

19.  Mercury.     [Wall  painting.] Baum. 

20.  Perseus  with  the  Gorgon's  Head.     [Vase.] 

Gerhard^  Herakles  der  Satyr  und  Dreifussrauber, 

xi 


xii  List  of  I  litis  t rations. 

Fig. 

21.  Minerva,     [Statue.] Muller, 

22.  Ceres.     [Wall  painting.]  .     .     .     , II.  ^  P, 

23.  Cupid.     [Statue.] Afuller, 

24.  The  rape  of  Proserpina  by  Pluto.     [Relief.] Baurn. 

25.  Syracuse Fro^n  a  Photograph. 

26.  Sirens.     [Engraved  relief.] 

Mittheilungen  des  K.  deutschen  archaologisckeft  Instituts^  Athens. 

27.  Return  of  Proserpina.     [Vase.] Baiim. 

28.  Head  of  Arethusa.     [Coin.] Baum. 

29.  Departure  of  Triptolenaus.     [Vase.] Baum. 

30.  Woman  spinning.     [Relief.]       ....   Smithy  Dirt,  of  Antiquities. 

31.  Penelope  at  her  loom.     [Vase.] Baum. 

32.  Minerva's  strife  with  Neptune.     [Vase.] Baum. 

33.  Pygmies  fighting  with  Cranes.     [Gem.] 

0.  Jahuy  Arekaologiseke  Beitrage, 

34.  Niobe.     [Statue.] MUller. 

35.  Scylla.     [Coin.] Miiller. 

36.  Hecate.     [Statue.] MUller. 

37.  Jason  at  Colchis.     [Relief.] Baum. 

38.  Bacchanal.     [Marble  Vase.] Waekken, 

39.  Medea  making  the  Ram  young.     [Vase.] Baum. 

40.  Theseus  and  the  dead  Minotaur.     [Wall  painting.]   .     .     .     II,  ^  P, 

41.  Bacchus  finding  Ariadne  asleep.     [Wall  painting.]    .     .     .     .Miiller. 

42.  Fistula  and  Flute.     [Relief.] Baum. 

43.  Dsedalus  making  wings,  while  Icarus  helps  him.     [Relief,]      Roscher. 

44.  Icarus  lying  dead  on  the  shore.     [Wall  painting.]     .     .     .     II,  &=  P. 

45.  The  Calydonian  Hunt.     [Relief.] Baum. 

46.  Hercules  and  Cerberus.     [Vase.] Miiller. 

47.  The  Apotheosis  of  Hercules.     [Vase.] Baum. 

48.  Mercury  conducting  a  soul  to  Charon.    [Terra-cotta  relief]    Arch,  Zeif, 

49.  Ganymede.     [Statue.] Millin. 

50.  Genius  with  Thyrsus  and  basket I^hompson's  Horace. 

51.  Bacchic  procession.     [Vase.]      , Arch.  Zeit, 

52.  Large   crater,  over  which  two   youthful    Satyrs  are  picking  grapes. 

[Relief.] Milli7t, 

53.  Silenus.     [Statue.] Muller. 

54.  God  of  Sleep.     [Relief.] , Baum. 

55.  Sacrifice  of  Iphigenia.     [Wall  painting.] Baum, 

56.  Galatea  and  Polyphemus,  with  two  Nereids  and  a  God  of  Love.    [Wall 

painting.] Boschcr. 


List  of  Illustrations,  xiii 

Fig. 

57.  Young  River-god.     [Bronze  head.] Baum. 

58.  yEsculapius.     [Statue.] Miiller, 

59.  Woman  decorating:  a  Hermes  with  a  fillet.     fRelief.] 

Liltzoxv,  Miinchener  Antiken. 

60.  The  Serpent  /Esculapius  landing  on  the  Island.     [Coin.]    .     .  Miiller, 

61.  Boreas.     [Relief.] Millin. 


INTRODUCTION 


THE   "METAMORPHOSES"    OF   OVID. 


The  Mythology  of  the  Greeks,  adopted  by  the  Romans,  con- 
sists mainly  of  two  distinct  parts.     The  first  is  what  is  techni- 
cally called  Theogony,  "  the  generation  of  the  gods,"  and  was 
put  in  the  shape  best  known  to  us  by  Hesiod,  some  time  about 
800  B.C.      It  began,  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt,  with  rude 
personifications  of  the  objects  and  forces  of  nature,  such  as 
would  be  natural  to  a  people  of  active  intelligence,  lively  imagi- 
nation, and  childlike  ignorance  on  all  matters  of  science.    The 
Sun,  the  Dawn,  the  Winds,  the  Floods,  are  easily  conceived  as 
superhuman  persons.     Some   of  the  earlier  fables  are  hardly 
any  thing  more  than  metaphors,  or  poetic  images,  put  in  the 
form  of  narrative.     That  the  Sun  is  figured  as  a  shepherd,  and 
the  fleecy  clouds  his  flock,  which  are  scattered  by  the  wind  and 
gathered   again   by   his   beams,  —  a  very  old   bit  of  Eastern 
poetry,  —  easily  gives  rise  to  the  stories  of  Apollo  as  the  shep- 
herd of  Admetus,  and  that  which  tells  the  stealing  of  his  cattle 
by  the  rogue  Hermes.      That  the  maiden  Artemis  gazes  with 
love  on  the  sleeping  prince  Endymion,  is  hardly  more  than  a 
poetical  way  of  describing  the  beautiful  spectacle  of  a  full  moon 
rising  opposite  the  sun  that  is  going  down. 

But  few  fables  can  be  explained  in  this  simple  way.  By  a 
very  natural  process,  a  group  of  divine  or  ideal  Persons  was 
conceived,  whose  family  history  or  personal  adventures  became 
the  subject  of  tales  sometimes  absolutely  devoid  of  any  sym- 


xvi  Introduction. 

bolical  meaning.  In  the  system  found  in  the  Greek  and 
Roman  poets,  nature  is  full  of  mythological  beings,  grouped  — 
as  subjects  in  a  monarchy  —  about  the  one  celestial  or  royal 
family,  which  has  its  abode  on  Mount  Olympus.  The  King  of 
Heaven,  Zeus  {Jupiter)^  with  his  sister  queen  Here  {Juno), 
is  the  child  of  Kronos  {Saturn)  or  Time,  who  again  is  the  son 
of  OuRANOS  and  Gaia*  (Heaven  and  Earth),  beyond  which 
imagination  did  not  seek  to  go.  His  brothers  are  Poseidon 
{Neptune)  and  Hades  {Pluto),  kings  of  the  Waters  and  of  the 
Lower  World.  His  sisters  are  Demeter  {Ceres)  and  Hestu 
(F^ri-/£z),  queens  of  the  Harvest  and  of  the  Home.  His  sons 
are  Apollo,  god  of  the  Sun,  Ares  {Mars)  of  War,  and  Hermes 
{Mercury)  the  Herald.  His  daughters  are  Athene  {Minema), 
goddess  of  Wisdom,  Household  Arts,  and  War,  APHRODrrE 
{Venus)  goddess  of  Love  and  Beauty,  and  Artemis  {Diana), 
goddess  of  the  Moon  and  of  the  Chase.  These  are  the  twelve 
great  divinities  {dii  majores)  .f  And  about  them,  in  nearer  or 
remoter  kindred,  are  grouped  the  inferior  deities,  the  heroes 
or  demigods,  their  children  by  half-mortal  parentage,  and  the 
innumerable  progeny  of  fabulous  beings  inhabiting  the  king- 
doms of  sky,  water  or  earth.  J 

The  other  department  of  mythology  is  that  with  which  this 
poem  chiefly  deals.  It  consists  of  the  miracles  and  adventures 
ascribed  to  these  superhuman  persons,  —  a  vast  field,  in  which 

*  Ouranos  was  dethroned  by  his  son  Kronos,  who  was  in  turn  overthrown 
by  his  son  Zeus.  Kronos  belonged  to  the  race  of  Titans,  among  whom  were 
Helios  (the  Sun) ,  Selene  (the  Moon) ,  and  the  brothers  Prometheus  and  Epi- 
metheus.  Kronos  and  the  Titans  (with  the  exception  of  Prometheus),  strug- 
gled against  the  power  of  Zeus,  but  in  vain. 

t  The  ancients  were  not  altogether  consistent  on  this  point.  The  list  given 
above  is,  perhaps,  the  most  usual,  but  Ares  or  Hermes  is  sometimes  omitted, 
and  Hephaistos  (  Vulcan,  god  of  Manual  Arts)  inserted.  So,  too,  Amphi- 
TRITE  (a  sea-goddess  regarded  as  the  wife  of  Poseidon)  sometimes  finds  a  place 
among  the  twelve  great  deities. 

X  The  Greeks,  even  more  than  the  Romans,  regarded  the  world  as  full  of 
divine  beings  *,  every  spring  had  its  nymph,  every  river  its  god,  every  grove  its 
protecting  genius,  and  all  the  occupations  of  men  had  their  patron  deities. 


Introduction.  xvii 

ancient  fancy  rioted  as  freely  as  the  modern  fancy  in  novels 
and  fairy  tales.  Some  of  them  may  possibly  be  explained  as  a 
picturesque  way  of  recounting  natural  phenomena,  or  as  exag- 
gerated tales  of  real  events.  But  in  general  they  seem  purely 
fictions  of  the  imagination.  In  a  very  large  proportion  they  take 
the  form  of  metamorphoses^  that  is,  transformations  of  men  or 
other  creatures  into  various  shapes  :  and  this  feature  gives  the 
subject  and  the  title  of  the  present  poem,  the  purpose  and  scope 
of  which  is  expressed  in  the  opening  lines  (Book  i,  1-4)  : 

In  nova  fert  animus  mutatas  dicere  formas 
corpora :  di  coeptis  (nam  vos  mutastis  et  illas) 
aspirate  meis,  primaque  ab  origine  mundi 
ad  mea  perpetuum  deducite  tempora  carmen. 

The  poet  proposes  to  tell  in  a  continuous  narrative,  beginning 
with  the  beginning  of  the  world  and  continuing  to  his  own  time, 
those  stories  which  have  in  them  this  element  of  the  marvellous, 
— the  transformations,  particularly,  of  men  into  plants  or  animals. 
But  as  nearly  all  myths  introduce  some  such  feature  first  or  last, 
he  manages  to  include  most  of  the  important  ones  with  more  or 
less  fulness.  They  are  told  in  a  rambling,  discursive  way,  one 
story  leading  to  another  by  the  sHghtest  possible  Hnk  of  associ- 
ation,—  sometimes  by  what  seems  merely  the  poet's  artifice, 
aiming  to  make  a  coherent  tale  out  of  the  vast  miscellany  at  his 
command.* 

With  the  primitive  (fetichistic)  notion  of  a  separate  life  in 
every  object,  and  the  human  soul  differing  in  no  essential  regard 
from  the  life  that  dwells  in  things,  it  is  easy  to  imagine  the 
spirit  of  man,  beast  or  plant  as  passing  from  one  dwelling  to 
another,  for  a  longer  or  shorter  stay.  Such  a  transmigration 
was,  in  fact,  taught  as  a  creed  by  the  school  of  Pythagoras  (see 
Met.  XV.  1-487).      But,  as  against  the  Hindoo   doctrine    of 

*  The  connecting  links  between  the  several  narratives  contained  in  the 
present  Selection  are  given,  bracketed,  in  the  headings,  thus  presenting  the 
entire  argument  of  the  "  Metamorphoses  "  as  a  connected  whole. 


xviii  Introduction. 

transmigration  into  the  very  life  of  other  animals,  the  Greeks 
held  to  the  identity  and  continuity  of  the  human  soul,  which 
after  death  had  its  abode  assigned  in  the  Lower  World.  The 
metamorphosis^  therefore,  is  only  an  occasional  miracle,  not  a 
real  metempsychosis  ;'^  it  did  not  alter  essentially  the  ordinary 
course  of  human  Hfe,  but  only  marked  the  intimate  connection 
between  that  and  the  life  of  external  nature ;  or,  in  a  certain 
wild,  pictorial  way,  showed  the  workings  of  human  fancy,  to 
account  for  the  first  creation  of  plants  and  animals,  or  other 
striking  phenomena  of  the  natural  world,  —  a  clear  water-spring 
in  a  little  island  (Arethusd) ,  a  mountain  ridge  of  peculiar  shape 
{Atlas),  3.  bird  of  plaintive  note  {Philomela),  or  a  rock  weep- 
ing with  perpetual  springs  {Niobe). 

To  give  something  like  system,  order,  and  development  to 
this  world  of  fable  seems  to  have  been  a  favorite  aim  of  poetical 
composition  with  the  ancients.  This  aim  is  partly  religious  and 
partly  scientific,  —  if  that  can  be  called  scientific  which  only 
fills  with  fancies  a  void  that  no  science  yet  exists  to  fill.  Thus 
the  "  Theogony  "  of  Hesiod  groups  together  the  myths  relating 
to  the  birth  of  gods  and  heroes — making  a  sort  of  pagan 
"Genesis  "  —  in  a  form  partly  chronological,  partly  picturesque 
and  poetical.  This  is  apparently  the  first  attempt  of  human 
thought  to  deal  systematically  with  the  phenomena  of  nature  — 
so  as,  in  a  manner,  to  account  for  things  —  before  men  were 
sufiiciently  free  from  superstition  to  reject  the  early  fables. 
The  titles  of  several  Greek  works  of  the  same  kind  are  known  ; 
and  Virgil,  in  the  Sixth  Eclogue,  puts  a  similar  song  into  the 
mouth  of  SilenUs. 

*  Thus  the  princess  lo  is  changed  into  a  heifer  (Met.  i.  6ii).  She  retains 
her  human  consciousness,  deplores  the  change,  and  writes  her  own  name  on 
the  sand,  to  inform  her  father  of  it.  This  is  metamorphosis,  or  change  of  form. 
According  to  the  oriental  doctrine  taught  by  Pythagoras  (Met.  xv.  459),  the 
heifer  in  your  stall  was  doubtless  once  a  human  being,  perhaps  your  own 
mother  or  sister ;  it  would  be  wicked  to  kill  her,  and  impious  to  eat  her  flesh. 
But  she  has  only  a  brute  consciousness ;  and  simply  shares  the  universal  life  of 
man  and  brute.    This  is  metempsychosis,  or  change  of  soul. 


Introduction.  xix 

Any  thing  like  a  real  belief  in  these  fables  had  passed  away 
long  before  the  time  of  Ovid.  He  was  the  popular  poet  of  a 
sensual  and  artificial  age,  who  found  in  these  creations  of 
ancient  fancy  a  group  of  subjects  suited  to  his  graceful,  ornate, 
and  marvellously  facile  style  of  narrative,  and  who  did  not  hesi- 
tate to  alter  or  dress  them  up  to  suit  his  purpose.  The 
"  Metamorphoses  "  —  Libri  xv.  Metamorphoseon  (a  Greek 
genitive)  —  is  the  most  abundant  and  rich  collection  of  these 
fables  that  exists.  They  are  told  in  a  diffuse,  sentimental,  often 
debased  way,  which  contrasts  strongly  with  the  serious  mean- 
ing that  originally  belonged  to  these  myths ;  but  are  wonder- 
fully fluent,  easy,  and  melodious  in  their  language,  and  show  a 
skill  of  versification  which  seems  never  to  weary  or  halt.  The 
poem  begins  with  the  origin  of  things  from  chaos,  the  four 
ages  of  gold,  silver,  brass,  and  iron,  the  deluge,  followed  by  the 
graceful  and  picturesque  version  of  the  tales  of  gods  and  heroes, 
through  a  long  narrative, —  about  12,000  verses  in  all,  —  end- 
ing with  the  apotheosis  of  Caesar,  as  a  sequel  to  the  tale  of 
Troy.  The  series  purports  to  be  chronological;  but  the  order 
is  often  arbitrary  and  the  connection  forced  or  affected,  as 
would  naturally  be  the  case  with  an  author  res  diversissimas  in 
speciem  unius  corporis  colligentem  (Quint,  iv.  i,  77). 

The  poems  of  Ovid  are  addressed  to  the  cultivated  society 
of  his  time,  and  he  takes  it  for  granted  that  his  readers  are 
already  famihar  with  the  most  important  fables.  Some  knowl- 
edge of  Greek  mythology  is  therefore  necessary  to  an  under- 
standing of  the  poet's  allusions.  The  reader  should  at  least  be 
acquainted  with  the  story  of  Hercules  and  that  of  the  Trojan 
War. 

Hercules  was  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Alcmene,  though  he  is 
sometimes  spoken  of  as  the  son  of  Amphitryon,  Alcmene's  hus- 
band. Both  Alcmene  and  Amphitryon  were  descendants  of 
Perseus.  Hercules  was  pursued  throughout  his  Hfe  by  the 
jealous  hatred  of  Juno,  who  sent  two  serpents  to  kill  him  in  his 
cradle.     These   serpents   the  infant    hero  strangled,  thereby 


XX  Introduction, 

betraying  his  divine  origin.  In  his  youth  he  performed  many 
good  deeds,  killing  the  lion  of  Cithaeron  and  freeing  the  The- 
bans  from  paying  tribute  to  Orchomenus.*  He  then  becanle, 
by  command  of  Jupiter,  the  servant  of  King  Eurystheus  of 
Tiryns,  who  imposed  upon  him  twelve  great  labors  :  i)  to  kill 
the  Nemean  Lion;  2)  to  kill  the  Lemcean  Hydra,  a  monster 
with  nine  heads  of  such  terrible  nature  that  when  on^  head  was 
cilt  off  two  more  sprailg  forth  to  take  its  place ;  3)  to  bring 
alive  to  Eurystheus  the  huge  Erymanthian  Boar ;  4)  to  bring 
alive  the  Cerynitian  Deer,  an  animal  with  golden  horns ;  5)  to 
drive  away  from  lake  Stymphalos  the  Stymphalian  Birds,  whose 
claws,  wings,  and  beaks  were  of  brass,  and  whose  feathers  could 
be  shot  like  arrows  ;  6)  to  bring  the  Girdle  of  Hippolyte,  Queen 
of  the  warlike  Amazons  ;  7)  to  cleanse  in  one  day  the  Stable  of 
King  Augeas  of  Elis,  which  he  did  by  turning  the  rivers  Peneus 
and  Alpheus  through  it;  8)  to  bring  aliVe  the  Cretan  Bull, 
^j|iich  had  been  sent  by  Neptune  to  ravage  Crete ;  9)  to  bring 
the  Mares  of  Diomedes,  King  of  the  Bistones  in  Thrace,  animals 
which  were  fed  ort  human  fltish ;  10)  to  bring  the  cattle  of  the 
three-bodibd  Geryones,  which  wxre  kept  in  the  extreme  West 
under  the  care  of  the  giant  Eurytion,  and  the  two-headed  dog 
Orthros ;  11)  to  bring  up  from  the  realms  of  the  dead  the 
three-headed  watch  dog  of  Hades,  Cerberus ;  12)  to  bring  the 
golden  Apples  of  the  Hesperides,  which  were  ilnder  the  charge 
of  the  giant  Atlas,  who  held  the  vault  of  heaven  on  his  shoul- 
ders, and  were  guarded  by  the  dragon  Ladon.  All  these  labors 
he  performed,  being  constantly  assisted  by  MinerVa.  Besides 
these  labors  Hercules  took  Troy  and  performed  many  other 
deeds,  the  last  of  which  was  the  capture  of  CEchalia  in  Euboea. 
He  was  married  first  to  Megara,  and  afterwards  to  Dejaneira. 
At  his  death  he  was  received  among  the  number  of  the  gods 
(see  Met.  ix.  134-272). 


*  He  was  at  one  time  sold  as  a  slave  to  Omphale,  a  Lydian  queen,  by  whom 
he  was  made  to  sit  spinning  among  her  handmaidens. 


Introduction.  xxi 

Jupiter  wished  to  join  in  marriage  with  Thetis,  daughter  of 
the   sea-god  Nereus.     But  it  was  prophesied  that  she  should 
bear  a  son  mightier  than  his  father,  so  that  Jupiter  determined 
to  wed  her  to  a  mortal,  Peleus,  son  of  ^acus.     All  the  deities 
were  invited  to  the  wedding  except  Eris,  goddess  of  discord. 
To  avenge  this  slight  Eris  threw  into  the  assembly  a  golden 
apple,  upon  which  was  inscribed  '^  for  the  fairest."     Juno,  Min- 
erva, and  Venus  claimed  the  apple,  and  decided  to  submit  their 
claims  to  the  judgment  of  Paris,  son  of  King  Priam  of  Troy.   Paris 
was  then  a  shepherd  of  the  royal  flocks  on  Mt.  Ida,  having  been 
cast  into  the  wilderness  at  his  birth  because-  his  mother  had 
dreamed  that  she  gave  birth  to  a  fire  brand.    Paris  awarded  the 
prize  of  beauty  to  Venus,  who  promised  him  the  most  beautiful 
woman  in  the  world  for  his  wife.     This  was  Helen,  wife  of  King 
Menelaus  of  Sparta,  daughter  of  Tyndarus  (or  Jupiter)  and  Leda. 
Paris  came  to  Sparta  as  a  guest  and  carried  Helen  away  to  Troy. 
At  the  summons  of  Menelaus,  and  his  brother  Agamemnon, 
King  of  Mycenae,  the  Grecian  chiefs  assembled  at  Aulis  to  sail 
against  Troy  for  the  recovery  of  Helen.     At  Aulis  they  were 
detained  by  the  winds  until  Agamemnon  sacrificed  his  daughter 
Iphigenia  to  appease  the  anger  of  Diana  (Met.  xii.  1-34).    The 
siege  of  Troy  lasted  ten  years,  and  ended  with  the  destruction 
of  the  city.     The  commander-in-chief  of  the  Grecian  force  was 
Agamemnon.    The  chief  heroes  were  :  — Achilles,  son  of  Peleus 
and  Thetis,  King  of  the  Myrmidons  in  Phthia ;  Ajax,  son  of 
Telamon,  the  brother  of  Peleus,  King  of  Salamis ;  Ulysses,  son 
of  Laertes,  King  of  Ithaca ;  and  Diomedes,  King  of  Argos,  though 
many  others  played  prominent  parts  in  the  siege,  among  them 
Philoctetes,  who  bore  the  arrows  of  Hercules.     The  foremost 
warrior  of  the  Trojans  was  Hector,  the  greatest  son  of  King 
Priam,     ^neas,  son  of  Venus  and  Anchises,  was,  perhaps,  after 
Hector,  the  greatest  of  the  Trojan   chiefs.     Cygnus,  son   of 
Neptune,   Sarpedon,   son  of  Jupiter,   and   Memnon,   son    of 
Aurora,  were  prominent  alhes  of  the  Trojans.     In  returning  from 
Troy  many  of  the  Greek  chiefs  met  with  various  adventures. 


xxii  Introduction. 

Ulysses,  whose  adventures  are  narrated  in  the  Odyssey,  was 
driven  for  ten  years  about  thfe  Mediterranean  Sea  before  he 
reached  Ithaca. 

The  mythology  of  Oyid  and  the  other  Roman  poets  was 
Greek  mythology  dressed  up  in  Roman  names.  It  is  not  nec- 
essary to  remind  the  reader  that  the  stories  here  told  related  to 
Zeus,  Athene,  Artemis,  and  the  other  members  of  the  Greek 
Olympus,  and  could  never  have  been  attributed  to  the  sober 
abstractions  of  the  Roman  Pantheon.  Nevertheless,  in  com- 
menting upon  Ovid,  it  is  impossible  to  avoid  making  use  of  the 
names  in  the  same  sense  that  he  did,  —  the  names  long  familiar 
in  modern  literature,  which  took  them  from  the  Romans  and  not 
the  Greeks, 


METAMORPHOSES. 

I.   The  Four  Ages  and  the  Flood. 
[Book  I.  —  89-415.] 

[Proem  (1-4).  Description  of  Chaos  (5-20) .  The  Creator  assigns 
the  elements  to  their  places,  and  divides  the  land  from  the  waters : 
the  zones  and  climates  (26-58).  The  heavens  are  clear,  and  living 
things  come  forth  upon  the  earth :  lastly  man,  fashioned  by  Prome- 
theus in  the  image  of  the  immortals  (69-88).] 

The  Four  Ages :  description  of  the  Golden  Age  (89-112).  The 
Age  of  Silver,  Brass,  and  Iron :  Astraea  quits  the  earth ;  the  Giants, 
and  men  of  violence  that  sprang  from  their  blood  (i  13-162) .  Jupiter 
recounts  the  crimes  of  Lycaon,  and  his  transformation  to  a  Wolf 
(163-243).  He  resolves  to  drown  the  world  with  a  Flood  rather 
than  destroy  it  by  Fire :  description  of  the  Deluge  (244-312).  The 
righteous  Deucalion  with  his  wife  Pyrrha:  when  the  waters  are 
abated,  they  behold  the  earth  desolate,  and  beseech  aid  at  the  shrine 
of  Themis  (313-380).  Instructed  by  the  oracle,  they  cast  stones 
above  their  heads,  which  are  miraculously  converted  into  human 
beings,  and  thus  repeople  the  earth  (381-415). 

AuREA  prima  sata  est  aetas,  quae  vindice  nuUo, 
sponte  sua,  sine  lege  fidem  rectumque  colebat.  90 

iSWi^ena  metusque  aberant,  nee  verba  minacia  fixo 
%tfp  legebantur,  nee  supplex  turba  timebat 
j^cilici^  ora  sui,  sed  erant  sine  judice  tuti. 
]m()!r)d\l|fi  caesa  suis,  peregrinum  ut  viseret  orbem, 
jnrtontiiM  m  liquidas  pinus  descenderat  undas,  95 

nulfeqpfc  mortales  praeter  sua  litora  norant. 


t  I.     The  Four  Ages  and  the  Flood.  [Metam. 

nondum  praecipites  cingebant  oppicla  fossae  : 

non  tuba  directi,  non  aeris  corniia  flexi, 

non  galeae,  non  ensis  erant ;  sine  militis  usu 

mqllia  seciirae  peragebant  otia  gentes.  loo 

ipsa  quqcjue  immunis  rastroque  intacta,  nee  ullis 

saucia  vompribus,  per  se  dabat  omnia  teliiis  : 

contentique  cibis  nuUo  cogente  ct"eatis, 

arbuteos  fritii^  iliontanaque  fraga  legebant, 

qorg^aque  et  in  duris  ha^is|ijia  mora  ru|)etis,  105 

^t  quae  decii(|erant  pat^ijjia.  jovis  arbore  glandes. 

ver  er^t  aeiternum,  placidiqufe  tej^entibus  auris 

mulcebant  iephyri  natos  sine  s^raine  fiores.     "^ 

vm^  ieti^m  fruges  tellus  inarata  ferebat, 

'^^t  renovates  ager  gravidic  canebat  aristis  :  no 

Aurniiia  jam  lactis,  jam  flumina  nectaris  ibant, 

%yaqti^  4e  viridi  stillabant  ilice  mella. 

Postfi^tiam  Saturno  teii6brosa  in  Tartara  misso 
sub  Jove  tntmdus  firat,  Subiit  argentea  proles, 
aui^o  deterior^  ^^^Ifi  pretiosior  aere.  115 

Jnppiter  antiqui  ciontraxit  tempora  veris, 
perque  hiemes  aestusque  et  inaeqliale^  autumnos 
elf  brfeve  Ver  spatiis  elegit  quattuor  annum, 
tilm  ^rimum  siccis  aer  fervoribus  ustus 
canduit,  et  ventis  glacies  adstricta  pependit.  120 

turn  primum  subiere  domus  :  domus  antra  fuerunt 
et  densi  frutices  et  vinctae  cortice  virgae. 
semina  tum  primum  longis  Cerealia  sulcis 
obruta  smit,  pressique  jugo  gemuerc  juvenci. 

Tertia  post  illas  successit  a'enea  proles,  125 

saevior  ingeliiis,  et  ad  horrida  promptior  arma, 
non  scelerata  tamen.  — De  duro  est  ultima  ferro. 
protinus  inrupit  vcinae  pejoris  in  aevum 
omne  nefas  :  fugere  pudor  v^rumque  fidesque  : 


I.  162.]  The  Four  Ages,  3 

in  quorum  subiere  locum  fraudesque  dolique  130 

insidiaeque  et  vis  et  amor  sceleratus  habendi. 

vela  dabant  ventis,  —  nee  adhuc  bene  noverat  illos 

navita,  —  quaeque  din  steterant  in  montibus  altis, 

fluctibus  ignotis  insultavere  carinae. 

communemque  prius,  ceu  lumina  solis  et  auras,  135 

cautus  humum  longo  signavit  limite  mensor. 

nee  tantum  segete^  klimentaque  debita  dives ' 
poscebatur  humus,  sed  itum  est  in  viscera  terrae ; 
quasque  recondiderat  Stygiisque  admoverat  uiftibris, 

-effodiuntur  opes,  inritamenta  malorum.  140 

Jamque  nocens  ferrum,  ferroque  nocentius  aurum 
prodierat ;  prodit  Bellum,  quod  pugHiat  utroque, 
sanguineaque  manu  crepitantia  cOncutit  arma. 
vivitur  ex  rapto  :  non  hospes  ab  hospite  tutus, 
non  socer  a  genero  ;  fratrum  quoque  gratia  rara  est.    145 
imminet  cxitio  vir  conjugis,  ilia  mariti; 
lurida  terribiles  miscent  aconita  novercae  ; 
filius  ante  diem  patrios  inquirit  in  annos. 

•  victa  jacet  pietas  ;  et  virgo  caede  madentes, 
ultima  caelestum,  terras  Astraea  reliquit.  150 

neve  foret  terris  securior  arduus  aether, 
affectasse  ferunt  regnum  caeleste  Gigantas, 
altaque  congestos  struxisse  ad  sidera  montes. 

Tum  pater  omnipotens  misso  perfregit  Olympum 
fulmine,  et  excussit  subjecto  Pelion  Ossae.  155 

obruta  mole  sua  cum  corpora  dira  jacerent, 
perf  usam  multo  natorum  sanguine  Terram 
inmaduisse  ferunt  calidumque  animasse  cruorem, 
et,  ne  nulla  suae  stirpis  monumenta  manerent, 
in  faciem  vertisse  hominum  ;  sed  et  ilia  propago  160 

contemptrix  superum  saevaeque  avidissima  caedis 
et  violenta  fuit ;  scires  e  sanguine  natos. 


4  I.     The  Four  Ages  and  the  Flood.  [Metam. 

Quae  pater  ut  summa  vidit  Saturnius  arce, 
ingemit ;  et,  facto  nonclum  vulgata  recenti, 
foeda  Lycaoniae  referens  convivia  mensae,  165 

ingentes  animo  et  dignas  Jove  concipit  iras, 
conciliumque  vocat ;  tenuit  mora  nulla  vocatos. 
est  via  sublimis,  caelo  manifesta  sereno : 
Lactea  nomen  habet,  candore  notabilis  ipso, 
hac  iter  est  superis  ad  magni  tecta  Tonantis  170 

Tegalemque  domum ;  dextra  laevaque  deorum 
atria  nobilium  valvis  celebrantur  apertis. 
plebs  habitat  diversa  locis  ;  a  fronte  potentes 
caelicolae  clarique  suos  posuere  penates. 
hie  locus  est,  quern,  Si  verbis  audacia  detur,  175 

baud  timeam  magni  dixisse  Palatia  caeli. 

Ergo  ubi  marmoreo  Superi  sedere  rece^su, 
celsior  ipse  loco  sceptroque  innixus  eburno 
terrificam  capitis  concussit  terque  quaterque 
caesariem,  cum  qua  terram,  mare,  sidera  movit.  180 

talibus  inde  modis  ora  indignantia  solvit : 

'  Non  ego  pro  mundi  regno  magis  anxius  ilia 
tempestate  fui,  qua  ceiltum  quisque  parabat 
inicere  angulpedum  captive  brachia  caelp. 
nam  quamquam  ferus  hostis  erat,  tamen  illud  ab  uno  185 
corporq  et  ex  una  pendebat  origine  bellum. 
nunc  mihi  qua  totum  Nereus  circumsonat  orbem, 
perdendum  est  mortale  genus.     Per  flumina  juro 
infera  sub  terras  Stygio  labentia  luco, 
Cuncta  prius  temptata ;  sed  inmedicabile  vulnus  190 

ense  recidendum  est,  ne  pars  sincera  trahatur. 
sunt  mihi  semidei,  sunt  rustica  numina,  nymphae, 
faunique  satyrique  et  monticolae  Silvani. 
quos  quoniam  caeli  nondum  dignamut  honore, 
quas  dedimus,  certe  terras  habitare  sinamus.  195 


I.  228.]  The  Guilt  of  Lycaon.  5 

an  satis,  O  superi,  tutos  fore  creditis  illos, 

cum  mihi,  qui  fulmen,  qui  vos  habeoque  regoque, 

struxerit  insidias  notus  feritate  Lycaon  ? ' 

Contremuere  omnes,  studiisque  ardentibus  ausum 
talia  deposcunt.     Sic,  cum  manus  impia  saevit  200 

sanguine  Caesareo  Romanum  exstinguere  nomen, 
attonitum  tanto  subitae  terrore  ruinae 
humanum  genus  est  totusque  perhorruit  orbis. 
nee  tibi  grata  minus  pietas,  Auguste,  tuorum  est, 
quam  fuit  ilia  Jovi.     Qui  postquam  voce  manuque       205 
murmura  compressit,  tenuere  silentia  cuncti. 
substitit  ut  clamor,  pressus  gravitate  regentis, 
Juppiter  hoc  iterum  sermone  silentia  rupit :  •; 

^  Hie  quidem  poenas  (curam  banc  dimittite)  solvit : 
quod  tamen  admissum,  quae  sit  vindicta,  docebo.         210 
contigerat  nostras  infamia  temporis  aures  : 
quam  cupiens  falsam,  summo  delabor  Olympo, 
et  deus  humana  lustro  sub  imagine  terras, 
longa  mora  est,  quantum  noxae  sit  ubique  repertum 
enumerare  ;  minor  fuit  ipsa  infamia  vero.  215 

Maenala  transieram,  latebris  horrenda  ferarum, 
et  cum  Cyllene  gelidi  pineta  Lycaei. 
Arcados  hinc  sedes  et  inhospita  tecta  tyranni 
ingredior,  traherent  cum  sera  crepuscula  noctem. 
signa  dedi  venisse  detmi,  vulgusque  precari  220 

coeperat ;  irridet  primo  pia  vota  Lycaon ; 
mox  ait :  Experiar^  deus  hie,  diserimine  aperfOj 
an  sit  mortalis  ;  nee  erit  dubitabile  verum, 
nocte  gravem  somno  necopina  perdere  morte 
me  parat ;  haec  illi  placet  experientia  veri.  225  ^ 

*  Nee  contentus  eo,  missi  de  gente  Molossa 
obsidis  unius  jugulum  mucrone  resolvit : 
atque  ita  semineces  partim  ferventibus  artus 


6  I.     The  Four  Ages  and  the  Flood,         [JMetam. 

mollit  aquis,  partim  subject o  torruit  igni. 

quos  simul  imposuit  mensis,  ego  vinclice  flap.ima  230 

in  dominum  dignosque  everti  tecta  Penates.         — 

territus  ipse  fugit,  nactU3que  ^ilentia  riiris 

exululat,  frustraque  loqui  conatur ;  ab  ipso 

colligit  OS  rabiem,  solitaeqiie  cupidine  caedis 

vertitur  in  pecudps,  et  nunc  quoque  sanguine  g^udet.  235 

in  villos  abeunt  vestes^  in  crura  lacerti : 

fit  lupus,  et  veteris  $ervat  vestigia  formae. 

canities  eadem  ^st»  eadem  violentia  vultus, 

idem  oculi  lucent,  eadem  feritatis  imago. 

'  Occidit  una  dpmus  ;  sed  noil  domus  una  perire       240 
dlgna  f uit ;  qua  terra  patet,  fera  regnat  Erinys. 
in  facinus  jurasse  putes.     Dent  ocius  omnes 
',quas  meruere  ppiti,  sic  stat  sentential,  poenas.' 

Dicta  Jovis  pars  voc^  prob^nt  stimulosque  frementi 
adiciunt,  alii  partes  as^ensibus  implent.  245 

est  tamen  humani  generis  jactura  dolori 
omnibus,  et,  quae  sit  terrae  mortalibus  orbae 
forma  futura,  rogant ;  quis  sit  laturus  i^  aras 
tura  ?  ferisne  paret  populandas  tradere  terras  ? 
talia  quaerentes,  sibi  enim  fore  cet^era  curae,  250 

rex  superum  trepidare  vetat,  subolemque  priori 
dissimilem  populo  promittit  origine  mira. 

Jamque  erat  in  totas  sparsurus  fulming.  terras : 
sed  timuit,  ne  forte  sacer  tot  ab  ignibus  aether 
conciperet  flammas,  longu:?que  ardescerct  axis.  255 

esse  quoque  in  fatis  reminiscitur,  adfore  tempus, 
quo  mare,  quo  tcUus,  correptaque  regia  caeli 
ardeat,  et  mundi  moles  operosa  laboret. 
tela  reponuntur  manibus  fabricata  Cyclopum. 

Poena  placet  diversa,  gpnus  mortale  sub  undis  260 

perdere,  et  ex  omni  nimbos  demitt:ere  ca^lo. 


I.  294.]  Gathering  of  the  Waters,  7 

protinus  Aeoliis  aquilonem  claudit  in  antris, 
et  quaecumque  fugant  inductas  flamina  nubes, 
emittitque  Notum.    Madidis  Notus  evolat  alis, 
terribilem  picea  tectus  caligine  vultum  :  265 

barba  gravis  nimbis,  canis  fluit  mida  capillis, 
fronte  sedent  nebulae,  rorant  pennaeque  sinusque. 
utque  manu  late  pendentia  nubila  pressit, 
fit  fragor,  inclusi  funduntui"  ab  aethere  nimbi, 
nuntia  Junonis  varios  induta  colores  270 

concipit  Iris  aquas,  alimentaque  nubibus  adfert. 
sternuntur  segetes  et  deplorata  colonis 
vota  jacent,  longique  perit  labor  irritus  anni. 

Nee  caelo  content  a  sua  est  Jovis  ira,  sed  ilium 
caeruleus  f rater  juvat  auxiliaribus  undis.  275 

convocat  hie  amnes  ;  qui  postquam  tecta  tyranni 
intravere  sui,  '  Non  est  hortamine  longo 
nunc '  ait  *  utendum  ;  vires  effundite  vestras, 
sic  opus  est ;  aperite  domos,  ac  mole  remota 
fluminibus  vestris  totas  inmittite  habenas/  280 

Jusserat ;  hi  redeunt,  ac  fontibus  ora  relaxant, 
et  defrenato  volvuntur  in  aequora  cursu. 
ipse  tridente  suo  terram  percussit ;  at  ilia 
intremuit  motuque  vias  patefecit  aquarum. 
exspatiata  ruunt  per  apertos  flumina  campos,  285 

cumque  satis  arbusta  simul  pecudesque  virosque 
tcctaque,  cumque  suis  rapiunt  penetralia  sacris. 
siqua  domus  mansit,  potuitque  resistere  tanto 
indejecta  malo,  culmen  tamen  altior  hujus 
unda  tegit,  pressaeque  latent  sub  gurgite  turres.  290 

Jamque  mare  et  tellus  nullum  discrimen  habebant : 
omnia  pontus  erat ;  deerant  quoque  litora  ponto. 
occupat  hie  collem ;  cymba  sedet  alter  adunca, 
et  ducit  remos  illic,  ubi  nuper  ararat  ; 


8  I,     The  Fmir  A^^s'  and  the  Flodd,  [Metam- 

ille  super  segetes  aut  mer^ae  Culmina  villae  295 

navigat ;  hie  summa  pistem  deprendit  in  ulmo.  ^^, 
figitilr  in  viridi,  ^i  fors  tulit,  anchora  prato, 
aut  subjccta  terunt  curvae  vineta  carinae. 
et,  modo  qua  graciles  gramen  carpsere  capellae, 
nunc  ibi  deformfes  ponunt  sua  corpora  phocae.  300 

mirantur  stib  aqua  lucofe  urbesque  dotnosque 
Nereides ;  feilvasque  ttinent  delphines,  et  altis 
incursant  ramiS,  agitataqite  rbbora  pulsant. 
nkt  lupus  inter  oves,  fulvos  vehit  unda  le()nes, 
unda  V^hit  tigres  ;  nee  vjres  fulminis  apro,  305 

tfura  nee  ablato  prosunt  velodia  cervo. 
(juae^itisque  (}iu  t(^rris,  ubi  sistere  detur, 
in  mare  lasbatis  volucris  vaga  decidit  alis. 
I  ^bi"ii^rdt  tumUlo^i  ipimens^  licentia  ponti, 
til$£ibantqlie  novi  riibjitana  cacuminafluctus.  310 

(axima  p^-rs  urtda  tapitlir :  quibus  unda  pepercit, 
loS  Ibiiga  domant  ino|)i  jejunia  victu. 
Separat  Aonios  Oetaeis  Pho'cis,  ab  arvis, 
terra  f era.x^  dum  terra  luit :  scd  t^toppre  in  illo 
pars  maris  et  latus  subitarum  cimpus  aquarum.  315 

mpns  ibi  verticibus  ^etit  arduus  astta  duobus, 
nomine  Parnasus,  superantqUe  cacumina  nubes. 
bic  ubi  Deucalion  — nam  cetera  texerat  aeci[uoi" — • 
cum  consorte  tori  parva  rate  vectus  adhaesit, 
Corycidas  nympliks  et  numina  montis  adorant,  320 

fatidicamque  Themin,  quae  tunc  oracla  tenebat. 
non  illo  melior  quisquam  rlec  amantior  aequi 
vir  fuit,  aut  ilia  metuentior  ulla  dcorum. 

Juppiter  ut  liquidis  stagnare  paludibus  orbem, 
et  superesse  virum  dc  tot  modo  milibus  unum,  325 

ct  superess6  vidct  de  tot  modo  milibus  unam, 
innocuos  ambos,  cultores  numinis  ambos, 


I-  360.]  The  Waters  are  recalled.  9 

nubila  disjecit,  nimbisque  aquilone  rcmotis 

et  caelo  terras  ostendit,  et  aethera  terris. 

nee  maris  ira  manet,  positoque  tricuspide  telo  330 

mulcet  aquas  rector  pelagi,  supraque  profundum 

exstantem  atque  umeros  innato  murice  tectum 

caeruleum  Tritona  vocat,  conchaeque  sonanti 

inspirare  jubet,  fluctusque  et  flumina  signo 

jam  revocare  dato,/^Cava  bucina  sumitur  illi  335 

tortilis,  in  latum  quae  turbine  crescit  ab  imo, — 

bucina,  quae  medio  concepit  ubi  aera  ponto, 

litora  voce  replet  sub  utroque  jacentia  Phoebo. 

tunc  quoque,  ut  ora  dei  madida  rorantia  barba^ 

contigit,  et  cecmit  jussos  mnata  receptus,      "  340 

omnibus  audita  est  telluris  et  aequoris  undis 

,et  quibus  est  undis  audita,  coercuit  oranes. 

flumina  subsidunt,  coUesque  exire  videntur : 

jam  mare  litus  habet ;  plenos  capit  alveus  amnes  ; 

surgit  humus  ;  crescunt  loca  decrescentibus  undis  ;      345 

postque  diem  longam  nudata  cacumina  silvae 

ostendunt,  limumque  tenent  in  fronde  relictum.|^ 

Redditus  orbis  erat :  quern  postquam  vidit  inanem 
et  desolatas  agere  alta  silentia  terras, 
Deucalion  lacrimis  ita  Pyrrham  affatur  obortis  :  350 

'O  soror,  o  conjunx,  o  femina  sola  superstes, 
quam  commune  mihi  genus  et  patruelis  origo, 
deinde  torus  junxit,  nunc  ipsa  pericula  jungunt : 
terrarum,  quascumque  vident  occasus  et  ortus, 
nos  duo  turba  sumus  ;  possedit  cetera  pontus.  355 

haec  quoque  adhuc  vitae  non  est  fiducia  nostrae   ';• 
certa  satis  ;  terrent  etiam  nunc  nubila  mentem.     ) 
quid  tibi,  si  sine  me  fatis  erepta  fuisses, 
nunc  animi,  miseranda,  foret }  quo  sola  timorem 
ferrc  modo  posses  ?  quo  consolante  dolercs  ?  360 


lo  I.     Th^  Four  Ages  and  the  Flood.         [Metam. 

nat^iqub  ego,  crede  milii,  si  te  quoque  pontiis  haberet, 
te  sequerer,  conjimx,  et  itie  quoque  pontus  haberet. 
O  utinam  possim  populos  reparare  paternis 
artibus,  atque  animas  formatae  infundere  terrae ! 
nunc  genus  in  nobis  restat  mortale  duobus  :  365 

sic  visum  superis  ;  hOminumque  exempla  manemus.' 

Dixerat,  et  flebatit ;  placuit  (iaeleste  pr^cari 
numeii,  et  auxiliuni  per  sacras  quaerer^  sortes. 
nulla  mora  est ;  adeunt  pariter  Cephisidafe  undas, 
ut  l^ondum  liquidas,  sic  jam  vada  nota  secant es.  370 

inde  ubi  libatos  inroravei'e  liquores 
iVestibils  et  capiti,  flectunt  vestigia  sanctae 
M  delubra  deae,  quorum  fastigia  turpi 
pallcbant  musco,  stabantque  sine  ignibus  arae. 
ut  templi  tetigere  gradus,  procumbit  uterque  37s 

pronus  humi,  gelidoque  pavens  dedit  oscula  saxo. 
atque  ita:  *Si  pr^cibus'  dix^runt  'numina  justis 
Victa  r^molleSGunt,  si  flectitur  ira  deorum, 
die,  Themi,  qua  generis  datnnum  reparabile  nostri 
arte  sit,  et  mersis  fer  opem,  mitissima,  rebus.'  380 

Mota  dea  est,  sortemque  dedit :  *  Discedite  templo, 
et  Velate  cajiut,  cinctasque  resolvite  vestes, 
ossaqi^e  post  tergum  magnae  j^cts^te  parentis.' 
obstupuere  diu,  nimpitque  silentia  voce 
Pyrrha  prior,  jussisque  deae  parere  recusat,  385 

d^tque  sibi  veniam,  pavido  rogat  ore,  pavetqu^ 
laedere  jactatis  maternas  ossibus  umbras, 
interea  repetunt  caecis  obscura  latebris 
verba  datae  Sortis  secum,  inter  seque  volutant. 
inde  Promethiades  placicjis  Epimethida  dictis  390 

mulcet,  et  *  Aut  fallax '  ait  *  est  sollgrtia  nobis, 
aut  pia  sunt,  nullumque  nefas  oracula  suadent, 
magna  parens  Terra  est :  lapides  in  corporc  terrae 


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I.  505.]  The  Love  of  Apollo.  13 

laesit  Apollineas  trajecta  per  ossa  medullas. 

protinus  alter  amat ;  fugit  altera  nomen  amantis, 

silvarum  tenebris  captivarumque  ferarum  475 

exuviis  gaudens  innuptaeque  aemula  Phoebes. 

vitta  coercebat  positos  sine  lege  capillos. 

multi  illam  petiere,  ilia  aversata  petentes 

impatiens  expersque  viri  nemorum  avia  lustrat, 

nee  quid  Hymen,  quid  Amor,  quid  sint  conubia,  curat.  480 

saepe  pater  dixit  ^Generum  mihi,  filia,  debes.' 

saepe  pater  dixit  'Debes  mihi,  nata,  nepotes/ 

ilia,  velut  crimen  taedas  exosa  jugales 

pulchra  verecundo  suffunditur  ora  rubore, 

inque  patris  blandis  haerens  cervice  lacertis,  485 

*  Da  mihi  perpetua,  genitor  carissime,'  dixit 
'virginitate  frui.     Dedit  hoc  pater  ante  Dianae.' 

Ille  quidem  obsequitur.     Sed  te  decor  iste  quod  optas 
esse  vetat,  votoque  tuo  tua  forma  repugn  at. 
Phoebus  amat,  visaeque  cupit  conubia  Daphnes,  490 

quodque  cupit,  sperat ;  suaque  ilium  oracula  fallunt. 
utque  leves  stipulae  demptis  adolentur  aristis, 
ut  facibus  saepes  ardent,  quas  forte  viator 
vel  nimis  admovit,  vel  jam  sub  luce  reliquit ; 
sic  deus  in  flammas  abiit,  sic  pectore  toto  495 

uritur  et  sterilem  sperando  nutrit  amorem. 
spectat  inornatos  collo  pendere  capillos, 
et  *  Quid,  si  comantur  ? '  ait.     Videt  igne  micantes 
sideribus  similes  oculos,  videt  oscula,  quae  non 
est  vidisse  satis  ;  laudat  digitosque  manusque  500 

bracchiaque  et  nudos  media  plus  parte  lacertos  : 
siqua  latent,  meliora  putat.     Fugit  ocior  aura 
ilia  levi,  neque  ad  haec  revocantis  verba  resistit  : 

*  Nympha,  precor,  Pene'i,  mane  !  non  insequor  hostis  : 
nympha,  mane !  sic  agna  lupum,  sic  cerva  leonem,       505 


14  H.     Apollo  and  Daphne.  [IMliam. 

sic  aquilam  penna  fugiunt  tr^pidante  columbae, 

hostes  quaeque  suos.     Amot*  est  mihi  causa  sequendi. 

me  miserum  !  ne  prona  cadas,  indignave  laedi 

crura  notent  sentes,  et  sim  tibi  causa  doloris. 

aspera,  qua  properas,  loca  sunt.     Moderatius,  oro,        510 

curre,  fugamque  inhibe.     Moderatius  insequar  ipse. 

cui  placeas,  inquire  tamen.j    Non  incola  mentis, 

non  ego  sum  pastor,  non  hie  armenta  gregesque 

horridus  observo.     Nescis,  temeraria,  nescis, 

quem  fugias,  ideOque  fugis.     Mihi  DeJphica  tellus       515 

et  Claros  et  Tenedos  Patareaque  regia  servit. 

JUppiter  est  genitor.     Per  me  quod  eritquc  fuitque 

estque,  patet :  per  me  concordant  carmina  nervis. 

certa  quidem  nostra  est,  nostra  tamen  una  sagitta 

certior,  in  vacuo  quae  vulnera  p^ctdre  fecit.  520 

inventum  medicina  meum  est,  opiferque  per  orbem 

dicor,  et  herbarum  subjecta  potentia  nobis. 

ei  mihi,  quod  nullis  amor  est  sanabilis  herbis, 

iiec  prosunt  domino  quae  prosunt  omnibus,  artes  ! ' 

Plura  locuturum  timido  Penei'a  cursu  525 

fugit  cumque  ipso  verba  imperfecta  reliquit, 
tum  quoque  visa  decens.     Nudabant  corpora  venti, 
obviaque  adversas  vibrabant  fiamina  vestes, 
et  levis  impulsos  retro  dabat  aura  capillos ; 
auctaque  forma  fuga  est.    Sed  enim  non  sustinet  ultra  530 
perdere  blanditias  juvenis  deus,  utque  movebat 
ijjse  amor,  admisso  sequitur  vestigia  passu, 
ut  canis  in  vacuo  leporem  cum  GalliCus  arvo 
Vidit,  et  hie  praedam  pedibus  petit,  ille  sakitem ; 
alter  inhaesuro  simiHs  jam  jamque  tenere  535 

sperat,  et  extento  stringit  vestigia  rostro ; 
alter  in  ambiguo  est,  an  sit  comprensus,  et  ipsis 
mofsibUs  eripitur  tangentiaquc  ora  rclinquit : 


I.  567.]  Daphne  changed  to  a  Laurel,  15 

sic  deus  et  virgo,  est  hie  spc  eeler,  ilia  timore. 

qui  tamen  insequitur,  pennis  adjutus  amoris  540 

ocior  est  requiemque  negat  tergoque  fugacis 

inminet  et  crinem  sparsum  cervicibus  afflat. 

viribus  absumptis  expalluit  ilia,  citaeqiie 

victa  labore  fugae,  spectans  Penei'das  undas, 

'Fer  pater'  inquit  ^opem !  Tellus/  ait,  'hisce,  vel  istam,  545 

quae  facit,  ut  laedar,  mutando  perde  figuram  !  *  547 

Vix  prece  finita,  torpor  gravis  occupat  artus, 
mollia  cinguntur  tenui  praecordia  libro, 
in  frondem  crines,  in  ramos  bracchia  crescunt :  550 

pes  modo  tarn  velox  pigris  radicibus  haeret, 
ora  cacumen  obit.     Remanet  nitor  unus  in  ilia, 
banc  quoque  Phoebus  amat,  positaque  in  stipite  dextra 
sentit  adhuc  trepidare  novo  sub  cortice  pectus, 
complexusque  suis  ramos,  ut  membra,  lacertis  555 

oscula  dat  ligno  :  refugit  tamen  oscula  lignum, 
cui  deus  'At  quoniam  conjunx  mea  non  potes  esse, 
arbor  eris  certe '  dixit  *  mea.     Semper  habebunt 
te  coma,  te  citharae,  te  nostrae,  laure,  pharetrae. 
tu  ducibus  Latiis  aderis,  cum  laeta  Triumphum  560 

vox  canet  et  visent  longas  Capitolia  pompas. 
postibus  Augustis  eadem  fidissima  custos 
ante  fores  stabis,  mediamque  tuebere  quercum. 
utque  meum  intonsis  caput  est  juvenale  capillis, 
tu  quoque  perpetuos  semper  gere  frondis  honores.'      565 

Finierat  Paean.     Factis  modo  laurea  ramis 
adnuit,  utque  caput  visa  est  agitasse  cacumen. 


1 6  III.     The  Adventure  of  PJiaetJion.         [MEiiUi. 

III.    The  Adventure  of  Piiaetiion. 

[lo,  daughter  of  the  river-god  Inachus,  beloved  by  Jupiter,  is 
changed  into  a  heifer  by  him,  to  escape  the  jealousy  of  Juno  ;  but  is 
put  by  her  in  charge  of  Argus  of  the  hundred  eyes,  who  being 
soothed  to.  sleep  by  Mercury  —  who  sings  the  story  of  Syrinx  con- 
verted to  a  water-reed  to  avoid  the  pursuit  of  Pan  —  is  slain  by  him, 
and  his  hundred  eyes  are  set  in  the  peacock's  tail.  lo,  fleeing  to 
Egypt,  becomes  the  goddess  Isis,  and  the  mother  of  Epaphus  ;  who 
denies  against  Phaethon  his  boast  to  be  son  of  the  Sun-god,  as 
avouched  by  his  mother  Clymene  (I.  568-779).] 

The  palace  of  the  Sun  described  (II.  1-18).  Phoebus,  the  god  of 
Day,  receives  Phaethon  with  affection,  and  owns  him  as  his  son, 
promising  by  oath  to  give  him  whatever  boon  he  should  desire 
(19-46).  Phaethon  demands  the  charge  of  the  chariot  and  horses 
of  the  Sun  for  a  single  day,  persisting  in  spite  of  his  father^s  warning 
and  appeal  (47-102).  He  mounts,  and  attempts  the  celestial  way: 
dread  forms  of  the  Zodiac :  the  steeds  dash  wildly  from  the  i)alh 
(103-205).  Terror  and  devastation  caused  by  the  fiery  chariot: 
blasting  of  mountains  and  rivers,  and  alarm  of  Neptune  himself; 
Earth  appeals  to  Jupiter,  who  blasts  Phaethon  with  a  thunderl)olt 
(206-324).  His  sisters  are  converted  to  poplars,  and  their  tears 
to  amber  (325-366);  while  his  kinsman  Cygnus,  bewailing  the 
calamity,  becomes  a  Swan  (367-380).  The  Sun,  in  grief  and  wrath, 
hides  his  head  from  the  earth ;  but,  entreated  by  the  gods  and  com- 
manded by  Jupiter,  collects  again  his  scattered  steeds,  to  resume 
their  wonted  course  (381-400). 

Regia  Solis  erat  sublimibus  alta  columnis, 
clara  micante  auro  flammasque  imitante  pyropo, 
ciijiis  ebur  nitidum  fastigia  sum  ma  tcgcbat ; 
argenti  bifores  racliabant  lumine  valvae. 
materiam  superabat  opus  ;  nam  Mulciber  illic  5 

aec|uora  caelarat  medias  cingentia  terras, 
terrarumque  orbem,  caelumque,  quod  imminet  orbi. 
caeruleos  habet  unda  deos,  Tritona  canorum, 
Proteaque  ambiguum,  balaenarumque  prcmentem 


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IT.  174.]  The  Steeds  dasJi  Jorzvard  on  the  Course,       21 

dum  loquor,  Hcspcrio  positas  in  litore  mctas 
umicla  nox  tetigit ;  noii  CvSt  mora  libera  nobis, 
poscimur ;  eff ulget  tenebris  aurora  fugatis. 
corripe  lora  manu  ;  vel,  si  rautabile  pectus  145 

est  tibi,  consiliis,  non  curribus  utere  nostris, 
dum  potes,  et  solidis  etiam  nunc  sedibus  adstas, 
dumque  male  optatos  nondum  premis  inscius  axes, 
quae  tutus  spectes,  sine^tpe  dare  lumina  terris.' 
'*'  Occupat  ille  levera  juvenili  corpore  currum,  150 

statque  super,  manibitsque  datas  contingere  habenas 
gaudet,  et  invito  grat.es  agit  indc  parent i. 
interea  volucres  Pyrois  Eoiis  et  Aethon, 
solis  equi,  quartusquc  Phlegon,  hinnitibus  auras 
flammiferis  implent,  pedibusque  rcpagula  pulsant.        15s   \ 
quae  postquam  Tcthys,  fatorum  ignara  nepotis, 
reppulit,  et  facta  est  immensi  copia  mundi, 
corripuere  viam,  pedibusque  per  aera  metis 
obstantes  scindunt  nebulas,  pennisque  levati 
praetereunt  ortos  isdem  de  parti  bus  Euros.  160 

/     Sed  leve  pondus  erat,  nee  quod  cognoscere  possent 
Solis  equi,  solitaque  jugum  gravitate  carebat. 
utque  labant  curvae  justo  sine  pondcre  naves, 
perque  mare  instabiles  nimia  levitate  feruntur, 
sic  onere  assueto  vacuus  dat  in  aere  saltus,  165 

succutiturque  alte,  sirailisque  est  currus  inani. 
quod  simul  ac  sen  sere,  ruunt,  tritumque  relinquunt 
quadrijugi  spatium,  nee  quo  prius,  ordine  currunt. 
ipse  pavet ;  nee  qua  commissas  flcctat  habenas, 
nee  scit  qua  sit  iter,  nee,  si  sciat,  imperet  illis.  170 

Turn  primum  radiis  gelidi  caluere  triones, 
et  vetito  frustra  temptarunt  aequore  tingui, 
quaeque  polo  posita  est  glaciali  proxima  Serpens, 
frigore  pigra  prius,  nee  formidabilis  ulli, 


22  III.     The  Adventure  of  Phaethon.  [Metam. 

irlcaluit  sumpsitque  novas  fervoribus  iras.  i/s 

tc  quoque  tiirbatum  mcmorant  fiigisse,  Boote, 
qiiamvis  tardus  eras,  el  te  tua  plaustra  tenebant 

Ut  vero  summo  cl^spexit  ab  aethere  terras 
infelix  Phaetholi,  penitus  penitusque  jacentes, 
p^lluit,  et  subito  genua  intremuere  timore,  iSo 

suntque  ocxllis  tenebrae  per  tantum  lumen  obortae. 
ct  jam  mallet  equ6s  numquam  tetigisse  paternos  ; 
jam  cOgnosse  genus  piget,  et  valuisse  rogando  : 
jan)  Meropis  dici  cupiens,  ita  fertur,  ut  acta. 
1  ^)riecipiti  pinus  bdrea,  cui  Victa  remisit  185 

hcna  suus  rector,  quam  dis  votisque  reliquit. 

Qliid  faciat?  multum  caeli  post  terga  i^elictum, 
ante  oculos  plus  est :  animo  metitur  utrumque. 
et  mbdo  quos  ilji  fatuiH  contingere  non  ^st, 
pt^ospiqit  occasus,  interdum  respicit  ortus.  190 

qtiidqufe  agat,  ignaruS  stupet,  ct  ncc  frena  r^mittit, 
liec  r^tiriere  valet,  ncC  nomina  novit  equorum. 
^p^rsa  quoque  in  vario  passim  miracula  caelo 
va^tarumque  vid^t  trepidus  simulacra  ferarum. 

Est  locus,  in  geminos  ubi  brachia  concavat  arcus     195 
Scorpios,  ct  Cauda  flexisque  utrimque  lacertis 
porrigit  in  spatiura  signorum  membra  duorum. 
hunci  puer  ut  nigri  madidum  sudore  veneni 
vulnera  curvata  mirlitantetn  cuspide  vidit, 
mentis  inops  gelida  formidine  lora  remisit.  200 

quae  postquam  summo  tetigere  jacentia  tergo, 
cxspatiantur  equi,  nulloque  inhibente  per  aulras 
ignotae  regionis  eunt,  quaque  impetus  egit, 
hac  sine  lege  ruunt ;  altoque  sub  aethere  fixis 
incursiint  stellis,  rapiuntque  per  avia  currum.  205 

et  modo  summa  petunt,  modo  per  dcclive  viasque 
praecipites  spatio  tcrrae  propiorC  feruntUr. 


II.  240.]  Confiagration  of  the  Earth.  23 

infcrinsque  siiis  fraternos  currere  Luna 
admiratur  equos,  ambustaque  nubila  fumant. 

Corripitiir  flammis  ut  quaeque  altissima,  tellus,         210 
lissaque  agit  rimas,  et  siicis  aret  ademptis. 
pabula  canescunt ;  cum  frondibus  uritur  arbor, 
materiamque  suo  praebet  seges  arida  damno. 
parva  queror :  magnae  pereunt  cum  moenibus  urbes, 
cumque  suis  totas  populis  incendia  gentes  '   215 

in  cinerem  vertunt.     Silvae  cum  montibus  ardent : 
ardet  Athos,  Taurusque  Cilix,  et  Tmolus  et  Oete,        \ 
et  tum  sicca,  prius  celeberrima  fontibus,  Ida, 
virgineusque  Helicon,  et  nondum  Oeagriiis  Haemos. ' 
ardet  in  immensum  geminatis  ignibus  Aetne,  220 

Parnasusque  biceps,  et  Eryx  et  Cynthus  et  Othrys, 
et  tandem  nivibus  Rhodppe  caritura,  Mimasque 
Dindymaque  et  Mycale  natu^que  ad  sacra  Cithaeron. 
nee  prosunt  Scythiae  sua  f rigora :  Caucasus  ardet, 
Ossaque  cum  Pindo,  majorque  ambobus  Olympus,       225 
aeriaeque  Alpes,  et  nubifer  Appenninus. 

Tum  vero  Phaethon  cunctis  e  partibus  orbem 
aspicit  accensum,  nee  tantos  sustinet  aestus, 
ferventesque  auras  velut  e  fornace  profunda 
ore  trahit,  .currusque  suos  candescere  sentit.  230 

et  neque  jam  cineres  ejectatamque  favillam 
ferre  potest,  calidoque  involvitur  undique  fumo. 
quoque  eat,  aut  ubi  sit,  picea  caligine  tectus 
nescit,  et  arbitrio  volucrum  raptatur  equorum. 

Sanguine  tunc  credunt  in  corpora  summa  vocato     235 
Aethiopum  populos  nigrum  traxisse  colorem  ; 
tum  facta  est  Libye  raptis  umoribus  aestu 
arida ;  tum  nymphae  passis  fontesque  lacusque 
deflevere  comis  ;  quaerit  Boeotia  Dircen, 
Argos  Amym(5ncn,  Ephyre  Pirenidas  undas  ;  240 


24  in.     The  Adventure  of  Phaethon,  [Metam. 

nee  sortita  loco  distantcs  flumina  ripas 

tuta  manent :  mediis  Tanais  fumavit  in  undis, 

Peneosque  vSenex,  Teuthranteusque  Cai'cus, 

et  celer  IsmenOs  cum  Phegiaco  Erymantlio, 

arsurUsque  ite|"iim  Xanthus,  flavusque  Lycormas,         245 

quique  recur  vat  is  ludit  Maeandros  in  undiS, 

Mygdoniusque  Melas  et  Taenarius  Eurotas. 

Ar?;it  et  Euphrates  Babylonius,  arsit  Orontes, 
Thermod6nque  citus,  Gangesque,  et  Phasis,  et  Hister. 
aestuat  Alpheos  ;  ripae  SpercJ;ieifdes  ardent ;  250 

quod  que  suo  Tagus  amne  vehit,  fluit  ignibus,  aurum ; 
et  quae  Maeonias  celebrarant  carmine  ripas 
flumineae  volucfes,  medio  caluere  Caystro. 
Nilus  in  extremum  fugit  perterritus  orbem, 
dcculuitque  caput,  quod  adhuc  latet :  ostia  septem       255 
pu^veruletita  vacant,  septem  sitife  fluminG  valles. 
fors  eadem  Ismarios  Hebrum  cum  Strymotie  siccat, 
liesperiosqueamiles,  RJieiiunl  Rhodanumque  Padumque, 
cuique  fuit  rerum  promissa  potentia,  Tiiybrin. 

Dissilit  omne  solum,  penetratque  in  Tartara  rimis    260 
lumen,  et  infernum  terret  cum  conjuge  regem ; 
'  et  mare  contrahitur,  siccaeque  est  campus  arenae 
quod  modo  pontus  erat,  quosque  altum  texerat  aequor 
exsistunt  motites  et  sparsas  Cycladas  augent. 
ima  petunt  pisces,  nee  se  super  aequora  curvi  265 

tollere  consuetas  audent  delphines  in  auras, 
corpora  phocarum  summo  resupina  prof  undo 
exanimata  natant :  ipsum  quoque  Nerea  fama  est , 
Doridaque  et  natas  tepidis  latuisse  sub  antris.       ^ 
ter  Neptunus  aquis  cum  torvo  bracchia  vultu  270 

exscrcre  ausus  erat ;  ter  non  tulit  aerls  ignes.  - 

Alma  tamen  Tellus,  ut  erat  circumdata  ponto, 
inter  aquas  pelagi,  contractos  undique  fontes, 


II.  3o6.]  Appeal  of  the  Earth  to  y up  iter,  25 

qui  se  condiderant  in  opacae  viscera  matris, 

sustulit  oppresses  collo  tenus  arida  vultus  :  275 

opposuitque  manum  fronti,  magnoque  tremore 

omnia  concutiens  paulum  subsedit,  et  infra 

quam  solet  esse,  fuit,  sacraque  ita  voce  locuta  est : 

'  Si  placet  hoc,  meruique,  quid  O  tua  fulmina  cessant, 
summe  deum  ?  liceat  periturae  viribus  ignis  280 

igne  perire  tuo,  clademque  auctore  leyare. 
vix  equidem  fauces  haec  ipsa  in  verba  resolvo  '  — 
presserat  ora  vapor —  'tostos  en  aspice  crines, 
inque  oculis  tantum,  tantum  super  ora  favillae, 
hosne  mihi  fructus,  hunc  fertilitatis  honorem  285 

officiique  refers,  quod  adunci  vulnera  aratri 
rastrorumque  fero,  totoque  exerceor  anno, 
quod  pecori  frondes  alimentaque  mitia  fruges 
humano  generi,  vobis  quoque  tura  ministro  ? 
sed  tamen  exitium  fac  me  meruisse ;  quid  undae,         290 
quid  meruit  frater  ?  cur  illi  tradita  sorte 
aequora  decrescunt  et  ab  aethere  longius  absunt  ? 
quod  si  nee  fratris,  nee  te  mea  gratia  tangit, 
at  caeli  miserere  tui !  circumspice  utrumque  : 
fumat  uterque  polus  ;  quos  si  vitiaverit  ignis,  295 

atria  vestra  ruent.     Atlas  en  ipse  laborat, 
vixque  suis  umeris  candentem  sustinct  axem. 
si  freta,  si  terrae  pereunt,  si  regia  caeli, 
in  chaos  antiquum  confundimur.     Eripe  flammis, 
siquid  adhuc  superest,  et  rerum  consule  summae.'        300 

Dixerat  haec  Tellus  :  neque  enim  tolcrare  vaporem 
ulterius  potuit,  nee  dicere  plura  ;  suumque 
rettulit  OS  in  se  propioraque  Manibus  antra. 

At  pater  omnipotens,  superos  testatus  et  ipsum 
qui  dederat  currus,  nisi  opem  ferat,  omnia  fato  305 

interitura  gravi,  summam  petit  arduus  arcem, 


26  III.     The  Adljeuture  of  Phacthon,  [Metam. 

unde  i^olet  latis  nubes  inducere  terris, 

unde  mo  vet  tonitriis,  vibrataque  fulniina  jactat. 

sed  neque,  quas  posset  terris  inducere,  nuSes 

tunc  habuit,  nee  quos  caelo  dimitteret,  imbres.  310 

intonat,  et  dextra  libratum  fulmen  ab  aure     "^ 

misit  in  aurigam,  pariterque  animaque  rotisque 

c^c^^ulit,  et  sa^ivis  compescuit  ignibus  ignes. 

consternantur  equi,  et  saltu  in  contraria  facto 

coUa  jugo  eripiunt,  abruptaque  lora  relinquunt.  315 

illic  frena  jaceht,  illic  temone  fevulsus 

axis,  in  hac  radii  fractarudi  parte  rotarum, 

spai-saque  sunt  late  laceri  vestigia  currus. 

At  Ph^ethon,  rutilos  flamma  populante  capillos, 
volvitur  in  ^raeceps,  lotigoque  per  aera  tractu  320 

fertur,  ut  interdum  de  caelo  stella  sercno 
etsi  non  cecidit,  potuit  ceciclisse  videri. 
quern  procul  a  patria  diverso  maximus  orbe 
(^xdpit  Eridanixs,  fumantiaque  abluit  ora. 
Nai'des  Hesperiae  trifida  fumantia  flamma  325 

corpora  dailt  tumulo,  signant  quoque  carmine  saxum : 

mC  SITVS  E^T  PHAETHON  CVRRVS  AVRIGA  PAtERNI 
QVEM  SI  KON  TENVIT  MAGNIS  TAMEN  EXCIDIT  AVSIS. 

Natn  pater  obductos,  luctu  miserabilis  aegro, 
condiderat  vultus  ;  et  si  modo  credimus,  unum  330 

isse  diem  sine  sole  ferunt ;  incendia  lumen 
praebebant,  aliquisque  malo  fuit  usus  in  illo. 

At  Clymene,  postquam  dixit  quaecumque  fuerunt 
in  tantis  dicenda  malis,  lugubris  ct  amcns 
et  laniata  sinus  totum  percensuit  orbem :  335 

exanimesque  artus  primo,  mox  ossa  requirens, 
repperit  ossa  tamen  peregrina  condita  ripa, 
incubuitque  loco  ;  nomenquc  in  marmore  lectum 
perfudit  lacrimis  et  apcrto  pectore  fovit. 


II.  37I-]  The  He  Hades :  Cyenus,  27 

Nee  minus  Heliades  fletus  et* — inania  morti  340 

munera  —  dant  lacrimas,  et  caesae  pectora  palmis 
non  auditurum  miseras  Phaethonta  querellas 
nocte  dieque  vocant,  adsternunturque  sepulcro. 
luna  quater  junctis  implerat  cornibus  orbem  : 
illae  more  suo,  nam  morem  fecerat  usus,  34s 

plangorem  dederant :  e  qiiis  Phaethusa,  sororum 
maxima,  cum  vellet  terra  procumbere,  questa  est 
deriguisse  pedes  ;  ad  quam  conata  venire 
Candida  Lampetie,  subita  radice  retenta  est ; 
tertia,  cum  crinem  manibus  laniare  pararet,  35« 

avellit  frondes  ;  haec  stipite  crura  teneri, 
ilia  dolet  fieri  longos  sua  bracchia  ramos. 
dumque  ea  mirantur,  complectitur  inguina  cortex, 
perque  gradus  uterum,  pectusque,  umerosque,  ma- 

nusque 
ambit,  et  exstabant  tantum  ora  vocantia  matrem.         355 

Quid  faciat  mater  ?  nisi,  quo  trahat  impetus  illam 
hue  eat,  at  que  illuc  ?  et,  dum  licet,  oscula  jungat  ? 
non  satis  est ;  truncis  avellere  corpora  temptat, 
et  teneros  manibus  ramos  abrumpit :  at  inde 
sanguineae  manant,  tamquam  de  vulnere,  guttae.         360 

*  Parce,  precor,  mater,'  quaecumque  est  saucia  clamat, 

*  parce,  precor  !  nostrum  lacefatur  in  arbore  corpus, 
jamque  vale  '  —  cortex  in  verba  novissima  venit. 
inde  fluunt  lacrimae,  stillataque  sole  rigescunt 

de  ramis  electra  novis,  quae  lucidus  amnis  365 

excipit  et  nuribus  mittit  gestanda  Latinis. 

Adfuit  huic  monstro  proles  Stheneleia  Cycnus, 
qui  tibi  materno  quam  vis  a  sanguine  junctus, 
mente  tamen,  Phaethon,  propior  fuit  ;  ille  relicto  — 
nam  Ligurum  populos  et  magnas  rexerat  urbes —        370 
imperio,  ripas  virides  amnemque  querellis 


28  III.     The  Adventure  of  Pha'ethon.  [Metam. 

Eridanum  implerat,  silvamque  sororibus  aiictam  : 
cum  vox  est  tenuata  viro,  canaeque  capillos 
dissimulant  plumac,  collumque  a  pectore  longe 
porrigitur,  digit osque  ligat  junctura  rubentes,  ^js 

p^nna  latus  vestit,  tenet  os  sine  acumine  rostrum, 
fit  nova  Cycnus  avis  ;  nee  se  caeloque  Joviquc 
credit,  ut  in  juste  missi  memor  ignis  ab  illo  : 
stagna  petit  patulosque  lacus,  ignemque  perosus, 
quae  colat,  elegit  contraria  flumina  flammis.  380 

Squalidus  interea  genitor  Phaethontis,  et  expers 
ipse  stii  decoris,  qualis  cum  deficit  orbem 
esse  solet,  lucemque  odit  seque  ipse  diemque, 
datque  animum  in  luctus,  et  luctibus  adicit  iram, 
officiumque  negat  mundo.     '  Satis  '  inquit  '  ab  aevi      385 
sors  mea  principiis  fuit  inrequieta,  pigetque 
actorum  sine  fine  mihi,  sine  honore  laborum. 
quilibet  alter  agat  portantes  lumina  currus  : 
si  nemo  est,  omnesquc  dei  non  posse  fatentur, 
ipse  agat ;  ut  saltern,  dum  nostras  temptat  habenas,    39a 
orbatura  patres  aliquando  fulmina  ponat. 
turn  sciet,  ignipedum  vires  expertus  equorum, 
non  meruisse  necem,  qui  non  bene  rexerit  illos/ 

Talia  dicentem  cifcumstant  omnia  Solem 
numina,  neve  velit  tenebras  inducere  rebus,  39s 

supplice  voce  rogant ;  missos  quoque  Juppiter  ignes 
excusat,  precibusque  minas  regaliter  addit. 
colligit  amentes  et  adhuc  terrore  paventcs 
Phoebus  equos,  stimuloque  domans  ct  verberc  caedit  : 
saevit  enim,  natumque  objectat  et  imputat  illis.  400 


II.  77^0  Tlic  House  of  Eitvy,  29 

IV.    The  House  of  Envy. 
[Book  II.  —  760-796.] 

[Callisto,  beloved  by  Jupiter,  is  transformed  by  Juno's  jealousy 
into  a  bear,  and  set  as  a  constellation  in  the  heavens  (401-530). 
Coronis  is  transformed  into  a  raven ;  Nyctimene  into  a  night-owl, 
and  the  prophetic  Ocyroe  into  a  mare  (531-675).  Apollo  serving 
Admetus  as  herdsman,  his  cattle  are  stolen  by  Mercury,  who  changes 
Battus  to  a  stone,  finding  him  ready  to  betray  his  secret  (676-707). 
Aglauros,  daughter  of  Cecrops,  incurs  the  anger  of  Minerva  by  her 
curiosity.  Herse,  sister  of  Aglauros,  is  beloved  by  Mercury,  who 
asks  aid  of  Aglauros.  Minerva,  desiring  to  punish  Aglauros,  re- 
solves to  employ  the  aid  of  Envy  (708-759).] 

The  house  of  Envy  is  described. 

Protinus  Invidiae  nigro  squalentia  tabo  760 

tecta  petit.     Domus  est  imis  in  vallibus  hujus 
abdita,  sole  carens,  non  ulli  pervia  vento, 
tristis  et  ignavi  plenissima  frigoris^  et  quae 
igne  vacet  semper,  caligine  semper  abundet. 

Hue  ubi  pervenit  belli  metuenda  virago,  765 

constitit  ante  domum,  neque  enim  succedere  tectis 
fas  habet,  et  postes  extrema  cuspide  pulsat. 
concussae  patuere  fores.     Videt  intus  edentem 
vipereas  carnes,  vitiorum  alimenta  suorum, 
Invidiam,  visaque  oculos  avertit.     At  ilia  770 

surgit  humo  pigre  semesarumque  relinquit 
corpora  serpentum,  passuque  incedit  inerti ; 
utque  deam  vidit  formaqiie  armisque  decoram, 
ingemuit,  vultumque  ima  ad  suspiria  duxit. 
pallor  in  ore  sedet,  macies  in  corpore  toto,  775 

nusquam  recta  acies,  livent  rubigine  dentes, 
pectora  felle  virent,  lingua  est  suffusa  veneno. 
risus  abest,  nisi  quern  visi  movere  dolores, 


30  IV.     The  House  of  Envy.  [Metam. 

nee  fruitur  somno,  vigilacibus  excita  curis, 
sed  vidct  ingratos,  intabescitque  videndo,  780 

successus  hominum,  carpitque  et  carpitur  una, 
suppliciumque  suum  est.     Quamvis  tamen  oderat,  illam 
talibus  affata  est  breviter  Tritonia  dictis : 

*  Infice  tabe  tua  natarum  Cecropis  unam. 
sic  opus  est.     Aglauros  ea  est.'     Hand  plura  locuta    785 
fugit  et  inpressa  tellurem  reppulit  hasta. 

Ilia  deam  obliquo  fugientem  lumine  cernens 
murmura  parva  dedit,  successurumque  Minervae 
indoluit.     Baculumque  capit,  quod  spinea  totum 
vincula  cingebant ;  adopertaque  nubibus  atris  790 

quacumque  ingreditur,  florentia  proterit  arva, 
exuritque  herbas  et  summa  cacumina  carpit, 
afflatuque  suo  populos  urbesque  domosque 
polluit,  et  tandem  Tritonida  conspicit  arcem 
ingeniis  opibusque  et  festa  pace  virentem,  795 

vixque  tenet  lacrimas,  quia  nil  lacrimabile  cernit. 


II.  854-]  The  Rape  of  Europa.  3 1 

V.    The  Rape  of  Europa. 
[Book  IL  — 833-875.] 

[Aglauros  is  harassed  by  envy  of  her  sister  Herse,  and  is 
changed  into  a  stone  (797-832).] 

Europa,  daughter  of  Agenor,  king  of  Phoenicia,  being  beloved 
by  Jupiter,  he  sends  Mercury  to  drive  Agenor^s  cattle  to  the  shore, 
meanwhile  transforming  himself  to  a  snow-white  bull ;  whom 
Europa  mounts,  and  so  is  borne  away  upon  the  sea,  to  the  island 
of  Crete. 

Has  ubi  verborum  poenas  mentisque  profanae 
cepit  Atlantiades,  dictas  a  Pallacle  terras 
linquit,  et  ingreclitur  jactatis  aethera  pennis.  835 

sevocat  hunc  genitor ;  nee  causam  f assus  amoris, 
*  Fide  minister'  ait  *jussorum,  nate,  meorum, 
pelle  moram,  solitoque  celcr  clelabere  cursu : 
quaeque  tuam  matrem  tellus  a  parte  sinistra 
suspicit,  indigenae  Sidonida  nomine  dicunt,  840 

banc  pete ;  quodque  procul  montano  gramine  pasci 
armentum  regale  vides,  ad  litora  verte.' 

Dixit ;  et  expulsi  jaradudum  monte  juvenci 
litora  jussa  petunt,  ubi  magni  filia  regis 
ludere  virginibus  Tyriis  comitata  solebat.  845 

non  bene  conveniunt,  nee  in  una  sede  morantur 
majestas  et  amor.     Sceptri  gravitate  relicta, 
ille  pater  rectorque  deum,  cui  dextra  trisulcis 
ignibus  armata  est,  qui  nutu  concutit  orbem, 
induitur  faciem  tauri ;  mixtusque  juvencis  850 

mugit,  et  in  teneris  formosus  obambulat  herbis. 
quippe  color  nivis  est,  quam  nee  vestigia  duri 
calcavere  pedis,  nee  solvit  aquaticus  auster ; 
coUa  toris  extant ;  armis  palearia  pendent ; 


32  V.     The  Rape  of  Europa.  [Metam. 

cornua  parva  quidem,  sed  quae  contendere  possis         855 

facta  manu,  puraquc  magis  pciiucida  gemma. 

Bullae  in  fronte  minae,  nee  formidabile  lumen : 

pacem  vultus  habet.     Miratur  Agenore  nata, 

quod  tarn  formosus,  quod  proelia  nulla  minetur. 

sed  quamvis  mitem,  metuit  contingere  primo  :  860 

mox  adit,  et  flores  ad  Candida  porrigit  ora. 

Nunc  latus  in  fulvis  niveum  deponit  arenis  :  865 

paulatimque  metu  dempto,  modo  pectora  praebet 
virginea  palpanda  manu,  modo  cornua  sertis 
impedienda  novis.     Ausa  est  quoque  regia  virgo, 
nescia  quern  premeret,  tergo  considere  tauri : 
cum  deus  a  terra  siccoque  a  litore  sensim  870 

falsa  pedum  primis  vestigia  ponit  in  undis, 
inde  abit  ulterius,  mediique  per  aequora  ponti 
fert  praedam.     Pavet  haec,  litusque  ablata  relictum 
respicit,  et  dextra  cornum  tenet,  altera  dorso 
imposita  est :  tremulae  sinuantur  flamine  vestes.  875 


III.  19.]  The  Search  of  Cadmus,  33 

VI.   The  Search  of  Cadmus. 
[Book  III.  — 1-137-] 

Cadmus,  brother  of  Europa,  being  sent  by  his  father  in  search 
of  her,  by  guidance  of  an  oracle  follows  a  heifer ;  and  when  she 
lies  down  to  rest,  prepares  for  sacrifice  (1-25).  But  meanwhile 
his  companions,  sent  to  a  fountain  of  Mars  for  water,  are  devoured 
by  a  dragon  (26-49).  Seeking  them,  Cadmus  encounters  and 
slays  the  dragon  (50-94).  At  the  command  of  Pallas,  he  sows  his 
teeth,  which  spring  up  armed  men.  These  are  all,  excepting  five, 
slain  in  mutual  strife;  and,  by  help  of  the  survivors,  Cadmus 
founds  the  city  Thebes,  in  Boeotia,  which  being  interpreted  is  the 
land  of  kim  (95-130). 

Jamque  deus,  posita  fallacis  imagine  tauri, 
se  confessus  erat,  Dictaeaque  rura  tenebat : 
cum  pater  ignarus  Cadmo  perquirere  raptam 
imperat,  et  poenam,  si  non  invenerit,  addit 
exsilium :  facto  pius  et  sceleratus  eodem.  5 

Orbe  pererrato  —  quis  enim  deprendere  possit 
furta  Jovis  }  — profugus  patriamque  iramque  parentis 
vitat  Agenorides,  Phoebique  oracula  supplex 
consulit,  et  quae  sit  tellus  habitanda  requirit. 
*  Bos  tibi '  Phoebus  ait  *  solis  occurret  in  arvis,  10 

nullum  passa  jugum,  curvique  immunis  aratri. 
hac  duce,  carpe  vias ;  et  qua  requieverit  herba, 
moenia  fac  condas,  Boeotiaque  ilia  vocato.' 

Vix  bene  Castalio  Cadmus  descenderat  antro, 
incustoditam  lente  videt  ire  juvencam  15 

nullum  servitii  signum  cervice  gerentem. 
subsequitur,  pressoque  legit  vestigia  gressu, 
auctoremque  viae  Phoebum  taciturnus  adorat 
jam  vada  Cephisi,  Panopesque  evaserat  arva : 


34  VL     The  Search  of  Cadmus.  [Metam. 

bos  stetit,  et  tollcns  speciosam  cornibus  altis  20 

ad  caelum  front  em,  mugitibus  impulit  auras, 
atque  ita  respiciens  comites  sua  terga  sequentes, 
procubuit,  teneraque  latus  summisit  in  herba. 

Cadmus  agit  grates,  peregrinaeque  oscula  terrae 
figit,  et  ignotos  montes  agrosque  salutat.  25 

sacra  Jovi  facturus  erat :  jubet  ire  ministros, 
et  petere  e  vivis  libandas  fontibus  undas. 
silva  vetus  stabat  nulla  violata  securi, 
et  specus  in  medio,  virgis  ac  vimine  densus, 
efficiens  humilem  lapidum  compagibus  arcum,  30 

uberibus  fecundus  aqtiis,  ubi  conditus  antro 
Martins  anguis  erat,  cristis  praesignis  et  auro  : 
igne  micant  oculi,  corpus  tumet  omne  veneno, 
tresqile  vibrant  linguae,  triplici  stant  ordine  dentes. 

Quern  postquam  Tyria  lucum  de  gente  profecti         35 
infausto  tetigere  gradu,  ddmissaque  in  undas 
urna  dedit  sonitum,  longo  caput  extulit  antro 
ca,eruleus  serpens,  horrendaque  sibila  misit. 
effluxere  urnae  manibus,  sanguisque  relinquit 
corpus,  et  attonitos  subitus  tremor  occupat  artus.  40 

ille  volubilibus  squamosos  nexibus  orbes 
torquet,  et  immensos  saltu  sinuatiir  in  arcus : 
ac  media  plus  parte  leves  erectus  in  auras 
despicit  omne  nemuS,  tantoque  est  corpore,  quanto 
si  totum  spectes,  geminas  qui  separat  Arctos.  45 

nee  mora,  Phoenicas,  sive  illi  tela  parabant, 
sive  fugam,  sive  ipse  timor  prohibebat  utrumque, 
occupat :  hos  morsu,  longis  amplexibus  illos, 
hos  necat  afflati  funesta  tabe  veneni, 

Fecerat  exiguas  jam  sol  altissimus  umbras  :  50 

quae  mora  sit  sociis,  miratur  Agenore  natus, 
vestigatque  viros  :  tegumen  direpta  leonis 


III.  85.]  Fight  with  the  Dragon,  35 

pellis  erat,  telum  splendent!  lancea  ferro 

et  jaculum,  teloque  animus  praestantior  omni. 

ut  nemus  intravit,  letataque  corpora  viclit,  55 

victoremqne  supra  spatiosi  corporis  hostem 

tristia  sanguinea  lambentem  vulnera  lingua, 

'  Aut  ultor  vestrae,  ficlissima  corpora,  mortis, 

aut  comes '  inquit  '  ero. '  Dixit,  dextraque  molarem 

sustulit,  et  magnum  magno  conamine  misit.  60 

illius  impulsu  cum  turribus  ardua  celsis 

moenia  mota  forent :  serpens  sine  vulnere  mansit, 

loricaeque  modo  squamis  defensus,  et  atrae 

duritia  pellis,  validos  cute  reppulit  ictus. 

At  non  duritia  jaculum  quoque  vicit  eadem,  65 

quod  medio  lentae  spinae  curvamine  fixum 
constitit,  et  totum  descendit  in  ilia  ferrum. 
ille,  dolore  ferox,  caput  in  sua  terga  retorsit, 
vulneraque  aspexit,  fixumque  hastile  momordit, 
idque  ubi  vi  multa  partem  labefecit  in  omnem,  70 

vix  tergo  eripuit ;  ferrum  tamen  ossibus  haesit. 
turn  vero  postquam  solitas  accessit  ad  iras 
causa  recens,  plenis  tumuerunt  guttura  venis, 
spumaque  pestiferos  circumfluit  albida  rictus, 
terraque  rasa  sonat  squamis,  quique  halitus  exit  75 

ore  niger  Stygio,  vitiatas  inficit  auras, 
ipse  modo  immensum  spiris  facientibus  orbem 
cingitur,  interdum  longa  trabe  rectior  exstat ; 
impete  nunc  vasto  ceu  concitus  imbribus  amnis 
fertur,  et  obstantes  proturbat  pectore  silvas.  80 

Cedit  Agenorides  paulum,  spolioque  leonis 
sustinet  incursus,  instantiaque  ora  retardat 
cuspide  praetenta  :  furit  ille,  et  inania  duro 
vulnera  dat  ferro,  figitque  in  acumine  dentes  ; 
jamque  venenifero  sanguis  manare  palato  85 


36  VI.     The  Search  of  Cadmus.  [Metam. 

coeperat,  et  virides  aspergine  tinxerat  herbas  : 
sed  leve  vulnus  erat,  quia  se  retrahebat  ab  ictii, 
laesaque  colla  dabat  retro,  plagamque  sedere 
cedendo  arcebat,  nee  longiiis  ire  sinebat : 
donee  Agenorides  conjectum  in  gutture  ferrum  90 

usque  sequens  pressit,  dum  retro  quercus  eunti 
obstitit,  et  fixa  est  pariter  cum  robore  cervix, 
pondere  serpentis  curVata  est  arbor,  et  imae 
parte  flagellari  gemuit  sua  robora  caudae. 
^  Dum  spatium  victor  victi  cohsiderat  hostis,  95 

Vox  subito  audita  est ;  neque  erat  cognoscere  promptum 
unde,  sed  audita  est :  '  Quid,  Agenore  nate,  peremptum 
serpentem  spectas  .'*  et  tu  spectabere  serpens.' 
iile  diu  pavidus  pariter  cum  mente  colorem 
perdiderat,  gelid oque  comae  terrore  rigebant  100 

ecce  viri  fautrix,  superas  delapsa  per  auras 
Pallas  adest,  motaeque  jubet  subponere  terrae 
vipereos  dentes,  populi  incrementa  futuri. 
paret,  et  ut  presso  sulcum  patefecit  aratro, 
spargit  humi  jussos,  mortalia  semina,  dentes.  105 

inde  —  fide  majus  —  glebae  coepere  moved, 
primaque  de  sulcis  acies  apparuit  hastae  ; 
tegmina  mox  capitum  picto  nutantia  cono  ; 
m ox  humeri  pectusque  onerataque  bracchia  telis 
exsistunt,  crescitque  seges  clipeata  virorum.  no 

sic  ubi  tolluntur  festis  aulaea  theatris, 
surgere  signa  solent,  primumque  ostendere  vultus, 
cetera  paulatim  ;  placidoque  educta  tenore 
tota  patent,  imoque  pedes  in  margine  ponunt. 

Territus  hoste  novo  Cadmus  capere  arma  parabat :  115 
*  Ne  cape '  de  populo  quern  terra  creaverat  unus 
^xclamat,  '  nee  te  civilibus  insere  bellis.' 
atque  ita  terrigenis  rigido  de  fratribus  unum 


III.  137.]  Fotmding  of  the  City   Thebes.  37 

cominus  ense  ferit :  jaculo  cadit  eminus  ipse. 

liunc  quoque  qui  leto  dederat,  non  longius  illo  120 

vivit,  et  exvSpirat  modo  qiias  acceperat,  auras. 

exemploque  pari  furit  omnis  turba,  suoque 

marte  cadunt  subiti  per  mutua  vulnera  fratres. 

jam  que  brevis  vitae  spatium  sortita  juventus 

sanguineo  tepidam  plangebat  pectore  matrem,  125 

quinque  superstitibus,  quorum  fuit  unus  Echion. 

is  sua  jecit  humo  monitu  Tritonidis  arma, 

fraternaeque  iidem  pacis  petiitque  deditque. 

hos  operis  comites  hal3uit  Sidonius  hospes, 

cum  posuit  jussam  Phoebei's  sortibus  urbem.  130 

Jam  stabant  Thebae :  poteras  jam,  Cadme,  videri 
exsilio  felix.     Soceri  tibi  Marsque  Venusque 
contigerant ;  hue  adde  genus  de  conjuge  tanta, 
tot  natos  natasque,  et  pignora  cara,  nepotes : 
hos  quoque  jam  juvenes.     Sed  sciHcet  ultima  semper  135 
exspectanda  dies  homini,  dicique  beatus 
ante  obitum  nemo  supremaque  funera  debet. 


38  vii.    Actceon..  [Metam. 

VII.     AcTiEON. 

[Book  III.  — 138-252.] 

AcT/EON,  grandson  of  Cadmus,  having  beheld  Diana  as  she  was 
bathing  with  her  nymphs,  is  changed  by  her  into  a  stag,  and  torn  in 
IDieces  by  his  own  hounds. 

Prima  nepos  inter  tot  res  tibi,  Cadme,  secundas 
causa  fuit  luctus,  alienaque  cornua  fronti 
addita,  vosque  canes  satiatae  sanguine  erili.  140 

at  bene  si  quaeras,  fortunae  crimen  in  illo, 
non  scelus  invenies.     Quod  enim  scelus  error  habebat .? 
rrions  erat  infectus  variarum  caede  ferarum, 
iamque  dies  medius  rerum  contraxerat  umbras 
et  sol  ex  aequo  meta  distabat  utraque  :  145 

cum  juvenis  placido  per  devia  lustra  vagantes 
participes  operum  compellat  Hyantius  ore  : 

*  Lina  madent,  comites,  f errumque  cruore  ferarum, 
fortunamque  dies  habuit  satis.     Altera  lucem 
cum  croceis  invecta  rotis  Aurora  reducet,  150 

propositum  repetemus  opus*     Nunc  Phoebus  utraque 
distat  idem  creta,  finditque  vaporibus  arva. 
sistite  opus  praesens,  nodosaque  tollite  lina.* 

Jussa  viri  faciunt  intermittuntque  laborem. 
vallis  erat  piceis  et  acuta  densa  cupressu,  155 

nomine  Gargaphie,  succinctae  sacra  Dianae, 
cujus  in  extremo  est  antrum  nemorale  recessu, 
arte  laboratum  nulla  :  simulaverat  artem 
ingenio  natura  sue  ;  nam  pumice  vivo 
et  levibus  tofis  nativum  duxerat  arcum.  160 

fons  sonat  a  dextra  tenui  perlucidus  unda, 
margine  gramineo  patulos  incinctus  hiatus. 


in.  195.]  Diana  and  her  Ny^nphs.  39 

hie  dea  silvarum  venatu  fessa  solebat 

virgin eos  artus  liquido  perfundere  rore. 

quo  postquam  siibiit,  nymphariim  tradidit  uni  165 

armigerae  jaciilum  pharetramque  arcusque  retentos  ; 

altera  depositae  subjecit  bracchia  pallae  ; 

vincla  duae  pedibus  demimt.     Nam  doctior  illis 

Ismenis  Crocale  sparsos  per  colla  capillos 

colligit  in  nodum,  quamvis  erat  ipsa  solutis.  170 

excipiunt  laticem  Nepheleque  Hyleque  Rhanisque 

et  Psecas  et  Phiale,  funduntque  capacibus  urnis. 

Diimque  ibi  perluitur  solita  Titania  lympha, 
ecce  nepos  Cadmi  dilata  parte  laborum 
per  nemus  ignotum  non  certis  passibus  errans  175 

pervenit  in  lucum  :  sic  ilium  fata  ferebant. 
qui  simul  intravit  rorantia  fontibus  antra, 
sicut  erant,  viso  nudae  sua  pectora  nymphae 
percussere  viro,  subitisque  ululatibus  omne 
implevere  nemus,  circumfusaeque  Dianam  180 

corporibus  texere  suis.     Tamen  altior  illis 
ipsa  dea  est,  colloque  tenus  supereminet  omnes. 

Qui  color  infectis  adversi  solis  ab  ictu 
nubibus  esse  solet  aut  purpureae  aurorae, 
is  fuit  in  vultu  visae  sine  veste  Dianae.  185 

quae  quamquam  comitum  turba  est  stipata  suarum, 
in  latus  obliquum  tamen  astitit,  oraque  retro 
flexit :  et  ut  vellet  promptas  habuisse  sagittas, 
quas  habuit  sic  hausit  aquas,  vultumque  virilem 
perfudit,  spargensque  comas  ultricibus  undis  190 

addidit'haec  cladis  praenuntia  verba  futurae : 
*  Nunc  tibi  me  posito  visam  velamine  narres, 
si  poteris  narrare,  licet.'     Nee  plura  minata 
dat  sparso  capiti  vivacis  cornua  cervi, 
dat  spatium  collo,  summasque  cacuminat  aures,  19s 


40  VII.    Actceon,  [Metam. 

cum  pedibusque  manus,  cum  longis  bracchia  mutat 
cruribus,  et  velat  maculoso  vellere  corpus  ; 
a.dditus  et  pavor  est.     Fugit  Autonoei'us  heros 
et  se  tarn  celerera  cursu  miratur  in  ipso, 
ut  vero  vultus  et  cornua  vidit  in  unda,  200 

'  Me  miserum  ! '  dicturus  erat,  vox  nulla  secuta  est : 
ingemuit,  vox  illii  f uit ;  lacrimaeque  per  ora 
non  sua  fluxerunt.     Mens  tantum  pristina  mansit. 
Quid  faciat  1  repetatne  domum  et  regalia  tecta  ? 
an  lateat  silvis  }  pudor  hoc,  timor  impedit  illud.  205 

dum  dubitat,  videre  canes;  primumque  Melampus 
Ichnobatesque  sagax  latratu  signa  dedere, 
Gnosius  Ichnobates,  Spartana  gente  Melampus. 
inde  ruunt  alii  rapida  velocius  aura, 
Pamphagus  et  Dorceus  et  Oribasus,  Arcades  omnes,   210 
Nebrophonusque  valens  et  trux  cum  Laelape  Theron, 
et  pedibus  Pterelas,  et  naribus  utilis  Agre, 
Hylaeusque  ferox  nuper  percussus  ab  apro, 
deque  lupo  concepta  Nape,  pecudesque  secuta 
Poemenis,  et  natis  comitata  Harpyia  duobus,  215 

et  substricta  gerens  Sicyonius  ilia  Ladon 
et  Dromas  et  Canace  Sticteque  et  Tigris  et  Alee, 
et  niveis  Leucon,  et  villis  Asbolus  atris, 
praevalidusque  Lacon  et  cursu  fortis  Aello 
et  Thous  et  Cyprio  velox  cum  fratre  Lycisce,  220 

et  nigram  medio  frontem  distinctus  ab  albo 
Harpalos  et  Melaneus  hirsutaque  corpore  Lachne, 
et  patre  Dictaeo,  sed  matre  Laconide  nati 
Labros  et  Agriodus,  et  acutae  vocis  Hylactor, 
quosque  referre  mora  est.    Ea  turba  cupidine  praedae  225 
per  rupes  scopulosque  adituque  carentia  saxa 
quaque  est  difficilis,  quaque  est  via  nulla,  sequuntur. 
ille  fugit  per  quae  fuerat  loca  saepe  secutus. 


III.  252.]  Death  of  ActCBon.  41 

«■ 
heu  famulos  fugit  ipse  suos  !  clamare  libebat 
*  Actaeon  ego  sum,  dominum  cognoscite  vestrum  !  *      230 
verba  animo  desunt.     Resonat  latratibus  aether, 
prima  Melanchaetes  in  tergo  vulnera  fecit, 
proxima  Theridamas  ;  Oresitrophus  haesit  in  armo. 
tardius  exierant,  sed  per  compendia  mentis 
anticipata  via  est.     Dominum  retinentibus  illis,  235 

cetera  turba  coit  confertque  in  corpore  dentes. 
iam  loca  vulneribus  desunt.     Gemit  ille,  sonumque, 
etsi  non  hominis,  quern  non  tamen  edere  possit 
cervus,  habet,  maestisque  replet  iuga  nota  querellis. 
[et  genibus  pronis  supplex  similisque  roganti  240 

circumfert  tacitos  tamquam  sua  bracchia  vultus.] 
at  comites  rapidum  solitis  hortatibus  agmen 
ignari  instigant,  oculisque  Actaeona  quaerunt, 
et  velut  absentem  certatim  Actaeona  clamant  — 
ad  nomen  caput  ille  ref ert  —  et  abesse  queruntur,        245 
nee  capere  oblatae  segnem  spectacula  praedae. 
vellet  abesse  quidem,  sed  adest :  velletque  videre, 
non  etiam  sentire  canum  fera  facta  suorum. 
undique  circumstant,  mersisque  in  corpore  rostris 
dilacerant  falsi  dominum  sub  imagine  cervi.  250 

nee  nisi  finita  per  plurinia  vulnera  vita 
ira  pharetratae  fertur  satiata  Dianae. 


42  viii.    Pyramtis  and  Thisbe,  [Metam. 

VIII.    Pyramus  and  Thisbe. 

[Book  IV.™  55-166.] 

[Semele,  a  descendant  of  Cadmus,  became  the  Mother  of  Bacchus, 
but  was  destroyed  by  the  presence  of  Juj)iter,  whom  she  desired  to 
see  clothed  with  flames  and  thunder  (III.  253-315).  Tiresias,  tlie 
Theban  seer,  is  made  blind,  but  endowed  with  prophecy  (316-338). 
The  nymph  Echo,  pining  with  love  of  Narcissus,  becomes  a  rock, 
her  voice  alone  surviving  (339-401 ) ;  while  Narcissus,  gazing  on  his 
image  in  a  fountain,  perishes,  and  by  the  water-nymphs  is  converted 
to  a  flower  (402-510).  Pentheus,  having  deriied  the  god  Bacchus, 
and  forbidden  his  solemnities,  and  caused  him  to  be  seized,  is  torn 
in  pieces  by  Bacchanals,  his  mother  and  sisters  aiding:  Bacchus 
meanwhile  (in  the  form  of  Acaetes)  relates  the  miracle  wrought  by 
himself  upon  a  Tyrrhenian  crew,  whose  ship's  tackle  he  had  con- 
verted to  serpents,  and  themselves  to  dolphins  (511-733).  Three 
Theban  sisters  {Minyeides)  likewise  refrain  from  the  rites  of 
Bacchus :   of  whoni  one  relates  the  tale  of  Pyramus  and  Thisbe 

(IV.  I-S4).] 

These  young  lovers,  dwelling  in  Babylon,  had  appointed  a 
meeting  at  the  tomb  of  king  Ninus  (55-92).  Thisbe,  coming 
first,  is  terrified  by  a  lion  and  so  escapes.  Pyramus,  soon  arriving, 
finds  tracks  of  the  beast  and  the  torn  mantle  of  Thisbe ;  and  con- 
ceiving that  she  is  slain,  stabs  himself  with  his  sword,  his  blood 
reddening  the  fruit  of  the  mulberry,  at  w^hose  foot  he  lies  (93-^27). 
Thisbe,  soon  returning,  finds  him  dying,  and  slays  herself  with  the 
sword  yet  warm  (128-166). 

Pyramus  et  Thisbe,  juvenum  pulcherrimus  alter,       55 
altera,  quas  Oriens  habuit,  praelata  puellis, 
contiguas  tenuere  domos,  ubi  dicitur  altam 
coctilibus  muris  cinxisse  Semiramis  urbem. 
notitiam  primosque  gradiis  vicinia  fecit : 
tempore  crevit  amor;  taedae  qiioque  jure  coi'ssent,        60 
sed  vetuere  patres.     Quod  non  potuere  vetare, 


IV.  94-]         Meeting  assigned  at  Ninus    Tomb.  43 

ex  aequo  captis  ardebant  mentibus  ambo  : 
conscius  omnis  abest ;  nutu  signisque  loquuntur. 

Quoque  magis  tegitur,  tectus  magis  aestuat  ignis, 
fissus  erat  tenui  rima,  quam  duxerat  olim  65 

cum  fieret,  paries  domui  communis  utrique. 
id  vitium  nuUi  per  saecula  longa  notatum  — 
quid  non  sentit  amor  ?  —  primi  vidistis,  amantes, 
et  vocis  fecistis  iter  ;  tutaeque  per  illud 
murmure  blanditiae  minimo  transire  solebant.  70 

saepe,  ubi  constiterant,  hinc  Thisbe,  Pyramus  illinc, 
inque  vices  fuerat  captatus  anhelitus  oris, 
*  Invide '  dicebant  *  paries,  quid  amantibus  obstas  ? 
quantum  erat,  ut  sineres  toto  nos  corpore  jungi, 
aut  hoc  si  nimium,  vel  ad  oscula  danda  pateres  !  ^s 

nee  sumus  ingrati ;  tibi  nos  debere  fatemur, 
quod  datus  est  verbis  ad  arnicas  transitus  aures.' 
talia  dxversa  nequiquam  sede  locuti, 
sub  noctem  dixere  vale,  partique  dedere 
oscula  quisque  suae  non  pervenientia  contra.  80 

Postera  nocturnes  aurora  removerat  ignes, 
solque  pruinosas  radiis  siccaverat  herbas  : 
ad  solitum  coi'ere  locum.     Tum  murmure  parvo 
multa  prius  questi,  statuunt  ut  nocte  silenti 
fallere  custodes  foribusque  excedere  temptent,  85 

cumque  domo  exierint,  urbis  quoque  tecta  relinquant ; 
neve  sit  errandum  lato  spatiantibus  arvo, 
conveniant  ad  busta  Nini,  lateantque  sub  umbra 
arboris  :  arbor  ibi  niveis  uberrima  pomis 
ardua  morus  erat,  gelido  contermina  fonti.  90 

Pacta  placent ;  et  lux,  tarde  discedere  visa, 
praecipitatur  aquis,  et  aquis  nox  surgit  ab  isdem. 
callida  per  tenebras  versato  cardine  Thisbe 
egreditur  fallitque  sues,  adopertaque  vultum 


44  VIII.    Pyramus  and  Thisbe.  [Metam. 

pervenit  ad  tutiiulum,  dictaque  sub  arbore  sedit.  95 

audacem  faciebat  amor.     Venit  ecce  recenti 

caede  leaena  bourn  spumantes  oblita  rictus, 

depositura  sitim  vicini  fontis  in  unda. 

quam  procul  ad  lunae  radios  Babylonia  Thisbe 

vidit,  et  obscurum  trepido  pede  fugit  in  antrum,  100 

dumque  fugit,  tergo  velamina  lapsa  reliquit. 

ut  lea  saeva  sitim  multa  compescuit  unda, 

dum  redit  in  silvas,  inventos  forte  sine  ipsa 

ore  crucntato  tenues  laniavit  amictus. 

Serius  egressus,  vestigia  vidit  in  alto  105 

pulvere  certa  ferae,  totoque  expalluit  ore 
Pyramus.     Ut  vero  vestem  quoque  sanguine  tinctam 
repperit,  '  Una  duos  '  inquit  '  nox  perdet  amantes  : 
e  quibus  ilia  fuit  longa  dignissima  vita, 
nostra  nocens  anima  est :  ego  te,  miseranda,  peremi,    no 
in  loca  plena  metus  qui  jussi  nocte  venires, 
nee  prior  hue  veni.     Nostruixi  divellite  corpus, 
et  scelerata  fero  consunlite  viscera  morsu, 
C)  quicumque  sub  hac  habitatis  rupe,  leones. 
sed  timidi  ^st  optare  necem/  — ^  Velamina  Thisbes       115 
tollit,  et  ad  pactae  secum  fert  arboris  umbram. 
utque  dedit  notae  lacrimas,  dedit  oscula  vesti, 
'  Accipe  nunc '  inquit  *  nostri  quoque  sanguinis  haustus ! ' 
quoque  erat  acclnctus,  demisit  in  ilia  ferrum  ; 
nee  mora,  ferventi  moriens  e  vulnere  traxit.  120 

Ut  jacuit  resupinus  humo,  cruor  emicat  alte  : 
non  aliter,  quam  cum  vitiato  fistula  plumbo 
scinditur,  et  tenui  stridente  foramine  longas 
ejaculatur  aquas,  atque  ictibus  aera  rumpit. 
arborei  fetus  aspergine  caedis  in  atram  125 

vertuntur  faciem,  madefactaque  sanguine  radix 
puniceo  tinguit  pendentia  mora  colore. 


IV.  i6o.]  Death  of  both  the  Lovers.  45 

Ecce  metu  nondum  posito,  ne  fallat  amantem, 
ilia  redit,  juvenemque  oculis  animoque  requirit, 
quantaque  vitarit  narrare  pericula  gestit.  130 

utque  locum,  et  visa  cognoscit  in  arbore  formam, 
sic  facit  incertam  pomi  color :  haeret,  an  haec  sit. 
dum  dubitat,  tremebunda  videt  pulsare  cruentum 
membra  solum,  retroque  pedem  tulit,  oraque  buxo 
pallidiora  gerens,  exhorruit  aequoris  instar,  135 

quod  tremit,  exigua  cum  summum  stringitur  aura. 

Sed  postquam  remorata  suos  cognomt  amores, 
percutit  indignos  claro  plangore  lacertos, 
et  laniata  comas,  amplexaque  corpus  amatum, 
vulnera  supplevit  lacrimis,  fletumque  cruori  140 

miscuit,  et  gelidis  in  vultibus  oscula  figens, 
*  Pyrame  ! '  clamavit  *  quis  te  mihi  casus  ademit  ? 
Pyrame,  responde  :  tua  te  carissima  Thisbe 
nominat :  exaudi,  vultusque  attolle  jacentes  ! ' 

Ad  nomen  Thisbes  oculos  jam  morte  gravatos  145 

Pyramus  erexit,  visaque  recondidit  ilia ; 
quae  postquam  vestemque  suam  cognovit,  et  ense 
vidit  ebur  vacuum,  ^  Tua  te  manus '  inquit  *  amorque 
perdidit,  infelix.     Est  et  mihi  fortis  in  unum 
hoc  manus,  est  et  amor ;  dabit  hie  in  vulnera  vires.      150 
persequar  exstinctum,  letique  miserrima  dicar 
causa  comesque  tui ;  quique  a  me  morte  revelli 
heu  sola  poteras,  poteris  nee  morte  revelli. 
hoc  tamen  amborum  verbis  estote  rogati, 
O  multum  miseri,  meus  illiusque  parentes,  155 

ut  quos  certus  amor,  quos  hora  novissima  junxit, 
componi  tumulo  non  invideatis  eodem. 
at  tu,  quae  ramis  arbor  miserabile  corpus 
nunc  tegis  unius,  mox  es  tectura  duorum, 
signa  tene  caedis,  pullosque  et  luctibus  aptos  160 


46  yiii.    Pyramus  and  Thisbe,  [Metam. 

semper  habe  fetus,  gemini  monumenta  cruoris/ 

Dixit,  et  aptato  pectus  mucrone  sub  imum 
incubuit  ferro,  quod  adhuc  a  caede  tepebat. 
vota  tamen  tetigere  deos,  tetigere  parentes  : 
nam  color  in  porno  est,  ubi  permaturuit,  ater ;  165 

quodque  rogis  superest,  una  requiescit  in  urna. 


IV.  44^.]  Ino  a7id  Melicerta.  47 

IX.    Ino  and  Melicerta. 

[Book  IV.  — 432-542.] 

[A  SECOND  sister  tells  of  Leucothoe,  an  eastern  princess,  beloved 
by  the  sun-god,  who  is  by  him  changed  after  her  burial  into  the  herb 
frankincense ;  and  of  Clytie,  who,  pining  with  hopeless  love  of  tlie 
same  divinity,  becomes  a  sun-flower  (IV.  167-270).  The  third 
sister,  Leuconoe,  tells  the  fable  of  the  fountain-nymph  Salmacis, 
to  whose  waters  was  given  the  power  to  unman  whosoever  might 
bathe  in  them  (271-388).  But  the  three  sisters  who  had  despised 
the  rites  of  Bacchus,  are  themselves  converted  into  bats  (389-415).] 

Ino  also,  daughter  of  Cadmus  and  nurse  of  Bacchus,  affronts 
Juno,  who  descends  into  Tartarus  and  sends  a  Fury  against  her. 
Ino  and  her  husband  Athamas  are  maddened.  Athamas  slays 
their  eldest  son,  taking  him  for  a  wild  beast,  while  Ino  casts  her- 
self with  her  son  MeHcerta  into  the  sea.  There  she  becomes  the 
sea  divinity  Leucothea,  and  Melicerta  becomes  Palaemon. 

Est  via  declivis  funesta  nubila  taxo  ; 
ducit  ad  infernas  per  muta  silentia  sedes. 
Styx  nebulas  exhalat  iners,  iimbraeque  recentes 
descendunt  iliac  simulacraque  functa  sepulchris.  435 

pallor  hiemsque  tenent  late  loca  senta.     Novique 
qua  sit  iter,  manes,  Stygiam  qua  ducat  ad  urbem, 
ignorant,  ubi  sit  nigri  fera  regia  Ditis. 
mille  capax  aditus  et  apertas  undique  portas 
urbs  habet.     Utque  fretum  de  tota  flumina  terra,         440 
sic  omnes  animas  locus  accipit  ille,  nee  ulli 
exiguus  populo  est,  turbamve  accedere  sentit. 
errant  exsangues  sine  corpore  et  ossibus  umbrae, 
parsque  forum  celebrant,  pars  imi  tecta  tyranni, 
pars  aliquas  artes,  antiquae  imitamina  vitae.  445 

Sustinet  ire  illuc  caelesti  sede  relicta,  447 

tantum  odiis  iraeque  dabat,  Saturnia  Juno. 


4B  IX.    Ino  and  Melicerta.  [Metam. 

quo  simul  intravit,  sacroque  a  corpore  pressum 
ingemuit  limen,  tria  Cerberus  extulit  ora  450 

et  tres  latratus  simul  edidit.     Ilia  sorores 
nocte  vocat  genitas,  grave  et  inplacabile  numen  : 
carceris  ant^  fores  clausas  adamante  sedebant, 
cumque  suis  atros  pectebant  crinibus  angues. 
quam  simul  agnorunt  inter  caliginis  umbras,  455 

surrexere  deae  *  sedes  Scelerata  yocatur. 
yiscei"a  praebebat  Tityos  lanianda,  novemque 
jugeribus  distentus  erat.     Tibi,  Taritale,  nullae 
deprenduntur  aquae;  quaeque  imminet,  effugit  arbos. 
aut  petis,  aut  urgues  ruiturum,  Sisyphe,  saxum.  460 

volvitur  Ixion  et  se  sequiturque  fugitque. 
molirique  suis  letum  patruelibus  ausae 
assiduae  repetunt  quas  perdant,  Belides  undas. 

Quos  omnes  acie  postquam  Saturnia  torva 
vidit,  et  ante  omnes  Ixiona,  rursus  ab  illo  465 

Sisyphon  aspiciens  *  Cur  hie  e  fratribus  '  inquit 
*  perpetuas  patitur  poenas,  Athamanta  superbum 
regia  dives  habet,  qui  me  cum  conjuge  semper 
sprevit  ? '  et  exponit  causas  odiique  viaeque, 
quidque  velit.     Quod  vellet,  erat,  ne  regia  Cadmi        470 
staret,  et  in  f acinus  traherent  Athamanta  sorores. 
imperium,  promissa,  preces  confundit  in  unum, 
sollicitatque  deas.     Sic  haec  Junone  locuta, 
Tisiphone  canos,  ut  erat/turbata  capillos 
movit  et  obstantes  rejecit  ab  ore  colubras,  475 

atque  ita  'Non  longis  opus  est  ambagibus/  inquit 
'facta  puta,  quaecumque  jubes  :  inamabile  regnum 
desere,  teque  refer  caeli  melioris  ad  auras.' 
laeta  redit  Juno.     Quam  caelum  intrare  parantem 
roratis  lustravit  acjuis  Thaumantias  Iris.  480 

Nee  mora,  Tisiphone  madefactam  sanguine  sumit 


IV.  5I4-]  Tisiphone,  49 

importuna  facem,  fluidoque  cruore  rubentem 

induitur  pallam,  tortoque  incingitur  angue, 

egrediturque  domo.     Luctus  comitatur  eunteni 

et  Pavor  et  Terror  trepidoque  Insania  vultu.  485 

limine  constiterat.     Postes  tremuisse  feruntur 

Aeolii,  pallorque  fores  infecit  Avernus, 

solque  locum  fugit.     Monstris  exterrita  conjunx, 

territus  est  Athamas.     Tectoque  exire  parabant : 

obstitit  infelix  aditumque  obsedit  Erinys,  490 

nexaque  vipereis  distendens  bracchia  nodis 

caesariem  excussit.     Motae  sonuere  colubrae  : 

parsque  jacent  umeris,  pars  circum  pectora  lapsae 

sibila  dant  saniemque  vomunt  linguaque  coruscant. 

inde  duos  mediis  abrumpit  crinibus  angues,  495 

pestiferaque  manu  raptos  immisit.     At  illi 

Inoosque  sinus  Athamanteosque  pererrant, 

inspirantque  graves  animas.     Nee  vulnera  membris 

ulla  ferunt ;  mens  est,  quae  diros  sentiat  ictus. 

attulerat  secum  liquidi  quoque  monstra  veneni,  500 

oris  Cerberei  spumas  et  virus  Echidnae, 

erroresque  vagos  caecaeque  oblivia  mentis, 

et  scelus  et  lacrimas  rabiemque  et  caedis  amorem, 

omnia  trita  simul,  quae  sanguine  mixta  recenti 

coxerat  acre  cavo,  viridi  versata  cicuta.  505 

dumque  pavent  illi,  vergit  furiale  venenum      * 

pectus  in  amborum,  praecordiaque  intima  movit. 

tum  face  j aetata  per  eundem  saepius  orbem 

consequitur  motis  velociter  ignibus  ignes. 

sic  victrix  jussique  pot  ens  ad  inania  magni  510 

regna  redit  Ditis,  sumptumque  recingitur  anguem. 

Protinus  Aeolides  media  furibundus  in  aula 
clamat  ^  lo,  comites,  his  retia  tendite  silvis  ! 
hie  modo  cum  gemina  visa  est  mihi  prole  leaena/ 


50  IX.    Ino  and  Melicerta.  [Metam. 

utqiie  ferae  s^quitiir  vestigia  conjugis  aniens,  515 

deque  sinu  matris  ridentem  et  parva  Learchum 
bracchia  tendentem  rapit  et  bis  terque  per  auras 
more  rotat  fundae,  rigidoque  infantia  saxo 
discutit  ora  ferox.     Turn  denique  eoncita  mater, 
seu  dolor  hoc  fecit,  seu  sparsi  causa  veneni,  520 

exululat  passisque  fugit  male  sana  capillis, 
tequp  ferens  parvum  nudis,  Melicerta,  lacertis 
'Euhoe  Bacche'  sonat.     Bacclii  sub  nomine  Juno 
risit  et  *  Hos  usus  praestet  tibi '  dixit  'alumnus/ 

Imminet  aequoribus  scopulus,  pars  ima  cavatur        525 
fluctibus  et  tectas  defendit  ab  imbribus  undas, 
summa  riget  frontemque  in  apertum  porrigit  aequor. 
occupat  hunc  —  vires  insania  fecerat  —  Ino, 
seque  super  pontum  nullo  tardata  timore 
mittit  onusque  suum  ;  percussa  recanduit  unda.  530 

at  Venus  inmeritae  neptis  mi.'Serata  labores 
sic  patruo  blandita  suo  est :  '  O  numen  aquarum, 
proxima  cui  caelo  cessit,  Neptune,  potestas, 
magna  quidem  posco,  sed  tu  miserere  meorum, 
jactari  quos  cernis  in  lonio  immenso,  535 

et  dis  adde  tuis.     Aliqua  et  mihi  gratia  ponto  est, 
si  tamen  in  dio  quondam  concreta  prof  undo 
spuma  fui,  Graiumque  manet  mihi  nomen  ab  ilia.' 

Annuit  oranti  Neptuiius  et  abstulit  illis 
quod  mortale  fuit,  majestatemque  verendam  540 

imposuit,  nomenque  simul  faciemque  novavit : 
Leucotheeque  deum  cum  matre  Palaemona  dixit. 


IV.  630.]  Perseus  and  Andromeda.  51 

X.   Perseus  and  Andromeda. 

[Book  IV.  — 615-803.] 

[The  companions  of  Ino  are  changed  to  stones  and  birds  (416- 
562).  Cadmus  and  his  wife  Hermione,  in  great  age,  having  wit- 
nessed these  sorrows  of  their  house,  are  at  length  converted  into 
serpents,  consoled  only  by  the  glories  of  their  grandson  Bacchus 

(563-614).] 

Perseus,  returning  from  the  slaying  of  Medusa,  is  refused  hos- 
pitality by  the  Titan  Atlas,  whom  by  the  Gorgon^s  head  he  converts 
into  a  mountain  (615-662).  Flying  over  Ethiopia,  he  discovers  the 
princess  Andromeda,  daughter  of  Cepheus  and  Cassiopeia,  fastened 
to  a  cliff  to  be  devoured  by  a  sea-monster,  which  he  attacks  and 
slays,  and  so  wins  Andromeda  for  his  bride  (663-739).  The 
marvellous  effect  of  Medusa's  head,  which  changes  leaves  and 
twigs  to  coral;  and  the  tale  told  at  Perseus'  wedding  feast,  of 
Medusa,  daughter  of  Phorcus,  whose  golden  locks  were  by  the 
wrath  of  Minerva  changed  to  serpents. 

ViPEREi  referens  spolium  memorabile  monstri         615 
aera  carpebat  tenerum  stridentibus  alls  ; 
cumque  super  Libycas  victor  penderet  arenas, 
Gorgonei  capitis  guttae  cecidere  cruentae, 
quas  humus  exceptas  varies  animavit  in  angues  : 
unde  frequens  ilia  est  infestaque  terra  colubris.  620 

Inde  per  immensum  ventis  discordibus  actus 
nunc  hue,  nunc  illuc,  exemplo  nubis  aquosae 
fertur,  et  ex  alto  seductas  aethere  longe 
despectat  terras,  totumque  supervolat  orbem. 
ter  gelidas  Arctos,  ter  Cancri  bracchia  vidit :  625 

saepe  sub  occasus,  saepe  est  ablatus  in  ortus. 
jamque  cadente  die,  veritus  se  credere  nocti, 
constitit  Hesperio,  regnis  Atlantis,  in  orbe ; 
exiguamque  petit  requiem,  dum  Lucifer  ignes 
evocet  Aurorae,  currus  Aurora  diurnos.  ^30 


52  X.    Perseus  and  Andromeda.  [Metam* 

Hie  hominum  cunctos  ingenii  corpore  praestans 
lapetionides  Atlas  fuit.     Ultima  telliis 
regc  sub  hoc  et  po^itus  erat,  qui  Soiis  anbelis 
aequora  subclit  cquis,  et  fessos  excipit  axes, 
mille  greges  illi,  totidemque  armenta  per  herbas  635 

errabant ;  et  humum  vicinia  nulla  premebant. 
arboreae  frotides  auro  radiantc  virentes, 
ex  auro  raraos,  ex  aui'o  poraa  tegebaut. 

'  Hospes/  ait  Perseus  illi,  ^  scu  gloria  tangit 
te  generis  magni,  generis  mihi  Juppiter  auctor  ;  640 

sive  es  mirator  tcrum,  mirabere  nostras  : 
hospitium  requiemque  peto.'     Meliior  ille  vetustae 
sortis  crat ;  Themis  banc  dederat  Parnasia  sort  em  : 
'  Tenipus,  Atla,  veniet,  tua  quo  spoliabitur  auro 
arbor,  et  hunc  pr^edae  titulum  Jove  natus  habebit.'     645 
id  metuens,  solidis  pomaria  clauserat  Atlas 
moctiibus,  et  vasto  dederat  servanda  draconi, 
arcebatque  suis  externos  fmibus  omnes. 
huic  qlioque  *  Vade  procul,  ne  longe  gloria  rerum, 
qliam  mentiris/  ait  *  longe  tibi  Juppiter  absit ; '  650 

vimque  minis  addit,  manibusque  expellere  temptat 
cunctantem,  et  placidis  misccntem  fortia  dictis. 

Viribus  inferior  —  quis  enim  par  esset  Atlanti 
Viribus  ?  —  *  At  quOniam  parvi  tlbi  gratia  nostra  est, 
accipe  munus/  ait ;  laevaque  a  parte  Medusae  655 

ipse  retroversus  squalentia  prodidit  ora. 
quitntus  erat,  mons  f actus  Atlas :  nam  barba  comaeque 
in  silvas  abeunt,  juga  sunt  humerique  manusque  : 
quod  caput  ante  fuit,  summo  est  iti  monte  cacumen  ; 
ossa  lapis  finnt.     Tum  partes  auctus  in  omnes  660 

crevit  in  im  men  sum  —  sic  di  statuistis  —  et  omne 
cum  tot  sideribas  caelum  requievit  in  illo. 

Clauserat  Hippotades  aetcrno  carccre  ventos, 


IV.  696.]  The  Giant  Atlas.  53 

admonitorque  operum  caelo  clarissimus  alto 

Lucifer  ortus  erat.     Pennis  ligat  ille  resumptis  665 

parte  ab  utraque  pedes,  teloque  accingitur  unco, 

et  liquidum  motis  talaribus  aera  iindit. 

gentibus  innumeris  circumque  infraque  relictis, 

Aethiopum  populos  Cepheaque  conspicit  arva. 

illic  immeritam  maternae  pendere  linguae  670 

Andromedan  poenas  immitis  jusserat  Ammon, 

Quam  simul  ad  duras  religatam  bracchia  cautes 
vidit  Abantiades,  —  nisi  quod  levis  aura  capillos 
moverat,  et  tepido  manabant  lumina  fletu, 
marmoreum  ratus  esset  opus —  trahit  inscius  ignes,     675 
et  stupet,  et  visae  correptus  imagine  formae, 
paene  suas  quatere  est  oblitus  in  aere  pennas. 
ut  stetit,  *  O  '  dixit  '  non  istis  digna  catenis, 
sed  quibus  inter  se  cupidi  junguntur  amantes, 
pande  requirenti  nomen  terraeque  tuumque,  680 

et  cur  vincla  geras/     Primo  silet  ilia,  nee  audet 
appellare  virum  virgo  ;  manibusque  modestos 
celasset  vultus,  si  non  religata  fuisset. 
lumina,  quod  potuit,  lacrimis  implevit  obortis. 

Saepius  instanti,  sua  ne  delicta  fateri  685 

nolle  videretur,  nomen  terraeque  suumque, 
quantaque  maternae  fuerit  fiducia  formae, 
indicat.     Et  nondum  memoratis  omnibus  unda 
insonuit,  veniensque  immenso  belua  ponto 
imminet,  et  latum  sub  pectore  possidet  aequor.  690 

Conclamat  virgo ;  genitor  lugubris  et  una 
mater  adest,  ambo  miseri,  sed  justius  ilia, 
nee  secum  auxilium,  sed  dignos  tempore  jietus 
plangoremque  ferunt,  vinctoque  in  corpore  adhaerent ; 
cum  sic  hospes  ait  :  *  Lacrimarum  longa  manere  695 

tempora  vos  poterunt ;  ad  opem  brevis  hora  f erendam  est. 


54  X.    Pcfseiis  and  Andromeda,  [Metam. 

hailc  ego  si  peterem  i^erseus  Jove  natus  et  ilia, 
qnam  clausam  implevit  fecurido  Juppiter  auro, 
Gorgonis  anguicomae  Perseus  superator,  et  alis 
aetherias  ausus  jactatis  ire  per  auras,  700 

praeferrer  cunctis  certe  gener.     Addere  tantis 
dotibus  et  meritum,  faveant  modo  numina,  tempto; 
ut  mea  sit  servata  mea  virtute,  paciscor.' 
acCipiunt  legem  —  quis  enim  dubitaret  ?  —  et  orant, 
promittuntque  super  regnum  dotale  parentes.  i^s 

Ecce  velut  navis  praefixo  concita  rostro 
sulcat  aquas,  juvenum  sudantibus  acta  lacertis, 
sic  fera  dimotis  impylsu  pectoris  undis 
tantuiti  aberat  scopulis,  quantum  Balearica  torto 
jtunda  potest  plumbo  medii  transmittere  caeli :  710 

cum  sublto  juvenis,  pddibus  tellure  repulsa, 
arduus  in  nubes  abiit.     Ut  in  aequore  summo 
umbra  viri  Visa  est,  vis^m  fera  saevit  in  umbram. 
lit^ue  Jovis  praepes,  vacuo  cum  vidit  in  arvo 
pra^bentem  Phoebo  liventia  terga  draconem,  715 

^  ocCUpat  aversum,  neu  s^eva  ^etorqubat  ora, 
squamlgeris  avidos  figit  cervicibus  uilgues  : 
sic  celef  immisso  praecepS  per  inane  volatu 
t6rga  ferae  pressit,  dexti^oqile  ffementis  in  atmo 
Inachides  fetrum  curve  tenus  abdidit  hamo.  720 

vulnere  laesa  gravi,  modo  se  subliftiis  in  auras 
attollit,  modo  stibdit  aquis,  modo  more  ferocis 
versat  at3ri,  quern  turba  canum  circumspnk  terret. 
ille  avidos  morsus  vel6cibus  effugit  alis ; 
quaque  patent,  nunc  terga  cavis  super  obsita  conchis,  725 
nunc  laterum  costas,  nunc  qua  tenuissima  cauda 
desinit  in  piscem,  falcato  verberat  ense. 
belua  puniceo  mixtbs  cum  sanguine  fluctuis 
ore  vomit ;  maduere  graves  aspergine  pennae. 


IV.  762.]  Fight  zvith  the  Sea-7nonster,  55 

Nee  bibulis  ultra  Perseus  talaribus  ausus  730 

credere,  conspexit  scopulum,  qui  vertice  summo 
stantibus  exstat  aquis,  operitur  ab  aequore  moto. 
nixus  eo,  rupisque  ten  ens  juga  prima,  sinistra 
ter  quater  exegit  repetita  per  ilia  ferrum. 
litora  cum  plausu  clamor  superasquc  deorum  735 

implevere  domos.     Gaudent,  generumquc  salutant, 
auxiliumque  domus  servatoremque  fatentur 
Cassiope  Cepheusque  pater.     Resoluta  catenis 
incedit  virgo,  pretiumque  et  causa  laboris. 

Ipse  manus  hausta  victrices  abluit  unda :  740 

anguiferumque  caput  dura  ne  laedat  arena, 
mollit  humum  foliis,  natasque  sub  aequore  virgas 
stern  it,  et  imponit  Phorcynidos  ora  Medusae, 
virga  recens  bibulaque  etiamnum  viva  medulla 
vim  rapuit  monstri,  tactuque  induruit  hujus,  745 

percepitque  novum  ramis  et  fronde  rigorem. 
at  pelagi  nymphae  factum  mirabile  tefeiptant 
pluribus  in  virgis,  et  idem  contingcre  gaudent, 
seminaque  ex  illis  iterant  j aetata  per  undas. 
nunc  quoque  curaliis  eadem  natura  remansit,  750 

duritiam  tacto  capiant  ut  ab  aere,  quodque 
vim  en  in  aequore  erat,  fiat  super  aequora  saxum. 

Dis  tribus  ille  focos  totidem  de  cespite  ponit, 
laevum  Mercurio,  dextrum  tibi,  bellica  Virgo ; 
ara  Jovis  media  est  :  mactatur  vacca  Minervae,  755 

alipedi  vitulus,  taurus  tibi,  summe  deorum. 
protinus  Andromedan  et  tanti  praemia  facti 
indotata  rapit.     Taedas  Hymenaeus  Amorque 
praecutiunt ;  largis  satiantur  odoribus  ignes, 
sertaque  dependent  tectis,  et  ubique  lyraeque  760 

tibiaque  et  cantus,  animi  felicia  laeti 
argumenta,  sonant.     Reseratis  aurea  valvis 


56  X.    PerseUs  aM  Andromeda,  [Mm am. 

atria  tota  patent,  pulchroque  instructa  paratu 
Cepheni  proceres  iticunt  convivia  regis. 

Postquam  epulis  functi  generosi  munere  Bacchi        765 
diffudere  animos,  cultusqiie  gcnusque  locorum 
quaerit  Lyn<iides,  Moresque  animumque  virorum;         767 
qui  simul  edocuit,  ^  Nunc,  O  fortissime/  dixit  769 

'fare  precor,  Perseu,  quanta  virtutc,  quibusque  770 

artibus  abstuleris  crinita  dracpnibus  ora/ 
ilarrat  Agenorides  gelido  sub  Atlante  jacentem 
esse  locum  solidae  tutum  munimiue  molis, 
cujus  in  iiltroitu  geniinas  habitasse  sorores 
Pliorcidas,  unius  partitas  luminis  usum  :  ns 

id  sci  soUerti  furtim,  dum  traditur,  astu 
subposita  cepisse  manu  ;  perque  abdita  longe 
deviaque  et  silvis  horrentia  saxa  fragosis 
Gorgorieas  tetigisse  dpnios  ;  passimqUe  per  agros 
perque  vias  vidissc  hominum  simulacra  ferarumque      780 
ill  silicem  ex  ipsis  visa  conversa  Medusa  : 
sc  tamen  horrendae  clipei,  quod  laeva  gerebat, 
aere  repercusso,  formam  aspexisse  Medusae  ; 
dr^mque  gravis  somnus  colubrasque  ipsamque  tenebat, 
eripuisse  caput  collo  ;  pennisque  fugacem  7^^ 

P^gason  et  fratrem,  matris  de  sanguine  tatos. 
addidit  et  longi  non  falsa  pericula  cursus  : 
quae  freta,  quas  terras  sub  se  vidiSset  ab  alto, 
et  quae  jactatis  tetigisset  sidera  pennis. 
ante  exspectatum  tacuit  tamen.     Excipit  unus  790 

ex  numero  proccrum,  quacrens,  cur  sola  sorOrum 
gesserit  alternis  inmixtos  crinibus  angues. 
*     Hospes  ait,  '  Quoniam  scitaris  digna  relatu, 
accipe  quaesiti  causam.     Clarissima  forma 
multorumque  fuit  spes  invidiosa  procorum  795 

ilia ;  nee  in  tota  conspectior  ulla  capillis 


IV.  803.]  TJie  Marriage  Festival,  57 

pars  fuit.     Inveni,  qui  se  vidisse  referret. 

banc  pelagi  rector  templo  vitiasse  Minervae 

dicitur.     Aversa  est  et  castos  aegide  vultus 

nata  Jovis  texit ;  neve  hoc  impime  fuisset,  800 

Gorgoneum  crinem  turpes  mutavit  in  hydros. 

nunc  quoque,  ut  attonitos  formidine  terreat  hostes, 

pectore  in  adverso  quos  fecit,  sustinet  angues/ 


58  XI.    Tlie  Wandering  of  Ceres,  [Metam. 

XI.    THit  Wandering  of  Ceres. 
[Book  V.  —  341--661.] 

[At  the  marriage  feast  of  Perseus  and  Andromeda,  her  uncle 
Phineus,  to  whom  she  had  been  betrothed,  out  of  jealousy  caused 
a  quarrel  among  the  guests ;  and  a  violent  quarrel  arising  thence, 
\Vith  bloodshed  on  both  sides,  Perseus,  by  showing  the  Gorgon's 
heiadi,  suddenly  turned  into  stone  Phineus  himself,  with  two  hundred 
of  his  companions  (V.  1-235).  ^"^^  by  the  same  means,  after  his 
Return  to  Argos,  his  enemies  Proetus  and  Polydectes  were  likewise 
converted  into  stone  (236-249).  Minerva  (who  had  attended  Per- 
seiis  thu^  far),  coming  to  Helicon  and  inquiring  of  the  Muses,  is 
told  the  following :  that  having  taken  refuge  from  a  tempest  with 
Pyreneus  of  Daulia,  in  Phocis,  when  he  offered  them  violence,  they 
were  changed  to  birds ;  and  he,  attempting  flight  after  them,  was 
dashed  in  pieces  (250-293).  The  Pierides,  daughters  of  king 
Pibrus,  of  Macedonia,  having  challenged  them  to  a  trial  of  skill, 
begin  with  the  tale  of  tlie  giant  sons  of  Earth,  who  attempted  to 
scale  Olympus ;  the  terror  of  the  gods  before  Typhoeus,  and  the 
various  shaped  they  assumed  in  their  flight;  to  which  the  Muses 
t-espond  by  relating  the  Wandering  of  Ceres  in  her  search  for  her 
dtiughter  Proserpine  (294-340).] 

When  the  monster  Typh6eus  had  been  buried  beneath  Mount 
y^tnci,  Pluto,  god  of  the  world  below,  alarmed  at  the  convulsions 
caused  by  his  agony,  came  forth  to  view.  Now  Venus  had  been 
jealous  at  the  virginity  of  Proserpine,  Ceres'  daughter ;  and  at  her 
bidding  (Jupid  shot  the  king  of  Shadows  with  his  dart.  He  then, 
beholding  Proserpine,  as  she  sported  with  her  maidens  in  the  vale 
of  Enna,  seized  her,  and  bore  her  away  in  his  chariot,  driving  his 
way  through  the  fount  of  Cyane,  who  thereon  was  herself  con- 
verted into  water  (341-437).  Seeking  her  daughter  in  vain,  by  the 
light  of  torches  kindled  from  ^Etna,  Ceres  turned  into  a  spotted 
lizard  {stellio)  the  boy  Stelles,  who  had  mocked  her  eager  thirst; 
ahd  into  a  horned  owl  Ascalaphus,  who  testified  to  having  seen 
Proserpine  in  liades  cat  seven  pomegranate  seeds,  whereby  she 
was  compelled  to  remain  in  her  new  abode.  Meanwhile,  the 
virgin  companions  of   Proserpine  became  winged  Sirens,     j^nd, 


^-  359-]  Proserpine  is  stolen  by  Pluto,  59 

by  favor  of  Jupiter,  Proserpine  was  permitted  to  pass  half  the  year 
with  her  mother,  and  half  with  her  wedded  lord  (438-567). 

Ceres,  comforted  that  her  daughter  is  thus  partially  restored  to 
her,  asks  the  nymph  Arethusa  about  her  flight  and  transformation  ; 
who  relates  that,  being  pursued  by  the  river-god  Alpheus,  in  EUs 
of  Greece,  Diana,  whose  attendant  nymph  she  was,  provided  for 
her  escape  by  a  passage  beneath  the  sea,  whereby  she  came  to  the 
isle  of  Ortygia,  sacred  to  Diana,  on  the  coast  of  Sicily  (569-641). 

Ceres  then,  proceeding  to  Athens,  gave  her  chariot  to  Tripto- 
lemus,  that  he  might  instruct  mankind  in  the  sowing  and  gathering 
of  corn ;  and  Lyncus,  seeking  to  kill  him  out  of  envy,  is  converted 
to  a  lynx  (642-661). 

[So  ends  the  tale  sung  by  the  Muses.  And  the  Pierides,  being 
adjudged  defeated  in  their  rivalry,  are  transformed  to  chattering 
magpies  (662-678).] 


Prima  Ceres  unco  glebam  dimovit  aratro, 
prima  dedit  fruges  alimentaque  mitia  terris, 
prima  dedit  leges  :  Cereris  sunt  omnia  munus. 
ilia  canenda  mihi  est.     Utinam  modo  dicere  possem 
carmina  digna  dea  :  certe  dea  carmine  digna  est.  345 

Vasta  giganteis  ingesta  est  insula  membris 
Trinacris,  et  magnis  subjectum  molibus  urguet 
aetherias  ausum  sperare  Typhoea  sedes. 
nititur  ille  quidem,  pugnatque  resurgere  saepe ; 
dextra  sed  Ausonio  manus  est  subjecta  Peloro,  350 

laeva,  Pachyne,  tibi ;  Lilybaeo  crura  premuntur ; 
degravat  Aetna  caput,  sub  qua  resupinus  arenas 
ejectat,  flammamque  fero  vomit  ore  Typhoeus. 
saepe  remoliri  luctatur  pondera  terrae, 
oppidaque  et  magnos  devolvere  corpore  montes.  355 

inde  tremit  tellus ;  et  rex  pavet  ipse  silentum, 
ne  pateat,  latoque  solum  retegatur  hiatu, 
immissusque  dies  trepidantes  terreat  umbras. 
v,|ianc  metuens  cladem,  tenebrosa  sede  tyramnus 


6o  XI.     The  Wandering  of  Ceres,  [Metam. 

exierat,  curruque  atrorum  vectus  equorum  360 

ambibat  Siculae  cautus  fimdamina  terrae. 

postquam  exploratum  satis  est,  loca  nulla  labare, 

depositique  metus,  Videt  hunc  Erycina  vagantem 

monte  Suo  residens,  natumque  amplexa  volucrem 

'  Arma  manusqtie  meae,  mea,  nate,  potentia/  dixit       365 

'  ilia,  quibus  sitperas  omnes,  cape  tela,  Cupido, 

inque  dei  pectus  celeres  molire  sagittas, 

cui  triplicis  cessit  fortuna  novissitna  regni. 

tu  superos  ipsUitique  Jovem,  tu  numina  ponti 

i.yicjta  domas,  ipsumque  regit  qui  numina  ponti.  370 

Tartara  quid  cessant  ?  cur  non  matrisque  tuumque 

imii>eriun:j  proffers  ?  agitur  pkrs  tertia  mundi. 

et  taMen  in  cafelo,  quae  jani  jiatientia  nostra  est, 

spernimur,  at  mecum  vires  minuuntur  Amoris. 

I^Uada  nonne  vide^  jaculatricfemque  Dianam  375 

absc^ssisiSte  mihi  ?  Ceteris  qiloque  filia  virgo, 

si  |)SLtietnur,  el"it ;  natn  spesJ  adfe<+tat  easdem. 

at  tii,  pi^o  socio  (siqua  est  ea  ^ralig.)  rfegno, 

]\xh^k  deam  patrut».'     Dixit  Venus  ;  ille  pharetram 

SioWit,  et,  arbitrib  matris,  de  rrtille  sagittis  380 

\liiam  seposuit,  sed  qua  neC  stcutior  uUa, 

^ec  minus  incerta  tst,  hec  quae  ,magis  audiat  AxtMB. 

t)|)posit(ique  genu  curvavii  flejtile  cornu  : 

Ilique  C6)t  hariiata  pei;cussit  atundine  i)item. 

Hand  procul  Hennaeis  lacus  est  a  moenibtis  altae*   d>H 
iiomine  fergus,  aqilae.     Non  illo  pluifa  Caysfcros 
carmina  cycnorum  labentibi^s  ^udit  in  undis. 
silva  cotonat  aquas  cingens  latus  omne,  sui^que 
frondibus  ut  velo  Phoebeos  submovet  ignes. 
frigora  dant  rami,  Tyrios  hurdus  humida  flores  :  390 

perpctuum  ver  est.     Quo  dum  Pr6serpiha  lufco 
luclit,  et  iiut  Violas  aut  Candida  lilia  carpit, 


V.  425.3  Proserpine  is  stolen  by  PhUo.  61 

dumque  puellari  studio  calathosque  sinumque 

implet,  et  aequales  certat  superare  legendo, 

paene  simul  visa  est  dilectaque  raptaque  Dili :  395 

usque  adeo  est  properatus  amor.     Dea  territa  maesto 

et  matrem  et  comites,  sed  matrem  saepius,  ore 

clamat ;  et  ut  summa  vestem  laniarat  ab  ora,  * 

collecti  flores  tunicis  cecidere  remissis. 

tantaque  simplicitas  puerilibus  adfuit  annis,  400 

haec  quoque  virgineum  movit  jactura  dolorem.  ,. 

Raptor  agit  currus,  et  nomine  quemque  vocatos 
exhort atur  equos,  quorum  per  colla  jubasque 
excutit  obscura  tinctas  ferrugine  habenas. 
perque  lacus  altos  et  olentia  sulfure  fertur  40s 

stagna  Palicorum,  rupta  f erventia  terra ; 
et  qua  Bacchiadae,  bimari  gens  orta  Corintho, 
inter  inaequales  posuerunt  moenia  portus. 

Est  medium  Cyanes  et  Pisaeae  Arethusae, 
quod  coit  angustis  inclusura  cornibus  aequor.  410 

hie  fuit,  a  cujus  stagnum  quoque  nomine  dictum  est, 
inter  Sicelidas  Cyane  celeberrima  nymphas. 
gurgite  quae  medio  summa  tenus  exstitit  alvo, 
agnovitque  deam  :  '  Nee  longius  ibitis  '  inquit ; 
*  non  potes  invitae  Cereris  gener  esse  :  roganda,  415 

non  rapienda  fuit.     Quod  si  componere  magnis 
parva  mihi  fas  est,  et  me  dilexit  Anapis  : 
exorata  tamen,  nee,  ut  haec,  exterrita  nupsi.* 
dixit,  et  in  partes  diversas  bracchia  tendens 
obstitit.     Hand  ultra  tenuit  Saturnius  iram,  420 

terribilesque  hortatus  equos  in  gurgitis  ima 
contortum  valido  sceptrum  regale  lacerto 
condidit.     Icta  viam  tellus  in  Tartara  fecit, 
et  pronos  currus  medio  cratere  recepit. 

At  Cyane  raptamque  deam  contemptaque  fontis      425 


62  XI.     The  Wandering  of  Ceres,  [Metam. 

jura  sui  maerens,  inconsolabile  vulnus 

mente  gerit  tacita,  lacrimisque  absumitur  omnis  ; 

et  quarum  fuerat  magnum  modo  numen,  in  illas 

extenuatur  aquas.     Molliri  membra  videres, 

ossa  pati  flexus,  ungues  posuisse  rigorem  :  430 

primaque  de  tota  tenuissima  quaeque  liquescunt, 

caerulei  crines,  digitique  et  crura  pedesque : 

nam  brevis  in  gelidas  membrii  exilibus  undas 

transitus  est ;  post  haec  humeri  tergusque  latusque 

pectoraque  in  tenuis  abeunt  evanida  rivos.  435 

detiique  pro  vivo  vitiatas  sanguine  venas 

lympjia  subit ;  festatque  nihil,  quod  prendere  possis,  J 

Ihter^a  pavidae  nequiqucim  fiUa  matri 
omnibus  est  terris,  omni  quaesita  profundo. 
illam  non  udis  Veniens  Aurora  capillis  440 

cessantem  viditi  non  Hesperus  :  ilia  duabus 
fiariimiferas  pinits  rnanibus  succendit  ab  Aetna, 
perque  pruinosas  tulit  fnrequieta  terlebras. 
rursys  ubi  alma  dies  hebetarat  sidera,  natam 
Solis  ab  Occasu  feoljs  qiiaerebat  ad  ortus.  445 

%S3^  labore  sitim  collegerat,  Oraque  nulli 
itollUerai'^t  fontes  ;  cum  tectam  stramine  vidit 
forte  tksam,  parvasque  fores  pulsavit :  at  ihde 
plfodit  anus,  diyamque  videt,  lymphamque  rogailti 
(iillce  dedit,  tosta  quod  tejterat  ante  polenta,  450 

4iito  bibit  ilia  datum,  duri  puer  oris  et  audax 
cdntititit  ante  deam,  risitque,  avidalnque  vocavit. 
offensa  est ;  neque  adhuc  cpota  parte  loqiientem 
cum  liquido  mixta  perfudit  diva  polehta. 
combibit  os  maculas,  et  quae  modo  bracchia  gessit,      45s 
crura  gerit ;  cauda  est  mutati^s  addita  membris  : 
inque  brevem  forrakm,  ne  sit  vis  magna  nocendi, 
contraliitur,  parvaque  minor  menSura  lacetta  est. 


V.  49I-]  Her  Weary  Search.  6^ 

mirantem  fientemque  et  tangere  monstra  parantem 
fugit  anum,  latebramque  petit ;  aptumque  colori  460 

nomen  habet,  variis  stellatus  corpora  guttis. 
•''  Quas  dea  per  terras  et  quas  erraverit  undas, 
dicere  longa  mora  est.     Quaerenti  defuit  orbis  : 
Sicaniam  repetit ;  diimque  omnia  lustrat  eundo, 
venit  et  ad  Cyanen.     Ea  ni  mutata  fuisset,  465 

omnia  narrasset ;  sed  et  os  et  lingua  volenti 
dicere  non  aderant,  nee  quo  loqueretur,  habebat. 
signa  tamen  manifesta  dedit,  notamque  parenti, 
illo  forte  loco  delapsam  in  gurgite  sacro, 
Persephones  zonam  summis  ostendit  in  undis.  470 

quam  simul  agnovit,  tamquam  tunc  denique  raptam 
scisset,  inornatos  laniavit  diva  capillos,  ' 

et  repetita  suis  percussit  pectora  palmis. 
nescit  adhuc  ubi  sit ;  terras  tamen  increpat  omnes, 
ingratasque  vocat,  nee  frugum  munere  dignas  :  475 

Trinacriam  ante  alias,  in  qua  vestigia  damni 
repperit.     Ergo  illic  saeva  vertentia  glebas 
fregit  aratra  manu,  parilique  irata  colonos 
ruricolasque  boves  leto  dedit,  arvaque  jussit 
fallere  depositum,  vitiataque  semina  fecit.  480 

fertilitas  terrae  latum  vulgata  per  orbem 
falsa  jacet ;  primis  segetes  moriuntur  in  herbis, 
et  modo  sol  nimius,  niraius  modo  corripit  imber ; 
sideraque  ventique  nocent,  avidaeque  volucres 
semina  jacta  legunt ;  lolium  tribulique  fatigant  48s 

triticeas  messes,  et  inexpugnabile  gramen. 
Turn  caput  Eleis  Alpheias  extulit  undis, 
rorantesque  comas  a  fronte  removit  ad  aures, 
atque  ait  :  '  O  toto  quaesitae  virginis  orbe 
et  frugum  genitrix,  immensos  siste  labores,  490 

neve  tibi  fidae  violenta  irascere  terrae  : 


64  XI.    The  Wandering  of  Ceres.  [Metam. 

terra  nihil  meruit,  patuitque  invita  rapinae. 

nee  sum  pro  patria  supplex ;  hue  hospita  veni  : 

Pisa  mihi  patria  est,  et  ab  Elide  ducimus  ortus. 

Sicaniam  peregrina  colo,  sed  gratior  omni  495 

haec  mihi  terra  solo  est.     Hos  nunc  Arethusa  penates, 

hanc  habeo  sedem  ;  quam  tu,  mitissima,  serva. 

rrtota  loco  cur  sim,  tantique  per  aequoris  undas 

advehar  Ortygiam,  vcniet  narratibus  hora 

tempe^tiva  meis,  cum  tu  cutaque  levata  500 

et  vultus  melioris  eris.     Mihi  pervia  tellus 

praebet  iter,  subterque  imas  kblata  cavernas, 

hie  caput  attollo,  desuetaque  sidera  cern6. 

ttgQ  dum  Stygio  sub  terris  gurgite  kbor, 

visa,  tuk  est  oculis  illic  Proserpina  nostris  :  505 

ilia  quideill  tristis,  neque  adhuc  interrita  vultu, 

s^d  regina  tamen,  sed  opaci  maxima  mundi, 

s^d  tartien  inferni  pollehs  piatrbna  tyranni/ 

Miter  ad  auditas  stupuit  ceu  saxea  voces, 
attotiitaeque  diu  similis  fuit.     Utque  dolore  510 

pulsa  gravi  gravis  est  amentia,  curribus  auras 
etit  in  aetherias  :  ibi  toto  nubila  vultu 
ante  Jovem  passis  stctit  invidiosa  capillis  : 
'Frbque  meo  veni  supplex  tibi,  Juj^piter,'  inquit, 
*  sanguine,  proque  tuo.     Si  nulla  est  gratia  matris,      515 
nata  pat  rem  moveat ;  neu  sit  tibi  ciira,  precamuf, 
viliof  illius,  quod  nostro  est  edit:a  partu. 
eti  quaesita  diu  talid^m  mihi  nata  reperta  est : 
si  repcrire  Vocas  amittere  ccrtius,  aut  si 
^cire,  ubi  sit,  reperire  vocas.     Quod  rapta,  feremus,    520 
dummodo  reddat  eam  :  neque  enim  praedone  marito 
filia  digna  tua  est  —  si  jam  mea  filia  non  est/ 

Juppiter  excfepit,  *  Commune  est  pignut  onusque 
nata  mihi  tecxim ;  sed  si  modo  nomina  r^bui> 


V.  557-]  She  discovers  Proserpine  s  Abode,     .         65 

addere  vera  placet,  non  hoc  injuria  factum,  525 

verum  amor  est.     Neque  erit  nobis  gener  ille  pudori, 

tu  modo,  diva,  velis.     Ut  desint  cetera,  quantum  est 

esse  Jovis  fratrem  !  Quid  quod  nee  cetera  desunt,  .^ 

nee  cedit  nisi  sorte  mihi  ?  Sed  tanta  cupido 

si  tibi  discidii  est,  repetet  Proserpina  caelum,  530 

lege  tamen  certa,  si  nullos  contigit  illic 

ore  cibos  :  nam  sic  Parcarum  foedere  cautum  est.' 

Dixerat ;  at  Cereri  certum  est  educere  natam  : 
non  ita  fata  sinunt,  quoniam  jejunia  virgo 
solverat,  et  cultis  dum  simplex  errat  in  hortis,  535 

poeniceum  curva  decerpserat  arbore  pomum, 
sumptaque  pallenti  septem  de  cortice  grana 
presserat  ore  suo.     Solusque  ex  omnibus  illud 
Ascalaphus  vidit,  quern  quondam  dicitur  Orphne, 
inter  Avernales  baud  ignotissima  nymphas,  540 

ex  Acheronte  suo  silvis  peperisse  sub  atris : 
vidit,  et  indicio  reditum  crudelis  ademit. 
ingemuit  regina  Erebi,  testemque  profanam 
fecit  avem.,  sparsumque  caput  Phlegethontide  lympha 
in  rostrum  et  plumas  et  grandia  lumina  vertit.  545 

ille  sibi  ablatus  fulvis  amicitur  in  alis, 
inque  caput  crescit,  longosque  reflectitur  ungues, 
vixque  movet  natas  per  inertia  bracchia  pennas : 
foedaque  fit  volucris,  venturi  nuntia  luctus, 
ignavus  bubo,  dirum  mortalibus  omen.  550^ 

^       Hie  tamen  indicio  poenam  linguaque  videri 
commeruisse  potest.     Vobis,  Acheloi'des,  unde 
pluma  pedesque  avium,  cum  virginis  ora  geratis  .'* 
an  quia,  cum  legeret  vernos  Proserpina  flores, 
in  comitum  numero,  doctae  Sirenes,  eratis .?  555 

quam  postquam  toto  frustra  quaesistis  in  orbe, 
protinus  ut  vestram  sentirent  aequora  curam, 


66  XI.    Tke  Wandering'  of  Ceres.  [Metam. 

posse  super  fluctus  alarum  insistere  remis 

optastis,  facilesque  deos  habuistis,  et  artus 

vidistis  vestros  subitis  flaveScere  pennis.  560 

ne  tamen  ille  catior  mulcendas  natus  ad  aures 

tantaque  dos  oris  lingiiae  deperderet  usum, 

virginei  vultus  et  vox  humana  remansit.  ^'::rl„..«_.. 

At  medius  fratrisque  sui  maestaeque  sororis 
Jul3piter  ex  aequo  volventem  dividit  annum.  565 

nunc  dea,  regnorum  numen  commune  duorum, 
cum  matre  est  totidem,  totidem  cum  conjuge  menses, 
vertitur  extelnplo  facies  et  mentis  et  oris  : 
nam  modo  quae  poterat  Diti  quoque  maesta  videri, 
laeta  deae  frons  est ;  ut  sol,  qui  tectus  aquosis  570 

nubibus  ante  fuit,  victis  e  nubibus  exit. 

Exigit  ^Ima  Ceres,  i^ata  secura  recepta, 
quae  tibi  causa  f ugae,  cur  sis,  Arethusa,  sacer  fons  ? 
<i^nt:icuere  undae  :  quarum  dea  sustulit  alto 
l^ohte  caput,  viridesque  manu  siccata  capillos  575 

flumitiis  Elei  veter^s  narravit  amores  : 

*  Pars  ego  nympharum,  quae  sunt  in  Atha'fde/  dixit, 

*  una  f  ui ;  nee  me  studiosius  altera  saltus 
legit,  nee  posuit  studiosius  altera  casses. 

sed  quamvis  formae  numquafUi  mihi  fatna  petita  est,     sfio 
ijtiamvis  fortis  eram,  forniosae  nomen  habebam. 
nee  mea  me  facies  nimium  laudata  juvabat : 
quaque  aliae  gaudere  solent,  ego  rustica  dote 
corporis  erubui,  crimenque  placere  putavi. 

'  Lassa  revertebar,  memini,  Stymphalide  silva  :        585 
aestus  erat,  magnumt^ue  labor  geminaverat  aestum. 
invenio  sine  vertice  aquas,  sine  murmurc  euntes, 
perspicuas  ad  hunium,  per  quas  numerabilis  alte 
calculus  omnis  erat,  quas  tu  vix  ire  putares. 
cana  salicta  dabant  iiutritaque  populus  unda  590 


V.  624.]  The  Tale  of  Arethtisa.  6^ 

sponte  sua  natas  ripis  declivibus  umbras. 

accessi,  primumque  pedis  vestigia  tinxi, 

poplite  deinde  tenus ;  neque  eo  contenta,  recingor, 

molliaque  impono  salici  velamina  curvae, 

nudaque  merger  aquis  ;  quas  dum  ferioque  trahoque   595 

mille  modis  labens,  excussaque  bracchia  jacto, 

nescio  quod  medio  sensi  sub  gurgite  murmur, 

territaque  insisto  propioris  margine  ripae. 

Quo  prop  eras  ^  Arethnsa?  suis  Alpheus  ab  undis, 

Quo  properas  f  iterum  rauco  mihi  dixer^t  ore,  600 

sicut  eram,  fugio  sine  vestibus  :  altera  vestes 

ripa  meas  habuit :  tanto  magis  instat,  et  ardet. 

sic  ego  currebam,  sic  me  ferus  ille  premebat, 

ut  fugere  accipitrem  penna  trepidante  columbae,  605 

ut  solet  accipiter  trepidas  urguere  columbas. 

usque  sub  Orchomenon,  Psophidaque,  Cyllenenque, 

Maenaliosque  sinus,  gelidumque  Erymanthon,  et  Elin 

currere  sustinui ;  nee  me  velocior  ille. 

*  Sed  tolerare  diu  cursus  ego,  viribus  impar,  610 

non  poteram :  longi  patiens  crat  ille  laboris. 
per  tamen  et  campos,  per  opertos  arbore  montes, 
saxa  quoque  et^^upes  et  qua  via  nulla,  cucurri. 
sol  erat  a  tergo  :  vidi  praecedere  longam 
ante  pedes  umbram  —  nisi  si  timor  ilia  videbat  —        615 
•sed  certe  sonitusque  pedum  terrebat,  et  ingens 
crinales  vittas  adfiabat  anhelitus  oris, 
fessa  labore  fugae,  Fer  opem^  deprendimur^  inquam, 
armigerae,  Dictynnay  tuae^  cui  saepe  dedisti 
ferre  tuos  arcus  inclusaque  tela  pharetra,  620 

"  '  Mota  dea  est,  spissisque  f erens  e  nubibus  unam 
me  super  injecit.     Lustrat  caligine  tectam 
amnis,  et  ignarus  circum  cava  nubila  quaerit ; 
bisque  locum,  quo  me  dea  texerat,  inscius  ambit, 


68  XL     The  Wandering  of  Ceres.  [Metam. 

et  bis  lo  Arethusa  !  lo  Arethusa  !  vocavit.  625 

quid  mihi  tunc  animi  miserae  fuit  ?  anne  quod  agnae 

est, 
siqua  lupos  audit  circum  stabula  alta  frementes  ? 
aut  lepori,  qui  vepre  latens  hostilia  cernit 
ora  canum,  nullosque  audet  dare  corpora  motus  ? 

'  Non  tameii  abscedit ;  neque  ehim  vestigia  cernit   630 
longius  uUa  pedum  :  servat  nubemque  locumque. 
occupat  obsessos  sudor  mihi  f rigidus  artus,  i  • 

caeruleaeque  cadunt  toto  de  corpore  guttae. 
quaque  pedem  movi,  manat  Jacus,  eque  capillis 
ros  cadit;  et  citius'quam  nunc  tibi  facta  renarro,  635 

in  latices  mutor.     Sed  enim  cognoscit  amatas 
amnis  aquas,  positoque  viri  quod  sumpserat  ore, 
vertitur  in  proprias,  ut  se  mihi  misce^t,  undas. 
Delia  rupit  humum,  caecisque  ego  nlersa  cavernis 
advchor  Ortygiam,  quae  me  cognomine  divae  640 

grata  meae  superas  eduxit  prima  sub  auras.' 

Hac  Arethusa  tenus,     Geminos  dea  fertilis  angues 
curribus  admovit,  frenisque  coercuit  ora, 
^t  medium  caeli  terraeque  per  aera  vecta  est, 
atque  leveiil  currum  Tritonida  raisit  in  uAem  645 

Xriptolemo  ;  partimque  rudi  data  semina  jussit 
Spargere  humo,  partim  post  tempora  longa  recultae. 
jam  super  Europen  subhmis  et  Asida  terram 
vectus  erat  juvenis  ;  Scythicas  advertitur  oras. 
rex  ibi  Lyncus  erat.     Regis  subit  ille  penates  ;  650 

qua  veniat,  causamque  viae  nomenque  rogatus 
et  patriam,  *  Patria  est  clarae  mihi '  dixit  *  Athenae  ; 
Triptolemus  nomen.     Veni  nee  puppe  jjer  undas, 
nee  pede  per  terras  :  patuit  mihi  pervius  aether, 
don^  fero  Cereris,  latos  quae  sparsa  per  agros  655 

frugifcras  messes  alimentaque  mitia  reddant/ 


V.  66i.]  Triptolemus  and  Lyncus.  69 

barbarus  invidit ;  tantique  ut  muneris  auctor 

ipse  sit,  hospitio  recipit,  somnoque  gravatum 

adgreditur  ferro.     Conantem  figere  pectus 

lynca  Ceres  fecit,  rursusque  per  aera  jussit  660 

Mopsopium  juvenem  sacros  agitare  jugales. 


JO  XII,     The  Punishment  of  Arachne.        [Metam. 

XII.   The  Punishment  of  Arachne. 

[Book  VI.—  1-145.] 

Minerva,  having  heard  the  tale  of  the  Pierides,  bethinks  herself 
of  a  fit  penalty  for  Arachne,  a  Lydian  maid,  who  had  boastfully 
challenged  her  to  a  trial  of  skill  in  embroidery.  Visiting  her  in  the 
guise  of  an  old  woman,  and  finding  her  still  of  the  same  mind,  she 
assumes  her  proper  shafie,  and  works  in  her  web  the  tale  of  sundry 
divine  judgments,  while  Arachne  weaves  the  story  of  numerous 
transformations  of  gods,  impelled  thereto  by  love.  To  punish  her 
itnpiety  and  insolence,  Minerva  strikes  her  on  the  forehead;  and 
when  Arachne  in  despair  hangs  herself,  converts  her  to  a  spider, 
condemned  to  spin  and  hang  for  evermore. 

PraeSuerat  dictis  Tritonia  talibus  aures, 
carminaque  Aonidum  justamque  probaverat  iram. 
turn  secum  '  laudare  parum  est ;  laudemur  et  ipsae, 
niimitia  nee  sperni  sine  poena  nostra  sinamus ' 
Maeoniaeque  animum  fatis  intendit  Arachnes,  5 

quam  sibi  lanificae  non  cedere  laudibus  artis 
audierat.     Non  ilia  loco  nee  origine  gentis 
clara,  sed  arte  fuit.     Pater  huic  Colophoniiis  Idmon 
Phoca'fco  bibulas  tinguebat  murice  lanas  : 
occiderat  mater ;  sed  et  haec  de  plebe  suoque  10 

aequa  viro  fuerat.     Lydas  tamen  ilia  per  urbes 
quaesierat  studio  nomen  memorabile,  quamvis 
orta  domo  parva  parvis  habitabat  Hypaepis. 
hujus  ut  aspicerent  opus  admirabile,  saepe 
deseruere  sui  nymphae  vineta  Timoli,  15 

deseruere  suas  nymphae  Pactolides  undas. 
nee  factas  solum  vestes  spectare  juvabat ; 
tum  quoquc,  cum  ficrent :  tantus  decor  affuit  arti. 
sive  rudem  primos  lanam  glomerabat  in  orbes, 


VI.  52.]  The  Pride  of  Arachne,  71 

sen  digitis  subigebat  opus,  repctitaque  longo  20 

vellera  mollibat  nebulas  aequantia  tractu, 

sive  levi  teretem  versabat  poUice  fusum, 

seu  pingebat  acu  :  scires  a  Pallade  doctam. 

quod  tamen  ipsa  negat,  tantaque  offensa  magistra 

*  Certet '  ait  '  mecum  :  nihil  est,  quod  victa  recusem.'    25 

Pallas  anum  simulat,  falsosque  in  tempora  canos 
addit  et  infirmos,  baculum,  quod  sustinet  artus. 
turn  sic  orsa  loqui :  *  Non  omnia  grandior  aetas, 
quae  fugiamus,  habet.     Seris  venit  usus  ab  annis. 
consilium  ne  sperne  meum.     Tibi  fama  petatur  30 

inter  mortales  faciendae  maxima  lanae  ; 
cede  deae,  veniamque  tuis,  temeraria,  dictis 
supplice  voce  roga  :  veniam  dabit  ilia  roganti/ 
aspicit  banc  torvis,  inceptaque  fila  relinquit, 
vixque  manum  retinens,  confessaque  vultibus  iram        35 
talibus  obscuram  resecuta  est  Pallada  dictis : 

'  Mentis  inops  longaque  venis  confecta  senecta, 
et  nimium  vixisse  diu  nocet.     Audiat  istas, 
siqua  tibi  nurus  est,  siqua  est  tibi  filia,  voces, 
consilii  satis  est  in  me  mihi.     Neve  monendo  40 

profecisse  putes,  eadem  est  sententia  nobis, 
cur  non  ipsa  venit }  cur  haec  certamina  vitat } ' 
turn  dea  '  Venit ! '  ait,  f ormamque  removit  anilem, 
Palladaque  exhibuit.     Venerantur  numina  nymphae 
Mygdonidesque  nurus.     Sola  est  non  territa  virgo,        45 
sed  tamen  exsiluit,  subitusque  invita  notavit 
ora  rubor,  rursusque  evanuit :  ut  solet  aer 
purpureus  fieri,  cum  primum  aurora  movetur, 
et  breve  post  tempus  candescere  solis  ab  ortu. 
perstat  in  incepto,  stolidaeque  cupidine  palmae  50 

in  sua  fata  ruit.     Neque  enim  Jove  nata  recusat 
ncc  monet  ulterius  nee  jam  certamina  differt. 


72  XII.     The  Punishment  of  Arachne,  [Metam. 

Hand  mora,  constituimt  diversis  partibus  ambae 
et  gracili  gcminas  intcndiint  stamine  lelas. 
tela  jugo  vincta  est,  stamen  secernit  harundo,  55 

inseritur  medium  radiis  subtemen  acutis, 
quod  digiti  expediunt,  atque  inter  stamina  ductum 
percusso  feriunt  insecti  pectine  dentes. 
utraque  festinant  cinctaeque  ad  pectora  vcstes 
bracchia  docta  movent,  studio  fallentc  laborcm.  60 

illic  et  Tyrium  quae  purpura  sen  sit  aenum 
texitur,  et  tenues  parvi  discriminis  umbrae ; 
qualis  ab  imbre  solet  percussis  solibus  arCus 
inficere  ingenti  longum  curvamine  caelum  : 
in  quo  divetsi  niteant  cum  millc  colores,  65 

transitus  ipse  tamen  spectantia  lumina  fallit : 
usque  adeo  quod  tangit  idem  est ;  tamen  ultima  distant, 
illic  et  lentum  filis  inmittitur  aurum, 
et  vetus  in  tela  deducitur  argumentum. 

Cecropia  Pallas  scopulum  Mavortis  in  arce  70 

pingit  et  antiquam  de  terrae  nomine  litem, 
bis  sex  caelestes  medio  Jove  sedibus  altis 
augusta  gravitate  sedent.     Sua  quemque  deorum 
inscribit  facies.     Jovis  est  regalis  imago, 
stare  deum  pelagi  longoque  ferire  tridente  7$ 

aspera  saxa  facit,  medioque  e  vulnere  saxi 
exsiluisse  ferum  ;  quo  pignore  vindicet  urbem. 
at  sibi  dat  clipeum,  dat  acutae  cuspidls  hastam, 
dat  galeam  capiti ;  defenditur  aegide  pectus  ; 
percussamquc  sua  simulat  de  cuspide  terram  80 

edere  cum  bacis  fetum  canentis  olivae : 
mirarique  deos  :  operi  victoria  finis, 
ut  tamen  exemplis  intellegat  aemula  laudis, 
quod  pretium  speret  pro  tarn  furialibus  ausis, 
quattuor  in  partes  certamina  quattuor  addit  85 


VI.  130.]  Tlie  Web  of  Minerva,  73 

clara  colore  suo,  brevibus  distincta  sigillis. 

Threiciam  Rhodopen  habet  angulus  unus  et  Haemon, 

nunc  gelidos  monies,  mortalia  corpora  quondam, 

nomina  summorum  sibi  qui  tribuere  deorum. 

altera  Pygmaeae  fatum  miserabile  matris  90 

pars  habet.     Hanc  Juno  victam  certamine  jussit 

esse  gruem  populisque  suis  indicere  bellum. 

pinxit  et  Antigonen  ausam  contendere  quondam 

cum  magni  consorte  Jovis,  quam  regia  Juno 

in  volucrem  vertit ;  nee  profuit  Ilion  illi  95 

Laomedonve  pater,  sumptis  quin  Candida  pennis 

ipsa  sibi  plaudat  crepitante  ciconia  rostro. 

qui  superest  solus,  Cinyran  habet  angulus  orbum ; 

isque  gradus  templi,  natarum  membra  suarum, 

amplectens  saxoque  jacens  lacrimare  videtur,  100 

circuit  extremas  oleis  pacalibus  oras. 

is  modus  est,  operisque  sua  facit  arbore  finem. 

Maeonis  elusam  designat  imagine  tauri 
Europam  :  verum  taurum,  freta  vera  putares  ; 
ipsa  videbatur  terras  spectare  relictas  105 

et  comites  clamare  suas,  tactumque  vereri 
assilientis  aquae  timiclasque  reducere  plantas. 
fecit  et  Asterien  aquila  luctante  teneri : 
fecit  olorinis  Ledam  recubare  sub  alis  : 
addidit,  ut  Satyri  celatus  imagine  pulchram  hq 

Juppiter  implerit  gemino  Nycte'ida  fetu, 
Amphitryon  fuerit,  cum  te,  Tirynthia,  cepit, 
aureus  ut  Danaen,  Asopida  luserit  ignis, 
Mnemosynen  pastor,  varius  Deoi'da  serpens.  114 

ultima  pars  telae  tenui  circumdata  limbo  127 

nexilibus  flores  hederis  habet  intertextos. 

Non  illud  Pallas,  non  illud  carpere  Livor 
possit  opus.     Doluit  succcssu  flava  virago,  130 


74  XII.     The  Punishment  of  Arachnc.  [Metam. 

et  rupit  pictas,  caelestia  crlmina,  vestes. 

utque  Cytoriaco  radium  cle  monte  tenebat, 

ter  (^[uater  Idmoniae  frontem  percussit  Arachnes» 

non  tulit  infelix,  laqueoque  animosa  ligavit 

giittera.     Pendentem  Pallas  miserata  levavit,  135 

atqiie  ita  'Vive  quidem,  pende  tamen,  improba/  dixit 

'  lexque  eadem  poeiiac,  nc  sis  secura  futuri, 

dicta  tuo  generi  serisque  nepotibiis  esto ' 

[post  ea  discedens  sucis  Hecatei'dos  herbae] 

sparsit  et  extemplo  tristi  medicamine.     Tactae  140 

defluxere  comae,  cum  quis  et  naris  et  aures, 

jfitque  caput  minitnum,  toto  quoque  corpore  parva  est ; 

in  latere  exiles  digiti  pro  cruribus  haerent, 

cetera  venter  habet :  de  quo  tamen  ilia  remittit 

stamen,  et  antiquas  exercet  aranea  telas,  145 


VI.  i86.]  The  Pride  of  Niobe.  ^5 

XIII.    The  Pride  and  Grief  of  Niobe. 

[Book  VI. — 165-312.] 

But  the  fate  of  Arachne  does  not  warn  Niobe,  daughter  of  Tanta- 
lus, who,  as  the  mother  of  seven  sons  and  seven  daughters,  boasts 
herself  above  Latona.  In  wrath,  therefore,  and  to  avenge  their 
mother,  Apollo  in  one  day  smites  all  the  sons  of  Niobe,  and  Diana 
all  her  daughters ;  and  so,  being  suddenly  made  childless,  she  is 
turned  into  marble,  and  her  tears  continue  to  flow  forever. 

Ecce  venit  comitum  Niobe  celeberrima  turba,  165 

vestibus  intexto  Phrygiis  spectabilis  auro, 
et,  quantum  ira  sinit,  formosa  ;  movensque  decoro 
cum  capite  immissos  umerum  per  utrumque  capillos. 
constitit ;  utque  oculos  circumtulit  alta  superbos, 
*  Quis  furor,  auditos '  inquit  '  praeponere  visis  170 

caelestes  ?  aut  cur  colitur  Latona  per  aras, 
numen  adhuc  sine  ture  meum  est  ?   Mihi  Tantalus  auctor, 
cui  licuit  soli  superorum  tangere  mensas. 
Pleradum  soror  est  genitrix  mea ;  maximus  Atlas 
est  avus,  aetherium  qui  fert  cervicibus  axem ;  175 

Juppiter  alter  avus,  socero  quoque  glorior  illo. 

*■  Me  gentes  metuunt  Phrygiae,  me  regia  Cadmi 
sub  domina  est,  fidibusque  mei  commissa  mariti 
moenia  cum  populis  a  meque  viroque  reguntur. 
in  quamcumque  domus  adverti  lumina  partem,  180 

immensae  spectantur  opes.     Accedit  eodem 
digna  dea  facies.     Hue  natas  adice  septem 
et  totidem  juvenes,  et  mox  generosque  nurusque. 
quaerite  nunc,  habeat  quam  nostra  superbia  causam ! 
nescio  quoque  audete  satam  Titanida  Coeo  185 

Latonam  praeferre  mihi,  cui  maxima  quondam 


^6  xni.     The  Pride  and  Grief  of  Niobe.       [MEXAMi 

exiguam  sedem  pariturae  terra  negavit. 

nee  caelo,  nee  hiimo,  nee  aquis  dea  vestra  recepta  est ; 

exsul  erat  mundi,  donee  miserata  vagantem, 

Hospita  hi  terris  erras,  ego  (dixit)  in  undis  ;  190 

instabilemque  locum  Delos  dedit.     Ilia  duoriim 

facta  parens :  uteri  pars  haec  est  septima  nostri. 

*  Surii  felix  :  quis  enim  neget  hoc  ?  felixque  raanebo  : 
hoc  quoque  quis  dubitet  ?  tutam  me  copia  fecit, 
major  sum,  quam  cui  possit  Fortuna  nocere ;  19s 

multaque  ut  eripiat,  multo  mihi  plura  relinquit. 
excessere  metum  mea  jam  bona.     Fingite  demi 
huic  aliquid  populo  natorum  posse  meorum : 
non  tamen  ad  numerum  redigar  spoliata  duorum, 
Latonae  turbam  :  qua  quantum  distat  ab  orba  ?  200 

ite,  satisque  superque  sacri,  laurumque  capillis 
ponite/     Deponunt,  infectaque  saCra  relinquunt, 
quodque  licet,  tacito  venerantur  murihure  numen. 

Indignata  dea  est ;  summoque  in  vertice  Cynthi 
tali^us  est  dictis  gemina  cum  pfole  locuta ;  205 

*  En  ego  vestra  parens,  vobis  animosa  creatis, 
et,  nisi  Junoni,  nuUi  cessura  dearum, 
an  dea  sim,  dubitor;  perque  omnia  saecula  cultis 
arceor,  O  nati,  nisi  vos  succurritis,  aris. 
nee  dolor  hie  solus  :  diro  convicia  facto  210 

Tantalis  adjecit,  vosque  est  postponere  natis 
ansa  suis,  et  me,  quod  in  ipsam  recidat,  orbam 
dixit,  et  exhibuit  linguam  scelerata  paternam/ 

Adjectura  preces  erat  his  Latona  relatis  : 
Desine  Phoebus  ait ;  poenae  mora  longa  querella  est.     215 
dixit  idem  Phoebe ;  celerique  per  aera  lapsu 
contigerant  tecti  Cadme'i'da  nubibus  arcem. 
planus  erat  lateque  patens  prope  moenia  campus, 
adsiduis  pulsatus  cquis,  ubi  turba  rotarum 


VI.  252.]  The  Sons  of  Niobe  are  slain,  yy 

duraque  mollierat  siibjecta.s  iingula  glebas.  220 

Pars  ibi  cle  septem  genitis  Amphione  fortes 
conscendunt  in  eqiios,  Tyrioque  rubentia  suco 
terga  premunt,  auroque  graves  moderantur  habenas  : 
e  quibus  Ismenos,  qui  matri  sarcina  quondam 
prima  suae  fuerat,  dum  certum  flectit  in  orbem  225 

quadrupedis  cursus,  spumantiaque  ora  coercet, 
Ei  miki  !  conclamat,  medioque  in  pectore  fixa 
tela  gerit,  frenisque  manu  moriente  remissis, 
in  latus  a  dextro  paulatim  defluit  armo. 

Proximus,  audito  sonitu  per  inane  pharetrae,  230 

frena  dabat  Sipylus  :  veluti  cum  praescius  imbris 
nube  fugit  visa,  pendentiaque  undique  rector 
carbasa  deducit,  ne  qua  levis  effluat  aura, 
frena  dabat :  dantem  non  evitabile  telum 
consequitur ;  summaque  tremens  cervice  sagitta  235 

haesit,  et  exstabat  nudum  de  gutture  ferrum. 
ille,  ut  erat  pronus,  per  crura  admissa  jubasque 
volvitur,  et  calido  tellurem  sanguine  foedat. 

Phaedimus  infelix  et  aviti  nominis  heres 
Tantalus,  ut  solito  finem  imposuere  labori,  240 

transierant  ad  opus  nitidae  juvenile  palaestrae : 
et  jam  contulerant  arto  luctantia  nexu 
pectora  pectoribus  ;  cum  tento  concita  nervo, 
sicut  erant  juncti,  trajecit  utrumque  sagitta. 
ingemuere  simul ;  simul  incurvata  dolore  245 

membra  solo  posuere  ;  simul  suprema  jacentes 
lumina  versarunt :  animam  simul  exhalarunt. 

Adspicit  Alphenor,  laniataque  pectora  plangens 
advolat,  ut  gelidos  complexibus  allevet  artus  ; 
inque  pio  cadit  officio,  nam  Delius  illi  250 

intima  fatifero  rupit  praecordia  ferro. 
quod  simul  eductum,  pars  est  pulmonis  in  hamis 


yS  XIII.     The  Pride  and  Grief  of  Nio be,        [Meiam. 

eruta,  cumque  anima  criior  est  effiisus  in  auras. 

At  non  intonsum  simplex  Damasichthona  vulnus 
adficit.     Ictus  erat,  qua  crus  esse  incipit,  et  qua  255 

mollia  nervosus  facit  internodia  poples. 
dumque  manu  temptat  trahere  exitiabile  telum, 
altera  per  jugulum  pennis  tenus  acta  sagitta  est. 
expulit  hanc  sanguis,  seque  ejaculatus  in  altum 
emicat,  et  longe  terebrata  prosilit  aura.  260 

Ultimus  Ilioneus  non  profectura  precando 
bracchia  sustulerat,  Di  que  O  commimiter  oinnes, 
dixerat,  ignarus  non  omncs  esse  rogandos, 
parcite I  Motus  erat,  cum  jam  revocabile  telum 
non  fuit,  Arciteiiens  ;  minimo  tamen  occidit  ille  265 

vulnere,  non  alte  percusso  corde  sagitta. 

Fama  mali  populique  dolor  lacrimaeque  suorum 
tam  subitae  matrem  certam  fecere  ruinae 
mirantem  potuisse,  irascentemque,  quod  ausi 
hoc  essent  superi,  quod  tantum  juris  haberent.  270 

nam  pater  Ampbion,  ferro  per  pectus  adacto, 
finierat  moriens  pariter  cum  luce  dolorem. 

Heu  quantum  haec  Niobe  Niobe  distabat  ab  ilia, 
quae  modo  Latoi's  populum  summoverat  aris, 
et  mediam  tulerat  gressus  resupina  per  urbem,  275 

invidiosa  suis !  at  riunc  miseranda  vel  hosti. 
corporibus  gelidis  incumbit,  et  ordine  nullo 
oscula  dispensat  natos  suprema  per  omnes. 
a  quibus  ad  caelum  liventia  bracchia  toUens, 
*  Pascere,  crudelis,  nostro,  Latona,  dolore  :  280 

pascere '  ait,  '  satiaque  meo  tua  pectora  luctu  : 
corque  f erum  satia  '  dixit ;  '  per  funera  septem 
efferor :  exsulta,  victrixque  inimica  triumpha. 
cur  autem  victrix  ?  miserae  mihi  plura  sup^rsunt, 
quam  tibi  felici.     Post  tot  quoque  funera  vinco.'  ^«5 


VI.  312.]  'Che  Grief  of  Niobe,  79 

Dixerat,  et  sonuit  contento  nervus  ab  arcu : 
qui  praeter  Nioben  unam  conterruit  omnes. 
ilia  malo  est  audax.     Stabant  cum  vestibus  atris 
ante  toros  fratrum  demisso  crine  sorores ; 
e  quibus  una,  trahens  haerentia  viscera  tela  290 

imposito  fratri,  moribunda  relanguit  ore  ; 
altera,  solari  miseram  conata  parentem, 
conticuit  subito,  duplicataque  vulnere  caeco  est, 
oraque  compressit,  nisi  postquam  spiritus  ibat ; 
haec  frustra  fugiens  collabitur ;  ilia  sorori  295 

inmoritur ;  latet  haec  ;  illam  trepidare  videres. 

Sexque  datis  leto  diversaque  vulnera  passis, 
ultima  restabat ;  quam  toto  corpore  mater, 
tota  veste  tegens,  '  Unam  minimamque  relinque  ! 
de  multis  minimam  posco  '  clamavit  *et  unam/  300 

dumque  rogat,  pro  qua  rogat,  occidit.     Orba  resedit 
exanimes  inter  natos  natasque  virumque, 
diriguitque  malis.     NuUos  movet  aura  capillos, 
in  vultu  color  est  sine  sanguine,  lumina  maestis 
stant  immota  genis,  nihil  est  in  imagine  vivum.  305 

ipsa  quoque  interius  cum  dure  lingua  palato 
congelat,  et  venae  desistunt  posse  moveri. 
nee  flecti  cervix,  nee  bracchia  reddere  motus, 
nee  pes  ire  potest,  intra  quoque  viscera  saxum  est : 
flet  tamen,  et  validi  circumdata  turbine  venti  310 

in  patriam  rapta  est.     Ibi  fixa  cacumine  montis 
liquitur,  et  lacrimas  etiam  nunc  marmora  manant. 


8o  XIV.     The  Enchantments  of  Medea.       [IMetam. 

XIV.    The  Enchantments  of  Medea. 
[Book  VIL  — 1-293.] 

[The  doom  of  Niobe  reminds  one  hearer  of  the  vengeance 
inflicted  on  certain  people  of  Lycia,  who,  having  refused  to  Latona 
a  draught  of  water  from  the  lake  in  her  extreme  thirst,  were  by 
Jupiter  turned  into  frogs  (VI.  313-381)-,  and  another  of  the  satyr 
Marsyas,  who  was  conquered  in  music  and  flayed  by  Apollo ;  and 
another  of  the  crime  of  Tantalus,  Niobe's  father,  who  caused  his 
son  Pelops  to  be  served  up  at  meat  to  the  gods  (382-411).  Pan- 
dion  of  Athens,  attacked  for  refusing  the  friendship  of  Pelops,  is 
helped  by  Tereus,  king  of  Thrace,  to  whom  he  gives  his  daughter 
Progne  to  wife.  But  Tereus,  having  committed  incest  with 
Progne's  sister  Philomela,  is  dreadfully  punished  by  the  two,  who 
serve  to  him  in  a  banquet  the  body  of  his  son  Itys ;  and  as  Tereus 
ptirsues  them  for  vengeance,  all  are  transformed  to  birds  —  Tereus 
becoming  a  hoopoe,  Progne  a  swallow,  Philomela  a  nightingale,  and 
Itys  a  pheasant;  while  Pandion,  dying  of  grief,  is  succeeded  by 
Erechtheus  (412-676),  whose  daughter  Orithyia  is  borne  away  by 
Boreas  (the  North  Wind)  to  Thrace.  Here  she  becomes  mother  of 
the  winged  heroes  Zethes  and  Calais,  who  accompany  Jason  and 
the  Argonauts  in  their  voyage  for  the  Golden  Fleece  (677-721).] 

Arriving  at  Colchis,  Jason  is  met  by  the  enchantress  Medea, 
daughter  of  king  ^etes ;  who,  moved  by  love,  protects  him  by  her 
enchantments  from  the  Dragon  guarding  the  fleece,  and  from  the 
iire-breathing  bulls,  with  which  he  ploughs  the  appointed  field, 
sowing  it  with  serpents'  teeth  (VII.  1-122).  Frdm  these  spring  up 
armed  men,  who  prepare  to  attack  Jason ;  but  he,  instructed  by 
Medea,  casts  a  stone  among  them,  whereat  they  perish  in  mutual 
slaughter  (123-143).  Returning  to  lolchos  with  Medea,  he  en- 
treats her  to  restore  to  youth  his  aged  father.  The  magic  is  de- 
scribed at  length,  by  which  she  prepares  the  juices  of  miraculous 
herbs ;  and,  these  proving  efficacious,  /Eson  is  converted  to  the 
fresh  vigor  of  forty  years  before  (144-293), 

Jamque  fretum  Minyae  Pagasaea  puppe  secabant : 
perpetuaque  trahens  inopem  sub  nocte  senectam 


VII.  ss,"]  Medea  discourses  with  herself.  8i 

Phineus  visus  erat,  juvenesque  Aquilone  creati 
virgineas  volucres  miseri  senis  ore  fugarant ; 
multaque  perpessi  claro  sub  lasone  tandem  5 

contigerant  rapidas  limosi  Phasidos  undas. 

Dumque  adeunt  regem,  Phrixeaque  vellera  poscunt, 
voxque  datur  numeris  magnorum  horrenda  laborum, 
concipit  interea  validos  Aeetias  ignes  ; 
et  luctata  diu,  postquam  ratione  fiirorem  10 

vincere  non  poterat,  '  Frustra,  Medea,  repugnas  : 
nescio  quis  deus  obstat '  ait,  *  mirumque,  nisi  hoc  est, 
au^  aliqiiid  certe  simile  huic,  quod  amare  vocatur. 
nam  cur  jussa  patris  nimium  mihi  dura  videntur  ? 
sunt  quoque  dura   nimis.      Cur,  quern   modo   denique 

vidi,  IS 

ne  pereat,  timeo  ?  quae  tanti  causa  timoris  ? 
excute  virginco  conceptas  pectore  flammas, 
si  potes,  infelix.     Si  possem,  sanior  essem  : 
sed  gravat  invitam  nova  vis  ;  aliudque  cupido, 
mens  aliud  suadet.     Video  meliora,  proboque  :  20 

deteriora  sequor.     Quid  in  hospite,  regia  virgo, 
ureris,  et  thalamos  alieni  concipis  orbis  ? 
haec  quoque  terra  potest,  quod  ames,  dare.     Vivat,  an 

ille 
occidat,  in  dis  est.     Vivat  tamen  :  idque  precari 
vel  sine  amore  licet.     Quid  enim  commisit  lason  }        25 
quem,  nisi  crudelem,  non  tangat  lasonis  aetas 
et  genus  et  virtus  ?  quem  non,  ut  cetera  desint, 
ore  movere  potest  ?  certe  mea  pectora  movit. 

'  At  nisi  opem  tulero,  taurorum  adflabitur  ore, 
concurretque  suae  segetis  tellure  creatis  30 

hostibus,  aut  avido  dabitur  fera  praeda  draconi. 
hoc  ego  si  patiar,  turn  me  de  tigride  natam, 
turn  ferrum  et  scopulos  gestare  in  corde  fatebor. 


82  XIV.     The  Enchantments  of  Medea.       [Metam. 

cur  non  et  specto  pereuntem,  oculosque  videndo 
conscelero  ?    cur  non  tauros  exhortor  in  ilium,  35 

terrigenasque  ferbs,  insopitunique  draconem  ? 

*  Di  meliora  velint :  quamquam  non  ista  precanda, 
sed  facienda  mihi.     Prodamne  ego  regna  parentis, 
atque  ope  nescio  quis  servabitur  advena  nostra, 

Ut  per  me  sospes  sine  me  det  lintea  ventis,  40 

virque  sit  alterius,  poenae  Medea  relinquar  ? 

si  facere  hoc,  aliamve  potest  praeponere  nobis, 

occidat  ingratus.     Sed  non  is  vultus  in  illo, 

non  ea  nobilitas  animo  est,  ea  gratia  formae, 

ut  timeam  fraudem  meritique  oblivia  nostri.  45 

et  dabit  ante  fidem  ;  cogamque  in  foedera  testes 

esse  deos.     Quin  tuta  times  !  accingere,  et  omnem 

pelle  moram  :  tibi  se  semper  debebit  lason, 

te  face  solemni  junget  sibi,  perque  Pelasgas 

servatrix  urbes  matrum  celebrabere  turba*  50 

*  Ergo  ego  germanam  f  ratremque  patremque  deosque 
et  natale  solum,  ventis  ablata,  relinquam  ? 

nempe  pater  saevus,  nempe  est  mea  barbara  tellus, 
frater  adhuc  infans  :  stant  mecum  vota  sororis  ; 
maximus  intra  me  deus  est.  Non  magna  relinquam  ;     55 
magna  sequar  :  titulum  servatae  pubis  Achivae, 
notitiamque  loci  melioris,  et  oppida,  quorum 
hie  quoque  fama  viget,  cultusque  artesque  locorum ; 
quemque  ego  cum  rebus,  quas  totus  possidet  orbis, 
Aesoniden  mutasse  velim,  quo  conjuge  felix  60 

et  dis  cara  ferar,  et  vcrtice  sidera  tangam. 

'  Quid,  quod  nescio  qui  raediis  incurrere  in  undis 
dicuntur  montes,  ratibusque  inimica  Charybdis 
nunc  sorbere  fretum,  nunc  reddere,  cinctaque  saevis 
Scylla  rapax  canibus  Siculo  latrare  profundo?  65 

nempe  tencns  quod  amo,  grcmioque  in  liisonis  haercns, 


VII.  99.]  She  meets  with  Jason,  83 

per  freta  longa  ferar.     Nihil  ilium  amplexa  verebor  ; 
aut,  si  quid  metuam,  metuam  de  conjuge  solo, 
conjugiumne  vocas,  speciosaque  nomina  culpae 
imponis,  Medea,  tuae  ?  quin  aspice,  quantum  7° 

aggrediare  nefas,  et  dum  licet,  effuge  crimen.* 
dixit ;  et  ante  oculos  rectum  gietasque  pudorque 
constiterant,  et  victa  dabat  jam  terga  Cupido. 

Ibat  ad  antiquas  Hecates  Perse'i'dos  aras, 
quas  nemus  umbrosum  secretaque  silva  tegebat.  75 

et  jam  fortis  erat,  pulsusque  recesserat  ardor ; 
cum  videt  Aesoniden,  exstinctaque  flamma  revixit 
erubuere  genae,  totoque  recanduit  ore, 
utque  solet  ventis  alimenta  assumere,  quaeque 
parva  sub  inducta  latuit  scintilla  favilla,  80 

crescere,  et  in  veteres  agitata  resurgere  vires, 
sic  jam  lentus  amor,  jam  quern  languere  putares, 
ut  vidit  juvenem,  specie  praesentis  inarsit. 

Et  casu  solito  formosior  Aesone  natus 
ilia  luce  fuit :  posses  ignoscere  amanti.  '  85 

spectat,  et  in  vultu  veluti  tum  denique  viso 
lumina  fixa  tenet,  nee  se  mortalia  dv'^mens 
era  videre  putat,  nee  se  declinat  ab  illo. 
ut  vero  coepitque  loqui,  dextramque  prehendit 
hospes,  et  auxilium  summissa  voce  rogavit,  90 

promisitque  torum,  lacrimis  ait  ilia  profusis  : 
*  Quid  faciam  video  ;  nee  me  igBjotcantia  veri 
decipiet,  sed  amor.     Servabere  munere  nostro  : 
servatus  promissa  dato.'     Per  sacra  triformis 
ille  deae,  lucoque  foret  quod  numen  in  illo,  95 

perque  patrem  soceri  cernentem  cuncta  futuri, 
event  usque  sues  et  tanta  pericula  jurat, 
creditus  accepit  cantatas  protinus  herbas, 
edidicitque  usum,  laetusque  in  tesca  recessit 


84  XIV.    The  Enchantments  of  Medea,        [Metam. 

Postera  depulerat  Stellas  aurora  micantes  :  loo 

eonveniunt  populi  sacrum  Mavortis  in  arvum, 
consistuntque  jugis.     Medio  rex  ipse  resedit 
agmine,  purpureus  sceptroque  insignis  eburno. 
ecce  adamanteis  vol^anum  naribus  efflant 
aeripedes  tauri,  tactaeque  vaporibus  herbae  105 

ardent.     Utque  solent  pleni  resonare  camini, 
aut  ubi  terrena  silices  fornace  soluti 
concipiunt  ignem  liquidarum  aspargine  aquarum : 
pectora  sic  intus  clausas  volventia  flammas 
gutturaque  usta  sonant.     Tamen  illis  Aesone  natus     no 
obvius  it :  vertcre  truces  venientis  ad  ora 
terribiles  vultus  praefixaque  cornua  ferro, 
pulvereumque  solum  pede  pulsavere  bisulco, 
f umificisque  loCum  mugitibus  impleverunt., 

Deriguere  metu  Minyae.     Subit  ille,  nee  ignes        115 
sentit  anhelatos,  —  tantum  medicamina  possunt,  — 
pendulaque  audaci  mulcfet  palearia  dextra, 
subpositosqtie  jugo  pondus  grave  cogit  aratri 
ducere,  et  insnetum  ferro  proscindere  campum. 
mirantur  Colchi :  Minyae  clamoribus  augent,  120 

adiciuntque  aniraos.     Galea  tum  sumit  aena 
vipereos  dentes,  et  aratos  spargit  in  agros. 
semina  mollit  humus  valido  praetincta  veneno, 
et  crescunt,  fiuntque  sati  nova  corpora  dentes.  124 

Quos  ubi  viderunt  praeacutae  cuspidis  hastas  131 

in  caput  Haemonii  juvenis  torquere  parantes, 
demisere  raetu  vultunlque  animumque  Pelasgi. 
ipsa  quoque  extimuit,  quae  tutum  fecerat  ilium : 
utque  peti  vidit  juvcnem  tot  ab  hostibus  unum,  135 

palluit,  et  subito  sine  sanguine  frigida  sedit ; 
neve  parum  valeant  a  se  data  graniina,  carmen 
auxiliare  canit,  secretasque  advocat  artes. 


VII.  171.]  yason  fulfils  his  Task,  85 

ille,  gravem  medios  silicem  jaculatiis  in  hostes, 
a  se  depulsum  Martem  convertit  in  ipsos.  140 

terrigenae  pereunt  per  mutua  vulnera  fratres, 
civilique  cadunt  acie.     Gratantur  Achivi, 
victoremque  tenent,  avidisque  amplexibus  haerent. 
Tu  quoque  victorem  complecti,  barbara,  velles  : 
obstitit  incepto  pudor ;  at  complexa  fuisses,  145 

sed  te,  ne  faceres,  tenuit  reverentia  famae. 
quod  licet,  adfectu  tacito  laetaris,  agisque 
carminibus  grates  et  dis  auctoribus  horum. 

Pervigilem  superest  herbis  sopire  draconem, 
qui  crista  linguisque  tribus  praesignis  et  uncis  150 

dentibus  horrendus  custos  erat  arletis  aurei. 
hunc  postquam  sparsit  Lethaei  gramine  suci, 
verbaque  ter  dixit  placidos  facientia  somnos, 
quae  mare  turbatum,  quae  concita  flumina  sistunt : 
somnus  in  ignotos  oculos  sibi  venit,  et  auro  155 

heros  Aesonius  potitur ;  spolroque  superbus, 
muneris  auctorem  secum,  spolia  altera,  portans, 
victor  lolciacos  tetigit  cum  conjugc  portus. 

Haemoniae  matres  pro  gnatis  dona  receptis 
grandaevique  ferunt  patres,  congestaque  flamma  160 

tura  liquefaciunt,  inductaque  cornibus  aurum 
victima  vota  cadit.     Sed  abest  gratantibus  Aeson, 
jam  propior  leto,  fessusque  senilibus  annis. 
cum  sic  Aesonides  :  '  O  cui  debere  salutem 
confiteor,  conjunx,  quamquam  mihi  cuncta  dedisti,       165 
excessitque  fidem  meritorum  summa  tuorum  : 
si  tamen  hoc  possunt  (quid  enim  non  carmina  possint  ?) 
deme  meis  annis,  et  demptos  adde  parenti : ' 
nee  tenuit  lacrimas.     Mota  est  pietate  rogantis, 
dissimilemque  animum  subiit  Aeeta  relictus.  170 

Nee  tamen  affectus  tales  confessa,  *  Quod '  inquit 


86  XIV.      The  Enchantments  of  Medea.        [Metam. 

*excidit  ore  pio,  conjunx,  scelus  ?  ergo  ego  ciiiquam 

posse  tuae  videor  spatiiim  transcriberc  vitac  ? 

ncc  sinat  hoc  Hecate,  nee  tu  petis  aequa.     Sed  isto, 

quod  petis,  experiar  majus  dare  munus,  lason.  175 

arte  mea  soceri  longum  temptabimus  aevum, 

non  annis  revocare  tuis  :  modo  diva  triformis 

adjuvet,  et  praesens  ingentibiis  adtuiat  ausis/ 

Tres  aberant  noctes,  ut  corniia  tota  coirent 
effiicerentque  orbem.     Postquam  plenissima  fulsit,        180 
ac  solida  terras  spectavit  imagine  lima, 
egreditur  tectis  vestes  induta  recinctas, 
nuda  pedem,  nudos  humeris  infusa  capillos, 
fcrtque  vagos  mediae  per  muta  silentia  noctis 
incomitatd  gradus.     Homines  volucresque  ferasquc      185 
solvQrat  alta  quies  ;  nullo  cum  murmure  saepes  ; 
iinmotaeque  silent  frondes  ;  silet  humidus  aer ; 
sidera  sola  micant.     Ad  quae  sua  bracchia  tendens 
ter  se  convertit,  ter  Sumptis  fluminc  crinem 
inroravit  aquis,  ternisque  ululatibus  ora  190 

solvit ;  et  in  dura  summisso  poplite  terra  :  — 

*  Nox  *  ait  *  arcanis  fidissima,  quaeque  diurnis 
aurea  cum  luna  succeditis  ignibus,  astra, 
tuque  triceps  Hecate,  quae  coeptis  conscia  nostris 
adjutrixque  venis,  cantusque  artesque  magorum  195 

quaeque  magos,  Tellus,  pollentibus  instruis  herbis, 
auraeque  et  venti  montesque  amnesque  lacusque, 
dique  omnes  nemorum,  dique  omnes  noctis  adeste, 
quorum  ope,  cum  volui,  ripis  mirantibus  amnes 
in  fontes  rediere  suos,  concussaque  sisto,  200 

stantia  concutio  cantu  freta,  nubila  pello, 
nubilaque  induco,  ventos  abigoque  vocoque, 
vipereas  rumpo  verbis  et  carmine  fauces, 
vivaque  saxa,  sua  convulsaquc  robora  terra 


VII.  237-]  Her  Moonlight  Incantations.  Zj 

et  silvas  moveo,  jubeoque  tremescere  montes  205 

et  mugire  solum,  manesque  exire  sepulchris  ; 

*  Te  quoque,  Luna,  traho,  quamvis  Temesaea  labores 
aera  tuos  minuant,  currus  quoque  carmine  nostro 
pallet  avi,  pallet  nostris  Aurora  venenis  :  — 

vos  mihi  taurorum  flammas  hebetastis,  et  unco  210 

impatiens  oneris  collum  pressistis  aratro. 
vos  serpentigenis  in  se  fera  bella  dedistis  ; 
custodemque  rudem  somni  sopistis,  et  "aurum 
vindice  decepto  Graias  misistis  in  urbes. 

*  Nunc  opus  est  sucis,  per  quos  renovata  scnectus     215 
in  florem  redeat,  primosque  recoUigat  annos. 

et  dabitis  ;  neque  enim  micuerunt  sidera  frustra, 
nee  frustra  volucrum  tractus  cervice  draconum 
currus  adest/     Aderat  demissus  ab  aethere  currus. 

Quo  simul  ascendit,  frenataque  colla  draconum         220 
permulsit,  manibusque  leves  agitavit  habehas, 
sublimis  rapitur,  subjectaque  Thessala  Tempe 
despicit,  et  Threces  regionibus  applicat  angues ; 
et  quas  Ossa  tulit,  quas  alt  urn  Pelion  herbas, 
Othrys  quas  Pindusque  et  Pindo  major  Olympus,         225 
perspicit,  et  placitas  partim,  radice  revellit, 
partim  succidit  curvamine  falcis  aenae. 
multa  quoque  Apidani  placuerunt  gramina  ripis, 
multa  quoque  Amphrysi ;  neque  eras  immunis,  Enipeu  ; 
nee  non  Peneus,  nee  non  Sperchci'des  undae  230 

contribuere  aliquid,  juncosaque  litora  Boebes. 
carpsit  et  Euboi'ca  vivax  Anthedone  gramen, 
iiondum  mutato  vulgatum  corpore  Glauci. 

Et  jam  nona  dies  curru  pennisque  draconum, 
nonaque  nox  omnes  lustrantem  viderat  agros,  235 

cum  rediit :  neque  erant  tacti,  nisi  odore,  dracones, 
et  tamen  annosae  pcllem  posuere  senectae. 


8<S  \TV.      The  EncJimitmcnts  of  Mtdca,        [Metam» 

constitit  adveniens  citra  limenque  foresqiie, 

et  tantum  caelo  tegitur,  refugitque  viriles 

contactus  ;  statuitque  aras  e  cespite  binas,  240 

dexteriore  Hecates,  ast  laeva  parte  Juventae. 

Has  ubi  verbenis  silvaque  incinxit  agresti, 
baud  procul  egesta  scrobibus  tellure  duabus 
sacra  facit,  cultrosque  in  guttura  velleris  atri 
coiiicit,  et  patulas  perfundit  sanguine  fossas.  245 

turn  super  invergens  liquid!  carchesia  bacchi, 
aeneaque  invergens  tcpidi  carchesia  lactis, 
verba  simul  fudit,  terrenaque  numina  civit, 
umbrarumque  rogat  rapta  cum  conjuge  regem, 
ne  properent  artus  anima  fraudare  senili.  250 

Quos  ubi  placavit  prccibusque  et  murmure  longo, 
Aesonis  effoetum  proferri  corpus  ad  auras 
jussit,  et  in  pleno^  resolutum  carmine  somnos, 
exanimi  sinjilem  stratis  porrexit  in  herbis. 
hinc  procul  Aesoniden,  procul  hinc  jubet  ire  ministros,  255 
et  monet  arcanis  oculos  removere  profanes, 
diffugiunt  jussi ;  passis  Medea  capillis, 
bacchantum  ritu,  flagrantes  circuit  aras : 
multifidasque  faces  in  fossa  sanguinis  atra 
tinguit,  et  intinctas  geminis  accendit  in  aris  ;  260 

terque  senem  flamma,  ter  aqua,  ter  sulfure  lustrat. 

Interea  validum  posito  medicamen  aeno 
fervet,  et  exsiiltat  spumisque  tumentibus  albet. 
illic  Ilacmonia  radices  valle  resectas 
seminaque  floresque  et  sucos  incoquit  acres.  265 

adicit  cxtremo  lapides  Oriente  petitos, 
et  quas  Oceani  rcfluum  mare  lavit  arenas. 
addit  et  exceptas  luna  pernocte  pruiucis, 
et  strigis  infames  ipsis  cum  carnibus  alas, 
incjue  virum  soliti  vultus  miitare  ferinos  270 


VII.  293-3  The  Magic  Caldi^on.  89 

ambigui  prosecta  liipi ;  nee  defuit  illic 
squamea  Cinyphii  tenuis  membrana  chelyclri, 
vivacisque  jecur  ccrvi,  qiiibus  insuper  addit 
ora  caputque  novem  cornicis  saecula  passae. 

His  et  mille  aliis  postquam  sine  nomine  rebus  275 

propositum  instruxit  reniorari  Tartara  munus, 
arenti  ramo  jampridem  mitis  olivae 
omnia  confudit,  summisque  immiscuit  ima. 
ecce  vetus  calido  versatus  stipes  aeno 
fit  viridis  primo,  nee  longo  tempore  frondes      '  280 

induit,  et  subito  gravidis  oncratur  olivis. 
at  quacumque  cavo  spumas  ejecit  aeno 
ignis,  et  in  terram  guttae  cecidere  calentes, 
vernat  humus,  floresque  et  mollia  pabula  surgunt. 

Quae  simul  ac  vidit,  strict 0  Medea  recludit  285 

ense  senis  jugulum,  veteremque  exirc  cruorem 
passa,  replet  sucis.     Quos  postquam  conbibit  Aeson, 
aut  ore  acceptos  aut  vulnere,  barba  comaeque 
canitie  posita  nigrum  rapuere  colorem ; 
pulsa  fugit  macies,  abeunt  pallorque  situsque,  290 

adjectoque  cavae  supplentur  corporc  rugae, 
membraque  luxuriant.     Aeson  miratur,  et  oUm 
ante  quater  denos  hunc  se  rcminiscitur  annos. 


go  XV.      TJic  Mtcrdcr  of  Pelias.  [Metam. 

XV.    The  Murder  of  Pelias. 

[Book  ¥11.^294-353.] 

Medea  restores  the  nurses  of  Bacchus  to  youth.  Then  she  per- 
forms a  similar  miracle  upon  an  aged  ram,  and  persuades  the 
daughters  of  Pelias,  Jason's  enemy,  to  kill  their  father  in  order 
that  she  may  make  him  young  again.  But  no  sooner  is  he  slain 
than  Medea  takes  to  flight  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  winged  dragons. 

ViDERAT  ex  alto  tanti  miraciila  monstri 
Liber.     Et  admonitiis  juvenes  nutricibus  annos  295 

posse  suis  reddi,  capit  hoc  a  Colchide  munus. 

Neve  doli  cessent,  odium  cum  conjuge  falsum 
Phasias  assimulat,  Peliaeque  ad  lira  in  a  supplex 
confugit.    Atque  illam,  quoniam  gravis  ipse  senecta  est, 
excipiunt  natae.     Quas  tempore  callida  parvo  300 

Colchis  amicitiae  meiidacis  imagine  cepit, 
dumque  refert  inter  meritorum  maxima,  demptos 
Aesonis  esse  situs,  atque  hac  in  parte  moratur, 
spcs  est  virginibus  Pelia  subjecta  creatis, 
arte  suum  parili  reviresccre  posse  parentem.  305 

jamque  petunt,  pretiumque  jubent  sine  fine  pacisci. 
ilia  brevi  spatio  silet  et  dubitare  videtur, 
suspenditque  animos  ficta  gravitate  rogantum. 
mox  ubi  pollicita  est,  'Quo  sit  Mucia  major 
muneris  hujus,'  ait  'qui  vestras  maximus  aevo  est        310 
dux  gregis  inter  oves,  agnus  mcdicamine  fiet/ 

Protinus  innumeris  effetus  laniger  annis 
attrahitur  flexo  circum  cava  tempora  cornu  : 
cujus  ut  Haemonio  marcentia  guttura  cnltro 
fodit,  et  cxiguo  maculavit  sanguine  ferrum,  315 

membra  simul  pccudis  validosque  vencfica  sucos 


VIL  349.]  Tlie  Ram  restored  to   Youth.  91 

mergit  in  aere  cavo  :  [minuunt  en  corporis  artus, 

cornuaque  exurunt,  nee  non  cum  cornibus  annos  : 

et  tener  auditur  medio  balatus  aeno. 

nee  mora,  balatum]  mirantibus  exsilit  agnus,  320 

lascivitque  fuga,  laetantiaque  ubera  quaerit. 

obstipuere  satae  Pelia  :  promissaque  postquam 

exhibuere  fidem,  turn  vcro  impensius  instant. 

Ter  juga  Phoebus  equis  in  Hibero  fiumine  mersis 
dempserat,  et  quarta  radiantia  nocte  micabant  32s 

sidera,  cum  rapido  fallax  Aeetias  igni 
imponit  purum  laticem  et  sine  viribus  herbas. 
jamque  neci  similis  resoluto  corpore  regem 
et  cum  rege  suo  custodes  somnus  habebat, 
quem  dederant  cantus  magicaeque  potentia  linguae.     330 
intrarant  jussae  cum  Colchide  limina  natae, 
ambierantque  torum.     '  Quid  nunc  dubitatis  inertes  ? 
stringite '  ait  *  gladios,  veteremque  haurite  cruorem, 
ut  repleam  vacuas  juvenali  sanguine  venas. 
in  manibus  vestris  vita  est  aetasque  parentis.  335 

[si  pietas  ulla  est,  nee  spes  agitatis  inanesj 
officium  praestate  patri,  telisque  senectam 
exigite,  et  saniem  conjecto  emittite  ferro.' 
his,  ut  quaeque  pia  est,  hortatibus  impia  prima  est, 
[et  ne  sit  scelerata,  facit  scelus.     Hand  tamen  ictus    340 
ulla  suos  spectare  potest,  oculosque  reflectunt,] 
caecaque  dant  saevis  aversae  vulnera  dextris. 
ille,  cruore  fluens,  cubito  tamen  allevat  artus, 
semilacerque  toro  temptat  consurgere,  et  inter 
tot  medius  gladios  pallentia  bracchia  tendens  34s 

*  Quid  facitis,  gnatae  ?  quid  vos  in  fata  parentis 
armat  ?  *  ait.     Cecidere  illis  animique  manusque. 
plura  locuturo  cum  verbis  guttura  Colchis 
abistulit,  et  calidis  laniatum  mersit  in  undis. 


92  XV.     The  Murder  of  Pelias,  [Metam. 

Quod  nisi  pennatis  serpentibus  isset  in  auras,  350 

non  exempta  foret  poenae.     Fugit  alta  superque 
Pelion  umbrosum,  Philyrei'a  tecta,  superque 
Othryn  et  eventu  veteris  loca  nota  Cerambi. 


vil.  631.]  The  Myrmidons.  93 

XVI.   The  Myrmidons. 
[Book  VIL  — 614-657.] 

[Passing  over  the  scene  of  many  transformations,  Medea  comes 
to  Athens ;  whence  (her  attempted  poisoning  of  Theseus  being 
foiled  by  the  recognition  of  his  father  y^geus)  she  suddenly  vanishes 
(350-424).  A  feast  is  celebrated  in  honor  of  Theseus'  exploits; 
and  hostility  ensuing  with  Minos  (Europa^s  son)  of  Crete,  Cephalus 
is  sent  as  envoy  to  -^gina,  where  he  is  received  by  King  ^acus  and 
his  sons.  In  answer  to  questions  of  Cephalus,  ^acus  tells  how  his 
land  was  visited  by  a  severe  pestilence  (425-613).] 

The  loss  of  life  caused  by  the  pestilence  is  made  good  by  the 
marvellous  transformation  of  ants  into  men  who  are  therefore  called 
Myrmidons. 

Attonitus  tanto  miserarum  turbine  rerum, 

*  Juppiter  o  ! '  dixi  *  si  te  non  falsa  loquuntur  615 
dicta  sub  amplexus  Aeginae  Asopidos  isse, 

nee  te,  magne  pater,  nostri  pudet  esse  parentem  : 
aut  mihi  redde  meos,  aut  me  quoque  conde  sepulchro/ 
ille  notam  fulgore  dedit  tonitruque  secundo. 

*  Accipio,  sintque  ista,  precor,  felicia  mentis  620 
signa  tuae ! '  dixi  *quod  das  mihi,  pigneror  omen.' 
forte  fuit  juxta  patulis  rarissima  ramis 

sacra  Jovi  quercus  de  semine  Dodonaeo. 

hie  nos  frugilegas  aspeximus  agmine  longo 

grande  onus  exiguo  formicas  ore  gerentes  625 

rugosoque  suum  servantes  cortice  callem. 

dum  numerum  miror,  *  Totidem,  pater  optime,'  dixi 

*  tu  mihi  da  cives,  et  inania  moenia  supple/ 
intremuit  ramisque  sonum  sine  flamine  metis 

alta  dedit  quercus.     Pavido  mihi  membra  timore  630 

horruerant  stabantque  comae.     Tamen  oscula  terrae 


94  XVI.      The  Myrmidons.  [MrrAM. 

roboribusque  dedi :  nee  me  sperare  fatebar, 
sperabam  tamen  atque  animo  raea  vota  fovebam. 
nox  subit,  et  curis  exercita  corpora  somnus 
occupat.     Ante  oculos  eadem  mihi  quercus  adesse       635 
et  promittere  idem,  totidemque  animalia  ramis 
ferre  suis  visa  est,  pariterque  tremiscere  motu, 
granifcrumqiie  agmcn  subjectis  spargcre  in  arvis ; 
crescere  quod  subito  et  majus  maj usque  videri, 
ac  se  tollere  humo  rectoque  assistere  trunco,  640 

et  maciem  numerumque  pedum  nigrumque  colorem 
ponere,  et  humanam  membris  inducere  formam. 
somnus  abit.     Damno  vigilans  mea  visa,  querorque 
in  superis  opis  esse  nihil.     At  in  aedibus  ingens 
murmur  erat,  vocesque  hominum  exaudire  videbar       645 
jam  mihi  desuetas.     Dum  suspicor  has  quoque  somni, 
ecce  venit  Telamon  properus,  foribusque  reclusis 
'Speque  fideque,  pater,'  dixit  ^majora  videbis. 
egredcre  ! '  Egredior  :  qualesque  in  imagine  somni 
visus  eram  vidisse  viros,  ex  ordine  tales  650 

aspicio  noscoque.     Adeunt,  regemque  salutant. 
vota  Jovi  solvo,  populisque  recentibus  urbem 
partior  et  vacuos  priscis  cultoribus  agros  : 
Myrmidonasque  voco,  nee  origine  nomina  fraudo. 
corpora  vidisti :  mores  quos  ante  gerebant,  655 

nunc  quoque  habent,  parcumque  genus  patiensque  la- 

borum, 
quacsitique  tenax  et  quod  quaesita  reservet. 


VIII.  163.]  The  Flight  of  Dcedalns.  95 

XVII.    The  Flight  of  D^dalus. 
[Book  VIIL  — 152-259.] 

[Cephalus  had  received  from  his  wife  Procris  a  hound  and  a 
dart  that  never  missed  its  aim  ;  and,  as  he  delighted  greatly  in  hunt- 
ing, Procris  being  jealous  watched  him  from  a  thicket;  and  he, 
taking  her  movement  for  that  of  some  wild  creature,  shot  her  with 
that  dart  which  was  her  own  gift  (661-865).  Minos,  making  war 
on  Athens  to  avenge  the  slaying  of  his  son  Androgeos,  comes  first 
to  Megara ;  where  Scylla,  daughter  of  the  king  Nisus,  out  of  love 
for  Minos  cuts  the  purple  lock  on  which  her  father's  kingdom  and 
life  depend.  Disdained  by  Minos,  she  is  changed  to  a  sea-mew, 
and  Nisus  to  an  osprey  (VIII.  1-151).] 

Theseus,  in  his  escape  from  the  Cretan  labyrinth,  had  borne 
away  Ariadne,  daughter  of  Minos;  who,  forsaken  by  him,  is  com- 
forted by  Bacchus,  who  sets  her  coronet  among  the  stars  (152-182). 
Daedalus,  builder  of  the  labyrinth,  being  imprisoned,  escapes  with 
his  son  Icarus  by  means  of  wings  fastened  with  wax ;  but  Icarus, 
soaring  too  near  the  sun,  and  the  wax  melting,  falls  into  the  sea 
named  for  him  (183-234).  His  fall  is  gladly  seen  by  Perdix,  once 
sister's  son  to  Daedalus,  and  slain  by  him  out  of  envy,  but  changed 
by  Minerva  to  a  partridge  (235-259). 

VoTA  Jovi  Minos  taurorum  corpora  centum 
solvit,  ut,  egressus  ratibus,  Curetida  terram 
contigit,  et  spoliis  decorata  est  regia  fixis. 
creverat  opprobrium  generis,  foedumque  patebat  iss 

matris  adulterium  monstri  novitate  biformis. 
destinat  hunc  Minos  thalamis  removere  pudorem, 
multiplicique  domo  caecisque  includere  tectis. 

Daedalus  ingenio  fabrae  celeberrimus  artis 
ponit  opus,  turbatque  notas,  et  lumina  flexum  160 

ducit  in  errorem  variarum  ambage  viarum. 
non  secus  ac  liquidus  Phrygiis  Maeandros  in  arvis 
ludit,  et  ambiguo  lapsu  refluitquc  fluitque, 


96  XVII.     The  Flight  of  Dcedalus,  [Metam. 

occurrensque  sibi  Venturas  aspicit  undas, 

et  nunc  ad  fontes,  nunc  ad  mare  versus  apertum  165 

incertas  exercet  aquas  :  ita  Daedalus  implct 

innumeras  errore  vias  ;  vixque  ipse  reverti 

ad  limen  potuit,  tanta  est  fallacia  tecti. 

Quo  postquam  gem i nam  tauri  juvenisque  figuram 
clausit,  et  Actaeo  bis  pastum  sangiune  monstrum         170 
tertia  sors  annis  domuit  repetita  novenis, 
utque  ope  virginea  nullis  iterata  priorum 
janua  difficilis  filo  est  inventa  rclecto, 
protinus  Aegides  rapta  Minoi'de  Diam 
vela  dcdit,  comitemquc  suam  crudelis  in  illo  17s 

lit  ore  destituit.     Desertae  et  multa  querenti 
amplexus  et  opem  Liber  tulit,  utque  perenni 
sidere  clara  foret,  sumptam  de  fronte  coronam 
immisit  caelo.     Tenues  vblat  ilia  per  auras  ; 
dumque  volat,  gemmae  nitidos  vertuntur  in  ignes,        180 
consistuntque  loco,  specie  remanente  coronae, 
qui  medius  Nixique  genu  est,  Anguemque  tenentis. 

Daedalus  interea  Creten  longumque  perosus 
exsilium,  tactusque  loci  natalis  amore, 
clausus  erat  pelago.     '  Terras  licet '  inquit  '  et  undas  185 
obstruat,  at  caelum  certe  patet :  ibimus  iliac, 
omnia  possideat,  non  possidet  aera  Minos.' 
dixit ;  et  ignotas  animum  dimittit  in  artes, 
natui'amque  novat :  nam  ponit  in  ordine  pennas, 
a  minima  coeptas,  longam  breviore  sequent!,  190 

ut  clivo  crevisse  putes.     Sic  rustica  quondam 
fistula  disparibus  paulatim  surgit  avenis. 
turn  lino  medias  et  ceris  adligat  imas, 
atque  ita  compositas  parvo  curvamine  flectit, 
ut  veraS  imitetur  aves.     Pucr  Icarus  una  195 

stabat,  et,  ignarus  sua  se  tractare  pericla, 


VITI.  229.]  His  Warning  to  Icancs.  97 

ore  ixnidenti  modo  quas  vaga  nioverat  aura, 

captabat  plumas,  flavam  modo  poUice  ceram 

mollibat,  lusuque  suo  mirabile  patris 

impediebat  opus.     Postquam  mantis  ultima  coeptis      200 

imposita  est,  geminas  opifex  libravit  in  alas 

ipse  suum  corpus,  motaque  pependit  in  aura. 

Instruit  et  natum,  *  Medio  '  que  '  ut  limite  curras, 
Icare/  ait  *  moneo,  ne,  si  dcmissior  ibis, 
unda  gravet  pennas,  si  celsior,  ignis  adurat :  205 

inter  utrumque  vola.     Nee  te  spectare  Booten 
aut  Helicen  jubeo,  strictumque  Orionis  ensem: 
me  duce  carpe  viam.'     Pariter  praeccpta  volandi 
tradit,  et  ignotas  umeris  adcommodat  alas : 
inter  opus  monitusque  genae  maduere  seniles,  210 

et  patriae  tremuere  manus.     Dedit  oscula  nato 
non  iterum  repetenda  suo  ;  pennisque  levatus 
ante  volat,  comitique  timet,  velut  ales,  ab  alto 
quae  teneram  prolem  produxit  in  aera  nido  ; 
hortaturque  sequi,  damnosasque  erudit  artes,  215 

et  movet  ipse  suas  et  nati  respicit  alas. 

Hos  aliquis  tremula  dum  captat  arundine  pisces, 
aut  pastor  baculo,  stivave  innixus  arator, 
vidit,  et  obstupuit,  quique  aethera  carpere  possent, 
credidit  esse  deos.     Et  jam  Junonia  laeva  220 

parte  Samos  fuerat,  Delosque  Parosque  relictae, 
dextra  Lcbinthos  erat,  fecundaque  melle  Calymne, 
cum  puer  audaci  coepit  gaudcre  volatu, 
deseruitque  ducem,  caelique  cupidine  tractus 
altius  egit  iter.     Rapidi  vicinia  solis  225 

mollit  odoratas,  pcnnarum  vincula,  ceras. 
tabuerant  cerae :  nudos  quatit  ille  lacertos, 
remigioquc  carens  non  ullas  percipit  auras, 
oraque  caerulea  patrium  clamantia  nomen 


gS  XVII.     TJie  Flight  of  Dcedalus.  [Metam. 

excipiuntur  aqua,  quae  nomen  traxit  ab  illo.  230 

at  pater  infelix,  nee  jam  pater,  '  Icare,'  dixit, 

'Icare,'  dixit  ^  ubi  es  ?  qua  tc  regione  requiram  ? ' 

'  Icare  '  dicebat,  pennas  aspexit  in  undis  : 

devovitque  suas  artes,  corpusque  sepulchro 

condidit,  et  tellus  a  nomine  dicta  sepulti.  235 

Plunc  miseri  tumulo  ponentem  corpora  nati 
garrula  limoso  prospexit  ab  dice  p>erdix, 
et  plausit  pennis,  testataque  gaudia  cantu  est  : 
unica  tunc  volucris,  nee  visa  prioribus  annis, 
factaque  nuper  avis,  longum  tibi,  Daedale,  crimen.       240 
namque  huic  tradidcrat,  fatorum  ignara,  docendam 
progcniem  gcrmana  suam,  natal ibus  actis 
bis  puerum  senis,  animi  ad  praecepta  capacis. 
ille  etiam  medio  spinas  in  pisce  notatas 
traxit  in  exemplum,  ferroque  incidit  acuto  245 

perpetuos  dentes,  et  serrae  repperit  usum  ; 
primus  et  ex  uno  duo  ferrea  bracchia  nodo 
vinxit,  ut  aequali  spatio  distant  ibus  illis 
altera  pars  staret,  pars  altera  duceret  orbem. 
Daedalus  invidit,  sacraque  ex  arce  Minervae  250 

praccipitem  misit,  lapsum  mentitus ;  at  ilium 
quae  favet  ingeniis,  excepit  Pallas,  avemque 
reddidit,  et  medio  velavit  in  aere  pennis. 
sed  vigor  ingenii  quondam  velocis  in  alas 
inque  pedes  abiit  ;  nomen  quod  et  ante,  remansit.        255 
non  tamen  haec  alte  volucris  sua  corpora  tollit, 
nee  facit  in  ramis  al toque  cacumine  nidos  : 
propter  humum  volitat,  ponitque  in  saepibus  ova, 
antiquique  meraor  metuit  sublimia  casus. 


VIII.  276.]  TJie  Calydonian  Hunt,  99 

XVIII.   The  Calydonian  Hunt. 

[Book  VIII.  —  260-546.] 

Diana,  angry  with  king  QEneiis,  because  her  sacrifice  had  been 
neglected,  sent  a  fierce  boar  to  ravage  the  country  of  Calydon 
(260-298).  Meleager,  son  of  CEneus,  summons  the  bravest  youth 
of  Greece  to  hunt  the  monster ;  and  among  them  comes  Atalanta 
of  Arcadia,  whom  Meleager  beholds  with  love  (299-328).  After  a 
difficult  chase,  Atalanta  is  first  to  wound  the  boar,  which  is  finally 
killed  by  Meleager  (329-439).  He  bestows  the  boar's  head,  as  the 
prize  of  victory,  on  Atalanta ;  which  being  resented  by  the  brothers 
of  his  mother  Althaea,  they  are  slain  by  him  in  the  quarrel,  and 
Althaea,  incensed  at  their  death,  after  long  debate  with  herself, 
plunges  into  the  flames  the  fatal  brand  on  which  the  life  of  her  son 
depends,  so  that  he  perishes  miserably  (440-546). 

Jamque  fatigatum  tellus  Aetnaea  tenebat 
Daedalon,  et  sumptis  pro  supplice  Cocalus  armis 
mitis  habebatur.     Jam  lamentabilc  Athenae 
pendere  desierant  ThCwSea  laude  tributum  ; 
templa  coronantur,  bellatricemque  Minervam 
cum  Jove  disque  vocant  aliis,  quos  sanguine  voto         265 
muneribusque  datis  et  acerris  turis  adorant ; 
sparserat  Argolicas  nomen  vaga  fama  per  urbes 
Theseos,  et  populi,  quos  dives  Achai'a  cepit, 
hujus  opem  magnis  imploravere  periclis. 

Hujus  opem  Calydon,  quamvis  Meleagron  habcret,  270 
sollicita  supplex  petiit  prece.     Causa  petendi  1» 

sus  erat,  infestae  famulus  vindexque  Dianae. 
Oenea  namque  ferunt  pleni  successibus  anni 
primitias  frugum  Cereri,  sua  vina  Lyaeo, 
Palladios  flavae  latices  libasse  Minervae  ;  275 

coeptus  ab  agricolis  superos  pervenit  ad  omnes 


100  XVIII.      The  Calydonian  Hunt,  [Metam. 

ambitiosus  honor  :  solas  sine  ture  relictas 
praeteritae  cessasse  ferunt  LatoTclos  aras. 

Tan  git  et  ira  deos  :  *  At  non  impune  feremus, 
quaeque  inhonoratae,  non  et  dicemur  inultae '  280 

inquit ;  et  Oeneos  ultorem  spreta  per  agros 
misit  aprum,  quanto  majores  lierbida  tauros 
non  habet  Epiros,  sed  habent  Sicula  arva  minores. 
sanguine  et  ignc  micant  ociili,  riget  ardiia  cervix, 
et  setae  similes  rigidis  hastilibus  horrent ;  285 

fervida  cum  rauco  latos  stridore  per  armos 
spuma  fluit ;  dentes  aequantur  dentibus  Indis  ; 
fulmen  ab  ore  venit ;  frondes  adflatibus  ardent. 

Is  modo  crcscentes  segetes  proculcat  in  herba,         290 
nunc  matura  metit  fleturi  vota  colonic 
et  Cererera  in  spicis  intercipit.     Area  frustra, 
^t  frustra  expectant  promissas  horrea  messes, 
sternuntur  gravidi  longo  cum  palmitc  fetus, 
bacaque  cum  ramis  semper  frondentis  olivae.  295 

saevit  et  in  pecudes  :  non  has  pastorve  canesve, 
non  armenta  truces  possunt  defendere  tauri. 

Diffugiunt  populi,  nee  se  nisi  moenibus  urbis 
esse  putant  tutos  :  donee  Meleagros  et  una 
lecta  manus  juvdnum  coTere  cupidine  laudis  : —  300 

Tyndaridae  gemini,  spectatus  caestibus  alter, 
alter  equo  ;  primaeque  ratis  molitor  lason; 
et  cum  Pirithoo,  feh'x  concordia,  Theseus ; 
et  duo  Thestiadae ;  proles  Aphare'ia,  Lynceus 
tX  velox  Idas  ;  et  jam  non  femina  Caeneus  ;  y^s 

Leucippusque  ferox,  jaculoque  insignis  Acastus; 
Hippothousque,  Dryasque,  et  cretus  Amyntore  Phoenix  ; 
Actoridaeque  pares,  et  missus  ab  Elide  Phyleus  ; 
nee  Telamon  aberat,  magnique  creator  Achillis ; 
cumque  Pherctiade  et  Hyantco  lolao  310 


VIII.  343]  Scene  of  the  Chase.  lOl 

impiger  Eurytion,  et  cursu  invictiis  Echion ; 
Naryciusque  Lelex,  Panopeusque,  Hyleusque,  feroxque 
Hippasus,  et  primis  etiamnum  Nestor  in  annis  ; 
et  qiios  Hippocoon  antiquis  misit  Amyclis  ; 
Penelopesque  socer  cum  Parrhasio  Ancaeo ;  31s 

Ampycidesque  sagax,  et  aclhuc  a  conjuge  tutus 
Oeclides,  nemorisque  decus  Tegeaea  Lj^caei. 

Rasilis  huic  summam  mordebat  fibula  vestem  ; 
crinis  erat  simplex,  nodum  coUectus  in  unum  ; 
ex  humero  pendens  resonabat  eburnea  laevo  320 

telorum  custos  ;  arcum  quoque  laeva  tenebat : 
talis  erat  cultu ;  facies,  quam  dicere  vcre 
virgineam  in  puero,  puerilem  in  virginc  possis. 

Hanc  pariter  vidit,  pariter  Calydonius  lieros 
optavit,  renuente  deo,  flammasque  latentes  325 

hausit,  et  *  O  f  elix,  si  quern  dignabitur  '  inquit 
*  ista  virum  ! '    Nee  plura  sinit  tcmpusque  pudorque 
dicere  :  majus  opus  magni  certaminis  urguet.         <';^ 

Silva  frequens  trabibus,  quam  nulla  ceciderat  aetas, 
incipit  a  piano,  devexaque  prospicit  arva  ;  330 

quo  postquam  venere  viri,  pars  retia  tendunt, 
vincula  pars  adimunt  canibus,  pars  pressa  sequuntur 
signa  pedum,  cupiuntque  suum  reperire  peiiclum. 
concava  vallis  erat,  quo  se  demittere  rivi 
adsuerant  pluvialis  aquae  :  tenet  ima  lacunae  335 

lenta  salix  ulvaeque  leves  juncique  palustres, 
viminaque  et  longa  parvae  sub  arundine  cannae. 

Hinc  aper  excitus  medios  violentus  in  hostes 
fertur,  ut  excussis  elisi  nubibus  ignes. 
sternitur  incursu  nemus,  et  propulsa  fragorem  340 

silva  dat.     Exclamant  juvenes,  praetentaque  forti 
tela  tenent  dextra  lato  vibrantia  ferro. 
ille  ruit  spargitque  canes,  ut  quisque  furenti 


102  XVIII.      The  Calj/donia?i  Himt.  [Metam. 

obstat,  et  obliqno  latrantes  dissipat  ictu. 

ciispis  Echionio  primum  contorta  lacerto  345 

vaiia  fiiit,  truncoque  declit  leve  viilnus  acerno. 

proxima,  si  nimiis  mittentis  viribus  usa 

non  foret,  in  tergo  visa  est  haesura  petito  — 

longius  it  :  auctor  teli  Pagasaeus  lason. 

'  Phoebe/  ait  Atlipycides  '  si  te  coluique  coloque,  350 

da  mihi  quod  petitur  certo  CQntingere  telo  ! ' 

qua  potuit,  precibus  deus  annuit.     Ictus  ab  illo  est, 

sed  sine  vulnere,  aper :  ferrum  Diana  volanti 

abstulerat  jaculo  ;  lignum  sine  acumine  venit. 

Ira  feri  raota  est,  nee  fulminc  Icnius  arsit  :  35s 

emicat  ex  oculis,  spirat  quoque  pectore  flamma. 
utque  volat  moles  adducto  concita  nervo, 
cum  petit  aut  muros,  aut  plenas  milite  turres, 
in  juvenes  certo  sic  impete  vulnificus  sus 
fertur,  et  Eupalamon  Pelagonaque,  dextra  tuentes        360 
cornua,  prosternit.     Socii  rapuere  jacentes  ; 
at  non  letiferos  effugit  Enaesimus  ictus 
Hippocoonte  satus  :  trepidantem  et  terga  parantem 
vertere  succiso  liquerunt  poplite  nervi.^ 
forsitan  et  Pylitis  citra  Trojana  perisset  365 

tempora  :  sed  sumpto  posita  conamine  ab  hasta 
arboris  insiluit,  quae  stabat  proxima,  ramis, 
despexitque,  loco  tutus,  quern  fugerat  host  em. 

Dentibus  ille  ferox  in  querno  stipite  tritis 
imminet  exitio,  fidensque  recentibus  arnlis  370 

Ornytidae  magni  rostro  femur  hausit  adunco. 
at  gemini,  nondum  caelestia  sidera,  fratres, 
ambo  conspicui,  nive  candid iori bus  ambo 
vectabantur  equis,  ambo  vibrata  per  auras 
hastarum  tremulo  quatiebant  spicula  motu.  375 

vulnera  fecissent,  nisi  saetiger  inter  opacas 


VIII.  409-]  The  Wild  Boar  at  Bay.  103 

nee  jaculis  isset  nee  equo  loea  pervia^  silvas. 

Persequitur  Telamon,  studioque  incaiitus  eundi 
pronus  ab  arborea  eecidit  radiee  retentus. 
dum  levat  hunc  Peleus,  celerem  Tegeaea  sagittam       380 
imposuit  nervo,  sinuatoque  expulit  arcu. 
fixa  sub  aure  feri  summiim  destringit  arundo 
corpus,  et  exiguo  rubefecit  sanguine  saetas. 
nee  tamen  ilia  sui  successu  laetior  ictus, 
quam  Meleagros  erat.     Primus  vidisse  putatur,  385 

et  primus  sociis  visum  ostendisse  cruorcm, 
et  ^Meritum'  dixisse  ^  feres  virtutis  honorem/ 
erubuere  viri,  seque  cxhortantur,  et  addunt 
cum  clamore  animos,  jaciuntquc  sine  ordine  tela : 
turba  nocet  jactis,  et  quos  petit,  imped  it  ictus.  390 

Ecce  furens  contra  sua  fata  bipennifer  Areas 
'  Discite,  femineis  quid  tela  virilia  praestent, 
O  juvenes,  operique  mco  concedite'  dixit ; 

*  ipsa  suis  licet  hunc  Latonia  protegat  armis, 

in  vita  tamen  hunc  perimet  mea  d  extra  Diana.*  395 

taUa  magniloquo  tumidus  memoraverat  ore, 
ancipitemque  manu  tollens  utraque  securim 
institerat  digitis,  primos  suspensus  in  artus. 
occupat  audentem,  quaque  est  via  proxima  leto, 
sumnia  ferus  geminos  direxit  ad  inguina  dentcs.  40a 

concidit  Ancaeus,  glomerataquc  sanguine  multo 
viscera  lapsa  fluunt,  madefactaque  terra  cruore  est„ 
-  ■     Ibat  in  adversum  proles  Ixionis  hostem 
Pirithotis,  valida  quatiens  venabula  dextra. 
cui  procul  Aegides  ^  O  mc  mihi  carior  *  inquit  405 

*  pars  animae  consiste  meae  !  licet  eminus  esse 
fortibus  :  Ancaeo  nocuit  temeraria  virtus.' 
dixit,  et  aerata  tonsit  grave  cuspidc  cornum  : . 
quo  bene  librato  votiquc  potente  futuro 


104  XVIII.      The  Calydonian  Htmt.  [Metam. 

obstitit  aesculea  frondosus  ab  arbore  ramus.  410 

naisit  ct  Aesonides  jaculum,  quod  casus  ab  illo 
vertit  in  immeriti  fatum  Icitrantis,  et  inter 
ilia  conjectum  tellure  per  ilia  fixum  est. 

At  manus  Oenidae  variat ;  missisque  duabus 
hasta  prior  terra,  medio  stetit  altera  tergo.  415 

nee  mora :  dum  saevit,  dum  corpora  versat  in  orbem, 
stridentemquc  novo  spumam  cum  sanguine  fundit, 
vulneris  auctor  adest,  hostemque  irritat  ad  iram, 
splendidaquc  adv^ersos  venabula  condit  in  armos. 
gaudia  testantur  socii  clamore  secundo,  420 

victriccmque  petunt  dcxtrae  conjungere  dextram.- 
immanemque  ferum  multa  tellure  jacentem 
mirantes  spectant ;  neque  adhuc  contingere  tutum 
esse  putant,  sed  tela  tamen  sua  quisque  cruentat. 
ipse  pede  imposito  caput  exitiabile  pressit,  425 

atquc  ita  :  *  Sume  mei  spolium,  Nonacria,  juris  ' 
dixit  'et  in  partem  veniat  mea  gloria  tecum.' 
protinus  exuvias,  rigidis  horrentia  saetis 
terga  dat,  et  magnis  insignia  dentibus  ora. 

Illi  laetitiae  est  cum  munere  muneris  auctor ;  430 

invidere  alii,  totoque  erat  agmine  murmur, 
e  quibus  ingenti  tendc^ntes  bracchia  voce 
*  Pone  age,  nee  titulos  intercipe,  femina,  nostros ' 
Thestiadae  clamant,  *nec  te  fiducia  formae 
decipiat,  ne  sit  longe  tibi  captus  amore  435 

auctor ' :  et  huic  adimunt  munus,  jus  muneris  illi. 
noti  tulit,  ct  tumida  frendens  Mavortius  ira, 
'  Discite,  raptores  alieni '  dixit  *  honoris, 
facta  minis  quantum  distent ; '  hausitque  nefando 
pectora  Plcxippi,  nil  tale  timentia,  ferro.  440 

Toxea,  quid  faciat^jdubium,  paritcrque  volentem 
ulcisci  fratrem  fraternaquc  fata  timcntcm, 


VIIL  475-]  The  Fatal  Brand.  105 

baud  patitur  dubitare  diu,  calidiimque  priori 
caede  recalfecit  consorti  sanguine  telum. 

Dona  deum  templis,  nato  victore,  ferebat,  445 

cum  videt  exstinctos  fratres  Althaea  referri. 
quae  plangore  dato  maestis  clamoribus  urbem 
implet,  et  auratis  mutavit  vestibus  atras. 
at  simul  est  auctor  necis  editus,  excidit  omnis 
luctus,  et  a  lacrimis  in  poenae  versus  amorem  est.        450 

Stipes  erat,  quern,  cum  partus  enixa  jaceret 
Thestias,  in  flammam  triplices  posuere  sororcs ; 
staminaque  impresso  fatalia  pollice  nentes 
'  Tempora '  dixerunt  *  eadem  lignoque  tibique, 
O  modo  nate,  damns.'    Quo  postquam  carmine  dicto   455 
excessere  deae,  flagrantem  mater  ab  ignc 
eripuit  torrem,  sparsitque  liquentibus  undis. 
ille  diu  fuerat  penetralibus  abditus  imis, 
servatusque  tuos,*juvenis,  servaverat  annos. 
protulit  hunc  genitrix,  taedasque  et  fragmina  poni       460 
imperat,  et  positis  inimicos  admovet  ignes. 

Turn  conata  quater  flammis  imponere  ramum, 
coepta  quater  tenuit.     Pugnant  materque  sororque, 
et  diversa  trahunt  unum  duo  nomina  pectus, 
saepe  metu  sceleris  pallebant  ora  futuri ;  465 

saepe  suum  fervens  oculis  dabat  ira  ruborem. 
et  modo  nescio  quid  similis  crudele  minanti 
vultus  erat,  modo  quem  misercri  credere  posses ; 
cumque  ferus  lacrimas  animi  siccaverat  ardor, 
inveniebantur  lacrimae  tamen.     Utque  carina,  470 

quam  ventus,  ventoque  rapit  contrarius  aestus, 
vim  geminam  sentit,  paretque  incerta  duobus  — 
Thestias  hand  aliter  dubiis  affectibus  errat, 
inque  vices  ponit,  positamque  rcsuscitat  iram. 

Incipit  esse  tamen  melior  germana  parente,  475 


io6  xvrii.      The  Calydonian  Hunt,  [Metam. 

ct  consanguineas  ut  sanguine  leniat  umbras, 

impietate  pia  est  :  nam  postquam  pestifer  ignis 

convaluit,  '  Rogus  istc  crcmet  mea  viscera '  dixit ; 

utque  manu  clira  lignum  fatale  tenebat, 

ante  sepulcrales  infelix  aclstitit  aras,  480 

'Poenarum'  que  'cleae  triplices,  furialibus/  inquit 

*Eumenides,  sacris  vultus  advertite  vestros. 

ulciscor,  facioque  nefas  :  mors  mortc  pianda  est. 

in  scelus  addendum  scelus  est,  in  funera  funus ; 

per  coacervatos  pereat  domus  impia  luctus.  485 

an  felix  Oeneus  nato  victore  fruetur, 

Thestius  orbus  crit  ?     Melius  lugebitis  ambo. 

vos  modo,  fraterni  manes,  animaeque  recentes, 

officium  sentite  meum,  magnoque  paratas 

accipite  inferias,  uteri  mala  pignora  nostri.  490 

'  Ei  mihi !  quo  rapior  ?  fratres  ignoscite  matri ! 
deficiunt  ad  coepta  manus.     Meruisse  fatemur 
ilium,  cur  pereat :  mortis  mihi  dispJicet  auctor. 
ergo  impune  feret,  vivusque  et  victor  et  ipso 
successu  tumidus  regnum  Calydonis  habebit  ?  495 

vos  cinis  exiguus  gelidaeque  jacebitis  umbrae? 
baud  equidem  patiar.     Pereat  sceleratus,  et  ille 
spemque  patris  regniquc  traliat  patriaeque  ruinara. 
mens  ubi  materna  est  ?  ubi  sunt  pia  jura  parentum  ? 
et  quos  sustinui  bis  mensum  quir^que  labores  ?  500 

O  utinam  primis  ^rsisses  ignibus  infans, 
idquc  ego  passa  forcn) !     Vixisti  munere  nostro  : 
nunc  merito  moriere  tuo.     Cape  praemia  facti, 
bisque  datam,  primum  partu,  mox  stipite  rapto, 
redde  animam,  vcl  me  fraternis  adde  sepulcris.  505 

'Et   cupio,    ct   nequeo ;    quid    agam  ?    modo  vulnera 
f  rat  rum 
ante  oculos  mihi  sunt,  ct  tantac  cacdis  imago  : 


VIII.  539-]  Death  of  Mcleager.  lO/ 

nunc  animum  pietas  maternaque  nofnina  frangimt. 
me  miseram  !  male  vincetis,  seel  vincite,  fratres  : 
dummodo  quae  dedero  vobis  solacia,  vosque  510 

ipsa  sequar/     Dixit,  dextraque  aversa  trementi , 
funereum  torrem  medios  conjecit  in  ignes. 
aut  dedit,  aut  visus  gemitus  est  ille  dedisse 
stipes,  ut  invitis  correptus  ab  ignibus  arsit.       ^ 

Inscius  atque  absens  fiamma  Meleagros  ab  ilia  515 

uritur,  et  caecis  torreri  viscera  sentit 
ignibus,  ac  magnos  superat  virtute  dolores. 
quod  tamen  ignavo  cadat  et  sine  sanguine  leto,  ^  -  '" 

maeret,  et  Ancaei  felicia  vulnera  dicit ; 
grandaevumque  patrem  fratresque  piasque  sorores       520 
cum  gemitu,  sociamque  tori  vocat  ore  supremo ; 
forsitan  et  matrem.     Crescunt  ignisque  dolorque, 
languescuntque  iterum  :  simul  est  exstinctus  uterque, 
inque  leves  abiit  paulatim  spiritus  auras 
paulatim  cana  prunam  velante  favilla.  525 

Alta  jacet  Calydon :  lugent  juvenesque  senesque, 
vulgusque  proceresque  gemunt,  scissaeque  capillos 
planguntur  matres  Calydonides  Eueninae. 
pulvere  canitiem  genitor  vultusque  seniles 
foedat  humi  fusus,  spatiosumque  increpat  aevum,         530 
nam  de  matre  manus  diri  sibi  conscia  facti 
exegit  poenas,  acto  per  viscera  ferro. 
non  mihi  si  centum  deus  ora  sonantia  Unguis, 
ingeniumque  capax,  totumque  Helicona  dedisset, 
tristia  persequerer  miserarum  dicta  sororum.  535 

inmemores  decoris  liventia  pectora  tundunt ; 
dumque  manet  corpus,  corpus  refoventque  foventque ; 
oscula  dant  ipsi,  posito  dant  oscula  lecto ; 
post  cinerem  cineres  haustos  ad  pectora  pressant ; 
adfusaeque  jacent  tumulo,  signataque  saxo  540 


io8  XVIII.      The  Calydonian  Hunt.  [Metam. 

nomina  complexae  lacrimas  in  nomina  fundunt. 

quas  Parthaoniae  tandem  Latonia  clade 

exsatiata  domus,  praeter  Gorgenque  nurumque 

nobilis  Alcmenae,  natis  in  corpore  pennis 

allevat,  et  longas  per  bracchia  porrigit  alas,  545 

corneaque  ora  facit,  versasque  per  aera  mittit. 


Vlll.  638.]  Philemon  and  Baucis,  109 

XIX.    Philemon  and  Baucis. 
[Book  VIII.— -620-724.] 

[Theseus,  returning  from  the  Calydonian  Hunt,  is  entertained 
with  his  friends  by  the  river-god  Achelous,  who  recounts  the  fate  of 
certain  nymphs,  turned  into  rocks  and  islands.  These  prodigies 
are  mocked  by  Pirithous,  son  of  Ixion,  who  is  among  them.  To 
silence  his  cavil,  Leiex  relates  the  following  tale  (549-619).] 

Jupiter  and  Mercury,  journeying  once  in  Phrygia,  were  refused 
hospitality  by  all  the  inhabitants  of  a  certain  place,  except  two 
pious  rustics,  Philemon  and  his  wife  Baucis,  who  provide  such 
entertainment  as  they  arfe  able  (620-688) .  While  the  inhospitable 
town  was  drowned  in  a  marsh,  the  poor  hut  of  Philemon  became 
a  temple,  of  which  he  and  his  wife  were  made  attendants ;  until  in 
a  good  old  age  they  were  both  transformed  to  trees,  he  to  an  oak 
and  she  to  a  linden  (689-724). 

TiLiAE  contermina  quercus  620 

collibus  est  Phrygiis,  modico  circumdata  muro.  621 

baud  procul  huic  stagnum  est,  tellus  habitabilis  olim,  624 
nunc  celebres  mergis  fulicisque  palustribus  undae.  -    625 
Juppiter  hue  specie  mortali,  cumque  parente 
venit  Atlantiades,  positis  caducifer  alis. 
mille  domos  adiere,  locum  requiemque  petentes : 
mille  domos  clausere  serae.     Tamen  una  recepit, 
parva  quidem,  stipulis  et  canna  tecta  palustri :  630 

sed  pia  Baucis  anus  parilique  aetate  Philemon 
ilia  sunt  annis  juncti  juvenilibus,  ilia 
consenuere  casa ;  paupertatemque  fatendo 
effecere  levem,  nee  iniqua  mente  ferendo. 
nee  refert,  dominos  illic,  famulosne  requiras  :  635 

tota  domus  duo  sunt,  idem  parentque  jubentque. 

Ergo  ubi  caelicolae  parvos  tetigere  penates, 
summissoque  humiles  intrarunt  vertice  postes, 


no  XIX.     Philemon  and  Baucis^  [Metam. 

membra  senex  posito  jussit  relevare  sedili, 

quo  superinjecit  textum  rude  sedula  Baucis,  640 

inde  foco  tepidura  cincrem  dimovit,  et  ignes 

suscitat  hcsternos,  foliisque  et  cortice  sicco 

nutrit,  et  ad  flammas  anima  producit  anili, 

multifidasque  faces  ramaliaque  arida  tecto 

detulit,  et  minuit,  parvoque  admovit  aeno.  645 

quodque  suus  conjunx  riguo  collcgerat  horto, 

truncat  olus  foliis.     F'urca  levat  ille  bicorni     \ 

sofdida  terga  suis  nigro  pendentia  tigno  ; 

servatoque  diu  resecat  de  tergore  partem 

exiguam,  sectamque  domat  f erven tibus  undis.  650 

Interea  medias  fallunt  sermonibus  horas, 
concutiuntque  torum  de  molli  fluminis  ulva  655 

impositum  lecto,  sponda  pedibusque  salignis. 
vestibus  hunc  velant,  quas  non  nisi  tempore  festo 
sternere  consuerant ;  sed  et  hacc  vilisque  vetusque 
vcstis  erat,  lecto  non  indignanda  saligno. 

Accubuere  dei.     Mensam  succincta  tremensque       660 
ponit  anus  :  mensae  sed  erat  pes  tertius  impar : 
testa  parem  fecit.     Quae  postquam  subdita  clivum 
sustulit,  aequatam  mentae  tersere  vireMes.  ^        ' 
ponit Lir  hie  bicolor  silicerae  baca  Minervae  ; 
conditaque  in  b'quida  corna  autumnalia  faece  ;  665 

intibaque,  et  radix,  et  lactis  massa  coacti, 
ovaque  non  acri  leviter  versata  favilla,  — 
omnia  fictilibus.     Post  haec  caelatus  codem 
sistitur  argento  crater,  fabricataque  fago 
pocula,  qua  cava  sunt,  fiaven tibus  illita  ccris.  670 

Parva  mora  est,  epulasquc  foci  mi  sere  calentes, 
nee  longae  rursus  referuntur  vina  senectac, 
dantquc  locum  mensis  paulum  scducta  sccundis. 
hi(i  nux,  hie  mixta  est  rugosis  carica  palmis, 


VIII.  707.]  Their  Humble  Hospitality.  1 1 1 

primaque,  et  in  patulis  redolentia  mala  canistris,  675 

et  de  purpureis  collectac  vitibus  uvac. 
candidus  in  medio  faviis  est.     Super  omnia  vultus 
accesscre  boni,  nee  iners  pauperque  vohmtas. 

Interea  totiens  haustum  cratera  repleri 
sponte  sua,  per  seque  vident  succrescere  vina.  680 

attoniti  novitate  pavent,  manibusque  supinis 
concipiunt  Baucisque  preces  timidusque  Philemon, 
et  veniam  dapibus  nuUisque  paratibus  orant. 

Unicus  anser  erat,  minimae  custodia  villae, 
quem  dis  hospitibus  domini  mactare  parabant.  685 

ille  celer  penna  tardos  aetate  fatigat, 
eluditque  diu,  tandemque  est  visus  ad  ipsos 
confugisse  deos.     Superi  vetuere  necari : 
*  Di '  que  *  sumus,  meritasque  luet  vicinia  poenas 
impia'  dixerunt ;  'vobis  immunibus  hujus  690 

esse  mali  dabitur  :  modo  vestra  relinquite  tecta, 
ac  nostros  comitate  gradus,  et  in  ardua  montis 
ite  simuL'     Parent  ambo,  baculisque  levati 
nituntur  longo  vestigia  ponere  clivo. 

Tantum  aberant  summo,  quantum  semcl  ire  sagitta    695 
missa  potest :  flexere  oculos,  ct  mersa  palude 
cetera  prospiciunt,  tantum  sua  tecta  manere. 
dumque  ea  mirantur,  dum  deflent  fata  suorum, 
ilia  vetus,  dominis  etiam  casa  parva  duobus 
vertitur  in  templura  ;  furcas  subiere  columnae  ;  700 

stramina  flavcscunt,  aurataque  tecta  videntur, 
caelataeque  fores,  adopertaque  marmore  tellus. 

Talia  tum  placido  Saturnius  edidit  ore : 
'  Dicite,  juste  senex,  et  femina  conjuge  justo 
digna,  quid  optetis/     Cum  Baucide  pauca  locutus,       705 
judicium  superis  aperit  commune  Philemon : 
'  Esse  sacerdotes,  delubraquc  vestra  tueri 


112  XIX.     Philemon  and  Baucis.  [Metam. 

poscimus  ;  et  quoniam  Concordes  egimus  annos, 
auferat  hora  duos  eadem,  nee  conjugis  umquam 
busta  meae  videam,  neu  sim  tumulandus  ab  ilia/  710 

Vota  fides  sequitur  :  templi  tutela  fuere, 
donee  vita  data  est.     Annis  aevoque  soluti, 
ante  gradus  sacros  cum  starent  forte,  locique 
inciperent  casus,  frondere  Philemona  Baucis, 
Baucida  conspexit  senior  frondere  Philemon,  715 

jamque  super  geminos  crescente  cacumine  vultus 
mutua,  dum  licuit,  reddebant  dicta,  Vale  que 
O  conjtmx  dixere  simul,  simul  abdita  texit 
ora  frutex.     Ostendit  adhuc  Thinei'us  illic 
incola  de  gemino  vicinos  corpore  truncos.  720 

haec  mihi  non  vani  —  neque  erat  cur  fallere  vellent  — 
narravere  senes  :  equidem  pendentia  vidi 
serta  super  ramos  ;  ponensque  recentia,  dixi : 
Cura  pa  dis  sunty  et  qid  coluere  coluntur. 


IX,  HI.]  The  Report  of  Hercules   Love.  113 

XX.   The  Death  of  Hercules. 

[Book  IX.  — 134-272.] 

[AcHELOUS,  continuing  the  discourse,  tells  of  the  transforma- 
tions of  Proteus;  and  of  Mestra,  daughter  of  Erysichthon,  who 
(receiving  this  power  from  Neptune)  long,  by  cheats  and  wiles, 
sustained  her  father  cursed  with  extreme  rage  of  hunger  for  the 
violation  of  a  grove  of  Ceres  (VIII.  725-884).  And  as  Theseus 
inquires  the  cause  of  his  broken  horn,  Achelous  replies  that  con- 
tending once  with  Hercules  for  the  possession  of  Dejanira,  sister 
of  Meleager,  that  horn  had  been  wrested  off,  and,  being  filled  by 
the  Naiads  with  autumn  fruits,  became  the  horn  of  Plenty  (IX. 
i-ioo).  In  defence  of  the  same  Dejanira,  Hercules  had  once 
slain  the  centaur  Nessus ;  who,  dying,  gave  her  a  tunic  stained 
with  his  blood,  mixed  with  venom  of  the  Lernaean  hydra,  which  (he 
said)  would  recall  her  husband's  love  if  ever  it  should  wander  or 
cool  (101-133).] 

Afterward,  Hercules  being  about  to  wed  lole,  daughter  of  Eury- 
tus,  Dejanira  sent  to  him  this  tunic  as  a  marriage  gift.  But  when 
it  took  heat  from  the  altar  flames  as  he  was  about  to  sacrifice,  Her- 
cules, being  in  extreme  torment,  and  unable  to  tear  it  off,  cast  into 
the  sea  the  bearer  of  the  gift,  Lichas,  who  was  converted  into  a 
rock,  retaining  his  human  form  (134-227).  Then  Hercules,  build- 
ing a  great  funeral  pile  upon  Mount  CEta  of  Thessaly,  burned 
himself  thereon ;  and  his  mortal  parts  being  purged  away,  was 
received  into  the  company  of  the  gods  (228-272). 

LoNGA  fuit  medii  mora  temporis,  actaque  magni 
Herculis  implerant  terras  odiumque  novercae.  135 

victor  ab  Oechalia  Cenaeo  sacra  parabat 
vota  Jovi,  cum  fama  loqnax  praecessit  ad  aures, 
Deianira,  tuas,  quae  veris  addere  falsa 
gaudet,  et  e  minimo  sua  per  mendacia  crescit, 
Amphitryoniaden  loles  ardore  teneri.  140 

Credit  amans,  venerisque  novae  perterrita  fama 


114  XX.     The  Death  of  Hercules.  [Metam. 

indulsit  primo  lacrimis,  flendoque  dolorem 
diff  udit  miseranda  suiim.     Mox  deinde,  '  Quid  autem 
flemus  ? '  ait :  ^pellex  lacrimis  laetabitur  istis. 
quae  quoniam  adveniet,  properandum,  aliquidque  novan- 
dum  est,  145 

dum  licet,  et  nondura  thalamos  tenet  altera  nostros. 
conquerar,  an  sileam  ?  repetam  Calydona,  morerne  ? 
excedam  tectis  ?  an,  si  nihil  amplius,  obstem  ? 
quid  si  me,  Meleagre,  tuam  memor  esse  sororem 
forte  paro  f acinus,  quantumque  injuria  possit  150 

femineusque  dolor,  jugulata  pellice  testor?' 

Incursus  animus  varios  habet :  omnibus  illis 
praetulit  imbutam  Nesseo  sanguine  vestem 
mittere,  quae  vires  defect o  reddat  amori. 
ignaroque  Lichae,  quid  tradat  nescia,  luctus  155 

ipsa  suos  tradit,  blandisque  miserrima  verbis, 
dona  det  ilia  viro,  mandat.     Capit  inscius  heros, 
induiturque  humeris  Lernaeae  virus  echidnae. 

Tura  dabat  primis  et  verba  precantia  flammis, 
vinaque  marmoreas  patera  fundebat  in  aras  :  160 

incaluit  vis  ilia  mali,  resolutaque  flammis 
Herculeos  abiit  late  diffusa  per  art  us. 
dum  potuit,  solita  gemitum  virtute  repressit ; 
victa  maHs  postquam  est  patientia,  reppulit  aras, 
implevitque  suis  nemorosum  vocibus  Oeten.  165 

nee  mora,  letiferam  conatur  scindere  vestem  : 
qua  traliitur,  trahit  ilia  cutem,  focdumque  relatu, 
aut  haeret  membris  frustra  temptata  revelli, 
aut  laceros  artus  et  grandia  detegit  ossa. 
ipse  cruor,  gelido  ceu  quondam  lamina  candens  170 

tincta  lacu,  stridit,  coquiturque  ardente  veneno. 

Nee  modus  est :  sorbent  avidae  praecordia  flammae, 
caeruleusque  fluit  toto  de  corpore  sudor, 


IX.  2o6.]  The  Poiso7zed  Shirt  of  Nessus.  115 

arabiistique  sonant  nervi,  caecaque  medullis 

tabe  liquefactis  tendens  ad  sidera  palmas,  175 

'  Cladibus  '  exclamat,  '  Saturnia,  pascere  nostris  : 

pascere,  et  banc  pestem  specta,  crudelis,  ab  alto, 

corque  ferum  satia.     Vel  si  miserandus  et  hosti 

hoc  aestu  tibi  sum,  diris  cruciatibus  aegram 

invisamque  animam  natamque  laboribus  aufer.  iSo 

mors  mihi  munus  erit :  decet  haec  dare  dona  novercam. 

ergo  ego  foedantem  peregrin 0  templa  cruore 

Busirin  domiii  ?  saevoque  alimenta  parentis 

Antaeo  eripui  ?  nee  me  pastoris  Hiberi 

forma  triplex,  nee  forma  triplex  tua,  Cerbere,  movit  ?  185 

vosne,  manus,  validi  pressistis  cornua  tauri  ? 

vestrum  opus  Elis  habet,  vestrum  Stymphalides  undae, 

Partheniumque  nemus  ?  vestra  virtute  relatus 

Thermodontiaco  caelatus  balteus  auro, 

pomaque  ab  insomni  concustodita  dracone  ?  190 

nee  mihi  Centauri  potuere  resistcre,  nee  mi 

Arcadiae  vastator  aper  ?  nee  profuit  hydrae 

crescere  per  damnum,  geminasque  resumere  vires  ? 

quid,  cum  Thracis  equos  humano  sanguine  pingues 

plenaque  corporibus  laceris  praesepia  vidi,  195 

visaque  dejeci,  dominumque  ipsosque  peremi? 

his  elisa  jacet  moles  Nemcaea  lacertis ; 

hac  caelum  cervice  tuli.     Defessa  jubendo  est 

saeva  Jovis  conjunx  :  ego  sum  indefessus  agendo. 

sed  nova  pestis  adest,  cui  nee  virtute  resisti,  200 

nee  telis  armisque  potest.     Pulmonibus  errat 

ignis  edax  imis,  perque  omnes  pascitur  artus. 

at  valet  Eurystheus  !     Et  sunt,  qui  credere  possint 

esse  deos  ? '     Dixit,  perque  altum  saucius  Oeten 

baud  aliter  graditur,  qudm  si  venabula  taurus  205 

corpore  fixa  gerat,  factique  refugerit  auctor. 


1 1 6  XX.      The  Death  of  Hercules,  [Metam. 

saepe  ilium  gemitus  edentem,  saepe  frementem, 
saepe  retemptantem  totas  refringere  vestes, 
sternentemque  trabes,  irascentemque  videres 
montibus,  aut  patrio  tendentem  bracchia  caelo.  210 

Ecce  Lichan  trepidum  latitantem  rupe  cavata 
aspicit ;  utque  dolor  rabiem  collegerat  omnem, 
*  Tune,  Licha/  dixit  *  f  eralia  dona  dedisti  ? 
tune  meae  necis  auctor  eris  ? '     Tremit  ille,  pavetque 
pallidus,  et  timide  verba  excusantia  dicit.  215 

dicentem  genibusque  manus  adhibere  parantem 
corripit  Alcides,  et  terque  quaterque  rotatum 
mittit  in  Euboi'cas  tormento  fortius  undas. 
ille  per  aerias  pendens  induruit  auras ; 
utque  ferunt  imbres  gelidis  concrescere  ventis,  220 

inde  nives  fieri,  nivibus  quoque  molle  rotatis 
astringi,  et  spissa  glomerari  grandine  corpus  : 
sic  ilium  validis  actum  per  inane  lacertis 
exsanguemque  metu  nee  quicquam  humoris  habentem, 
in  rigidos  versum  silices  prior  edidit  aetas.  225 

nunc  quoque  in  Euboi'co  scopulus  brevis  emicat  alto 
gurgite,  et  humanae  servat  vestigia  formae, 
quem,  quasi  sensurum,  nautae  calcare  verentur, 
appellantque  Lichan. 

At  tu,  Jovis  inclita  proles, 
arboribus  caesis,  quas  ardua  gesserat  Oete,  230 

inque  pyram  structis,  arcum  pharetramque  capacem 
regnaque  visuras  iterum  Trojana  sagittas 
ferre  jubes  Poeante  satum,  quo  flamma  ministro 
subdita ;  dumque  avidis  comprenditur  ignibus  agger, 
congeriem  silvae  Nemeaeo  vellere  summam  235 

sternis,  et  imposita  clavae  cervice  recumbis, 
baud  alio  vultu,  quam  si  conviva  jaceres 
inter  plena  meri  redimitus  pocula  sertis. 


IX.  272.]  Hercules  is  raised  to  Heaven.  1 1 7 

Jamque  valens  et  in  omne  latus  diffusa  sonabat, 
securosque  artus  contemptoremque  petebat  240 

flamma  suum.     Timuere  dei  pro  vindice  terrae : 
quos  ita,  sensit  enim,  laeto  Saturnius  ore 
Juppiter  adloquitur :  *  Nostra  est  timor  iste  voluptas, 
O  superi ;  totoque  libens  mihi  pectore  grator, 
quod  memoris  populi  dicor  rectorque  paterque,  245 

et  mea  progenies  vestro  quoque  tuta  favore  est. 
nam  quamquam  ipsius  datur  hoc  immanibus  actis, 
obligor  ipse  tamen.     Sed  enim,  ne  pectora  vano 
fida  metu  paveant,  Oetaeas  spernite  flammas. 
omnia  qui  vicit,  vincet,  quos  cernitis,  ignes  ;  250 

nee  nisi  materna  vulcanum  parte  potentem 
sentiet.     Aeternum  est  a  me  quod  traxit,  et  expers 
atque  immune  necis,  nullaque  domabile  flamma : 
idque  ego  defunctum  terra  caelestibus  oris 
accipiam,  cunctisque  meum  laetabile  factum  255 

dis  fore  confido.     Siquis  tamen  Hercule,  siquis 
forte  deo  doliturus  erit,  data  praemia  nolet  : 
sed  meruisse  dari  sciet,  invitusque  probabit.* 

Assensere  dei ;  conjunx  quoque  regia  visa  est 
cetera  non  duro,  duro  tamen  ultima  vultu  260 

dicta  tulisse  Jovis,  seque  indoluisse  notatam. 

Interea  quodcumque  fuit  populabile  flammae, 
Mulciber  abstulerat  ;  nee  cognoscenda  remansit 
Herculis  effigies,  nee  quicquam  ab  imagine  ductum 
matris  habet,  tantumque  Jovis  vestigia  servat.  265 

utque  novus  serpens  posita  cum  pelle  senecta 
luxuriare  solet,  squamaque  virerc  recenti : 
sic  ubi  mortales  Tirynthius  exuit  artus, 
parte  sui  meliore  viget,  majorque  videri 
coepit,  et  augusta  fieri  gravitate  verendus.  270 

quem  pater  omnipotens  inter  cava  nubila  raptum 
quadrijugo  curru  radiantibus  intulit  astris. 


ii8  XXI.      Orpheus  and  Eurydice.  [Metam. 

XXL    Orpheus  and  Eurydice. 
[Book  X.  — 1-77.] 

[Alcmene,  mother  of  Hercules,  to  entertain  lole  (who  had 
married  his  son  Hyllus),  relates  the  tale  of  Hercules'  birth,  which 
was  long  delayed,  but  at  last  brought  about  by  the  artifice  of  Galan- 
this,  a  waiting-maid ;  who,  for  the  falsehood  she  told,  was  turned 
into  a  weasel  by  Ilithyia,  whom  she  had  deceived  (IX.  273-323). 
lole  relates  in  turn  of  her  sister  Dryope,  changed  to  a  lotus 
(324-339).  The  restoring  of  lolaus  to  youth,  and  the  miraculous 
manhood  bestowed  on  the  children  of  Callirhoe,  having  moved  the 
displeasure  of  some  of  the  gods,  Jupiter  reminds  them  of  the  pain- 
ful old  age  of  his  own  son  Minos  (400-442).  The  tale  is  told  of 
Byblis,  daughter  of  Miletus  (who  had  migrated  from  Crete  to  Asia)  ; 
she,  filled  with  a  guilty  love  for  her  brother  Cannus,  became  a  foun- 
tain in  Caria  (443-665).  Iphis,  daughter  of  Ligdus  of  Crete,  having 
been  brought  up  as  a  youth  to  avoid  her  father's  displeasure  that  a 
daughter  was  born  to  him,  was  at  length  changed  to  a  young  man 
by  Isis,  and  so  became  the  husband  of  lanthe  (666-797).] 

Hymen,  proceeding  to  Thrace,  after  the  marriage  of  Iphis, 
united  Orpheus  to  Eurydice,  but  not  happily,  for  she  died  from  the 
bite  of  a  serpent.  To  recover  her,  Orpheus  penetrated  the  shadows 
of  the  Lower  World,  where  even  the  Furies  are  moved  to  tears  at 
his  song,  the  pains  of  hell  are  stayed,  and  Proserpine  is  won  to 
yield  him  back  his  wife,  only  on  condition  that  he  shall  not  look 
behind  him  until  he  reaches  the  upper  world.  Turning  about  too 
soon,  in  his  eagerness  to  see  her,  he  loses  her  again,  and  is  not 
suffered  a  second  time  to  enter  Hades  (X.  1-77). 

Inde  per  immensum  croceo  velatus  amictu 
aethera  digreditur,  Ciconumque  Hymenaeus  ad  oras 
tendit,  et  Orphea  nequiquam  voce  vocatur. 
adf  uit  ille  quidem ;  sed  nee  sollemnia  verba, 
nee  laetos  vultus,  nee  felix  attulit  omen.  5 

fax  quoque,  quam  tenuit,  lacrimoso  stridula  fumo 


X,38.]  Half-Ziwn,  bitt  lost  again,  119 

usque  fuit,  nullosque  invenit  motibus  ignes. 

exitus  auspicio  gravior ;  nam  nupta,  per  herbas 

diim  nova  n9.'iadum  turba  comitata  vagatur, 

occidit,  in  talum  serpentis  dente  recepto.  10 

Quam  satis  ad  superas  postquam  Rhodopeius  auras 
deflevit  vates,  ne  non  temptaret  et  umbras, 
ad  Styga  Taenaria  est  ausus  descendcre  porta ; 
perque  leves  populos  simulacraque  functa  sepulcro 
Persephonen  adiit,  inamoenaque  rcgna  tcnentem  15 

umbrarum  dominum.     Pulsisque  ad  carmina  nervis 
sic  ait :  *  O  positi  sub  terra  numina  mundi, 
in  quern  recidimus,  quicquid  mortale  creamur ; 
si  licet,  et  falsi  positis  ambagibus  oris 
vera  loqui  sinitis,  non  hue,  ut  opaca  viderem  20 

Tartara,  descendi,  nee  uti  villosa  colubris 
terna  Medusaei  vincirem  guttura  monstri. 
causa  viae  conjunx,  in  quam  calcata  venenum 
vipera  diffudit,  crescentesque  abstulit  annos. 
posse  pati  volui,  nee  me  temptasse  negabo  :  25 

vicit  Amor.     Supera  deus  hie  bene  notus  in  ora  est : 
an  sit  et  hie,  dubito,  sed  et  hie  tamen  auguror  esse, 
famaque  si  veteris  non  est  mentita  rapinae, 
vos   quoque  junxit  Amor.      Per  ego   haec  loca  plena 

timoris, 
per  Chaos  hoc  ingens,  vastique  silentia  regni,  30 

Eurydices,  oro,  properata  retexite  fata, 
omnia  debemur  vobis,  paulumque  morati 
serius  aut  citius  sedem  properamus  ad  unam. 
tendimus  hue  omnes,  haec  est  domus  ultima  ;  vosque 
humani  generis  longissima  regna  tenetis.  35 

haec  quoque,  cum  justos  matura  peregerit  annos, 
juris  erit  vestri.     Pro  munere  poscimus  usum. 
quod  si  fata  negant  veniam  pro  conjuge,  certuni  est 


I20  XXI.     Orpheus  and  Eurydice.  [Metam. 

nolle  redire  mihi :  leto  gaudete  duorum.' 

Talia  dicentem  neryosquc  ad  verba  moventem  40 

exsangues  flebant  animae  ;  nee  Tantalus  undam 
captavit  refiigam,  stiipuitque  Ixionis  orbis, 
nee  carpsere  jecur  volucres,  urnisque  vacarunt 
Belides,  inque  tuo  sedisti,  Sisyphe,  saxo. 
tunc  primunri  lacrimis  victarum  carmine  fama  est  45 

Eumenidum  maduisse  genas.     Nee  regia  conjunx 
sustinet  oranti,  nee  qui  regit  ima,  negare : 
Eurydicenque  vocant.     Umbras  erat  ilia  recentes 
inter,  et  incessit  passu  de  vulnere  tardo. 
banc  simul  et  legem  Rhodopeius  accipit  heros,  50 

ne  iiectat  retro  sua  lumina,  donee  Avernas 
exierit  valles,  aut  irrita  dona  futura. 

Carpitur  acclivis  per  muta  silentia  trames, 
arduus,  obscurus,  caligine  densus  opaca. 
nee  procul  afuerunt  telluris  margine  summae  :  55 

hie,  ne  deficeret  metuens,  avidusque  videndi, 
fiexit  amans  oculos ;  et  protinus  ilia  relapsa  est, 
bracchiaque  intendens  prendique  et  prendere  captan 
nil  nisi  cedentes  infelix  arripit  auras, 
jam  que  iterum  moriens  non  est  de  conjuge  quicquam   60 
questa  suo  :  quid  enim  nisi  se  quereretur  amatam  ? 
supremumque  Vale  !  quod  jam  vix  auribus  ille 
acciperet,  dixit,  revolutaque  rursus  eodem  est. 

Non  aliter  stupuit  gemina  nece  conjugis  Orpheus, 
quam  tria  qui  timidus,  medio  portante  catenas,  65 

colla  canis  vidit ;  quem  non  pavor  ante  reliquit, 
quam  natura  prior,  saxo  per  corpus  oborto : 
quique  in  se  crimen  traxit  voluitque  videri 
Olenos  esse  nocens,  tuque  O  confisa  figurae, 
infelix  Lethaea,  tuae,  junctissima  quondam  70 

pcctora,  nunc  lapides,  quos  humida  sustinet  Ide. 


X.  77-1  Half -won,  hut  lost  again,  12 1 

Orantem  frustraque  iterum  transire  volentem 
portitor  arcuerat.     Septem  tamen  ille  clicbus 
squalidus  in  ripa  Cereris  sine  mimere  seclit ; 
cura  dolorque  animi  lacrimaeque  alimenta  fuere.  75 

esse  cleos  Erebi  crucleles  questus,  in  altam 
se  recipit  Rhoclopen  pulsumque  aquilonibus  Haemiim. 


122  xxii.     The  Song  of  Orpheus.  [Metam. 

XXII.   The  Song  of  Orpheus. 
[Book  X.  — 86-219.] 

Withdrawn  apart  from  the  love  of  women,  and  having  gath- 
ered by  his  song  a  grove  of  forest  trees  [among  them  the  pine 
which  was  once  the  youth  Attis,  and  Cyparissus  changed  by  Apollo 
into  a  Cypress] ,  Orpheus  sings  of  the  loves  of  the  gods  for  mortal 
men.  And  first  of  Ganymede  of  Troy,  borne  to  heaven  by  Jupiter 
in  the  form  of  an  eagle  (143— 161)  ;  and  of  Hyacinthus,  a  beautiful 
youth  of  Sparta,  beloved  by  Apollo,  but  accidentally  killed  by  him 
with  a  discus  (or  quoit)  that  he  had  hurled  into  the  air;  from 
whose  blood  sprang  the  flower  that  bears  his  name  (i  62-2 19). 

[He  further  sings  of  certain  people  of  Cyprus,  cruel  to  stran- 
gers, who  by  Venus  were  changed  to  oxen  (220-237) ;  of  the 
statue  wrought  by  Pygmalion,  which  became  a  living  maiden,  and 
his  bride  (243-297)  ;  of  Myrrha,  who  because  of  her  incestuous  love 
of  her  father  became  a  tree  weeping  fragrant  gum  (298-502) ;  of 
her  child  Adonis,  loved  by  Venus  (503-559) ;  of  Atalanta,  fleet  of 
foot,  who  was  won  in  the  race  by  craft  of  Hippomenes  with  three 
golden  apples  (see  next  selection),  but  both  were  afterwards  changed 
into  lions  (560-707)  ;  and  of  the  death  of  Adonis,  slain  by  a  wild 
boar,  and  by  Venus  converted  into  the  flower  Anemone,  as  Menthe 
had  aforetime  been  by  Proserpine  into  the  herb  Mint  (708-739).] 

CoLLis  erat,  collemque  super  planissima  campi 
area,  quam  viridem  faciebant  graminis  herbae. 
umbra  loco  deerat :  qua  postquam  parte  resedit 
dis  genitus  vates,  et  fila  sonantia  movit, 
umbra  loco  venit.     Non  Chaonis  afuit  arbor,  90 

non  nemus  Heliadum,  non  frondibus  aesculus  altis, 
nee  tiliae  molles,  nee  fagus  et  innuba  laurus, 
nee  coryli  fragiles,  et  fraxinus  utilis  hast  is, 
enodisque  abies,  curvataque  glandibus  ilex, 
et  platanus  genialis,  acerque  coloribus  impar,  95 

anmicolaeque  siraul  salices  et  aquatica  lotos, 


X.  t66.]  The  Rape  of  Ganymede,  123 

perpetuoque  virens  buxum,  tenuesque  myricae, 

et  bicolor  myrtus,  et  bacis  caerula  tinus. 

vos  quoque,  flexipedes  hederae,  venistis,  et  una 

pampineae  vites  et  amictae  vitibus  ulmi ;  100 

ornique  et  piceae,  pomoque  onerata  rubenti 

arbutus,  et  lentae  (victoris  praemia)  palmae, 

et  succincta  comas  hirsutaque  vertice  pinus, 

grata  deum  matri  :  siquidem  Cybeleius  Attis 

exuit  hac  hominem,  truncoque  induruit  illo.  105 

Tale  nemus  vates  attraxerat ;  inque  ferarum 
concilio  medius  turba  volucrumque  sedebat. 
ut  satis  impulsas  temptavit  pollice  chordas,  145 

et  sensit  varies,  quamvis  diversa  sonarent, 
concordare  modos,  hoc  vocem  carmine  movit : 

'  Ab  Jove,  Musa  parens  (cedunt  Jovis  omnia  regno) 
carmina  nostra  move  :  Jovis  est  mihi  saepe  potestas 
dicta  prius.     Cecini  plectro  graviore  Gigantas,  150 

sparsaque  Phlegraeis  victricia  fulmina  campis  ; 
nunc  opus  est  leviore  lyra,  puerosque  canamus 
dilectos  superis,  inconcessisque  puellas 
ignibus  attonitas  meruisse  libidine  poenam. 

*  Rex  superum  Phrygii  quondam  Ganymedis  amore  155 
arsit,  et  inventum  est  aliquid,  quod  Juppiter  esse, 
quam  quod  erat,  mallet.     Nulla  tamen  alite  verti 
dignatur,  nisi  quae  posset  sua  fulmina  ferre. 

nee  mora  :  percusso  mendacibus  aere  pennis 

abripit  Iliaden,  qui  nunc  quoque  pocula  miscet,  160 

invitaque  Jovi  nectar  Junone  ministrat. 

*  Te  quoque,  Amyclide,  posuisset  in  aethere  Phoebus, 
tristia  si  spatium  ponendi  fata  dedissent. 

qua  licet,  aeternus  tamen  es ;  quotiensque  repellit 

ver  hiemem,  Piscique  Aries  succedit  aquoso,  165 

tu  totiens  oreris,  viridique  in  cespite  fl.ores. 


124  XXII.     The  Song  of  Orphetts,  [Metaim. 

te  meus  ante  omnes  genitor  dilexit,  et  orbe 
in  medio  positi  caruerunt  praeside  Delphi, 
dum  deus  Eurotan  immunitamque  frequentat 
Sparten  :  nee  citharae,  nee  sunt  in  honore  sagittae.      170 
inmemor  ipse  sui  non  retia  ferre  recusat, 
non  tenuisse  canes,  non  per  juga  montis  iniqui 
isse  comes  ;  longaque  alit  assuetudine  flammas. 
'  Jamque  fere  medius  Titan  venientis  et  actae 
noctis  erat,  spatioque  pari  distabat  utrimque :  175 

corpora  veste  levant,  et  suco  pinguis  olivi 
splendescunt,  latique  ineunt  certamina  disci. 

*  Quern  prius  aerias  libratum  Phoebus  in  auras 
misit,  et  oppositas  disjecit  pondere  nubes. 

recidit  in  solidam  longo  post  tempore  terram  180 

pondus,  et  exhibuit  junctam  cum  viribus  artem. 

protinus  imprudens  actusque  cupidine  ludi 

tollere  Taenarides  orbem  properabat ;  at  ilium 

dura  repercussum  subjecit  in  aera  tellus 

in  vultus,  Hyacinthe,  tuos.     Expalluit  aeque  185 

quam  puer  ipse  deus  ;  collapsosque  excipit  artus, 

et  modo  te  refovet,  modo  tristia  vulnera  siccat, 

nunc  animam  admotis  fugientem  sustinet  herbis. 

*  Nil  prosunt  artes  :  erat  immedicabile  vulnus. 

ut  si  quis  violas  riguove  papaver  in  horto,  190 

liliaque  infringat  fulvis  haerentia  virgis, 

marcida  demittant  subito  caput  ilia  gravatum, 

nee  se  sustineant,  spectentque  cacumine  terram  : 

sic  vultus  moriens  jacet,  et  defecta  vigore 

ipsa  sibi  est  oneri  cervix  humeroque  recumbit.  19s 

^  *'  Laberis,  Oebalide,  prima  fraudate  juventa, 
Phoebus  ait,  videoque  tuum,  mea  crimina,  vulnus. 
tu  dolor  es,  facinusque  meum  :  mea  dextera  leto 
inscribenda  tuo  est ;  ego  sum  tibi  funcris  auctor. 


X.  219-]  Death  of  Hyacinthus,  12$ 

quae  mea  culpa  tamen  ?  nisi  si  lusisse  vocari  200 

culpa  potest,  nisi  culpa  potest  et  amasse  vocari. 
atque  utinam  pro  te  vitam,  tecumve  liceret 
reddere  !  Quod  quoniam  fatali  lege  tenemur, 
semper  eris  mecum,  memorique  haerebis  in  ore. 
te  lyra  pulsa  manu,  te  carmina  nostra  sonabunt  ;  205 

flosque  novus  scripto  gemitus  imitabere  nostros  : 
tempus  et  illud  erit,  quo  se  fortissimus  heros 
addat  in  hunc  florem,  folioque  legatur  eodem." 
*  Talia  dum  vero  memorantur  Apollinis  ore, 
ecce  cruor,  qui  fusus  humo  signaverat  herbam,  210 

desinit  esse  cruor,  Tyrioque  nitentior  ostro 
flos  oritur,  formamque  capit  quam  lilia,  si  non 
purpureus  color  his,  argenteus  esset  in  illis. 
non  satis  hoc  Phoebo  est  (is  enim  fuit  auctor  honoris) : 
ipse  suos  gemitus  foliis  inscribit,  et  ai  ai  215 

flos  habet  inscriptum,  funestaque  littera  ducta  est. 
nee  genuisse  pudet  Sparten  Hyacinthon,  honorque 
durat  in  hoc  aevi ;  celebrandaque  more  priorum 
annua  praelata  redeunt  Hyacinthia  pompa/ 


126  XXIII.     Atalanta.  [Metam„ 

XXIII.    Atalanta, 
[Book  X.  —  560-680.] 

Orpheus  sings  how  Atalanta  was  beaten  in  a  race  by  Hippo- 
menes,  who  dropped  three  golden  apples,  which  she  stopped  to 
pick  up.     The  tale  is  supposed  to  be  told  by  Venus  to  Adonis. 

[For  the  rest  of  the  song  oi  Orpheus,  see  the  heading  of  the 
previous  selection.] 

FoRSiTAN  audieris  aliquam  certamine  cursus  560 

vcloces  superasse  viros.     Non  fabula  rumor 
ille  fuit ;  superabat  enim.     Nee  dicere  posses, 
laude  pedum,  formaene  bono  praestantior  asset, 
scitanti  deus  huic  de  conjuge  "Conjuge"  dixit 
"nil  opus  est,  Atalanta,  tibi.     Fuge  conjugis  usum.     565 
nee  tamen  effugies,  teque  ipsa  viva  carebis," 
territa  sorte  dei  per  opacas  innuba  silvas 
vivit,  et  instantem  turbam  violenta  procorum 
condicione  fugat,  nee  *'  Sum  potiunda,  nisi  '*  inquit 
*'victa  prius  cursu.     Pedibus  contendite  mecum  :         570 
praemia  veloci  conjunx  thalamique  dabuntur ; 
mors  pretium  tardis.     Ea  lex  certaminis  esto." 
ilia  quidem  inmitis  :  sed  tanta  potentia  formae  est, 
venit  ad  hanc  legem  temeraria  turba  procorum. 

Sederat  Hippomenes  cursus  spectator  iniqui,  575 

et  '^Petitur  cuiquam  per  tanta  pericula  conjunx?" 
dixerat,  ac  nimios  juvenum  damnarat  amores. 
ut  faciem  et  posito  corpus  velamine  vidit, 
quale  meum,  vel  quale  tuura,  si  femina  fias, 
obstipuit,  tollensque  manus  "Ignoscite,"  dixit  580 

"quos  modo  culpavi.     Nondum  mihi  praemia  nota, 
quae  peteretis,  erant."     Laudando  concipit  ignes, 


X.  6i5-]  The  Love  of  Hippontenes.  127 

ct,  ne  quis  juvenum  currat  velocius,  optat 

invidiaque  timet.     ['^  SecI  cur  ccrtaminis  hujus 

intemptata  mihi  fortuna  relinquitur  ?  "  inquit  585 

''  Audentes  deus  ipse  juvat."     Dum  talia  secum 

exigit  Hippomenes,  passu  volat  alite  virgo. 

quae  quamquam  Scythica  non  setius  ire  sagitta 

Aonio  visa  est  juveni,  tamen  ille  decorem 

miratur  magis.     Et  cursus  facit  ille  decorem.  590 

aura  refert  ablata  citis  talaria  plantis  : 

tergaque  jactantur  crines  per  eburnea,  quaeque 

poplitibus  suberant  picto  genualia  limbo  : 

inque  puellari  corpus  candore  ruborem 

traxerat,  baud  aliter,  quam  cum  super  atria  velum        595 

Candida  purpureum  simulatas  inficit  umbras. 

dum  notat  haec  hospes,]  decursa  novissima  meta  est, 

et  tegitur  festa  victrix  Atalanta  corona. 

dant  gemitum  victi,  penduntque  ex  foedere  poenas. 

Non  tamen  eventu  juvenis  deterritus  horum  600 

constitit  in  medio,  vultuque  in  virgine  fixo 
'*  Quid  facilem  titulum  superando  quaeris  inertes  ? 
mecum  confer  !  "  ait  "  sen  me  fortuna  potentem 
fecerit,  a  tanto  non  indignabere  vinci. 
namque  mihi  genitor  Megareus  Onchestius  :  illi  605 

est  Neptunus  avus  :  pronepos  ego  regis  aquatum. 
nee  virtus  citra  genus  est.     Sen  vincar,  habebis 
Hippomene  victo  magnum  et  memorabile  nomen.'* 

Talia  dicentem  molli  Schoenei'a  vultu 
aspicit,  et  dubitat,  superari  an  vincere  malit.  610 

atque  ita  "Quis  deus  hunc  formosis"  inquit  "iniquus 
perdere  vult,  caraeque  jubet  discrimine  vitae 
conjugium  petere  hoc.-*  non  sum,  me  judice,  tanti. 
nee  forma  tangor,  —  poteram  tamen  hac  quoque  tangi  — 
sed  quod  adhuc  puer  est.     Non  me  movet  ipse,  sed  aetas. 


128  xxiii.     Atalmita.  [MEfAM. 

quid,  quod  inest  virtus  et  mens  interrita  leti  ? 

quid,  quod  ab  aequorea  numeratur  origine  quartus  ? 

quid,  quod  amat,  tantique  putat  conubia  nostra, 

ut  pereat,  si  me  fors  illi  dura  negarit  ? 

dum  licet,  hospes,  abi,  thalamosque  relinque  cruentos.  620 

conjugium  crudele  nieum  est.     Tibi  nubere  nulla 

nolet ;  et  optari  potes  a  sapiente  puella. 

cur  tamen  est  mihi  cura  tui,  tot  jam  ante  peremptis  ? 

viderit !  intereat,  quoniam  tot  caede  procorum 

admonitus  non  est,  agiturque  in  taedia  vitae.  —  625 

occidet  hie  igitur,  voluit  quia  vivere  mecum, 

indignamque  necem  pretium  patietur  amoris  ? 

non  erit  invidiae  victoria  nostra  ferendae. 

sed  non  culpa  mea  est.     Utinam  desistere  velles  ! 

aut,  quoniam  es  demens,  utinam  velocior  esses  !  —       630 

at  quam  virgineus  puerili  vultus  in  ore  est ! 

a  !  miser  Hippomene,  nollem  tibi  visa  fuisscm  ! 

vivere  dignus  eras.     Quod  si  felicior  essem, 

nee  mihi  conjugium  fata  importuna  negarent, 

unus  eras,  cum  quo  sociare  cubilia  vellem."  635 

dixerat :  utque  rudis,  primoque  Cupidine  tacta, 

quid  facit,  ignorans,  amat  et  non  sentit  amorem. 

Jam  soHtos  poscunt  cursus  populusque  paterque : 
cum  me  solicita  proles  Neptunia  voce 
invocat  Hippomenes,  ^'Cytherea"  que  "comprecor,  ausis 
adsit "  ait  '^nostris  et  quos  dedit,  adjuvet  ignes." 
detulit  aura  preces  ad  me  non  invida  blandas  ; 
motaque  sum,  fateor.     Nee  opis  mora  longa  dabatur. 
est  ager,  indigenae  Tamasenum  nomine  dicunt, 
telluris  Cypriae  pars  optima,  quam  mihi  prisci  645 

sacravere  senes,  templisque  accedere  dotem 
hanc  jussere  meis.     Medio  nitet  arbor  in  arvo, 
fulva  comam,  fulvo  ramis  crepitantibus  auro. 


X.  68o.]  The  Race.  129 

hinc  tria  forte  mea  veniens  decerpta  ferebam 

aurea  poma  manu  :  nullique  videnda  nisi  ipsi  650 

Hippomenen  adii,  docuique,  qiiis  usus  in  illis. 

signa  tubae  dederant,  cum  carcere  proniis  uterque 

emicat,  et  summam  celcri  pede  libat  harenam. 

posse  putes  illos  sicco  freta  radere  jDassu, 

et  segetis  canae  stantes  percurrere  aristas.  655 

adiciunt  animos  juveni  clamorqiie  favorque, 

verbaque  dicentum  ''  Nunc,  nunc  incumbere  tempus, 

Hippomene,  propera  !  nunc  viribus  utere  tot  is. 

pelle  moram,  vinces  : "  dubium,  Megareius  heros 

gaudeat,  an  virgo  magis  his  Schoeneia  dictis.  660 

O  quotiens,  cum  jam  posset  transire,  morata  est, 

spectatosque  diu  vultus  invita  reliquit ! 

aridus  e  lasso  veniebat  anhelitus  ore, 

metaque  erat  longe.     Turn  denique  de  tribus  unum 

fetibus  arboreis  proles  Neptunia  misit.  665 

obstipuit  virgo,  nitidique  cupidine  pomi 

declinat  cursus,  aurumque  volubile  tollit : 

praeterit  Hippomenes  :  resonant  spectacula  plausu. 

ilia  moram  celeri  cessataque  tempora  cursu 

corrigit,  atque  iterum  juvenem  post  terga  relinquit.     670 

et  rursus  pomi  jactu  remorata  secundi, 

consequitur  transitque  virum.     Pars  ultima  cursus 

restabat.    ^^Nunc"  inquit  '^ades,  dea  muneris  auctor!" 

inque  latus  campi,  quo  tardius  ilia  rediret, 

jecit  ab  obliquo  nitidum  juvenaliter  aurum.  675 

an  peteret,  virgo  visa  est  dubitare :  coegi 

tollere,  et  adieci  sublato  pondera  malo, 

impediique  oneris  pariter  gravitate  moraque. 

neve  mens  sermo  cursu  sit  tardior  ipso, 

praeterita  est  virgo  :  duxit  sua  praemia  victor.  680 


130  XXIV.     The  Death  of  Orpheii^s,  [Metam. 

XXIV.   The  Death  of  Orpheus. 

[Book  XL— 1-84.] 

Still  lamenting  in  solitude  for  his  lost  Eurydice,  Orpheus  is 
assailed  in  a  frenzy  by  the  women  of  Thrace,  who  tear  him  in 
pieces,  so  that  while  his  body  is  borne  upon  the  Hebrus,  and  to 
the  isle  of  Lesbos,  his  shade  securely  joins  that  of  his  wife  in  the 
Elysian  Fields  (XL  1-66)  ;  the  women  who  had  caused  his  death 
being  by  Bacchus  changed  to  trees  (67-84), 

Carmine  dum  tali  silvas  animosque  ferarum 
Threicius  vates  et  saxa  sequentia  clucit, 
ecce  nurus  Ciconum,  tectae  lymphata  ferinis 
pectora  velleribus,  tumuli  de  vertice  cernunt 
Orphea,  percussis  sociantem  carmina  nervis.  5 

e  quibus  una,  levem  jactato  crine  per  auram, 
^  En/  ait  '  en  hie  est  nostri  contemptor  ! '  et  hastam  ^ 

vatis  Apollinei  vocalia  misit  in  era  : 
quae  foliis  praesuta  notam  sine  vulnere  fecit. 

Alterius  telum  lapis  est,  qui  missus,  in  ipso  10 

aere  concentu  victus  vocisque  lyraeque  est, 
ac  veluti  supplex  pro  tam  furialibus  ausis 
ante  pedes  jacuit.     Sed  enim  temeraria  crescunt 
bella,  modusque  abiit,  insanaque  regnat  Erinys. 

Cunctaque  tela  forent  cantu  mollita ;  sed  ingens        15 
clamor  et  infracto  Berecyntia  tibia  cornu, 
tympanaque  et  plausus  et  Baccliei  ululatus 
obstrepuere  sono  citharae.     Turn  denique  saxa 
non  exauditi  rubuerunt  sanguine  vatis. 
ac  primum  attonitas  etiamnum  voce  canentis  20 

innumeras  volucrcs,  anguesque  agmenque  ferarum, 
Maenades  Orphei  titulum  rapuere  triumphi. 


XL  55,]  The  Thracian  Mcsnades,  131 

Inde  cruentatis  vertuntur  in  Orphea  dextris, 
et  coeunt  ut  aves,  si  quando  luce  vagantem 
noctis  avem  cernimt ;  structoque  utrimque  theatro        25 
cell  matutina  cervus  periturus  arena 
praeda  canum  est,  vatemque  petunt,  et  fronde  virentes 
coniciunt  thyrsos,  non  haec  in  munera  factos. 
hae  glebas,  illae  direptos  arbore  ramos, 
pars  torquent  silices.     Neu  desint  tela  fiirori,  30 

forte  boves  presso  subigebant  vomere  terram  ; 
nee  procul  hinc,  multo  fructum  sudore  parantes, 
dura  lacertosi  fodiebant  arva  coloni. 
agmine  qui  viso  fugiunt,  operisque  relinquunt 
arma  sui ;  vacuosque  jacent  dispersa  per  agros  35 

sarculaquc  rastrique  graves  longique  ligones. 
quae  postquam  rapuere  ferae,  cornuque  minaces 
divellere  boves,  ad  vatis  fata  recurrunt, 
tendentemque  manus  atque  illo  tempore  primum 
irrita  dicentem,  nee  quicquam  voce  moventem,  40 

sacrilegae  perimunt ;  perque  os,  pro  Juppiter  !  illud, 
auditum  saxis  intellectumque  ferarum, 
sensibus,  in  ventos  anima  exhalata  recessit. 

Te  maestae  volucres,  Orpheu,  te  turba  ferarum, 
te  rigidi  silices,  te  carmina  saepe  secutae  45 

fleverunt  silvae  ;  positis  te  frondibus  arbos 
tonsa  comam  luxit ;  lacrimis  quoque  flumina  dicunt 
increvisse  suis,  obstrusaque  carbasa  pullo 
naides  et  dryades  passosque  habuere  capillos. 
membra  jacent  diversa  locis  :  caput,  Hebre,  lyramque    50 
excipis ;  et  mirum  !  medio  dum  labitur  amne, 
flebile  nescio  quid  queritur  lyra,  fiebile  lingua 
murmurat  exanimis,  respondent  flebile  ripae. 
jamque  mare  invectae  flumen  populare  relinquunt, 
et  Methymnaeae  potiuntur  litore  Lesbi,  55 


132  XXIV.     The  Death  of  Orpheics,  [Metam. 

hie  ferus  expositum  peregrinis  anguis  arenis 

OS  petit  et  sparsos  stillanti  rore  capillos. 

tandem  Phoebus  adest,  morsusque  inferre  parantem 

arcet,  et  in  lapidem  rictus  serpentis  apertos 

congelat,  et  patulos,  ut  erant,  indurat  hiatus.  60 

Umbra  subit  terras,  et  quae  loca  viderat  ante, 
cuncta  recognoscit ;  quaerensque  per  arva  piorum 
invenit  Eurydiccn,  cupidisque  amplecitur  ulnis. 
hie  modo  conjunctis  spatiantur  passibus  ambo, 
nunc  praecedentem  sequitur,  nunc  praevius  anteit,       65 
Eurydicenque  suam  jam  tuto  respicit  Orpheus. 

Non  impune  tamen  scelus  hoc  sinit  esse  Lyaeus : 
amissoque  dolens  sacrorum  vate  suorum, 
protinus  in  silvis  matres  Edonidas  omnes, 
quae  videre  nefas,  torta  radice  ligavit.  70 

[quippe  pedum  digitos,  in  quantum  quaeque  secuta  est, 
traxit,  et  in  solidam  detrusit  acumina  terram ;] 
utque  suum  laqueis,  quos  callidus  abdidit  auceps, 
crus  ubi  commisit  volucris,  sensitque  teneri, 
plangitur,  ac  trepidans  astringit  vincula  motu  :  75 

sic,  ut  quaeque  solo  defixa  cohaeserat  harum, 
exsternata  fugam  frustra  temptabat  ;  at  illam 
lenta  tenet  radix,  exsultantemque  coercet. 
dumque  ubi  sint  digiti,  dum  pes  ubi,  quaerit,  et  ungues, 
aspicit  in  teretes  lignum  succedere  suras  ;  80 

et  conata  femur  maerenti  plangere  dextra, 
robora  percussit.     Pectus  quoque  robora  fiunt ; 
robora  sunt  humeri ;  porrectaque  bracchia  veros 
esse  putes  ramos,  et  non  fallare  putando. 


XI.  loo.]  Bacchus  in  Phrygia.  133 

XXV.   The  Story  of  Midas. 
[Book  XL  — 85-193.] 

Proceeding  from  Thrace  into  Phrygia,  Bacchus  is  deserted  by 
Silenus,  whom  king  Midas  restores  to  him,  and  so  receives  from 
Bacchus  whatever  boon  he  should  desire.  Choosing  that  whatever 
he  touched  might  become  gold,  Midas  presently  finds  his  gift  a 
curse ;  but  by  help  of  the  god  is  freed  from  it  oii  bathing  in  the 
river  Pactolus,  whose  sands  thenceforth  become  gold  (85-145). 
Afterwards,  frequenting  woods  and  lonely  places,  he  became 
witness  of  a  contest  for  the  palm  of  music  between  Pan  and 
Apollo.  By  Tmolus,  the  mountain-god,  Apollo  is  judged  victor; 
and  Midas  pronouncing  for  Pan,  his  ears  are  by  Apollo  lengthened 
into  ass's  ears  (146-179)  ;  the  secret  of  which  being  by  his  servant 
whispered  to  the  earth,  there  sprang  up  reeds,  which  in  their 
rustling  told  the  shame  of  Midas  (180-193). 

Nec  satis  hoc  Baccho  est :  ipsos  quoque  deserit  agros, 
cumque  choro  meliore  sui  vineta  Timoli 
Pactolonqiie  petit  —  quamvis  non  aureus  illo 
tempore,  nec  caris  erat  invidiosus  arenis. 
hunc  assueta  cohors  satyri  bacchaeque  frequentant, 
at  Silenus  abest.     Titubantem  annisque  meroque  90 

ruricolae  cepere  Phryges,  vinctumque  coronis 
ad  regem  duxere  Midan,  cui  Thracius  Orpheus 
orgia  tradiderat  cum  Cecropio  Eumolpo. 
qui  simul  agnovit  socium  comitemque  sacrorum, 
hospitis  adventu  festum  genialiter  egit  95 

per  bis  quinque  dies  et  junctas  ordine  noctes. 

Et  jam  stellarum  sublime  coegerat  agmen 
Lucifer  undecimus,  Lydos  cum  laetus  in  agros 
rex  venit,  et  juveni  Silenum  reddit  alumno. 
huic  deus  optandi  gratum,  sed  inutile,  fecit  100 


134  x^v.     The  Story  of  Midas.  [Metam. 

muneris  arbitrium,  gaudens  altore  recepto. 

ille,  male  usurus  donis,  ait  'Effice,  quicquid 

corpore  contigero,  fulvum  vertatur  in  aumm/ 

adnuit  optatis,  nocituraque  munera  solvit 

Liber,  et  indoluit,  quod  non  meliora  petisset.  105 

Laetus  abit,  gaudetque  malo  Berecyntius  heros  : 
pollicitique  fidem  tangendo  singula  temptat. 
vixque  sibi  credens,  non  alta  fronde  virenti 
ilice  detraxit  virgam  :  virga  aurea  facta  est ; 
tollit  humo  saxum  :  saxum  quoque  palluit  auro ;  no 

coiitigit  et  glebam  :  contactu  gleba  potenti 
massa  fit ;  arentis  Ceteris  decerpsit  aristas  : 
aiirea  messis  erat ;  demptum  tenet  arbore  pomum  : 
Hesperida^  donasse  putes.     Si  postibus  altis 
admOivit  digitos,  postfes  radiare  videntur ;  115 

ille  etiam  liquidis  palmas  ubi  laverat  undis, 
tinda  fluens  palmis  Danaen  eludere  posset. 

Vix  sp^s  ipse  suas  animo  capit,  aurea  fingens 
omnia.     Gaudenti  mensas  posuere  ministri 
exstructa^  dapibus,  liec  tostae  frugis  egentes  :  120 

turn  vero,  sive  ille  sua  Cerealia  dextra 
munera  contigerat,  Cerealia  dona  rigebant ; 
sive  dapes  alvido  convellere  dente  parabat, 
lamina  fulva  dapes,  admoto  dente,  premebat ; 
miscuerat  puris  ^uctorem  muneris  undis  :  125 

fusile  per  rictus  aurum  fluitare  videres. 

Attonitus  novitate  mali,  divesque  miserque, 
effugere  optat  opes,  et  quae  modo  voverat,  odit. 
copia  nulla  famem  relevat  :  sitis  arida  guttur 
urit,  et  inviso  meritus  torquetur  ab  auro.  130 

ad  caelumque  manus  et  splendida  bracchia  tollens, 

*  Da  veniam,  Lenaee  pater  !  peccavimus,'  inquit, 

*  sed  miserere,  precor,  speciosoque  eripe  damno/ 


XI.  1 66.]  Contest  of  Pan  and  Apollo,  135 

1' 
Mite  deum  numen,  Bacchus  peccassc  fatentcm 

restituit,  factique  fide  data  munera  solvit.  135 

*  Neve  male  optato  maneas  circumlitus  aiiro, 
vade  '  ait  '  ad  magnis  vicinum  Sardibus  amneni, 
perque  jugum  montis  labentibus  obvius  undis 
carpe  viam,  donee  venias  ad  flutainis  ortns  ; 
spumigeroque  tuum  fonti,  quo  plurimus  exit,  140 

subde  caput,  corpusque  simul,  simul  eluc  crimen/ 
rex  jussae  succedit  aquae.     Vis  aurea  tinxit 
fiumen,  et  humano  de  corpore  cessit  in  amnem. 
nunc  quoque  jam  veteris  percept o  semijie  venae 
arva  rigent  auro  madidis  pallentia  glebis.  14s     \t 

Hie,  perosus  opes,  silvas  et  rura  colebat,  ^      ^ 

Panaque  montanis  habitantem  semper  in  antris. 
pingue  sed  ingenium  mansit ;  nocituraquc,  ut  ante, 
rursus  erant  domino  stolidae  praecordia  mentis, 
nam  freta  prospiciens  late  riget  arduus  alto  150 

Tmolus  in  ascensu,  clivoque  extensus  utroque 
Sardibus  hinc,  illinc  parvis  finitur  Hypaepis. 
Pan  ibi  dum  teneris  jactat  sua  carmina  nymphis, 
et  leve  cerata  modulatur  aruncline  carmen, 
ausus  Apollineos  prae  se  contemnere  cantus,  155 

judice  sub  Tmolo  certamen  venit  ad  impar. 

Monte  suo  senior  judex  consedit,  et,jaures 
liberat  arboribus  :  quercu  coma  caeruU  tantum  . 
cingitur,  et  pendent  circum  cava  tempora  glandes, 
isque  deum  pecoris  spectans,  '  In  judice '  dixit  160 

*  nulla  mora  est.'     Calamis  agrestibus  insonat  ille  : 
barbaricoque  Midan  —  aderat  nam  forte  canenti  — 
carmine  delenit.     Post  hunc  saccr  ora  retorsit 
Tmolus  ad  os  Phoebi :  vultum  sua  silva  sccuta  est. 

Ille,  caput  flavum  lauro  Parnaside  vinctus,  165 

verrit  humum  Tyrio  saturata  murice  palla ; 


136  XXV.     The  Story  of  Midas.  [Metam. 

in  strict  amque  fidem  gemmis  et  dentibus  Indis 
sustinet  a  laeva,  tcnuit  manus  altera  plectrum  : 
attificis  status  ipse  fuit.     Turn  stamina  docto 
pollice  sollicitatj  quorum  dulcedine  captus  170 

Pana  jubet  Tmolus  citharae  summittere  cannas. 

Judicium  sanctique  placet  sententia  montis 
omnibus,     Arguitur  tamen,  at  que  injusta  vocatur 
unius  sermonc  Midae.     Nee  Delius  aures 
humanam  stolidas  patitur  retinere  figuram  ;  175 

sed  trahit  in  spatium,  villisque  albentibus  implet, 
instabilesque  imas  facit,  et  dat  posse  moveri. 
cetera  sunt  hominis  :  partem  damnatur  in  unam, 
dnduiturque  aures  lente  gradientis  aselli. 
"^  Ille  quidem  celare  cupit,  turpique  pudore  180 

tempora  purpureis  temptat  velare  tiaris ; 
sed  solitus  longos  ferro  resecare  capillos 
viderat  hoc  famulus.     Qui,  cum  nee  prodere  visum 
dedecus  auderet,  cupiens  efferre  sub  auras, 
nee  posset  reticere  tamen,  secedit,  humumque  185 

effodit,  et,  domini  quales  aspexerit  aures, 
voce  refert  parva,  terraeque  inmurmurat  haustae ; 
indiciumque  suae  vocis  tellure  regesta 
obruit,  et  scrobibus  tacitus  discedit  opertis. 
creber  arundinibus  tremulis  ibi  surgere  lucus  190 

coepit,  et,  ut  primum  pleno  maturuit  anno, 
prodidit  agricolam.     Leni  nam  motus  ab  austro 
obruta  verba  refert,  dominique  coarguit  aures. 


XL  594,]  The  Cave  of  Somnus  137 

XXVI.    Ceyx  and  Alcyone. 
[Book  XL  — 583-748.] 

[Departing  from  Tmolus,  Apollo,  with  Neptune,  serves  king 
Laomedon  in  building  the  walls  of  Troy,  whom  they  punish  for  his 
perfidy  (XL  194-220).  The  transformations  of  Thetis,  who  is 
given  as  bride  to  Peleus  and  becomes  mother  of  Achilles  (221-265). 
But  Peleus,  having  slain  his  brother  Phocus,  flees  to  Ceyx  ofTra- 
chin,  whose  brother  Daedalion  (grieving  for  the  loss  of  his  daughter 
Chio)  had  cast  himself  from  Parnassus  and  been  turned  by  Apollo 
into  a  hawk  (266-345).  Meanwhile  the  cattle  brought  by  Peleus 
are  destroyed  by  a  wolf,  through  anger  of  the  Nereid  mother  of 
Phocus,  the  wolf  being  afterwards  turned  to  stone  (346-409). 
Ceyx,  against  the  entreaty  of  his  wife  Alcyone,  goes  to  consult 
the  oracle  of  Apollo  at  Claros  upon  these  prodigies,  but  is  ship- 
wrecked.    Alcyone  entreats  Juno  for  him  in  prayer  (410-582).] 

Juno  sends  Iris  to  the  Cave  of  Sleep,  and  causes  a  vision  to  be 
sent  to  Alcyone,  which  shows  her  that  Ceyx  is  dead.  She  dis- 
covers his  body  floating  near  the  shore ;  and  by  pity  of  the  gods 
they  are  transformed  into  kingfishers,  in  whose  breeding  season  the 
.  waters  are  always  still  and  calm  (583-748). 

At  dea  non  ultra  pro  functo  morte  rogari 
sustinet ;  utque  manus  funestas  arceat  aris, 
'  Iri,  meae '  dixit  '  iidissima  nuntia  vocis,  585 

vise  soporiferam  Somni  velociter  aulam, 
exstinctique  jube  Ceycis  imagine  mittat 
somnia  ad  Alcyonen  veros  narrantia  casus.' 
dixerat :  induitur  velamina  mille  colorum 
Iris,  at  arcuato  caelum  curvamine  signans  590 

tecta  petit  jussi  sub  nube  latentia  regis. 

Est  prope  Cimmerios  longo  spelunca  recessu, 
mons  cavus,  ignavi  domus  et  penetralia  Somni : 
quo  numquam  radiis  oriens  mediusve  cadensve 


138  XXVI.     Ceyx  and  Alcyone.  [Metam. 

Phoebus  adire  potest.     Nebulae  caligine  mixtae  595 

exlialantur  humo  dubiaeque  crepuscula  lucis. 

non  vigil  ales  ibi  cristati  cantibus  oris 

evocat  Auroram,  nee  voce  silentia  rumpunt 

sollicitive  canes  canibusve  sagacior  anser. 

non  fera,  non  pecudes,  non  moti  flamine  rami,  600 

humanaevc  sonunl  reddunt  convicia  linguae. 

muta  quies  habitat.     Saxo  tamen  exit  ab  imo 

rivus  aquae  Lethes,  per  qviem  cum  murmure  labens 

invitat  somnos  crepitantibus  unda  lapillis. 

ante  fores  antri  fecunda  papavera  florent  605 

innumeraeque  herbae,  quarum  de  lacte  soporem 

nox  legit  et  spargit  per  opacas  umida  terras. 

janua,  ne  verso  stridores  cardine  reddat, 

nulla  domo  tota  ;  custos  in  limine  nullus. 

at  medio  torus  est  ebeno  sublimis  in  antro,  610 

plumeus,  unicolor,  pullo  velamine  tectus  ; 

quo  cubat  ipse  dcus  membris  languore  solutis. 

hunc  circa  passim  varias  imitantia  formas 

somnia  vana  jacent  totidem,  quot  messis  aristas, 

silva  gerit  frondes,  ejectas  litus  harenas.  615 

quo  simul  intravit,  manibusque  obstantia  virgo 

somnia  dimovit,  vestis  fulgore  reluxit 

sacra  domus  :  tardaque  deus  gravitate  jacentes 

vix  oculos  tollens,  iterumque  iterumque  relabens 

summaque  percutiens  nutanti  pectora  mento,  620 

cxcussit  tandem  sibi  se,  cubitoque  levatus, 

quid  veniat,  —  cognovit  enim  — •  scitatur.     At  ilia  : 

'  Somne,  quies  rerum,  placidissime,  Somne,  deorum, 

pax  animi,  quem  cura  fugit,  qui  corpora  duris 

fessa  rainisteriis  mulces  reparasque  labori !  625 

somnia,  quae  veras  aequent  imitamine  formas, 

Herculea  Trachine  jube  sub  imagine  regis 


XT.  659.]  The  Mission  of  Morpheas,  \  39 

Alcyonen  adeant,  simulacraque  naufraga  fingant. 

imperat  hoc  Juno/     Postquam  mandata  peregit, 

Iris  abit  :  neque  enim  ulterius  tolerare  vaporis  630 

vim  poterat,  labiqiie  ut  somnum  sen  sit  in  artus, 

eff  Ligit,  et  remeat  per  quos  modo  venerat  arcus. 

At  pater  e  populo  natorum  mille  suorum 
excitat  artificem  simulatoremque  figurae 
Morphea.     Non  illo  jussos  sollertius  alter  635 

exprimit  incessus  vultumque  sonumque  loquendi ; 
adicit  et  vestes  et  consuetissima  cuique 
verba.     Sed  hie  solos  homines  imitatur.     At  alter 
fit  fera,  fit  volucris,  fit  longo  corpore  serpens, 
hunc  Icelon  super i,  mortale  Phobetora  vulgus  640 

nominat.     Est  etiam  diversae  tertius  artis 
Phantasos ;  ille  in  humum  saxumque  undamque  trabem- 

que, 
quaeque  vacant  anima  fallaciter  omnia  transit, 
regibus  hi  ducibusque  suos  ostendere  vultus 
nocte  solent,  populos  alii  plebemque  pererrant.  645 

praeterit  hos  senior,  cunctisque  e  fratribus  unum 
Morphea,  qui  peragat  Thaumantidos  edita,  Somnus 
digit :  et  rursus  molli  languore  solutus 
deposuitque  caput,  stratoque  recondidit  alto, 
ille  volat  nullos  strepitus  facientibus  alis  650 

per  tenebras,  intraque  morae  breve  tempus  in  urbem 
pervenit  Haemoniam ;  positisque  e  corpore  pennis 
in  faciem  Ceycis  abit,  sumptaque  figura 
luridus,  exanimi  similis,  sine  vestibus  ullis, 
conjugis  ante  torum  miserae  stetit.     Uda  videtur         655 
barba  viri,  madidisque  gravis  fluere  unda  capillis. 
turn  lecto  incumbens,  fletu  super  ora  refuso, 
haec  ait :  '  Agnoscis  Ceyca,  miserrima  conjunx  ? 
an  mea  mutata  est  facies  nece  1  respice  !  nosces, 


140  XXVI.     Cej/x  and  Alcyone.  [Metam. 

inveniesque  tuo  pro  conjuge  conjugis  umbram.  660 

nil  opis,  Alcyone,  nobis  tua  vota  tulerant : 
occidimus.     Falso  tibi  me  promittere  noli, 
nubilus  Aegaeo  cleprendit  in  aequore  navem 
auster,  et  ingenti  jactatam  flamine  solvit : 
oraque  nostra,  tuiim  frustra  clamantia  nomen,  665 

implerunt  fluctus.     Non  haec  tibi  nuntiat  auctor 
ambiguus,  non  ista  vagis  rumoribus  audis : 
ipse  ego  fata  tibi  praesens  mea  naufragus  edo. 
surge,  age,  da  lacrimas,  lugubriaque  indue,  nee  me 
indeploratum  sub  inania  Tartara  mitte.'  670 

adicit  his  vocem  Morpheus,  quam  conjugis  ilia 
crederet  esse  sui.     Fletus  quoque  fundere  veros 
visus  erat,  gestumque  manus  Ceycis  habebat. 

Ingemit  Alcyone  lacrimans,  movet  atque  lacertos 
per  somnum,  corpusque  petens  amplectitur  auras  ;       675 
exclamatque  'Mane!  quo  te  rapis  .'*  ibimus  una/ 
voce  sua  specieque  viri  turbata  soporem 
excutit :  et  primo,  si  sit,  circumspicit  illic, 
qui  modo  visus  erat.     Nam  moti  voce  ministri 
intulerant  lumen.     Postquam  non  invenit  usquam,       680 
percutit  ora  manu,  laniatque  a  pectore  vestes, 
pectoraque  ipsa  ferit.     Nee  crines  solvere  curat ; 
scindit,  et  altrici,  quae  luctus  causa,  roganti 
*  nulla  est  Alcyone,  nulla  est : '  ait  *  occidit  una 
cum  Ceyce  suo.     Solantia  tollite  verba !  685 

naufragus  interiit.     Vidi  agnovique,  manusque 
ad  discedentem,  cupiens  retinere,  tetendi. 
umbra  fuit.     Sed  et  umbra  tamen  manifesta  virique 
vera  mei.     Non  ille  quidem,  si  quaeris,  habebat 
adsuetos  vultus,  nee  quo  prius,  ore  nitebat.  690 

pallentem  nudumque  et  adhuc  umente  capillo 
infelix  vidi.     Stetit  hoc  miserabilis  ipso 


XL  724.]  The  Grief  of  Alcyone.  141 

ecce  loco '  —  et  quaerit,  vestigia  siqua  siipersint. 

*hoc  erat,  hoc,  animo  quod  divinante  timebam, 

et  ne,  me  fugiens,  ventos  sequerere,  rogabam.  695 

at  certe  vellem,  quoniam  periturus  abibas, 

me  quoque  duxisses.     Multum  fuit  utile  tecum 

ire  mihi.     Neque  enim  de  vitae  tempore  quicquam 

non  simul  egissem,  nee  mors  discreta  fuisset. 

nunc  absens  perii,  jactor  quoque  fluctibus  absens,        700 

et  sine  te  me  pontus  habet.     Crudelior  ipso 

sit  mihi  mens  pelago,  si  vitam  ducere  nitar 

longius,  et  tanto  pugnem  superesse  dolori. 

sed  neque  pugnabo,  nee  te,  miserande,  relinquam ; 

et  tibi  nunc  saltern  veniam  comes.     Inque  sepulchro  705 

si  non  urna,  tamen  junget  nos  littera:  si  non 

ossibus  ossa  meis,  at  nomen  nomine  tangam/ 

Plura  dolor  prohibet,  verboque  intervenit  omni 
plangor,  et  attonito  gemitus  e  corde  trahuntur. 
mane  erat.     Egreditur  tectis  ad  litus,  et  ilium  710 

maesta  locum  repetit,  de  quo  spectarat  euntem. 
dumque  moratur  ibi,  dumque  '  Hie  retinacula  solvit, 
hoc  mihi  discedens  dedit  oscula  litore '  dicit, 
quae  dum  tota  locis  reminiscitur  acta,  fretumque 
prospicit :  in  liquida,  spatio  distante,  tuetur  715 

nescio  quid  quasi  corpus,  aqua.     Primoque,  quid  illud 
esset,  erat  dubium.     Postquam  paulum  appulit  unda, 
et,  quamvis  aberat,  corpus  tamen  esse  liquebat, 
qui  foret,  ignorans,  quia  naufragus,  omine  mota  est, 
et,  tamquam  ignoto  lacrimam  daret,  '  Heu !  miser,'  in- 
quit  720 
'  quisquis  es,  et  siqua  est  conjunx  tibi ! '  Fluctibus  actum 
fit  propius  corpus.     Quod  quo  magis  ilia  tuetur, 
hoc  minus  et  minus  est  mentis.     Jam  jamque  propinquae 
admotum  terrae,  jam  quod  cognoscere  posset, 


14^  XXVI.     Ceyx  and  Alcyone.  [MetaxM. 

cernit :  erat  conj  unx.     '  Ille  est ! '  exclamat,  et  una       725 

ora  comas  vestem  lacerat,  tendensque  trementes 

ad  Ceyca  manus  *Sic,  o  carissime  conj  unx, 

sic  ad  me,  miserande,  redis  ? '  ait.     Adjacet  undis 

facta  manu  moles,  quae  primas  aequoris  iras 

frangit  et  incursus  quae  praedelassat  aquarum.  730 

insilit  hue.     Mirumque  fuit  potuisse  }  volabat, 

percutiensque  levem  modo  natis  aera  pennis, 

stringebat  summas  ales  miserabilis  undas, 

dumque  volat,  maesto  similem  plenumque  querellae 

ora  dedere  sonum  tenui  crepitantia  rostro.  t^s 

ut  vero  tetigit  mutum  et  sine  sanguine  corpus, 

dilectos  artus  amplexa  recentibus  alis, 

frigida  nequiquam  duro  dedit  oscula  rostro. 

senserit  hoc  Ceyx,  an  vultum  motibus  undae 

tollere  sit  visus,  populus  dubitabat.     At  ille  740 

senserat.     Et  tandem,  superis  miserantibus,  ambo 

alite  mutantur.     Fatis  obnoxius  isdem 

tunc  quoque  mansit  amor,  nee  conjugiale  solutum 

foedus  in  alitibus.     Coeunt,  fiuntque  parentes  : 

perque  dies  placidos  hiberno  tempore  septem  74s 

incubat  Alcyone  pendentibus  aequore  nidis. 

tunc  jacet  unda  maris.     Ventos  custodit  et  arcet 

Aeolus  egressu,  praestatque  nepotibus  aequor. 


XII.  1 7-]  The  Chiefs  at  Troy,  143 

XXVII.   The  Chiefs  at  Troy. 
[Book  XIL—  1-145.] 

[An  old  man,  beholding  Ceyx  and  Alcyone  as  they  circle  in  their 
flight,  points  out  a  sea-gull,  which  (he  says)  is  the  altered  form  of 
/^sacus,  son  of  Priam,  who  had  plunged  into  the  sea  through  grief 
at  the  loss  of  the  nymph  Hesperia  (XI.  749-795).] 

At  the  mourning  for  ^sacus,  Paris  is  absent,  whose  guilt  in  the 
rape  of  Helen  brought  the  chiefs  of  Greece  to  war  against  Troy. 
Detained  at  Aulis  by  contrary  winds,  Agamemnon  is  commanded 
to  sacrifice  his  daughter  Iphigenia ;  who,  however,  is  borne  away 
by  Diana,  a  hind  being  put  in  her  place  (XII.  1-36).  The  Palace 
of  Fame,  who  reports  the  Grecian  armament  (37-65).  In  the  fight 
at  their  landing,  the  invulnerable  Cygnus  is  strangled  by  Achilles, 
and  changed  by  his  father  Neptune  to  a  Swan  (65-145). 

Nescius  adsumptis  Priamus  pater  Aesacon  alis 
vivere,  lugebat ;  tumulo  quoque  nomen  habenti 
inferias  dederat  cum  fratribus  Hector  inanes. 
defuit  officio  Paridis  praesentia  tristi, 
postmodo  qui  rapta  longum  cum  conjuge  bellum  5 

attulit  in  patriam,  conjurataeque  sequuntur 
mille  rates,  gentisque  simul  commune  Pelasgae. 
nee  dilata  foret  vindicta,  nisi  aequora  saevi 
invia  fecissent  venti,  Boeotaque  tellus 
Aulide  piscosa  puppes  tenuisset  ituras.  10 

Hie  patrio  de  more  Jovi  cum  sacra  parassent, 
ut  vetus  accensis  incanduit  ignibus  ara, 
serpere  caeruleum  Danai  videre  draconem 
in  platanum,  coeptis  quae  stabat  proxima  sacris. 
nidus  erat  volucrum  bis  quattuor  arbore  summa,  15 

quas  simul  et  matrem  circum  sua  damna  volantem 
corripuit  serpens,  avidaque  abscondidit  alvo. 


144  XXVII.      The  Chiefs  at  T7'oy.  [Metam. 

obstupuere  omnes.     At  veri  providus  augur 

Thestorides  ^  Vincemus  '  ait,  '  gaudete,  Pelasgi  : 

Troja  cadet ;  sed  erit  nostri  mora  longa  laboris  ; '  20 

atque  novem  volucres  in  belli  digerit  annos. 

ille,  ut  erat,  virides  amplexus  in  arbore  ramos 

fit  lapis,  et  supcrat  serpentis  imagine  saxum. 

Permanet  Aoniis  Nereus  violentus  in  undis, 
bellaque  non  transfert ;  et  sunt,  qui  parcere  Trojae       25 
Neptunum  credant,  quia  moenia  fecerat  urbi. 
at  non  Thestorides  :  nee  enim  nescitve  tacetve, 
sanguine  virgineo  placandam  virginis  iram 
esse  deae.     Postquam  pietatem  publica  causa, 
rexque  patrem  vicit,  castumque  datura  cruorem  30 

flentibus  ante  aram  stetit  Iphigenia  ministris, 
victa  dea  est,  nubemque  oculis  objecit,  et  inter 
officium  turbamque  sacri  vocesque  precantum 
subposita  fertur  mutasse  Mycenida  cerva. 
ergo  ubi,  qua  decuit,  lenita  est  caede  Diana,  35 

et  paritcr  Phoebes,  pariter  maris  ira  recessit ; 
accipiunt  ventos  a  tergo  mille  carinae, 
multaque  perpessae  Phrygia  potiuntur  arena. 

Orbe  locus  medio  est  inter  terrasque  fretumque 
caelestesque  plagas,  triplicis  confinia  mundi  :  40 

unde  quod  est  usquam,  quamvis  regionibus  absit, 
inspicitur,  penetratque  cavas  vox  omnis  ad  aures. 
Fama  tenet,  summaque  domum  sibi  legit  in  arcc ; 
innumerosque  aditus  ac  mille  foramina  tectis 
addidit,  et  nullis  inclusit  limina  portis.  45 

nocte  dieque  patet :  tota  est  ex  acre  sonanti ; 
tota  fremit,  vocesque  refert,  iteratque  quod  audit ; 
nulla  quies  intus,  nullaque  silentia  parte. 
nQ,c  tanien  est  clamor,  sed  parvae  murmura  vocis  : 
qualia  de  pelagi,  si  quis  procul  audiat^,  undis  50 


XII.  Ss-']  The  Landing  of  the  Greeks.  145 

esse  Solent ;  qualemve  sonum,  cum  Juppiter  atras 

increpuit  nubes,  extrema  tonitrua  reddunt. 

atria  turba  tenet :  veniimt  leve  vulgiis,  euntque ; 

mixtaque  cum  veris  passim  commenta  vagantur 

milia  rumorum,  confusaque  verba  volutant.  55 

e  quibus  hi  vacuas  implent  sermonibus  aures, 

hi  narrata  ferunt  alio,  mensuraque  ficti 

crescitj  et  auditis  aliquid  novus  adicit  auctor. 

illic  Credulitas,  illic  temerarius  Error, 

vanaque  Lactitia  est,  consternatique  Timores,  ^  60 

Seditioque  recens,  dubioque  auctore  Susurri. 

ipsa  quid  in  caelo  rerum  pelagoque  geratur 

et  tellure,  videt,  totumque  inquirit  in  orbem. 

Fecerat  haec  notum,  Graias  cum  milite  forti 
adventare  rates  ;  neque  inexspectatus  in  armis  65 

hostis  adest.     Prohibent  aditus,  litusque  tuentur 
Troes  ;  et  Hectorea  primus  fataliter  hasta, 
Protesilae,  cadis,  commissaquc  proelia  magno 
stant  Dana'is,  fortisque  animae  ncce  cognitus  Hector, 
nee  Phryges  exiguo,  quid  Achaica  dextera  posset,  70 

sanguine  senserunt.     Et  jam  Sigea  rubebant 
litora  ;  jam  leto  proles  Neptunia,  Cygnus 
mille  viros  dederat ;  jam  curru  instabat  Achilles, 
totaque  Peliacae  sternebat  cuspidis  ictu 
agmina,  perque  acies  aut  Cygnum  aut  Hector  a  quaerens 

Congreditur  Cygno  :  decimum  dilatus  in  annum 
Hector  erat.     Tum  coUa  jugo  candentia  pressos 
exhortatus  equos,  currum  direxit  in  hostem, 
concutiensque  suis  vibrantia  tela  lacertis, 
'  Quisquis  es,  O  juvenis,'  dixit  ^solamen  habeto  80 

mortis,  ab  Haemonio  quod  sis  jugulatus  Achille.' 
hactenus  Aeacides :  vocem  gravis  hasta  secuta  est. 
sed  quamquam  certa  nullus  fuit  error  in  hasta, 


146  XXVII.     The  Chiefs  at  Troy,  [Metam. 

nil  tamen  emissi  profecit  acumine  ferri, 

utque  hebeti  pectus  tantummodo  contuclit  ictu.  85 

'  Nate  dea,  nam  te  fama  praenovimus/  inquit 
ille,  '  quid  a  nobis  vulnus  miraris  abesse  ? '  — 
mirabantur  enim  — '  Non  haec,  quam  cernis,  equinis 
fulva  jubis  cassis,  neque  onus  cava  parma  sinistrae 
auxilio  mihi  sunt :  decor  est  quaesitus  ab  istis  ;  90 

Mars  quoque  ob  hoc  capere  arma  solet.     Removebitur 

hujus 
tegminis  officium  :  tamen  indestrictus  abibo. 
est  aliquid,  non  esse  satum  Nereid e,  sed  qui 
Nereaque  et  natas  et  totum  temperet  aequor/ 

Dixit,  et  haesurum  clipei  curvamine  telum  95 

misit  in  Aeaciden,  quod  et  aes  et  proxima  rupit 
terga  novena  boum,  decimo  tamen  orbe  moratum  est. 
excutit  hoc  heros,  rursusque  trementia  forti 
tela  manu  torsit :  rursus  sine  vulnere  corpus 
sincerumque  fuit ;  nee  tertia  cuspis  apertum  100 

et  se  praebentem  valuit  destringere  Cygnum. 
baud  secus  exarsit,  quam  circo  taurus  aperto, 
cum  sua  terribili  petit  irritamina  cornu, 
poeniceas  vestes,  elusaque  vulnera  sensit. 

Num  tamen  exciderit  ferrum,  considerat,  hastae  :     105 
haerebat  ligno.     '  Manus  est  mea  debilis  ergo, 
quasque  '  ait  '  ante  habuit  vires,  effudit  in  uno  ? 
nam  certe  valui,  vel  cum  Lyrnesia  primus 
moenia  dejeci,  vel  cum  Tenedonque  suoque 
Eetioneas  implevi  sanguine  Thebas  ;  no 

vel  cum  purpureus  populari  caede  Caicus 
fluxit,  opusque  meae  bis  sensit  Telephus  hastae. 
hie  quoque  tot  caesis,  quorum  per  litus  acervos 
et  feci,  et  video,  valuit  mea  dextra  valet  que.' 

Dixit,  et,  ante  actis  veluti  male  crederet,  hastam      115 


XII.  I45-]  Death  of  Cygnus,  147 

misit  in  adversum  Lycia  de  plebe  Menoeten, 
loricamque  simul  subjectaque  pectora  rupit. 
quo  plangente  gravem  moribundo  vertice  terrain, 
extrahit  illud  idem  calido  de  vulnere  teliim, 
atque  ait :  '  Haec  manus  est,  haec,  qua  modo  vicimus, 
hasta ;  120 

utar  in  hoc  isdem  :  sit  in  hoc  precor  exitus  idem.* 
sic  fatur,  Cygnumque  petit ;  nee  fraxinus  errat, 
inque  humero  sonuit  non  evitata  sinistro : 
inde  vekit  muro  solidaque  a  caute  repulsa  est. 
qua  tamen  ictus  erat,  signatum  sanguine  Cygnum        125 
viderat,  et  frustra  fuerat  gavisus  Achilles, 
vulnus  erat  nullum :  sanguis  erat  ille  Menoetae. 

Turn  vero  praeceps  curru  fremebundus  ab  alto 
desilit,  et  nitido  securum  cominus  hostem 
ense  petens,  parmam  gladio  galeamque  cavari  130 

cernit,  at  in  duro  laedi  quoque  corpore  ferrum. 
hand  tulit  ulterius,  clipeoque  adversa  retecto 
ter  quater  ora  viri  et  capulo  cava  tempora  pulsat  ; 
cedentique  sequens  instat,  turbatque,  ruitque, 
attonitoque  negat  requiem.     Pavor  occupat  ilium  :       135 
ante  oculosque  natant  tenebrae,  retroque  ferenti 
aversos  passus  medio  lapis  obstitit  arvo. 
quem  super  impulsum  resupino  pectore  Cygnum 
vi  multa  vertit,  terraeque  adflixit  Achilles, 
tum  clipeo  genibusque  premens  praecordia  duris,  140 

vincla  trahit  galeae,  quae  presso  subdita  mento 
elidunt  fauces,  et  respiramen  iterque 
eripiunt  animae.     Victum  spoliare  parabat : 
arma  relicta  videt ;  corpus  deus  aequoris  albam 
contulit  in  volucrem,  cujus  modo  nomen  habebat.         145 


148  XXVIII.     The  Tale  of  Galatea.  [Metam. 

XXVIIL   The  Tale  of  Galatea. 
[Book  XIII.™  750-897.] 

[As  the  chiefs  marvel  at  this  prodigy,  Nestor  relates  of  Caeneus, 
once  a  maiden  (Cgcnis),  but  made  into  an  invulnerable  man,  who 
was  present  when  the  nuptial  feast  of  Pirithous  and  Hippodamia 
was  disturbed  by  the  battle  of  the  Lapithae  and  the  Centaurs.  For 
the  Centaurs,  monsters  of  vast  strength  and  fury,  half-man,  half- 
horse,  had  attempted  to  steal  away  the  bride.  And  Caeneus, 
remaining  unhurt  through  the  fight,  was  at  length  overwhelmed 
with  vast  piles  of  trees,  and  transformed  by  Neptune  to  an  eagle 
(XII.  146-535).  The  son  of  Hercules,  Tlepolemus,  tells  also  of 
Periclymenus,  slain  by  Hercules  as  he  flew  against  him  in  the  form 
of  an  eagle  (536-579).  At  the  request  of  Neptune,  whose  son 
Cygnus  had  been  slain,  Apollo  guides  the  arrow  of  Paris  to  the 
vulnerable  heel  of  Achilles ;  so  that  he  dies,  and  a  strife  arises 
among  the  other  chiefs  who  shall  receive  his  armor,  the  rival 
claimants  being  Ajax  and  Ulysses  (580-628). 

Ajax  maintains  his  claim,  before  the  assembled  chiefs,  first  as  of 
nobler  descent,  and  then  by  his  martial  exploits,  chiefly  the  defence 
of  the  Grecian  fleet;  at  the  same  time  scorning  the  strategy  of 
Ulysses,  and  asserting  that  he  himself  alone  has  might  to  wield  the 
immortal  armor  (XIII.  1-122).  To  which  Ulysses  replies,  that  his 
own  counsel  had  been  most  eflective  in  the  siege,  and  his  own  acts 
most  essential,  especially  in  the  night  attack  of  the  tents  of  Rhesus, 
and  the  carrying  away  of  the  Palladium  (123-381).  To  him  the 
victory  is  adjudged ;  and  Ajax,  in  ungovernable  wrath,  slays  himself 
with  his  own  sword,  —  the  flower  hyacinth  springing  from  his  blood 

(382-398)- 

During  the  return  of  the  chiefs  from  Troy,  Hecuba,  having 
plucked  out  the  eyes  of  Polymestor,  king  of  Thrace,  who  had 
murdered  her  son  Polydorus,  is  changed  to  a  dog  (399-575)- 
Aurora,  mourning  for  her  son  Memnon,  slain  by  Achilles,  obtains 
that  his  ashes  shall  become  birds,  while  her  tears  are  changed  to 
dew  (576-622).  yEneas  at  Delphi  is  told  by  Anius,  priest  of 
Apollo,  of  his  daughters'  transformation  into  doves  while  fleeing 
from  the  power  of  Agamemnon  (623-674)  ;   and  at  his  departing 


XIII.  761.]  TJic  Cyclops  PolyphemiLS.  149 

receives  from  him  a  bowl  engraved  with  the  self-devotion  of  Orion's 
daughters,  sacrificed  for  Thebas,  out  of  whose  ashes  sprang  the 
youths  CoroncB  (675-699).  Thence  sailing  to  Crete  and  Italy,  he 
passes  at  Actium  the  stone  image  of  the  judge  Ambracus,  and 
Dodona  where  the  sons  of  Molossus  took  the  form  of  birds 
(700-718).  On  the  coast  of  Sicily  he  nears  the  rock  of  the  mon- 
ster Scylla,  once  the  beautiful  daughter  of  Phorcus,  who  hears  from 
her  attendant  nymph  Galatea  (daughter  of  Nereus  and  Doris)  the 
following  tale  (719-749).] 

Acis,  son  of  Faunus  and  the  nymph  Symaethis,  the  most  beau- 
tiful youth  of  Sicily,  loved  and  was  loved  by  Galatea.  But  the 
giant  Polyphemus  had  likewise  conceived  a  wild  passion  for  her, 
which  he  utters  in  song  (750-869) ;  and  seeing  them  as  they  are 
seated  together  in  a  wood,  he  is  filled  with  jealousy,  and  casts  a 
rock  from  ^tna  upon  them,  by  w^hich  Acis  is  crushed,  and  his 
blood,  oozing  beneath  the  rock,  becomes  a  river  (870-897). 

[Thereafter,  as  Scylla  paces  the  shore,  she  is  seen  and  pursued 
by  Glaucus,  who  relates  to  her  the  story  of  his  own  transformation 
from  a  mortal  to  a  sea-divinity  (898-968).  Going  then  to  Circe,  a 
mistress  of  enchantments,  he  entreats  her  to  aid  his  suit  for  Scylla ; 
but  she  in  jealousy,  because  she  herself  loved  Glaucus,  so  en- 
chanted the  waters  Scylla  used  to  bathe,  that  slie  was  converted  to 
a  foul  monster,  girt  about  the  loins  with  wild  dogs,  and  afterwards 
(lest  she  might  harm  ^fCneas'  fleet)  to  a  rock  (XIV.  1-74).] 

Acis  erat  Fauno  nymphaque  Symaethide  cretus,      750 
magna  quidem  patrisque  sui  matrisque  voliiptas, 
nostra  tamen  major,  nam  me  sibi  junxerat  uni. 
pulcher  et  octonis  iterum  natalibiis  actis, 
signarat  dubia  teneras  lanugine  malas. 
hunc  ego,  me  Cyclops  nulla  cum  fine  petebat ;  755 

nee  si  quaesieris,  odium  Cyclopis,  amorne 
Acidis  in  nobis  fuerit  praesentior,  edam  : 
par  utrumque  fuit.     Pro  !  quanta  potentia  regni 
est,  Venus  alma,  tui !  nempe  ille  immitis  et  ipsis 
horrendus  silvis,  et  visus  ab  hospite  nullo  760 

impune,  et  magni  cum  dis  contemptor  Olympi, 


150  xxviiT.     The   Tale  of  Galatea.  [Metam. 

quid  sit  amor  sentit,  nostrique  cupidine  captus 
uritur,  oblitus  pecorum  antroriimque  suorum. 

Jamque  tibi  formae,  jaraque  est  tibi  cura  placendi, 
jam  rigidos  pectis  rastris,  Polypheme,  capillos ;  765 

jam  libet  hirsutam  tibi  fake  recidere  barbam, 
et  spectare  feros  in  aqua,  et  componere  vultus. 
caedis  amor  feritasque  sitisque  immensa  cruoris 
cessant,  et  tutae  veniuntque  abeuntque  carinae. 
Telemus  interea  Siculam  delatus  ad  Aetnen,  770 

Telemus  Eurymides,  quern  nulla  fefellerat  ales, 
terribilem  Polyphemon  adit;  ^ Lumen'  que,  'quod  unum 
fronte  geris  media,  rapiet  tibi '  dixit  '  Ulixes/ 
risit,  et  '  O  vatum  stolidissime,  falleris '  inquit  : 
'altera  jam  rapuit.'     Sic  frustra  vera  monentem  775 

spernit,  et  aut  gradiens  ingenti  litora  passu 
degravat,  aut  fessus  sub  opaca  revertitur  antra. 

Prominet  in  pontum  cuneatus  acumine  longo 
collis  :  utrumque  latus  circumfluit  aequoris  unda  : 
hue  ferus  ascendit  Cyclops,  mediusque  resedit ;  780 

lanigerae  pecudes,  nullo  ducente,  secutae. 
cui  postquam  pinus,  baculi  quae  praebuit  usum, 
ante  pedes  posita  est,  antemnis  apta  ferendis, 
sumptaque  arundinibus  compacta  est  fistula  centum, 
senserunt  toti  pastoria  sibila  montes,  -j'^s 

senserunt  undae.     Latitans  ego  rupe,  meique 
Acidis  in  gremio  residens,  procul  auribus  hausi 
talia  dicta  meis,  auditaque  mente  notavi : 

*  Candidior  folio  nivei,  Galatea,  ligustri, 
floridior  pratis,  longa  procerior  alno,  790 

splendidior  vitro,  tenero  lascivior  haedo, 
levior  adsiduo  detritis  aequore  conchis, 
solibus  hibernis,  aestiva  gratior  umbra, 
nobilior  pomis,  platano  conspectior  alta, 


XIII.  826.]  Song  of  Polyphemus*  1 5 1 

lucidior  glacie,  matura  dulcior  uva,  795 

mollior  et  cygni  plumis  et  lacte  coacto, 

et,  si  non  f ugias,  riguo  f ormosior  horto  :  — 

saevior  indomitis  eadem  Galatea  juvencis, 

durior  annosa  quercu,  fallacior  undis, 

lentior  et  salicis  virgis  et  vitibus  albis,  800 

his  immobilior  scopulis,  violentior  amne, 

laudato  pavone  superbior,  acrior  igni, 

asperior  tribulis,  feta  truculentior  ursa, 

surdior  aequoribus,  calcato  immitior  hydro, 

et  (quod  praecipue  vellem  tibi  demere  possem)  805 

non  tantum  cervo  claris  latratibus  acto, 

verum  etiam  ventis  volucrique  f ugacior  aura  ! 

'  At,  bene  si  noris,  pigeat  fugisse  ;  morasque 
ipsa  tuas  damnes,  et  me  retinere  labores. 
sunt  mihi,  pars  montis,  vivo  pendentia  saxo  810 

antra,  quibus  nee  sol  medio  sentitur  in  aestu, 
nee  sentitur  hiemps  ;  sunt  poma  gravantia  ramos  ; 
sunt  auro  similes-  longis  in  vitibus  uvae  ; 
sunt  et  purpureae :  tibi  et  has  servamus,  et  illas. 
ipsa  tuis  manibus  silvestri  nata  sub  umbra  815 

mollia  fraga  leges,  ipsa  autumnalia  corna, 
prunaque,  non  solum  nigro  liventia  suco, 
verum  etiam  generosa  novasque  imitantia  ceras. 
nee  tibi  castaneae  me  conjuge,  nee  tibi  deerunt 
arbutei  fetus  :  omnis  tibi  serviet  arbos.  820 

*  Hoc  pecus  omne  meum  est :  multae  quoque  vallibus 
errant, 
multas  silva  tegit,  multae  stabulantur  in  antris  ; 
nee,  si  forte  roges,  possim  tibi  dicere  quot  sint : 
pauperis  est  numerare  pecus.     De  laudibus  harum 
nil  mihi  credideris  :  praesens  potes  ipsa  videre,  825 

ut  vix  circumeant  distentum  cruribus  uber. 


152  xxviii.     The  Tale  of  Galatea.  [Metam. 

sunt,  fetura  minor,  tepidis  in  ovilibus  agni ; 
sunt  quoque,  par  aetas,  aliis  in  ovilibus  haedi. 
lac  mihi  semper  adest  niveum  :  pars  inde  bibenda 
servatur,  partem  liquefacta  coagula  durant.  830 

^  Nee  tibi  deliciae  faciles,  vulgataque  tantum 
munera  contingent,  dammae,  leporesque  caperque, 
parve  columbarum,  demptusve  cacumine  nidus, 
inveni  geminos,  qui  tecum  ludere  possint, 
inter  se  similes,  vix  ut  dignoscere  possis,  835 

villosae  catulos  in  summis  montibus  ursae ; 
inveni,  et  dixi  Dominae  servabimtcs  istos. 
jam  modo  caeruleo  nitidum  caput  exsere  ponto, 
jam,  Galatea,  veni,  nee  munera  despice  nostra. 

'  Certe  ego  me  novi,  liquidaeque  in  imagine  vidi       840 
nuper  aquae  :  placuitque  mihi  mea  forma  videnti. 
aspice,  sim  quantus :  non  est  hoc  corpore  major 
Juppiter  in  caelo  —  nam  vos  narrare  soletis 
nescio  quem  regnare  Jovem.     Coma  plurima  torvos 
prominet  in  vultus,  humerosque,  ut  luciis,  obumbrat.   845 
nee  mihi  quod  rigidis  horrent  densissima  saetis 
corpora,  turpe  puta.     Turpis  sine  frondibus  arbor  ; 
turpis  equus,  nisi  colla  jubae  flaventia  velent ;  848 

barba  viros  hirtaeque  decent  in  corpore  saetae.  850 

unum  est  in  media  lumen  mihi  fronte,  sed  instar 
ingentis  clipei.     Quid  ?  non  haec  omnia  magno 
sol  videt  e  caelo  }  soli  tamen  unicus  orbis. 
adde,  quod  in  vestro  genitor  meus  aequore  regnat : 
hunc  tibi  do  socerum.     Tantum  miserere,  precesque   855 
supplicis  exaudi,  tibi  enim  succumbimus  uni. 
quique  Jovem  et  caelum  sperno  et  penetrabile  fulmen, 
Nerei',  te  vereor  :  tua  fulmine  saevior  ira  est. 

'  Atque  ego  contemptus  essem  patientior  hujus, 
si  fugeres  omnes.     vSed  cur  Cyclope  repulso  860 


XIII.  893.]  Death  of  Acis,  153 

Acin  amas  ?  praefersque  meis  amplexibus  Acin  ? 

ille  tamen  placeatque  sibi,  placeatque  licebit^ 

quod  noUem,  Galatea,  tibi.     Modo  copia  detur ! 

sentiet  esse  mihi  tanto  pro  corpore  vires : 

viscera  viva  traham,  divulsaque  membra  per  agros        865 

perqiie  tuas  spargam  —  sic  se  tibi  misceat !  —  undas. 

uror  enim,  laesusque  exaestuat  acrius  ignis ; 

cumque  siiis  videor  translatam  viribus  Aetnam 

pectore  ferre  meo  :  nee  tu,  Galatea,  moveris.' 

Talia  neqiiiquam  questus — nam  cuncta  videbam —  870 
surgit,  et  ut  taurus  vacca  furibimdus  adempta, 
stare  nequit,  silvaque  et  notis  saltibus  errat : 
cum  ferus  ignaros,  nee  quicquam  tale  timentes, 
me  videt  atque  Acin  ;  '  Video  '  que  exclamat  '  et  ista 
ultima  sit,  faciam,  veneris  concordia  vestrae/  875 

tantaque  vox,  quantam  Cyclops  iratus  habere 
debuit  ilia  fuit.     Clamore  perhorruit  Aetne, 
ast  ego  vicino  pavefacta  sub  aequore  mergor. 

Terga  fugae  dederat  conversa  Symaethius  heros, 
et  '  Fer  opem,  Galatea,  precor,  mihi !  ferte  parent es,'  sso 
dixerat,  '  et  vestris  periturum  admittite  regnis  ! ' 
insequitur  Cyclops,  partemque  e  monte  revulsam 
mittit ;  et  extremus  quamvis  pervenit  ad  ilium 
angulus  is  montis,  totum  tamen  obruit  Acin. 

At  nos,  quod  solum  fieri  per  fata  licebat,  885 

fecimus,  ut  vires  assumeret  Acis  avitas. 
puniceus  de  mole  cruor  manabat,  et  intra 
temporis  exiguum  rubor  evanescere  coepit : 
fitque  color  primo  turbati  fluminis  imbre, 
purgaturque  mora.     Tum  moles  fracta  dehiscit,  890 

vivaque  per  rimas  proceraque  surgit  arundo, 
osque  cavum  saxi  sonat  exsultantibus  undis  ; 
miraque  res,  subito  media  tenus  exstitit  alvo 


154  XXVIII.     The  Tale  of  Galatea.  [Metam. 

incinctus  juvenis  flexis  nova  cornua  cannis, 
qui,  nisi  quod  major,  quod  toto  caerulus  ore,  895 

Acis  erat.  Sed  sic  quoque  erat  tamen  Acis,  in  amnem 
versus,  et  antiquum  tenuerunt  flumina  nomen. 


XIV.  778-]  The  Deification  of  Romuhis,  155 

XXIX.   The  Deification  of  Romulus. 
[Book  XIV.  — 772-828.] 

[y^NEAs  had  passed,  on  the  coast  of  Italy,  the  isle  of  the  Car- 
copes,  turned  by  Jupiter  into  apes  (XIV.  75-100),  and  coming  to 
Cumae,  finds  the  Sibyl  Amalthea,  daughter  of  Scylla,  who  relates 
that,  being  loved  by  Apollo,  he  had  granted  her  wish  to  live  so 
many  years  as  the  grains  of  sand  in  her  hand  (101-153).  Arriving 
at  Cajetas,  he  meets  Macareus,  an  old  companion  of  Ulysses,  who 
relates  the  adventure  of  the  Cyclops  and  the  enchantments  of 
Circe,  at  whose  palace  they  had  remained  a  full  year  (154-312). 
During  this  time,  Circe  tells  of  Picus,  son  of  Saturn,  whom,  for 
rejecting  her  love,  she  had  converted  to  a  woodpecker,  and  his 
companions  to  various  beasts,  while  his  wife  Canens  wasted  into 
air  (313-440).  In  the  wars  which  followed  -Eneas'  arrival  in 
Latium,  Diomed  refuses  aid  to  Turnus,  but  his  companions,  desir- 
ing to  grant  it,  are  changed  to  white  hinds  (441-5 11).  Various 
transformations  follow:  of  the  shepherd  Apulus  to  a  wild  olive; 
of  iEneas^  ships  to  water-nymphs ;  of  the  ashes  of  the  city  Ardea 
to  a  heron ;  and  at  length  of  ^^neas  himself  to  one  of  the  gods 
Indigetes ;  of  Tiberinus  to  a  river ;  of  Vertumnus  to  sundry  shapes, 
with  the  tales  by  which  he  at  length  won  the  the  love  of  Pomona 
(512-771).] 

The  story  of  the  foundation  of  Rome.  After  the  first  struggles 
of  the  Romans,  Romulus  reigns  until  he  is  transported  to  heaven 
where  he  becomes  the  god  Quirinus  (772-828) . 

[His  wife  Hersilia  becomes  the  goddess  Ora  (829-851).] 

Proximus  Ausonias  injusti  miles  Amuli 
rexit  opes  :  Numitorque  senex  amissa  nepotum 
munere  regna  capit :  festisque  Parilibus  urbis 
moenia  conduntur.     Tatiusque  patresque  Sabini  775 

bella  gerunt,  arcisque  via  Tarpeia  reclusa 
clignam  animam  poena  congestis  exult  armis. 
inde  sati  Curibus  tacitorum  more  luporum 


156  XXIX.     The  Deificatiofi  of  Romulus,      [Metam. 

ore  premunt  voces  et  corpora  victa  sopore 

invadunt,  portasque  petunt,  qiias  obice  firmo  780 

clauserat  Iliades.     Unam  tamen  ipsa  reclusit 

nee  strepitum  verso  Saturnia  cardine  fecit. 

sola  Venus  portae  cecidisse  repagula  sensit, 

et  clausura  fuit,  nisi  quod  rescindere  numquam 

dis  licet  acta  deum.     Jano  loca  juncta  tenebant  785 

Naides  Ausoniae  gelido  rorantia  fonte. 

has  rogat  auxilium.     Nee  nymphae  justa  petentem 

sustinuere  deam,  venasque  et  flumina  fontis 

elicuere  sui.     Nondum  tamen  invia  Jani 

ora  patentis  erant,  neque  iter  praecluserat  unda.  790 

lurida  subponunt  fecundo  sulpura  fonti, 

incenduntque  cavas  fumante  bitumine  venas. 

viribus  his  aliisque  vapor  penetravit  ad  ima 

fontis ;  et  Alpino  modo  quae  certare  rigori 

audebatis  aquae,  non  ceditis  ignibus  ipsis.  795 

flammifera  gemini  fumant  aspergine  postes  : 

portaque,  nequiquam  rigidis  promissa  Sabinis, 

fonte  fuit  praestructa  novo,  dum  Martins  arma 

indueret  miles.     Quae  postquam  Romulus  ultro 

obtulit,  et  strata  est  tellus  Romana  Sabinis  800 

corporibus,  strata  estque  suis,  generique  cruorem 

sanguine  cum  soceri  permiscuit  impius  ensis, 

pace  tamen  sisti  bellum  nee  in  ultima  ferro 

decertare  placet,  Tatiumque  accedere  regno. 

Occiderat  Tatius,  populisque  aequata  duobus,  805 

Romule,  jura  dabas :  posita  cum  casside  Mavors 
talibus  affatur  divumque  hominumque  parentem  : 
*  Tempus  adest,  genitor,  quoniam  fundamine  magno 
res  Romana  valet,  nee  praeside  pendet  ab  uno, 
praemia  quae  promissa  mihi  dignoque  nepoti,  810 

solvere,  et  ablatum  terris  imponere  caelo. 


XIV.  SzS.ii  Romulus  becomes  a  God,  157 

tu  mihi  concilio  quondam  praesente  deorum  — 

nam  memoro  memorique  animo  pia  verba  notavi  — 

**  unus  erit,  quern  tu  tolles  in  caerula  caeli " 

dixisti.     Rata  sit  verborum  summa  tuorum.'  815 

annuit  omnipotens,  et  nubibus  aera  caecis 

occuluit,  tonitruque  et  fulgure  terruit  orbem. 

quae  sibi  promissae  sensit  rata  signa  rapinae, 

innixusque  hastae  presses  temone  cruento 

impavidos  conscendit  equos  Gradivus,  et  ictu  820 

verberis  increpuit,  pronusque  per  aera  lapsus 

constitit  in  summo  nemorosi  colle  Palati : 

reddentemque  suo  jam  regia  jura  Quiriti 

abstulit  Iliaden.     Corpus  mortale  per  auras 

dilapsum  tenues,  ut  lata  plumbea  funda  825 

missa  solet  medio  glans  intabescere  caelo. 

pulchra  subit  facies  et  pulvinaribus  altis 

dignior,  est  quails  trabeati  forma  Quirini. 


158  XXX.     The  Worship  of  Aisadapius.       [Metam. 

XXX.    The  Worship  of  ^sculapius. 

[Book  XV.  —  622-744.] 

[Guided  by  an  ancient  sage,  Numa  seeks  wisdom  among  the 
Greeks  of  Southern  Italy ;  whereby  violating  the  Sabine  law,  he 
is  accused,  but  acquitted,  the  black  lots  being  changed  by  miracle 
to  white  in  the  urn  (XV.  1-59).  At  Croton  Pythagoras,  exiled 
from  Samos,  instructs  him  in  the  doctrine  of  metempsychosis, 
and  the  law  which  forbids  all  shedding  of  blood.  This  was 
unknown  in  the  golden  age,  but  began  with  the  slaughter  of 
animals  for  food  (75-142).  Pythagoras  —  recalling  his  own  former 
existence  as  Euphorbas  (slain  by  Menelaus  before  Troy)  —  teaches 
that  all  life  incessantly  passes  from  one  to  another  form  ;  all  things 
are  in  flux  and  change  —  the  heavenly  bodies,  the  seasons  types  of 
human  life,  the  elements  with  their  transmutations,  the  vast  changes 
on  the  face  of  the  earth  (237-277).  These  changes  detailed: 
waters  that  disappear,  or  overflow  regions  once  dry ;  islands  formed 
from  mainland,  and  plains  uplifted  into  hills ;  springs  alternately 
hot  and  cold,  or  strangely  affecting  those  who  drink  of  them ; 
Delos  and  the  Symplegades ;  ^tna,  which  did  not  always  flame. 
Earth  herself  lives  and  breathes,  and  suffers  all  these  changes ; 
life  springs  from  decay,  and  shows  strange  metamorphoses,  as  of 
worms  to  butterflies,  tadpoles  to  frogs,  and  shapeless  cubs  to 
bears ;  fable  of  the  Phoenix,  hysena,  and  chameleon,  and  the 
growth  of  coral ;  States  change  and  pass  away,  —  Sparta,  Mycenae, 
Thebes,  —  while  new  Rome  is  rising  from  ancient  Troy  (278-453). 
The  lesson  of  mercy  is  reinforced ;  and,  fortified  with  this  doc- 
trine, Numa  rules  peacefully  the  state  of  Rome  until  his  death 

(454-457)- 

Egeria,  grieving  at  his  loss,  listens  to  the  tale  of  Hippolytus, 
son  of  Theseus  (banished  by  the  false  accusations  of  Phaedra,  and 
dashed  to  pieces  on  the  shores  of  Corinth),  but  changed  to  the 
Italian  Virbitis,  and  is  changed  by  Diana  to  a  fountain  (488-551). 
Tale  of  the  Etruscan  Tages,  who  sprang  from  a  clod ;  and  of  Cipus, 
on  whose  brow  grew  horns,  and  who  refused  the  sovereignty  of  his 
city  portended  thereby  (532-621).] 

The  people   of  Rome,   being  in  terror  of  a  pestilence,  seek 


XV.  648.]  The  Need  of  the  Romans,  159 

counsel  of  Apollo,  who  bids  them  invite  his  son  (^sculapius)  to 
their  city.  Proceeding  to  Epidaurus,  the  messengers  smumon  his 
help.  (622-652)  ;  he,  giving  them  favorable  answer  in  a  dream, 
takes  the  shape  of  a  serpent,  and  goes  aboard  their  ship  (653-693)  ; 
and  arriving  at  Rome,  makes  his  dwelling  in  an  island  of  the  Tiber 
(694-744). ~ B.C.  293. 

Pandite  nunc,  Musae,  praesentia  niimina  vatum, 
(scitis  enim,  nee  vos  fallit  spatiosa  vetustas) 
unde  Coroniden  circumfiua  Thybridis  alti 
insula  Romuleae  sacris  asciverit  urbis.  625 

Dira  lues  quondam  Latias  vitiaverat  auras, 
pallidaque  exsangui  squalebant  corpora  tabo. 
funeribus  fessi  postquam  mortalia  cernunt 
temptamenta  nihil,  nihil  artes  posse  mendentum, 
auxilium  caeleste  petunt ;  mediamque  tenentes  630 

orbis  humum  Delphos  adeunt,  oracula  Phoebi, 
utque  salutifera  miseris  succurrere  rebus 
sorte  velit,  tantaeque  urbis  mala  finiat,  orant. 
et  locus  et  laurus  et,  quas  habet  ipse,  pharetrae 
intremuere  simul ;  cortinaque  reddidit  imo  635 

banc  adyto  vocem,  pavefactaque  pectora  movit : 
*  Quod  petis  hinc,  propiore  loco,  Romane,  petisses  : 
et  pete  nunc  propiore  loco  ;  nee  Apolline  vobis, 
qui  minuat  luctus,  opus  est,  sed  Apolline  nato  : 
ite  bonis  avibus,  prolemque  accersite  nostram.'  640 

Jussa  dei  prudens  postquam  accepere  Senatus, 
quam  colat,  explorant,  juvenis  Phoebe'ius  urbem, 
quique  petant  ventis  Epidauria  litora,  mittunt. 
quae  postquam  curva  missi  tetigere  carina, 
concilium  Graiosque  patres  adiere,  darentque,  645 

oravere,  deum,  qui  praesens  funera  gentis 
finiat  Ausoniae  :  certas  ita  dicere  sortes. 

Dissidet  et  variat  sententia ;  parsque  negandum 


i6o  XXX.     The  Worship  of  JEsculapius.       [Metam. 

non  putat  auxilium ;  multi  retinere,  siiamque 

non  emittere  opem,  nee  numina  tradere  suadent.  650 

dum  dubitant,  seram  pepulere  crepuscula  lucem, 

umbraque  telluris  tenebras  induxerat  orbi : 

cum  deus  in  somnis  opifer  consistere  visus 

ante  tuum,  Romane^  torum,  sed  qualis  in  aede 

esse  solet,  baculumque  tenens  agreste  sinistra,  655 

caesariem  longae  dextra  deducere  barbae, 

et  placido  tales  emittere  pectore  voces : 

*  Pone   metus ;    veniam,    simulacraque    nostra    relin- 
quam : 
hunc  modo  serpentem,  baculujn  qui  nexibus  ambit, 
perspice,  et  usque  nota  visu,  ut  cognoscere  possis  :      660 
vertar  in  hunc;  sed  major  ero,  tantusque  videbor, 
in  quantum  debent  caelestia  corpora  verti.' 
extemplo  cum  voce  deus,  cum  voce  deoque 
somnus  abit,  somnique  fugam  lux  al"ia  secuta  est. 

Postera  sidereos  Aurora  fugaverat  ignes  ;  665 

incerti  quid  agant,  proceres  ad  templa  petiti 
conveniunt  operosa  dei,  quaque  ipse  morari 
sede  velit,  signis  caelestibus  indicet,  orant. 
vix  bene  desierant,  cum  cristis  aureus  altis 
in  serpente  deus  praenuntia  sibila  misit,  670 

adventuque  suo  signumque  arasque  foresque 
marmoreumque  solum  fastigiaque  aurea  movit, 
pectoribusque  tenus  media  sublimis  in  aede 
constitit,  atque  oculos  circumtulit  igne  micantes. 

Territa  turba  pavet :  cognovit  numina  castos  675 

evinctus  vitta  crines  albente  sacerdos, 
et  *  Deus  en  !  deus  en  !  animis  linguisque  favete, 
quisquis  ades  ! '  dixit  '  Sis,  O  pulcherrime,  visus 
utiliter,  populosque  juves  tua  sacra  colentes/ 
quisquis  adest,  jussum  veneratur  numen,  et  omnes      680 


XV.  713-]  Arrival  in  Italy.  i6i 

verba  sacerdotis  referunt  geminata,  piumque 

Aeneadae  praestant  et  mente  et  voce  favorem. 

adnuit  his,  motisque  deus  rata  pignora  cristis 

et  repetita  dedit  vibrata  sibila  lingua. 

turn  gradibus  nitidis  delabitur,  oraque  retro  685 

flectit,  et  antiquas  abiturus  respicit  aras, 

assuetasque  domos  habitataque  templa  salutat ; 

inde  per  injectis  adopertam  floribus  ingens 

serpit  humum,  flectitque  sinus,  mediamque  per  urbem 

tendit  ad  incurvo  munitos  aggere  portus  ;  690 

restitit  hie,  agmenque  suum  turbaeque  sequentis 

officium  placido  visus  demittere  vultu 

corpus  in  Ausonia  posuit  rate.     Numinis  ilia 

sensit  onus,  pressa  estque  dei  gravitate  carina. 

Aeneadae  gaudent,  caesoque  in  litore  tauro  695 

torta  coronatae  solvunt  retinacula  classis. 
impulerat  levis  aurSratem.     Deus  eminet  alte, 
impositaque  premens  puppim  cervice  recurvam 
caeruleas  despectat  aquas,  modicisque  per  aequor 
Ionium  zephyris  sexto  Pallantidos  ortu  700 

Italiam  tenuit,  praeterque  Lacinia  templo 
nobilitata  deae,  Scylaceaque  litora  fertur. 
linquit  lapygiam,  laevisque  Amphrisia  remis 
saxa  fugit,  dextra  praerupta  Celennia  parte, 
Romethiumque  legit,  Caulonaque,  Naryciamque,  705 

evincitque  fretum  Siculique  angusta  Pelori, 
Hippotadaeque  domos  regis,  Temesesque  metalla, 
Leucosiamque  petit,  tepidique  rosaria  Paesti. 
inde  legit  Capreas,  promontoriumque  Minervae, 
et  Surrentino  generosos  palmite  colles,  710 

Herculeamque  urbem,  Stabiasque,  et  in  otia  natam 
Parthenopen,  et  ab  hac  Cumaeae  templa  Sibyllae. 
hinc  calidi  fontes  lentisciferumque  tenetur 


1 62  XXX.     The  Worship  of  jEscidapius.       [Metam. 

Linternum,  multamque  trahens  sub  gurgite  arenam 
Volturnus,  niveisque  frequens  Sinuessa  columbis,        715 
Mintiirnaeque  graves,  et  qiiam  tumulavit  alumnus, 
Antiphataeque  domus,  Trachasque  obsessa  palude, 
et  tellus  Circaea,  et  spissi  litoris  Antium. 

Hue  ubi  veliferam  nautae  advertere  carinam  — 
asper  enim  jam  pontus  erat  —  deus  explicat  orbes,      720 
perque  sinus  crebros  et  magna  volumina  labens, 
templa  parentis  init  flavum  tangentia  litus. 
aequore  pacato  patrias  Epidaurius  aras 
linquit,  et  hospitio  juncti  sibi  numinis  usus 
litoream  tractu  squamae  crepitantis  arenam  725 

sulcat,  et  innixus  moderamine  navis  in  alta 
puppe  caput  posuit,  donee  Castrumque  sacrasque 
Lavini  sedes  Tiberinaque  ad  ostia  venit. 

Hue  omnes  populi  passim,  matrumque  patrumque 
obvia  turba  ruit,  quaeque  ignes,  Troi'ca,  servant,  730 

Vesta,  tuos,  laetoque  deum  clamore  salutant ; 
quaque  per  adversas  navis  cita  ducitur  undas, 
tura  super  ripas  aris  ex  ordine  factis 
parte  ab  utraque  sonant,  et  odorant  aera  fumis : 
ictaque  conjectos  incalfacit  hostia  cultros.  73s 

Jamque  caput  rerum,  Romanam  intravcrat  urbem. 
erigitur  serpens,  summoque  acclinia  malo 
colla  movet,  sedesque  sibi  circumspicit  aptas. 
scinditur  in  gerainas  partes  circumfluus  amnis  : 
insula  nomen  habet ;  laterumque  e  parte  duorum         740 
porrigit  aequales  media  tellure  lacertos. 
hue  se  de  Latia  pinu  Phoebei'us  anguis 
contulit,  et  iinem  specie  caeleste  resumpta 
luctibus  imposuit,  venitque  salutifer  Urbi. 


XV.  765.]  TJie  Apotheosis  of  CcBsar.  163 

XXXI.    The  Apotheosis  of  C/esar. 
[Book  XV.  — 745-879.] 

After  the  triumphs  of  Caesar,  and  his  death  by  treachery  of 
his  friends,  Venus  obtained  from  Jupiter  that  he  should  be  received 
into  the  number  of  the  immortals,  —  a  native  deity,  while  ^scula- 
pius  was  of  foreign  origin  (745-844).  She  takes  therefore  his 
spirit  as  he  falls,  and  bears  it  above,  his  path  being  shown  by 
a  miraculous  star  which  appeared  in  the  heavens  at  his  death 
(845-870). 

Conclusion,  871-879. 

Hic  tamcn  accessit  delubris  advena  nostris  :  745 

Caesar  in  Urbe  sua  deus  est,  quern  marte  togaque 
praecipuum  non  bella  magis  finita  triumphis, 
resque  domi  gestae  properataque  gloria  rerum, 
in  sidus  vertere  novum  stellamque  comantem, 
quam  sua  progenies.     Neque  enim  de  Caesaris  actis 
ullum  majus  opus,  quam  quod  pater  exstitit  hujus. 
scilicet  aequoreos  plus  est  domuisse  Britannos, 
perque  papyriferi  septemflua  fiumina  Nili 
victrices  egisse  rates,  Numidasque  rebelles 
Cinyphiumque  Jubam,  Mithridateisque  tumentem        755 
nominibus  Pontum  populo  adjecisse  Quirini, 
et  multos  meruisse,  aliquos  egisse  triumphos, 
quam  tantum  genuisse  virum  }     Quo  praeside  rerum 
humano  generi,  Superi,  favistis  abunde. 

Ne  foret  hic  igitur  mortali  semine  cretus,  760 

ille  deus  faciendus  erat.     Quod  ut  aurea  vidit 
Aeneae  genetrix,  vidit  quoque  triste  parari 
pontifici  letum  et  conjurata  arma  moveri, 
palluit ;  et  cunctis,  ut  cuique  erat  obvia,  divis 
'  Aspice,*  dicebat  '  quanta  mihi  mole  parentur  765 


164  XXXI.    The  Apotheosis  of  Ccesar.         [Metam. 

insidiae,  quantaque  caput  cum  fraude  petatur, 

quod  de  Dardanio  solum  mihi  restat  liilo. 

solane  semper  ero  justis  exercita  curis  ? 

quam  modo  Tydidae  Calydonia  vulneret  hasta, 

nunc  male  defensae  confundant  moenia  Trojae ;  770 

quae  videam  natum  longis  erroribus  actum 

jactarique  freto  sedesque  intrare  silentum, 

bellaque  cum  Turno  gerere,  aut,  si  vera  fatemur, 

cum  Junone  magis  ?     Quid  nunc  antiqua  recorder 

damna  mei  generis  ?     Timor  hie  meminisse  priorum    775 

non  sinit :  in  me  acui  sceleratos  cernitis  enses. 

quos  prohibete,  precor,  facinusque  repellite !  neve 

caede  sacerdotis  flammas  exstinguite  Vestae/ 

Talia  nequiquam  toto  Venus  anxia  caelo 
verba  jacit,  superosque  movet ;  qui  rumpere  quam  quam 
ferrea  non  possunt  veterum  decreta  sororum, 
signa  tamen  luctus  dant  baud  incerta  futuri. 
arma  ferunt  inter  nigras  crepitantia  nubes 
terribilesque  tubas,  auditaque  cornua  caelo 
praemonuisse  nefas.     Solis  quoque  tristis  imago  785 

lurida  sollicitis  praebebat  lumina  terris. 
saepe  faces  visae  mediis  ardere  sub  astris ; 
saepe  inter  nimbos  guttae  cecidere  cruentae. 
caerulus  et  vultum  ferrugine  Lucifer  atra 
sparsus  erat,  sparsi  lunares  sanguine  currus.  790 

tristia  mille  locis  Stygius  dedit  omina  bubo ; 
mille  locis  lacrimavit  ebur,  cantusque  feruntur 
auditi  Sanctis  et  verba  minantia  lucis, 
victima  nulla  litat,  magnosque  instare  tumultus 
fibra  monet,  caesumque  caput  reperitur  in  extis ;  795 

inque  foro  circumque  domos  et  templa  deorum 
nocturnos  ululasse  canes,  umbrasque  silentum 
erravisse  ferunt,  motamque  tremoribus  urbem. 


XV.  831.]  Jupiter  foretells  his  Glory,  165 

Non  tamen  insidias  venturaque  vincere  fata 
praemonitus  potuere  deum  ;  strictique  feruntur  800 

in  templum  gladii ;  neque  enim  locus  ullus  in  Urbe 
ad  facinus  diramque  placet,  nisi  curia,  caedem. 
turn  vero  Cytherea  manu  percussit  utraque 
pectus,  et  aetheria  molitur  condere  nube, 
qua  prius  infesto  Paris  est  ereptus  Atridae,  805  . 

et  Diomedeos  Aeneas  fugerat  enses. 

Talibus  banc  genitor  :  *  Sola  insuperabile  fatum, 
nata,  movere  paras  ?  intres  licet  ipsa  sororum 
tecta  trium  !  cernes  illic  molimine  vasto 
ex  acre  et  solido  rerum  tabularia  ferro,  810 

quae  neque  concursum  caeli,  neque  fulminis  iram, 
nee  metuunt  ullas  tuta  atque  aeterna  ruinas. 
invenies  illic  incisa  adamante  perenni 
fata  tui  generis  :  legi  ipse  animoque  notavi, 
et  referam,  ne  sis  etiamnum  ignara  futuri.  815 

'  Hie  sua  complevit,  pro  quo,  Cytberea,  laboras, 
tempora  perfectis  quos  terrae  debuit  annis. 
ut  deus  accedat  caelo  templisque  locetur, 
tu  fades  natusque  suus,  qui  nominis  haeres 
imposituni  feret  unus  onus,  caedisque  parentis  820 

nos  in  bella  suos  fortissimus  ultor  habebit. 
illius  auspiciis  obsessae  moenia  pacem 
victa  petunt  Mutinae  ;  Pharsalia  sentiet  ilium  ; 
Emathiaque  iterum  madefient  caede  Philippi ; 
et  magnum  Siculis  nomen  superabitur  undis ;  825 

Romanique  ducis  conjunx  Aegyptia  taedae 
non  bene  iisa  cadet :  frustraque  erit  ilia  minata, 
servitura  suo  Capitolia  nostra  Canopo. 

'  Quid  tibi  barbariem,  gentes  ab  utroque  jacentes 
Oceano  numerem  ?  Quodcumque  habitabile  tellus        830 
sustinet,  hujus  erit ;  pontus  quoque  serviet  illi. 


1 66  xxxT.     The  Apotheosis  of  Ccesar,         [Metam. 

pace  data  terris,  animiim  ad  civilia  vertet 

jura  suum,  legesque  feret  justissimus  auctor  : 

exemploque  suo  mores  reget,  inque  futuri 

temporis  aetatem  venturorumque  nepotum  835 

prospiciens,  prolem  sancta  de  conjuge  natam 

ferre  simul  nomenque  simm  curasque  jubebit : 

nee,  nisi  cum  senior  Pylios  aequaverit  annos, 

aetherias  sedes  cognataque  sidera  tanget. 

hanc  animam  interea  caeso  de  corpore  raptam  840 

fac  jubar,  ut  semper  Capitolia  nostra  forumque 

divus  ab  excelsa  prospectet  Julius  aede.' 

Vix  ea  fatus  erat,  media  cum  sede  senatus 
constitit  alma  Venus,  nulli  cernenda,  suique 
Caesaris  eripuit  membris,  nee  in  aera  solvi  845 

passa  recentem  animam  caelestibus  intulit  astris. 
dumque  tulit,  lumen  capere  atque  ignescere  sensit, 
emisitque  sinu.     Luna  volat  altius  ilia, 
flammiferumque  trahens  spatioso  limit e  crinem 
Stella  micat,  natique  videns  benefacta  fatetur  850 

esse  suis  majora,  et  vinci  gaudet  ab  illo. 
hie  sua  praeferri  quamquam  vetat  acta  paternis, 
libera  fama  tamen  nullisque  obnoxia  jussis 
invitum  praefert,  unaque  in  parte  repugnat. 
sic  magni  cedit  titulis  Agamemnonis  Atreus ;  855 

Aegea  sic  Theseus,  sic  Pelea  vincit  Achilles, 
denique,  ut  exemplis  ipsos  aequantibus  utar, 
sic  et  Saturnus  minor  est  Jove.     Juppiter  arces 
temperat  aetherias  et  mundi  regna  triformis ; 
terra  sub  Augusto  :  pater  est  et  rector  uterque.  860 

Di,  precor,  Aeneae  comites,  quibus  ensis  et  ignis 
cesserunt,  dique  Indigetes,  genitorque  Quirine 
Urbis,  et'invicti  genitor  Gradive  Quirini, 
Vestaque  Caesareos  inter  sacrata  penates, 


XV.  879-]  The  Poet's  Immortality,  iSy 

et  cum  Caesarea  tu,  Phoebe  domestice,  Vesta,  865 

quique  tenes  altus  Tarpei'as  Juppiter  areas, 

quosque  alios  vati  fas  appellare  piumque  est : 

tarda  sit  ilia  dies  et  nostro  serior  aevo, 

qua  caput  Augustum,  quern  temperat,  orbe  relicto 

accedat  caelo,  faveatque  precantibus  absens.  870 

Jamque  opus  exegi,  —  quod  nee  Jovis  ira  nee  ignis 
nee  poterit  ferrura  nee  edax  abolere  vetustas. 
cum  volet,  ilia  dies,  quae  nil  nisi  corporis  hujus 
jus  habet,  incerti  spatium  mihi  finiat  aevi: 
parte  tamen  meliore  mei  super  alta  perennis  875 

astra  ferar,  nomenque  erit  indelebile  nostrum, 
quaque  patet  domitis  Romana  potentia  terris, 
ore  legar  populi,  perque  omnia  saecula  fama, 
si  quid  habent  veri  vatum  praesagia,  vivam. 


SHORTER   POEMS. 


I.   The  Fasti. 

The  word  fasti^  properly  applied  to  those  days  of  the  year  on 
which  it  was  permitted  {fas)  to  transact  public  business,  came  to 
be  applied  to  the  Roman  Calendar,  or  systematic  arrangement 
and  classification  of  the  days  of  each  month.  Ovid's  purpose  in 
this  poem  was  to  cast  this  calendar  into  a  poetic  form,  describ- 
ing whatever  was  peculiar  and  characteristic  in  the  Roman  usages, 
—  as  festivals  and  rites,  —  and  working  into  it  whatever  traditions 
and  myths  were  current  among  the  people.  The  Roman  religion 
was  so  meagre  in  the  elements  of  fable,  that  its  mythology,  as  pre- 
sented in  this  work,  is  hardly  more  than  a  clumsy  adaptation  and 
vamping  over  of  Grecian  myths.  It  was,  however,  as  rich  in  form 
and  ceremonial  as  it  was  poor  in  story;  and  the  most  valuable 
and  original  portions  of  the  Fasti  are  those  which  describe  frag- 
ments of  these  primitive  rites,  which  had  managed  to  survive 
the  inroad  of  the  more  fashionable  Greek  and  Oriental  forms  of 
worship,  and  still  lingered  in  the  community.  Some  of  them, 
indeed,  held  their  own  for  centuries  longer,  and  some  were 
transformed  and  adopted  into  the  Christian  calendar. 

Only  six  books  of  the  Fasti,  containing  the  months  from  Jan- 
uary to  June  inclusive,  are  extant.  It  is  a  much  disputed  question 
whether  the  other  six  books  have  been  lost,  or  were  never  written. 
It  is  probable  that  they  were  written  in  the  rough,  but  unfinished 
at  the  time  of  the  poet's  exile,  and  never  published.  At  any  rate, 
there  are  no  citations  in  ancient  authors  from  any  but  the  first 
six  books. 

The  following  extracts  from  the  fourth  book  (April)  contain  a 
description  of  two  very  ancient  festivals,  with  the  traditional 
account  of  the  founding  of  Rome,  introduced  in  the  usual  manner 
of  the  poet 


I/O  Shorter  Poems.  [Fasti 

I.   The  Festival  of  Pales  (April  21). 

Nox  abiit,  oriturqiie  Aurora.     Parilia  poscor  : 

Non  poscor  frustra,  si  favet  alma  Pales. 
Alma  Pales,  faveas  pastoria  sacra  canenti, 

Prosequor  officio  si  tua  festa  pio. 
Certe  ego  de  vitulo  cinerem  stipulasque  fabalis  725 

Saepe  tuli  plena  (februa  casta)  manu. 
Certe  ego  transilui  positas  ter  in  ordine  flammas, 

Udaque  roratas  laurea  misit  aquas. 
Mota  dea  est,  operique  favet :  navalibus  exi, 

Puppis  !  habent  ventos  jam  mea  vela  suos.  730 

I,  pete  virginea,  populus,  suffimen  ab  ara : 

Vesta  dabit ;  Vestae  munere  purus  eris. 
Sanguis  equi  suffimen  erit,  vitulique  favilla, 

Tertia  res  durae  culmen  inane  fabae. 
Pastor,  oves  saturas  ad  prima  crepuscula  lustra  :  735 

Unda  prius  spargat,  virgaque  verrat  humum. 
Frondibus  et  fixis  decorentur  ovilia  ramis, 

Et  tegat  ornatas  longa  corona  fores. 
Caerulei  fiant  vivo  de  sulphure  fumi, 

Tactaque  fumanti  sulphure  balet  ovis.  740 

Ure  mares  oleas,  taedamque,  herbasque  Sabinas, 

Et  crepet  in  mediis  laurus  adusta  focis. 
Libaque  de  milio  milii  fiscella  sequetur : 

Rustica  praecipue  est  hoc  dea  laeta  cibo. 
Adde  dapes  mulctramque  suas,  dapibusque  resectis     745 

Silvicolam  tepido  lacte  precare  Palen. 
Consule  {die)  pecori pariter pecorisque  magistris : 

Efftigiat  stabulis  noxa  repulsa  meis, 
Sive  sacra  paviy  sedivc  sub  arbore  sacra, 

Pabulaqtie  e  bustis  inscia  carp  sit  avis;  7S^ 

Si  ftcmus  intravi  vctittim^  7iostrisve  fugatae 


IV.  786.]  Festival  of  Pales,  171 

Sunt  octilis  nymphac^  semicaperve  deus  ; 
Si  meafalx  ravio  Iticum  spoliavit  opacoy 

Unde  data  est  aegrae  fiscina  frondis  ovi  ; 
Da  veniam  cidpae^  nee,  du?}i  degrandi7iaty  obsit  75s 

Agresti  fano  siippostdsse  pecus. 
Nee  noeeat  titrbasse  laetis :  ignoscite,  nymphaey 

Mota  quod  obsciiras  tmgulafeeit  aquas. 
Ttiy  deay  pro  nobis  fontes  fontanaque  plaea 

Numina  ;  tu  spars os  per  nemus  omne  deos,  7^0 

Nee  dryadaSy  nee  nos  videamtis  labra  DianaCy 

Nee  Fanmtmy  medio  cum  premit  arva  die. 
Pelle  prociil  morbos :  valeant  hominesque  gregesque^ 

Et  valeant  vigileSy  provida  ttcrba,  canes. 
Neve  minus  mtiltos  redigam  quam  mane  fuerunty  7^$ 

Neve  gemam  refer  ens  vellera  rapta  lupo. 
Absit  iniqua  fames :  herbae  frondesqi^e  supersinty 

Quaeque  lavent  artuSy  quaeque  bibantury  aquae, 
libera  plena  premam :  referat  mihi  caseus  aera, 

Dentque  viam  liquido  vimina  rara  sero.  77^ 

Lanaque  proveniat  nullas  laesura  puellas, 

Mollis  et  ad  teneras  quamlibet  apta  manus. 
Quae  precory  eveniant ;  et  nos  faciamus  ad  annum.         77s 

Pastorum  dominae  grandia  liba  Pali. 
His  dea  placanda  est ;  haec  tu  conversus  ad  ortus 

Die  quater,  et  vivo  perlue  rore  manus. 
Turn  licet  adposita,  veluti  cratere,  camella, 

Lac  niveum  potes  purpureamque  sapam  ;  780 

Moxque  per  ardentes  stipulae  crepitantis  acervos 

Traicias  celeri  strenua  membra  pede. 
Expositus  mos  est :  moris  mihi  restat  origo. 

Turba  facit  dubium,  coeptaque  nostra  tenet. 
Omnia  purgat  edax  ignis,  vitiumque  metallis  785 

Excoquit ;  idcirco  cum  duce  purgat  ovis  ? 


172  Short ei^  Poems,  '  [Fasti 

An,  quia  cunctarum  contraria  seraina  rerum 

Sunt  duo  discordes,  ignis  et  unda,  dei, 
Junxerunt  elementa  patres,  aptumque  putarunt 

Ignibus  et  sparsa  tangere  corpus  aqua  ?  790 

An,  quod  in  his  vitae  causa  est,  haec  perdidit  exsul, 

His  nova  fit  conjunx,  haec  duo  magna  putant  ? 
Vix  equidem  credo  :  sunt  qui  Phacthonta  referri 

Credant,  et  nimias  Deucalionis  aquas. 
Pars  quoque,  cum  saxis  pastores  saxa  feribant,  795 

Scintillam  subito  prosiluisse  ferunt  : 
Prima  quidem  periit,  stipuKs  excepta  secunda  est. 

Hoc  argumentum  flamma  Parihs  habet  ? 
An  magis  hunc  moreni  pietas  Aenei'a  fecit, 

Innocuum  victo  cui  dedit  ignis  iter  ?  800 

Num  tamen  est  vero  propius,  cum  condita  Roma  est, 

Transferri  jussos  in  nova  tecta  Lares, 
Mutantesque  domum  tectis  agrestibus  ignem 

Et  cessaturae  subposuisse  casae, 
Per  flammas  saluisse  pecus,  saluisse  colonos  ?  805 

Quod  fit  nataU  nunc  quoque,  Roma,  tuo. 
Ipse  locus  causas  vati  facit.     Urbis  origo 

Venit :  ades  factis,  magne  Quirine,  tuis  1 

2.     T/ie  Founding  of  Rome. 

Jam  luerat  poenas  frater  Numitoris,  et  omne 

Pastorum  gemino  sub  duce  volgus  erat.  810 

Contrahere  agrestes  et  moenia  ponere  utrique 

Convenit :  ambigitur,  moenia  ponat  uter. 
*  Nil  opus  est '  dixit  ^  certamine  '  Romulus  '  ullo  : 

Magna  fides  avium  est ;  experiamur  aves.' 
Res  placet :  alter  adit  nemorosi  saxa  Palati ;  815 

Alter  Avcntinuni  mane  cacumen  init. 


IV.  849.]  The  Fotmding  of  Roine.  173 

Sex  Remus,  hie  volucres  bis  sex  videt  ordine  ;  pacto 

Statur,  et  arbitrium  Romulus  urbis  habet. 
Apta  dies  legitur,  qua  moenia  signet  aratro. 

Sacra  Palis  suberant ;  inde  movetur  opus  : '  820 

Fossa  fit  ad  solidum  ;  fruges  jaciuntur  in  ima, 

Et  devicino  terra  petita  solo. 
Fossa  repletur  humo,  plenaeque  imponitur  ara, 

Et  novus  accenso  fungitur  igne  focus. 
Inde  premens  stivam  designat  moenia  sulco  :  825 

■Alba  jugum  niveo  cum  bove  vacca  tulit. 
Vox  fuit  haec  regis  :  Condentiy  Jtippiter,  nrbem 

Et  genitor  Mavors  Vest  ague  mater^  ades  ! 
Quosque  pmm  est  adhibere  deos,  advertitc  cuncti  I 

Atispicibus  vobis  hoc  mi  hi  surgat  opus,  830 

Longa  sit  hide  aetas  domi^iaeque potentia  terrae, 

Sitque  sub  hac  orieus  occiduusqtie  dies. 
Ille  precabatur :  tonitru  dedit  omina  laevo 

Juppiter,  et  laevo  fulmina  missa  polo. 
Augurio  laeti  jaciunt  fundamina  cives,  835 

Et  novus  exiguo  tempore  murus  erat. 
Hoc  Celer  urget  opus,  quem  Romulus  ipse  vocarat, 

'  Sint '  que,  *  Celer,  curae,'  dixerat  '  ista  tuae  : 
Neve  quis  aut  muros,  aut  factam  vomere  fossam 

Transeat,  audentem  talia  dede  neci.'  840 

Quod  Remus  ignorans  humiles  contemnere  muros 

Coepit,  et  *  His  populus  '  dicere  '  tutus  erit  ? ' 
Nee  mora,  transiluit :  rutro  Celer  occupat  ausum ; 

Ille  premit  duram  sanguinulentus  humum. 
Haec  ubi  rex  didicit,  lacrimas  introrsus  obortas  845 

Devorat,  et  clausum  pectore  volnus  habet ; 
Flere  palam  non  volt,  exemplaque  fortia  servat. 

Sic  que  meos  muros  transeat  hostis  ait. 
Dat  tamen  exsequias  ;  nee  jam  suspendere  fletum 


174  Shorter  Poems,  l^^sti 

Sustinet,  et  pietas  dissimulata  patet.  B50 

Osculaque  adplicuit  posito  suprema  feretro, 

Atque  ait,  Invito  frater  adempte^  vale  ! 
Arsurosque  artus  unxit.     Fecere,  quod  iile, 

Faustulus  et  maestas  Acca  soluta  comas  ; 
Turn  juvenem  nondum  facti  flevere  Quirites  ;  855 

Ultima  plorato  subdita  flamma  rogo  est. 
Urbs  oritur  —  quis  tunc  hoc  ulli  credere  posset  ?  — 

Victorem  terris  impositura  pedem. 
Cuncta  r6gas,  et  sis  magno  sub  Caesare  semper : 

Saepe  etiam  pluris  nominis  hujus  habe ;  860 

Et  quotiens  steteris  domito  sublimis  in  orbe, 

Omnia  sint  umeris  infcriora  tuis. 

3.    Ritual  to  avert  Blight  (April  25). 

Sex  ubi,  quae  restant,  luces  Aprilis  habebit, 

In  medio  cursu  tempora  veris  erunt, 
Et  frustra  pecudem  quaeres  Athamantidos  Helles, 

Signaque  dant  imbres,  exoriturque  Canis. 
Hac  mihi  Nomento  Romam  cum  luce  redirem,  90S 

Obstitit  in  media  Candida  turba  via ; 
Flaraen  in  antiquae  lucum  Robiginis  ibat, 

Exta  canis  flammis,  exta  daturus  ovis. 
Protinus  accessi,  ritus  ne  nescius  essem  ; 

Edidit  haec  Flamen  verba,  Quirine,  tuus :  910 

Aspera  Robigo^  parcas  Cerialibus  hcrbis^ 

Et  tremat  in  summa  leve  cacumen  humo, 
Tu  sata  sideribus  caeli  nutrita  secundi 

Crescere,  dum  fiant  falcibus  apta^  sinas. 
Vis  ttia  non  levis  est:  quae  tu  frumenta  notasti,  915 

Maestus  in  amissis  ilia  colonus  habet. 
Nee  vcnti  tanttim  Cereri  nOcuere^  nee  imbres. 


IV.  942.]  Ritual  to  avert  Blight,  175 

Nee  sie  marmoreo  pallet  adii§ta  gehiy 
Qiianttim,  si  culmos  Titun  incalfacit  udos  : 

Tunc  locus  est  irae,  diva  timenda^  tuae.  920 

Parce^  pre  cor,  sea  bras  que  mamcs  a  messibus  aufer, 

Neve  noce  cultis :  posse  iiocere  sat  est. 
Nee  teneras  segetes^  scd  durum  amplectere  ferrum^ 

Quo dque  potest  alios  per dere^  perde  prior. 
Utilius  gladios  et  tela  nocentia  carpes :  925 

Nil  opus  est  illis  ;  otia  mundus  agit 
Sarcula  nunc  durusque  bidens  et  vomer  aduncusy 

Ruris  opes,  niteant :  inquinet  anna  sittcs, 
Conattisque  aliquis  vagi^ia  ducere  ferrum, 

Adstrictum  longa  sentiat  esse  mora.  930 

At  tu  ne  viola  Cererem  !  semperque  colonus 

Absenti possit  solvere  vota  tibi. 
Dixerat ;  a  dextra  villis  mantele  solutis, 

Cumque  meri  patera  turis  acerra  fiiit ; 
Tura  focis  vinumque  dedit,  fibrasque  bidentis,  93s 

Turpiaque  obscenae  ( vidimus )  exta  canis. 
Turn  mihi  ^  Cur  detur  sacrivS  nova  victima,  quaeris  ? '  — 

Quaesieram  —  *  Causam  percipe  '  flamen  ait. 
^  Est  canis,  Icarium  dicunt,  quo  sidere  moto 

Tosta  sitit  tellus,  praecipiturque  seges.  940 

Pro  cane  sidereo  canis  hie  imponitur  arae, 

Et  quare  pereat,  nil  nisi  nomen  habet/ 


ij6  Shorter  Poems.  [H^  .oides 


11.    Herotdes. 

The  Herotdes  (''  Heroines  ")  are  a  series  of  about  twenty  letters 
addressed  from  various  mythical  and  legendary  persons,  —  chiefly 
from  lonely,  wives  and  forsaken  brides  to  husband  or  lover.  The 
example  here  given  is  the  first  and  perhaps  best  of  the  series. 

Penelope  to  Ulysses. 

Hanc  tua  Penelope  lento  tibi  mittit,  Ulixe  : 

Nil  mihi  rescribas,  at  tamen  ipse  veni. 
Troja  jacet  certe,  TJanais  invisa  puellis ; 

Vix  Priamus  tanti  totaque  Troja  fuit. 
O  utinam  turn,  cum  Lacedaemona  classe  petebat,  5 

Obriitus  insanis  esset  adulter  aquis ! 
Non  ego  deserto  jacuissem  frigida  lecto, 

Non  quererer  tardos  ire  rclicta  dies  ; 
Nee  mihi  quaerenti  spatiosam  fall  ere  noctem 

Lassasset  viduas  pendula  tela  manus.  10 

Quando  ego  non  timui  graviora  pericula  veris  ? 

Res  est  solliciti  plena  timoris  amor. 
In  te  fingebam  violentos  Troas  ituros  ; 

Nomine  in  Hectoreo  pallida  semper  eram. 
Sive  quis  Antilochum  narrabat  ab  Hectore  victum,       15 

Antilochus  nostri  causa  timoris  erat ; 
Sive,  Menoetiaden  falsis  cecidisse  sub  armis, 

Flebam  successu  posse  carere  dolos  ; 
Sanguine  Tlepolemus  Lyciam  tepefecerat  hastam, 

Tlepolemi  leto  cura  novata  mea  est ;  20 

Denique,  quisquis  erat  castris  jugulatus  Achivis 

Frigidius  glacie  pectus  amantis  erat. 
Sed  bene  consuluit  casto  deus  aequus  amori : 

Versa  est  in  cineres  sospite  Troja  viro. 


I.  1, 57.]  Penelope  to   Ulysses.  177 

Argolici  rediere  duces  :  altaria  fiimant ;  25 

Ponitur  ad  patrios  barbara  praeda  deos  ; 
Grata  ferunt  nymphae  pro  salvis  dona  maritis ; 

Illi  victa  suis  TroTca  fata  canunt. 
Mirantur  justique  senes  trepidaeque  puellae: 

Narrantis  conjunx  pendet  ab  ore  viri.  30 

Atqiie  aliquis  posita  monstrat  fera  proelia  mensa, 

Pingit  et  exiguo  Pergama  tota  mero  : 
*  Hac  ibat  Simoi's,  hac  est  Sigei'a  tellus, 

Hie  steterat  Priami  regia  celsa  senis ; 
lUic  Aeacides,  illic  tendebat  Ulixes  ;  35 

Hie  alacer  missos  terriiit  Hector  equos.' 
Omnia  namque  tuo  senior,  te  quaerere  misso, 

Retulerat  gnato  Nestor,  at  ille  mihi. 
Retulit  et  ferro  Rhesumque  Dolonaque  caesos, 

Utque  sit  hie  somno  proditus,  ille  dolo.  40 

Ausus  es,  O  nimium  nimiumque  oblite  tuorum, 

Thracia  nocturno  tangere  castra  dolo, 
Totque  simul  mactare  viros,  adjutus  ab  uno ! 

At  bene  cautus  eras  et  memor  ante  mei? 
Usque  metu  micuere  sinus,  dum  victor  amicum  45 

Dictus  es  Ismariis  isse  per  agmen  equis. 
Sed  mihi  quid  prodest  vestris  disjecta  lacertis 

Ilios  et  murus  quod  fuit,  esse  solum, 
Si  maneo  qualis  Troja  durante  manebam, 

Virque  mihi  dempto  fine  carendus  abest  ?  50 

Diruta  sunt  aUis,  uni  mihi  Pergama  restant, 

Incola  captivo  quae  bove  victor  arat. 
Jam  seges  est,  ubi  Troja  fuit,  resecandaque  fake 

Luxuriat  Phrygio  sanguine  pinguis  humus ; 
Semisepulta  virum  curvis  feriuntur  aratris  ^^ 

Ossa  ;  ruinosas  occulit  herba  domos. 
Victor  abes  :  nee  scire  mihi,  quae  causa  morandi, 


lyS  Shorter  Poems,  [Heroides 

Aut  in  quo  lateas  ferreus  orbe,  licet. 
Ouisquis  ad  haec  vertit  peregriiiam  littora  puppim, 

Ille  mihi  de  te  multa  rogatus  abit :  60 

Quamque  tibi  reddat,  si  te  modo  viderit  usquam, 

Traditur  huic  digitis  charta  novata  meis. 
Nos  Pylon,  antiqui  Nelei'a  Nestoris  arva, 

Misimus :  incerta  est  fama  remissa  Pylo. 
Misimus  et  Sparten :  Sparte  quoque  nescia  veri.  65 

Quas  habitas  terras,  aut  ubi  lentus  abes  ? 
Utilius  starent  etiam  nunc  moenia  Phoebi. 

Irascor  votis  heu  levis  ipsa  meis  ! 
Scirem  ubi  pugnares,  et  tantum  bella  timerem, 

Et  mea  cum  multis  juncta  querela  foret.  70 

Quid  timeam,  ignoro ;  timco  tamen  omnia  demens, 

Et  patet  in  curas  area  lata  meas. 
Quaecumque  aequor  habet,  quaecumque  pericula  tellus, 

Tam  longae  causas  suspicor  esse  morae. 
Haec  ego  dum  stulte  metuo,  quae  vestra  libido  est,       75 

Esse  peregrino  captus  amore  potes. 
Forsitan  et  narres,  quam  sit  tibi  rustica  conjunx. 

Quae  tantum  lanas  non  sinat  esse  rudes. 
Fallar,  et  hoc  crimen  tenues  vanescat  in  auras. 

Neve,  revertendi  liber,  abesse  velis  !  80 

Me  pater  Icarius  viduo  discedere  lecto 

Cogit,  et  immensas  increpat  usque  moras. 
Increpet  usque  licet :  tua  sum,  tua  dicar  oportet ; 

Penelope  conjunx  semper  Ulixis  ero. 
Ille  tamen  pietate  mea  precibusque  pudicis  85 

Frangitur,  et  vires  temperat  ipse  suas. 
Dulichii  Samiique  et  quos  tulit  alta  Zacynthos, 

Turba  ruunt  in  me  luxuriosa  proci ; 
Inque  tua  regnant,  nullis  prohibentibus,  aula  : 

Viscera  nostra,  tuae  dilacerantur  opes.  90 


I.  1, 1 1 6.]  Penelope  to   Ulysses.  179 

Quid  tibi  Pisandrum  Polybumque  Medontaquc  dirum 

Eurymachique  avidas  Antinoique  manus 
Atque  alios  referam,  quos  omnes  turpiter  absens 

Ipse  tuo  partis  sanguine  rebus  alis  ? 
Irus  egens  pecorisque  Melanthius  actor  edendi  95 

Ultimus  accedunt  in  tua  damna  pudor. 
Tres  sumus  inbelles  numero,  sine  viribus  uxor, 

Laertesque  senex,  Telemachusque  puer. 
Ille  per  insidias  paene  est  mihi  nuper  ademptus, 

Dum  parat  invitis  omnibus  ire  Pylon.  100 

Di,  precor,  hoc  jubeant,  ut  euntibus  ordine  fatis 

Ille  meos  oculos  comprimat,  ille  tuos. 
Hinc  faciunt  custosque  bourn  longaevaque  nutrix, 

Tertius  immundae  cura  fidelis  harae. 
Sed  neque  Laertes,  ut  qui  sit  inutilis  armis,  105 

Hostibus  in  mediis  regna  tenere  potest. 
Telemacho  veniet,  vivat  modo,  fortior  aetas : 

Nunc  erat  auxiliis  ilia  tuenda  patris. 
Nee  mihi  sunt  vires  inimicos  pellere  tectis : 

Tu  citius  venias,  portus  et  aura  tuis.  no 

Est  tibi,  sitque,  precor,  gnatus,  qui  mollibus  annis 

In  patrias  artes  erudiendus  erat. 
Respice  Laerten,  ut  jam  sua  lumina  condas, 

Extremum  fati  sustinet  ille  diem. 
Certe  ego,  quae  fueram  te  discedentc  puella,  115 

Protinus  ut  venias,  facta  videbor  anus. 


i8o  Shorter  Poems,  [Amores 


III.  Amores. 

Tim  Amores  consist  of  three  books  of  short  poems,  very  miscel- 
laneous in  their  subjects,  sentimental,  voluptuous,  complimentary, 
or  personal.  Those  here  given  have  a  special  interest,  as  illus- 
trating the  poet's  earlier  aspiration,  and  the  more  playful  aspect  of 
his  verse. 

I.     The  Poet  of  Idleness  (i.   15).. 

Quid  mihi,  Livor  eda?^,  ignavos  obicis  annos, 

Ingeniique  vocas  carmen  inertis  opus  1 
Non  me  more  patriim,  clum  strenua  sustinet  aetas 

Praemia  militiae  pulverulenta  sequi, 
Nee  me  verbosas  leges  ediscere,  nee  me  5 

Ingrato  vocem  prostituisse  foro. 
Mortale  est,  quod  quaeris,  opus  :  mihi  fama  perennis 

Quaeritur,  in  toto  semper  ut  orbe  canar. 
Vivet  Maeonides,  Tenedos  dum  stabit  et  Ide, 

Dum  rapid^s  Simol's  in  mare  volvet  aquas.  10 

Vivet  et  Ascraeus,  dum  mustis  uva  tumebit, 
,-      Dum  cadet  incurva  falce  resecta  Ceres. 
"^ 'tiaitiades'^semper  toto  cantabitur  orbe  : 

Quamvis  ingenio'non  v^let^iarte  valet. 
Nulla  Sophocleo  veniet  jactura  cothurno;  15 

Cum  sole  et  luna  semper  Aratus  erit. 
Dum  fallax  servus,  durus  pater,  improba  lena 

Vivent  et  meretrix  blanda,  Menandros  erit. 
Ennius  arte  carens  animosique  Accius  oris 

Casurum  nullo  tempore  nomen  habent.  20 

Varronem  primamque  ratem  quae  nesciet  aetas, 

Aureaque  Aesonio  terga  petita  duci  ? 
Carmina  sublimis  tunc  sunt  peritura  Lucrcti, 

Exitio  terras  cum  dabit  una  dies. 


n.  6,  12.]  Elegy  on  a  Parrot,  i8i 

Tityrus  et  fruges  Aeneiaque  arma  legentur,  25 

Roma  triumphati  clum  caput  orbis  erit.  '  • 
^  Donee  erimt  ignes  arcusque  Cupidinis  arma, 

Discentur  numeri,  culte  Tibulle,  tui. 
Gallus  et  Hesperiis  et  Gallus  notus  Eois, 

Et  sua  cum  Gallo  nota  Lycoris  erit.  30 

Ergo  cum  silices,  cum  dens  patientis  aratri 

Depereant  aevo,  carmina  morte  carent. 
Cedant  car  minibus  reges  regumque  triumphi, 

Cedat  et  auriferi  ripa  benigna  Tagi. 
-Vilia  miretur  vulgus  :  mihi  flavus  Apollo  35 

Pocula  Castalia  plena  ministret  aqua, 
Sustineamque  coma  metuentem  frigora  myrtum  : 

Atque  ita  sollicito  multus  amante  legar. 
Pascitur  in  vivis  Livor ;  post  fata  quiescit, 

Cum  suus  ex  merito  quemque  tuetur  honos.  40 

Ergo  etiam  cum  me  supremus  adederit  ignis, 

Vivam,  parsque  mei  multa  superstes  erit. 

2.   Elegy  on  a  Parrot  (ii.  6). 

PsiTTACus,  eois  imitatrix  ales  ab  Indis, 

Occidit !  exsequias  ite  frequenter,  aves. 
Ite,  piae  volucres,  et  plangite  pectora  pinnis, 

Et  rigido  teneras  ungue  notate  genas. 
Horrida  pro  maestis  lanietur  pluma  capillis,  5 

Pro  longa  resonent  carmina  vestra  tuba. 
Quod  scelus  Ismarii  quereris,  Philomela,  tyranni, 

Expleta  est  annis  ista  querella  suis. 
Alitis  in  rarae  miserum  devertere  funus : 

Magna  sed  antiqui  causa  doloris  Itys.  10 

Omnes,  quae  liquido  libratis  in  acre  cursus, 

Tu  tamen  ante  alios,  turtur  amice,  dole. 


1 82  Shorter  Poems,  [Amores 

Plena  fuit  vobis  omni  concordia  vita, 

Et  stetit  ad  finem  longa  tenaxque  fides. 
Quod  fuit  Argolico  juvenis  Phoceus  Orestae,  15 

Hoc  tibi,  dum  licuit,  psittace,  turtur  erat. 
Quid  tamen  ista  fides,  quid  rari  forma  coloris, 

Quid  vox  mutandis  ingeniosa  sonis, 
Quid  juvat,  ut  datus  es,  nostrae  placuisse  puellae  ? 

Infclix  avium  gloria,  nempe  jaces.  20 

Tu  poteras  fragiles  pinnis  hebetare  zmaragdos, 

Tincta  gerens  rubro  Punica  rostra  croco. 
Non  fuit  in  terris  vocum  simulantior  ales  : 

Reddebas  blaeso  tam  bene  verba  sono. 
Raptus  es  invidia :  non  tu  fera  bella  movebas  ;  25 

Garrulus  et  placidae  pacis  amator  eras. 
Ecce,  coturnices  inter  sua  proelia  vivunt, 

Forsitan  et  fiant  inde  frequenter  anus. 
Plenus  eras  minimo  :  nee  prae  sermonis  amore 

In  multos  poteras  ora  vacafe  cibos.  30 

Nux  erat  esCa  tibi,  causaeque  papavera  somni, 

Pellebatque  sitim  simplicis  umor  aquae. 
Vivet  edax  vultur,  ducensque  per  aera  gyros 

Miluus,  et  pluviae  graculus  auctor  aquae  ; 
Vivet  et  armiferae  cornix  invisa  Minervae,  35 

Ilia  quidem  saeclis  vix  moritura  novem. 
Occidit  ille  loquax,  humanae  vocis  imago, 

Psittacus,  extremo  munus  ab  orbe  datum. 
Optima  prima  fere  manibus  rapiuntur  avaris  ; 

Implentur  numeris  deteriora  suis.  40 

Tristia  Phylacidae  Thersites  funera  vidit : 

Jamque  cinis,  vivis  fratribus,  Plector  erat. 
Quid  referam  timidae  pro  te  pia  vota  puellae, 

Vota  procelloso  per  mare  rapta  noto } 
Septima  lux  aderat,  non  exhibitura  sequentem,  45 


III.  15, 13.]  Farewell  to  the  Loves,  183 

Et  stabat  vacuo  jam  tibi  Parca  colo ; 
Nee  tamen  ignavo  stupuerunt  verba  palato : 

Clamavit  moriens  lingua  Corinnay  vale  I 
Colle  sub  Elysio  nigra  nemus  ilice  frondet, 

Udaque  perpetuo  gramine  terra  viret.  50 

Siqua  fides  dubiis,  volucrum  locus  ille  piarum 

Dicitur,  obscenae  quo  prohibentur  aves  : 
Illic  innocui  late  pascuntur  olores, 

Et  vivax  phoenix,  unica  semper  avis ; 
Expli^-- '  ipsa  suas  ales  Junonia  pinnas,  55 

Oscula  dat  cupido  blanda  columba  mari. 
Psittacus  has  inter  nemorali  sede  receptus 

Convertit  volucres  in  sua  verba  pias. 
Ossa  tegit  tumulus,  tumulus  pro  corpore  magnus, 

Quo  lapis  exiguus  par  sibi  carmen  habet :  60 

Colligor  ex  ipso  dominae  placuisse  sepulchro  : 

Orafuere  mihi plus  ave  docta  loqui, 

3.    Farewell  to  the  Loves  (iii.  15). 

Quaere  novum  vatem,  tenerorum  mater  Amorum  ! 

Raditur  hie  elegis  ultima  meta  meis  : 
Quos  ego  composui,  Peligni  ruris  alumnus ; 

Nee  me  deliciae  dedecuere  meae. 
Siquid  id  est,  usque  a  proavis  vetus  ordinis  heres,  5 

Non  modo  militiae  turbine  factus  eques. 
Mantua  Vergilio  gaudet ;  Verona  Catullo  : 

Pelignae  dicar  gloria  gent  is  ego, 
Quam  sua  libertas  ad  honesta  coegerat  arma, 

Cum  timuit  socias  anxia  Roma  manus.  10 

Atque  aliquis  spectans  hospes  Sulmonis  aquosi 

Moenia,  quae  campi  jugera  pauca  tenent, 
*  Quae  tantum  '  dicet  '  potuistis  ferre  poetam, 


184  .  Shorter  Poems,         [Amores  ill.  15, 20. 

Quantulacumque  estis,  vos  ego  magna  voco.' 
Culte  puer,  pueriqiie  parens  Amathusia  culti^  15 

Aurea  de  campo  vellite  signa  meo. 
Corniger  increpuit  thyrso  graviore  Lyaeus : 

Pulsanda  est  magnis  area  major  equis. 
I m belles  Elegi,  genialis  Musa,  valet e, 

Post  mea  mansurum  fata  superstes  opus  !  20 


Tristia  I.  3,  23-]        Banislied  from  Rome,  185 


IV,    Tristia. 

The  Tristia  ("  Coinplaints  ^^)  are  five  books  of  poems  written 
during  Ovid's  long  banishment.  Some  of  them  have  much  bio- 
graphical interest,  and  all  are  full  of  personal  feeling;  sometimes 
monotonous,  abject,  and  unmanly,  more  often  a  genuine  and  most 
pathetic  expression  of  the  sorrows  of  exile.  (Respecting  the 
causes  and  circumstances  of  Ovid's  banishment,  see  the  Life.) 

I.     Banished  from  Rome  (i.  3). 

Cum  subit  illius  tristissima  noctis  imago, 

Qua  niihi  supremum  tempus  in  Urbe  fuit, 
Cum  repeto  noctem,  qua  tot  mihi  cara  reliqui, 

Labitur  ex  oculis  nunc  quoque  gutta  meis. 
Jam  prope  lux  aderat,  qua  me  cliscedere  Caesar  5 

Finibus  extremae  jusserat  Ausoniae. 
Nee  spatium  fuerat,  nee  mens  satis  apta  parandi : 

Torpuerant  longa  pectora  nostra  mora. 
Non  mihi  servorum,  comitis  non  cura  legendi, 

Non  aptae  profugo  vestis  opisve  fuit.  10 

Non  aliter  stupui,  quam  qui  Jovis  ignibus  ictus 

Vivit,  ct  est  vitae  nescius  ipse  suae. 
Ut  tamen  banc  animi  nubem  dolor  ipse  removit, 

Et  tandem  sensus  convaluere  mei ; 
Adloquor  extremum  maestos  abiturus  amicos,  15 

Qui  modo  de  multis  unus  et  alter  erant. 
Uxor  amans  flentem  flens  acrius  ipsa  tenebat, 

Imbre  per  indignas  usque  cadente  genas  ; 
Nata  procul  Libycis  aberat  diversa  sub  oris, 

Nee  poterat  fati  certior  esse  mei.  20 

Quocumque  aspiceres,  luctus  gemitusque  sonabant, 

Formaque  non  taciti  funeris  intus  erat. 
Femina  virque  meo,  pueri  quoque  funere  maerent ; 


1 86  Shorter  Poems,  [Tristia 

Inque  domo  lacrimas  anguliis  omnis  hdbet : 
Si  licet  exemplis  in  parvo  grandibiis  iiti,  25 

Haec  fades  Trojae,  cum  caperetur,  erat. 
Jamque  quiescebant  voces  hominumque  canumque, 

Lunaque  nocturnos  alta  regebat  equos. 
Hanc  ego  suspiciens  et  ab  hac  Capitolia  cernens, 

Quae  nostro  frustra  juncta  fuere  lari,  30 

'  Numina  vicinis  habitantia  sedibus/  inquam, 

*  Jamque  oculis  numquam  templa  videnda  meis, 
Dique  relinquendi,  quos  urbs  tenet  alta  Quirini, 

Este  salutati  tempus  in  omne  mihi ! 
Et  quamquam  sero  clipeum  post  vulnera  sumo,  35 

Attamen  hanc  odiis  exonerate  fugam, 
Caelestique  viro,  quis  me  deceperit  error, 

Dicite  :  pro  culpa  ne  scelus  esse  putet. 
Ut  quod  vos  scitis,  poenae  quoque  sentiat  auctor, 

Placato  possum  non  miser  esse  deo.'  40 

Hac  prece  adoravi  superos  ego  ;  pluribus  uxor, 

Singultu  medios  impediente  sonos. 
Ilia  etiam,  ante  Lares  passis  prostrata  capillis, 

Contigit  exstinctos  ore  tremente  focos, 
Multaque  in  adversos  effudit  verba  Penates  45 

Pro  deplorato  non  valitura  viro. 
Jamque  morae  spatium  nox  praecipitata  negabat, 

Versaque  ab  axe  suo  Parrhasis  arctos  erat. 
Quid  facerem  ?  blando  patriae  retinebar  amore  ; 

Ultima  sed  jussae  nox  erat  ilia  fugae.  50 

Ah  !  quotiens  aliquo  dixi  properante  ^  Quid  urgues  ? 

Vel  quo  festines  ire,  vel  unde,  vide  ! ' 
Ah !  quotiens  certam  me  sum  mentitus  habere 

Horam,  propositae  quae  foret  apta  viae. 
Ter  limen  tetigi,  tcr  sum  revocatus,  et  ipse  55 

Indulgcns  animo  pes  mihi  tardus  erat  ; 


I.  3>  S8.]  Banished  from  Rome.  1 8/ 

Saepe  Vale  dicto  rursus  sum  miilta  locutus, 

Et  quasi  discedens  oscula  summa  dedi ; 
Saepe  eadem  mandata  dedi,  meque  ipse  fefelli, 

Respiciens  oculis  pignora  cara  meis.  60 

Denique   'Quid  propero  ?    Scythia  est,  quo   mittimur,' 
inquam  ; 

*  Roma  relinquenda  est :  utraque  justa  mora  est. 
Uxor  in  aeternum  vivo  mihi  viva  negatur, 

Et  domus  et  fidae  dulcia  membra  domus, 
Quosque  ego  fraterno  dilexi  more  sodales,  65 

O  mihi  Thesea  pectora  juncta  fide ! 
Dum  licet,  amplectar  :  numquam  fortasse  licebit 

Amplius  :  in  lucro  est  quae  datur  hora  mihi/ 
Nee  mora,  sermonis  verba  inperfecta  relinquo, 

Complectens  animo  proxima  quaeque  meo.  70 

Dum  loquor  et  flemus,  caelo  nitidissimus  alto, 

Stella  gravis  nobis,  Lucifer  ortus  erat  : 
Dividor  baud  aliter,  quam  si  mea  membra  relinquam, 

Et  pars  abrumpi  corpore  visa  suo  est. 
Sic  doluit  Mettus  tunc,  cum  in  contraria  versos  75 

Ultores  habuit  proditionis  equos, 
Tum  vero  exoritur  clamor  gemitusque  meorum, 

Et  feriunt  maestae  pectora  nuda  manus. 
Tum  vero  conjunx,  umeris  abeuntis  inhaerens, 

Miscuit  haec  lacrimis  tristia  dicta  suis  ;  80 

'  Non  potes  avelli :  simul,  ah  !  simul  ibimus  '  inquit ; 

'Te  sequar  et  conjunx  exsulis  exsul  ero. 
Et  mihi  facta  via  est,  et  me  capit  ultima  tellus : 

Accedam  profugae  sarcina  parva  rati. 
Te  jubet  a  patria  discedere  Caesaris  ira,  85 

Me  pietas  :  pietas  haec  mihi  Caesar  erit/ 
Talia  temptabat,  sicut  tcmptaverat  ante, 

Vixque  dedit  victas  utilitate  manus. 


1 88  Shorter  Poems.  [Tristia 

Egredior,  —  sive  illud  erat  sine  funere  f erri, 

Squalidus  inmissis  hirta  per  ora  comis.  90 

Ilia  dolore  aniens  tenebris  narratur  obortis 

Semianimis  media  procubuisse  domo  ; 
Utque  resurrexit,  foedatis  pulvere  turpi 

Crinibus,  et  gelida  membra  levavit  humo, 
Se  modo,  desertos  modo  complorasse  Penates,  9S 

Nomen  et  erepti  saepe  vocasse  viri ; 
Nee  gemuisse  minus,  quam  si  nataeve  meumve 

Vidisset  structos  corpus  habere  rogos, 
Et  voluisse  mori,  moriendo  ponere  sensus  — 

Respectuque  tamen  non  voluisse  mei.  100 

Vivat !  et  absentem  —  quoniam  sic  fata  tulerunt- — 

Vivat  ut  auxilio  sublevet  usque  suo. 

2.     The  Exiles  Sick   Chamber  (iii.  3). 

Haec  mea,  si  casu  miraris,  epistola  quare 

Alterius  digitis  scripta  sit,  aeger  eram. 
Aeger  in  extremis  ignoti  partibus  orbis, 

Incertusque  meae  paene  salutis  eram. 
Quid  mihi  nunc  animi  dira  regione  jacenti  s 

Inter  Sauromatas  esse  Getasque  putes  ? 
Nee  caelum  patior,  nee  aquis  adsuevimus  istis, 

Terraque  nescio  quo  non  placet  ipsa  modo. 
Non  domus  apta  satis,  non  hie  cibus  utilis  aegro ; 

Nullus,  Apollinea  qui  levet  arte  malum  ;  10 

Non  qui  soletur,  non  qui  labentia  tarde 

Tempora  narrando  fallat,  amicus  adest. 
Lassus  in  extremis  jaceo  populisque  locisque, 

Et  subit  adfecto  nunc  mihi,  quicquid  abest. 
Omnia  cum  subeant,  vincis  tamen  omnia,  conjunx,        15 

Et  plus  in  nostro  pectorc  parte  tenes. 


111.3,49-]  The  Exiles  Sick  Chamber.  189 

Te  loquor  absentem,  te  vox  mea  nominat  imam  ; 

Nulla  venit  sine  te  nox  mihi,  nulla  dies. 
Quin  etiam  sic  me  dicunt  aliena  locutum, 

Ut  foret  amenti  nomen  in  ore  tuum.  20 

Si  jam  deiiciam,  subpressaque  lingua  palato 

Vix  instillato  restituenda  mero, 
Nuntiet  hue  aliquis  dominam  venisse,  resurgam, 

Spesque  tui  nobis  causa  vigoris  erit. 
Ergo  ego  sum  dubius  vitae,  tu  forsitan  istic  25 

Jucundum  nostri  nescia  tcmpus  agis  } 
Non  agis,  adfirmo :  liquet  hoc,  carissima,  nobis, 

Tempus  agi  sine  me  non  nisi  triste  tibi. 
Si  tamen  implevit  mea  sors,  quos  debuit,  annos, 

Et  mihi  vivendi  tarn  cito  finis  adest :  30 

Quantum  erat,  O  magni^  morituro  parcere,  Divi, 

Ut  saltern  patria  contumularer  humo } 
Vel  poena  in  tempus  mortis  dilata  fuisset, 

Vel  praecepisset  mors  properata  fugam. 
Integer  banc  potui  nuper  bene  reddere  lucem  :  35 

Exsul  ut  occiderem,  nunc  mihi  vita  data  est. 
Tam  procul  ignotis  igitur  moriemur  in  oris, 

Et  fient  ipso  tristia  fata  loco.^ 
Nee  mea  consueto  languescent  corpora  Iccto  1 

Depositum  nee  me  qui  fleat,  ullus  erit }  40 

Nee  dominae  lacrimis  in  nostra  cadentibus  ora 

Accedent  animae  tempora  parva  meae  1 
Nee  mandata  dabo,  nee  cum  clamore  supremo 

Labentes  oculos  condet  amica  manus  } 
Sed  sine  funeribus  caput  hoc,  sine  honore  sepulcri        45 

Indeploratum  barbara  terra  teget  .'* 
Ecquid,  ut  audieris,  tota  turbabere  mente, 

Et  feries  pavida  pectora  fida  manu  ? 
Ecquid,  in  has  frustra  tendens  tua  bracchia  partes, 


1 90  Shorter  Poems,  [Tristia 

Clamabis  miseri  nomen  inane  viri  ?  so 

Parce  tamen  lacerare  genas,  nee  scinde  capillos : 

Non  tibi  nunc  primum,  lux  mea,  raptus  ero. 
Cum  patriam  amisi,  tunc  me  periisse  putato ; 

Et  prior  et  gravior  mors  fuit  ilia  mihi. 
Nunc,  si  forte  potes  (sed  non  potcs,  optima  conjunx),   55 

Finitis  gaude  tot  mihi  morte  malis. 
Quod  potes,  extenua  forti  mala  corde  ferendo, 

Ad  quae  jampridem  non  rude  pectus  habes. 
Atque  utinam  pereant  animae  cum  corpore  nostrae, 

Effugiatque  avidos  pars  mihi  nulla  rogos  !  60 

Nam  si  morte  carens  vacua  volat  altus  in  aura 

Spiritus,  et  Samii  sunt  rata  dicta  senis, 
Inter  Sarmaticas  Romana  vagabitur  umbras, 

Perque  feros  manes  hospita  semper  erit. 
Ossa  tamen  facito  parva  referantur  m.  urna  :  65 

Sic  ego  non  etiam  mortuus  exsul  ero. 
Non  vetat  hoc  quisquam  :  fratrem  Thebana  peremptum 

Subposuit  tumulo  rege  vetante  soror. 
Atque  ea  cum  foliis  et  amomi  pulvere  misce, 

Inque  suburbano  condita  pone  solo.  70 

Quosque  legat  versus  oculo  properante  viator, 

Grandibus  in  tituli  marmore  caede  notis  : 

HIC    EGO    QUI   JACEO    TENERORUM    LUSOR   AMORUM 

INGENIO    PERU    NaSO    POET  A    MEO  : 
AT   TIBI    QUI    TRANSIS    NE    SIT    GRAVE    QUJSQUIS    AMASTf 

DICERE    NaSONIS    MOLLITER    OSSA    CUBP:NT. 

Hoc  satis  in  titulo  est ;  etenim  majora  libelli 
Et  diuturna  magis  sunt  monumenta  mihi, 

Quos  ego  confido,  quamvis  nocuere,  daturos 

Nomen  et  auctori  tempora  longa  suo.  80 

Tu  tamen  exstincto  feralia  munera  semper 
Deque  tuis  lacrimis  humida  serta  dato : 


TIL  7, 24.]  To  Perilla,  191 

Quamvis  in  cineres  corpus  miitaverit  ignis, 

Sentiet  officium  maesta  favilla  piiim. 
Scribere  plura  libet,  sed  vox  mihi  fessa  loquendo  85 

Dictandi  vires  siccaque  lingua  negat. 
Accipe  supremo  dictum  mihi  forsitan  ore, 

Quod,  tibi  qui  mittit,  non  habet  ipse,  vale  ! 

3.    To  Perilla  (iii.  7). 

Vade  salutatum,  subito  perarata,  Perillam, 

Littera,  sermonis  fida  ministra  mei ! 
Aut  illam  invenies  dulci  cum  matre  sedentem, 

Aut  inter  libros  Pieridasque  suas. 
Quicquid  aget,  cum  te  scierit  venisse,  relinquet,  5 

Nee  mora,  quid  venias  quidve,  requiret,  agam. 
Vivere  me  dices,  sed  sic,  ut  vivere  nolim, 

Nee  mala  tam  longa  nostra  levata  mora ; 
Et  tamen  ad  Musas,  quamvis  nocuere,  reverti, 

Aptaque  in  alternos  cogere  verba  pedes.  10 

Tu  quoque,  die,  studiis  communibus  ecquid  inhaeres, 

Doctaque  non  patrio  carmina  more  canis  ? 
Nam  tibi  cum  fatis  mores  natura  pudicos 

Et  raras  dotes  ingeniumque  dedit. 
Hoc  ego  Pegasidas  deduxi  primus  ad  undas,         ^  15 

Ne  male  fecundae  vena  periret  aquae ; 
Primus  id  aspexi  teneris  in  virginis  annis, 

Utque  pater  natae  duxque  comesque  fui. 
Ergo  si  remanent  ignes  tibi  pectoris  idem, 

Sola  tuum  vates  Lesbia  vincet  opus.  20 

Sed  vereor,  ne  te  mea  nunc  fortuna  retardet, 

Postque  meos  casus  sit  tibi  pectus  iners. 
Dum  licuit,  tua  saepe  mihi,  tibi  nostra  legebam ; 

Saepe  tui  judex,  saepe  magister  eram  : 


192  Shorter  Poems,  [Tristia 

Aut  ego  praebebam  factis  modo  versibus  aures,  25 

Aut,  ubi  cessares,  causa  ruboris  erara. 
Forsitan  exemplo,  quia  me  laesere  libelli, 

Tu  quoque  sis  poenae  facta  secuta  meae. 
Pone,  Perilla,  metum  ;  tantummodo  femina  nulla 

Neve  vir  a  scriptis  discat  amare  tuis !  30 

Ergo  desidiae  remove,  doctissima,  causas, 

Inque  bonas  artes  et  tua  sacra  redi  I 
Ista  decens  facias  longis  vitiabitur  annis, 

Rugaque  in  antiqua  fronte  senilis  erit ; 
Inicietque  manum  formae  damnosa  senectus,  35 

Quae  strepitum  passu  non  faciente  venit ; 
Cumque  aliquis  dicet  *Fuit  haec  formosa/  dolebis, 

Et  speculum  mendax  esse  querere  tuum. 
Sunt  tibi  opes  modicae,  cum  sis  dignissima  magnis : 

Finge  sed  inmensis  censibus  esse  pares ;  40 

Nempe  dat  id,  quodcumque  libet,  fortuna  rapitque ; 

Irus  et  est  subito,  qui  modo  Croesus  erat. 
Singula  quid  referam  ?  nil  non  mortale  tenemus 

Pectoris  exceptis  ingeniique  bonis. 
En  ego,  cum  caream  patria  vobisque  domoque,  45 

Raptaque  sint,  adimi  quae  potuere  mihi, 
Ingenio  tamen  ipse  meo  comitorque  fruorque  : 

Caesar  in  hoc  potuit  juris  habere  nihil. 
Quilibet  banc  saevo  vitam  mihi  finiat  ense ; 

Me  tamen  extincto  fama  superstes  erit,  50 

Dumque  suis  victrix  omnem  de  montibus  orbem 

Prospiciet  domitum  Martia  Roma,  legar. 
Tu  quoque,  quam  studii  maneat  felicior  usus, 

Effuge  ventures,  qua  potes,  usque  rogos  1 


III.  lo,  31.]  Winter  Scenes  in   Thrace.  193 

4.     Winter  Scenes  in  Thrace  (iii.    10). 

SiQUis  aclhuc  istic  memiiiit  Nasonis  adempti, 

Et  siiperest  sine  me  nomen  in  Urbe  meuni, 
Suppositum  stellis  numquam  tangentibus  aequor 

Me  sciat  in  media  vivere  barbarie. 
Sauromatae  cingunt^  fera  gens,  Bessique  Getaeque,       s 

Quam  non  ingenio  nomina  digna  meo  ! 
Dum  tamen  aura  tepet,  medio  defendimur  Histro  : 

Ille  suis  liquidus  bella  repellit  aquis. 
At  cum  tristis  hiems  squalentia  protulit  ora, 

Terraque  marmoreo  Candida  facta  gelu  est,  10 

Dum  vetat  et  Boreas  et  nix  habitare  sub  Arcto, 

Turn  liquet,  has  gentes  axe  tremente  premi. 
Nix  jacet,  et  glaciem  nee  sol  pluviaeve  resolvunt, 

Indurat  Boreas  perpetuamque  facit ; 
Ergo  ubi  delicuit  nondum  prior,  altera  venit,  15 

Et  solet  in  multis  bima  manere  locis. 
Tantaque  commoti  vis  est  Aquilonis,  ut  altas 

Aequet  humo  turres  tectacpe  rapta  ferat. 
Pellibus  et  sutis  arcent  mala  frigora  braccis, 

Oraque  de  toto  corpore  sola  patent.  20 

Saepe  sonant  moti  glacie  pendente  capilli, 

Et  nitet  inducto  Candida  barba  gelu. 
Nudaque  consistunt,  formam  servantia  testae, 

Vina,  nee  hausta  meri,  sed  data  frusta  bibunt. 
Quid  loquar,  ut  vincti  concrescant  frigore  rivi,  25 

Deque  lacu  fragiles  effodiantur  aquae  ? 
Ipse,  papyrifero  qui  non  angustior  amne 

Miscetur  vasto  multa  per  ora  freto, 
Caeruleos  ventis  latices  durantibus,  Hister 

Congelat,  et  tectis  in  mare  serpit  aquis.  30 

Quaque  rates  ierant,  pedibus  nunc  itur,  et  undas 


194  Shorter  Poems.  [Tristia 

Frigore  concretas  ungula  pulsat  equi ; 
Perque  novos  pontes  subter  labentibus  undis 

Diicunt  Sarmatici  barbara  plaiistra  boves. 
Vix  equidem  credar  :  sed  cum  sint  praemia  falsi  35 

Nulla,  ratam  debet  testis  habere  fidem. 
Vidimus  ingentem  glacie  consistere  pontum, 

Lubricaque  inmotas  testa  premebat  aquas. 
Nee  vidisse  sat  est  :  durum  calcavimus  aequor, 

Undaque  non  udo  sub  pede  summa  fuit.  40 

Si  tibi  tale  fretum  quondam,  Leandre,  fuisset, 

Non  foret  angustae  mors  tua  crimen  aquae. 
Turn  neque  se  pandi  possunt  delphines  in  auras 

Tollere  :  conantes  dura  coercet  liiems. 
Et  quamvis  Boreas  jactatis  insonet  alis,  45 

Fluctus  in  obsesso  gurgite  nullus  erit ; 
Inclusaeque  gelu  stabunt,  ut  marmore,  puppes, 

Nee  poterit  rigidas  find  ere  remus  aquas. 
Vidimus  in  glacie  pisces  haerere  ligatos, 

Sed  pars  ex  illis  tunc  quoque  viva  fuit.  so 

Sive  igitur  nimii  Boreae  vis  saeva  marinas, 

Sive  redundatas  fiumine  cogit  aquas, 
Protinus,  aequato  siccis  aquilonibus  Histro, 

Invehitur  celeri  barbarus  hostis  equo  : 
Hostis  equo  pollens  longcquc  volante  sagitta  55 

Vicinam  late  depopulatur  humum. 
Diffugiunt  alii,  nullisque  tuentibus  agros 

Incustoditae  cliripiuntur  opes  ; 
Ruris  opes  parvae,  pecus  et  stridentia  plaustra, 

Et  quas  divitias  incola  pauper  habet.  60 

Pars  agitur  vinctis  post  tergum  capta  lacertis, 

Respiciens  frustra  rura  laremque  suum  ; 
Pars  cadit  hamatis  miserc  confixa  sagittis  ; 

Nam  volucri  ferro  tinctile  virus  inest. 


IV.  lo,  1 6.]  The  Poets  Autobiography.  195 

Quae  nequeimt  secum  ferrc  aut  abclucere,  perdunt,       65 

Et  cremat  insontes  hostica  flamma  casas. 
Tunc  quoque,  cum  pax  est,  trepidant  formidine  belli, 

Nee  quisquam  presso  vomere  sulcat  humum. 
Aut  videt,  aut  metuit  locus  hie,  quern  non  videt,  hostem  ; 

Cessat  iners  rigido  terra  relicta  situ.  70 

Non  liic  pampinea  dulcis  latet  uva  sub  umbra, 

Nee  cumulant  altos  fervida  musta  lacus. 
Poma  negat  regie  ;  nee  habcret  Acontius,  in  quo- 

Seriberet  hie  dominae  verba  legenda  suae. 
Aspiceres  nudos  sine  fronde,  sine  arbore,  eampos  :        75 

Heu  loca  feliei  non  adeunda  viro ! 
Ergo  tarn  late  pateat  cum  maximus  orbis, 

Haee  est  in  poenam  terra  reperta  meam  ? 

5.     The  Poeis  Autobiography  (iv.   10). 

Ille  ego  qui  fuerim,  tenerorum  lusor  amorum, 

Quem  legis,  ut  noris,  aceipe  posteritas. 
Sulmo  mihi  patria  est,  gelidis  uberrimus  undis, 

Milia  qui  novies  distat  ab  Urbe  decern. 
Editus  hinc  ego  sum,  nee  non  ut  tempera  noris,  5 

Cum  eeeidit  fato  consul  uterque  pari : 
Si  quid  id  est,  usque  a  proavis  vetus  ordinis  heres, 

Non  mode  fortunae  munere  factus  eques. 
Nee  stirps  prima  fui :  genito  sum  fratre  ereatus, 

Qui  tribus  ante  quater  mensibus  ortus  erat.  10 

Lucifer  amborum  natalibus  adfuit  idem  : 

Una  celebrata  est  per  duo  liba  dies. 
'  Haee  est  armiferae  festis  de  quinque  Minervae, 

Quae  fieri  pugna  prima  eruenta  solet. 
Protinus  excolimur  teneri,  euraque  parentis  15 

Imus  ad  insignes  Urbis  ab  arte  viros. 


ig6  Shorter  Poems,  [Tristia 

Frater  ad  eloquium  viridi  tendebat  ab  aevo, 

Fortia  verbosi  natus  ad  arma  fori ; 
At  mihi  jam  puero  caelestia  sacra  placebant, 

Inque  suum  furtim  Musa  trahebat  opus.  20 

Saepe  pater  dixit  '  Studium  quid  inutile  temptas  ? 

Maeonides  nullas  ipse  reliquit  opes/ 
Motus  eram  dictis,  totoque  Helicone  relicto 

Scribere  conabar  verba  soluta  modis. 
Sponte  sua  carmen  numeros  veniebat  ad  aptos,  25 

Et  quod  temptabam  dicere,  versus  erat. 
Interea  tacito  passu  labentibus  annis 

Liberior  fratri  sumpta  mihique  toga  est, 
Induiturque  umeris  cum  lato  purpura  clavo, 

Et  studium  nobis  quod  fuit  ante,  manet.  30 

J  am  que  decem  vitae  frater  geminaverat  annos, 

Cum  perit,  et  coepi  parte  carere  mei. 
Cepimus  et  tenerae  primos  aetatis  honores, 

Deque  viris  quondam  pars  tribus  una  fui. 
Curia  restabat ;  clavi  mensura  coacta  est :  35 

Majus  erat  nostris  viribus  illud  onus. 
Nee  patiens  corpus,  nee  mens  fuit  apta  labori, 

SoUicitaeque  fugax  ambitionis  eram. 
Et  petere  Aoniae  suadebant  tuta  sorores 

Otia,  judicio  semper  amata  meo.  40 

Temporis  illius  colui  fovique  poetas, 

Quotque  aderant  vates,  rebar  adesse  deos. 
Saepe  suas  Volucres  legit  mihi  grandior  aevo, 

Quaeque  necet  serpens,  quae  juvet  herba,  Macer. 
Saepe  suos  solitus  recitare  Propertius  ignes,  45 

Jure  sodalicio  qui  mihi  junctus  erat. 
Ponticus  heroo,  Bassus  quoque  clarus  iambis 

Dulcia  convictus  membra  fuere  mei. 
Et  tenuit  nostras  numerosus  Horatius  aures, 


IV.  lo,  82.]  The  Poets  AiUobiography,  197 

Dum  ferit  Aiisonia  carmina  culta  lyra.  50 

Vergilium  vidi  tantum  ;  nee  amara  Tibullo 

Tempus  amicitiae  fata  cledere  meae. 
Successor  fuit  hie  tibi,  Galle  ;  Propertius  illi ; 

Quartus  ab  his  serie  temporis  ipse  fui. 
Utque  ego  majores,  sic  me  coluere  minores,  ss 

Notaque  non  tarde  facta  Thalia  mea  est. 
Carmina  cum  primum  populo  juvenilia  Icgi, 

Barba  resecta  mihi  bisve  semelve  fuit 
Moverat  ingenium  totam  cantata  per  Urbem  .^ 

Nomine  non  vero  dicta  Corinna  mihi.  ,  60 

Multa  quidem  scripsi ;  sed  quae  vitiosa  putavi, 

Emendaturis  ignibus  ipse  dedi. 
Tunc  quoque,  cum  fugerem,  quaedam  placitura  cremavi, 

Iratus  studio  carminibusque  meis. 
Molle  Cupidineis  nee  inexpugnabile  telis  65 

Cor  mihi,  quodque  levis  causa  moveret,  erat. 
Cum  tamen  hie  essem,  minimoque  accenderer  igne, 

Nomine  sub  nostro  fabula  nulla  fuit. 
Paene  mihi  puero  nee  digna  nee  utilis  uxor 

Est  data,  quae  tempus  per  breve  nupta  fuit.  70 

Illi  successit,  quamvis  sine  crimine  conjunx, 

Non  tamen  in  nostro  firma  futura  toro. 
Ultima,  quae  mecum  seros  permansit  in  annos, 

Sustinuit  conjunx  exsulis  esse  viri. 
Filia  me  mea  bis  prima  fecunda  juventa,  'js 

Sed  non  ex  uno  conjuge,  fecit  avum; 
Et  jam  complerat  genitor  sua  fata,  novemque 

Addiderat  lustris  altera  lustra  novem. 
Non  aliter  flevi,  quam  me  fleturus  ademptum 

Ille  fuit.     Matri  proxima  justa  tuli.  80 

Felices  ambo  tempestiveque  sepulti, 

Ante  diem  poenae  quod  periere  meae ! 


igS  Shorter  Poems.  [Tristia 

Me  quoque  felicem,  quod  non  viventibus  illis 

Sum  miser,  et  de  me  quod  doluere  nihil. 
Si  tamen  exstinctis  aliquid  nisi  nomina  restat,  85 

Et  gracilis  structos  effugit  umbra  rogos ; 
Fama,  parentales,  si  vos  mea  contigit,  umbrae 

Et  sunt  in  Stygio  crimina  nostra  foro, 
Scite,  precor,  causam  —  nee  vos  mihi  fallere  fas  est  — 

Errorem  jussae,  non  scelus,  esse  fugae.  9« 

Manibus  hoc  satis  est :  ad  vos,  studiosa,  reverter, 

Pectora,  qui  vitae  quaeritis  acta  meae. 
Jam  mihi  canities  pulsis  melioribus  annis 

Venerat,  antiquas  miscueratque  comas, 
Postque  meos  ortus  Pisaea  vinctus  oliva  95 

Abstulerat  decies  praemia  victor  equus, 
Cum  maris  Euxini  positos  ad  laeva  Tomitas 

Quaerere  me  laesi  principis  ira  jubet 
Causa  meae  cunctis  nimium  quoque  nota  ruinae 

Indicio  non  est  testificanda  meo.  100 

Quid  referam  comitumque  nefas  famulosque  nocentes  ? 

Ipsa  multa  tuli  non  leviora  fuga. 
Indignata  malis  mens  est  succumbere,  seque 

Praestitit  invictam  viribus  usa  suis. 
Oblitusque  mei  ductaeque  per  otia  vitae,  105 

Insolita  cepi  temporis  arma  manu. 
Totque  tuli  casus  pelagoque  terraque,  quot  inter 

Occultum  stellae  conspicuumque  polum, 
Tacta  mihi  tandem  longis  erroribus  acto 

Juncta  pharetratis  Sarmatis  ora  Getis.  no 

Hie  ego  finitimis  quamvis  circumsoner  armis, 

Tristia,  quo  possum,  carmine  fata  levo. 
Quod  quamvis  nemo  est,  cujus  referatur  ad  aures, 

Sic  tamen  absumo  decipioque  diem. 
Ergo  quod  vivo,  durisque  laboribus  obsto,  115 


IV.  lo,  132.]  TJie  Pocfs  Aiitobiografhj/,  199 

Ncc  me  sollicitae  taedia  liicis  habent, 
Gratia,  Musa,  tibi ;  nam  tu  solacia  praebes, 

Tu  curae  requies,  tu  medicina  venis  ; 
Tu  dux  et  comes  es ;  tu  nos  abducis  ab  Histro, 

In  medioque  mihi  das  Helicone  locum.  120 

Tu  mihi,  quod  rarum  est,  vivo  sublime  dcdisti 

Nomen,  ab  exsequiis  quod  dare  fama  solet. 
Nee  qui  detrectat  praesentia,  Livor  iniquo 

Ullum  de  nostris  dente  momordit  opus. 
Nam  tulerint  magnos  cum  saecula  nostra  poetas,  12s 

Non  fuit  ingenio  fama  malip'T*-^  ■ 
Cumque  ego  praeponam  multos  mihi,  non  minor  illis 

Dicor  et  in  toto  plurimus  orbe  legor. 
Si  quid  habent  igitur  vatum  pracsagia  veri, 

Protinus  ut  moriar,  non  ero,  terra,  tuus.  130 

Sive  favore  tuli,  sive  banc  ego  carmine  famam 

Jure,  tibi  grates,  candide  lector,  ago. 


20O  Shorter  Poems,  [Ex  Ponto 


V.    Ex  Ponto. 

The  four  books  Ex  Ponto  (letters  from  the  Pontus)  are  addressed 
to  various  persons.  The  character  of  the  poems  differs  little  from 
that  of  the  Tristia.  The  example  here  given  is  addressed  by  the 
poet  to  his  wife. 

To  His   Wife  (i.  4). 

Jam  mihi  deterior  canis  aspergitur  aetas, 

Jamque  meos  vultus  ruga  senilis  arat : 
Jam  vigor  et  quasso  languent  in  corpore  vires ; 

Nee,  juveni  lusus  qui  placuere,  juvant. 
Nee,  si  me  subito  videas,  agnoscere  possis  :  5 

Aetatis  facta  est  tanta  ruina  meae. 
Confiteor  facere  hoc  annos  :  sed  et  altera  causa  est 

Anxietas  animi  continuusque  labor. 
Nam  mea  per  longos  siquis  mala  digerat  annos, 

Crede  mihi,  Pylio  Nestore  major  ero.  10 

Cernis,  ut  in  duris  —  et  quid  bove  firmius  }  — arvis 

Portia  taurorum  corpora  frangat  opus. 
Quae  numquam  vacuo  solita  est  cessare  novali, 

Fructibus  assiduis  lassa  senescit  humus. 
Occidet,  ad  circi  siquis  certamina  semper  15 

Non  intermissis  cursibus  ibit  equus. 
Firma  sit  ilia  licet,  solvetur  in  aequore  navis, 

Quae  numquam  liquidis  sicca  carebit  aquis, 
Me  quoque  debilitat  series  immensa  malorum, 

Ante  meum  tempus  cogit  et  esse  senem.  20 

Otia  corpus  alunt,  animus  quoque  pascitur  illis  : 

Inmodicus  contra  carpit  utrumque  labor. 
Aspice,  in  has  partis  quod  venerit  Aesone  natus, 

Quam  laudem  a  sera  posteritate  ferat. 
At  labor  illius  nostro  leviorque  minorque  est,  25 


1.4,58-]  To  His  Wife,  201 

Si  modo  non  verum  nomina  magna  premunt. 
Ille  est  in  Pontum  Pelia  mittente  profectus. 

Qui  vix  Thessaliae  fine  timendus  erat. 
Caesaris  ira  mihi  nocuit,  quern  solis  ab  ortu 

Solis  ad  occasus  utraque  terra  tremit.  30 

[Junctior  Haemonia  est  Ponto,  quam  Roma  sit  Histro ; 

Et  brevius,  quam  nos,  ille  peregit  iter.] 
Ille  habuit  comites  primes  telluris  Achivae : 

At  nostram  cuncti  destituere  fugam. 
Nos  fragili  ligno  vastum  sulcavimus  aequor  :  35 

Quae  tulit  Aesoniden,  densa  carina  fuit. 
Nee  mihi  Tiphys  erat  rector,  nee  Agenore  natus 

Quas  fugerem,  docuit,  quas  sequererque  vias. 
Ilium  tutata  est  cum  Pallade  regia  Juno  : 

Defendere  meum  numina  nulla  caput.  40 

Ilium  furtivae  juvere  Cupidinis  artes ; 

Quas  a  me  vellem  non  didicisset  Amor. 
Ille  domum  rediit :  nos  his  moriemur  in  arvis, 

Perstiterit  laesi  si  gravis  ira  dei. 
Durius  est  igitur  nostrum,  fidissima  conjunx,  45 

Illo,  quod  subiit  Aesone  natus,  onus. 
Te  quoque,  quam  juvenem  discedens  Urbe  reliqui, 

Credibile  est  nostris  insenuisse  malis. 
O !  ego,  di  faciant,  talem  te  cernere  possim, 

Caraque  mutatis  oscula  ferre  comis  ;  50 

Amplectique  meis  corpus  non  pingue  lacertis, 

Et  *  gracile  hoc  fecit '  dicere  *  cura  mei : ' 
Et  narrare  meos  flenti  flens  ipse  labores, 

Sperato  numquam  conloquioque  frui, 
Turaque  Caesaribus  cum  conjuge  Caesare  digna,  55 

Dis  veris,  memori  debita  ferre  manu ! 
Memnonis  banc  utinam,  lenito  principe,  mater 

Quam  primum  roseo  provocet  ore  diem  ! 


NOTES. 


NOTES. 


It  is  supposed  that  most  classes  who  read  Ovid  at  all,  will  read 
Ovid  before  any  other  Latin  poet ;  and  as  it  is  desirable  that  a 
poetical  composition  should  always  be  read  as  verse,  —  that  is,  with 
a  knowledge  of  its  rhythmical  structure,  —  a  few  directions  will 
here  be  given  for  scanning  at  sight,  or  by  ear,  which,  with  a  little 
practice,  will  be  found  an  easy,  almost  mechanical  process. 

It  is  necessary,  first,  for  the  learner  to  understand  the  nature 
of  the  verse,  as  depending  on  precisely  the  same  principles  as  the 
rhythmical  divisions  of  music  (see  §§  355-358  ;  G.  723-727  ;  H.  596- 
599) ;  also,  to  be  familiar  with  the  general  rules  of  quantity  and 
accent  (§§  18, 19;  G.  10-14;  H.  16-18)  .1  Besides  this,  the  teacher 
should  explain  and  illustrate,  so  far  as  may  be  necessary,  the  struc- 
ture of  the  hexameter  (§  362;  G.  761 ;  H.  609-613),  reading  from 
the  text  of  the  poem  itself,  until  its  peculiar  movement  has  become 
familiar  to  the  learner^s  ear.     It  will  now  be  observed,  — 

1.  That  the  difficulties  in  scanning  lie  almost  entirely  in  the  first'' 
half  of  the  verse.    With  very  rare  exceptions,  the  last  two  feet,  and 
generally  the  last  three,  are  accented  in  verse  exactly  as  they  would 
be  in  prose ;  that  is,  the  thesis  (first  syllable)  of  the  foot  corresponds 
with  the  natural  or  prose  accent  of  the  word. 

2.  That  in  hexameter  verse  the  third  foot  (rarely  the  fourth 
instead)  regularly  begins  with  the  last  syllable  of  a  word.  Thus, 
while  the  last  half  of  a  verse  is  almost  always  accented  as  in  prose, 
the  first  half  very  seldom  is.  The  slight  pause  interrupting  the  foot 
at  the  end  of  the  word  is  called  a  ccEsural  pause  (§  358,  b  ;  G.  743  ; 
H.  602),  and  is  the  most  important  point  that  distinguishes  the 

1  To  these  it  may  be  well  to  add  the  quantity  of  final  syllables  {^  348  ;  G.  704- 
710;  H.  579-581).  The  learner  should  also  be  habituated  to  an  accurate 
pronunciation  of  words  according  to  their  prose  accent. 


4  Notes, 

movement  of  verse  from  that  of  prose.  The  pause  in  the  third  foot 
(less  commonly  the  fomlh)  usually  corresponds  with  a  pause  in  the 
sense,  and  is  called  the  principal  caesura. 

3.  That  whenever  a  short  syllable  occurs  in  the  verse,  there  must 
be  a  dactyl.  This  becomes  a  most  convenient  rule,  as  soon  as  the 
pronunciation  of  even  the  commonest  words  is  known,  in  all  cases 
where  there  are  words  of  more  than  two  syllables  ;  for  thus  a  short 
syllable  will  often  serve  as  a  key  to  the  entire  structure  of  the  verse. 

For  examples,  we  will  take  the  first  four  lines  of  the  first  selection 
given  in  this  book  (i.  89,  foil.)  :  — 

89.  A-^irea  prima  sata  est  aetas  quae  vindice  nullo. 

Here  the  last  two  words  are  scanned  exactly  as  they  read  : 
I  vindice  |  nullo.  The  syllable  before,  quae^  contains  a  diphthong, 
and  is  therefore  long ;  consequently,  as  it  is  not  the  first  syllable  of 
a  foot,  it  must  be  the  second  half  of  a  spondee ;  and  we  find  that 
the  preceding  syllable,  -tas^  is  long,  which  gives  us  the  first  half  of 
the  spondee.  The  first  syllable  of  aetas^  ^g3.in,  consists  of  a  diph- 
thong, and  must  therefore  form  a  spondee  with  the  preceding  sylla- 
ble, ast  (by  elision  from  the  last  syllable  of  sata  with  est,  §  359,  c ; 
G.  714,  exc. ;  H.  608,  i).  Beginning  with  the  beginning  of  the  line, 
aurea  has  a  short  penult,  as  its  accent  shows,  and  forms  a  dactyl. 
There  remain,  then,  only  three  syllables,  prijna  sa-,  which  must, 
therefore,  also  form  a  dactyl,  and  the  verse  scans  as  follows :  — 

Aurea  |  prima  salta  'stliae|tas  quae  |  vindice  |  nullo. 

90.  Sponte  sua  sine  lege  fidem  rectumque  colebaf. 

The  last  words  are  scanned  as  they  read :  rec  |  tumque  co  |  lebat. 
The  length  of  the  first  syllable  of  rectum  shows  that  it  is  the  last 
half  of  a  spondee.  The  correct  scansion  of  the  rest  of  the  line 
depends  entirely  upon  the  reader's  knowledge  of  the  rules  for  quan- 
tity. Sponte  ends  in  e,  and  final  e  is  short ;  sua  is  ablative,  and 
final  a  in  the  ablative  is  long ;  shte  and  lege  both  end  in  ^,  which  is 
short ;  and  the  quantity  of  the  other  syllables  is  determined  by  their 
position  in  their  respective  feet.     The  line  scans  thus  :  — 

Sponte  su|a  sine  |  lege  ||  filtlem  recltiiiTiqiie  co] lebat, 

with  feminine  caesura. 


Nctes.  5 

91.  Poena  metusque  abcrafit,  nee  verba  mindeiafixo. 

The  last  four  words  are  scanned  as  they  read :  nee  |  verba  mi|na- 
cia  I  fixo.  Here  nee  is  long  by  position,  as  is  the  syllable  before  it. 
Poena  is  nominative,  and  has,  therefore,  a  short  final  a ;  conse- 
quently the  e  of  viehcs  must  also  be  short.  Only  the  second  foot  is 
now  unaccounted  for,  and  it  consists  of  the  only  three  syllables 
remaining,  —  tttsqtC  abe-.    The  line  scans,  — 

Poena  meltusqu'  abe  |  rant  II  nee  |  verba  milnacia  1  fixo. 

92.  Aere  legebanttir,  nee  supplex  turba  timebaf. 

Here  the  words  nee  |  supplex  |  turba  ti  |  mebat  are  scanned  as  they 
are  pronounced  in  prose ;  the  length  (by  position)  of  nee  shows  that 
it  forms  the  last  half  of  a  spondee ;  the  short  final  e  of  aere  shows 
that  the  first  foot  is  a  dactyl ;  consequently  the  two  remaining  sylla- 
bles must  form  a  spondee,  the  second  foot  of  the  verse :  — 

Aere  le  1  geban  1  tur  H  nee  |  supplex  1  turba  ti  |  mebat. 

These  hints  would  be  sufficient  for  all  or  nearly  all  cases,^  if  it 
were  not  for  the  frequent  elision  of  the  last  syllable  of  words ;  viz., 
in  general,  whenever  a  word  ending  in  a  vowel  or  in  m  is  followed 
by  a  word  beginning  with  a  vowel  or  with  h.  This  makes  the  com- 
monest and  most  annoying  of  the  obstacles  to  be  met,  and  requires 
the  beginner  to  be  constantly  on  the  watch.  If  he  will  now  care- 
fully compare  the  following  lines,  as  metrically  divided,  with  the 
rules  which  have  been  given  above,  it  is  hoped  that  he  will  have 
little  difficulty  hereafter. 

Aurea  1  prima  salta  'st  II  aeltas,  quae  I  vindice  I  nullo 
Sponte  su|a,  sine  j  lege  ||  fijdem  rec|tumque  collebat.  90 

Poena  me  I  tusqu'  abe  I  rant,  |I  nee  1  verba  mi  I  nacia  |  fixo 
Aere  le  1  geban  I  tur,  H  nee  1  supplex  1  turba  ti  I  mebat 
Judicis  I  ora  suli,  |I  sed  el  rant  sine  I  vindice  I  tuti. 
Nondum  I  caesa  su  1  is,  |i  pere  |  gxm.um  ut  I  viseret  \  orbem, 
Montibus  |  in  liqui  1  das  11  pi  |  nus  de  ]  scenderat  |  undas,  95 

NuUaque  I  mortalles  H  praelter  sua  I  litora  1  norant. 
Nondum  I  praecipi  1  tes  H  cin  1  gebant  1  oppida  1  fossae : 

1  It  will  be  observed  that,  of  the  first  twenty  verses  of  this  selection,  only 
verse  99  lacks  the  caesura  in  the  third  foot,  and  that  there  the  principal  pause 
is  in  the  fourth  foot  instead  of  the  third. 


Notes, 

Non  tuba  1  direc  |  ti,  |1  non  I  aeris  I  cornua  1  flexi, 

Non  galelae,  non  1  ensis  elrant;  ||  sine  1  militis  1  usu 

Mollia  1  secujrac  II  peralgebant  1  otia  1  gentes.  loo 

Ipsa  quo  1  qu'  immu  j  nis  ||  ra  |  stroqu'  in  |  tacta  nee  1  uUis 

Saucia  1  vomeri|bus  ||  per  |  se  dabat  |  omnia  j  tellus: 

Contenjtique  cilbis  H  nuljlo  co|gente  crejatis 

Arbute  |  os  fe  [  tus  ||  mon  I  tanaque  1  fraga  Ic  |  gebant 

Cornaqu'  et  ]  in  du|ris  ||  haejrentia  |  mora  rujbetis,  105 

Et  quae  1  decide] rant  |1  patulla  Jovis  ]  arbore,  1  glandes. 

Ver  erat  |  aeter|num,  |i  placijdique  tejpentibus  |  auris 

Mulce  1  bant  zephy  |  ri  ||  na  |  tos  sine  [  semine  j  flores. 


The  Four  Ages  and  the  Flood. 


I.    THE   FOUR  AGES  AND  THE  FLOOD. 

I.  89.  aurea:  compare  the  description  of  the  Golden  Age  in  Virgil, 
Eel,  iv.  The  Ages  are  named  from  the  metals  gold,  silver,  brass  (or  more 
exactly  copper),  and  iron,  the  best  being  the  Golden,  the  worst  the  Iron 
Age.  —  sata  est,  was  created^  i.e.  ivas,  —  vindlce  nullo  (abl.  abs.),  when 
there  was  no  avenger  [of  guilt],  i.e.  by  no  constraint. 

91.  verba  niinacia,  refers  to  laws.  The  Roman  laws  were  inscribed 
npon  bron/e  tablets,  which  were  fastened  up  in  the  forum  and  other  public 
places.  Hence  iixo  aere,  posted  tip  iit  brass  (abl.  of  place,  §  258, y^  3; 
G.  384,  R.2;   H.  425,  2,  N.'^). 

92.  supplex  turba,  the  defendant  and  his  friends,  who  generally 
tried  to  move  the  judges  by  their  prayers. 

93.  erant  tuti,  not  supplex  turba,  but  the  people  in  general. 

94.  caesa  agrees  with  pinus;  suis  with  tnontibus;  the  pine  felled 
on  its  native  hills,  and  wrought  into  ships  (abl.  like  fixo  aere  in  91). 

96.  norant  (§  128,  ^;  G.  151,  i;  H.  235,  2),  knew,  lit.  had  learned 
(§  279,  e\   G.  228,  2,  R.^  ;   H.  297,  i,  2). 

98.  directi,  flexi,  both  agree  with  aeris  (gen.  of  material,  §  214,  e\ 
G.  -^fi"],  R. ;  H.  395,  v.).  The  tuba  was  a  long  straight  brazen  horn;  the 
cornu  was  curved. 

99.  sine  militis  usu,  without  occasion  for  the  employment  of  soldiery  ; 
milltis  is  used  collectively. 

100.  securae,  free  from  care.  Notice  the  interlocked  order,  a  very 
common  one  in  Latin.  —  otia :  the  plural  is  often  used  in  Latin,  when  in 
English  we  use  the  singular;  this  is  especially  common  in  poetry,  fre- 
quently, as  here,  for  metrical  reasons  (§  79,  d-y   G.  195,  R.^^;   H.  130,  3). 

loi.  ipsa  immunis  tellus,  the  earth  itself  unburdened.  Strictly, 
without  any  duties  to  perform,  not  called  on  by  man  for  tribute. 

102.  per  se,  equiv.  to  sua  sponte. 

103.  cibis  (§  245;  G.  407;  H.  421,  iii.).  —  nullo  cogente  (abl.  abs.) 
=  with  no  compulsion,  qualifying  creatls. 

104.  arbuteos  fetus  =  arbuti  fetus,  the  fruit  of  the  arbute  tree.  The 
arbute  or  strawberry  tree  is  common  in  Italy.  The  fruit  resembles  the 
strawberry  in  appearance,  but  is  somewhat  insipid  in  taste.  —  legebant, 
[men]  gathered  (§  206,  b;   G.  199,  R.^). 

105.  mora,  blackberries. 

106.  quae  glandes:  the  antecedent  is  incorporated  in  the  relative 
clause  (§  200,  b;  G.  618;  H.  445,  9). — Jovis  arbore,  the  oak,  sacred 
to  Jupiter. 


8  Notes, 

io8,   inulc©bant,ya««^</,  caressed  (properly,  stroked), 

109.  mox,  soon  (after  flowering).  —  fruges,  ^r^tm,  the  "kindly  fruits 
of  the  earth,"  not  fruit  in  the  ordinary  modern  sense. 

1 10.  nee  renovatus,  not  renewed^  i.e.  without  lying  fallow^  The 
negative  belongs  only  with  renovatus.  —  canebat,  greiv  white. 

112.  mella :  i.e.  in  the  Golden  Age  honey  dropped  spontaneously  from 
the  leaves  without  the  toil  of  bees.     For  the  plural,  see  on  v.  100. 

113.  postquam  .  .  .  inisso,  wheuy  after  Saturn  was  danished,  etc. 
(the  relative  clause  ends  with  erat) .  Satzirnus  was  an  old  Italian  god  of 
the  crops  (satus,  sero),  but  was  identified  by  the  later  Romans  with  the 
Greek  JCronos,  father  of  Zeus,  who  was  dethroned  and  sent  to  Tartarus  by 
his  son. 

114.  sub  Jove :  the  reign  of  stern  law,  under  Jupiter,  follows  that  of 
peace  and  innocence.  —  subiit :  contrary  to  rule  the  last  i  is  long.  This 
seems  to  be  a  rehc  of  an  earlier  usage  (§  354,  ^,  3,  n.),  and  is  especially 
common  in  lit,  petiit,  and  their  compounds  (G.  708,  4) ;  cf.  Virg.  ^n. 
viii.  362,  X.  67. 

115.  auro,  acre:  one  would  expect  aurea  and  aenea  (sz. prole), 

116.  coiitrax.it,  shortened  (cf.  z».  107);  the  changing  seasons  are  the 
first  sign  of  nature's  loss. 

117.  insiequsHeSf  ckangealfle. 

118.  spatiis:  abl.  of  manner.  —  exegit,  led  out  (i.e.  to  its  end),  com- 
pleted. 

119.  fervorlbus:  plural;  cf.  otia^  v.  100,  mella^  v.  112. 

120.  ventis:  abl.  —  pcpendlt  shows  XhoXglacies  refers  to  icicles. 

122.  cortlce,  improperly  used  for  liber ^  the  fibrous  inner  bark. 

123.  seinina  Cerealla,  seeds  of  grain;  cf,  arbuteos  fetus,  v,  104. 
Ceres  gave  grain  to  mankind,  and  taught  them  agriculture. 

128.  Tenae  .  .  .  aevum,  upon  an  age  of  worse  vein  (i.e.  metal).  A 
vein  of  ore  or  metal  in  a  mine  was  called  vena, 

129.  vermn,  truthfulness  (§  189,  «;  G.  204,  n.^;  H.  441,  2). 

1 30.  f raudesQue :  in  poetry  que  is  frequently  added  to  the  first  of  a 
series  of  words,  when  the  other  members  of  the  series  are  connected  by 
que.     It  should  be  omitted  in  translation. 

131.  amor  .  .  .  habendi,  the  guilty  love  of  gain. 

132.  vela,  etc.,  in  consequence  of  the  love  of  gain,  which  drove  men 
to  brave  the  dangers  of  the  sea.  Foreign  commerce,  now  regarded  as  the 
source  of  civilization,  was  anciently  held  in  disesteem  by  the  poets.  ♦ 

1 33-  quaeque  carinae,  =  et  carinae  quae  ;  cf.  quaeglandes,  v,  106.  — 
dlu  steterant,  see  v.  94. 

134.  ignotis:  the  seas,  like  the  winds  (v*  132),  were  as  yet  unknown 


The  Four  Ages  and  the  Flood,  9 

to  the  sailors.  —  insiiltaverc :  the  meaning  is  double.    They  danced  upon 
the  waves,  and  despised  the  danger. 

135.  cofnmuDein  huiiium,  the  soil,  before  common  (free  to  all),  like 
sunlight  and  air  ;  lumina  and  auras  are  put  in  the  ace.  like  humum 
though  the  sense  is :  ceu  lumina  solis  et  aurae  sint. 

136.  liinite:  the  limes  was  a  boundary-path  between  two  farms  de- 
scribed by  the  agrimensor  in  laying  out  the  public  lands. 

137.  segetes  poscebatur  hutiius,  crops  were  demanded  of  the  earthy 
or  more  literally,  the  earth  ivas  asked  for  crop^  (§  239,  Cy  R.;  G.  339,  N.*; 
H.  374,  i).  —  deblta,  due^  because  the  earth  owes  the  planter  a  return  for 
his  seed. 

138.  Itum  est,  men  penetrated  (§  146,  ^;  G.    208,  2;    H.  301,  i). 

139.  quasque  opes  =  opes^ue  quas  (§  201,  c,  e\  G.  622).  —  recondl- 
derat,  she  [the  earth]  had  hidden,  —  admoverat,  had  brought  near  to. — 
Stygiis  uiiibris  (dat,  §  228;  G.  347;  H.  386),  the  shades  of  Styx:  the 
realms  of  the  dead,  conceived  to  be  under  the  earth. 

141.  ferrum,  aurum :  these  were  a  part  of  the  opes. 

142.  prodit  bellum,  war  comes  forth,  as  a  consequence  of  the  appear- 
ance of  iron  and  gold.  —  utroque,  with  botJi  (abl.  of  instrument)  :  gold, 
as  well  as  iron,  is  one  of  the  "  sinews  of  war.'* 

144.  vivitur,  men  live;  cf.  itum  est,  v.  i38.-^hosp68  (for  the  quan- 
tity, see  §  348,  9,  exc.  2;  G.  709,  2,  exc.  i;  H.  581,  vi.  i),  guest-friend 
{le. guest  ot  host).  This  word  refers  to  a  peculiar  relation  between  persons 
of  different  countries  who  were  bound  to  furnish  hospitality  to  each  other. 

145.  non  socer  a  genero:  these  words  would  make  every  Roman 
think  of  Caesar  and  Pompey. 

146.  imminet,  broods  over.  —  exitio,  dat.  (§  228;  G.  347;  H.  386). 
—  conjugis,  inariti,  both  limit  exitio. 

147.  iiovercae,  step-mothers.  The  evil  practice  of  divorce  among  the 
Romans,  and  the  domestic  misery  that  came  from  it,  made  the  cruelty  of 
step-mothers  proverbial.  —  lurida,  dark.  The  association  of  poison  with 
dark  mixtures  is  old  and  general.  Blue  and  poison  are  associated  in  Sans- 
krit and  Greek. —  aconita:  plural;  cf.  otia,  v,  100  (see  also  §  75,  ^;  G. 
204,  N.  5,  6). 

148.  inquirit,  questions  (of  fortune-tellers :  he  is  impatient  for  his  in- 
heritance).—  ante  diem,  before  the  time,  i.e.  before  his  father's  natural 
death  would  leave  him  his  inheritance.  —  patrlos  ?a\\\Q^~ patris  annos; 
cf.  arbuteos  fetus,  v.  104. 

149.  virgo  Astraea,  the  maid  Astrcea,  goddess  of  justice.  She  took 
her  place  in  the  heavens  as  the  constellation  Virgo.  —  madentes  terras, 
the  earth  reeking. 


lo  Notes, 

150.  ultima  caelestum  :  Astroea  was  the  last  of  the  gods  to  leave  the 
earth.  Formerly  all  the  gods  had  dwelt  on  earth,  but  the  depravity  of  man 
forced  them  to  withdraw. 

151-162.  The  Giants,  sons  of  Earth  and  Heaven,  attack  the  gods,  but 
are  defeated.     From  their  blood  springs  a  wicked  race  of  men. 

1 53.  struxisse  montes,  piled  the  mountains. 

154.  Olympus,  Pelion,  Ossa,  mountains  of  Thessaly. 

155.  Ossae:  dat.  instead  of  abl  with  ex  or  de  (§  229;  G.  347,  r.^j  H. 
386,  2). 

156.  corpora,  i.e.  of  the  giants. 

157.  natorum,  her  sons. 

160.  et  ilia,  i.e.  as  well  as  the  earlier  race  of  men. 

162.  scXreSf  you  might  have  known  (§  311,  ^z;  G.  258;  H.  485);  cf. 
putes,  V.  242. 

163.  quae:  refers  to  the  depravity  of  man  as  described  in  the  preced- 
ing lines.  For  the  use  of  the  relative,  see  §  180,  f  201,  e\  G.  610,  R.*; 
H,  453.  —  pater  Saturnius,  Jupiter. 

164.  facto  recenti  (abl.  abs.),  since  the  deed  was  recent.  —  vulgata 
(belonging  to  convivla),  made  known  (spread  abroad). 

165.  Liycaoniae,  of  Lycaon  (cf.  arbuteos  fetus,  v.  104).  He  had 
offered  Jupiter  human  flesh  to  eat;  see  v.  210  and  the  following.  —  ref- 
ereus,  revolving,  thinking  over. 

166.  animo  (with  concipit),  in  his  soul.  —  dignas  Jove,  %vorthy  of 
Jove,  i.e.  in  accordance  with  his  greatness.  —  Iras  (ph)  J  see  note  on  otia, 
V.  100,  and  aconita,  v.  147. 

167.  concilium,  sc.  cleorum,  senate. 

168.  caelo  sereno  (abl.  abs.),  when  the  sky  is  clear. 

169.  Lactea,  nominative  in  form,  as  being  the  simple  name,  a  mere 
word,  in  no  grammatical  relation.  This  word,  however,  is  in  apposition 
with  nomen. 

170.  hac,  by  this  (§  258,^;  G.  389;  H.  420,  i,  3).  —  superis  (dat), 
for  the  gods.  —  inagiii  Tonantis,  of  the  great  Thunderer,  i.e.  of  Jupiter. 

171.  dextra  laevaque  (sc.  parte),  on  the  right  and  left  (§  258,/; 
G.  385,N.i;  H.425,  2). 

1 72.  celebrantur,  are  thronged.  The  figure  is  taken  from  the  custom 
of  Roman  nobles,  whose  halls  {atria)  were  visited  in  the  morning  by  their 
clients  and  dependants. 

173.  plebs,  i.e.  the  lower  gods  {di  minoruni  gentiuni)',  opposed  to 
potentes  caelicolae  clarique  (cf.  deorum  nobilium,  v.  171),  the  twelve 
great  gods  of  Olympus  (di  majorum  gentium).  The  gods  are  divided 
into  classes  like  the  people  of  Rome.  —  dlversa  locls,  i.e.  only  the  great 


The  Four  Ages  and  the  Flojd, 


11 


I  253;   G.  397?   H.  424).  — a 
f  260,  ^;G.390,  2,  N.« ;  H.  434,  i)- 


live  here;  ioci$  is  abl.  of  specification  ( 
fronte,  infront,  as  one  goes  up  the  street  ( 

174.  penates  = /4f?«jMf?/a&, 

1 76.  Palatia :  this  word  had  not  yet  acquired  its  ntodem  meaning  of 
falacif  but  meant  the  dwelling  of 
Augustus,  on  the  Palatine  hill. 
Augustus  is  thus,  by  a  daring  flat- 
tery (audacid),  compared  with  the 
king  of  the  gods.  —  dlxisse:  the 
perfect  does  not  differ  in  sense  from 
the  present,  and  seems  to  be  used 
in  great  part  on  account  of  its  metri- 
cal convenience. 

177,  recessu,  an  interior  apart- 
ment (abl,  without  ««,  §  258,/;  G. 
385,  N.l;   H.  425,  ii.  2,  N.8). 

1 78.  ipse,  by  a  common  and  natu- 
ral usage  the  king  or  chief,  as  in  ipse 
dixit,  he  said  it  himself  (Pythago- 
ras).— ^loco:  ctiocis,  173.  —  scep- 
tro,  abl.  (§  254,^;  G.  401,  N,«  ; 
H.  425,  I,  I,  note).      (See  Fig.  i.) 

180.  cum  qua,  together  with 
which,  i.e.  and  at  the  same  time. 

181.  ora  .   .   ,   solvit,  opened  his  angry  tips. 

Fig.  2. 


Jupiter. 


182.  ilia  tempestate, 

at  that  crisis. 

184.  Inlcere,  the  prop- 
er spelling  of  injicere. 
The  compounds  of  jacio, 
which  change  a  into  i,  lose 
the  j  before  the  1.  — angul- 
pedutn,  limiting  quisque. 
The  Giants  were  repre- 
sented with  bodies  termi- 
nating in  serpents  (see 
Fig.  2)  :  they  are  here  con- 
founded  with    the    "  hun- 

^,  dred- handed  "       (centum 

Jupiter  and  the  Giants.  »  •  x  /-^  -rC  • 

bracchia)  Cottus,  Briareus, 

and  Gyas,  who  were  brothers  of  the  Titans,  but  aided  Jupiter  against  the 


12 


Notes. 


Fig.  3- 


rebellious  deities  (see  Iliad,  i.  399-406).  —  caelo,  dative,  following  Inl- 
cere;   to  cast  their  hundred  hands  upon  the  captive  sky. 

185.  ab  uno  corpore, /r<?//z  a  single  class  (of  divinities) ,  contrasted 
with  the  present  rebellion  of  the  whole  human  race. 

187.  qua,  wherever.  —  Nereiis,  an  ancient  sea  divinity,  especially 
associated  with  the  calm  depths :  here  put  for  the  sea. 

188.  per,  in  oaths  and  prayers,  by.  —  flumina:  pi.  for  sing. 

189.  Stygio  luco  (loc.  abl.)  in  the  grove  of  Styx  ("Gloom"),  the 
river  which  bounds  the  entrance  to  the  world  below.  The  oath  by  the 
Styx  was  the  most  awful  and  binding  that  could  be  taken  by  the  gods. 

190.  cuacta  =  all  other  means,  — temptata, 
sc.  sunt, 

191.  lie  .  .  .  trahatur,  lest  the  sound  (lit. 
clean)  part  he  drawn  [into  the  same  disease]. 

193.  faunlq.ue  :  the  enclitic  -que  is  here  used 
as  long  in  imitation  of  Homer,  who  makes  the 
Greek  tc  long.  It  is  probably  made  so  by  the  pause 
at  the  end  of  the  word,  or,  as  it  is  sometimes  called, 
by  ccesura.  This  occurs  generally  in  the  second  foot 
of  the  verse,  and  only  when  a  second  -que  follows. 
The  Fauni  and  Silvani  —  Italian  nature  divinities 
—  are  here  joined  with  the  Greek  Satyrs,  They 
were  fabulous  creatures,  types  of  the  wild  life  of 
the  forest.  They  are  represented,  like  the  Greek 
Pan,  with  horns,  goats'  legs  and  feet,  and  pointed 
hairy  ears,     (See  Fig.  3.) 

194.  quos  quoniani:  the  Latin  relative  is  often  used  where  out 
idiom  requires  the  demonstrative  and  some  connective  particle  (§  201,  ^; 
G.  610;  H.  453).  —  dignaniur,  deem  worthy.  —  honore,  governed  by 
dignamur,  which  like  its  primitive  dignus  takes  the  ablative  (§  245, a; 
G.  397,  N.2;  H.  421,  iii.  N.2). 

195.  certe,  at  least.  —  sinamus,  hortatory  subjunctive. 

196.  an,  very  commonly  used  in  argumentative  questions,  as  here, 
where  the  thing  asked  is  obviously  absurd.  —  lllos,  opposed  to  mihi. 

197.  milaly  agaiftst  me,  following  struxerit  (§  229,  c -,  G.  358;  H. 
385,  4,  3).  —  qui  habeo,  §  204,  a\  G.  614;  H.  445. — struxerit  (§  326; 
G.  586;  H.  517). 

199.  ausuiu  .  .  .  deposcunt,  they  demand  (for  vengeance)  him  who 
has  dared  such  things.  A  regular  meaning  of  deposco.  The  use  of  the 
participle  for  a  relative  clause  is  forced  and  poetic. 

200.  saevit,  for  saevilt.    Notice  the  indicative  with  cum,  used  to 


Faun, 


The  Four  Ages  and  the  Flood.  13 

define  the  time  of  the  main   clause,  not   to   describe   its   circumstances 
(§  323;  G.  582;   H.  521,  i.). 

201.  Caesareo:  equivalent  to  Caesaris  (§  190;  G.  360,  r.^;  H. 
395»  N.2). — exstinguere,  put  out  like  a  fire;  hence  destroy ;  sanguine 
Caesareo  is  therefore  the  instrumental  abl. 

202.  attonitum  est,  was  thunderstruck. 

204.  tuorum,  thine  own.  By  a  pleasant  fiction,  the  subjects  of  Augus- 
tus's empire  are  spoken  of  as  his  kindred  or  friends.  —  pietas,  filial 
affection. 

205.  iUa,  the  pietas ^  expressed  by  the  eagerness  of  the  gods,  v.  199. 

206.  silentia:  pi.  for  sing.  (§  79,  d-,   G.  195,  R.*^;   H.  130,  3). 

207.  regentis :  the  use  of  the  participle  in  the  singular  as  a  noun  is 
poetic,  though  the  language  is  very  capricious  in  its  use  of  participles  as 
nouns.  —  quldem  (concessive),  it  is  true^  i.e.  there  is  no  need  of  your 
being  alarmed  to  be  sure,  but  I  will  tell  the  story  to  gratify  your  curiosity. 

210.  admissum,  thing  done,  i.e.  crhne  ;  sc.  sit. 

211.  \s\iSiViv\di,  evil  report. 

212.  falsain,  predicative,  i.e.  equivalent  iofalsam  esse. 

213.  deus  (appos.),  /,  a  god.  Notice  how  it  is  purposely  set  next  to 
bumana  for  contrast.  — lustro,  survey.  The  word  is  primarily  used  of  a 
priest  who  "  lustrates "  or  purifies  by  going  about  with  a  ceremonial  the 
company  of  worshippers;  then  of  an  officer  who  surveys  or  reviews  the 
ranks  of  his  troops. 

214.  est,  would  be  (§  311,  ^;  G.  246,  R.^;  H.  51 1). — noxae,  partitive 
genitive  (§  216,  a,  3;   G.  371;   H.  397,  3). 

215.  vero,  than  the  truth. 

216.  Maenala,  a  mountain  in  Southern  Arcadia,  fabled  as  the  dwell- 
ing-place of  nymphs  and  satyrs,  —  latebris,  abl.  of  specification  (§  253; 
G.  398;  H.  424). 

217.  Cyllene  and  Ijyeaeus,  mountains  of  Arcadia. 

218.  Arcados,  gen.  agreeing  with  tyranni  (Greek  form  as  shown  by 
the  short  6,  requiring  the  nom.  Areas).  As  Latin  poetry  is  imitated  and 
translated  from  Greek,  such  forms,  especially  of  proper  names,  are  common. 

222.  deus  ...  an  mortalis,  [whether]  god  or  mortal  (§  211,  «a;;  G. 
460;   H.  353,  2).  —  discrimine  aperto,  by  a  plain  test. 

225.  haec  illi,  spoken  with  scorn,  as  if  he  said,  "  That's  his  idea  of  a 
test  of  truth." 

226.  eo,  abl.  with  contentus  (§  254,  b,  2\  G.  373,  R.i;  H.  421,  iii.).  — ■ 
inissi  agrees  with  obsidis  unius. 

227.  unius,  here  simply  a.  The  force  of  unus  is  sometimes  weakened 
(as  is  that  of  quidam)  until  it  becomes  little  more  than  an  indefinite  article. 


14  Notes. 

In  the  same  \/ay  the  demonstrative  pronouns  are  often  used  for  the  definite 
article. 

228.  ita,  i.e.  just  as  he  was,  with  his  throat  cut  - — partim,  noi partly, 
but  Q.  part  of,  etc.  —  semineces,  half  dead,  i.e.  not  yet  thoroughly  cold  in 
death. 

230.  simnl  (  =  simul  ac),  as  soon  as.  —  vindice  flamma,  avenging 
flame,  i.e.  the  thunderbolt. 

231.  dignos,  i.e.  because  they  did  not  prevent  the  crime. 

232.  territus  fugit,  etc. :  this  transformation  to  a  wolf  is  suggested 
perhaps  by  the  name  Lycaon  (Greek  \vkos)-  It  corresponds  with  the  wild 
superstition  of  the  were-wolf  which  makes  the  subject  of  many  old  popular 
tales.  The  name  lycanthropy  is  given  to  a  particular  form  of  madness  con- 
nected with  this  superstition.  *'  In  1600,  multitudes  were  attacked  with 
the  disease  in  the  Jura,  emulated  the  destructive  habits  of  the  wolf,  mur- 
dered and  devoured  children,  howled,  walked  on  all-fours,  so  that  the 
palms  of  the  hands  became  hard  and  horny;  and  admitted  that  they  con- 
gregated in  the  mountains  for  a  sort  of  cannibal  or  devil's  Sabbath.  Six 
hundred  persons  were  executed  on  their  own  confession."  —  Cha7ftbers'' s 
Encyclop(Edia.  Many  notices  of  this  superstition  are  found  in  ancient 
writers  of  many  nations,  especially  in  connection  with  Arcadia,  a  pastoral 
and  forest  country,  where  the  inhabitants  suffered  greatly  from  wolves. 

233.  ab  ipso,  i.e.  from  his  natural  character,  needing  no  transforma- 
tion.    The  allusion  is  to  foam  at  the  mouth. 

235.  sanguine,  abl.  of  cause  (§  245;   G.  407;   H.  416). 

236.  abeunt,  pass. 

239.  idem  =  iidem. 

240.  perire:  what  construction  would  be  usual  in  prose?  (§  320,/; 
G.  556,  R.2;   H.  503,  ii.  2). 

241.  Erlnys,  properly  the  Greek  name  of  the  divinity  that  inflicts 
vengeance  for  violated  law,  but  here  signifying  the  instigator  of  crime 
(Virg.  ^n.  vii.  324). 

242.  putes,  you  might  suppose;  cf.  scires,  z/.  162  (§  311,  «;  N.^;  G. 
252;  H.  485). — jurasse,  sc.  homines. -— dent  =  Z^"/  theni  pay  (§  226; 
G.  256;   H.  483).  —  ocius,  §  93,  a. 

243.  stat,  is  fixed, 

244.  frementl,  sc.  ei. 

245.  partes, /,^<?z> /rt:r/,  as  members  of  the  council.  —  adiciunt,  i.e. 
they  spur  him  already  excited.  —  assensibus,  opposed  to  voce,  the  first 
part  made  speeches,  the  second  only  assented  (assentior),  as  was  the 
custom  in  the  Roman  Senate. 

246.  jactura,  destruction  :  the  image  is  from  the  casting  of  goods  over- 


The  Four  Ages  and  the  Flood,  15 

board  in  a  storm  at  sea.^dolori  (§  233;   G.  350;   H.  390),  a  cause  of 
grief. 

247.   mortalibus  (abl.  of  separation)  orbae,  he7'eft  of  men. 

249.  populandas,  §  294,  d;   G.  431 ;   H.  544,  2,  N.'^ 

250.  quaerentes,  sc.  eos,  object  of  vetat.  —  enim  :  he  forbids  them 
to  tremble,  for  the  rest  [he  says]  shall  he  his  care.  —  sibi,  emphatic. 

251.  superum  for  superorum,  §  40,  £>;   G.  29,  3;   H.  52,  3. 
254.    sacer,  i.e.  as  the  abode  of  the  gods. 

256.  adfore  tempus,  etc.,  subj.  of  esse,  following  remmiscitur. — 
in  fatis :  the  Destinies  were  above  the  gods  themselves. 

257.  correpta,  sc.  flammis. 

258.  mundi  moles  operosa,  the  fabric  of  the  world  wrought  with  toil. 

—  laboret,  be  endangered.     The   doctrine,  perhaps  borrowed  from  the 
East,  belongs  to  the  stories  of  periodic  conflagrations  of  the  world. 

259.  inanibus  with  fabricata.  The  thunderbolts,  Jupiter's  weapons, 
were  forged  by  the  Cyclops. 

262.   Mollis  antris,  the  caves  ofyEolus.   (Compare  Virg.  JEn.  ii.  52-63.) 

—  aquilonem:    the  north-west  wind,  bringing  (in  Italy)  cold  and  dry 
weather. 

265.  tectus  vultum,  wrapping  his  face  (§  240,  c,  N.;   G.  332,  R.^; 

II.  378). 

266.  eanis  capillis :  the  poets  often  use  the  abl.  without  a  preposition 
to  denote  the  place  whence, 

267.  fronte:  the  simple  abl.  instead  of  the  abl.  with  i7i.  —  sinus, 
folds,  or  rounded  outline  of  the  clouds,  which  represent  his  garments. 

268.  nubila,  mists;  nimbi,  storm-clouds.  —  ut  .  .  .  pressit:  the 
ancients  thought  that  thunder  was  caused  by  the  clashing  of  the  clouds. 

270.  eolores:  §  240,  c,  N.;   G.  332,  r.2;   H.  378. 

271.  Iris,  the  goddess  of  the  rainbow,  was  the  messenger  of  Juno. — 
alimenta  nubibus  adfert :  as  if  the  rainbow  were  a  pathway  for  the 
waters.     (Compare  "  the  sun  drawing  water.") 

273.  vota,  i.e.  the  crops,  object  of  their  vows. 

274.  caelo  suo :  the  heavens  were  the  especial  realm  of  Jupiter. 
Abl.  after  contenta  (§  254,  ^,2;   G.  398;   H.  424). 

275.  caeruleus  frater,  Neptune,  called  caeruleus  because  he  is  god 
of  the  dark  blue  sea.     (See  Fig.  4.) 

2*]*].   hortamine:  abl.  after  utendum. 

279.  domos,  i.e.  the  hollows  and  clefts  which  are  the  home  of  the 
waters.  —  mole,  dike. 

280.  totas  .  .  .  habenas,  let  loose  all  the  reins,  as  if  the  streams  were 
horses,  and  the  water-gods  their  drivers. 


i6 


Notes, 


Fig.  4» 


281.   ora  relaxant,  i.e.  take  from  their  mouth  the  pressure  of  the 
curb.     The  figure  of  horses  is  kept  through  the  three  lines. 

284.  intreniuit,  quaked.  —  motu,  i.e. 
motus  terrcEf  earthquake. 

286.  satis  (participle  of  sero),  the 
crops. 

287.  sacris,  i.e.  the  altar,  statues,  etc., 
belonging  to  the  penetralia.- — suis,  refers 
to  penetralia. 

288.  siqua  (i.e.  si  qud)^  if  any  (§  105, 
d\  G.  302;  H.  190,  i). 

289.  hnjus :  limiting  culmen, 

290.  pressae,  submerged. 

292.  deerant,  dissyllable. 

293.  hie,  alter,  one^  another.  —  cym- 
ba,  loc.  abl. 

294.  illic  ubi,  on  the  very  spot  where, 

295.  villae,  farmhouse. 

296.  summa  in  iilmo,  in  the  top  of  an 
elm  (§  193;   G.  287,  R.;   H.  440,  N.2). 

299.  Notice  the  alliteration  in  graciles 
gramen  and  carpsere  capellae. 

302.  Nereides,  the  daughters  of  the  sea-god  Nereus.     (See  Fig.  5.) 

303.  agitata,  i.e.  so  as  to  make  them  shake. 

305.  fulminis:  the  tusks  of 
the  wild  boar  are  often  compared 
to  the  thunderbolt  for  speed,  power, 
and  gleaming. 

306.  ablato,  swept  away  (by 
the  waves). 

310.  novi,  strange  to  them. 

311.  maxima  pars,  i.e.  of 
the  living  beings.  —  qviibus :  the 
antecedent  is  illos. 

312.  inopi  victu,  with  lack  of 
food;  abl.  of  means.  Nereid. 

313.  Aouio&j  Bceotian.  Phocis 

lay  between  Boeotia  and  the  mountain  range  of  Q^ta,  which  separates  it 
from  Thessaly. 

316.   verticibus  duobus:    this  is  not  correct.     Parnassus  has  only 
one  chief  peak;    but  there   are  two   spurs  renowned  in  the  worship  of 


Neptune. 


Fig. 

5- 

n% 

\^ 

fi 

i 

^ 

r^ 

W^ 

The  Four  Ages  and  the  Flood.  I/ 

Dionysus  (Bacchus),  and  having  the  Castalian  fount  between  them.     This 
has  occasioned  the  error. 

318.  Deucalion,  son  of  Prometheus,  and  father  of  Hellen,  the  epony- 
mous hero  of  the  Hellenes  (Greeks). —  hie  iibi  adhaesit,  while  he  clung 
to  this. 

320.  Corycidas :  Corycus  was  a  grotto  sacred  to  the  nymphs,  on  the 
slopes  of  Parnassus.     The  mmiina  mo7ttis  are  the  Muses. 

321.  Themin  (§  64,  Ex.  4;  G.  72,  R.i;  G.  68,  Ex.  5)  :  Themis,  god- 
dess of  justice,  was  daughter  of  Uranus.  She  presided  over  the  oracle  of 
Delphi,  which  afterwards  belonged  to  Apollo. 

322.  sequi:  §  218,  b-,  G.  374;   H.  399,  ii. 

323.  metuentior  deoruin,  more  reverent  to  the  gods. 

324.  ut  videt,  when  he  sees. 

325.  modo,  but  just  now,  qualifying  tot. 

328.   di&^ecity  rent  astmder.  —  aquilone.     (Compare  z^.  262.) 

330.  tricuspide  telo,  t^'ident,  the  weapon  of  Neptune,  who  is  called 
in  the  next  line  rector  pelagi. 

331.  supra  profundum,  sc.  mare,  construed  with  exstantem, 
which  agrees  with  Tritona.     (Compare  Virgil,  ^En.  i.  144.) 

332.  innato  niurice:  Triton  here  appears,  like  Glaucus,  overgrown 
with  shell-fish  and  seaweed.  He  was  a  sea-god,  son  of  Neptune,  and  is 
represented  as  blowing  on  a  conch-shell. 

335.  "bucina  tortilis,  ^^  the  zvinding  horny  ^  a  spiral  shell.  — 1111,  dat. 
of  agency  (§  232,  /;;   G.  352,  R.;   H.  388,  4). 

336.  crescit,  broadens,  —turbine,  mouthpiece  (shaped  like  a  top). 

337.  aera,  his  breath. 

338.  sub  utroque  Phoebo  :  the  rising  and  the  setting  sun. 

339.  dei,  Triton. 

340.  contigit,  sc.  bucina. 

341.  undis,  dat.  of  agency;  cf.  illiy  v.  335,  and  quibus,  v,  342.  The 
undae  telluris  are  the  waves  which  then  covered  the  land;  the  undae 
aequoris,  those  which  properly  belonged  to  the  sea. 

346.  diem:  dies  when  it  means  time  is  feminine.  —  nudata,  bared 
(of  waves). 

348.  quern,  where  a  demonstrative  pronoun  would  be  used  in  English 
(§  201,^;   G.  612;   H.  453). 

349.  agere,  keep.  The  use  of  agere  with  silentium  is  common  in  this 
sense. 

352.  patruelis  origo:  Deucalion  was  son  of  Prometheus;  Pyrrha, 
daughter  of  Epimetheus  and  Pandora.  Prometheus  and  Epimetheus  were 
brothers,  sons  of  lapetus. 


Notes, 


Prometheus. 


354.  terrarum  tiirba,  the  whole  throng  of  earth.  —  occasus  et 
ortus,  the  setting  and  the  rising  of  the  sun. 

356.   liaec  fiducia,  i.e.  such  confidence  as  we  have  now, 
359.   &jnuv%  feelings  ;  gen.,  limiting  quid,  above.  —  miseranda,  voc- 
ative. —  erepta,  rescued, 
Fig.  6.  ^5o.   quo  consolante  (abl.  abs.) 

=  who  would  console  thee  in  griefs 

363.  paternis  artibus :  i.e.  by 
the  skill  of  Prometheus,  who  fash- 
ioned man  of  clay,  and  bestowed  upon 
him  fire  stolen  from  the  sky.  For 
this  theft,  and  his  defiance  of  Jupiter, 
he  was  chained  on  Mount  Caucasus, 
where  his  liver  was  constantly  de- 
voured by  a  vulture.     (See  Fig.  6.) 

365,  genus  restat  mortale,  the 
human  race  survives. 

366.  exempla,  i.e.  the  only  speci- 
mens. 

368.    sortes,    lots,     the      Italian 
method  of  divination;   here  put  for  any  mode  of  consulting  the  divine  will, 

369.  Cephisidas :  the  Cephisus  was  a  river  of  Boeotia.  It  means  they 
went  to  Delphi  by  crossing  the  Cephisus. 

370.  ut  .  •  .  sic,  though  ,  .  .  yet.  The  deluge  had  not  so  far  subsided 
as  to  let  them  flow  quietly  as  a  stream,  but  yet  enough  for  them  to  recog- 
nize their  old  channels.  — noudum  llquidas,  7tot  yet  clear. 

371.  inde,  from  this,  i.e.  the  river.  —  libatos,  taken  up.  It  was 
necessary  for  them  to  purify  themselves  with  water  before  consulting  the 
oracle.  —  Inroravere,  have  sprinkled. 

372.  vestibus,  capiti:  dat.;  ci.  formatae  terrae,  v,  364  (§  228;  G. 
346;   H.  386). 

373.  turpi,  ill-looking. 

374.  pallebant :  describing  the  dulness  of  mould  and  moss,  rather 
than  their  color. 

379.  Themi ;  Greek  vocative. 

380.  niersls  rebus  =  our  misfortunes  front  the  flood. 

381.  sortem,  strictly  an  Italian  oracle  written  on  a  wooden  tablet,  but 
put  for  any  response,  as  in  v.  366. 

383.   magnae  parentis,  of  your  great  mother. 

'^^.  det :  subjunctive  depending  upon  rogat,  which  is  regarded  as  a 
verb  of  speaking,  and  is  followed  by  the  construction  of  indirect  discourse, 


Apollo  and  Daphne*  ig 

in  which  the  subjunctive  represents  the  imperative  of  the  direct  discourse 
(§  339;  G.  652;  H.  523,  iii.). 

387.  laedere,  to  offend. — jactatls  ossibus,  by  Growing  ker  hones 
(§  292,  a). 

388.  repetunt  secum,  they  review  in  tJieir  minds.  —  caecis  obscura 
latebris  verba,  the  words  dark  with  blind  riddles  (lit,  hiding-places), 

389.  ioter  se  volutant,  discuss  together, 

390.  Promethiades :  this  patronymic  recalls  the  prophetic  gift  of  his 
father  Prometheus  (-ades  and  -is  are  the  masculine  and  feminine  patro- 
nymic forms). 

391.  fallax,  etc,  =  my  skill  fails  me, 

392.  pia  agrees  with  oracilla. 

394.  ossa  reor  dlci,  /  think  that  stones^  etc.,  are  meant  by  hones. 

395.  augurlOy  i.e.  interpretation.  —  Titania:  Epimetheus  and  his 
brother  were  Titans;   Le.  of  thp  elder  race  of  nature -divinities. 

400.  credat,  sit;  present  subjunctive  where  we  should  expect  the 
imperfect  (§  308,  e\  G.  596,  R.i;  H.  509,  N.^). — vetustas,  antiquity ^ 
i.e.  old  tradition. 

401.  ponere  =  deponere. 

402.  mora,  by  lapse  of  time.  —  ducere,  take  on. 

404.  ut  quaedam  forma,  something  (it  is  true)  of  the  form  ofman, 
yet,  etc.     (Cf.  ut ,  .  .  sic,  v.  370.) 

405.  coepto,  sc.  fingl. 

406.  rudlbus  signis,  statues  iii  the  rough, 

412.  traxere, /2/^  ^«. 

413.  feniina,  womankind. 

414.  experiens,  doomed  to  endure. 


II.     APOLLO   AND   DAPHNE, 

L  452,  Peneia,  daughter  of  the  Thessalian  river-god,  Peneus. — • 
Daphne,  Greek  nominative.     Supply  fuit.  —  quern,  refers  to  amor. 

453.  fors  ignara,  blind  chajtce. 

454.  Delius,  the  JDelian,  i.e.  Apollo,  who  was  said  to  have  been  born 
on  the  island  of  Delos,  and  had  a  celebrated  temple  there,  —  hunc,  Cupid, 
—  victo  serpente :  Apollo  had  recently  killed  the  Python. 

455.  cornua,  the  horns  of  a  bow. 


20  Notes, 

456.  que  really  introduces  the  main  verb  dixerat^  but  is  attached  to 
quid2A  the  first  word.  —  Quid  tibl  (sc.  est),  what  have  you  to  do? 

458.  vuluera  belongs  with  the  first  dare  as  well  as  the  second. 

459.  niodo,  just  now. 

461.  face :  the  torch  was  a  regular  attribute  of  Cupid.  —  nescio  quos  i 
nescio  quis  is  often  used  as  an  indefinite  pronoun  (§  202,  ^,  334,  e\  G.  467, 
R.l;    H.  191,  N.). 

462.  nostras  :  in  Latin,  nos  and  noster  often  mean  /  and  my, 

464.  te  meus  arcus  (sc.  figet  from  figat  above),  your  bo%a  may 
pierce  eve7ything^  mine  shall  pierce  you,  —  quantoque,  etc. :  he  means, 
"your  glory  (in  shooting  everything)  is  as  much  inferior  to  mine  (in 
shooting  you)  as  the  creatures  you  shoot  (Juncia  animalicC)  are  inferior  to 
a  god  (i.e.  yourself)." 

466.  eliso  aere,  cleaving  the  air. 

467.  arce:  loc.  abl.  (§  258,/  3;  G.  38.5,  N.i;  H.  425,  2,  N.^). 

468.  eque  —  et  e. 

469.  operum,  effects  ;  gen.  of  quality  (§  215;   G.  365;    H.  396,  v.). 

470.  quod,  the  one  which.  — facit,  sc.  amorem. 

472.  hoc,  the  latter  (§  102,  a\  G.  307,  R.^;   H.  450,  2). 

473.  Apollineas  =  Apollinis  (§  190;  G.  362,  r.1;   H.  395,  N.2). 

474.  nomen,  even  the  name. 

475.  tenebrls,  exuviis:  abl.  of  cause  (§  245;  G.  408;    H.  416). 

476.  Phoebe  is  another  name  of  Diana  or  Artemis,  the  twin  sister  of 
Apollo  (Phoebus).     She  was  goddess  of  hunting,  and  was  unmarried. 

477.  vitta:  worn  by  unmarried  girls.  —  sine  lege,  without  law,  i.e. 
carelessly. 

479.  Inipatiens  viri,  not  enduring  a  husband^  i.e.  abhorring  marriage. 
—  expers  viri,  tijimarricd. 

480.  Hymen ;  the  god  of  marriage. 

483.  taedas  jugales:  the  bride  was  escorted  by  torchlight  to  the 
bridegroom's  house. 

484.  ora:  ace.  of  specification  (§  240,  c\   G.  338;   H.  378). 

486.    ^2i,  grant.     This  use  of  dare  with  the  inf  is  not  rare  in  poetry, 
488?  llle  quidein,  he,  to  he  sure.  —  decor  Iste,  your  beauty.  —  quod, 
etc.,  i.e.  a  virgin.  * 

490,  Daphnes,  Greek  gen. 

491,  sua  oracula,  his  oivn  prophecies.  Although  Apollo  was  the  god 
of  prophecy,  he  was  doomed  to  disappointment. 

492,  stipulae  adolentur:  the  ancients  used  sometimes  after  the 
harvests  {demptis  aristis)  to  burn  the  stubble  to  enrich  the  soil. 

494,   lam  sub  luce,  already  towards  morning,  i.e.  when  morning  was 


Apollo  and  Daphne.  21 

at  hand.     The  traveller  is  supposed  to  have  continued  his  journey  leaving 
his  camp-fire  burning. 

495.  in  flammas  abiit,  tur7ted  into  fire,  i.e.  the  fire  of  love. pec- 
tore  toto,  locative  abl.  (§  258,/  2;  G.  386;  II.  425,  ii.  2). 

499.  oscula,  diminutive  of  os^  means  (usually  in  the  plural)  lips, 
though  the  more  common  meaning  is  kiss. 

500.  dlgitosque:  que  is  in  poetry  sometimes  appended  to  all  the 
words  to  be  connected,  including  the  first. 

501.  media  plus  parte  ^  plus  quaju  media  parte,  loc.  abl.  (§  258, 
/  I;  G.  387;  H.  425,  ii.  2)  with  omission  of  quaui  (§  247,  r;  G.  311,  R^j 
H.  417,  I,N.2). 

502.  siqua  =  si  qua,  neut.  plur.,  if  any  (parts).  ^  aura,  ahl. 

503.  ad,  at,  for. 

508.  me  miserum,  exclamatory  ace.  (§  240,  d-,  G.  341,  i;  H.  381). 
—  ne  cadas:  a  negative  wish  (§  267;  G.  253;  H.  484,  i)  continued  by 
7iotent^Tid  «w.— laedi:  the  prose  construction  would  be  qtiae  laedantur 
(§320,/;  G.  556,R.2;  H.  503,  ii.  2). 

512.  inquire  tamen,/«j/  ask  who  is  in  love  with  you  {cui  placeas) 
before  you  run  away. 

513.  hie:  adverb. 

515.  Delphica  tellus:  the  most  famous  oracle  and  one  of  the  chief 
temples  of  Apollo  was  at  Delp/ii  on  the  slope  of  Mt.  Parnassus  in  Phocis; 
Claros,  near  Colophon  in  Ionia,  was  the  site  of  another  famous  temple  and 
oracle  of  the  same  god;  on  the  island  of  Tenedos,  off  the  coast  of  the 
Troad,  was  a  temple  of  Apollo  Smintheus;  and  Apollo  also  had  a  temple 
at  Patara  \v  Lycia. 

518.  patet:  is  laid  open,  i.e.  is  declared.  Apollo  was  the  god  of 
prophecy.  —  per  me  .  .  .  nervis :  Apollo  was  the  god  of  music. 

519.  nostra  est,  sc.  sagitta.  Notice  the  cases  of  nosti^a  and  nostra. 
—  una  sagllt»a  (sc.  est),  the  arrow  of  love. 

521.  medicina:  Apollo  was  god  of  healing  and  father  of  ^Esculapius. 

522.  subjecta  (sc.  est),  is  subject ~noh\.^i  as  often  in  Latin,  the 
plural  of  the  first  personal  pronoun  is  used  for  the  singular, 

523.  ei:   interjection,  not  pronoun. 

526.  cum  ipso  %^erba  imperfecta,  him  and  his  unfinished  speech. 

527.  visa  decens,  beautiful  when  seen,  i.e.  fair  to  look  upon.  —  cor- 
pora, limbs.     She  probably  wore  a  short,  loose  hunting  costume. 

529.  dabat,  put,  i.e.  blew. 

530.  sed  enim :  here  sed  connects  the  main  idea  of  pursuit  with  what 
precedes,  while  enim  with  sustinet  gives  the  reason:  but  (he  followed), 
for  he  could  not  endure,  etc.     It  is  often  difficult  to  supply  the  ellipsis  in 


22 


Notes, 


Fig.  7. 


sed  enim  (as  well  as  in  et  enini,  neque  enijii,  etc.),  and  one  of  the  con» 
junctions  must  usually  be  omitted  in  English. 

533.  ut  cum,  as  when. — ^Gallicus  canis:  Gallic  hounds  were  swift, 
and  hence  used  in  hunting  hares. 

534.  hie,  the  hound.  — ille,  the  hare. 

535.  inliaesuro  similis,  like  one  about  to  seize,  i.e.  just  on  the  point 
of  seizing. — jam  jamque  :  the  repetition  v>{  jam  adds  to  the  liveliness 
of  the  picture. 

536.  vestigia,  here  not  footprints  but  feet.  —  rostro  :   mouth. 

540.   qui  insequitur,  the  one  who 

pursues,  i.e.  Apollo, 
547.    perde,  destroy. 
550.   in  frondem.    (See  Fig.  7.) 
552.    obit,    stirrounds^    covers.— 
nitor,  brilliancy,  beauty.     The  leaves 
of  the  laurel,  into  which  Daphne  was 
transformed,  are  glossy. 

556,   refugit,  shrinks  fro?n. 

559.  Apollo  as  god  of  music  car- 
ried a  lyre,  and  as  god  of  archery,  a 
quiver. 

560.  The  Roman  generals  wore 
laurel  wreaths  in  the  triumphal  pro- 
cession from  the  Campus  Martins  to 
the  Capitol. 

562.  postibus  Augustis:  dat. 
depending  upon  custos.  Before  the  door  of  Augustus'  palace  on  the 
Palatine  hill  were  two  laurel  trees,  and  over  the  door  was  a  crown  of 
oak  leaves  {corona  civica,  signifying  that  the  emperor  was  the  saviour  of 
the  citizens).  *• 

564.   intonsis  capillis :  abl.  of  quality  (§  251;  G.  402;  H.  419,  ii.). 

566.  Paean:   one  of  the  names  of  Apollo. 

567.  ut  caput,  like  a  head,  i.e.  as  if  it  were  still  a  head. 


Daphne. 


The  Adventiire  of  Phacthon.  23 


III.  THE  ADVENTURE  OF  PHAETHON. 

II.  I.  Regia,  sc.  doTiius,/rt'/(rzrd'.  —  subliniibus  columnis  :  abl.  of 
specification  (§  253;  G.  398;  H.  424);   so  also  auro  and  pyropo. 

2.  pyropo,  "  fire-face,"  a  mixture  of  gold  and  copper. 

3.  cujus  limits  fastigia. 

4.  valvae,  dotible  doors,  opening  to  each  side. 

5.  Mulciber,  a  name  of  Vulcan,  from  the  softening  by  fire  (mul- 
cendo)  oi  the  metal  which  he  wrought. 

6.  medias  cingentia,  embracing. 

8.  caeruleos :  the  sea-gods  are  dark  blue,  the  color  of  the  waters.  — 
canorum :  the  horn  of  Triton,  representing  the  roaring  of  the  blast. 

9.  ambiguum :  Proteus  had  the  power  of  changing  his  form  at  will. 
See  Virg.  G.  iv.  441,  2 :  — 

"  Omnia  transformat  sese  in  miracula  rerum, 
Ignemque  horribilemqne  feram  fluviumque  liquentem." 

10.  lacertis  :  ^gceon  (Briareus)  was  represented  with  a  hundred  arms. 
The  notion  was  possibly  derived  from  the  monster  cuttle-fish  described  by 
sailors  in  hot  latitudes. 

11.  Dorida:  Doris  is  the  wife  of  Nereus  and  mother  of  the  Nereids, 
or  ocean-nymphs. 

12.  in  mole,  upon  a  massy  rock. 

13.  fades  .  .  .  una:  supply  est. 

14.  qualem,  sc.  sed  talis;  ace.  and  inf.  with  decet  (§  270,  3,  ^;  G. 
535;  H.  538). 

15.  terra,  i.e.  as  carved  in  relief  on  the  palace-walls. 

18.  signa,  the  signs  of  the  Zodiac. — foribus,  loc.  abl,  (§  258,^  3; 
G.  384,  R.2j  H.  425,  ii.  2,  N.^). 

19.  qyio^  whither.  —  slmul  =  siinul  atque.  —  aeclivo  limite,  up 
the  steep  pathivay.  —  Clymeneia  proles,  i.e.  Phaethon. 

20.  dubitati,  because  his  descent  from  the  sun-god  had  been  denied 
by  Epaphus  (see  Introd.). 

22.   neque  ferebat,  could  not  bear. 

24.  Phoebus,  a  name  of  Apollo,  here  used  for  the  Sun. 

25.  a  dextra  laevaque,  sc.  parte,  on  the  right  and  left  side.  With 
pars  and  some  similar  words,  a  and  e  are  frequently  used  where  one  might 
expect  in  (§  260  h\  G.  388,  R.^;   H.  434,  i.  i). 

26.  Horae,  usually  in  mythology  the  Seasons,  but  here  in  the  regular 
prose  sense  of  Hours, 

28.   nuda,  because  the  flowers  have__withered.     <v/c«-.'f"  ^10  n,3v  HS  C    ; / 


24  Notes. 

29.  calcatis,  trampled  in  the  wine-vat. 

30.  capillos,  Greek  accusative  (§  240,  c;  G.  ^^^2;  H.  378). 

31.  loco,  abl.  of  specification  (§  253;  G.  398;  H.  424).  —  paventem : 
this  word  refers  to  the  outward  signs  of  fear,  — ■  paleness,  trembling,  etc. 

33.  que  connects  ait  with  the  preceding. 

34.  progenies,  voc.  —  hand  infitianda  =  zvoriky  to  be  acknowledged. 

35.  publica,  common  to  all, 

y],  Clymene:  she  had  told  Phaethon  that  the  Sun-god  was  his  father 
(see  Introd.). 

42.  negari :  the  usual  construction  would  be  qui  negetur  (§  320,  f, 
note;  G.  556,  r.'^;  H.  533,  ii.  N.^). 

43.  edidit  —  dixit,  narravit.  —  ortus :  the  plural  is  constantly  used 
in  poetry  for  the  singular. 

44.  quo  .  .  .  dubites,  §  317,  (^;  G.  545,  2;  H.  497,  ii.  2. 

45.  promissi,  of  my  promise  (lit.  of  the  thing  promised). 

46.  dis,  dat.  of  agent  with  juranda.  —  palus,  the  Styx,  by  which  the 
gods  swore  their  most  awful  oaths.  Being  beneath  the  earth,  it  could 
never  be  beheld  by  the  sun.     It  is  called  palus  from  its  sluggish  flow. 

47.  desierat  (desino),  had  ceased.  —  rogat,  sc.  cum.     Cf.  iii.  v.  1^. 

48.  in  diem, 7^/-  a  day.  —  alipedum  agrees  with  equorum  (obj,  gen.) . 

49.  jurasse,  subject  of  paenituit  (§  270,  b%  G.  535;  H.  538). 

50.  iliustre,  alluding  to  his  brightness. 

51.  tua,  sc.  voce. 

52.  negarem,  sc.  si  liceret;   negarem  is  the  apodosis. 

53.  tuta,  predicate. 

54.  istis,  those  (of  yours). 

55.  quae  nee  conveniant,  such  as  befit  not  (§  320;  G.  (^-^^i'^  H-  503?  i.) • 

56.  mortale  =  suited  to  a  mortal. 

57.  superis,  those  on  high,  i.e.  the  heavenly  gods.  —  fas,  what  is  per- 
mitted by  divine  law. 

58.  placeat,  sc.  ut  (§  331,  /  r.;  G.  609;  H.  515,  iii.  N.)  :  i.e.  though 
each  of  the  gods  may  have  his  will,  etc. 

59.  consistere,  to  keep  his  foothold. 

60.  axe,  i.e.  chariot :  the  part  for  the  whole,  by  the  figure  called  synec- 
doche. 

62.  non  agat,  may  not  drive  (potential  subjunctive:  §  311,  «;  G.  250; 

H.485). 

63.  prima  via,  the  first  part  of  the  way  (§  193;  G.  287,  R.;  H.  440, 
2,  N.i).  —  qua,  one  by  which  (§  258,^;  G.  387;  PI.  420,  i,  3). 

65.  mare  et  terras,  obj.  of  videre,  which  is  the  subj.  of  fit;  to  see  the 
sea  and  lands  is  a  cause  of  fear  (tiinor)  even  to  me. 


The  Adventure  of  Phaethon.  25 

67.  ultima  via,  cf.  prima  via,  v.  63.  —  moderamine  certo,  a  steady 

check;  abl.  after  eget. 

68.  quae,  referring  to  Tethys. 

69.  Tethys :  wife  of  Oceanus  and  mother  of  Clymene. 

70.  assidua  vertigine,  in  a  constant  whirl  (the  daily  apparent  revo- 
lution of  the  heavens). 

71.  torquet,  spins. 

72.  qui  cetera,  sc.  vincit. 

73.  rapidi* .  .  .  orbi :  i.e.  as  the  sun's  apparent  path  among  the  stars 
is  towards  the  east,  he  is  supposed  in  his  daily  course  to  make  headway 
against  the  revolution  of  the  celestial  sphere. 

74.  finge  datos  currus,  fancy  the  chariot  given  (to  you). 

75.  obvius  ire  polis,  same  idea  as  in  z^.  73.  —  ne  =  ita  ut  nan. 

78.  insidias,  i.e.  concealed  perils.  —  formas  ferarum,  shapes  of 
beasts,  i.e.  the  Lion,  Bull,  etc.,  the  signs  of  the  Zodiac. 

79.  ut,  though  (concessive,  §  266,  c;  G.  610;   H.  515,  iii.). 

80.  adversi,  turned  towards  you,  i.e.  right  in  your  face.  — Tauri,  etc.: 
see  the  sun's  path  as  traced  on  a  celestial  map  or  globe. 

81.  Haemonios,  Thessalian  :  the  Archer  (^^'^zV/^rewj')  is  represented 
as  a  Centaur,  of  which  jabulous  mpnsterthe  jiome  isJXllgssaly  (see  the 
story  of  the  Centaurs  and  Lapithae,  Metam.  xii.  146-535),  which  was 
called  Hsemonia  from  King  Hsemon,  father  of  Thessalus. 

83.  aliter,  the  other  way. 

84.  qnadrupedes,  the  horses  of  the  sun.  —  ignibus,  abl.,  qualifying 
animosos. 

86.  in  promptu,  an  easy  thing  (lit.  in  readiness^-,  tibi,  v,  84, 
depends  upon  this. 

S2).   ne  Sim,  a  final  clause,  depending  upon  cave. 

89.  que,  connects  corrige  with  cave. 

90.  sanguine,  abl.  of  source  (§  244,  a;  G.  395;   H.  415,  ii.). 

91.  timendo,  by  my  fear  (for  you). 

92.  prober,  I  prove  myself  Notice  the  collocation  of  patrio  and 
pater,  a  favorite  order. 

96.  eque  —  et  e,  and  governs  tot  ac  tantis  bonis. 

98.  vero,  agreeing  with  nomine. 

loi.  ne  dubita,  poetic  (§  269,  b-,  G.  267;  H.  488).  —  undas,  appar- 
ently direct  object  of  juravimus  by  a  Greek  construction;  in  Latin  it 
usually  takes  per,  but  compare  the  use  of  the  passive  in  v,  46. 

103.  ille,  the  other,  a  very  common  use  of  the  pronoun. 

104.  premit,  urges. 

105.  qua  licuit  =  while  he  could,  limiting  cunctatus. 


ip' 


26  Notes. 

io6.   Vulcania  munera  =  Vulcani  munera  (§  190 ;   G.  360,  r.^; 

H.  395'  n;^)- 

107.   summae  rotae,  of  the  wheel's  rim, 

109.  clirysolitM,  topaz^  a  nearly  transparent  precious  stone,  often  of 
a  bright  golden  color;  the  word  is  Greek,  and  signifies  gold-stone.  — 
gemmae,  i.e.  the  other  gems,  subj.  of  reddebant. 

no.   repercusso  Plioebo,  by  the  reflection  of  the  sun. 

III.   magnanimus,  high-spirited. 

113.  plena  rosanim,  full  of  roses,  i.e.  of  rosy  light. 

114.  agmina  cogit,  brings  up  the  rear  (lit.  gathers  in  the  troops^. 

115.  caeli  statione,  his  post  in  the  sky,- — novissimus,  last:  the 
morning  star  is  often  seen  just  before  (or  after)  smiribe.     (See  Fig.  8.) 


Sunrise,  with  Lucifer  and  Aurora. 

no.  quae  .  ,  .  vidit,  when  he  saw  them  [the  stars]  _/?£'£'  to  earth.  Their 
disappearance  is  imagined  as  a  sudden  setting. 

117.  extremae,  i.e.  near  the  end  of  her  monthly  course.  —  velut 
evanescere,  as  she  seems  to  fade  and  disappear  in  the  sky. 

118.  Titan,  the  Sun-god. 

120.  ambrosiae,  lit.  immortal  food,  i.e.  food  of  the  immortals. — 
praesaepibus  :  notice  the  frequent  omission  of  the  preposition  with  the 
abl.  of  the  place  from  which. (§  258,  a,  N.^;    G.  -i^ZZ,  R.^;   H.  412,  ii.  2). 

123.  patientla,  able  to  endure  (agreeing  with  ora). — ^rapidae== 
devouring.     (Cf.  rapax  from  same  root.) 

124.  comae,  dat,  upon  his  head.  —  luctus,  obj.  gen. 

127.  fortius,  more  freely,  i.e.  use  the  bits  more  freely  than  the  whip. 

128.  volentes,  sc.  properare. 

129.  nee  placeat,  etc.,  let  not  the  way  please  you,  i.e.  do  not  follow 
the  way.  —  directos  quinque  per  arcus,  straight  across  the  five  zones, 

130.  sectus   limes,  the   Ecliptic,  "bounded   by  the   limit   of  three 


The  Adventure  of  Phaethon.  27 

zones"  (see  next  line),  i.e.  the  torrid  and  the  two  temperate,  as  repre- 
sented on  a  celestial  globe. 

132.  Arcton,  the  northern  constellation  of  the  Bear. 

133.  hac^  sc.  via,  by  this  way  (§  258,^;    H.  420,  3). 

135.  nee  preine,  do  not  bear  down  (§  269,  b\  G.  267;  H.  488). — 
mo  lire,  ply:  this  verb  implies  the  effo7't  made  in  climbing  the  celestial 
heights.     (Construe  suinmuiii  with  aethera.) 

136-    egressus,  i.e.  if  y 021  quit  this  way  (§  310,  ^:?;  G.  594,  2;  H.  507,  N."^). 

138.  dexterior,  sc.  rota. — Anguem:  the  constellation  of  the  Ser- 
pent is  in  the  north,  between  the  Great  and  Little  Bear. 

139-  pressam,  lying  loiv  :  the  Altar  lies  south  of  the  sun's  winter 
path,  barely  appearing  in  Greece. 

141.  {xsvidij^^wM^X,  O'^to^who  I  wish  may  aidyou.     (See  note,  ^»,  58.) 

142.  Hesperio,  westej^n.  Hesperus  is  the  Greek  form  of  the  word 
which  in  Latin  is  Vesper.  The  name  Hesperia,  "  Land  of  the  West,"  was 
by  the  Greeks  poetically  applied  to  Italy,  and  by  the  Romans  to  Spain 
(Virg.  yEn.  1.  530;  Hor.  Od.  iii.  6).^ — ■  metas :  metae  means,  first,  the 
cones  of  a  fir-tree,  then  the  conical  posts  of  the  race-course.  Here  it 
means  the  goat  or  end  of  the  course  of  the  night. 

143.  nox,  i.e.  the  night  advances  towards  the  west  like  the  day. 

144.  poscimur,  we  are  wanted;  it  is  getting  late. 

146.  nostris,  agrees  with  consiliis  as  well  as  curribus. 

147.  dum  belongs  with  adstas  as  well  as  with  potes.  —  solidis 
sedibus,  07t  firm  ground  (loc.  abl.). 

149.  quae,  referring  to  lumina.  —  dare,  depending  on  sine  (from 
sino).  — spectes,  subj.  of  purpose. 

151.  contingere:  poetic,  as  depending  upon  gaudet. 

152.  grates  agit,  renders  thanks. 

153.  Pyrois,  etc.:  the  names 'of  the  steeds  sigmiy  Jiery,  of  the  dawn^ 
blazing,  flaming. 

155.  repagula,  barriers  (of  a  race-course). 

156.  quae,  i.e.  repagula.  (See  §  201,  e;  G.  612;  H.  453.)  — 
Tethys :  the  sun  rises  from  the  sea,  so  the*sea-goddess  Tethys  is  thought 
of  as  throwing  back  the  barriers  for  the  sun's  horses  to  start.  —  nepotis, 
see  note,  v.  69. 

157.  copia  =  access  to. 

160.  isdem  de  partibus,  i.e.  from  the  East,    isdein  is  abl.  plur. 

161.  quod  possent,  such  as,  etc.  (subj.  of  characteristic,  §  320;  G. 
634;  H.  503,  i.). 

163.  pondere,  ballast. — justo,  regular  (a  common  meaning). — 
levitate,  abl.  of  cause. 


2S  Notes, 

165.  onere,  following  vacuus  (§  243;  G.  389;  H.  414,  iii.). 

166.  inani,  an  empty  one, 

168.  quo  prius  ordine,  in  the  direction  in  which  (they  ran)  before 
(§  200,  b;  G.  618;  H.  445,  9), 

170.  si  sciat:  the  present  subjunctive  of  future  condition,  where  one 
would  expect  the  imperfect  of  the  condition  contrary  to  fact  (§  ^P'^-)  ^J 
G.  598;  H.  509,  N/^. 

171.  triones,  the  North  (lit.  the  Ox-teajji,  i.e.  the  Great  Bear). 

172.  vetito  aequore:  the  Northern  Bear  in  these  latitudes  never  goes 
below  the  horizon. 

173.  Serpens,  the  constellation  called  Draco  {the  Dragon),  near  the 
north  pole,  at  the  feet  of  Hercules  {Anguis,  v.  138). 

176.  Boote:  Bootes  is  represented  as  a  wagoner:  the  constellation 
includes  the  bright  star  Arcturus. 

179.  penitus  penitusque,y^/r,y2zr  belo-w. 

i8i.  tenebrae,  i.e.  from  dizziness. 

182.  mallet,  i.e.  if  it  were  possible;  hence  the  imperfect, 

183.  valuisse,  to  have  prevailed. 

184.  Bleropis,  sc.Jilius  ;  Merops  was  the  husband  of  Clymene.  — ut,  as. 

185.  pinus,  ship. — remisit  frena,  cast  loose  the  rein,  i.e.  let  go  the 
helm. 

187.  quid  faciat,  what  is  he  to  do?  a  rhetorical  question  (§  268;  G. 
258;   H.484,v.). 

189.   fatuui  nou  est,  it  is  not  (given  hy)  fate. 

196.  flexis  utrumque,  bending  both  ways  (agreeing  with  both  cauda 
and  lacertis) . 

197.  signoruui  duorum :  the  Scorpion  is  represented  as  at  first  occu- 
pying the  space  of  two  "  signs  "  of  the  Zodiac,  until  Libra  was  inserted 
where  the  claws  had  been. 

198.  madidurn,  moist,  as  the  venom  oozes  out  on  account  of  the 
heat.  —  ut,  wheit, 

199.  curvata  euspide,  the  curved  sting  ("spear-head")  of  the  scor- 
pion's tail. 

202.   exspatiantur,  wander  from  the  track  (ex-spatium). 
204.   hac,  correl.  to  qua,  sc.  via. 

206.  summa,  the  height. 

207.  spatio,  in  a  region  ;  loc.  abl.  without  in,  as  often  in  poetry.  — 
terrae,  dative. 

208.  inferius  suis  (abl.  with  the  comparative),  lo'^ver  than  her  own. 
—  fraternos  =  fratris.  —  liuna,  sister  of  the  sun :  poetically,  Diana, 
sister  of  Apollo. 


The  Adventure  of  Phaethon,  29 

210.  lit  quaeque  altisslma,  each  in  the  order  of  its  height,  as  lie 
comes  nearer  and  nearer. 

211.  agit  v\v[vfdL%,  gets  cracks  ;  agere  is  frequently  used  by  Ovid  in  this 
sense.  —  sucis  adeniptis,  abl.  abs. 

213.  materiam,/}/^/.  —  suo  danino,/i??'  its  own  destruction, 

214.  parva,  siftall  {calamities^. 

217-225.   Athos,  etc.     This  catalogue  of  mountains,  ranging  the  whole 
held  of  mythical  geography,  may  be  verified  in  any  good  dictionary  or  atlas. 
230.   ore  trahit,  breathes  in. 

234.  arbitrio,  at  the  will 

235.  sanguine  vocato,  abl.  abs.  —  sumina,  the  surface. 

238.  passis  (pando),  dishevelled,  as  in  mourning.  —  fontesque  lacus- 
que;  ace,  objects  of  deflevere. 

239.  deflevere,  wept  as  lost.  —  Dircen:  Dirce  was  a  spring  near 
Thebes  in  Boeotia;  Amymone,  a  fountain  and  river  in  Argolis  near 
Argos;  Pirene,  a  spring  near  Corinth. 

240.  Ephyre,  the  old  name  of  Corinth. 

241.  sortita,  having  obtained  by  lot,  here  %\vi\^\^  possessing ;  it  govern? 
ripas.' — loco  distantes,  remote  in  space, 

242.  Tanais,  the  Don. 

243.  Peneos,  a  river  of  Thessaly,  which  flows  through  the  valley  of 
Tempe.  —  senex :  the  river  gods  are  represented  as  old  men ;  see  Fig.  60 
(the  Tiber).  —  Caicus,  in  Teuthrania,  a  part  of  Mysia. 

244.  Ismenos,  near  Thebes,  in  Boeotia.  —  Erynianthus,  near  Phegia, 
in  Arcadia. 

245.  Xanthus,  one  of  the  rivers  of  Troy.  At  a  later  time  it  was  set 
on  fire  by  Vulcan,  to  stay  the  attack  of  Achilles  (Homer,  Iliad,  xxi.  342- 
389),  hence  arsurum  iteruin.  — Ijycorinas,  in  ^tolia. 

246.  Meandros,  in  Phrygia;  a  very  crooked  river,  hence  our  word 
meander. 

247.  Melas,  in  Thrace,  where  the  Mygdones  lived  before  they  mi- 
grated to  Phrygia.  —  Taenarius:  Tsenarus  is  the  southern  promontory  of 
Laconia,  through  which  country  the  Eurotas  flows. 

248.  Euphrates,  in  Mesopotamia.  —  Orontes,  in  Syria. 

249.  Thermodon,  in  Pontus.  —  Ganges,  in  India.  —  Phasis,  in  Col- 
chis, flowing  into  the  Black  Sea.  —  Hister  (or  Ister),  now  the  Danube. 

250.  Alpheos,  in  Elis.  —  Spercheides,  of  Spercheos,  a  river  of  Thes- 
saly. 

251.  Tagus,  m  Spain.     Gold  was  found  in  the  sand  of  this  river. 
253.   volucres  :  the  melodious  swans  of  the  Cayster  in  Lydia  (Maeonia) 

are  famous  in  ancient  poetry. 


30  Notes, 

255.  quod  adhuc  latet :  the  problem  of  the  source  of  the  Nile  was 
not  solved  until  our  own  day. 

257.  Isinarios,  from  Ismarus,  a  mountain  in  Thrace, 

258.  Hesperios,  western. 

260.  dissilit,  yazvns  apart. — ^Tartara,  Tartarus,  the  ancient  Hell. 
The  king  and  queen  are  Pluto  and  Proserpine. 

262.  The  subject  of  est  is  (id)  quod  modo  pontus  erat. 

263.  quos  relates  to  montes. 

264.  Cyclad^s,  a  Greek  ending,  as  Delphines,  v.  266.  —  augent, 
i.e.  by  rising  above  the  water  and  so  becoming  islands.  The  Cyclades  are 
the  islands  grouped  about  Delos  in  the  ^gean  Sea. 

267.  suinmo  resupina  igncotviVL^o,  floating  on  their  hacks  on  the  sur- 
face  of  the  deep. 

269.   I>orida:  see  note  on  z/.  11. 

272.  ut  .  .  .  ponto,  surrounded  as  she  was  by  the  sea. 

273.  fontes  (in  appos.  with  aquas),  mere  water  springs. 

274.  matris,  mother  earth. 

277.   infra  quam  solet,  lower  than  her  wont,  i.e.  crouching  in  distress. 

279.  si  placet  hoc,  sc.  tibi,  if  this  is  thy  pleasure.  —  quid,  ivhy  ? 

280.  periturae,  sc.  mihi,  i.e.  if  I  must  perish. 

281.  auctore  levare,  let  me  lighten  my  calamity  by  (the  thought  of) 
its  author.     It  would  be  some  consolation  to  perish  at  the  hand  of  Jupiter. 

283.   tostos,  scorched.  —  crines,  i.e.  the  withered  foliage  of  the  forest. 

285.   fructus,  rewards.  —  t^vt\i\ta^t\%  QfQ.QiX.Q^^,  for  my  fertility  and 
services  ;  obj.  gen. 
•     286.    quod  fero,  that  I  endtire  (§  ^-^y,  G.  542;  H.  540,  iv.). 

288.  alimenta,  in  apposition  to  fruges. 

289.  vobis,  i.e.  to  the  gods. 

290.  fac,  grant,  suppose. 

291.  f rater,  sc.  tuus,  i.e.  Neptune. — tradita  sorte,  granted  by  lot. 
After  the  fall  of  Saturn,  his  three  sons,  Jupiter,  Neptune,  and  Pluto,  drew 
lots  for  their  shares  in  the  rule  of  the  world.  Jupiter  received  the  heavens, 
Neptune  the  sea,  and  Pluto  the  lower  regions. 

293.  fratris,  obj.  gen.  limiting  gratia.  —  mea  gratia,  regard  for  me. 

294,  Atlas,  son  of  the  Titan  lapetus,  was  condemned  to  support  the 
heavens  on  his  shoulders.     (See  Fig.  9.) 

299.  chaos,  the  original  state  of  matter  before  the  creation  of  earth, 
water,  etc. 

300.  rerum  summae,  y^r  the  universe  itself  The  regular  expression 
for  the  fate  of  the  state  or  the  army,  or  whatever  highest  interest  is  staked 
on  an  engagement. 


The  Adventure  of  Phaethon. 


31 


Fig.  9. 


301.   iieque  enim,  [she  spoke  no  more]y^r,  etc. 

303.  Manibus,  the  shades,  spirits  of  the  dead :  the  infernal  regions. 

304.  ipsum,  Apollo. 
306.   interitura,  sc.  esse,  depending  upon 

testatns. 

311.  ab  aure :  the  picture  is  of  one  throw- 
ing a  javelin. 

312.  anima  .  .  .  expulit,  i.e.  deprived 
(privavit  would  here  be  the  usual  word)  of 
breath  and  cast  from  the  chariot. 

313.  expulit,  sc.  eum. 

314.  in  contraria,  in  opposite  directions. 
318.   M^^t\.^2k,,  fragments,  i.e.  traces  of  the 

chariot  now  no  longer  existing;  as  vestigia 
tirhis  are  the  traces  or  remains  of  a  ruined 
city. 

320.  longo  tractu,  in  a  long  course. 

322.  potuit :  the  poets  sometimes  use  the 
perfect  (like  the  Greek  aorist)  instead  of  the 
present,  in  reference  to  customary  events. 

323.  diverse  orbe,  a  remote  region  of 
earth,  i.e.  towards  the  west. 

324.  Eridanus,  a  mythical  river,  the  source 
of  amber.  It  was  often  identified  with  the  Po, 
sometimes  with  the  Rhone  (v.  ^^'jz). 

325.  Hesperiae :  see  v.  142  and  note.  —  trifida,  thrice-cleft,  an  epithet 
of  the  "jagged  lightning,"  supposed  to  be  most  fatal. 

326.  corpora,  plural  for  singular. 

327.  cuwrus  limits  auriga,  which  is  in  appos.  with  Phaethon;  quern 
relates  to  currus, 

328.  exeidit,  failed ;  but  the  word  (lit.  fell  out)  alludes  also  to  the 
fall  from  the  chariot,  excidere,  with  the  abl.,  meaning  fail  is  not  un- 
common. 

329.  natn,  i.e.  it  would  be  the  father's  place  naturally,  but  he  had 
withdrawn.  —  pater,  the  Sun, 

331.   isse  ferunt,  they  say  that  one  day  passed. 

ZZZ'   Quaecumque  dicenda,  the  conventional  words  of  mourning. 

335.  laniata  sinus, /^an;^^ /-^^  boso^n  of  her  garment,  sinus  is  the 
Greek  ace.  (§  240,  c,  G.  332;  H.  378).  —  percensuit,  sought  through. 

336.  mox,  when  the  limbs  had  decayed  from  lapse  of  time. 

337.  tamen,  i.e.  though  she  sought  long,  yet  she  did  at  last  find  them. 


Atlas. 


32  Notes, 

340.  Heliades,  daughters  of  the  Sun,  sisters  of  Phaethon.  —  morti  = 
to  the  dead. 

341.  pectora,  Greek  ace. 

342.  non  auditurum,  who  will  not  hear. 

343.  adsternuntur,  prostrate  themselves. 

344.  junctis  cornibus,y(7/;^/«!^/^^ri^f7r/2^,  i.e.  waxing  until  the  horrs 
of  the  crescent  join  to  form  the  full  moon. 

346.  quis,  abl.  (§  104,  d-,  G.  103,  r.  ;  H.  p.  74,  footnote  5).  —  Phae- 
^\k%dki  bright :  IJampetie  (yy^lovf),  Jlaming. 

347.  maxima,  eldest. 

349.   subita,  i.e.  suddenly  growing. 

351.  haec,  ilia,  one,  another. —  teneri:  the  infinitive  after  doko  and 
similar  verbs  is  somewhat  less  common  than  a  clause  with  quod  (§  333,  b  ; 
G.  542,  R.;  II.  535,  iii.). 

352,  fieri,  are  turning  into. 

354.   per  gradus  =  gradatim,  by  degrees,  gradually. 

356.  quid  faciat,  what  is  the  mother  to  do?  deliberative  subj.  (§  268; 
G.  258;  H.  484,  v.).  —  nisi,  limits  eat.  —  trahat,  the  subj.  by  attraction 
depending  upon  eat  (§  342;  G.  666;  H.  529,  ii.).  —  impetus,  excitement. 

363.  cortex  .  .  .  venit,  the  bark  came  upon  (her  mouth,  and  stopped) 
her  last  words, 

364.  sole,  abl.  of  cause,  with  rigescunt. 

365.  electra,  amber ;  in  truth,  a  fossil  exudation  from  trees. 

366.  gestanda :  amber  was  a  favorite  material  for  ornaments  among 
the  Roman  ladies,  who  carried  balls  of  it  in  their  hands  for  coolness.  — 
nuribus  IJatliiis,  daughters-in-law  of  Roman  nobles;  a  term  used  for 
young  matrons. 

367.  Mionstro,  prodigy.  —  Stheneleia  proles,  son  of  Sthenelus.  — 
Cycnus :  compare  the  story  in  XII.  65-145. 

369.  propior,  still  nearer. 

370.  liigurum,  of  the  coast  region  near  Genoa,  Piedmont. 

371.  querellis,  laments. 

372.  sororibus,  sisters  (of  Phaethon),  now  added  as  poplar-trees  to 
the  forest. 

373.  vlro,  dat.  of  reference. 

374.  dissimulant,  cover. 

375.  junctura,  a  joining-membrane. — rubentes,  turning  red. 

376.  tenet  os,  holds  (the  place  of)  his  mouth. 

377.  caeloque  Jovique  =  to  the  sky  of  Jove. 

378.  ut  Hiemor,  as  remembering  (the  motive  for  not  trusting  the  sky). 
—  ignis,  thunderbolt. 


The  House  of  Envy,  33 

380.  quae,  the  antecedent  is  flumina.  —  colat,  subjunctive  of  pur- 
pose, to  live  in.  —  contraria,  opposed  to. 

381.  expers  (ex-pars),  devoid,  —  squalidus,  in  mourning- 

382.  cum  deficit  orbem,  when  he  fails  the  worlds  i.e.  in  an  eclipse 
(on  the  ace.  see  §  227,  a\  0,345,  ^'"^)- 

385.  aevi  limits  principiis. 

387.  actorum  miM,  thi^igs  done  by  me ;  dat.  of  agent. 

388.  Quilibet,  whoever  will. 

390.  ipse,  Jupiter,  —  agat,  let  him  drive  them  himself.  —  ut  saltern, 
ihaty  at  least. 

391.  ponat,  lay  aside. 

392.  expertus,  when  he  has  fried. 

393.  meruisse,  sc.  eum,  antecedent  of  qui. 

4CX).   objectat,  throws  at  them  as  a  reproach;  imputat,  bears  resent- 
ment  against  them  as  offenders.  —  natum  =  his  son^s  death. 


IV.    THE  HOUSE  OF  ENVY. 

n.  761.  petit:  the  subject  is  Minerva  (see  Introduction  to  this  selec- 
tion).—  hujus,  i.e.  Invidiae. 

763.  tristis,  nominative.  —  quae  vacet,  one  which  is  empty ;  subjunc- 
tive of  characteristic  (§  320;  G.  634;  H.  503,  i.). 

764.  igue,  abl.  of  separation  (§  243,  «;  G.  389;  H.  414).  —  caligine, 
abl.  of  means  (§  248,  c,  2;   G.  389,  R.^;   H.  421,  ii.). 

765.  belli  inetuenda,  to  be  feared  in  war;  the  gen.  is  poetic  (see 
§  218,  c;  G.  374,  R.2;  H.  399,  iii.). 

766.  neque  enim  fas  habet,  for  she  does  not  think  it  right;  as  a 
goddess,  Minerva  could  not  with  propriety  enter  the  dwelling  of  such 
a  being  as  Envy. 

767.  extrema  cuspide,  with  the  point  of  her  spear  (§193;  G.  287, 
R.;  H.  440,  N.2). 

769.  alimeuta :  her  own  venomous  nature  is  nourished  by  this  ven- 
omous food. 

770.  visa,  abl.;  as  soon  as  she  has  seen  her,  she  turns  her  eyes  away 
from  her. 

771.  pigre,  lazily f  adv. 

773.  ut,  with  the  indicative,  as  or  when.  —  forma  armisque,  abl.  of 
specification  (§  253;  G.  398;  H.  424). 


34  Notes. 

774.  ingemuit,  etc.,  from  envy.  —  vultum  .  .  .  duxit,  she  drew  her 
face  down  to  her  deepest  sighs,  i.e.  she  sighed  and  made  a  long  face. 

776.  acies,  glance  of  the  eye.  Envy  can  look  no  one  in  the  face. 
—  nusQuam,  nowhere,  is  here  used  to  mean  in  no  direction. 

778.   nisi  queni,  except  (the  laugh)  zvhich. 

780.  ingratos,  unpleasant  (to  her),  hated. 

781.  carpit  .  .  .  una,  she  gnaws  others,  and  is  herself  gnawed  at  the 
same  time,  i.e.  she  spoils  the  happiness  of  others,  and  makes  herself 
unhappy,     una  is  the  adv. 

782.  oderat :  the  subject  is  Tritonia,  the  same  as  that  of  affata  est. 
Minerva  derived  the  epithet  Tritonia  from  the  brook  Triton  in  Boeotia, 
near  which  her  worship  was  established  in  early  times.  Later  stories  con- 
nect the  name  with  the  Libyan  river  Triton.  —  quamvis  belongs  with 
oderat.  —  tamen  qualifies  affata  est. 

786.   reppulit,  sptirned,  struck,  i.e.  as  she  sprang  up  toward  heaven. 

788.  successurum,  sc.  esse,  that  success  is  to  come  to  Minerva.  Env) 
is  willing  enough  to  harm  Aglauros,  but  is  sorry  that  by  so  doing  she  fulfils 
the  wish  of  Minerva. 

794.  Tritonida  arcem,  the  citadel  of  Trito^tia,  i.e.  Athens,  which  was 
sacred  to  Minerva  (Athena) . 

795.  ingeniis,  intellects,  i.e.  men  of  genius.  The  glory  of  the  historical 
Athens  is  here  transferred  to  mythical  times. 


V.    THE   RAPE  OF   EUROPA. 

II.    ^2>Z'  has,  referring  to  the  punishment  of  Aglauros  (see  heading). 

834.  cepit  =  had  inflicted :  the  poena  is,  in  its  original  sense,  a  fine  or 
forfeit.  —  Atlantiades :  the  mother  of  Mercury  was  Maia,  daughter  of 
Atlas.  —  dictas  a  Pallade :  Pallas,  "  the  brandisher,"  is  an  epithet 
of  Athena  {Minerva),  tutelary  divinity  of  Athens. 

^35«  pennis:  Mercury  is  represented  with  a  winged  cap  {petasus), 
and  winged  sandals  {talaria), 

836.   genitor,  Jupiter.  —  causam  amoris  =  love  as  his  motive. 

%'^,   solito  cursu,  i.e.  the  air,  his  accustomed  path. 

839.  quae :  the  antecedent  is  hanc,  v.  841 ;  so  the  antecedent  of 
quod,  V.  841,  is  armentum,  v.  842.  —  tuam  matrem  suspicit,  looks 
up  to  thy  mother.  Maia  is  one  of  the  stars  in  the  group  of  Pleiades,  — 
a  parte  sinistra :  on  the  left,  etc.,  i.e.  towards  the  East.  Jupiter  is  look- 
ing from  Mt.  Olympus. 


The  Rape  of  Europa. 


35 


840.   Sidonida,  i.e.  Phoenicia,  "  the  land  of  Sidon." 

843.  jamdudum :  expresses  the  promptness  of  Mercury's  obedience. 
So,  among  some  very  courteous  populations,  if  you  ask  for  any  favor,  the 
answer  will  be,  "  It  is  done  already." 

844.  filia :  Europa,  "  the  broad  brow,"  daughter  of  the  Eastern  king, 
is  one  of  the  numerous  names  given  to  the  Dawn  in  the  Greek  mythology. 
The  "  dawn  "  of  civilization  rises  upon  the  western  world  from  Asia.  For 
the  significance  of  this  fable,  see  introductory  note  to  the  next  selection. 

845.  comitata,  accompanied ;  the  perf.  part,  of  some  deponent  verbs 
has,  especially  in  poetry,  passive  signification. 

846.  non  bene  conveniunt,  are  not  very  co7tsistent, — morantur, 
reside, 

848.  deiim,  gen.  plur.,  a  shorter  form  for  deorum,  —  cui,  dat  of 
reference  (§  235,  a;  G.  343,  R.^;  H.  384,  4,  N.^). 

849.  nutu :  so  Zeus  **  nodded  with  his  dark  brows  and  shook  great 
Olympus"  (II.  i.  c^2d>-^6). 

850.  induitur  faciem,  he  clothes  himself  in  the  for?n  (§  240,  <:,  N.; 
G.  332,  R.2;  H.  377)  ;  here  induitur  has  a  reflexive  meaning  =  induit  sibiy 
like  the  middle  voice  in  Greek. 

852.   vestigia  .  .  .  auster;  i.e.  the  snow  is  new-fallen. 

854.  toris,  with  the  swell  of  muscles.  —  armis  (from  armus),  from 
his  shoulders^  the  place  where  the  fore-legs  join  the  body. 

855.  contendere  possis,  you  might  maintain. 

856.  facta  manu,  made  by  (hum.an) 
hand^  i.e.  artificial. 

858.  Agenore :  see  heading. 

859.  formosus,  sc.  sit.  —  minetur; 
subj.  because  expressing  the  thought  not 
of  the  poet,  but  of  Europa  (§  321,  2; 
341,^;  G.  541;  H.  516,  ii.). 

860.  metuit  contingere:  on  the 
complementary  inf.  with  verbs  of  fearing, 
etc.,  see  §  271;  G.  424;  H.  533. 

867.  palpanda,  impedienda;  ge- 
rundive expressing  purpose  (§  294,  d\  G. 
431;  H.  544,  2,  N.2). 

871.   falsa,  i.e.  not  his  own. 

874.  dextra  tenet :  the  picture  as  here  described  was  familiar  to  the 
poet  on  gems,  etc.     Similar  is  the  vase  painting  reproduced  in  Fig.  10. 


Fig.  10. 


Europa. 


36  Notes. 


VI.    THE   SEARCH   OF   CADMUS. 

in.    I.   deus:  Jupiter. 

2.  Dictaea :  Dicte  is  a  mountain  in  the  eastern  part  of  Crete.  The 
Phoenicians,  in  very  ancient  times,  were  colonists  and  traders  among  the 
Grecian  islands.  Several  of  the  divinities  worshipped  by  the  Greeks  were 
probably  introduced  by  them.  The  fable  of  Europa  may  perhaps  point 
to  such  a  settlement  in  Crete,  with  the  introduction  of  cattle  from  Asia. 
The  heifer  which  guides  Cadmus  would  thus  have  the  same  signification  in 
the  story  as  the  bull  which  bears  away  Europa. 

3.  perquirere,  to  search  everywhere, 

5.  plus  et  sceleratus,  "tender"  towards  his  daughter,  and  "guilty" 
towards  his  son. 

7.  furta,  deceptions. 

8.  Phoebi  oracula,  i.e.  at  Delphi,  in  Phocis,  near  Boeotia, 

10.  solis  in  arvis,  in  solita7y  pastures. 

11.  passa:  cows  as  well  as  oxen  were  trained  to  the  yoke,  as  on  the 
continent  of  Europe  now. 

12.  herba,  on  the  grass. 

13.  fac  condas  (§  331, /r.;  G.  546,  r.^;  H.  499,  2). — Boeotia, 
connected  with  ^Sovs,  Lat.  bos.  —  vocato :  future  imperative. 

14.  Castalio :  the  oracle  of  Apollo  was  in  a  cave  of  Mt.  Parnassus, 
whence  flowed  the  Castalian  fount. 

15.  videt,  sc.  cum;  cf.  Book  II.  v.  47. 

16.  servitii  signum,  sign  of  servittide,  i.e.  mark  of  the  yoke. 

17.  presso,  restrained^  slow ;  he  could  not  walk  faster  than  the  heifer 
he  was  following.  —  legit,  traces;  lit.  picks  up^  apparently  the  original 
meaning  of  the  word. 

18.  auctorem  "viae,  who  had  advised  him  about  his  way. 

19.  Panopes  (gen.),  an  old  town  on  the  Cephisus, 

20.  cornibus  altis,  abl.  of  specification  (§  253;  G.  398;  H.  424). 

21.  impullt  auras,  stirred  the  air, 

22.  terga,  plur.  for  sing. 

24.    oscula  figit,  imprints  kisses. 

27.  llbandas,  to  be  drawn  (cf.  libatos.  Book  l.v.  371) ;  for  the  gerun- 
dive, see  §  294,  d',   G.  431;   H.  544,  2,  N.'^ 

30.  hurnilem  arcum,  a  low  arch. 

31.  antro,  loc.  abl.  (§  258,  /,  3;  G.  384,  R.2;  H.  425,  2,  N.2).  The 
serpent  was  hidden  in  the  cave,  but  also  by  (means  of)  the  cave,  so  that 
the  abl.  is  here  properly  instrumental  as  well  as  locative. 


The  Search  of  Cadmtis. 


37 


32.   Martlus,  sacred  to  Mars, 

35.  quern  .  .  .  gradu,  when  the  men  descended  from  Tyrian  race  had 
reached  this  grove  with  hapless  step.  Tyre  was  a  colony  of  Sidon,  but 
became  far  more  famous  and  powerful  than  its  mother  city. 

38.  caeruleus,  livid. 

41.   nexibus,  folds ;  orbes,  coils. 

43.  media  plus  parte,  niore  than  half  his  lejzgth;  the  full  form 
would  be  phts  quam  media  parte  (abl.  of  specification,  §  253;  G.  398; 
H.  424),  but  quafn  is  here  omitted,  as  it  regularly  is  after  phis,  minus, 
amplius,  longitis  (§  247,  c,   G.  311,  r.*;   H.  417,  n.2). 

44.  tanto  corpore,  abl.  of  quality  (§251;   G.  402;   H.  419,  ii.). 

45.  geminas  .  .  .  Arctos :  the  great  constellation  of  the  dragon.  — 
qui,  the  one  which. 

46.  nee  mora,  sc.  est,  a7id  there  is  no  delay,  i.e.  -ivithout  delay. 
48.   hos,  illos,  hos :  all  objects  of  necat. 

50.   sol  altissimus,  the  sun  at  its  height,  i.e.  at  noon. 

53.  telum,  sc.  erat. 

54.  praestantior,  more  excellent. 

56.   supra,  adverb.  —  spatiosi  corporis,  descriptive  genitive. 
59.   molarem,  sc.  lapidem,  a  stone  as  big  as   a  millstone.     (See 
Fig.  II.) 

Fig.  II. 


Cadi 


62.  mota  forent,  might  have  been  shaken. 

63.  loricae  modo,  after  the  manner  of  (i.e.  like)  a  coat  of  mail. 
66.  lentae, //m/2^'.  —  medio  curvamine,  in  the  middle  of  the  coil. 
69.  vulnera :  plur.  for  sing.,  as  often  in  poetry. 


38  Notes, 

70.   id,  the  shaft.  —  partem  in  oninem,  in  every  direction. 
72.   accesslt,  was  added. 

75.  quique  halitus  —  halitusque  qui,  the  breath  which. 

76.  Stygio,  i.e.  fearful  as  the  Styx. 

77.  modo  .  .  .  interdum,  now  .  .  .  now. 

78.  cingitur,  knots  himself ;  exstat,  erects  himself. 

79.  impete,  an  old  form  of  the  ablative  (3d  declension)  :  the  regular 
form  would  be  inipetu  (4th  declension),  but  impetfi  could  not  be  used 
in  this  metre.  —  concitus  irabrilbus,  hurried  on  (i.e.  szvollen)  by  rains. 

83.  praetenta,  held  before  him. 

84.  ferro,  dative. 

88.  plagam  .  .  .  arcebat,  by  retreating^  hindered  the  blow  from  sitting 
(i.e.  from  striking  deep);  for  the  inf.  see  §  331,  e,  2;  G.  548,  R.^;  H. 
505,  ii.  2. 

91.   usque  ^^q^u^n^,  following  up.  —  eunti,  sc.  serpenti. 

94.  gemuit,  etc.,  groaned  (like  a  living  thing)  that  its  trunk  -ivas  lashed 
by  the  end  of  his  tail. 

95.  spatium,  the  bulk. 

98.  tu  spectabere  serpens :  Cadmus  was  afterwards  changed  to  a 
serpent;   see  Book  IV.  563-614  (argument). 

loi.  fautrix:  Pallas  is  regularly  represented  as  the  protectress  and 
guide  of  heroes  in  their  exploits.  She  was  the  goddess  of  invention  and 
mental  energy. 

102.   motae  terrae  (dat.),  beneath  the  broken  earth. 

106.  fide  majus,  an  incredible  thing !  —  coepere :  the  prose  form 
would  be  coeptae  sunt. 

108.   picto,  decorated. 

111.  festis,  on  a  holiday. 

112.  %\^Tiak,  figures,  painted  on  the  curtain.  The  closing  of  the  cur- 
tain is  referred  to,  which  was  done  from  the  bottom,  not  from  the  top  as 
with  us. 

113.  plaeido  tenore,  with  quiet  (or  easy)  motion. 

117.  civilibus  bellis,  our  civil  tvars,  i.e.  the  strife  between  men  of 
the  same  race. 

119.  eminus:  opposed  to  cominus;  the  first  fell  in  hand-to-hand 
conflict;  the  second,  in  conflict  conducted  at  a  distance,  i.e.  with  missiles. 

122.  suo  marte,  in  their  own  fight,  i.e.  in  conflict  with  each  other. 

123.  subiti,  who  had  suddenly  come  into  being.  (Cf.  Book  I.  315, 
subitarum  campus  aquarum^ 

125.  matrem,  i.e.  the  Earth. 

126.  quinque  superstitibus,  abl.  abs. 


ActcBou,  39 

127.  hunio:  this  is  sometimes  used  by  the  poets  instead  of  the  loca- 
tive humi,  or,  as  here,  the  ace.  humuin.  —  Tritonidis  :    Tritonis  is  an  - 
epithet  of  Minerva,  derived  from  the  brook  Triton  in  Boeotia.     (See  note 
on  Book  II.  V.  782.) 

128.  fraternae  pacis, /(?<2^<?  among  the  (surviving)  brothers. 

129.  Sidonius :  as  Sidon  was  a  chief  town  of  Phcxinicia,  Sidonian  is 
equivalent  to  Phoenician. 

132.  soceri,  parents-in-law ;  Hermione  (or  Harmonia),  daughter  of 
Mars  and  Venus,  was  wife  of  Cadmus. 

133.  hue,  to  this. 

135.  juvenes,  youths  ;  not  pueri,  boys :  Cadmus  lived  to  see  his  grand- 
children grow  up-  —  sed  .  .  .  debet :  "  Call  no  man  happy  until  he  dies," 
a  favorite  maxim  of  ancient  wisdom.  In  the  myth  of  Cadmus  we  may 
recognize  a  genuine  tradition  of  the  trading  settlements  and  factories 
established  by  Phoenicians  in  very  early  times,  along  the  coast  of  Greece. 
From  them  the  rude  Greeks  received  the  first  beginnings  of  civilization, 
especially  the  knowledge  of  the  alphabet.  Many  religious  rites  were  like- 
wise borrowed  from  them,  especially  some  forms  of  the  worship  of  Herakles 
iHerctdes^  the  Phoenician  Melkart)  and  Aphrodite  {Astarte^^  or  Venus, 


VII.     ACT^:ON. 


III.     138.   prima  agrees  with  causa;  secundas  with  res. 

139.  aliena,  belonging  to  another  race,  strange. 

140.  satiatae,  fem.  agreeing  with  canes,  for  the  names  of  animals 
are  much  more  frequently  fem.  in  Latin  than  in  English. 

141.  quaeras,  subj.  of  the  less  vivid  future  condition,  though  the 
apodosis  invenies  is  fut.  ind,  —  fortunae  crimen, /««///  of  fortune. — 
in  illo,  in  him,  i.e.  Actseon. 

145.  ex  aequo,  equally,  lit.  from  an  equal  point  {of  view).  —  meta 
utraque,  fro^n  each  goal.  At  each  end  of  the  course  in  the  circus  was  a 
conical  goal;   the  course  of  the  sun  is  here  compared  with  the  race-course. 

146.  juvenis  Hyantius,  the  Hyantian  (Boeotian)  youth,  i.e.  Actyeon. 
150.   cum,  conjunction. 

152.  distat  idem,  is  the  same  distance  from.  —  creta:  Cretan  earth 
(i.e.  chalk)  was  used  to  mark  the  goals  or  metae ;  hence  creta  =  meta; 
of.  V.  145.  —  vaporibus,  heat,  as  in  Book  I.  v.  432. 

155,    acuta,  sharp f  referring  to  the  foliage  of  the  cypress. 


40 


Notes, 


Diana. 


156.   nomine,   abl.   of  specification    (§   253;    G.   398;    H.  424). — 
Gargaphie,  a  valley  extending  from  Mt.  Cithseron  in  the   direction   of 
Thebes.  —  succinctae,    high-girded^    i.e. 
wearing  a  short  tunic,  which  would  not  im- 
pede her  motions.     (See  Fig.  12.) 

159.  pumice  vivo,  of  living  (i.e.  nat- 
.  ural)  pti7nice- stone  (abl.  of  material,  §  244, 

2,  N.i;  G.  396;  H.  415,  iii.). 

160.  duxerat,  had  drawn,  i.e.  formed. 
162.   hiatus,  Greek  accusative   (§   240 

c;  G.  332;  H.  378). 

165.  quo,  whither;  but  here,  as  fre- 
quently, the  Latin  uses  the  relative  where 
the  Enghsh  does  not. 

166.  retentos,  from  retendo. 

167.  subjecit  bracchia:  she  caught  it 
in  her  arms  as  the  goddess  took  it  off. 

168.  doetior  illis,  more  skilful  than 
they,  and  therefore  employed  in  service  de- 
manding more  skill. 

169.  Ismenis:    a   patronymic   from   Is- 
inenus,  a  stream  in  Boeotia. 

170.  solutis,  sc.  capillis;   abl.  of  quality  (§  251 ;  G.  402;  H.  419,  ii.). 

171.  Nephele,  Cloud;  Hyle,  Wood;  Rhanis,  Rain-drop;  Psecas, 
Shower ;  Pliiale,  Bowl:  all  Greek  words.   Crocale,  above,  means  Seashore. 

1 72.  capacibus  urnis :  belongs  with  both  verbs. 

1 73.  Titania :  Diana  is  called  Titania  because  she  is  identified  with 
the  goddess  of  the  moon,  Selene,  who  was  the  daughter  of  the  Titan 
Hyperion. 

1 74.  dilata  parte :  the  continuation  of  the  hunt  was  postponed  until 
the  next  day;  cf.  v.  150. 

177.  qui:  here  again  the  Latin  relative  must  be  rendered  by  the 
English  demonstrative. 

1 78.  sicut  erant,  nudae,  naked  as  they  luere. 

183.  qui  :  the  antecedent  is  to  be  supplied  from  is  in  v.  185.  —  adversi, 
turned  totvard  them. 

184.  solet:  a  short  final  syllable  is  sometimes  treated  as  if  long  in  the 
caesura  of  the  third  foot  before  et  or  aut,  and  also  in  any  thesis  when  fol- 
lowed by  a  Greek  word.  —  purpureae  anrorae:  Ovid  allows  hiatus  after 
the  thesis  of  the  fifth  loot  when  the  foot  is  spondaic  or  when  a  Greek  word 
follows. 


Actceon,  41 

188.  ut,  sic:  although,  still. — liabuisse:  perf.  inf.  where  the  pres.  is 
more  usual.     So  in  English  one  might  say  she  wished  she  had  had. 

192.  tibi:  dat.  of  agent  (§  232,  a\  G.  352;  H.  388,  i).  —  narres: 
depends  upon  licet  without  ut  (§  331,  i,  N.^;  G.  609;  H.  501,  i.  i,  502). 

194.  vivacis :  the  stag  was  believed  to  live  through  thirty-six  genera- 
tions of  men.  Ancient  artists  generally  represented  this  first  stage  of 
Actsson's  metamorphosis,  in  which  the  man  has  the  stag's  antlers.  (See 
Fig.  I3-) 

198.  Autonoeius :  Autonoe,  daughter  of  Cadmus,  was  Actseon's  mother. 

199.  se  tarn  celerem :  sc.  esse  (see  §  333,  b\  G.  542,  r.;  H.  535,  iii.). 
202.   vox  ilia  fuit:  i.e.  that  (the  groan)  was  all  the  voice  he  had. — 

ora  non  sua,  features  not  his  own,  because  his  face  was  changed  to  that 
of  a  stag. 

204.  faciat:  deliberative  subjunctive  (§  268;  G.  258;  H.  484,  v.);  so 
also  repetat  and  lateat. 

206.  Melampus,  Black-foot;  Ichnobates,  Trail-goer ;  Pamphagus, 
All-devour er  ;  Dorceus,  Quick- sighted ;  Oribasus,  Mountain-wanderer  ; 
Nebrophonus,  i^^w^^-^/aj^r  ;  Ijaelaps,  Whirlwind;  T\x^vo\\,  Hunter  ; 
Pterelas,  Winged;  Agre,  Huntress;  Hylaeus,  Silvan;  Nape,  Glen; 
Poemenis,  Shepherdess ;  Harpyia,  i?«z^<^^^r;  Ladon,  Strong;  Dromas, 
Runner;  Canace,  Crasher;  Sticte,  Spotted;  Tigris,  Tigress;  Alee, 
Courage ;  lieucon,  White  ;  Asbolus,  Soot;  Aello,  Wind-blast ;  Thous, 
Stvift ;  Cyprio,  Cyprian;  Lycisce,  Wolfy ;  Harpalos,  Seizer ;  Mela- 
neus,  Black ;  Ijachne,  Fur  ;  iJabros,  Furious;  Agriodus,  Wild-tooth  ; 
Hylactor,  Barker^  and  below,  Melanchaetes,  Black-haired ;  Theri- 
damas,  Game-subduer  ;  Oresitrophus,  Mountain-bred :  all  these  names 
are  Greek. 

208.  Gnosius,  Spartana:  the  Cretan  and  Laconian  hounds  were 
excellent  hunters. 

216.  substricta,  close-bound,  i.e.  slender,  as  those  of  swift  hounds 
are. 

218.  villis,  abl.  of  quality  (§  251;  G.  402;  H.  419,  ii.)  :  both  adjectives 
agree  with  it. 

219.  cursu:  abl.  of  specification  (§  253;  G.  398;  H.  424). 

221.  frontem:  Greek  accusative  (§  240,^;  G.  332:  H.  378).- — medio 
ab  albo,  from  the  white  in  the  middle. 

222.  corpore,  abl.  of  specification. 

223.  Dictaeo,  Ijaconide :  see  note  on  v.  208. 

224.  acutae  voeis,  gen.  of  quality  (§  215;  G.  364;  H.  396,  v.). 

225.  est,  would  be  (§  311,  c;  G.  246  R.^;  H.  511). 

226.  aditu,  abl.  with  carentia  (§  243;  G.  '^^c)',  H.  414). 


42 


Notes, 


227.  difficilis,  sc.  via. 

228.  fugit  per  quae  loca:  the  antecedent  loca  is  incorporated  in  the 
relative  clause  (§  200;  G.  618;  H.  445,  9);  he  flees  through  places  through 
zvhich  he  had  often  follozved. 

229.  famulos,  i.e.  his  dogs. 

238.  quein  tamen,  still  such  as.  —  possit,  subj.  after  the  character- 
istic relative  (§  320;  G.  634;  H.  503,  i.). 

240.  similis  roganti,  like  a  suppliant ;  suppliants  held  out  their  arms 
in  prayer,  and  Actaeon  tried  to  express  supplication  by  the  motions  of  his 
face. 

Fig.  13. 


Actceon. 


247.   vellet :  potential  subjunctive,  i.e.  apodosis  of  an  omitted  condition 
contrary  to  fact  (§  311,  b;  G.  252,  R.i;  H.  486). 


VIIT.     PYRAMUS   AND  THISBE. 


The  reader  will  remember  this  story  as  presented  in  "Midsummer- 
Night's  Dream." 

IV.    56.   praelata,  preferred  before  :  most  excellent  among, 
58.    Seiniraniis,  wife  of  Ninus,  and  founder  of  Babylon.  —  coctilibus, 
of  burnt  brick. 


Pyraimis  and  Thisbe,  43 

59.  primes  gradus,  sc.  amoris,  which  is  easily  suppUed  from  the 
following  line. 

60.  taedae,  gen.  with  jure  =  in  lazvftd  marriage.  A  torchlight  pro- 
cession was  a  regular  part  of  the  nuptial  ceremony. 

61.  quod  relates  to  v,  62. 

62.  ex  aequo  eaptis,  equally  eit slaved. 

63.  conscius,  witness. 

65.  fissus  erat  paries,  the  party-wall  was  cloven.  —  duxerat,  had  got y 
i.e.  the  chink  had  been  left  in  it. 

67.  id  vitiuni,  this  defect. — nuUi  notatum,  remarked  by  no  one. 
69.   feeistis  iter,  made  it  a  passage.  —  illud  refers  to  iter. 

74.  erat,  would  it  have  been  ;  the  imperf.  ind.  where  one  might  expect 
the  pluperf.  subj.  (§  311,  c,  G.  246,  R.=2;  H.  511,  N.^).  — ut  sineres:  sub- 
junctive of  t^-avXti  for  yoti  to  allow. 

75.  pateres,  open  far  enough. 

77.  quod,  etc.,  obj.  of  debere.  —  arnicas,  beloved. 

78.  diversa  sede,  i.e.  parted  as  they  were. 

79.  parti  suae,  his  own  side. 

80.  contra,  to  the  other, 

85.  foribus,  abl  (§  258,  a,  N.3;  G.  388,  R.^;  H.  414,  N.i). 

87.  neve  sit  errandum,  and  that  they  may  not  have  to  go  wrongs  i.e. 
miss  each  other. 

88.  conveniant  is  still  subj.  of  purpose  after  ut  in  v.  84.  —  lateant 
(also  subj.),  conceal  themselves.  —  busta  Nini,  the  tomb  of  Ninus,  the 
husband  of  Semiramis.  Shakespeare  says,  "  to  meet  at  Ninus'  tomb,  there, 
there  to  woo." 

91.  Ins.,  the  daylight.  —  tarde  discedere  visa :  their  eagerness  made 
the  day  seem  long. 

94.  vultum,  ace.  of  specification  (§  240,  c,  G.  332;  H.  378). 

95.  pervSnlt,  sedit:  a  change  from  present  to  perfect. 

96.  recenti  .  .  .  rictus,  a  lioness  whose  foaming  jaws  are  smeared 
(oblita)  from  the  fresh  slaughter  (i.e.  with  the  fresh  blood)  of  cattle 
(rictus,  ace.  of  specification). 

loi.  ffigit,  reliquit,  change  of  tense,  which  is  regular  with  dum 
(§  276,  e-y  G.  220,  R.;  H.  467,  4) ;  so  also  redit,  laniavit,  below. 

103.   sine  ipsa,  without  (Thisbe)  herself 

105.   serius,  too  late  for  his  appointment. 

no.  nostra,  my  ;  nos  and  noster  are  often  used  for  ego  and  ineus. — 
nocens,  the  guilty  one. 

III.  jussi  venires,  bade  you  come.  The  prose  construction  would 
be  infinitive. 


44  Notes, 

113.   scelerata  viscera,  guilty  flesh. 

115.    timidi:    predicate   gen.   (§    214,  d\    G.   365,   R.i;    H.  401).— 
op  tare  necein,  to  wi:>kfor  death  merely  instead  of  killing  himself. 
1 1 7.   notae,  agreeing  with  vesti. 
119.    quo:  the  antecedent  is  ferruiii. 

121.  resupiniis,  fallen  back.  —  humo,  loo.  abl.  for  the  more  usual 
locative  form  humi. 

122.  fistula,  a  zuaier-pipe.  —  vitiato  plumbo,  \.^.  from  a  flaw  in 
the  lead. 

123.  tenui  stricleiite  foranime,  by  a  :ini all  hissing  opening. 

124.  aera  ictibus  riimpit,  cleaves  the  air  zuith  its  spur  tings, 

130.  gestit,  is  eager. 

131.  utque,  sic,  and  though^  yet. 

132.  facit  incertain,  ;7^<3!/&<?i'  her  doubtfid.  —  povnA,  fruit.  —  haeret, 
she  hesitates  (lit.  she  sticks). 

133.  tremebunda,  quivering. 

134.  buxo:  alluding  to  the  pale  yellowish  color  of  the  box-tree. 

135.  exhorruit,  shivered.  —  aequoris,  gen.  with  instar  (§  223,  e; 

G.  372;  H.  398,4). 

136.  Buvumum,  its  surface. 

138.  indignos  =  im??ieritos,  not  deset'ving  it. 

139.  comas,  ace.  of  specification  (§  240,  c;  G.  332;  II.  378). 
142.   t\\i\Ll,  from  me  (§  229;  G.  344,  R.^;  H.  386,  2). 

146.  visa  ilia,  having  looked  upon  her, 

147.  ense:  see  §  243,  d  -^  G.  389,  R.^;  H,  414,  iii. 

148.  ebur,  ivory  scabbard. 

149.  in  unum  hoc,  for  this  alone. 

1 50.  in  vulnera,  for  (inflicting)  zvounds. 

151.  persequar,  sc.  te. 

153.  sola,  agreeing  with  morte.  —  nee,  not  even. 

154.  hoc,  secondary  object  (§  239,  c,  R.;  G.  ^^'^,  R.^j  H.  374,  l).— ■ 
amborurn  verbis,  in  the  name  of  both  of  us. 

155.  mens,  vocative,  the  form  of  which  is  ini  when  its  noun  is  ex- 
}3ressed;  here  ineus  agrees  with  parens  to  be  sui)plied  from  parentes 
(lit,  fathers,  mine  and  his). 

157.  non  invideatlSj  do  not  grudge,,  i.e.  grant ;  as  grant  is  one  idea, 
the  two  words  non  invideatis  are  introduced  by  ut;  otherwise  ne,  not 
nt  non,  would  be  required. 

158.  quae  arbor,  tree,  zvhirh  (§  200,  />;  G.  618;  11.  445,  9). 

159.  es  tectura,  co-ordinated  with  tegis,  being  j^art  of  the  relative 
sentence  introduced  by  quae. 


Ino  and  Melicerta. 


45 


165.  ater:  the  fruit  of  the  common  mulberry  is  black  when  ripe.  The 
morns  alba^  the  fruit  of  which  is  white  when  ripe,  was  introduced  into 
Europe  from  China  in  the  Middle  Ages,  but  was  unknown  to  Ovid. 


166.   rogis. 
funeral  pyres. 


dat.  (§   228;    G.  346;    H.  389),  what  remains  from  the 


IX.    INO  AND   MELICERTA. 


IV.  432.  funesta  :  the  berries  of  the  yew  were  believed  to  be  poison- 
ous, hence  the  way  to  Hades  is  shaded  by  this  "  deadly "  tree.  For  a 
detailed  description  of  the  same  scenes,  see  Virgil,  ^n.  VI.  268-416. 

434.  iners,  sluggish,  stagnant. 

435.  functa  sepnlchris  :  only  the  shades  of  those  who  had  been  duly 
buried  were  allowed  to  cross  the  Styx. 

436.  iiovi  manes,  the  neivly  arrived  shades  ;  subject  of  ignorant. 
440.   fretuin,  the  sea.     The  sense  is :  as  the  sea  receives  the  waters  of 

all  rivers,  yet  never  overflows,  so  the  realm  of  the  dead  is  never  overfilled. 

444.  celebrant,  throng;  with  artes  some  other  verb  (e.g.  practise) 
must  be  supplied.  —  Imi  tyranni,  the  ruler  cf  the  nethermost  regions. 

447.  sustinet  ii*e,  endures  to  go,  i.e.  she  goes  in  spite  of  the  distaste- 
fulness  of  the  journey. 

449.  quo,  relative  adv.  where  the  de- 
monstrative is  needed  in  English  (§  201, 
e,h;   G.  612;    H.  453). 

451.  sorores  nocte  genitas,  the 
daughters  of  Night,  i.e.  the  Furies.  (See 
Fig.  14.) 

452.  numen :  sing,  because  the  three 
sisters  compose  one  divine  agency. 

453.  adamante,  on  a  seat  of  ada- 
mant. 

456.  deae,  the  Furies. 

457.  Tityos,  a  giant  son  of  earth, 
insulted  Latona,  and  was  condemned  to 
have  his  vitals  eternally  torn  by  two  vul- 
tures. 

458.  Tantalus,  king  of  Lydia,  son  of  Jupiter,  was  placed  in  Hades 
in  a  lake,  the  water  of  which  retreated  when  he  wished  to  drink;  over 
his  head  hung  fruit,  which  swung  away  from  his  grasp  when  the  torments 
of  hunger  forced  him  to  reach  for  it.     His  crime  was  either  failure  to 


46 


Notes, 


keep  the  secrets  of  the  gods,  or  the  theft  of  nectar  and  ambrosia,  or  the 
trial  he  made  of  the  gods  by  cooking  his  son  Pelops,  and  oiiering  the 
meat  to  them  as  food. 

460,  Sisyphus,  son  of  ^olus,  ruler  in  Ephyra  (Corinth),  had  to  roll 
a  great  stone  up  a  hill,  from  the  top  of  which  it  always  rolled  down.  His 
crime  is  also  variously  recounted;  according  to  one  story  he  informed 
Asopus  that  Jupiter  bad  carried  off  his  daughter  Al^xwd., 

461.  Ixion,  a  Thessalian  ruler,  offended  Juno,  and  was  fastened  for 
all  eternity  upon  a  revolving  wheel.     (See  Fig.  15.) 

Fig.  15. 


Tantalus,  Ixion,  and  Sisyphus. 

463.  perdant,  subj.  of  purpose.  —  Belides:  the  Danaides,  the  fifty 
granddaughters  of  the  Egyptian  King  Belus,  slew  at  the  command  of  their 
father  Danaus  their  cousins  {patruelibus),  the  fifty  son|,of /Egyptus,  whom 
they  had  married  (only  one,  Hypcrmnestra,  saved  her  husband  Lynceus). 
In  the  lower  world  they  were  forced  to  pour  water  continually  into  a  per- 
forated jar. 

466.  hie  e  fratribus:  Sisyphus  and  Athamas  (as  well  as  Cretheus 
and  Salmoneus)  were  sons  of  /Eolus. 

468.   cum  conjuge,  together  luith  his  loife  (Ino). 

470.  quod  vellet,  erat,  what  she  ivished,  was;  the  subjunctive  of 
modesty  (§  311,  h\  G.  602;  H.  486,  i),  perhaps  used  here  in  part  because 
the  indirect  question  quid  velit  made  the  subjunctive  seem  natural. 


Ino  and  Melicerta.  47 

471.  tralierent,  subj.  of  purpose,  with  ut  implied  in  the  preceding  ne. 

472.  coufiiiidit  ill  iinuni,  she  unites. 

474.  Tisiphonc,  Tta-ic^oVrj,  the  avenger  of  slaughter,  one  of  the  Furies. 
—  capillos,  Greek  accusative  (§  240,  c;  G.  332;  H.  378). 

476.  anibagibus,  abl.  with  opus  (§  243,  e\  G.  390;  H.  414,  iv.). 

477.  facta  puta,  believe  that  it  is  done,  i.e.  it  is  as  good  as  done;  put 
yourself  at  ease. 

480.  Thaumantias  Iris :  Iris,  daughter  of  Thaumas  and  Electra,  was 
the  special  attendant  of  Juno.  She  purifies  her  by  sprinkling  water  over 
her,  in  order  that  she  may  not  pollute  the  heavens  by  entering  unpurified 
from  the  infernal  regions. 

481.  nee  mora,  sc.  est,  there  is  no  delay,  i.e.  without  delay. 

483.  induitur  pallam,  she  clothes  herself  in  a  cloak;  induo  in  the 
passive  is  not  infrequently  used  with  the  accusative;  this  may  be  explained 
as  the  ace.  of  specification,  or  may  be  derived  from  the  Greek  construction 
of  two  accusatives  with  verbs  of  clothing.  The  more  natural  Latin  con- 
struction would  be  the  abl.  like  incingitur  angite. 

485.  vultu,  abl.  of  quality  (§  251 ;  G.  402;  H.  419,  ii.). 

486.  limine,  loc.  abl.  without  i^i  (§  258,/  3;  G.  384,  R.^;  H.  425,  2, 
ii.  N.2) ;  the  threshold  is  that  of  Athamas. 

487.  Aeolii,  JEolian  ;  for  Athamas  was  the  son  of  /Eolus.  —  Avernus, 
adj.,  deadly,  infernal. 

488.  monstris,  prodigies, 

490.   infelix,  baneful  —  Erinys,  Fury, 

495.  This  and  the  following  lines  are  in  close  imitation  of  Virgil,  Nxi. 
VII.  346  ff.  —  abrumpit,  snatches.  —  crinibus,  dat.  (§  229;  G.  344,  R.^; 

n.  386). 

497.  Inoos,  Athamanteos,  adjectives  equivalent  to  genitives. 

498.  graves  animas,  baneful  breaths. 

499.  quae  sentiat,  which  is  to  feel. 

500.  liquidi  monstra  veneni,  prodigies  of  liquid  poison,  i.e.  liquid 
poisons  of  wonderful  kinds. 

501.  Echidna  (^Viper)  was  mother  of  Cerberus  and  other  monsters. 

505.  viridi  versata  cicuta,  stirred  with  a  green  sprig  of  {^o\^on(:>v&) 
hemlock. 

506.  vergit,  pours. 

*  508.  face  jactata,  etc. :  to  confuse  them  still  more,  Tisiphone  swings 
her  torch  in  a  circle  {^per  eundem  orbeni)  so  continually  {saepius)  and 
rapidly  that  she  makes  the  fire  overtake  the  fire  {consequitur  ignibus  ignes^, 
i.e.  before  the  sparks  have  died  away  in  one  part  of  the  circle  the  torch 
reaches  the  same  point  again,  thus  forming  a  wheel  of  fire. 


48  Notes. 

510.  jussi  potens,  having  fulfilled  the  command;  the  use  of  potens 
with  the  gen.  meaning  "ruMng,  having  mastery  over,"  etc.,  is  not  un- 
common. 

511.  recingitur  auguem,  tmbinds  from  herself  {\,q.  takes  off)  the 
snake  ;  see  note  on  v.  483. 

512.  Aeolides,  Athamas. 

513.  Ms  silvis,  loc.  abl.  vidth  omission  of  in, 

515.  utque  .  .  .  aon^u^iB,  he  follozvs  the  tracks  of  his  wife  like  those 
of  a  wild  beast. 

518.  rigido  saxo,  on  the  hard  rock,  abl.  of  means.  —  infantla  ora, 
equivalent  to  infantis  ora^  his  infant  features,  for  the  features  of  the  infant. 

520,  sparsi  causa  veiieiii,  a  cause  consisting  of  etc.;  veneni  is  an 
appositional  genitive  of  material  (§  214,/;  G.  359;  H.  396,  vi.). 

521.  passis,  ix^m. pando.  —  male  sana,  equivalent  to  insana. 

523.  Kuhoe  Bacche:  one  of  the  regular  shouts  of  the  Bacchic 
revellers. 

524.  hos  usus,  such  advantage  as  to  increase  your  madness.  —  prae- 
stet,  optative  subjunctive.  —  alumnus  :  Ino  was  the  nurse  of  Bacchus. 

531.  neptis:  Harmonia  (or  Hermione),  wife  of  Cadmus  and  mother 
of  Ino,  was  daughter  of  Venus  and  Mars. 

533.   proxima  caelo,  Clearest  that  of  heaven. 

535.  lonio  immenso :  hiatus  in  the  fifth  foot  of  spondaic  lines  is 
sometimes  permitted. 

538.   Graium  nomen,  Aphrodite,  from  acppSs,  foam. 

542.  Ijeucothee  cum  matre  =  et  matrem  Leucotheen  ;  he  called  him 
the  god  Palsemon  and  called  his  mother  Leucothee. 


X.    PERSEUS  AND  ANDROMEDA. 

Acrisius,  king  of  Argos,  had  been  warned  that  he  should  be  dethroned 
and  slain  by  the  child  of  his  daughter  Danae,  whom  therefore,  to  elude 
the  oracle,  he  confined  in  a  dungeon  with  brazen  walls.  But  Jupiter 
gained  admission  in  the  form  of  a  shower  of  gold,  and  Danae  became  the 
mother  of  Perseus.  Being  shut  with  the  child  —  then  four  years  of  age  — 
in  a  chest  or  coffer,  and  cast  into  the  sea,  she  drifted  to  the  island  of 
Seriphus,  where  the  boy  grew  up,  and  was  sent  craftily  by  the  tyrant  of  the 
island  for  the  head  of  the  Gorgon  Medusa.  In  this  enterprise  he  was 
helped  and  delivered  by  the  friendly  care  of  the  divinities  Mercury  and 


Perseus  and  Androvicda. 


49 


Minerva,  who  armed  him  for  his  task,   gave  him  the  power  of  flight, 
and  made  him  invulnerable  and  invincible.     (See,  for  an  admirable  nar- 
rative of  the  adventure,  Kingsley's 
"  Heroes,"  and  "  Andromeda.")  Fig- 16. 

IV.  615.  viperei  monstri,  the 
Gorgon  Islcdusa,  whose  beautiful 
locks  of  hair  had  been  changed  to 
serpents  by  the  wrath  of  IMinerva 
{yv.  801-803).     (See  Fig.  16.) 

616,  stridentibus  alls:  Per- 
seus had  been  equipped  for  his  aerial 
journey  with  the  L"cgis  of  Minerva,  the 
winged  cap  and  sandals  furnished 
by  the  Graioe,  the  cap  of  Pluto, 
making  its  wearer  invisible,  and  the  Medusa, 
curved  sword  (Jiarpc)  of  Mercury, 

with  its  two  points,  one  straight  and  the  other  curved.  (See  the  inter- 
pretation of  the  fable  of  the  Gorgons  in  "  Modern  Painters,"  Vol.  V. 
p.  150.) 

617.  Ijibycas,  African  :  Libya  was  the  earlier  general  name  of  Africa, 
the  home  of  the  Gorgons. 

620.  oolubris,  belongs  with  'both  frequens  and  infesta. 

621.  per  iinniensum,  through  limitless  space, 

622.  exeinplo,  in  the  manner. 

623.  seductas  longe^  far  removed. 

625.  Cancri :  used  for  the  tropical  region,  as  Arctos  for  the  polar. 

626.  occasus,  ortus,  sc.  soils,  West  and  East. 

627.  jam  cadcnte  die,  when  day  was  already  setting. 

628.  Hesperio  =  far  western.  The  gardens  of  the  Hesperides,  daugh- 
ters of  Atlas,  were  placed  somewhere  in  the  west  of  Africa. -— regriis 
Atlantis :  Atlas,  "  the  unwearied,"  was  king  of  Mauretania,  son  of  lape- 
tus,  and  brother  of  Prometheus,  After  the  rebellion  of  the  Titans,  he  was 
condemned  to  bear  the  weight  of  heaven  upon  his  shoulders. 

630.  Aiirorae,  sc.  currus.  —  diurnos,  of  the  day.  The  morning  star, 
Lucifer,  calls  out  the  chariot  of  Aurora,  and  she,  in  turn,  calls  out  that  of 
the  Sun.     (Cf.  Book  II.  vv.  112-115.) 

631.  hoininiiin  ciinctos  —  ciinctos  homines;  praestare^  in  the 
sense  of  excels  usually  takes  the  ace. 

633.  qui :  the  antecedent  is  pontus. 

634.  subdit :  see  Book  II.  v.  68. 

635.  illi:  dative  of  reference  (§  235;   G.  343,  R.2;   PL  384,  ii.  i,  2). 


50  Notes, 

636.  vicinia  nulla  premebant :  as  Atlas  inhabited  the  extreme  end 
of  the  earth,  his  territory  was  not  shut  in  by  neighbors. 

637.  arboreae  frondes,  etc.,  a  description  of  the  garden  of  the 
Hesperides.  Some  report  of  oranges  —  a  fruit  unknown  to  the  ancients  — 
may  have  helped  in  shaping  the  story  of  the  golden  apples. 

639.    seu,  if  on  the  one  hand ;  sive,  or  if, 
641.   rerum,  heroic  deeds. 

643.  Themis:  see  liote,  Book  I.  321. 

644.  quo,  at  which,  when,  referring  to  tempus.  —  auro,  abl.  of 
separation  with  spoliabitur. 

645.  Jove  natus:  the  son  of  Jupiter,  who  stole  the  golden  apples  of 
the  Hesperides,  was  Hercules,  himself  a  remote  descendant  of  Perseus. 

647.   servanda,  to  keep,  lit.  to  be  kept  (§  294,  d  \  G.  431;   H.  544,  2, 

N.2). 

649.  ne  longe  .  .  .  absit,  lest  the  glory,  etc.,  be  far  from  helping  thee, 

650.  mentiris,  falsely  boast,  —  tibi :  the  dat.  after  abesse  in  the  sense 
oi  lack,  fail  {deesse),  is  common  after  Cicero,  especially  in  poetry. 

652.  fortia:  sc.  dicta,,  threatening  words. 

654.  parvi,  of  little  worth. 

655.  Medusae  ora :  the  horror  of  the  countenance  of  Medusa,  with 
its  snaky  locks,  chilled  the  beholder  into  stone.  Perseus  himself  had 
approached  the  monster  averted,  —  ipse  retroversus,  —  gazing  at  her  re- 
flection in  the  polished  shield;  and  had  borne  the  bleeding  head  in  an 
enchanted  sack,  given  him  by  the  sea-nymphs. 

657.  quantus  erat:  sc.  tantus  =  of  just  his  size. 

658.  abeunt, /^xj-,  or  are  converted. 
66i.   di:  vocative. 

663.  Hippotades,  /Eolus,  son  of  Hippotas,  god  of  the  winds. 

664.  admonitor  operum,  summoner  to  toil. 

665.  ille,  Perseus. 

666.  parte  ab  utraque  pedes  =  utrumque  pedem,  both  feet. 

669.  Cephea  (adj.),  of  Cepheus,  king  of  Ethiopia,  brother  of  ^Egyptus 
and  Danaus. 

670.  maternae  linguae :  Cassiopeia,  mother  of  Andromeda,  was 

"  That  starred  Ethiop  queen  that  strove 
To  set  her  beauty's  praise  above 
The  sea-nymphs,  and  their  powers  offended." 

Cepheus,  Cassiopeia,  Andromeda,  and  Perseus  are  among  the  most  striking 
constellations  in  the  northern  heavens. 

671.  Auimon,  the  chief  divinity  of  Egypt,  identified  with  the  Greek 


Perseus  and  Andromeda. 


St 


Fig.  17. 


Ammon. 


Zeus  (Jupiter);   represented  with  the  horns  of  a  ram  (see  Fig.  17).     He 
had  an  oracle  in  the  Libyan  desert. 

672.  quani :  the  relative  where  in  English 
the  demonstrative  is  used.  —  siniul,  for  simul 
atque,  as  soon  as.  —  bracchia,  ace.  of  speci- 
fication (§  240,  c\  G.  332;   H.  378). 

673.  Abantiades  :  Abas,  king  of  Argos, 
descended  from  Danaus,  was  father  of  Acrisius, 
and  grandfather  of  Perseus.  —  nisi  quod, 
except  that. 

675.  ignes,  the  flames  of  love. 

679.  Quibus:  sc.  eis  catenis. 

680.  requirenti:  sc.  mihi. 

683.  religata,  i.e.  her  hands  bound  behind. 

684.  quod  potiiit,  i.e.  the  only  thing  she  could;  its  antecedent  is  the 
sentence  lumina,  ^io., 

685.  saepius  instanti,  to  hmi  as  he  urged  her  again  and  again.  — 
sua  .  .  .  videretur,  that  she  might  not  seem  to  be  unwilling  to  confess  (i.e. 
to  be  trying  to  conceal)  her  own  guilt;  the  clause  depends  upon  Indicat. 
Notice  the  emphatic  position  of  sua;  the  real  fault  was  her  mother's,  but 
she  was  afraid  Perseus  might  think  it  was  her  own. 

688.   nondum  .  .  .  omnibus,  before  all  was  told. 

690.  imminet :  he  raises  his  head  and  neck  above  the  water,  and  so 
overhangs  a  vast  extent  of  sea  {immenso  ponto,  dat.),  while  with  his  breast 
he  occupies  (^possidet')  a  broad  stretch  of  water. 

692.  ilia:  the  mother  had  more  reason  for  grief,  by  reason  of  her 
offence,  which  incurred  this  penalty. 

695.  lacrimarum  limits  tempora;   manere  governs  vos. 

697.  peterem,  seek  in  marriage;  the  imperfect  subjunctive,  although 
not  implying  that  the  condition  is  contrary  to  fact  (§  307,/;  G.  598,  R.^). 
—  Perseus:  in  appos.  with  ego;  so  also  in  v,  699.  —  ilia,  Danae.  (See 
introductory  note.) 

702.  meritum:  i.e.  that  the  boon  should  be  my  own  earning. — 
dotibus,  endowments. — faveant,  subj.  in  proviso  (§  314;  G.  575;  H. 
513,  i.). — teinpto:  the  present  is  sometimes  used  instead  of  the  future 
for  the  sake  of  liveliness. 

703.  ut  mea  sit,  that  she  be  mine. 

704.  legem,  condition. 

705.  super  =  insuper.  —  dotale,  a  bridal  gift.  In  Ovid's  time  the 
wife  brought  a  dowry  to  the  husband.  This  usage  he  has  transferred  to 
the  heroic  times,  when  the  husband  purchased  the  wife  from  her  parents. 


52 


Notes, 


706.   rostro :  construe  with  sulcat. 

709.  Balearica :  the  people  of  these  islands  were  famous  slingers. 

710.  plumbo,  i.e.  the  leaden  slug  thrown  by  the  sling,  —  caell,  space  : 
partitive  genitive  with  Quantuin. 

714.  Jo  vis  praepes,  the  eagle. 

715.  praebentein  Phoebo,  turning  to  the  sun. 

716.  neu  retorqueat,  and  lest  he  turn  back  ;  the  snake,  being  seized 
by  the  neck,  cannot  turn  his  head  to  bite  his  assailant. 

718.   inane,  the  void  (i.e.  air). 

720.  Inachides :  Inachos,  son  of  Occanus,  was  the  first  king  of  Argos. 
—  banio:  see  note,  v.  616. 

721.  se  sublimis  .  .  .  attolit,  raises  himself  high  in  the  air ;  subli- 
mis  agrees  with  the  subject.  In  English  we  use  an  adverb  (see  §191; 
G.  324,  R.6;   H.  443). 

725.    qua  patent,  where  they  are  exposed. 

727.  desinit  in  piscem,  goes  off  into  a  fish^  i.e.  ends  in  the  form  of  a 
fish-tail. 


729- 

732. 
734- 


Fig.  18. 


graves,  -made  heavy. 

bibulis,  soaked  with  blood. 

stantibus,  quiet ;  abl.  abs. 

exegit,  thrust  through  ;  repetita,  attacked  repeatedly. 

735.    implevere  :    the    plural    subject    is 
cum   plausu  clamor  (§  205,  N.;    G.  281, 

R.2;    H.  461,4). 

739.  See  Fig.  18. 

741.  laedat:  the  subject  is  ipse,  i.e.  Per- 
seus. 

742.  mollit,  carpets.  —  natas,  sprung. 

744.  bibula  medulla,  i^ith  porous  pith. 

745.  rapuit,  caught. 

749.  iterant  j aetata,  toss  repeatedly. 

750.  curaliis,  coral. 

751.  duritiam  capiant:  as  if  the  coral 
were  a  sea-plant,  which  turns  to  stone  by  con- 
tact with  the  air.  —  tacto  ab  acre,  from 
contact  with  the  air.  In  this  sentence,  capi- 
ant ut  is  for  ut  capiant,  forming  an  explana- 
tory consecutive  clause. 

754.  bellica  Virgo,  Minerva.  She  had  given  Perseus  his  helmet, 
shield,  and  spear;  Mercury  had  given  him  wings  and  curved  sword;  Jupi- 
ter was  his  grandfather :  hence  the  sacrifices  to  these  three  deities. 


Andromeda. 


Perseus  and  Andromeda. 


S3 


756.  alipedi,  ]\[crciiry.     (See  Fig.  19.) 

757.  et  .  .  .  indotata,  though  lotihout  a  dotujy,  a  (sufficient)  reward 
for  even  so  great  a  deed. 

758.  Hymenaeus,  the  god  of  marriage.  Fig.  19. 

759.  praecutiunt,  brandish  in  fronts  in 
the  bridal  procession. 

762.  roseratis,  thro7on  hack, 

763.  iiistriicta,  prepared. 

764.  Ceplieni, /i'tyi»/*:'  of  Cepheus. 

765.  fimcti,    etc.,   Jiaving  discharged  the 
se?-viee  of  high-horii  Bacchus. 

766.  diffuclere,  relaxed. 

767.  Lyncides  :    Lynceus   was   a   fabled 
ancestor  of  Perseus. 

769.    qui   relates  to  Cepheus,  —  simul  = 
sivnd  aiquCy  as  soon  as.  Mercury. 

771.  crinita  draconibiis  =  with  snaky  locks. 

772.  Ageiiorides,  Perseus,  descended  from  a  brother  of  Agenor, 

775.   unius  luminis  usuin;  the  sisters  Graioe,  daughters  of  Phorcys, 
had  but  one  eye  between  them,  which  Perseus  —  made  invisible  by  the  cap 


Fig.  20. 


of  Pluto  —  caught  as  it  was  passing  from 
one  to  the  other.  Thus  made  helpless, 
they  were  constrained  to  tell  him  the 
secrets  on  w^hich  the  fate  of  the  Gorgon 
depended. 

775.   partitas,  sharing. 

780.  ferarumqiie:  observe  that  the 
syllable  -que  is  elided  before  the  vowel 
at  the  beginning  of  the  next  verse  (^syna- 
Pheia). 

781.  ex  ipm&  ~  from  their  proper 
shape. 

783.  aere  repercusso,  i.e.  by  the 
image  reflected  from  the  polished  brass; 
limited  by  clipei,  above  (see  note,  t^.  655 ) . 

785.  caput:  see  Fig.  20.  —  pennis 
fugacem  Pegason:  the  winged  horse 
Pegasus,   sacred   to   the   Muses,  and    the  Perseus  and  the  Gorgon's  head, 

giant  Chrysaor,  wielding  a  golden  sword,  sprang  from  the  blood  of  the 
slain  Gorgon. 

791.   sola  sororum:    the  accounts  of  the  three  sisters  are  various. 


54 


Notes. 


795- 
797. 


According  to  the  story  here  adopted  by  Ovid,  Medusa  was  the  only  one 
with  snaky  locks.     She  was  also  the  only  mortal  being  of  the  three. 
794.   foriria,  abl,  of  specification. 

invidiosa,  chivied  by  other  maidens. 

referret,  subj.  of  characteristic  (§  320;   G.  634;   H.  503,  i.). 

708.   vitiasse,  dishonored. 
Pig.  21.  '^ 

803.    Minerva  wore  a  Gorgon's  head  upon  her 

breastplate.     (See  Fig.  21.) 

The  tale  of  Perseus  (like  that  of  Hercules  and 
many  other  heroes)  represents  the  daily  course  of 
the  sun,  in  conflict  with  the  powers  of  darkness 
and  storm.  The  hai-pe  is  his  gleaming  ray;  the 
Graioe  are  the  twilight;  the  Gorgons  are  the  storm- 
cloud,  which  rests  upon  the  bosom  of  the  sea- 
wave,  and  is  cloven  by  the  "golden  sword"  of 
the  lightning.  The  jagged  edges  of  the  cloud, 
and  the  crimson  stream  which  pours  from  it  in 
the  glow  of  sunset,  help  out  the  features  of  the 
image. 


XI.    THE  WANDERING   OF   CERES. 

Ceres,  in  the  Greek  myth,  is  the  Earth-  Mother 
(^Ar)juLr)T7)p) ,  type  of  the  productive  power  of  the 
soil,  who  seeks  her  child  Proserpina  (Persephone, 
called  also  KopTj,  the  maiden),  stolen  from  her 
sight  by  the  king  of  the  lower  world,  and  only 
restored  to  her  by  Jupiter  for  six  months  of  each 
year.  By  this  parable  the  ancients  understood  the  annual  sowing  of  the 
gram-harvest,  by  which  the  corn  is  hidden  in  the  ground  through  the 
winter  months,  but  restored  in  spring  to  sunlight,  and  lipening  to  the  har- 
vest, in  which  the  yearly  festival  of  Ceres  is  celebrated  with  religious 
rites. 

V.  341.  Ceres:  see  Fig.  22.  —  unco  aratro:  the  ancient  plough, 
still  sometimes  seen  in  Italy,  was  a  rude  wooden  instrument,  which  broke 
the  soil  with  its  hooked  extremity. 

343.  dedit  leges :  because  agriculture  first  led  men  to  an  orderly  life, 
she  was  called  Ce?'es  legifera  {h.y]fjLT]rrip  0eo-/zo0opoi). 

346.   iiiembris  (dat.  after  iiigesta),  heaped  on  the  giant  limbs  (Ty 


The  Wandering  of  Ceres. 


55 


phoeus;  see  Introd.).  Typhocus  was  not  reckoned  one  of  the  giants,  but 
represented  the  violent  powers  of  nature,  especially  in  the  earthquake  : 
hence  he  is  placed  for  punishment  under  the  volcano  Etna. 

347.  Trinacris,  "the  three 
headlands,"    is   the   ancient   name  -^^S*  22. 

describing  the  triangular  form  of 
Sicily,  which,  on  a  rude  map,  might 
suggest  the  notion  of  a  buried  giant. 

—  subjectum  and  ausuin  agree 
withTyplioea;  molibus  depends 
on  subjectum,  and  sperare  on 
ausuin;  sedes  is  object  of  spe- 
rare. 

350.  Peloro,  etc.  :  Pdorus  is 
the  headland  nearest  Italy;  Packy- 
nus,  the  southeastern  extremity  of 
the  island;  Libybccum,  the  western. 

—  Ausonio,  Italian  (an  old  name 
of  Southern  Italy). 

352.  resupinus,  flat  on  his 
back. 

354.  remoliri,  to  cast  off  (with 
effort). 

356.  rex  silentum,  king  of  the 
silent  realms,  Pluto. 

361.  anibibat,  surveyed,  going 
his  rounds,  like  a  watchman. 

363.  Erycina,  Venus,  who  had 
a  famous  temple  on  Mt.  Eryx,  in  Ceres, 
the  western  part  of  Sicily,  appar- 
ently of  Phoenician  origin.     Eryx  was  fabled  to  be  her  son,  killed  by  Her- 
cules in  a  boxing-match,  and  buried  on  this  mountain.     (See  Virgil,  yEn. 
V.  392-420.) 

364.  natum  volucreni,  her  zvinged  son,  Cupido  (=  ''Epws)  or  Desire, 
son  of  Venus :  the  modern  Cupid,  whose  attributes  of  bow  and  arrows, 
with  wings,  have  come  down  from  ancient  works  of  art.     (See  Fig.  23.) 

365.  arma,  manus,  potentia  :  all  vocative,  in  apposition  with 
nate. 

366.  ilia  tela,  those  shafts,  pointed  Mdth  gold  or  lead,  according  as 
they  were  to  stir  love  or  hate. 

368.    triplieis    .    .    .    regni,  the  last  lot  fell  of  the  threefold  realm ; 


56 


Notes, 


Fig.  23. 


Jupiter  having  taken  by  lot  the  empire  of  the  heavenS;  and  Neptune  that 
of  the  waters. 

370.  ipsum,  Neptune.  —  regit  qui  =  qui  regit. 

371.  Tartara,  etc.,  why  does  Tartarus  hold  aloof  ? 

372.  agitur,  is  at  stake. 

'yj'^.   quae  .  .  .  est,  such  is  our  endurance, 

374.  mecum  vires  Amoris,  the  potver  of  Love  together  with  me,  for 
my  power  and  that  of  Love,  or  L^ove  and  /. 

375.  Pallada,  etc. :  Pallas  (Minerva)  and  Ar- 
temis (Diana)  were  virgins,  and  encouraged  chastity. 

376.  filia,  Proserpine,  —  virgo,  predicate. 
^^]^.   spes  adfectat  easdem,  she  cherishes  the 

same  hopes  as  Minerva  and  Diana. 

378.  pro  socio  regno,  for  the  sake  of  our  com- 
mon power ;  for  Venus  and  Cupid  both  represented 
the  power  of  love,  to  which  Proserpine  refused  to 
yield. 

379.  patruo :  thtpatruus  is  the  father's  brother; 
the  avunculus,  the  mother's.  Proserpine  was  daugh- 
ter of  Jupiter  and  Ceres;  hence  Pluto  was  her  uncle. 

380.  arbitrio,  abl.  of  cause  (§  245;  G.  407; 
H.416). 

Cupid.  381.   qua,  abl.  with  acutior  (§  247;  G.  399; 

H.4I7)- 

382.  magis  audiat,  is  more  obedient;  characteristic  relative  clause 
C§  320;  G.  634;   H.  503,  i.). 

383.  opposite  genu  (abl.  abs.),  bracing  his  knee  against  it. 

384.  haniata,  barbed.  —  arundine,  reed,  of  which  the  arrow  was 
made. 

385.  altae  aquae,  of  deep  water. 

l%6,  illo,  than  it  (does) ;  a  use  of  the  abl.  instead  of  quant  with  the 
noun,  which  is  rare  in  Latin;  for  the  lake  (illo)  is  not  compared  with 
the  Cayster,  but  is  the  subject  of  audit,  to  be  supplied  from  audit  of 
V.  387.  The  corresponding  construction  is  common  in  Greek.  —  Cays- 
tros :  see  Book  II.  253.  The  Cayster  was  famous  for  its  swans,  which  the 
ancients  thought  of  as  melodious  birds. 

389.  ut  velo,  as  by  a  veil  (referring  to  the  awning  which  sheltered  the 
Roman  amphitheatre  from  the  sun). 

390.  Tyrios,  purple, 

391.  quo  luco  (loc.  abl.),  in  this  grove;  the  relative,  where  in  Eng- 
lish the  demonstrative  is  necessary  (§  201,  ^;  G.  612;   H.  453).  — Proser- 


The  Wandering  of  Ceres. 


57 


pina,  the  Latin  corruption  of  the  Greek  il€pcre(f>6v'i] ;  she  was  identified 
by  the  Romans  with  the  ItaHan  goddess  Libera. 

394.  aequales,  comrades. 

395.  simul,  at  one  mo7?ient.  —  Diti,  dat.  of  agent  (§  232,  a-,   G.  352; 
H.  388,  I). 

396.  usque  adeo,  to  suck  a  degree, 
398.    sumnia  ab  ora,  at  Us  upper  edge. 
402.   See  Fig.  24. 

Fig.  24. 


Pluto  carrying  off  Proserpina. 


404.  obscura  ferrugine:  all  the  equipment  of  Pluto  is  dark,  as 
becomes  the  god  of  the  lower  world ;  so  in  v.  360  his  horses  are 
black. 

406.  Palicorum :  these  were  two  brothers,  who  presided  over  some 
bubbling  sulphurous  springs  near  Palike,  in  Sicily. — ferventia  (agreeing 
with  stagna),  boiling  up  through  the  broken  earth. 

407,  qua  .  .  ,  portus,  i.e.  the  site  of  Syracuse,  between  the  outer 
(lesser)  and  inner  (greater)  harbors.  (See  Fig.  25.)  — Bacchladae,  the 
leading  family  of  Corinth,  claiming  descent  from  Hercules.  Syracuse  was 
a  Corinthian  colony.  —  blniari,  a  common  epithet  of  Corinth,  on  the 
isthmus  "  between  two  seas." 

409.  medium  .  .  .  aequor,  a  sea  between  Cyane  and  Arethusa.  The 
fountain  Arethusa,  on  the  peninsula  ( Ortygia')  which  made  the  old  city  of 
Syracuse,  offered  the  strange  phenomenon  of  fresh  water  springing  up, 
apparently,  from  the  midst  of  salt:  hence  the  fable  related  below  (vv.  ^y'j- 
641).  Cyane  was  a  spring  whose  waters  flowed  into  the  Anapis,  and  so 
into  the  Great  Harbor. 

410.  angustis  cornibus,  marrow  points  of  land.  The  "sea" 
(aequor)  is  the  Great  Harbor.  ■ 


58 


Notes. 


411.  hie,  adverb; 
the  subject  of  fuit  is 
Cyane. 

413.  summa  te- 
nus  alvo  =  as  far  as 
the  waist. 

414.  nee  .  .  .  in- 
Quit,  and  saidy  ^^ you 
shall  go  no  further  "  ; 
the  connective  part  of 
nee  is  taken  with  in- 
Qult,  the  negative  part 
with  ibitis. 

416.  quod  si,  but 
if;  quod  is  the  ad- 
verbial accusative  (§ 
240,  <^;  G.  331,  R.3;  H. 
378,  2). 

417.  Anapis  :  the 
Anapis  or  Anapus  flows 
into  the  Great  Harbor; 
a  Httle  above  its  mouth 
it  is  joined  by  the  Cy- 
ane. The  marriage  of 
the  Nymph  and  the 
River-god  symbohzes 
the  union  of  the  two 
streams. 

420.  Saturnius, 
son  of  Saturn  y  i.e. 
Pluto. 

425.  fontis  jura  : 
fountains  were  held  to 
have  a  sacred  charac- 
ter, on  which  Cyane  had 
presumed  too  far. 

428.  modo,  but 
now. 

429.  extenuatur, 
she  is  thinned  out^  i.e. 
she   wastes  away  and 


The  Wandering  of  Ceres,  59 

chattges. — videres,  ;V<?2«  might  have  if ^«,  potential  subjunctive  (§  311,  <7, 
N.2;  G.  252;   H.  485,  N.i). 

431.   tenuissima  quaeqiie,  all  the  slenda-est  parts  (§  93,  d\   G.  305; 

H.  458»  I). 

433.   inembrls   exililbus:   dat.  of  reference  (§  235,  a\  G.  343,  R.^; 
H.  384,  4,  N.2). 

436.  vitiatas,  impaired. 

437.  possis:   potential  subjunctive  (§  311,  a\  G.  252;  H.  485). 

438.  matri :  dat.  of  agent,  with  quaesita  est. 

439.  prof  undo,  deep  =  sea, 

440.  udis  capillis :  Aurora's  hair  is  wet  because  she  is  supposed  to 
rise  from  the  sea. 

443.  Inrequieta,  7iezjer  resting. 

444.  alma  dies :  dies^  day,  is  sometimes  feminine  in  poetry. 

450.    dulce,  etc.,  a  szveet  drink  which  she  had  first  strcion  %vith  parched 
barley.    The  plural  dulcia  is  often  used  for  sweetmeats. 

453.  neque:    the  negative  qualifies   epota,  which  is  abl.  abs.  with 
parte. 

454.  Uquido,  liquid  (subst.),  i.e.  water;  she  drenched  him  with  barley 
mixed  with  water. 

458.  parva  lacerta,  than  a  small  lizard^  for  the  boy  was  changed 
into  a  spotted  lizard,  one  of  the  smallest  species. 

459.  monstra,  the  prodigy. 

460.  petit :  the  i  is  long,  apparently  by  contraction  for  petiit,  for  the 
tense  is  perf. ;  so  also  Virgil,  JEn.  ix.  9. 

461.  nomen  habet,  stellio  is  the  Latin  name  of  this  species. 

463.  defuit  orbis,  the  world  did  not  suffice  (no  part  of  it  was  left 
unsearched) . 

464.  Slcaniam,  Sicily, 
467.   quo,  with  which. 

471.  simul  [atque],  as  soon  as.  —  rap  tain,  sc.  earn  esse. 

473.  repetita,  again  and  again  struck. 

474.  sit,  i.e.  Proserpine. 

477.  saeva  nianu,  with  cruel  hand. 

478.  parili  agrees  with  leto. 

480.  depositum,  sc.  semen. 

481.  vulgata,  famed :  Sicily  was  in  old  times  **  the  granary  of  Rome." 

482.  falsa,  false  to  its  reputation.  —  primls  in  herbis,  in  the  young 
blade. 

484.   slderaque:    the  -que  is  lengthened  before   the   caesura;    such 
lengthening  of  -que  occurs  sometimes  in  the  second  foot,  less  frequently 


6o  Notes, 

in  the  fifth,  and  always  before  a  second  word  to  which  -que  is  added.  — ^ 
que  .  o  .  que,  both  .  .  .  and :  the  constellations  were  thought  to  have 
an  influence  upon  the  crops. 

486.  inexpugiiabile  i^Tanien,  grass  which  cannot  he  rooted  up  ;  this, 
with  lolium  and  tribuli,  is  the  subject  of  fatigant. 

487.  Eleis,  \ji}aves'\  of  Elis  (a  district  of  Greece) ;  Alpheias,  \^the 
nymph']  beloved  by  Alpheius,  i.e.  Arethusa;  cf.  vv.  577-641. 

491.  tibi  fidae  terrae,  the  land  faithful  to  yozc ;  the  dat.  tibi  depends 
upon  lidae,  terrae  upon  irascere. 

493.    iiec  sum,  etc.,  i.e.  it  is  not  affection  for  my  native  land,  etc. 

494-   Fisa,  a  town  of  Elis. 

496.    peuates,  household  gods  =  home, 

499.  veniet,  etc.,  there  ivill  come  a  sidtable  time  for  my  story  (jvhy  I 
was  moved,  etc.)  ivJien  you^  etc, 

500.  curaque  .  .  .  et  vultiis  inelioris,  relieved  from  care,  and  of 
more  cheerful  aspect. 

502.  cavernas,  i.e.  of  the  sea. 

503.  desueta,  i.e.  from  the  long  dark  journey. 

504.  labor,  I  glide. 

506.  ilia:  this  and  the  following  nominatives  are  in  appos.  with 
Proserpina,  ])ut  the  insertion  of  is  or  was  makes  smoother  E,nglish :  she 
was  sad,  to  be  sure,  and  not  yet  uiiterrified  in  expression,  but  yet  quee?i,  etc. 

509.  ceu  saxea,  as  if  turned  to  stone. 

510.  lit  .  .  .  amentia,  when  her  grievous  frenzy  tvas  dispelled  by 
grievous  pain. 

512.  jixxhW.?^.,  cloudy,  gloomy. 

513.  invidiosa  =zfull  of  bitter  thoughts. 

515.  matrls,  objective  gen. 

516.  cura  vilior,  a  less  precious  charge. 

517.  illius,  i.e.  Proserpine. 

519.  scire  .  .  .  vocas,  if  you  call  it  finding,  to  knoiv  where  she  is, 

520.  quod  rapta  [est],  that  she  is  stolen. 

521.  iieque  .  .  .  non  ^^t,  for  your  daughter  does  not  deserve  a  robber 
for  a  Jiusband,  —  if  she  is  no  longer  my  daughter,  i.e.  if  T  have  lost  her 
utterly. 

525.  injuria,  amor,  predicate. 

526.  pudori,  dat,  of  service. 

527.  tu  modo  velis,  if  only  thou  consent.  —  ut  desint  (concessive), 
though,  etc.  (§  313;  G.  610;  H.  515,  iii.). 

528.  quid,  quod,  etc.,  what  [do  you  say  to  this]  that,  etc.  —  cetera, 
other  grounds. 


The  Wandering  of  Ceres. 


6i 


529.   nisi  sorte,  except  by  lot, 

531.  lege,  condition. 

532.  cautuin  est,  it  has  been  provided. 

533.  certum  est,  her  mind  is  made  up. 

534.  jejunia  solverat,  had  broken  her  fast. 

535.  ciiltis  hortis :  the  gardens  of  the  lower  world  are  not  mentioned 
elsewhere,  but  as  the  Elysian  Fields  were  illuminated  by  a  sun  of  their 
own,  and  were  otherwise  attractive,  it  is  natural  to  suppose  that  the  palace 
of  Pluto  stood  in  a  garden. 

537.  de  cortice:  the  seeds  of  the  pomegranate  are  wrapped  each  in 
its  separate  pulpy  sheath.  This  fruit  is  often  used  as  a  symbol  of  the  lower 
world. 

540.  Avernales:  of  Av emus,  i.e.  of  the  rivers  of  the  lower  world;  the 
name  Avernus  was  applied  to  the  sulphurous  waters  w^hose  fumes  were 
thought  to  kill  the  birds  that  flew  over,  especially  to  the  lake  Avernus  in 
Campania. 

541.  suo,  her  kindred;  Acheron  was  a  river  and  river-god  of  the 
lower  world. 

543.  profanam,  of  evil  omen. 

544.  Phlegethontide :  Phlegethon  was  one  of  the  rivers  of  Hades. 

546.  sibi  ablatus,  deprived  of  himself  (his  own  identity). 

547.  in  caput  crescit  =  his  head  enlarges.  —  ungues,  bends  back  long 
claws,  i.e.  receives  long  hooked  claws. 

548.  natas,  which  had  grown. 

552.  Acheloides,  daughters  of  Achelous  (a  river  of  Central  Greece) 
and  the  Muse  Melpomene.  —  nnde,  sc.  sunt. 

555.  doctae,  skilled  (in  singing).  The  Sirens  had  the  faces  of  maidens 
and  bodies  of  birds,  and  were  endowed  with  the  gift  of  song.  (See 
Fig.  26.) 

Fig.  26. 


Sirens. 

557.  ut,  etc.,  that  the  waters  as  well  as  the  land  might  experience,  etc. 

558.  posse  .  .  .  optastis,  you  wished  to  be  able  to  rest  above  the  waters 
on  the  oars  of  ivings  (cf.  remigio  alarum,  Virgil,  ^n.  I.  301),  i.e.  to  float 
in  the  air,  or  fly. 

559.  faciles,  compliant. 


62 


Notes. 


563.  remansit,  sing,  agreeing  with  vox,  its  nearest  subject  (§  205,  d ; 
(i.  281,  cxc.  i;  H.  463,  i.). 

564.  iriedius,  as  a  mediator  between  :  mediiis  with  the  gen.  is  not 
uncommon;  cf.  v,  409,  above. 


Fig.  27. 


Return  of  Proserpina 


565.  ex    aequo, 

equally, 

566.  regnorum 
.  .  .  duoruni :  Pro- 
serpine was,  as  wife 
of  riuto,  a  deity  of 
the  lower  world,  but 
as  daughter  of  Ceres 
she  was  a  goddess  of 
fertility  and  vegetable 
life.  Her  annual  de- 
scent to  Hades  (in 
the  autumn)  and  re- 


turn to  the   earth   (in  the  spring)   symbohzes  the   apparent   death   and 
resurrection  of  nature.      (See  Fig.  27.) 

568.  mentis  et  oris,  sc.  Proserpinae. 

569.  quae:  the  antecedent  is  frons.  —  I>lti  quo  que,  ^z^^;?  to  Pluto , 
who  was  used  to  the  sad  faces  of  the  dead. 

571.   victis,  i.e.  after  conquering  them. 

573.  sacer  fons :  Arethusa  was  a  peculiarly  sacred 
spring,  and  is  represented  on  some  Syracusan  coins. 
(See  Fig.  28.) 

576.  fluminis  Ele!,  i.e.  the  Alpheus. 

577.  Aehaide,  Greece. 

578.  saltus  legit,  scoured  the  glades  (in  the 
chase). 

Arethusa.  582.   uec  .  .  .  juvabat,  nor  did  my  too  highly 

praised  beauty  give  me  any  pleasure. 
583.    qua  :    the   antecedent  is  dote  corporis ;    the   abb  is   abl,   of 
cause. 

585.   Stymphalide :   Stymphalos  was  a  district  of  Arcadia. 
587.   sine  vertice,  loithout  an  eddy, 
5S8.   alte,  deep  below, 

590.  nutrita  unda,  fed  by  the  wave. 

591.  sponte  sua  natas,  i.e.  natural  shade,  not  arranged  by  human 
hands.  —  ripis,  dative. 

597.   neseio  quod  murmur,  some  nmrmur.     When  ncscio  qui  (or 


TJie  Wandering  of  Ceres.  63 

qtiis)  means  soine^  it  is  regarded  as  a  mere  indefinite  pronomi,  not  as  an 
indirect  question;   hence  seusi  is  here  indicative  (§  334,  e\   Cj.  469,  R.'^; 

n.  529, 5. 3)- 

605.   fiigere,  sc.  solent. 

607.  Cyllenenqiie :  a  spondaic  verse.  Orchomenos  and  Psophis  are 
cities;  Cyllene,  MDcnalus,  and  Erymanthus  are  mountains,  of  Arcadia.  The 
course  here  described  is  an  ahiiost  impossible  one;  nor,  for  the  matter  of 
that,  does  the  Alpheus  flow  near  Stymphalos. 

609.   me,  ablative. 

611.   patieiis,  eiidurhig.  —  laboris  :    see   §   218,  /; ;    G.    374;    H. 

399,  ii- 

615.  unibram,  i.e.  of  Alpheus.  —  nisi  si,  pleonastic  for  nisi  (§  315, 
«,  2;  G.  592,  2;  H.  507,  3,  N.'^). 

619.  Dictynna,  a  name  of  Diana,  from  a  mountain  in  Crete. 

620.  ferre,  object  of  dedisti;  to  whom  thou  hast  often  given  (i.e. 
gruftted')  to  bear,  etc. 

622.  tectain,  sc.  me. 

625.  lo  :  the  final  vowel  of  interjections  is  not  elided. 

631.  servat  =^  observat,  he  keeps  in  view. 

632.  miihi,  dative  of  reference  (§  235,  a  ;  G.  343,  R.^  ;  H.  384, 
4,  N.2). 

633.  caeruleae,  i.e.  the  color  proper  to  water-deities :  she  was  already 
turning  to  a  fountain. 

634.  lacus,  pool. 

636.  sed  enim  :  the  ellipsis  is  something  as  follows,  —  but  [I  was  not 
yet  safe]  for,  etc. 

637.  posito,  laying  aside.  —  ore,  countenance. 

639.  Delia,  an  epithet  of  Diana  from  the  island  of  Delos,  which  was 
sacred  to  her  and  her  brother  Apollo. 

640.  cognomine  .  .  .  meae,  zvelcome  by  the  name  of  my  protecting 
divinity :  Ortygia  (named  from  'oprv^,  a  quail)  was  sacred  to  Diana,  and 
is  one  of  her  titles. 

642.  fertilis  =  of  fertility.  —  angues,  dragons,  or  winged  serpents. 
The  chariot  of  Ceres  was  drawn  ])y  serpents. 

645.  Tritonida  in  iirbem,  into  the  city  of  Pallas  (Athens). 

646.  Triptolemo :  Triptolemus  was  a  son  of  Celeus,  king  of  Eleusis, 
with  whom  Ceres  had  found  shelter  during  her  wanderings.  She  under- 
took to  make  the  boy  immortal  by  laying  him  in  the  hot  ashes;  and  when 
this  was  prevented  by  the  fears  of  his  mother,  taught  him  the  arts  of  hus- 
bandry. Triptolemus  was  a  principal  figure  in  the  Eleusinian  worship  of 
Demeter,  being  regarded  as  the  medium  through  whom  agriculture  was 


64 


Notes, 


taught   to   mankind.       (See   Fig.   29.)  —  rucli    humo,    in    virgin    soil 
(dative). 

647.    post  .  .  ,  recuXteie)^  cuUivah'd  agai?t  a/ler  a  long  time,  i.Q.wYiich. 
had  long  lain  fallow;  recultae  agrees  with  humo. 


Fig.  29. 


Departure  of  Triptolemus. 


650.  subit  penates,  arrives  at  the  divelling. 

651,  qua  veniat,  indir.  question  with  rogatus;    in  the  same  con- 
struction with  the  accusatives  nomen  and  patriam. 

661.    Mopsonium:    an   ancient   name   of    Attica   was   Mopsonia. — 
sacros  jugales,  the  sacred  yoke-beasts,  i.e.  dragons. 


XII.    THE  PUNISHMENT   OF  ARACHNE. 


VI.  1.  dictis  talibus,  the  story  of  the  transformation  of  the  Pierides 
into  magpies. 

2.  Aonidum,  the  Muses,  who  lived  on  Mount  Helicon  in  Aonia, 
which  was  afterward  called  Boeotia. 

3.  secum,  sc.  dixit,  she  said  to  herself. 

5.  Arachnes,  Greek  genitive. 

6.  sibi :  Minerva  was  the  inventress  and  patron  deity  of  weaving  and 
embroidery.  Arachne  refused  to  yield  to  her  in  the  renoivn  of  skill  in 
zveaving. 

8.   Colophonius :  Colophon  was  a  city  of  Ionia. 


TJie  Punishment  of  Ar acinic. 


65 


9.  Phocaico  murice :  Phociica  was  an  Ionian  seai:)ort.  The  mtirex 
is  a  shell-fish  which  yields  a  purple  dye. 

11.  aequa:  she  was  his  equal;  for  he  was  a  dyer,  and  she  also  was  de 
plehe, — ilia,  Arachne. 

1 2.  studio,  by  her  diligence  in  embroidery,  etc. 

13.  Hypaepis,  neut.  pi.,  at  Ilypfupa,  a  small  town  of  Lydia. 

15.  Tiinoli:  Timolus  (or  Tmolus)  is  a  Lydian  mountain,  in  the  heights 
of  which  the  river  Pactolus  takes  its  rise. 

17.  factas  vestes,  the  finished  clofJis. 

18.  cum  fierent,  sc.  spectare  juvabat,  //  7jas  pleasmit  to  look  on 
ivhile  they  locre  making ;  such  was  Arachne's  grace  (decor)  as  she  worked. 

19.  rudern  lauam,  the  crude  wool- — •primos  orlbes,  the  first  balls 
into  which  she  rolled  the  woo). 

20.  dig'itis  subigebat  opus,  she  plied  the  7vork  7uilh  her  fingers.  — 
repetita  .  .  .  tractu,  she  softened  by  long  and  repeated  combing  the  fiocks 
of  wool  that  equalled  the  clouds  in  lightness;  repetita  agrees  with  vellera, 
lit.  the  fiocks  of  wool  combed  repeatedly  ;  tractu  refers  to  the  long,  steady 
motion  of  the   comb   (or  fmgers  used  as  a 

comb).  Fig.  30- 

22.  levi  .  .  .  fusum^  ttvirled  tvith  deft 
thumb  the  tapering  spnndle.  (See  Fig.  30,) 
Haupt  suggests  that  a  line  is  lost  after  this, 
for  the  weaving  ought  to  be  mentioned. 

24.  quod,  i.e.  se  a  Pallade  dociam  esse. 
—  tantaque  offensa  magistra,  incensed 
at  so  great  a  teacher,  i.e.  incensed  at  the  idea 
that  she  had  any  teacher,  even  so  great  an 
one  as  Pallas. 

25.  vlcta,  if  I  should  be  defeated. 

26.  canos,  sc.  capillos. 

27.  baculum,  obj.  of  addit.  —  in- 
firinos  artus,  obj.  of  sustinet. 

29.  quae   fugianius,  y^r  us  to  shun;  Spinner, 
subj.of  purpose  (§317,  2;  G.  632;  ir.497,i.); 

i.e.  not  all  which  old  age  brings  with  it  is  disagreeable.  —  usus,  experience, 

30.  tibi,  dat.  of  agent. 

34.   torvis,  sc.  oculis,  as  aspicit  shows. 

36.  obscuram,  disguised. — resecuta  est,  replied ;  resequor  is  rarely 
used  except  by  Ovid. 

41.  profecisse,  to  have  accomplished  anything.  —  eadeni,  i.e.  the  same 
as  before. 


66 


Notes, 


42.   venit;    43.    venit. 

45.  Mygdonides  niirus,  Lydian  girls  (or,  more  exactly,  young  mar- 
ried women) ;  the  Mygdones  had  emigrated  from  Thrace  to  the  confines 
of  Lydia  and  Phrygia, 

49.  ab  ortu,  causal  abl.,  with  the  preposition  denoting  the  source  from 
which  the  effect  (here  the  glow)  proceeds. 

50.  stolidae,  agreeing  grammatically  with  palmae,  really  limits  cupi- 
dine. 

52.  nee  jam,  a^td  no  longer,  just  as  non  jam  means  no  longer. 

53.  coiistituunt :  the  ancient  loom  was  upright,  and  made  it  neces- 
sary for  the  weaver  to  stand.     (See  Fig.  31.) 

Fig.  31. 


Penelope  at  her  loom. 


54.  stamine,  with  the  tvarp,  —  telas,  loom": ;  the  word  (contracted 
from  texeld)  means  first  the  web,  then  the  yam  stretched  on  the  loom  (i.e. 
the  warp),  then,  as  here,  the  loom  itself. 

55.  jugo,  the  cross-beam,  the  upper  l^ar,  by  which  the  upright  sides  of 
the  loom  are  held  together.  —  harundo,  the  reed,  a  rod  which  separates 
the  threads  of  the  warp  (stamen),  causing  them  to  fall  alternately  on 
each  side,  and  this  forming  a  passage  for  the  shuttle  (radius),  by  which 
the  woof  (subtemen)  is  passed  in  (inseritur). 

57.  expediunt,  timvind  from  the  shuttle. 

58.  pectine,  ivith  the  comb  ;  this  was  used  to  separate  the  threads  and 
drive  them  home  to  make  the  web  close.  —  dentes,  the  teeth  of  the  comb; 
these  are  cut  (insect!)  into  the  comb. 


The  Punishment  of  Arachne, 


67 


59.  vestes,  ace.  (§  240,  c,  n.;  G.  332,  2;  H..377). 

60.  studio  .  .  .  YiAhoiT^xn^  and  their  i7ite7'est  beguiles  the  toil. 

61.  Tyrium  .  .  .  aenuin, /2/?-//^  (wool)  which  has  felt  (i.e.  been  dyed 
in)  the  Tyrian  vat ;  the  purple  dye  of  Phcenicia  was  famous. 

62.  parvi  discrlminis,  gen.  of  quality  (§215;  G.  364;   H.  396,  v.). 

63.  ab  imbre  percussis  solibus,  when  the  stints  rays  arc  struck  by 
the  rain, 

66.  transitus,  the  transition  from  one  color  to  the  next.  —  lumiBa, 
eyes, 

67.  usque  .  .  .  idem  est,  to  such  a  degree  is  that  (of  one  color)  tuhich 
totiches  (the  next)  the  same  ;  the  transition  from  one  color  to  another  is  so 
gradual  that  each  part  seems  the  same  as  the  next,  but  the  extremes  are 
clearly  different  (distant). 

69.  argumentuin,  story. 

70.  Cecropia  arce,  the  citadel  of  Athens  ;  the  Areopagus  (scopulum 
Martis)  is  close  by  the  Acropolis  of  Athens,  and  connected  with  it  by  a 
ridge,  so  that  it  almost  forms  a  part  of  the  same  hill. 

71.  antiquam  .  .  .  litem:  Minerva  (Athena)  and  Neptune  (Posei- 
don) both  claimed  the  right  to  give  a  name  to  Athens.  Each  performed 
a  miracle  to  gain  the  assent  of  the  judges;  Minerva  created  the  olive- 
tree,  and  Neptune  the  horse  (or,  according  to  the  story  most  current  in 
Athens,  a  salt  spring).  The  victory  was  awarded  to  Minerva.  (See 
Fig.  32.) 

Fig.  32. 


Minerva's   strife  with   Neptune. 


72.   bis  sex :  Ennius  (quoted  by  Haupt)  mentions  as  the  twelve  great 
gods,  Juno,  Vesta,  Minerva,  Ceres,  Diana,  Venus,  Mars,  Mercurius,  Jovi' 


68 


Notes, 


(i.e.  Jupiter),  Neptunus,  Vulcanus,  Apollo;  but  sometimes  others  are 
mentioned  in  place  of  some  of  these.  —  medio  Jove :  Ovid  is  a  little 
careless,  for  how  can  one  be  in  the  middle  of  twelve?  Besides,  Minerva 
herself  and  Neptune  are  not  among  the  twelve  seated  deities,  as  they  are 
otherwise  engaged. 

74.   inscribit,  marks,  as  plainly  as  if  the  names  were  written. 

77.   ferum,  the  horse.  —  quo  vindicet,  a  final  clause. 

79.  aegide:  the  aegis  was  Minerva's  breastplate  (or  shield),  adorned 
with  the  Gorgon's  head. 

80.  simulat,  represents  :  the  meaning  is  the  same  as  that  of  faeit,  in 
V.  76. 

81.  fetum  olivae,  the  sprig  of  olive :  the  olive  is  called  hoary  (ca- 
nens)  because  of  the  dull,  grayish  color  of  its  leaves. 

83.  lit  .  .  .  ausis :  to  show  Arachne  what  she  may  expect  (speret) 
as  a  reward  for  her  boldness,  Minerva  adds  four  representations  of  the 
punishment  of  presumptuous  mortals. 

85.  quattuor  in  partes,  on  the  four  corners. 

86.  brevibus  .  .  .  sigillis,  set  off  in  small  pictures,  or  medallions. 
%^-    Rhodope  and  Haemus  were  sister  and  brother  who  presumptuously 

called  each  other  Hera  (Juno)  and  Zeus  (Jupiter);  they  were  changed 
into  mountains. 

a  woman  of  the  race  of  the  Pygmies,  Gerana 
(Greek  for  crane)  or  Oinoe,  despised 
the  gods,  especially  Juno  and  Diana,  and 
was  worshipped  by  her  people  as  a  god- 
dess. Juno  changed  her  into  a  crane, 
and  ordained  that  the  Pygmies  and  cranes 
should  always  be  enemies.  This  hostility 
is  referred  to  by  Homer  (II.  iii.  3  ff.). 
(See  Fig.  33.) 

93.  Antigonen  :  the  daughter  of 
Laomedon,  proud  of  her  long  hair,  com- 
pared herself  to  Juno,  for  which  she  was 
changed  into  a  stork  (ciconia). 

98.  qui:  the  antecedent  is  angulus. 
—  Cinyran  :  Cinyras  was  an  Assyrian  king,  whose  presumptuous  daugh- 
ters were  changed  by  Juno  into  the  steps  of  her  temple. 

loi.  oleis  pacalibus, //^^  olive-branches  of  peace  :  for  the  olive  was 
the  symbol  of  peace. 

103-128,  These  lines  describe  the  work  of  Arachne  (Maeonis,  the 
Lydiafi),     She  represented  the  transformations  of  Jupiter  by  means  of 


90.   Pyginaeae  matris : 

Fig.  33. 


Pygmies  and  Cranes, 


The  Punishment  of  Arachne.  69 

which   he   seduced   Europa,  Asteria,  Leda,  and   others  (103-114),   and 
smiilar  adventures  of  other  gods  (i  15-126). 
104.   Kuropam:  see  Book  II.  833-875. 

108.  Asterien :  daughter  of  the  Titan  Coeus  and  Phoebe. 

109.  liedain :  Leda,  daughter  of  Thestios,  was  approached  by  Jupiter 
in  the  form  of  a  swan ;  she  was  the  mother  of  Castor,  Pollux,  and  Helen. 

111.  Nycteida:  Antiope,  daughter  of  King  Nykteus  of  Boeotia,  bore 
to  Jupiter  the  twins  Amphion  and  Zethus. 

112.  Amphitryon:  Jupiter  approached  Alkmena  in  the  form  of  her 
husband  Amphitryon,  king  of  Tiryns.     Hercules  was  her  son. 

113.  Daiiaen :  Dance  was  the  mother  of  Perseus;  Jupiter  gained 
access  to  her  in  the  form  of  a  golden  shower.  —  Asopida:  ^Egina, 
daughter  of  Asopus. 

1 14.  Mnemosynen,  one  of  the  Muses.  —  Deoida :  Proserpine,  daugh- 
ter of  Ceres  (Arjci). 

129.  cavp^vQ^  find  fault  tvith. 

130.  flava  virago,  Ihe  fair -haired  warrior  goddess;  Minerva  is 
called  virago  (cf.  vir)  on  account  of  her  mascuhne  character. 

131.  caelestia  crimina,  chai^ges  against  the  gods:  the  web  is  so 
called  because  in  it  were  represented  the  disgraceful  acts  of  some  of  the 
gods. 

132.  Cytoriaco  de  monte,  from  Mount  Cytorus:  a  mountain  in 
Paphlagonia,  upon  which  many  box-trees  grew;  box-wood  was  used  for 
making  shuttles  (radium). 

137.  ne  .  .  .  futuri,  that  you  may  not  be  without  care  for  the  future^ 
i.e.  in  order  that  you  may  be  troubled  for  your  descendants  as  well  as  for 
yourself. 

139.  Hecateidos,  of  Hecate:  she  was  a  moon-goddess,  and  was 
mistress  of  all  witchcraft. 

141.  Quis :  abl.  plur.  of  qui  (§  104,  d\  G.  103,  R.;  H.  187,  foot-note  5). 

142.  toto  corpore :  abl.  of  specification. 

145.  stamen:  this  word  and  telas  are  used  with  playful  mockery; 
Arachne  still  spins  as  a  spider,  just  as  she  did  while  a  woman. 


70  Notes, 


XIII.    THE   PRIDE  AND   GRIEF  OF  NIOBE. 

VI.  165.  celeberrima,  very  numerously  attended.  —  turba,  abl.  of 
speciacation.    /    j)  ^<,^]    ii\y^h(  ^o    ,      j^/.  ^t«^j. 

166.  VestibTTST-fet  with  intexto  (§  228;  G.  346;  H.  386).  —  intexto 
aiiro,  abl.  of  -^S^Vy' 

168.   iniiniissos,y?(77c/z;2^. 

170.  aiiditos,  i.e.  who  have  only  been  heard  of,  not  seen.  —  visis,  sc. 
caelestibus. 

172.  Tantalus:  a  king  of  Phrygia,  honored  with  the  society  of  the 
gods.  He  is  said  to  have  desired,  as  a  boon  from  them,  that  he  might  be 
immersed  to  the  lips  in  sensual  delights;  and  was  punished  for  his  crimes 
by  the  torment  of  eternal  hunger  and  thirst,  standing  in  a  lake  whose 
waters  would  never  rise  above  his  lips,  while  branches  laden  with  rich 
fruit  swung  back  whenever  he  tried  to  touch  them,  — ■  a  penalty  which  has 
made  his  name  immortal  in  the  word  tantalize.    See  note  on  Book  IV.  458. 

174.  Pleiadum  soror:  Dione,  mother  of  Niobe,  and  daughter  of 
Atlas. 

176.  Juppiter:  father  of  Tantalus,  as  w^ell  as  of  Niobe's  husband, 
Amphion. 

177.  me,  abl.,  in  appos.  with  domina.  — regia  Cadnii,  i.e.  Thebes, 
the  citadel  of  which  was  founded  by  Cadmus,  though  the  city  was  built 
and  ruled  over  by  Niobe's  husband,  Amphion. 

178.  fidibus,  strings  I  the  huge  blocks  of  stone,  of  which  the  walls 
of  Thebes  were  built,  moved  of  themselves  to  their  places  at  the  sound  of 
Amphion's  lyre. 

i8i.   accedit  eodem,  there  is  added  to  this,  i.e.  I  have  also. 

182.   hue  adice,  add  to  this. 

185.  nescio  quoqiie  =  et  nescio  quo,  the  conjunction  introducing 
audete;  nescio  quo  Coeo,  so?ne  Cceiis  or  other ,  i.e.  some  one  whom 
nobody  knows.  Coeus  was  a  Titan,  and  father  of  Latona.  On  nescio  quo, 
see  §  202,  a\  334,  <?;  G.  469,  R.^;  H.  191,  N.;  529,  5,  3. 

187.  paritiirae  negavit:  when  Latona  was  about  to  give  birth  to 
Apollo  and  Diana  the  jealousy  of  Juno  prevented  her  from  finding  rest 
upon  any  spot  of  earth;  but  at  last  she  found  a  refuge  in  the  island  of 
Delos,  w^here  her  children  were  born.  This  island  had  before  floated  upon 
the  sea,  but  was  now  fixed  in  its  place. 

189.  miserata  (agreeing  with  Delos),  kazdng  compassio7i. 

190,  hospita,  a  stranger  without  a  home. 

193.   neget,  deliberative  subjunctive  (§  268;   G.  25 1;  H.  485). 


The  Pride  and  Grief  of  Niobe.  71 

195.  possitj  subjunctive  in  a  clause  of  characteristic  with  quain  cui 
(§  320,^;  G.  313;  H,  503,  ii.  3). 

196.  lit,  although. 

197.  excessere  metum,  have  passed  beyond  all  fear.  —  fiiigite,  sup- 
pose. 

19S.  hiiic  populo  (§  229;  G.  344,  R.2;  H.  -^^(j,  2)  :  her  children 
aliBOSt  made  a  nation  by  themselves.  The  children  of  Latona  are  deris- 
ively called  a  mob,  tiirba. 

200.  qua  .  .  .  orba,  hoiu  far  is  she  rcinoved  from  childlessness  (lit. 
from  a  childless  woman)  by  this?  qua  refers  to  turba,  and  is  abl.  of 
means  with  distat;  the  Latin  relative  cannot  always  be  rendered  by  the 
relative  in  English. 

201.  sacri,  vocative,  addressed  to  her  children,  whom  she  calls  holy 
enough  and  to  spare.     Haupt  reads, 

^* lie,  satis ^  proper aie^  sacri  est,  laumm"  etc. 

making  sacri  partitive  genitive.     Several  other  readings  have  been  pro- 
posed. 

202.  ponite  =  deponite.  —  deponunt,  i.e.  the  people  lay  aside  their 
wreaths  in  honor  of  Latona,  and  worship  her  only  in  silence. 

203.  quodque  licet  :  the  antecedent  is  tacito  .  .  .  numen,  they 
worship  in  silence,  since  that  is  all  that  is  allowed  them. 

204.  Cynthi,  a  hill  on  the  island  of  Delos. 

206.  animosa,  proud. 

207.  cessiira,  %villing  to  yield. 

208.  an  dea  sim,  dubitor,  my  divinity  is  called  in  question  (lit.  / 
am  doubted  whether  J  am  a  goddess^;  the  personal  use  of  the  passive  of 
dubito  is  rare.  —  cultis,  ivorshipped  (agreeing  with  aris). 

210.  facto,  i.e.  the  exclusion  from  the  altars.  She  adds  insult  to 
mjury. 

212.  quod  .  .  .  recidat,  may  it  (i.e.  the  childlessness  implied  in 
orbam)  fall  back  upon  herself.  The  first  syllable  of  recidat  is  treated 
as  long  to  suit  the  metre. 

213.  paternam,  like  her  father^ s  ;  the  tongue  of  Tantalus  had  betrayed 
the  secrets  of  the  gods. 

215.  poenae  limits  mora;  longa  agrees  with  querella,  long  com- 
plaint is  but  a  hindrance  of  punishment. 

216.  Phoebe  =  Diana;  if  it  were  the  vocative* of /%^(?(^^j,  the  e  would 
l)e  short. 

217.  Cadmeida  -  of  Thebes.  —  nubibus,  abl.,  limits  tecti. 
220.   moUierat,  beaten  into  dust. 


72  Notes. 

221.  Amphlone,  §  244,  a;  G.  395;  H.  415,  ii. 

222.  Tyrio  suco :  the  famous  purple  dye  obtained  from  a  species  of 
shell-fish. 

224.    qui  .  .  .  fuerat,  2vho  had  once  been  the  first  burden  of  his  mother, 
i.e.  had  been  her  first-born. 

227.   ei,  monosyllabic  interjection. 

229.  in  latus,  sideways.  —  armo,  i.e.  of  the  horse. 

230.  inane,  void, 

231.  frena  dabat,  i.e.  in  order  to  flee.  —  imbris,  objective  genitive 
with  praescius. 

232.  rector,  skipper. 

233.  deducit,  lets  dozun,  i.e.  unfurls;  he  spreads  all  sail  to  reach  a  port 
before  the  storm.  —  qua,  sc.  parte.  ~  eflfluat,  escape. 

234.  frena  dabat:  dantein,  he  gave  loose  rein;  as  he  did  so,  etc., 
the  repetition  of  a  verbal  idea  in  the  form  of  a  participle  is  very  common. 

237.   pronus,  hailing  forward.  —  admissa,  at  full  speed,  agrees  with 
crura,  but  refers  to  the  horse  in  general. 

241.   nitidae:  because  the  wrestlers  anointed  their  bodies  with  oil. 

245.  incurvata,  zvrithiiig. 

246.  suprema,  for  the  last  time. 

247.  exhalarunt:    the  heavy  ending   of  the  verse   (spondaic  line) 
seems  intended  to  suggest  the  last  slow  breaths  of  the  dying. 

249.   complexibus,  in  his  embrace. 

254.   non  belongs  with  simplex.  —  intonsuni :  the  Grecian  boys  did 
not  cut  their  hair  until  they  arrived  at  manhood. 
261.   profectura  (from  proficio),/rt'/^<//o  avail. 

263.  non  omnes,  not  all  the  gods,  but  only  Latona  and  her  children, 
needed  to  be  prayed  to. 

264.  motus,  affected.  — jam  non,  no  longer, 

265.  Arcitenens,  the  archer,  Apollo. 

269.  potuisse,  sc.  superos  boc  (see  below)  following  mirantem. 

271.  nam:  this  explains  why  only  Niobe  is  mentioned. 

272.  finierat  .  .  .  dolorein :  he  had  killed  himself,  and  so  ended  at 
once  his  sorrow  and  his  life. 

273.  Niobe  Niobe :  the  first  is  nominative,  the  second  ablative. 

275.  resupina,  with  head  erect,  i.e.  tossed  so  far  back  as  almost  to 
have  the  face  turned  upwards. 

276.  invidiosa,  a7t  object  of  envy. 

280.   pascere,  imperative  passive  in  reflexive  sense  ^  glut  thyself 
283.   efferor,  /  am  carried  out  to  burial,  i.e.  T  am  more  than  killed. 
286.   contento,  tight-strung.  —  arcu,  i.e.  of  Diana. 


The  Pride  and  Grief  of  Niobe. 


73 


289.    toros,  biers.  —  demisso  crine,  in  sign  of  mourning. 
291.    iiiiposito  fratri  ore,  with  her  lips  pressed  (in  a  kiss)  upon  her 
brother, 

293.  duplicata,  bent  Fig.  34. 
double.  —  caeco,     blind,    i.e. 
mysterious. 

294.  oraque  compressit, 
she  shut  her  lips  together,  and 
they  opened  only  after  her 
death. 

296.  trepidare,  rush  about 
(to  find  shelter). — videres, 
potential  subjunctive  (§  311, 
a;  G.  252;  H.485)- 

297.  sex,  abl.  abs.  with 
datis  and  passis. 

298.  toto  .  .  .  tegens. 
(See  Fig.  34). 

301.  pro  qua:  the  ante- 
cedent is  omitted,  being  readily 
supplied  from  the  context. 

304.    color,  complexion. 

310.  circunidata 
wrapped. 

311.  in     patriam,    i.e. 
Phrygia;      these     events     had 
taken  place  in  Thebes.     There  :5(^ 
was  in  ancient  times  a  colossal 
figure  of  a  weeping  woman  on  Niobe. 
Mt.   Sipylus,  in   Lydia  (origi- 
nally a  part  of  Phrygia)  :  this  was  identified  with  Niobe,  and  was  probably 
a  freak  of  nature,  with  perhaps  some  touches  of  the  human  hand. 


74  Notes, 

XIV.    THE   ENCHANTMENTS   OF   MEDEA. 

VII.  I.  Minyae,  a  mythical  race  of  Greece,  with  whom  the  Argonauts 
appear  to  have  been  connected,  and  whose  name  they  often  bear.  -™ 
Pagasaea:  the  ship  Argo,  in  which  Jason  and  his  companions  sailed, 
was  built  in  Pagasce,  a  city  of  Thessaly. 

3.  Phineus,  a  blind  king  of  Thrace,  endowed  with  the  gift  of  prophecy; 
he  hafl  been  tormented-  by  the  harpies,  —  filthy  birds  with  faces  of  maidens, 
who  seized  and  defiled  the  food  upon  his  table,  —  and  is  therefore  said  to 
have  been  dragging  out  his  old  age  in  want  {inopem  senectani).  He  was 
freed  from  them  by  Zethus  and  Calais  (two  of  the  Argonauts),  winged 
sons  of  Boreas  (^Aquild),  who  drove  them  away,  and  pursued  them  through 
the  air  as  far  as  the  islands  of  the  Strophades,  where  they  were  afterwards 
found  by  ^neas. 

6.  Phasidos:  the  Phasis  was  a  river  of  Colchis. 

7.  regem,  ^ietes,  king  of  Colchis,  in  whose  possession  the  golden 
fleece  was.  —  Phrixea :  Phrixos  and  Helle,  children  of  Athamas  (king  of 
Orchomenos)  and  Nephele,  fleeing  from  their  stepmother  Ino,  were  car- 
ried over  the  sea  on  the  back  of  a  golden-fleeced  ram.  Helle  fell  into 
the  sea  and  gave  her  name  to  the  Hellespont.  Phrixos  reached  Colchis, 
where  he  sacrificed  the  ram  to  Zeus  (Jupiter).  The  goUen  fleece  of  the 
ram  was  kept  in  a  sacred  grove  and  guarded  by  a  sleepless  dragon.  Jason 
was  sent  by  his  unjust  uncle  Pelias  to  seize  the  golden  fleece,  and  was 
accompanied  by  many  Grecian  heroes. 

8.  vox,  answer  ;  numeris  is  abl.  of  cause  with  horrenda  =  dreadful 
on  account  of  the  number  of  toils  imposed.  In  reality  there  were  but  three 
of  these,- — to  plough  with  the  fire-breathing  oxen;  to  sow  the  dragon's 
teeth,  and  fight  with  the  armed  men  who  sprang  from  the  soil;  after  which 
he  was  to  get  the  fleece,  guarded  by  the  sleepless  dragon. 

9.  Aeetias,  a  feminine  patronymic:  the  daughter  of  ^Eetes  was  the 
famous  enchantress  Medea. 

12.  nescio  quis  deus,  some  god  (§  334,  e\  G.  469,  R.^;  H.  529,  5,  3). 
—  iniruin,  sc.  est,  which  is,  however,  generally  omitted  with  mirum  and 
in  many  other  half-exclamatory  expressions. 

13.  quod  relates  to  hoc  and  huic. 

14.  jiissa,  i.e.  the  tasks  imposed  upon  Jason. 

15.  modo  denique,  07tly  jtist  now, 
20.    linens,  reason, 

22.  alieni  orbis  (poss.  gen.),  zV/  another  ivorld. 

23.  quod  ames  (§  317;  G.  632;  H.  497,  i.),  something  to  love, — 
vivat  ille,  zohether  he  live^  etc. 


The  Eiichanimenis  of  Medea.  75 

24.  in  dis  est,  depends  upon  the  gods. 

26.  tcingat:  §  268;  G.  258;  H.  484,  v. 

28.  ore,  beauty  of  countenance, 

30.  suae  segetis,  of  his  oivn  planting,  limiting  hostibus  (dat.). 

31.  praeda,  predicate. 

'ifi.  terrigenas  feros,  the  fifrce  sons  of  earth,  i.e.  the  warriors  sprung 
from  the  earth  at  the  sowing  of  the  dragon's  teeth. 

37.  ista,  i.e.  meliora.  —  precanda,  facienda:  not  mere  prayers 
(such  as  di  meliora  velint),  but  deeds  are  necessary  if  Jason  is  to  be  saved. 

38.  prodainne :  Medea  suddenly  changes  her  tone  and  tries  to  over- 
come her  love.  If  she  helped  Jason  to  obtain  the  fleece,  she  would  betray 
(yprodani)  her  father's  power,  for  it  had  been  foretold  that  ^etes  would 
be  powerful  as  long  as  he  kept  the  fleece. 

39.  ope  nostra,  by  my  aid.  —  nescio  quis  advena :  Jason  might  be 
a  mere  worthless  adventurer. 

40.  per  ine,  construed  with  sospes. 

41.  poenae:  as  a  traitress,  she  would  naturally  expect  punishment. 
43.    non  in  sense  qualifies  timeam;   such  are  his  features,  etc.,  that  I 

have  no  cause  to  fear. 

46.  ante,  beforehand. 

47.  Quln,  %vhy  not?  she  is  deriding  her  own  fears.  —  tuta,  neuter 
plural  ace,  object  of  times. — accingere,  imperative  passive,  in  the 
reflexive  sense,  gird  yourself 

49.  Pelasgas,  Grecian, 

50.  servatrix,  i.e.  of  Jason.  —  matruni,  i.e.  of  the  Argonauts;  it 
limits  turba. 

54.    stant  mecum,  are  with  me,  on  my  side. 

56.  magna,  explained  by  the  following  words.  —  servatae  pubis,  of 
having  saved  the  youth. 

58.  cultus :  Colchis  appears  to  have  been  then,  as  now,  an  uncivilized 
region. 

^  60.  Aesoniden,  Jason,  son  of  Aison  :  this  is  in  sense  the  antecedent 
of  quern,  attracted  into  the  relative  clause.  Observe  the  different  idiom 
of  English.  We  should  say  "  for  whom  I  would  exchange,"  etc.  —  quo 
eonjuge,  abl.  of  cause  with  felix. 

61.  ferar,  sc.  sermonibus,  /  shall  be  called.  The  final  syllable  is 
lengthened  in  the  thesis  before  the  caesura. 

62.  nescio  qui  montes,  the  Symplegades,  the  cliffs  between  which 
vessels  must  pass,  but  which  closed  upon  and  crushed  them.  The  Argo, 
by  watching  its  opportunity,  had  passed  through  with  only  the  loss  of  its 
rudder,  after  which  the  rocks  had  become  immovable.  —  incurrere,  run 
against  the  voyager. 


>]6 


Notes. 


Fig.  ZS' 


Scylla. 


63.  CharyTbdis  was  a  terrible  whirlpool  on  the  Sicilian  side  of  the 
straits  of  Messina;  Scylla  was  a  monster  dwelling  in  a  cave  on  the 
Italian  side  of  the  same  strait.  She  was  a  maiden 
down  to  the  waist,  which  was  girt  with  savage  dogs. 
(Fig.  35.)  See  argument  to  Book  XIV.  vv.  1-74 
(p.  149).  There  is  now  a  cliff  on  the  Italian  side, 
and  a  succession  of  eddies  within  the  opposite 
point,  which  may  have  been  more  formidable  in 
ancient  times.  Jason  passed  between  them  on  his 
long  and  circuitous  homeward  voyage. 

72.  pietas,y^/z^/  love. 

73.  dabat,  %vas  on  the  point  of  turning. 

74.  Hecates :  Hecate,  daughter  of  Perse,  was 
the  goddess  of  magic,  and  was  identified  with 
Artemis  as  goddess  of  the  under- world. 

76.   fortis,  i.e.  against  her  passion. 

79.   solet  agrees  with  scintilla. que  connects  assumere  and  cres- 

cere;  the  quantity  of  the  final  a  in  parva  and  inducta  shows  their 
agreement. 

83.  specie,  beauty. 

84.  solito,  abb,  follows  formosior. 
%().   turn  denique,  not  until  then. 
91.   torum,  marriage. 

94.  promissa  dato  =  keep  your  promises. 
-  trtforiiils :  Hecate  was  represented  as  com- 
posed of  three  bodies,  standing  back  to  back. 
(See  Fig.  36.) 

95.  quod,  whatever, 

96.  patrem  socerl: 
was  Helios,  the  sun-god.  - 
socerl. 

97.  eventn&yfaie. 

98.  cantatas,  enchanted  (having  been  the 
subject  of  magic  incantations). 

99.  tesca,  waste  places  (some  editors  read 
tecta,  the  house) . 

Y\QCQXe  ^°^*   M^vortis,  Mavors,  an  ancient  form 

of  Mars. 

102.  jugis,  on  the  lines  of  hills.     This  scene  is  represented  in  Fig.  37. 

103.  purpureus,  clad  in  purple. 

104.  adainanteis,  unsubdued. 


Fig.  36. 


the  father  of  ^etes 
-  f  uturi,  agrees  with 


The  Enchant7nc7its  of  Medea.  yj 

io6.   Q^ixinijii,  forges. 

107.  aut,  sc.  ut  resoiiare  solcnt.  —  siliees,  limestone.  —  terrena 
foriiace  (abl.  of  means),  in  a  li?ne-kiln  (built  of  earthen  bricks). — 
soluti,  uiade  brittle  and  friable. 

108.  concipiiiut  igueiii,  develop  heat. 

III.   verterc,  perfect. —  venientis,  i.e.  lasonis. 
116.    medicaniina,  the  herbs  given  him  by  Medea. 
118.   subpositos,  sc.  taiiros. 

122.  vipereos  clentes :  these  were  some  of  the  teeth  of  the  dragon 
slain  by  Cadmus  (Book  III.  ijv.  50-130).  They  had  been  given  by  Minerva 
to  .Ectes. 

123.  praetincta  agrees  with  semina. 

131.  pracacutae  cuspidis,  gen.  of  quality  (§215;  G.  364;  H.396,v.). 

132.  Haemonii,  Thessalian. 

133.  Pclasgi,  the  Greeks. 

138.    auxiliare,  in  aid  oi  her  former  incantations. 
140.    a  sc  dcpulsuin,  turned  away  from  himself. 
142.   Achivi,  another  ancient  name  for  the  Greeks. 
144.   barbara,  i.e.  Medea. 
147.    adfectu,  transport. 

Fig.  37- 


Jason  at  Colchis. 

148.   carminibus,  dative.  —  horum,  i.e.  the  incantations. 

151.  arietis,  three  syllables,  ar(^y')etis,  —  aurei,  two  syllables. 

152.  Jjethaei,  possessing  the  property  of  the  water  of  Lethe,  —  to 
cause  forgetfulness. 

154.  eoncita,  raging. 

155.  sibi  relates  to  soinnus  =  (fj/^5  that  were  unacquainted  with  it, 
(See  the  head  of  the  dragon  in  Fig.  37,  right-hand  part.) 

157.    spolia,  in  apposition  with  auctorem  (Medea). 


78  Notes. 

158.  lolciacos:  lolcos  was  a  seacoast  upon  the  Pagasaean  Gulf,  from 
which  the  Argo  had  sailed. 

160.  flainma,  ablative. 

161.  cornibus,  dat.  following  inducta  =  tvith  gilded  horns.  —  au- 
rum:  §  2d.o,  c,  N.;  G.  332,  R.'-^;  11.  377. 

162.  Aeson,  father  of  Jason. 

166.  excessit  ficlein,  has  passed  belief. 

167.  possunt,  sc.  carmina.  —  possint,  deliberative  subjunctive 
(§  268;  G.  258;  11.  484,  v.), 

168.  deirie,  sc.  aiinos.  — in-eis,/'^?/^'^://^'  me. 

170.  dissimileiri  [her  mind],  unlike  his,  i.e.  unfihal.  —  suMit:  the 
last  i  is  long;  see  note  on  Book  I.  v.  114.  ™  Aceta  relictus,  the  image 
of  the  deserted  /Eeta  [^Eetes]. 

171.  affectus,  emotions. 

173.  transcribere :  a  term  used  by  money-dealers,  to  describe  the 
written  bill  or  draft  by  wdiich  money  was  transferred. 

174.  sinat,  the  apodosis  of  a  less  vivid  future  condition.  —  aequa,  a 
reasonable  request.  —  isto  (sc.  munere)  follows  majus. 

177.  annis  tuis,  abl.  of  means,  like  arte  mea;  and  aevuiii  is  the 
object  of  revocare. 

179.  ut,  i.e.  until  the  tiine  that ;  it  was  three  nights  from  full  moon, 
when  magic  rites  could  be  best  practised.  —  tota,  ivholly. 

182.  vestes :  §  240,  r,  n.;  G.  332,  2;  H.  377. 

183.  pedem,  capillos,  Greek  accusative  (§  240,  <:;  G.  332;  H.  378). 
—  nudos,  unbound. 

186.  niiUo  cum  inurmure,  sc.  est:  even  the  insects  in  the  hedge 
were  silent. 

191.    solvit,  opened. 

193.   aurea,  predicate,  agreeing  with  astra. 

195.  cantusque  artesque  (ace),  governed  by  instruis:  another 
object  (of  the  person)  is  magos.  —  magorum :  the  magi  were  a  priestly 
class  among  the  Medes,  whose  religion  consisted  in  the  worship  of  the 
evil  principle,  embodied  in  the  serpent  Afrasiab;  it  is  represented  by  that 
of  the  devil-worshippers  of  the  present  day.  As  was  natural,  their  worship 
was  associated  with  necromantic  arts,  and  the  word  magic  is  derived  from 
their  name. 

196.  lierbis,  abl.  of  means. 

200.  coiiciissa  agrees  with  freta,  being  contrasted  with  stantia; 
sisto  and  conditio  are  also  contrasted :  she  checks  them  when  in  motion, 
and  excites  them  when  at  rest. 

204.   sua  convulsa  terra,  torn  up  from  the  earth  in  which  they  grew. 


The  EncJimitvicnts  of  Medea,  79 

207.  traho,  bring  doivn^  and  so  cause  an  eclipse;  for  it  was  popularly 
believed  that  eclipses  were  caused  by  magic  arts. — Temesaea,  an  epithet 
probably  derived  from  Tamassus,  in  Cyprus,  where  were  copper  mines. 
On  the  occasion  of  an  eclipse  of  the  moon,  they  beat  brazen  vessels,  in 
order  to  dispel  the  magic  by  the  noise.  —  labores,  eclipse. 

209.  avi,  i.e.  the  Sun-god,  father  of  .Eetcs. 

210.  vos  refers  to  the  ol)jects  addressed,  vv,  192-196. 

212.  in  se  fera  bella,y?£vrt'  strife  againsi  each  other. 

213.  rudem,  unacquainted  7oith,  construed  with  somni. — aurum, 
i.e.  the  golden  fleece. 

214.  vindice,  its  guardian,  the  dragon. 

217.  neque  .  .  .  frustra:  the  flashing  of  the  stars  signified  the  con- 
sent of  the  gods. 

219.    aderat,  i.e.  sent  by  her  grandfather,  the  Sun. 

222.  Tempe,  neuter  plural,  a  beautiful  valley  in  Thessaly. 

223.  Threces :  under  this  name  was  comprised,  in  early  times,  Mace- 
donia, lying  north  of  Thessaly. 

226.  placitas,  sc.  herbas,  those  that  she  selects.  The  mountains  and 
rivers  here  (224-230)  mentioned  are  all  in  Thessaly. 

231.  Boebes:  Boebe  is  in  Thessaly,  Anthedon  in  Bceotia;  the  latter 
lying  on  the  Euripus,  opposite  Euboca. 

233.  vulgatum,  made  famous,  —  Glauci  :  Glaucus  was  a  fisherman 
who,  by  tasting  these  herbs,  was  impelled  to  leap  into  the  water,  where  he 
was  changed  into  a  sea-god.     (See  Book  XIII.  917.) 

237.  posuere :  the  magic  power  of  the  herbs  was  such  that  their  mere 
odor  caused  the  serpents  to  slough  their  skins  and  become  young. 

239.   tantum  caelo  tegitur,  i.e.  she  remains  under  the  open  sky. 

242.  verbenis,  sprigs  of  various  plants,  used  in  sacred  rites. 

243.  scrobibus,  sc.  e ;  construe  with^gesta.  In  sacrificing  to  the 
deities  of  the  nether  world,  it  was  customary  to  dig  a  ditch,  into  which 
the  libation  was  poured,  and  the  blood  of  the  black  animal  sacrificed  was 
allowed  to  flow. 

244.  veneris  atri  -  a  black-fleeced  sheep. 
246.   bacchi,  wine. 

249.  umbrarum  regem,  Pluto.  — rapta  conjuge,  Proserpine.  (See 
Book  V.  vv,  385-424.) 

250.  ne  properent,  i.e.  before  the  completion  of  her  magic  rites. 

251.  precibiisqiie  et  iriurniure:  just  as  -que  is  sometimes  repeated 
in  poetry  (partly,  at  least,  for  metrical  reasons),  so  here  it  is  added  before 
et  (thus  making  the  last  syllable  of  precibus  long)  without  any  inde- 
pendent meaning. 


8o 


Notes. 


253.   plenos,  sound,  (i.e.  complete;   cf  "full  gallop,"  "full  stop,"  etc.). 
258.   baecliaiituiu  :    in  the  rites  of  Bacchus  (^/)h>;2}>ios),  celebrated 
by  women,  the  votaries  unbound  their  hair,   and  were   possessed  for   a 
time  with  a  religious  frenzy.     (See  Fig.  38.) 

259.    miiltiflclas  faces,  /4///- 
^^S-  38.  ^y^^^^  spli^  fine, 

261.  lustrat:  this  word  here 
describes  the  circling  about  the 
old  man,  as  well  as  the  purifying 
rites. 

265.  seminaque  :  -que  is  oc- 
casionally scanned  long,  especially 
in  the  first  half  of  the  second  foot 
of  the  line.  —  acres,  7'ank. 

267.  refliiiini  describes  the 
motion  of  the  tide,  which  is  very 
slight  (and  in  most  places  alto- 
gether wanting)  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean ;  so  here,  Ike  lldes  of  ike 
ocean. 

268.  perriocte,//^//,  for  when 
full  it  shines  through  the  night. 

269.  strigis :  the  strix  is  a 
bird  often  mentioned  in  magic,  but,  says  Pliny,  qiicc  sit  avium  constare  nan 
arbitror.     It  is  usually  identified  with  the  screech-owl. 

271.  ambiglii  lupl :  the  were-zuolf  here  described,  was  rather  a  man 
who  could  assume  the  form  of  a  wolf,  than  a  wolf  who  could  turn  into  a 
man.  The  belief  in  such  creatures  was  widespread  among  many  peoples. 
—  prosecta,  the  parts  cut  off  far  sacrifice, 

272.  Cinyphil  =  Libyan. 

273.  vivacis,  long-lived:  the  stag,  as  well  as  the  crow,  was  believed 
to  live  to  a  great  age. 

274.  passae,  that  had  pasi>ed  or  lived. 

276.  reniorari  expresses  the  purpose  of  propositum,  the  gift  (niu- 
nus)   intended  to  delay  death   (Tartara)    (§   273,  d  -,   G.   424,  R.^;    H. 

533.  ".  3). 

277.  jampridem  qualifies  arenti.  —  mitis,  the  quality  of  the  fruit 
transferred  to  the  tree. 

290.    situs,  long  tarrying  in  one  place,  and  so  the  rust  and  dirt  result- 
ing from  such  tarrying;   here,  the  decay  of  ai^e. 
293.   liimc,  sc.  fuisse,  of  this  aspect. 


Bacchanal. 


The  Murder  of  Pelias,  8 1 

In  the  story  of  Jason,  a  national  hero  of  Thessaly,  and  Medea,  "  the 
wise  one,"  we  have  the  simple  creation  of  the  Grecian  mind  complicated 
with  the  unholy  magical  rites  of  the  East.  This  is  a  myth,  therefore, 
which  records  not  only  the  early  converse  with  far  Asia,  but  the  far  more 
important  mental  intercourse  which  helped  burden  the  Greek  theology 
with  superstition  and  fanaticism. 


XV.    THE  MURDER  OF   PELIAS. 

VII,    294.   tanti  .  .  .  monstri,  i.e.  the  restoration  of  ^Eson's  youth. 

296.  hoc  munus,  that  his  nurses  be  made  young.  —  Colchide,  i.e. 
Medea. 

297.  odium  cum  conjuge;  odium  is  sometimes  used  with  cum, 
also  with  in,  adversus,  and  the  genitive.  —  taJsum,  J>7'etended. 

298.  Phasias,  Medea,  from  the  river  Phasis,  in  Colchis.  —  Peliae: 
Pelias,  half-brother  of  Jason's  father  ^son,  had  usurped  the  royal  power, 
and  had  sent  Jason  in  quest  of  the  golden  fleece,  with  the  hope  that  he 
would  never  return. 

303.  situs  (ace.  pi.),  t/ie  decay  of  old  age,     (See  note  on  v.  290.) 

304.  virginibus,  dative.  —  Pelia,  abL  of  source. 

306.  sine  fine,  endless^  infinite, 

307.  brevi  spatio,  abl.  of  time  when,  implying  duration  of  time 
(§  256,^;   G.  392;   H.  379,  I). 

310.  qui:  the  antecedent  is  dux  gregis.  —  aevo,  abl.  of  specification 
(§253;   G.  398;   H.424). 

314.  Haemonio,  Thessalian;  Thessaly  was  notorious  for  its  magi- 
cians and  witches. 

315.  exiguo,  because  the  ram  was  so  old. 
317.   minuunt:  the  subject  is  suci  validi. 

320.  nee  mora,  sc.  est,  zvithout  <:/d'/^jK.  —  balatum,  object  of  iniran- 
tibus. — mirantibus,  dat.  of  reference  (§  235;  G.  354;  H.  384,  4,  N.^). 
(See  Fig.  39.) 

322,   promissa,  i.e.  of  Medea. 

324.  juga  dempserat,  had  taken  off  the  yokes,  i.e.  had  unharnessed 
his  horses  for  the  night.  —  Hibero  flumine,  the  ocean,  which  washes  the 
western  side  of  the  Spanish  peninsula. 

'^2%.  neci  similis  somnus,  a  death-like  (i.e.  very  deep)  slumber, — ■ 
resoluto,  relaxed. 


82 


Notes, 


331.  jussae,  as  she  had  directed. 

336.   spes  inanes,  e77ipty  hopesy  which  you  have  not  the  energy  to 
accompUsh. 

Fig.  39- 


The  ram  is  made  young. 


338.  saniem,  diseased  blood;  here,  blood  corrupted  by  age,  —  conjee  to 
ferro,  by  a  stroke  of  the  sivord, 

339.  Ms  hortatlbus,  [moved]  by  these  iirgings,  —  pia :  the  superla- 
tive vi^ould  naturally  be  used  if  there  were  a  superlative  of  pins.  She  who 
is  most  fiUal  is  the  first  to  be  unfilial  (by  kiUing  her  father  in  the  hope  of 
making  him  young) . 

342.   caeca,  unseen  [by  themselves]. 

346.  in.  fata,  for  the  destrttction. 

347.  illis,  dat  of  reference  (§  235,  a;   G.  343,  R.^;   H.  384,  4,  N.^). 
349.   abstulit,  ctit  off. 

350-   quod  nisi,  but  if  .  .  .  not. 

352.  Philyreia  tecta  (in  apposition  with  Pelion),  the  home  of  Phily- 
ra^s  son,  the  Centaur  Chiron. 

353.  Cerambi:  at  the  time  of  the  flood,  Cerambus  fled  to  Mt.  Othrys, 
and  was  there  changed  by  the  nymphs  to  a  beetle. 


The  Myrmidons,  83 


XVI.    THE   MYRMIDONS. 

VII.  614.  tanto  .  .  .  rerum,  so  great  a  siorni  of  looes,  referring  to 
the  pestilence.     (See  argument.) 

616.  sub  amplexus  isse,  to  have  embraced,  — Aeginae:  ^gina  was 
the  daughter  of  the  river-god  Asopus.  yEacus  was  the  son  of  ^gina  and 
Jupiter. 

617.  nostri :  the  genitive  of  the  personal  pronoun,  where  in  prose  the 
possessive  pronoun  would  be  used. 

619.  secundo-  thunder  was  a  favorable  sign  when  it  came  from  the 
East. 

621.  pigneror  omen,  I  regard  the  omen  as  a  pledge. 

622.  rarissima,  very  unusual^  i.e.  of  unusual  beauty. 

623.  Dodonaeo :  at  Dodona,  in  Epirus,  the  seat  of  the  oldest  oracle 
of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  was  a  sacred  oak,  the  rustling  of  whose  leaves  foretold 
the  future. 

626.   servantes,  keeping,  i.e.  following  without  intermission. 

629.   solium,  object  of  dedit.  —  sine  flamine  :  construe  with  motis. 

637.  visa  est,  appeared ;  videri  is  very  frequently  used  in  descriptions 
of  dreams. 

638.  subjectis,  lying  under  it, 

639.  crescere,  videri  and  the  following  infinitives  still  depend  upon 
visa  est;  infinitive  because  quod  is  equivalent  to  idque  (§  '^'^(i,  c; 
G.  6^^;  H.  524,  I). 

640.  recto,  erect. 

642.  ponere  =  deponere. 

643.  damno  .  .  .  visa,  when  I  azvake  I  curse  my  vision. 

644.  nihil:  the  long  i  is  the  original  quantity  of  this  final  syllable; 
the  word  is  compounded  of  ne  and  Jiihwi,  "  not  a  shred." 

646.  has  quoque  somni,  sc.  esse. 

647.  Telamon,  son  of  ^acus. 

653.  priscis  cultorihus,  ablative,  depending  upon  vacuos. 

654.  Myrmidonas,  Ant-men  (^uupjUTjl).  —  nee  .  .  .  fraudo,  i.e.  I 
keep  their  origin  in  mind  by  their  name. 

656.  laborum,  quaeslti,  genitive  (§  218,  3;   G.  374;   H.  399,  ii.). 

657.  reservet,  subjunctive  in  a  clause  of  characteristic  (§  320;  G.  634; 
H.  503,  i.). 


84 


Notes, 


XVII.    THE   FLIGHT   OF  D/EDALUS. 

VIIL  152.  vota,  7>oiive  offerings,  i.e.  for  his  victory  over  Athens  and 
Megara :  it  is  in  apposition  with  corpora. 

153.  solvit,  offered ;  Wi.  paid,  as  if  the  sacrifice  vv^ere  a  debt.  —  ut,  as 
soon  «5.~Curetida:  the  Curetes  were  priests  of  Zeus  in  Crete;  they 
celebrated  his  worship  with  strange,  wild  rites,  dancing,  and  beating  their 
spears  upon  their  shields. 

154.  contigit,  on  hib  return  from  Athens  and  Megara. 

155-  opprobrium:  the  Minotaur,  half  man  and  half  bull,  the  off- 
spring of  Fasiphae,  daughter  of  the  Sun  and  wife  of  Minos. 

158.  imiltiplici  domo,  the  labyrtjith. 

159.  ingenio  fabrae  artis,  tahnt  in  the  art  of  building. 

160.  opus,  i.e.  multiplex  domus.  — notas,  marks,  i)y  which  the  pas- 
sages could  be  remembered.— lumina,  ^jw.—flexum  agrees  with  errorem. 

162.   lllaeaiidros  :  this  river  was  famed  for  its  winding  course,  and  its 

name  has  passed  into  the 


Fig.  40. 


Theseus  and  the  Minotaur. 

mult,  is  equivalent  to  Aegides, 
years,  belonging  with  repetita.  — 


English  language  w  ith  this 
signification  —  meander. 

166.  iiicertas,  tinde- 
cided. 

169.  quo  =  in  quem. 
— geminam . . .  figurain, 
i.e.  the  Minotaur. 

1 70.  Actaeo  =  Attic  : 
the  Athenianswere  obliged, 
by  the  conditions  of  peace 
imposed  by  Minos,  to  send 
every  nine  years  seven 
boys  and  seven  girls  to  be 
devoured  by  the  Minotaur  : 
these  were  selected  by  lot. 

171.  sors,  i.e.  those 
who  composed  the  third 
lot,  and  especially  its  vol- 
untary leader,  Theseus,  son 
of  King  iEgeus;  so  tertia 
sors,  the  subject   of  do- 

V.  174.  —  annis  iiovenis,  every  nine 
domuit,  overcame,    (See  Fig.  40.) 


Tlie  Flight  of  Dcedalns. 


85 


172.  iterata,  reached aoai}i.  —  \\\\\\\s>  (dat.),  hy  none  of  ikose  before. 

173.  filo,  thread.  Ariadne,  daugiiter  of  Minos,  gave  Theseus  a  elew  of 
thread,  by  the  aid  of  whieh  he  traced  his  way  back  through  the  labyrinth. 

174.  protiiuis,  slraighiioay ;  the  three  clauses  introduced  by  post- 
qiiam,  et,  and  utqiie,  all  lead  up  to  this  main  sentence.  —  Diam,  an 
ancient  name  of  the  island  of  Naxos.  This  island  was  sacred  to  Dionysos 
{Bacchus),  who  found  Ariadne  here  after  her  abandonment  by  l^heseus 
(see  Fig.  41)  ;   henceforth  she  is  associated  with  his  worship. 

177.  amplexus,    ace. 

plural.  —  Tjiber,  a  Roman  -^^s*  ^'^' 

god,    identified    with    the 
Greek  Dionysos. 

178.  de  fronte,  i.e. 
Ariadne's. 

179.  ilia,  i.e.  corona. 

182.  Nixi  (nitor)  ge- 
nu (§  254,  ^,  I;  G.  403, 
R.^;  n.  425,  ii.  I,  N.),  the 
knceler  ;  Anguem  tenen- 
tis,  the  S7take-holder ;  two 
constellations.  (See,  on  a 
celestial  map  or  globe,  the 
position  of  this  beautiful 
constellation,  "  the  North- 

'  ern  Crown." 

184.  loci  natalis, 
Athens. 

186.  obstruat,  de- 
pending upon  licet  (§  313,  b-,  G.  609;   H.  515,  iii.);  the  subject  is  Minos. 

187.  possideat,  hortatory  subjunctive  in  concession  (§  266,  c\  G.  257; 
H.  484,  iii.). 

189.  naturank  novat,  he  makes  nature  aneiVy  i.e.  he  improves  upon 
nature. 

190.  a  minima  .  .  .  sequenti,  beginning  with  the  smallest,  and 
making  a  shorter  one  follow  a  long  one  :  a  confused  expression;  for  if  the 
smallest  came  first,  a  shorter  one  could  not  follow.  It  seems  as  if  the  poet 
thought  of  the  slope  (clivo),  as  regarded  first  from  one  end,  and  then 
from  the  other. 

191.  clivo:  as  the  tops  of  trees  growing  on  a  slope  overlap  one 
another,  so  the  feathers  overlap,  being  of  different  lengths.  ~  putes,  you 
might  suppose  (§  311,  a,  N.i;  G.  250;   II.  485).— quondam,  sometimes, 


Bacchus  finds  Ariadne. 


86 


Notes. 


Fig.  42. 


witliout  reference  to  past  lime;   a  frequent  use  of  quondafn  and  olim  in 
similes. 

192.   fistula,  an  instrmnent  consisting  of  a  row  of  pipes,  like  a  child's 
liarmonicon :  these  pipes  were  of  different  lengths,  so  as  to  give  different 
tones.      (See  Fig.  42.) 

193.  lino,  ceris  :  he  fastened  the  lower 
ends  of  the  feathers  together  with  wax,  and 
sewed  or  tied  the  broader  outer  part  of  the 
wings  with  thread.     (See  Fig.  43.) 

199.  mollibat:  an  early  form  for  inollle- 
bat. 

205.  ignis,  sc.  soils. 

206.  Booten  :  the  constellations,  Bootes 
(Arctophylax),  Ilelice  (the  Great  Bear  or  "Big 
Dipper"),  and  Orion  are,  perhaps,  the  most 
striking  groups  of  stars  in  the  northern  heavens. 

208.   pariter,  at  the  same  time. 

212.  non  repetenda,  destined  never  to  be 
repeated, 

215.  artes  :  the  accusative  of  the  thing 
taught  with  eriidio  is  used  in  poetry  and  late  prose.  The  usual  construc- 
tion is  the  ace.  of  the  person  and  the  abl,  of  the  thing. 

217.  arundine,  fislmig-rod. 

218.  baculo,  like  stiva,  depends 
upon  innixus  (§  254,  b^i;  G.  403,  R.^; 
H.  425,  I,N.). 

219.  -que  connects  obstupuit  and 
credidit. 

220.  Junonia;  Samos  was  sacred 
to  Hera  {yuno'), 

221.  relictae,  sc.  fiierant:  they 
had  flown  north  over  the  Cyclades 
(Delos,  etc.),  and  then  easterly,  leaving 
Samos  upon  the  north;  though  why 
they  should  pursue  such  a  course  (un- 
less to  suit  the  metre)  is  not  clear. 

225.  rapidi  (rapio),  burning. 

226.  odoratas, i.e. from themelting. 

227.  nudos,  sc.  alls,  stripped  of 
his  imiigs. 

22$.   percipit,  catches  in  such  a  way  as  to  be  supported. 


F/stula  and  Double  Flute. 


Fig.  43. 


Daedalus  and  Icarus. 


The  Flight  of  Dcedahts, 


87 


230.  nomen  ;    the  waters  west  and  south  of  Samos  were  called  the 
Icarian  Sea, 

231.  nee  jam,  7io  longe7\ 

,     235.   tellus,  the  island  Icaria,  west  of  Samos. 

Fig-  44. 


Icarus  lying  drowned. 


237.   elice,  a  ditch,  for  draining  a  field. 

239.  tinica,  only  one  of  its  kind.     (See  argument,) 

240.  longum  crimen,  a  long  (i.e.  perpetual)  reproach;    in  appos. 
with  factague  wuper  avis. 

241.  liuie,  i.e.  to  Daedalus. 

242.  germana,  i.e.  of  Daedalus. 

243.  bis  senis:  (§  95,  c;  G.  95,  \\>]   H-  174,  2,  2).-~piierum,  in 
hippos,  with  progeniem.  —  animi,  genitive  of  quahty. 


88  Notes, 

245.  traxit  in  exemplum,  took  as  a  model, 

246.  perpetiios,  a  row  of. 

247.  ex    iiiio   iiodo,  starting  from  one  hinge.     The    instrument  cle- 
cribed  is,  of  course,  the  compahses. 

248.  aequali  spatio,  at  an  equal  distance.  —  illis,  abl.  absolute. 

249.  dticeret  orbem,  dreno  a  circle. 

250.  aree  Minervae,  the  Acropohs  of  Athens. 

251.  lapsuni,  sc.  esse  eiiin. 

253,  reddidit,  turned  him  into. 

254.  ingeuii  quondam  velocis,  of  his  once  quick  mind, 
259.   auticiui,  agrees  with  easus. 


XVIII.     THE   CALYDONIAN   HUNT.       ^ 

VIIL  260.  telliis  Aetnaea:  Sicily,  where  Doeclalus  found  a  refuge 
with  King  Cocalus;   his  native  land,  Athens,  not  being  safe  for  him. 

261.  Daedalon,  Greek  form  of  the  ace;  so  Meleagron,  v.  270. 

262.  iiiitis  habebatiir,  loas  friendly,  inasmuch  as  he  took  up  arms 
to  juotect  DcX;dalus  from  the  pursuit  of  Minos. 

263.  Thesea  (adjective),  ^' J/jc'j^^/j. 
265.    sanguine,  i.e.  of  victims. 

267.  Argolicas,  Achaia :  both  names  are  used  as  equivalent  to  the 
whole  land  of  Greece. 

268.  Theseos,  genitive. 
272.   infestae,  offended, 

2'j^.  Oenea,  ace.  of  Oeneus.  —  successibus,  abl.  with  pleni  (§  248, 
^,2;  G.  389;   H.  421,  ii.). 

274.  JLyaeo,  an  epithet  of  Bacchus. 

275.  Palladios  latices,  olive-oil,  sacred  to  Pallas  (^Minerva). 
278.    Jjaioidos,  the  daughter  of  Tato  (^Latona)^  i.e.  Diana. 

280.  quaeqiie,  etc.  =  et  nos,  qiue  inhonoratce  dicimur,  non,  etc. :  the 
person  speaking  is  Diana,  w^ho  speaks  of  herself  in  the  plural  by  a  common 
license. 

281.  Oeneos,  adj.;   the  genitive  form  is  (luieos. 

282.  quanto,  sc.  tantum,  so  great  that. 

283.  Kpiros  :  both  Epirus  and  Sicily  were  famed  for  cattle,  but  it 
seems  that  those  of  Epiius  were  the  largest. 

2S5.   liorrcnt,  stand  erect. 


'   The  Calydonian  Htmt,  8g 

287.    dentibus  Indis,  i.e.  elephants'  tusks. 

292.    Cererein,  grainy  as  Bacchus  is  put  for  wine. 

294.    fetus,  prochice  (of  the  vine). 

297.  lion  annenta,  not  evcji^  etc. :  aniienta  are  herds  of  large  cattle, 
as  distinguished  from  the  pecudes  (sheep  and  goats),  which  were  gathered 
in  flocks  {^  pec  or  a). 

299.  una,  with  him. 

300.  lecta,  chosen,  not  from  that  country  alone,  but  from  all  Greece. 
The  hunt  of  the  Calydonian  boar  is  represented  as  about  a  gejieration 
earlier  than  the  Trojan  war,  several  of  whose  heroes  were  sons  of  those 
who  took  part  in  this,  as  Achilles  (son  of  Peleus)  and  Ajax  (son  of  Telamon). 

301.  Tyndaridae  :  these  were  the  Dioscuri,  or  twin  sons  of  Jove, 
Castor  and  Pollux,  children  of  Leda,  m  ife  of  Tyndarus.  Castor  was  famed 
for  horsemanship,  and  Pollux  for  skill  in  boxing. 

302.  lason:  see  the  story  of  the  Argonautic  expedition,  which  is 
represented  as  the  beginning  of  seafaring. 

303.  Concordia,  in  apposition  with  Theseus  cum  Pirithoo :  their 
friendship  was  proverbial,  like  that  of  Damon  and  Pythias. 

304.  Thestiadae :  Toxeus  and  Plcxippus,  sons  of  King  Thcstius  of 
yEtolia,  who  was  brother  of  Althaea,  mother  of  Meleager.  Lynceus  and 
Idas  were  sons  of  Alphareus,  king  in  Messenia. 

305.  Caencus  :  he  had  been  a  woman,  but  was  changed  to  a  man. 

306.  Leucippus  was  brother  of  Aphareus;  Acastus  was  the  son  of 
King  Pelias  of  lolcus ;  Dryas  was  a  son  of  Mars;  Amyntor,  king  of  the 
Dolopes;  the  Actoridae  were  Eurytus  and  Cleatus;  Phyleus  was  the 
son  of  King  Augias;  Telamon  and  Peleus  {creator  Achilles^  were  sons 
of  King  ^acus  of  ^gina;  Pheretiades  was  Admetus,  son  of  Pheres, 
king  of  Pherae,  in  Thessaly;  lolaus  was  the  son  of  Iphicles;  Echion, 
son  of  Mercury;  Nestor,  son  of  Neleus  of  Pylos,  was  the  famous  orator 
and  counsellor  of  the  Trojan  war.  Some  of  the  names  here  mentioned 
by  Ovid  are  mere  names,  of  whose  bearers  nothing  is  known. 

310.  Phe  1  retia  1  d6  II  et  Hylantelo  lollao:  before  et  and  aut, 
preceded  by  the  chief  caesura  in  the  third  foot,  Ovid  sometimes  uses  a  short 
syllable  for  a  long,  and  allows  hiatus;  and  hiatus  is  also  allowed  in  the 
thesis  of  the  fifth  foot  before  a  Greek  name. 

315.  socer:  Penelope  was  wife  of  Ulysses,  whose  father  (her  father- 
in-law)  was  Laertes.  —  Parrhasio  Ancaeo  :  hiatus  (see  on  v.  310). 

316.  Ampycides :  this  was  Mopsus,  a  soothsayer  of  the  Lapithse. 

317.  Oeclides,  Amphiaraus,  an  Argivc  soothsayer,  who  was  betrayed 
through  the  vanity  of  his  wife  Eriphyle. — Tegeaea,  Atalanta  of  Tegea, 
famed  for  her  skill  in  hunting  and  her  speed  in  running. 


go  Notes. 

318.   mordebat,  hooked. 

321.   teloruni  custos  =  pharetra;   hence  feminine. 
325.   renuente  deo,  without  the  approbation  of  the  gods  :  an  ill-omened 
love. 

330.  devexaque,  etc. :  i.e.  it  rose  from  the  plain,  so  as  to  look  down 
upon  the  cultivated  fields. 

331,  tendunt,  etc.,  the  plural  agreeing  with  the  plural  sense  of  pars 
(§  205,  c,  i;   G.  202,  R.i  exc.  i;    H.  461,  i). 

'I'}i2}'   pedum,  i.e.  apri. 

335.   tenet,  singular,  agreeing  with  its  nearest  subject  (§  205,  2,  d ; 
G.  281,  exc.  I;  II.  463,  i.).  —  ima,  bottom  (ace). 
343,   lit  qaisque,  whichever  of  them. 

347.  niitteiitis,  i.e.  if  the  sender  had  not,  etc. 

348.  visa  est  haesura  (sc.  fuisse;  not  visa  esset,  because  the  con- 
dition belongs  to  the  dependent  sentence),  it  seemed  that  it  would  have 
struck,  etc.,  if,  etc.  (§  -^y]^  b;   G.  662;   H.  527,  iii.). 

349.  It,  for  lit,  perfect. 

350.  Phoebe  (voc.) :  the  soothsayer  Mopsus  calls  upon  Phoebus,  the 
god  of  prophecy. 

352.    qua,  so  far  as, 

357.  moles,  the  block  of  stone  hurled  by  a  balista  or  catapult  against 
a  wall  or  a  wooden  tower.  These  machines  were  constructed  on  the  prin- 
ciple of  a  bow,  with  cords  (jtervi'). 

361.  eoriiua,  wings,  as  in  an  army;  the  hunters  moved  upon  the  boar 
in  a  crescent-shaped  line. — jacentes,  sc.  eos. 

364.  liquerunt,  failed. 

365.  citra  Trojana,  before  the  Trojan  imr,  where  the  Pylian  Nestor 
\M)n  his  chief  renown. 

306.  sumpto  conamine,  giviitg  himself  a  start.  —  posita  ab  hasta, 
by  bracing  his  spear. 

369.  dentibus  tritis,  whetting  his  tusks. 

370.  recentibus  armis,  these  fresh  weapons. 

371.  hausit  =  tore. 

372.  nondum:  Castor  and  Pollux  became  the  constellation  Gemini; 
they  were  always  represented  as  mounted  on  white  horses. 

376.  saetiger,  the  bristle-bearer,  i.e.  boar. 

377.  jaculis  equo,  dative  after  pervia ;  loca,  in  apposition  with 
silvas. 

380.   Tegeaea,  Atalanta. 

39^  jactis,  sc.  telis.  —  ictus,  the  hits,  antecedent  of  quos. 

391.   Areas,  an  Arcadian;  his  name,  AncKus,  is  given  in  v.  401. 


The  Calydonian  Hunt. 


91 


392.  quid  praestent,  hoiv  y^r  they  excel 

393.  concedlte,  make  way. 

394.  protegat,  depends  upon  licet  (§  313,  b\  G.  609;  H.  515,  iii.). 

395.  invita  Diana,  in  spite  of  Diana. 

398.  institerat  digitis,  rose  upon  his  toes.  —  primos,  etc.,  restiftg 
upon  the  extreme  of  the  limbs. 

405.  Aegides,  Theseus,  son  of  /Egeus. 

406.  licet,  sc.  nobis  (§  272,  a-,  G.  535,  R.^;  H*  536,  2,  3). 

409.  voti  limits  potente.  —  f uturo,  tipon  the  point  of  accomplishing 
his  wish. 

411.  Aesonides,  Jason,  son  of  ^-Eson. 

412.  latrantis,  a  dog. 

413.  tellure,  etc.,  fixed  in  the  earth, 

414.  Oenidae,  Meleager,  son  of  (Eneus.  —  variat,  varies  in  its  work. 
—  missis  duabus,  sc.  hastis,  abl.  abs. 

416.  nee  mora,  sc.  est.  —  In  orbeni,  around. 

417.  novo,  because  he  had  already  shed  blood  once  before. 

419.  venabula  :  the  plural  is  frequently  used  in  poetry  where  the 
singular  seems  more  natural;  so  corpora  in  v.  416  (see  §-79,0^;  G. 
195,  R.6).     (See  Fig.  45.) 

Fig.  45. 


The  Calydonian  Hunt. 


420.  secundo,  of  applause, 

421.  victricem,  of  the  conqueror. 

422.  multa  tellure,  over  a  great  space. 

423.  neque  .  .  .  cruentat :  so  the  Greeks  at  once  dread  and  mangle 
the  slain  body  of  Hector  (II.  xxii.  368-371). 

424.  sua  quisque :  quisque  regularly  stands,  as  here,  after  any  noun, 
pronoun,  or  adjective  with  which  it  is  closely  connected. 


92  Notes, 

426.  Nonacria,  Atalanta,  who  was  from  the  mountain  Nonacris.  — 
mei  juris,  which  belongs  to  me. 

427.  in  partem  veniat  tecum,  be  shared  with  thee. 

430.  illi,  Atalanta.  —  laetitiae,  a  source  of  pleasure  (§  233;  G.  350; 
H.  390.  —  cum  miunere,  as  well  as  the  gift. 

433.  titulos,  honors. 

434.  Thestiadae,  the  uncles  of  Meleager.     (See  v.  304.) 

435.  sit  longe,  i.e.  from  helping  thee.  —  captus  amore,  lovesick. 

436.  auctor,  so,  rauneris  =  Meleager,  —  huic  (§  229;  G.  344,  r,2; 
II.  385,  ii.  2),  Atalanta. -^  jus,  right  of  disposing. — ■illi,  Meleager. 

437.  Mavortius :  Meleager  was  thought  to  be  a  son  of  Mars. 
439.   facta,  deeds. 

441.   dublum  agrees  with  Toxea.  —  pariter,  at  the  same  time. 
445,   nato  victore,  on  account  of  her  son''s  victory. 

448.  vestibus,  abl.  of  price,  the  regular  construction  with  verbs  of 
exchanging  (§  252,  <:;   G.  404,  R. ;  H.  422,  N.^). 

449.  simul  =  simul  atque,  as  soon  as. 

450.  poenae  amorem,  thirst  for  vengeance. 

451.  partus,  ace.  pi.  (for  sing.),  object  of  enixa. 

452.  Thestias,  Althaea,  daughter  of  Thestius.  —  tripljces  sorores, 
the  three  Fates. 

453.  stamina,  the  thread  of  Meleager's  life :  object  of  nentes.  The 
Fates  were  ClothOj  who  span  the  thread  of  each  man's  life;  Lachesis,  who 
drew  it  forth;  and  Atropos,  Avho  cut  it  off,  —  impresso  poUice,  for  the 
thread  was  twisted  between  the  thumb  and  finger  of  the  spinner. 

455.   modo  nate    (voc),  new-born. 

462.  conata :  it  cost  her  so  much  effort,  because  maternal  and  sisterly 
love  were  in  conflict.  "  According  to  the  rules  of  vengeance  which  then 
prevailed,  she  holds  herself  in  duty  bound  to  offer  the  murderer  as  an  ex- 
piation for  her  murdered  brothers.  Without  such  vengeance  they  believed 
that  the  soul  of  the  murdered  man  would  not  obtain  rest."  —  Siebelis. 

463.  coepta,  ace.  pL,  object  of  tenuit. 

467.  nescio  quid  crudele,  obj.  of  minanti,  which  is  dative  after 
similis. 

468.  quern  .  .  .  posses,  which  you  might  think  was  moved  by  pity, 

469.  cum  siccaverat,  the  plupf.  indie,  with  cum  (§  325,  a-,  G.  582; 
H.  521,  ii.  i),  though  it  is  clijfficult  to  see  how  the  sense  differs  from  that 
of  the  subjunctive. 

471.  vento,  dat.  after  contrarius. 

474.  ponit  ™  deponit. 

475.  germana,  as  a  sister. 


The  Calydonian  Hunt.  93 

477.  impietate,  towards  her  sou;   piti^  towards  her  brothers. 

478.  rogus :  the  lire  before  which  she  stood  was  likened  to  a  funeral 
pile;  also  {v.  480)  to  the  altar  erected  by  a  tomb  {j>cpt{kralcs  a7'd')  to 
receive  offerings  to  the  deceased.- — niea  viscera,  my  oion  Jlesh^  i.e.  child. 

4S1.  poenaruin  deae,  the  furies.  —  furialibus  sacris  (dat.),  the 
vengca  n  cc-offering. 

483.   nefas  is  object  to  both  ulciscor  and  facio. 

489.    magno,  at  great  price, 

491.    ei  iiiilii!  here  her  determination  fails  her. 

493.   cur=  lit  propter  hanc  causam,  —  aiictor,  i.e.  as  his  mother. 

496.    cinis  cxiguiis,  a  handful  of  dust. 

510.   solacia,  i.e.  her  son;   solacia  and  vos  are  the  objects  of  scquar. 

514.  invitis:  the  very  fire  was  loth  to  burn  the  brand  upon  which 
Meleager's  life  depended. 

518.  cadat,  subjunctive  because  it  expresses  the  thought  of  Meleager 
(§  321,  2,  N.i;   G.  541;   H.  516,  ii.).  —  sine  sanguine,  bloodless. 

521,  sociaintori:  his  wife's  name  was  Cleopatra  (or  Alcyone),  and 
she  died  of  grief  at  his  death. 

525.  paulatim,  etc.,  as  little  by  liltle  the  white  ash  covered  the  brand. 

526.  jacet,  is  overivhelmed. 

527.  vulgusque:  the  ictus  not  infrequently  falls  on  -que  in  the 
second  foot.  — ■  capillos,  Greek  accusative. 

528.  Eueninae:  the  Euenus  was  the  chief  river  of  TTitolia. 

529.  fiisus,  stretched^  in  grief.  —  spatiosum,  zveary,  from  its  length. 

531.  inanus,  i.e.  her  own. 

532.  excgit,  inflicted.  The  Roman  regarded  punishment  as  a  debt 
which  the  person  punished  had  to  pay;  consequently,  instead  of  saying, 
/  inflict  punishment  upon  any  one^  he  said,  I  exact  {exigo^  sumo)  punish- 
ment from  {de)  any  one,  an  expression  not  unlike  the  slang,  "  I'll  take  it 
out  of  you." 

533.  centum  :  construe  with  linguis. 

534.  Helicona:  Mt.  liehcon,  between  Bocotia  and  Phocis,  the  home 
of  the  Muses. 

536.   liventia,  i.e.  ita  ut  liveant,  a  proleptic  use. 

539.   post  cinerem,  i.e.  after  it  was  burned.  —  haustos,  collected. 

542,  quas  (the  sisters),  object  of  allevat.  —  Parthaoniae  :  Par- 
thaon  was  father  of  CEneus  and  grandfather  of  Meleager.  —  IJatoniaj 
Diana. 

543.  nuriim  Alcnienae:  Dejanira,  who  married  Ifercules,  son  of 
Alcmcnc;  the  two  remaining  sisters,  Eurymedes  and  Melanippe,  were 
metamorphosed  into  guinea-hens. 


94  Notes. 

The  wild  boar,  according  to  the  mythologists,  is  a  type  of  winter,  and 
Meleager  a  hero  of  the  forces  of  spring  (somewhat  hke  Perseus  and  Her- 
cules), himself  carrying  with  him,  in  the  fatal  torch,  the  seeds  of  his  own 
death. 


XIX.     PHILEMON  AND   BAUCIS. 

VTTI.  620.  tiliae  contermina  qucrciis,  <r?;^  c7(^2-/C' //tvz;- rz /^7^^/f/^  tree; 
the  reason  for  describing  the  place  in  this  way  appears  at  the  end  of  the 
tale. 

621.    collibus,  for  in  collibus. 

626.  specie  mortali,  m  Jiiorial form. 

627.  Atlantiades  :  Hermes  (Mercury),  son  of  Jupiter  and  Mala,  who 
was  daughter  of  Atlas;  his  herald's  staff  was  called  caduceiis.  —  Perhaps  a 
reference  to  this  tale  is  to  be  found  in  Acts  xiv.  1 1  foil. 

632.  ilia,  sc.  casa;  loc.  abl. 

633.  fatendo  nee  .  .  .  ferendo :  i.e.  by  neither  concealing  nor  com- 
plaining. 

635.  requiras,  subjunctive  in  indirect  question,  used  as  subject  of 
refert  (§  329,  4;   G.  382,  2;   H.  540,  i). 

636.  tota,  etc. :  these  two  are  the  whole  household,  —  neither  masters 
nor  slaves.  —  idem  =  iidem. 

637.  penates,  i.e.  the  house. 

640.   quo  =  in  quem.  —  textum  rude,  a  piece  of  coarse  cloth. 

644.  tecto, //'(?/;/  the  ga7^ret. 

645.  minuit,  cut  up. 

647.  tnincat  foliis,  strips. 

648.  sordida,  nigro,  i.e.  with  smoke.  —  siiis,  from  sus. 
650,    doniat,  softens, 

654.  medias  horas,  the  interval. 

655.  tor um,  mattress. 

656.  lecto,  couch  or  bedstead,  of  which  sponda  is  the  frame,  pedes, 
the  legs. — salignis  agrees  with  sponda  and  pedibus  (abl.  of  quality). 

660.  accubuere:  the  Greeks  and  Romans  reclined  upon  couches  at 
their  meals,  and  this  custom  is  here  described  as  if  it  had  existed  in  the 
heroic  times.  It  appears  from  Homer,  however,  that  in  early  times  they 
sat  instead  of  reclining.  —  succincta :  waiters  at  table  girded  up  their 
garments,  in  order  not  to  be  impeded  by  them. 

661.  tertius,  i.e.  the  table  had  but  three  legs,  —  a  mark  of  poverty. 


Philemon  and  Baucis.  95 

662.    cllvuiii,  the  sloping  surface. 

664.  bicolor,  two- colored^  because  the  olive  (baca  Miiiervae)  is  green 
when  unripe,  but  black  when  ripe,  and  is  eaten  in  both  conditions. 

666.  radix,  I'adish, 

667.  lion  acri,  not  glowing. 

668.  JSctilibus,  i.e.  in  common  earthenware.  —  eodein  argento  (in 
joke),  the  smne  so7't  of  plate ;  caelatus,  chiselled,  engraved,  carries  on  the  joke. 

670.  qua  cava  sunt,  the  inside. 

671.  epulas,  \h.e  piece  de  resistance,  or  solid  course  of  the  meal;  here 
the  pork  mentioned  in  v.  648  and  the  cabbage  of  v.  647. 

672.  nee  l^ngae  senectae,  gen.  of  quality,  of  no  great  age.  — refe- 
runtur,  are  carried  off. 

673.  seducta  agrees  with  vina;  the  wine  was  removed  a  little  to 
make  room  for  the  dessert  (inensis  secundis),  which  was  put  upon  the 
table  together  with  the  pork. 

674.  rugosis  palmis,  tvrinkled  (dried)  dates.  —  carica,  dried  figs 
(from  Caria), 

677.  vultus  boni,  kindly  faces. 

678.  nee  iners  pauperque  voluntas,  active  and  generous  good- 
will; the  negative  nee  belongs  to  both  adjectives. 

679.  cratera,  accusative. 

681.  supinis,  with  the  palms  up ;  in  the  attitude  of  prayer  customary 
among  the  ancients. 

683.  nullis  paratibus,  want  of  preparation, 

684.  custodia  =  custos,  the  abstract  noun  used  for  the  concrete. 
The  Romans  regarded  the  goose  as  a  vigilant  creature,  as  it  appears  in  the 
story  of  the  preservation  of  the  capitol  by  the  sacred  geese  of  Juno  (Livy, 
V.  47).  —  v\)l2i^,  farm-house. 

6%6.   aetate,  construe  with  tardos. 

6%().   poenas,  for  refusing  hospitality  to  the  gods,  v.  628  f. 
690.    immunibus,  predicate  dative  following  esse  (§  272,  a\  of.  G. 
535,  K.2;   H.  536,  2,  3). 

699.  etiam  qualifies  dominis  duobus  (dative).  —  vetus  and  parva 
agree  with  casa. 

700.  f  ureas  subiere,  took  the  place  of  the  crotched poles. 
702.   tellus,  i.e.  the  floor  of  the  temple  was  marble. 

711.  fides,  fulfilment. 

712.  soluti,  enfeebled. 

714.   ineiperent,  i.e.  to  relate. 

721.    non  vani,  trustworthy. 

723.   ponens,  i.e.  as  was  often  done  by  passers-by. — recentia,  sc.  serta. 


()6  Notes. 


XX.     THE   DEATH   OF   HERCULES. 

IX-  134.  medii  tcmporis,  i.e.  since  the  slaying  of  Nessus.  —  acta, 
deeds. 

135.  odium,  as  well  as  terras,  is  object  of  implerant,  had  filled  f/w 
eai'th  and  sated  the  hate,  —  novercae,  Juno.  Hercules  was  the  son  of 
Jupiter,  but  not  of  his  queen,  Juno,  who,  through  jealousy,  imposed  upon 
him  the  famous  Twelve  Labors. 

136.  Oechalia:  this  was  the  city  of  Euboca,  of  which  Eurytus  was 
king.  After  capturing  (hxhalia,  and  putting  Eurytus  to  death,  Hercules 
proceeded  with  lole,  daughter  of  Eurytus,  to  the  Cengean  promontory,  to 
offer  sacrifices  to  Jove. 

140.  Amphitryoniaden :  Hercules'  mother,  Alcmene,  w^as  wife  of 
Amphitryon. 

143.   A\fS\\^\t^  g^ave  vent, 

145.   aliquid  novandum  est,  soine  new  cotmsel  must  be  taken. 

147.  conquerar,  etc.,  deliberative  subjunctive  (§  2(iZ'y  G.  258;  H. 
484,  v.).  —  Calydona:  Dejanira  was  daughter  of  Qineus,  king  of  Calydon. 

149.  me  esse,  etc.,  depends  on  memor.  The  reference  is  to  Meleager 
killing  his  uncles. 

150.  injuria,  sense  of  wrong, 
152.   incursus,  suggestions. 

157.  det  depends  upon  maadat,  being  regarded  as  a  command  in 
indirect  discourse;  in  sense  it  is  equivalent  to  ut  det  (§  331,  _/,'  R.;  G. 
546,  R.2;   H.  499,  2). 

158.  Lernaeae  .  .  .  eehidnae:  the  arrow  with  which  Hercules  shot 
Nessus  had  been  dipped  in  the  poison  of  the  Hydra,  and  this  it  was  that 
made  the  blood  of  Nessus  so  destructive. 

159.  priinis,  Just  kindled. 
163.   virtu te,  fortitude. 

165.  Oeten:  after  feeling  the  effects  of  the  poison,  he  crossed  over 
from  Euboea  to  Mt.  CKta,  in  Thessaly.  The  name  "CEte"  is  usually  femi- 
nine;  here  masculine. 

171.   lacu,  tank, 

173.  caeruleus,  livid  (steel-blue). 

174.  caeca,  invisible, 

176.  Saturnia,  i.e.  Juno,  his  old  enemy.  —  pascere,  glut  thyself;  im- 
perative passive. 

179.  boc  aestu,  on  account  of  this  flame.  —  tibi,  in  appos.  with  hosti. 
—  cruciatibus  qualifies  aegram. 


The  Death  of  Hercules. 


97 


i8o.   laboribus,  dat.  after  natam  (§  234;   G.  356;   H.  391,  i). 

182.  peregrino  =  peregriiioriiin  :  Busiris  (a  king  of  Egypt)  had 
caused  Hercules  to  be  dragged  to  the  altar  for  sacrifice;  but  here  he 
burst  his  bonds,  and  slew  the  impious  king,  together  with  his  son  and 
herald.  The  fettered  Hercules  is  said  to  represent  the  sun  in  winter, 
and  his  victory  the  sun's  reviving  power  in  spring. 

184.  Antaeo :  Antccus  (a  giant  of  Libya),  whenever  he  touched  the 
earth,  his  mother,  derived  new  strength  from  her,  Hercules  overcame 
him  by  lifting  him  from  the  ground  and  strangling  him.  —  pastoris, 
Geryon,  a  three-headed  giant,  whose  cattle  Hercules  drove  away.  With 
this  begins  the  commemorating  of  the  Twelve  Labors. 

185.  Cerberus,  the  three-headed  dog  who  guarded  the  lower  world: 
Hercules  dragged  him  up  upon  the  earth.     (See  Fig.  46.) 

186.  tauri,  the  Cretan 

bull,  which  he  must  bind  ^'^'  ^^^ 

and  bring  to  Eurystheus. 

187.  Elis  :  here  he 
cleansed  the  stables  of 
King  Augeas  in  one  day 
by  turning  the  river  Al- 
pheus  through  them.  — 
Styinphalides :  he  freed 
the  Stymphalian  Vale  of 
numberless  man  -  eating 
birds. 

188.  Partheniuin,  a 
mountain  between  Arcadia 
and  Argolis,  where  he 
wounded  and  captured  the 
brazen-footed  hind  of  Ar- 
temis. 

189.  balteus,  the  belt 

of  Hippolyte,  queen  of  the  Amazons,  who  dwelt  on  the  river  Thermodon, 
in  Asia  Minor :  he  slew  her,  and  carried  off  her  girdle. 

190.  poma,  the  apples  of  the  Hesperides,  daughters  of  Atlas.  (See 
IV.  637.) 

191.  Centaiiri:  the  fight  with  the  Centaurs  was  one  of  his  exploits, 
but  not  one  of  the  Twelve  Labors. 

192.  aper,  the  Erymanthian  boar  which  ravaged  Arcadia.  —  hydrae, 
the  Lernsean  hydra;  whenever  he  cut  off  one  of  its  nine  heads,  two  sprang 
up  in  its  place. 


Hercules  and  Cerberus, 


98  Notes, 

194.  Thracis :  King  Diomedes  of  Thrace,  whose  horses  were  fed  on 
human  flesh. 

197.  moles  Nemeaea,  the  Nemean  Hon,  to  kill  which  was  the  first 
and  chief  of  the  labors;  he  always  afterwards  wore  its  hide. 

198,  hac  cervice  :  he  took  the  place  of  Atlas  in  supporting  the 
earth,  while  Atlas  was  gathering  for  him  the  three  golden  apples  of  the 
Hesperides. 

203.   valet,  prospers. 

206.   gerat:  on  the  tense  see  §  312;   G.  604;   H.  513,  ii.  N.^. 

209.  videres,  potential  subjunctive,  j^^ott  anight  have  seen  (§  311,  i.; 
G.  252;    H.  485,  N.3). 

210.  montibus  (dat.),  depends  upon  irascentem.  —  pairio,  i.e.  as 
son  of  Jupiter. 

212.  coUegerat,  had  passed  into. 

213.  feralia,  deathly :  ih^feralia  were  a  Roman  festival  to  the  dead, 
celebrated  February  21. 

216.  genibus,  i.e.  of  Hercules. 

218.  tormento  (torqueo),  abl.  of  comparison:  it  is  an  engine  for 
hurling  weights,  —  catapult  or  halista, 

221.   molle  agrees  with  corpus,  subject  of  astringi  and  glomerari. 

225.   prior  edidit  aetas,  antiquity  gave  out  or  declared. 

229.   tu,  Hercules. 

232.  iterum  :  Hercules  had  captured  Troy,  when  ruled  by  King  Lao- 
medon;  his  bow  and  arrows  were  afterwards  carried  by  Philoctetes  (the 
son  of  Poeas)  to  the  great  siege  of  Troy. 

^ZZ'   *1^0  ministro,  abl.  abs.,  by  whose  instrumentality, 

234.  siibdita,  sc.  pyrae  est. 

235.  vellere:  this  w^ord  properly  means  the  fleece  of  a  sheep;  here  it 
is  transferred  to  the  lion's  hide. 

236.  clavae*(dat.)  :  a  knotty  club  was  a  regular  attribute  of  Hercules. 

238.  redimitus  sertis :  guests  at  a  banquet  wore  garlands. 

239.  in  omne  latus,  over  his  whole  body. 

240.  secures,  indifferent.  —  contemptorem  suum,  the  hero  who 
despised  it, 

241.  vindice,  i.e.  because  he  had  freed  the  earth  from  so  many 
plagues. 

243.  iste,  that  which  you  feel. 
245.   memoris,  grateful. 
247.   hoc,  i.e.  your  favor. 

251.  materna  parte:  his  mother,  Alcmena,  being  a  mortal,  whatever 
he  derived  from  her  was  mortal.  — vuleanum  —  iguem. 


Orpheus  and  Enrydice. 


99 


253.  nulla  flanima,  abl.  of  means  with  domabile;  for  adjectives  in 
'bills  and  others  containing  a  verbal  notion  may  be  construed  with  the 
abl.  or  the  dat.  as  in  v,  262, 

254.  id,  that  part  of  him.  —  terra,  governed  by  def unctum,  —  cae- 
lestibus  oris  (from  ora),  xvithin  the  bounds  of  heaven, 

257.  deo,  as  a  god,  in  apposition  with  Hercule.  — •  data  praemia, 
afie7'  the  reward  has  been  bestotved,  —  nolet  (fut.),  he  may  disapprove. 

260.  ultima,  his  last  words. 

261.  notatam,  marked  for  censure, 

264.  quicquani  ,  .  .  inatris,  anything  derived  from  the  form  of  his 
?nother* 

Fig»  47« 


Hercules  raised  to  heaven. 


265.   Jovls  vestigia,  traces  of  Jove,  i.e.  likeness  to  him. 
268.  Tirynthius :  Hercules  was  born  at  Tiryns,  in  Argolis. 
272.   astrls,  dat.  after  intulit. 


XXI.     ORPHEUS  AND   EURYDICE. 


X,    I.   inde,  i.e.  from  the  wedding  of  Iphis  and  lanthe,  which  toph 
place  in  Crete. 

2.  Ciconum :  the  Cicones  were  a  people  of  Thrace. 

3.  Orphea,  an  adjective;    the  noun  would  be  Orpbeg.. — nequi- 
quam :  because  the  marriage  had  an  unfortunate  end. 


lOO  Notes. 

4.  qiiidem^  to  he  sure:  he  was  present,  but  brought  no  luck  with 
him. 

6.  fax  :  the  torch  was  the  attribute  of  Hymen.  —  fumo,  abb  of  quahty 
(§251;   G.  402;   11.  419,  ii,). 

7.  motibiis,  by  szvinging. 

II.  ad  superas  auras,  to  the  -upper  air,  opposed  to  unibras  (the 
lower  world)  ;  cf.  supero  in  ora,  v,  26.  —  Rhodopeiiis  j  Rhodope  ^vas 
a  mountain  of  Thrace,  the  home  of  Orpheus. 

13.  Taenaria :  Tcxniarum  was  a  promontory  in  the  south  of  Oreece, 
where  it  was  believed  was  an  entrance  to  the  infernal  regions. 

14.  leves,  i.e.  because  mere  shadows.  —  functa  sepulcro,  which  have 
passed  the  tomb. 

1 6.   nervis,  i.e.  of  his  lyre. 

18.  quicquid  relates  to  the  subject  of  recidimiis,  lohalever  of  us,  etc.; 
the  neuter  makes  the  expression  very  general,  applying  not  only  to  human 
beings,  but  to  every  creature. 

19.  positis,  laid  aside.  —  oris  from  os. 

22.  Medusaei :  the  mother  of  Cerberus  was  Echidna,  a  daughter  of 
Medusa.  In  vincirein  an  allusion  to  Hercules  is  contained,  who  bound 
Cerberus  and  took  him  to  the  upper  world, 

25.    posse  depends  upon  volui,  pati  upon  posse. 

2^.   rapliiae,  i.e.  of  Proserpine  by  Pluto,  Book  V.  vv.  362-424. 

29.  per  ego  haec  loca :  in  oaths  and  similar  expressions,  ego,  if  used 
at  all,  is  regularly  inserted  between  per  and  its  noun. 

31.  properata  t'aX>^,  premature  death.  —  retexite,  spin  backward, 
i.e.  unspin,  referring  to  the  Fates,  who  spin  the  thread  of  life. 

32,  omnia,  all  loe  earthly  objects.  —  debemiir,  are  owed,  i.e.  we  be- 
long in  the  last  instance  to  you,  as  money  really  belongs  to  the  person  to 
whom  it  is  due. 

;^6.  jiistos,  allotted,  i.e.  to  which  she  had  a  right  (jus). 

■^"j.  juris  erit  vestri,  will  be  yours  by  right  (see  §  214,  i,  ^;  G.  365; 
H.  401).  —  pro  munere  usuin,  a  loan  instead  of  a  gift;  the  right  to 
the  temporary  enjoyment  of  property  belonging  to  another  was  called 
us  us. 

38.    certum  est  iiiihi,  juy  mind  is  resolved. 

41.  Tantalus:  his  punishment  was  to  be  placed  up  to  his  chin  in 
water,  which  retreated  from  him  as  soon  as  he  stooped  to  drink.  See 
notes  on  Book  IV.  458  and  foil. 

42.  Ixionis  :  he  was  bound  to  a  revolving  jfiery  wheel. 

43.  jecur,  the  liver  of  Tityus,  fed  upon  by  vultures,  and  growing  again 
as  fast  as  consumecL 


Orpheus  and  Ettrydiee, 


101 


44.  Uelides  (a  (jreck  ])\v^v^S^^  grand-daug]iicrs  of  Bcliis  (daughters  of 
Danaus,  hence  usually  called  Danaides)  :  their  punishment  was  to  carry 
water  in  a  vase  with  holes  in  the  bottom,  —  Sisyplie  :  the  punishment  of 
Sisyphus  is  thus  descriljed :  — 

''  With  many  a  weary  step,  and  many  a  groan, 
Up  the  high  hill  he  heaves  a  huge  round  stone: 
The  huge  round  stone,  resulting  with  a  bound, 
Thunders  impetuous  down,  and  smokes  along  the  ground." 

I'ope's  Odyssey,  Book  XI. 

46.  Eumeniduin :  the  Furies,  to  whom  this  name  —  as  well  as  that 
of  "venerable,"  "revered,"  was  given,  in  order  to  soothe  them  and  depre- 
cate their  anger. 

47.  sustinet  negare,  holds  otit  to  refuse,  \.q.  persists  in  reftising. — 
qui  regit,  i.e.  Pluto. 

50.   legem,  like  lianc,  is  object  of  accipit;    ne  flectat,  etc.,  is  in 

appos.  with  legem. 

Fig.  48. 


Mercury  bringing  a  soul  to  Charon. 


55.  afu^runt  :    e  short,  though  regularly  long  (systole).  —  telluris 
summae,  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

56.  hie,  adverb.  —  deficeret,  sc.  Eurydice. 
58.    f'.2i'^t^w%y  eagerly  reaching. 

61,   quid,  as  well  as  se  amatam  [esse],  governed  by  quereretur. 


I02  Notes. 

i 

65.  tria :  the  story  went,  that  when  Hercules  dragged  the  three-headed 
Cerberus  from  the  lower  world,  a  person  meeting  them  was  turned  into 
stone  from  fear. 

67.  na-tura.  prior, /lis  for7;ier  naUire ;  sc.  reliquit. 

68.  traxit :  the  story  here  referred  to  is  not  known  any  further.  It 
would  seem  that  Lethsea  drew  upon  herself  the  anger  of  the  gods  by  pride 
in  her  beauty;  that  her  husband  Olenos  assumed  the  blame  to  himself, 
and  that  both  were  turned  into  stone.  —  Siehelis. 

71.   pectora,  lapicles,  in  appos.  with  Olenos  and  Tjethaea. 

^]^^.  portitor,  Charon,  the  ferry-man  over  the  Styx.  (See  Fig.  48.)  — 
septem  diebiis,  abl.  of  time  in  which,  used  to  denote  the  time  during 
xvhich  (§  256,  b',   G.  392,  R.-;   H.  379,  i). 

74.   squalidus,  in  mourning.  —  Cereris  munere,  food, 

77.  Rhodopen,  the  mountain  boundary  of  Thrace ;  Haemum,  a 
Thracian  mountain, 


XXII.    THE   SONG   OF  ORPHEUS. 

X.  89.  dls  genitus :  Orpheus  was  the  son  of  Apollo  and  the  muse 
Calliope. 

90.  loco,  dat,  by  poetic  use  (§  225,  b,  3;  G.  344,  R.^;  H.  380,  ii.  4), 
—  Chaonis  arbor:  the  oak,  sacred  to  Jove,  whose  chief  sanctuary  was 
at  Dodona,  where  the  Chaonians  had  once  lived. 

91.  nemus  Heliadiim,  poplars.     (See  Book  II.  340.) 

92.  innuba,  because  Daphne  had  been  metamorphosed  into  a  laurel, 
in  order  to  escape  Apollo's  suit. 

95.  genialis;  the  shadow  of  the  plane  was  a  favorite  resort  for 
pleasure  and  mirth.  — impar,  varied  (the  autumn  colors  of  the  maple). 

98.  Hiyrtus :  the  final  tis  is  accented  in  the  thesis  before  the  csesura, 
as  is  often  done  by  Ovid  before  et  and  aut.  The  myrtle  is  called  bicolor 
on  account  of  its  spotted  leaves.  —  tinus,  a  plant  similar  to  the  vibtirnn??i. 

100.   ulmi :  the  elms  were  used  for  vines  to  run  upon. 

103.  pinus :  the  stone  pine  of  Italy  spreads  out  at  the  top  to  a  broad 
head,  on  a  very  high  trunk,  so  that  it  seems  to  have  its  foliage  tied  up 
(siiccincta  comas). 

104.  deum  (genitive)  matri,  i.e.  Cybele.  —  Cybeleius,  loved  by  Cybele. 

105.  bac,  sc.  pinu;   abl.  of  means. 

144.   -que  connects  concillo  and  turba. 
147.   modos,  tones. 


The  Song  of  Orpheus. 


103 


151.  Phlegraeis  cam  pis :  near  Olympus,  where  the  battle  with  the 
giants  took  place. 

153.  superis,  dat.  of  agent. 

154.  ignibus,  the  fires  of  love. 

155.  Ganyniedis,  son  of  Tros,  king  of  Troy. 

156.  aliquid,  i.e.  some  form. 

157.  mallet:  subjunctive  in  a  relative  clause  of  characteristic  (§  320; 
G.  634;  H.  503,  i.).  — alite,  abl.  of  price  (cf.  pinii,  v.  105)  (§  252,  c\ 
G.  404,  R.;   H.  422,  N."-^),  which  is  derived  from  the  abl.  of  means. 

158.  quae  posset,  etc.,  i.e.  the  eagle,  the  bird  of  Jove. 

1 59.  menclacibus,  as  being  not  really  his  own. 

160.  lliaden:  this  patronymic  describes  the  country  (//mw),  not  the 
parentage  of  Ganymede;    King  Ilus 

was  his  brother.     (See  ¥\g.  49.) 

161.  invita:  because  Juno  was 
jealous  of  Jupiter's  love  for  Ganymede, 
and  because  Ganymede  supplanted 
Hebe,  Juno's  daughter,  as  cup-bearer 
to  the  gods. 

162.  Amyclide,  Hyacinth  us, 
great-grandson  of  Amyclas,  king  of 
Amyclae,  near  Sparta.  —  posulsset 
in  ae there  =  received  into  heaven, 

164.  qua,  so  far  as. 

165.  Aries:  this  is  the  first  con- 
stellation of  spring,  and  the  idea  sym- 
bolized by  the  myth  of  Hyacinthus  is 
that  of  the  destroying  power  of  the 
hot  sun.  The  festival  Hyacinthia  at  Ganymede. 
Sparta  was  in  commemoration  of  this; 

at  first  sad,  afterwards  joyful,  to  rejoice  in  his  restoration  to  life. 

167.  geiiitor,  Phoebus  Apollo. 

168.  Delphi,  the  place  of  the  oracle  of  Apollo;  this  was  considered 
the  middle  of  the  earth,  and  a  stone  was  preserved  here  in  the  sanctuary, 
called  the  Omphalos^  or  navel  of  the  earth. 

169.  Euro  tan,  the  river  which  flows  past  Sparta. — immunitam: 
Sparta  had  no  walls,  its  citizens  believing  that  its  best  defence  was  in  the 
valor  of  its  citizens.  In  fact,  no  enemy  ever  came  within  sight  of  the  city 
until  the  invasion  of  Epaminondas,  B.C.  370. 

1 70.  citharae,  sagittae :  the  lyre  and  the  bow  were  the  two  chief 
attributes  of  Apollo. 


I04  Notes, 

171.  sui,  i.e.  of  his  dignity. 

172.  tenuisse,  isse:  the  perfect  infinitive  is  sometimes  used  (hke  the 
Greek  aorist)  where  tlie  present  seems  more  natural.  The  poets  occasion- 
ally use  the  perfect  for  metrical  reasons. 

174.  inediiis,  half-way  betiveen.- — ^  Titan,  the  sun. 

175.  noctis,  genitive  depending  upon  mediiis;  the  more  usual  con- 
struction would  be  inter  .  .  .  noctein. 

1 76.  olivi :  those  who  took  part  in  these  contests  rubbed  themselves 
over  with  oil,  to  render  themselves  supple. 

183.  Taenarkles,  fro7)i,  T(€naru7n^  a  promontory  of  Laconia  = //^t^ 
Laccda'uion  ian. 

185.   aeqvie  qiiam,  as  mtich  as ;  aeque  ac  is  the  regular  expression. 

190.  si  .  .  .  infringat  is  the  protasis,  demittant,  etc.,  the  apodosis 
of  a  less  vivid  future  condition  (ideal  condition). 

196.    Ocbalidc  :   Ilyachithus  was  son  of  Chbalus,  king  of  Sparta. 

199.   inscribenda,  must  he  inscribed  loith,  as  if  it  were  a  tombstone, 

203.  reddere,  give  tip.  —  qnod  (§  240,  b]  G.  331,  r.^;  H.  378,  2), 
but. 

206.  scripto,  inscription  ;  see  v.  215. 

207.  heros,  Ajax,  which  name  in  Greek  was  Ams.  This  same  flower 
was  supposed  to  have  sprung  from  his  blood,  when  he  killed  himself  (see 
Book  XIII.  398). 

212.  lilia,  sc.  capiiint:  the  flower  here  described  is  not  our  hyacinth, 
but  is  supposed  to  be  the  Titrkh  cap  lily  (see  Virgil,  "Index  of  Plants"). 

213.  his,  the  hyacinths;   illis,  the  lilies. 

216.   funesta  littera:  the  Greek  cry  of  mourning  was  al  al. 
219.   praelata  pompa,  7£/2V// <?jr/^27;2V2>;z  of  festal  parade  ;  the  festival 
came  in  July. 


XXIII.    ATALANTA. 


X,    560.   aliquam,  feminine,  a  maid. 

562.   posses,  potential  subjunctive,  §  311,  i;  G.  252;   II.  485. 

564.  scitanti,  sc.  oraeiiluin;  she  consulted  the  oracle  about  marry- 
ing (de  conjuge).  —  deus,  Apollo,  the  god  of  prophecy. 

566.  te  ipsa  viva  carebis,  you  will  he  deprived  of  yourself  while 
living,  i.e.  you  w^ill  lose  your  present  bodily  form  before  your  death  (in- 
stead of  losing  it  by  death  as  others  do).  Atalanta  lost  her  own  form  by 
being  transformed  into  a  lioness. 


Atalanta,  105 

569.  nee  (=  et  non)  :  the  connective  joins  fugat  and  inqiiit;  the 
negative  belongs  to  sum  potiunda. 

578.  velainine:  her  outer  garment,  for  she  would  run  in  a  light 
tunic. 

579.  meum,  i.e.  of  Venus,  who  is  telhng  the  story. — tuum,  i.e.  oi 
Adonis,     Atalanta  was  as  beautiful  as  Venus  or  iVdonis. 

582.  quae  peteretis :  informal  indirect  discourse  (§  341,  r.;  G.  653, 
665;   H.  528,  i). 

584.   timet,  sc.  ne  quis  .  .  .  velocius.  , 

588.  non  setius,  not  othei'tvise  tkati,  i.e.  like, 

589.  Aonio :  Hippomenes  was  a  Boeotian. 

590.  magis,  he.  more  than  her  swiftness.  —  et  .  .  .  decoreni,  and 
that  stvift  running  adds  to  her  beauty^  for  the  reasons  given  in  the  follow- 
ing lines. 

594.  puellari  candore,  of  maiden  zvhiteness^  abl.  of  quahty  modifying 
corpus.  —  ruborem  traxerat,  it  (the  running)  had  brought  a  JIttsk. 

595.  velum,  an  awning. 

600.   non  negatives  deterritus, 

605.  Onchestius,  of  Oitchestus,  a  Boeotian  town  named  after  the  father 
of  Megarus,  Onchestus  the  son  of  Neptune. 

609.   Schoeneia,  Atalanta,  daughter  of  the  Boeotian  king,  Schoeneus. 

611.    formosis  iniquus,  hostile  to  the  beautiful. 

613.  non  sum  tanti,  I  am  not  zvorth  so  much  (gen.  of  value,  §  252,  «2; 
G.  379;   H.  404). 

616.  quid,  quod,  etc.,  what  (as  to  the  fact)  that,  etc.  (see  §  333;  G. 
525,  R.i;  I-L  540,  iv.).  — interrita  leti,  see  §  218,  c\  G.  374,  r.2;  H. 
399>  iii- 

617.  aequorea,  as  great-grandson  of  Neptune.' — quartus,  because 
Neptune  himself  is  counted  as  the  first. 

619,  ut  pereat,  expresses  the  result  of  tanti. 

624.  viderit,  hortatory  subjunctive,  let  him  see  to  that.  This  use  of 
the  perf.  subj.  of  video  is  not  rare  in  Ovid.  In  sense,  the  perfect  differs 
little,  if  at  all,  from  the  present;  see  §  266,  N.i;  H.  484,  iv.;  cf.  intereat, 
the  very  next  word. 

628.  non  belongs  with  ferendae,  and  invidiae  non  ferendae  is 
genitive  of  quality  limiting  victoria;  7ny  victojy  ivill  be  one  of  unbearable 
odium,  i.e.  will  bring  upon  me  unbearable  odium. 

629.  velles:  her  excitement  is  shown  by  the  return  to  the  second 
person. 

632.  noUem,  subjunctive  of  modesty  (§  311,  b\  G.  602;  H.  486,  i.).— - 
visa  fuissem  depends  upon  nollem  (§  331,  (^;  G.  546,  r.^;   IT.  499,  2). 


io6 


Notes. 


635.  eras,  where  esses  might  be  expected  (§   308,  <5;    G.  599,  R.^; 

n.5")- 

636.  utque  rudis,  as  (i.e.  like)  an  inexperienced  maiden. 

637.  facit:  the  indicative  in  an  indirect  question  is  common  in  early 
Latin,  but  is  almost  inexcusable  in  Ovid. 

639.    me,  Venus,  who  tells  the  story. 

648.  comam,  ace.  of  specification.  —  ramls  crepitantibus,  abl.  of 
quality. 

649.  hinc :  construe  with  decerpta,  and  forte  with  ferebam. 
652.    csiYceYQ,  from  the  barrier. 

660.   gaiideat,  indirect  question,  the  first  half  of  the  double  question 
of  which  an,  etc.,  is  the  second  half. 

668.    spectacula,  the  place  whence  people  looked  on,  the  field. 
675.   ab  obliquo,  obliquely. 


XXIV.    THE   DEATH   OF  ORPHEUS. 


Fig.  50- 


XL    I.   cariioiine,  the  stories  of  Ganymede,  Hyacinthus,  etc.    (Seethe 
two  previous  selections.) 

3.  nurus  (plur.),  often  used  for  women  of  rank.  —  Ciconum,  a  Thra- 
cian  tribe.  —  lymphata,  frenzied. 

4.  pectora,  ace.  of  specification.     The  Bacchae  clothed  themselves  in 
doe-skins  at  the  Bacchic  festivals. 

5.  percussis  .  .  .  nervis,  accompanying  his 
song  zvith  striking  the  strings. 

7.  nostri  contemptor,  the  man  who  despises 
us:  after  the  death  of  Eurydice,  Orpheus  had 
withdrawn  from  the  society  of  women,  —  a  suffi- 
cient reason  for  the  hostility  of  the  female  wor- 
shippers of  Bacchus. 

8.  Apollinei :  Orpheus  was  the  son  of  Apollo 
and  the  muse  Calliope. 

9.  foliis :  the  thyrsus,  carried  by  Bacchus  and 
his  votaries,  was  a  staff  (hasta),  adorned  at  the 
top  with  ivy  or  with  a  pine-cone.  (See  Figs.  50 
and  51.) — notam,  jjzark,  i.e.  bruise. 

12.  veluti  supplex:  the  stone,  overcome  by 
the  music,  fell  like  a  suppliant  at  the  feet  of  Orpheus,  begging  his  pardon 
for  having  come  through  the  air  against  him. 


Thyrsus. 


The  Death  of  Orpheus. 


107 


13.  sed  enim  :  there  is  an  ellipsis  after  sed;  but  it  was  no  use,/c?r,  etc. 
Such  ellipses  are  common  in  Latin  and  Greek  {etdnim,  namque^  koX  ydp 
aAA.a  ydp),  but  in  English  we  generally  say  simply  dii^  or  ybr,  whichever 
seems  to  be  the  more  important. 

14.  abiit:  see  note  on  subiit,  Book  I.  tj.  114. 

15.  inollita,  i.e.  like  this  stone. 

16.  infracto,  curved.  The  Phrygian  pipe  —  called  Bei'ecyntian,  from 
Berecyntus,  the  chief  seat  of  the  worship  of  Cybele  —  was  curved  at  the 
end  into  the  shape  of  a  horn. 

17.  plausus,  dapping  of  hands :  these  various  sounds  were  connected 
with  the  orgiastic  worship  of  Bacchus.  —  Bacchei :  hiatus. 

18.  obstrepuere,  di-owjted. 

20.    etianmum,  eve/i  nozc,  in  spite  of  the  noise  of  the  Bacchanals. 

22.  Maenades,  the  name  of  the  female  worshippers  of  Bacchus,  from 
/j,aiv€(rOai,  to  rave,  (See  Fig.  51.)  — titulum  triumph!,  the  honor  of  the 
iriui?zph  ;  titulum  is 

in  appos.  with  volu-  ^^'  ^^' 

cres,  etc.,  who  form 
the  glory  of  the  tri- 
umph, i.e.  form  the 
procession.  —  rapu- 
ere^  tore  Ui  pieces, 

24.  luce,  by  day- 
light. 

25.  s  t  r  u  c  t  o 
utrimque  theatre, 
amphitheatre :  the 
Greek  term  was  not 
yet  introduced  into 
Latin.   The  space  in  the  middle  was  spread  with  sand,  hence  the  term  arena. 

26.  matutina :  the  fight  with  beasts  took  place  at  Rome  in  the 
morning. 

28.   thyrsos :  see  note  on  Hne  9.  —  munera,  service^ 
34.   operis  arma,  the  tools  of  their  labor, 

37.  f^vsi^,  the  tvild  women. 

38.  divellere  (also  written  divulsere),  they  tore  asunder ;  for  the 
Bacchic  revellers,  in  their  frenzy,  used  to  tear  asunder  even  large  animals, 
and  devour  their  raw  flesh. 

41.  sacrllegae,  because  they  attacked  the  priest  and  bard  of  Apollo. 

42.  saxis,seiisibus,  dat  of  agent  (§  232,  «;   G.  352;   H.  388,  i). 
45.   carmina,  sc.  tul^  object  of  seeutae. 


Maenades. 


io8  Notes, 

48.   carbasa,  ligkt  garments,  —  obstrusa  pullo,  obscured  with  black. 
52.  flebile  iiescio  quid  queritur,  utters  some  tearful  complaint. 

54.  invectae,  agreeing  with  lyra  and  lingua;  but  lingua  implies 
also  caput,  as  the  tongue  was  in  the  head.  — -populare,  of  their  native 
land. 

55.  Methymnaeae,  so  called  from  the  city  Methymna.  Lesbos  was 
afterwards  celebrated  for  its  lyric  poets,  particularly  Alcseus  and  Sappho. 

58.  tandem  :  implying  that  Phoebus  should  have  protected  him  before. 

62.  arva  plorum,  the  Elysian  fields,  the  abode  of  the  blessed. 

64,  niodo,  now^  corresponding  to  nunc  .  .  .  nunc. 

65.  anteit,  dissyllabic,  -eit  being  pronounced  as  one  syllable. 

67.  Lyaeus,  an  epithet  of  Bacchus :  Bacchus,  as  well  as  Apollo,  was 
a  patron  of  poets. 

68.  sacrorum  suoruni :  Orpheus  had  introduced  these  into  Thrace. 

69.  Edonidas=  Thracian, 

70.  videre :  the  infinitive  would  be  v^dere :  it  means  here  partici- 
pated in. 

71.  in  quantum,  so  far  as,  i.e.  on  the  spot  to  which.  —  secuta  est,  sc. 
Orphea. 

72.  traxit,  sc.  in  terram, 

73.  suum  agrees  with  crus. 

75.  astringit,  tightens, 

76.  harum  limits  quaeque. 

79.  pes,  etc. :  the  change  begins  with  the  feet,  and  rises  to  the  head. 


XXV.    THE   STORY  OF  MIDAS. 

XI.  85.  ipsos  quoque  agros,  even  the  very  country  where  Orpheus 
had  been  killed. 

86.  Timoli :  Timolus  (or  Tmolus)^  a  mountain  in  Lydia,  in  which 
the  river  Pactolus,  which  flowed  through  the  city  of  Sardes,  takes  its  rise. 

87.  aureus :  this  will  be  explained  by  the  story  now  to  be  related. 
%%.  erat,  the  indicative  with  quamvis  occurs  in  poetry  and  late  prose 

(§3i3,<§-;  G.6o8,R.i;  H.  515,  n.^), 

89.  satyri:  a  woodland  race,  with  tails  like  those  of  horses,  who 
followed  in  the  train  of  Bacchus.  (See  Fig.  52.)  The  Romans  confused 
the  satyrs  with  Pan  and  the  Italian  fauni.  (See  Fig.  3.)  — bacchae,  the 
female  worshippers  of  Bacchus,  also  called  Maenc^s,     (See  Fig.  51.) 


The  Story  of  Midas. 


109 


Youthful  Satyrs. 


90.  Silenus,  the  foster-father  of  Bacchus :  he,  too,  was  of  the  nature 
of  the  satyrs.     His  chief  characteristic  is  drunkenness.     (See  .Fig.  53.) 

91.  coronis:  the  ancients,  when  carousing,  wore  garlands  of  flowers. 

92.  Midaii,  Midas,  a 

mythical  king  of  Lydia,  ^^S-  52. 

a  country  which  possessed 
great  power  in  the  sixth 
and  seventh  centuries 
B.C.,  its  territory  compris- 
ing the  whole  western 
half  of  Asia  Minor.  It 
was  conquered  by  the 
Persian  Cyrus,  B.C.  546. 

93.  E^uinolpo,  a 
Thracian  singer,  who 
found  a  home  in  Attica 
(called  Cecropia,  from  a 
very  ancient  mythical  king  of  Athens,  Cecrops).  Connect  cui  cum  Ce- 
cropio  Eumolpo;  for  Eumolpus  was  instructed  by  Orpheus,  but  did  not 
instruct  Midas. 

94.  simul  =  simul  atque.  —  sacrorum  (neuter), 
(of  Bacchus). 

97.  coegerat,  had  marshalled^  as  a  general  mar- 
shals his  forces  preparatory  to  leading  them  away. 
(Cf.  Book  II.  z;.  114.) 

98.  undecimus,  the  tenth  :  the  ancients,  in  count- 
ing a  series,  reckoned  the  one  from  which  the  series 
began,  as  being  the  first  from  itself, 

1 00.  gratum  and  inutile  agree  with  arbitrium, 
which  is  limited  by  optandi  muneris. 

103.  vertatur :  after  efflcere  the  usual  construc- 
tion has  ut,  but  ut  is  sometimes  omitted  (§331,  Rem.; 
G.  546,  R.3;    PI.  499,  2). 

104.  solvit, /«^^,  i.e.  ^^z/^. 

105.  petisset,  subjunctive  because  quod  .  .  . 
petlsset  is  part  of  the  thought  of  Bacchus  (§  321; 
G.  541;   H.  516,  ii.). 

106.  Berecyntius  :  Midas  was  son  of  Cybele. 

107.  poUiciti,  the  promise, 

108.  non  qualifies  alta,  which  agrees  with  ilice. 
abl.  of  quality  describing  ilice. 


sacred  rites 


Fig.  S3' 


Silenus. 


-  f ronde  virenti, 


no  Notes. 

114.  Hesperidas  :  the  Hesperides,  daughters  of  Atlas,  were  guardians 
of  a  tree  with  golden  apples.  (See  notes  on  Book  IV.  637,  and  IX.  190 
and  198.) 

1 1 7.  Danaen :  Jupiter  took  the  form  of  a  golden  rain  when  he  visited 
Danae.  —  eludere,  deceive. 

118.  aniino  capit,  coniprehendsy  or  realizes.  —  '^n^^ris,  fmicying. 
120.   tostae :  in  early  times  the  corn  was  parched  before  being  ground. 

124.  preniebat,  spread  over ;  the  subject  is  lamina. 

125.  auctorein  irmneris,  the  giver  of  the  boon,  i.e.  Bacchus,  i.e.  wine. 

130.  tOrquetur,  is  tormented,— - ixh  auro  :  Ovid  not  infrequently  uses 
ab  with  the  abl.  denoting  the  source  from  which  an  action  proceeds  instead 
of  the  simple  abl.  of  means. 

131.  splendida:  even  his  skin  was  tinged  with  gold. 

132.  JLenaee,  an  epithet  of  Bacchus. 

133.  eripe,  sc.  me. 

134.  mite,  sc.  est. 

135.  restituit,  restored^  i.e.  to  his  previous  condition.  —  facti  .  .  .  sol- 
vit, in  testimony  of  the  act,  he  annulled  (lit.  released)  the  boon  he  had 
bestowed.  This  use  of  solvere  is  unusual;  solvere  muniis  means  bestow  a 
boon{2&  in  v.  104),  but  a  boon  already  given  (data  munera)  cannot  be 
bestowed,  so  data  munera  solvit  must  mean  the  very  opposite  of 
munera  solvit.  Some  texts  read  pacti  for  facti,  the  boon  given  in  ful- 
filment of  the  contract  (of  z^.  100). 

137.  Sardibuis:  Sardes  was  capital  of  Lydia;  it  was  north  of  Tmolus. 
(See  note  on  v.  Z^^ 

138.  undis  follows  obvius. 

140.  plurimus,  in  full  stream. 

141.  elue  has  two  objects,  corpus  and  crimen,  wash  off  your  body 
and  wash  off  (i.e.  away^  yqur  guilt. 

144.  jam,  with  veteris. — semlne  venae,  the  seed  of  the  vein  (of 
metal),  means  golden  sand,  which  was  found  in  the  Pactolus. 

145.  auro  madidis,  steeped  with  gold. 

147.  Pana,  Pan,  a  god  of  nature,  represented  with  the  legs,  cars,  and 
tail  of  a  goat. 

148^  pingue,  dull ;  as  shown  by  the  absurdity  of  his  request. 

149.   praecordia  mentis  =  mens. 

152.    Hypaepis,  Hypaepa,  a  little  town,  south  of  Mt.  Tmolus. 

154.  arnndine,  the  syrinx  {fistula),  or  Ban's  pipe,  was  made  of  reeds 
joined  together  with  wax.     (See  Fig.  42.) 

156.  Tmolo,  here  the  god  of  the  mountain;  in  apposition  with  judlce. 

157.  monte,  abl.  of  place  in  which. 


Ccyx  and  Alcyone,  ill 

158.  liberat  arboribus  (abl.)  :  the  head  of  the  god  is  quaintly  con- 
ceived as  covered  with  trees,  so  as  to  obstruct  his  hearing.  —  qiiereu,  ajt 
oak'Zoreaih. 

160.   deum  pecoris:  Pan,  the  nature  god,  was  guardian  of  flocks. 

162.   barbarico,  i.e.  as  being  in  Phrygian  style. 

164.   sua,  i.e.  which  crowned  it. 

166.  verrit  huTiium,  he  siveeps  the  ground.  —  palla,  a  poetical  form 
iox  pallium,  the  outer  garment  worn  by  Greeks;  it  was  rectangular,  while 
the  Roman  toga  was  rounded  at  the  ends. 

167.  dentibiis  Indis,  ivory. 

168.  a  laeva,  on  the  left  side  (§  260,  /;;  G.  388,  R.^;  H.  434,  i.  i.). — 
plectrum,  the  instrument  with  which  the  strings  of  the  lyre  were  touched 
in  playing. 

169.  artificis,  artist.  —  status,  his  very  posture. 
171.    summittere,  i.e.  in  token  of  inferiority. 

1 74.  unius,  alone.  —  Delius,  Apollo,  who  was  born  at  Delos. 

1 76.  in  spatiuin,  lengthwise. 

177.  imas,  at  the  base. 

1 78.  in,  in  respect  to. 

179.  aures:  on  the  ace.  see  §  240,  c,  n.;    G.  332,  2;   H.  377. 

1 80.  turpi  pudore,  abl.  of  cause  with  temptat  velare,  on  account 
of  the  shameful  disgrace. 

181.  tiaris,  a  high  cap,  bound  under  the  chin,  worn  by  Oriental 
monarchs. 

187.  haustae=:elfossae. 

192.  agricolam :  so  called  because  he  had,  so  to  speak,  planted  the 
secret  in  the  earth. 


XXVI.     CEYX   AND  ALCYONE. 

XI.  583.  morte,  abl.  depending  upon  functo  (§  249;  G.  405;  H. 
421,  i.);   functo  morte  =  mortuo.  —  rogari,  object  of  sustinet;   she 

does  not  endure  being  asked. 

584.  funestas,  defiled  by  death;  for  a  family  in  which  there  was  an 
unburied  corpse  was  unclean,  and  Alcyone's  husband  was  a  corpse  although 
she  did  not  yet  know  it. 

585.  Iri:  Iris  was  the  goddess  of  the  rainbow  (see  v.  589  ff.),  and 
acted  as  Juno's  messenger. 

587.  imagine,  in  the  form,  abl,  of  quality  limiting  somnia  (§  25 1;  G. 
402;   li.  419,  ii.).  —  mittat:  subjunctive  after  jube;   for  jubes  implies 


112 


Notes, 


Fig.  54- 


the  idea  of  saying,  and  may  tlierefore  take  the  construction  of  indirect 
discourse;   the  command  to  Somnus  was:  iiiitte  somnia. 

589.  velamina,  accusative  (see  §  240,  c,  n.;   G.  332,  2;    H.  377). 

590.  arciiato  :  three  syllables,  the  u  being  pronounced  like  w. 

591.  jussi  regis,  of  the  king  covunanded,  i.e.  mentioned  in  the  com- 
mand. 

592.  Ciinmerios,  a  people  dwelling  in  the  region  of  perpetual  darkness, 
which  the  ancients  imagined  to  be  in  the  extreme  West. 

594,   radiis,  with  his  rays, 
597.   vigil  ales,  i.e.  the  cock. 

599.  sagacior  anser :  the  watchful  sagacity  of  the  goose  was  espe- 
cially displayed  in  the  preservation  of  the  Capitol  from  the  Gauls,  B.C.  390. 
603.  Lethes  (genitive)  :  the  river  Lethe  is  generally  placed  in  the 
nether  world,  where  Virgil  puts  the  abode  of  dreams;  Homer,  however, 
(Od.  xi.)  puts  the  abode  of  the  dead  in  the  extreme  West,  where  Ovid 
puts  Lethe  and  the  dwelling  of  Somnus.  The  dead,  Sleep,  and  Lethe  all 
belong  in  the  realm  of  darkness,  which  was  by  some  supposed  to  be  in  the 
We^t,  by  others,  under  the  earth. 

605.  papavera :  the  poppy,  from  which  opium  is  made,  induces  sleep. 
610.  ebeno  sublimis,  built  high  zvith  ebony. 
612.  quo,  loc.  abl.,  on  which. 
616.  siinul  =  slmul  atque.  —  virgo,  i.e.  Iris. 
618.  sacra,  as  the  dwelling  of  the  god  Somnus. 
621.  excussit  sil>l  se,  roused  himself  from 
himself,  i.e.  from  sleep. 

626.  quae  .  .  .  aequent,  relative  clause  of 
result  (§  319,  2;  G.  633;  H.  500,  i.). 

627.  Herculea  Trachine,  loc.  abb,  where 
one  would  expect  the  ace.  after  adeant.  Trachis 
is  called  Herculean  because  Hercules  spent  the 
last  part  of  his  life  there,  and  was  burned  on  the 
neighboring  mountain,  QLta. 

628.  adeant :  see  note  on  -v.  587  above. 
630.   vaporis,  the  heavy  air,  impregnated  with 

sleep-giving  odors. 

^ZZ'   P^t^r,  Somnus.     (See  Fig.  54.) 
635.   Morphea,  Morpheus  (from   t,he  Greek 
\ji.op<^'i\,  form) ,  the  god  of  dream-fofms.  —  non  alter,  no  second  one,  i.e. 
no  other, 

640.   hunc,  i.e.  the  alter  just  mentioned.  ~  Icelon,  a  Greek  word, 
meaning  like.  —  Phobetora :  a  Greek  word,  meaning  terrifier. 


Sleep-god. 


Ceyx  and  Alcyone,  113 

642.  Phantasos,  the  god  of  phantasies  and  apparitions.  This  name 
also  is  Greek. 

647.   Thaumantidos,  Iris,  daughter  of  Thaumas. 

652.  Haemomam,  Thessalian  :  Trachis  was  in  Thessaly,  which  was 
called  Hsemonia  after  Hsemon,  father  of  Thessalus. 

662.  falso  .  .  .  noli,  do  not  vainly  expect  me  to  return  (lit.  do  not 
falsely  promise  me  to  yourself). 

669.  lugubria,  sad  things^  i.e.  garments  of  mourning, 

670.  inania,  because  the  shades  in  the  lower  world  had  no  substance, 
and  could  not  fill  the  place. 

672.  crederet:  subjunctive  in  a  clause  of  characteristic  (§  320;  G. 
634;  H.  503,  i.). 

678.  si  sit  illic,  if  he  is  there ;  in  indirect  questions,  si,  like  English 
if  means  whether. 

684.  nulla,  etc.,  Alcyone  is  no  more^  i.e.  I  am  as  good  as  dead. 

685.  tollite,  etc.,  aiuay  with  your  words  of  consolation. 
688.   sed  et  umbra,  but  even  though  a  mere  shade^  still,  etc. 

696.  vellem,  subjunctive  of  modesty  (§  311,  b;  G.  602;,  H.  486,  i.); 
with  duxisses,  it  is  equivalent  to  utinam  duxisses  (§  267,  c\  G.  254,  r.^). 

697.  multum  utile,  very  useful. —  txiit,  it  would  have  been  (§  308, 
C;    G.  599,  R.3;    H.  476,  5). 

699.  non  simul,  not  together,  i.e.  apart  from  you.  —  egissem,  i.e.  if 
I  had  gone  with  you.  —  discreta,  separated  from  yours. 

700.  absens,  parted  from  thee.  —  p^rii,  etc. :  she  feels  that  she  is  as 
good  as  dead  and  drowned  (cf.  v.  684),  now  that  her  husband  is  no 
more. 

703.  pugnem  superesse,  struggle  to  survive. 

706.  littera,  inscriptioit ;  she  would  have  his  name  inscribed  upon 
her  tomb,  though  his  body  could  not  be  laid  there. 

714.  quae,  relative  where  the  demonstrative  is  needed  in  English.  — 
locis  =  in  his  locis.  —  acta,  sc.  esse. 

716.   neseio  quid,  something. 

718.  aberat:  the  indicative  after  quamvis  is  used  by  poets  and  late 
writers  (§  313,^;  G.  608,  R.i;   H.  515,  N.^). 

719.  oinine:  the  body  of  a  shipwrecked  man,  seen  just  at  this  place 
after  the  vision  of  the  preceding  night,  was  an  omen  of  the  shipwreck  and 
death  of  her  husband. 

722.  quo  magis  .  .  .  hoc  minus,  the  more  .  .  .  the  less  (§  250,  R. ; 
G.  400;   H.  423). 

723.  minus  et  minus  est  mentis,  less  and  less  she  has  (est,  sc.  el) 
of  her  mind,  i.e.  7nore  and  more  beside  herself  she  becomes. 


114  Notes. 

724.   posset,  subjunctive  of  result  (§  319,  2;  G.  633;   H.  500,  i). 
729.   facta  nianu  moles,  not  a  natural  promontory,  but  an  artificial 
hreakwaier. 

732.   modo  natis,  netvly  grown. 

734.  maesto  (dative),  sc.  sono :  ancient  writers  frequently  speak  of 
the  mournful  note  of  the  kingfisher. 

735.  tenui  rostro  (abl.  of  means)  :  the  kingfisher's  beak  is  long  and 
slender. 

742,  alite,  into  a  bird;  the  abl.  of  means  (or  price)  is  used  with  verbs 
of  exchanging  (§  252,  c;  G.  404,  R.;  H.  422,  N.^),  — fatis  obnoxius 
isdem,  subject  to  the  same  fate ;  obnoxius  agrees  with  amor,  though  in 
sense  it  refers  to  Ceyx  and  Alcyone. 

744.  coeunt,  th^y  mate. 

745.  perque  dies,  etc.:  the  ancients  believed  that  the  kingfisher 
brooded  for  seven  days  in  winter  upon  a  floating  nest,  and  that  throughout 
those  days  the  sea  was  always  calm.  Hence  the  expression  dies  halcyon- 
ides,  halcyon  days,  applied  to  fair  weather  or  prosperous  times.  Perhaps 
the  story  of  the  floating  nest  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  kingfisher's  nest  is 
built  among  the  rocks  low  down  by  the  sea,  and  is  sometimes  washed  off 
by  the  waves. 

748.   nepotibus,  the  descendants  of  Alcyone,  daughter  of  ^olus. 


XXVII.    THE  CHIEFS  AT  TROY. 

XII.  I.  AesacoDL,  ace,  subject  of  vivere;  the  ace.  and  inf.  depends 
upon  nescius. 

2.  nomen  [not  corpus]  :  it  was  called  a  coenotaph  (empty  tomb). 

3.  inferias,  offeri?igs  to  the  dead:  they  are  called  inanes,  because 
i^sacus  was  still  living,  although  they  did  not  know  it. 

4.  Paridis :  Paris  was  absent  on  his  visit  to  Lacedaemon,  whence  he 
brought  back  Helen,  —  the  cause  of  the  Grecian  expedition  against  Troy 
(the  conjuratae  rates). 

7.   commune,  union  or  combined potver. 

10.  Aulide:  Auhs,  in  Boeotia,  was  the  meeting-place  of  the  fleet,  and 
here  they  were  detained  for  several  weeks  by  adverse  winds. 

16.   damna,  loss,  i.e.  her  young. 

19.  Thestorides,  Calchas,  son  of  Thestor,  the  chief  soothsayer  of  the 
Grecian  host. 

21.   digerit,  divides  off,  i.e.  by  way  of  interpretation. 


The  Chiefs  at  Troy. 


IIS 


22.  ille,  the  serpent. 

23.  superat,  remains. 

24.  Aoniis,  Boeotian . 

25.  bella,  i.e.  the  host,  by  metonymy. 

28.  virginis  deae,  Diana.  Agamemnon  had  killed  a  hind  consecrated 
to  her,  and  so  his  daughter  Iphigenia  must  be  sacrificed  by  way  of  atone- 
ment. 

Fig-  55- 


Iphigenia. 

29.  pietatem,  fatherly  love. 

30.  rexque  patrein,  the  king  overcame  the  father^  i.e.  Agamemnon's 
duty  as  a  king  overcame  his  paternal  affection. 


ii6  Notes. 

32.  victa  est:  according  to  the  original  form  of  the  story,  the  maiden 
was  actually  sacrificed;  but  it  was  afterwards  modified  in  this  way,  in  order 
to  satisfy  the  popuUr  sympathies.     (See  Fig.  55.) 

33.  sacri,  the  sacred  rite. 

34.  Hiutasse,  to  have  exchanged,  —  Mycenida :  Iphigenia's  home  was 
MycencE.  —  cerva,yi?r  a  hind  (§  252,  r;   G.  404,  R.;   H.  422,  N/^). 

36.  Phoebes,  as  well  as  maris,  limits  ira. 

39.  orbe  medio,  in  the  middle  of  the  world, 

40.  triplicis  inuiidi,  the  three  worlds,  of  heaven,  earth,  and  hades. 

41 .  Quatnvis  regionibus,  by  hotvever  wide  spaces  (abl.  of  specification) , 
43.  tenet,  sc.  locum. 

46.  tota,  sc.  doinus. 

47.  frcMiit,  murmurs,  —  refert,  re-echoes. 

52.  extrema,  the  last  rumblings. 

53.  leve  vulgus,  i.e.  milia  rumor um. 

54.  mi^Kta  and  commenta  agree  with  milia;  the  genitive  agreeing 
with  rumorum.  would  be  equally  natural. 

56.  q^uibus  relates  to  rumorum. 

6i.   dubio  auctore,  abl,  of  quality. 

62.  ipsa,  i.e.  Fama.  —  rerum,  partitive  genitive,  limits  quid. 

68.  Protesilae :  Protesilaus,  a  Thessalian,  the  first  of  the  Greeks  who 
fell  at  Troy :  this  had  been  foretold  by  an  oracle.  —  mag^no  stant,  cost 
dear  (§  252;   G.  404;  H.  422). 

69.  fortis  auimae  (genitive,  limiting  nece),  by  the  death  of  Protesi- 
laus, that  valiant  souL  —  cognitus  (sc.  est)  Hector,  i.e.  they  became 
acquainted  with  Hector  and  found  out  what  sort  of  a  man  he  was. 

71.  Sigea,  Sigean  ;  Sigeum  is  the  northwestern  point  of  Asia  Minor, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Dardanelles  (Hellespont),  near  the  site  of  Troy. 

72.  Cygnus,  king  of  Colonoe,  near  Troy :  he  was  invulnerable,  as  being 
a  son  of  Neptune. 

74.   Peliacae :  its  shaft  was  taken  from  the  forests  of  Mt.  Pelion,  in 
Thessaly,  near  the  home  of  Achilles'.     (See  II.  xix.  390,) 
77.   Hector,  i.e.  his  death.  —  colla,  ace.  of  specification. 

81.  Haemonio,  Thessalian, 

82.  Aeacides :  ^acus  was  the  father  of  Peleus,  father  oi  Achilles. 
84.  profecit,  sc.  Aeacides. 

86.  nate  dea :  Achilles  was  son  of  the  sea-goddess  Thetis. 

^"j,  ille,  Cygnus.  —  quid,  why. 

89.  parma  (appos.  with  onus),  a  small  round  buckler. 

90.  decor,  i.e.  only  ornament. 

91.  ob  hoc,yt?r  this  reason. 


The  Chiefs  at  Troy.  \\*J 

93.   qui,  sc.  eo,  i.e.  Neptune. 

96.  aes,  etc. :  the  shield  was  composed  of  ten  thicknesses  of  hide 
covered  with  a  plate  of  copper. 

97.  novena,  used  here  for  the  cardinal  number.  —  orbe,  circle  of  hide. 
100.   apertum,  exposed. 

102.    circo,  i.e.  the  arena  of  the  amphitheatre. 

104.   elusa  .  .  .  sensit,  perceived  that  his  blow  had  missed ;  i.e.  the 
red  cloth,  held  out  to  excite  the  bull,  gave  way  when  he  plunged  against  it. 
106.   haerebat,  sc.  ferrum.  —  manus,  i.e.  not  the  weapon. 

108.  Tjyrnesia,  he  had  captured  the  city  Lyrnesos  in  Mysia. 

109.  Tenedon,  Tenedos^  a  small  island  off  the  coast  of  Troy. 

no.  Thebas,  a  city  of  Mysia,  ruled  by  king  Eetion,  father  of  Androm- 
ache. 

111.  Caicvis,  a  river  of  Mysia,  where  he  wounded  Telephus,  son  of 
Hercules,  and  afterwards  healed  him  by  the  application  of  rust  from  his 
spear. 

112.  opus,  efficacy  :  once  in  the  wound,  and  once  in  the  healing. 

113.  per  litus,  along  the  shore. 

115.  ante  actis,  zvhat  he  had  done  before. 

118.  quo  plangente,  abl.  abs.  —  moribundo  vertice,  abl.  of  instru- 
ment. 

121.  in  hoc,  in  respect  to  this  one,  i.e.  Cygnus. 

125.  qua,  where. 

127.  sanguis  :  final  is  in  this  word  was  originally  long. 

130.  cavari,  indented. 

131.  laedi,  blunted. 

132.  vetQcto,  pulling  off ^  i.e.  the  shield  of  Cygnus  (abl.  abs.). 

137.  aversos,  turned  atvay,  i.e.  from  the  direction  in  which  he  was 
going  =  as  he  zvent  backwards. 

138.  quern  relates  to  lapis.  —  impulsum  agrees  with  Cygnum. 

140.  praecordia  =  pectus. 

141.  vincla,  bands.  —  subdita,  bound  beneath. 

145.  cujus,  etc.,  whose  Jtame  he  formerly  bore,  i.e.  into  a  swan  i^cyg- 
nuni).  The  transformation  of  another  Cygnus  into  a  swan  is  described  in 
Book  II.  V.  ^6j  ff. 


ii8 


Notes, 


XXVIII.    THE  TALP:  of   GALATEA. 


Fig.  56. 


XIII.  750.  Fauno,  Faumis,  an  Italian  god  of  the  woods  and  fields, 
usually  identified  with  the  Greek  Pan  (here  abl.  of  source;  §  244,  a;  G. 
395;  n.  415,  ii.).  —  Symaethide,  daughter  of  Symoethus,  a  river  of 
Sicily. 

752.  nostra,  ??iine ;  Galatea  tells  the  story. 

753.  octonis  iterunt,  tzuice  eight.  The  ablatives  in  this  line  are  abla- 
tives of  quality  (§  251;   G.  402;    H.  419,  ii.). 

755.  Cyclops:  a  misshapen  race,  sons  of  Poseidon;  they  had  but  one 
eye,  which  was  in  the  middle  of  the  forehead.  This  one  was  named  Poly- 
phemus. —  fine,  here  feminine,  is  usually  masculine. 

759.  ille,  the  Cyclops. 

760.  silvis,  dative. 

761.  magni  cum  dis  Olympi,  of 
great  Olympus  together  with  the  gods,  i.e. 
gods  and  all. 

765.  rastris  :  Polyphemus  is  so  huge 
that  he  uses  a  rake  for  a  comb  and  a 
scythe  (falce)  for  a  razor. 

769.  tiitae,  etc. :  see  the  story  of  the 
adventures  of  Ulysses  and  of  ^Eneas  with 
the  Cyclops,  in  the  third  book  of  Virgil's 
/Eneid. 

771.  nulla,  etc. :  he  was  a  soothsayer, 
who  interpreted  the  flight  of  birds. 

773.  Ulixes:  this  story  is  told  by 
Homer,  Od.  ix.  289-397  (Bryant's  transl, 

325  ff.)- 

775.  altera,  i.e.  Galatea  has  blinded 
him  with  love,  —  vera,  object  of  inoneu- 
tem,  which  is  object  of  spernit. 

776.  litora,  when  he  might  hope  to 
see  the  Nereid  Galatea. 

middle   of  the  wedge-shaped  hill,  which  com- 


Galatea  and  Polyphemus. 


780.   medius,   on   the 
manded  an  extensive  view  of  the  sea. 

783.  apta,  i.e.  as  the  mast  of  a  ship. 

784.  centum  :  not  of  seven,  as  was  the  pipe  used  by  ordinary  mor  als. 

785.  senserunt,  felt,  i.e.  trembled  with.      His  pastoral  whisperings 
(pastoria  sibila)  were  so  loud  as  to  shake  earth  and  sea. 


The   Tale  of  Galatea,  119 

791.  lascivior,  more  playful ;  the  kid  is  frequently  mentioned  as  an 
example  of  playfulness. 

798.   eadeni  Galatea,  jj'd.'^' //it' ^^z;;;^:'  Galatea, 

800.  lentior,  originally  flexible,  and  hence  hard  io  break,  tough,  and 
as  applied  to  character,  hard  io  influence,  perverse. 

803.   feta,  with  young. 

805.  vellem,  subjunctive  of  modesty  (§  311,  h;  G.  252;  II.  486,  i). — 
possein,  expressing  the  purpose  of  vellem  (§  267,  c;   G.  254,  r.^;    ^.99,  2). 

806.  Claris  latratibus,  at  loud  barking. 

808.  noris  (i.e.  noveris),  sc.  me;  perfect  subjunctive  in  a  less  vivid 
future  (future  perfect)  condition  (§  307,  e;   G.  598;   H.  509). 

809.  labores,  verb. 

810.  pars  montis,  appos.  with  antra.  —  pendentia,  lit.  hanging; 
then  arched  because  an  arch  or  vault  seems  to  hang  unsupported  in  the 
air.  —  vivo  saxo,  of  living  rock. 

811.  quibus,  loc.  abl.  for  in  quibus. 

819.  deerunt,  dissyllabic,  as  those  forms  of  desum  in  which  de  is  fol- 
lowed by  er  usually  are. 

820.  arbutei  fetus  :  see  note  on  Book  I.  104. 

821.  inultae,  sc.  oves,  the  idea  being  implied  in  pecus. 

824.   pauperis,  predicate  genitive  (§  214,  d;   G.  365,  R.^;   H.  401). 

826.  ut,  etc.,  hotv  they  can  hardly  get  round  their  distended  udders  with 
their  legs,  i.e.  can  hardly  move  their  legs  between  which  the  distended 
udders  hang. 

$2*^.   fetura  minor,  a  younger  generation,  appos.  with  agni. 

829.  inde=ex  eo=:  ejus. 

830.  liquefacta  eoagula,  steeped  rennet :  the  English  would  prefer 
here  a  passive  construction, /<3;r/  is  curdled  with  rennet.  Rennet  is  made 
from  the  stomachs  of  calves;  and  when  steeped  and  softened  in  water  is 
used  to  curdle  milk  preparatory  to  making  cheese. 

S33.  par-ve :  the  adverb  from  parvus  (if  there  were  one)  would  be 
parve. 

840.  liquidae  aquae,  in  clear  (or  calm)  water. 

844.  nescio  quern :  Polyphemus  is  represented  as  so  rude  as  not  even 
to  recognize  the  existence  of  the  gods. 

852.  haec  omnia,  all  nature. 

853.  orbis  (=  oeulus),  sc.  est. 

^54'  genitor,  the  father  of  Polyphemus  was  Neptune. 

858.  Nerei,  Greek  vocative. 

859.  contemptus,  genitive  depending  upon  patientior  (§  218,  b; 
G.  374;  H.  399,  ii.). 


I20 


Notes. 


863.  quod,  i.e.  placeat;  let  him  please  Jiimself,  and  he  shall  be  f7'ec  to 
please  you,  which  (i.e.  thongJi)  I  should  zuiih  he  did  not,  —  modo  copia 
detur,  sc.  mihi;    only  let  me  have  an  opportunity,  and  he  shall  feel,  cte, 

864.  pro,  in  proportion  to. 

867.  laesus,  stirred  np. 

868.  cuinque  .  ,  .  meo,  i.e.  I  seem  to  have  yEtna  with  all  its  hre  in 
my  bosom. 

875.  veneris,  love. — ista  .  .  .  vestrae,  the  whole  clause  is  object 
of  faciam  (§  332;   G.  557;   H.  501,  ii.  i)  with  omission  of  ut  (IL  502). 

879.  SymaetMvis :  the  mother  of  Acis  was  the  nymph  Symsethis. 

880.  parentes,  vocative. 

extreinus,     only     the     ex- 


Fig.  57- 


883. 
tremity. 

884.  angulus  montis,  comer  of 
a  mountain,  i.e.  the  huge  rock  thrown 
by  the  Cyclops. 

885.  quod  solum,  the  only  thing 
zvhich.' — per  fata,  with  the  permis- 
sion of  the  fates, 

$S6.  avitas,  ofhisgrandsire,  the 
river  god  Symaethus. 

894.   cornua    (ace.  of  specifica- 
tion) :    horns   were    the   regular   at- 
tributes  of    river -gods;     they    were 
symbols  of  strength,     (See  Fig.  57.) 
895.   caerulus,  the  color  of  the  sea,  and  hence  attributed  to  deities 
of  the  water. 


Young  river-god. 


XXIX.    THE  DEIFICATION   OF  ROMULUS. 


XIV.  772.  proximus,  next  after  Proca,  w^ho  is  mentioned  in  v.  622. 
—  PiMSiGvAsL^,  Italian. — miles  Amuli, /A<?  soldiery  of  Amulius,  i.e.  the 
warlike  Amulius. 

773.  nepotum.  munere,  as  a  gift  from  his  grandsons  (lit.  by  the  favor 
of  his  grandsons) ;   they  were  Romulus  and  Remus. 

774.  Parilibus:  the  festival  of  Fates,  goddess  of  flocks  and  herds. 
This  festival  occurred  April  21,  which  was  regarded  as  the  day  of  the  foun- 
dation of  Rome.  See  the  first  selection  from  the  Fasti.  The  1  in  Pales 
is  changed  to  r.  -  .  |- 


The  Deification  of  Romulus,  121 

775.  Tatius,  king  of  the  Sabines,  —  patres,  the  fathers  of  the  Sabine 
women  whom  the  Romans  had  carried  off. 

776.  Tarpeia :  she  showed  the  Sabines  the  way  into  the  citadel,  de- 
manding as  her  reward  what  they  wore  on  their  left  arms.  She  meant 
their  bracelets;  but  the  Sabines,  disgusted  with  her  treachery,  threw  their 
shields  (which  they  wore  on  their  left  arms)  upon  her  and  killed  her.  — 
via  reclusa,  abl.  abs. 

777*   poena,  abl.  depending  upon  dignam. 

778.  sati  Curibus,  those  sprung  fro?7t  Cures,  a  city  in  the  Sabine 
country,  i.e.  ike  Sabines. 

779.  corpora  victa  sopore,  i.e.  the  sleeping  Romans. 

780.  portas,  the  gates  of  the  city  which  lay  between  the  Capitol, 
which  they  had  taken,  and  the  Palatine. 

781.  Iliades,  Romulus,  son  of  Ilia  or  Rhea  Silvia. 

782.  Saturnia,  Juno;  she  had  been  an  enemy  of  the  Trojans,  and 
now  hated  their  descendants  the  Romans. 

783.  Venus,  the  mother  of  the  Trojan  Aeneas,  from  whom  the  Romans 
traced  their  descent,  was  friendly  to  the  Romans. 

784.  clausura  fuit,  was  on  the  point  of  closing;  livelier  than  elausis- 
set.  —  nisi  quod,  except  that. 

785.  Jano :  the  name  Janus  was  in  early  times  that  of  a  real  gate 
(also  called  porta  Janualis')  which  was  at  the  same  time  the  temple  of 
Janus  quadrifrons.  It  stood  at  one  of  the  entrances  to  the  forum.  Near 
it  were  hot  sulphur  springs. 

787.  nee  sustlnuere,  they  did  not  hold  out  against  her. 

790.  ora,  openings  door. 

791.  subponunt,  sc.  Naides. 

794.  Alpino  rigori ;  the  cold  of  the  Alps  was  proverbial  among  the 
Romans. 

795.  audebatis :  the  poet  now  addresses  the  waters. 

797.  v\%i^\%^  hard,  fierce.  —  promissa,  by  Juno. 

798.  Martlus  miles,  the  soldiery  of  the  race  of  Mars.  Mars,  being 
the  father  of  Romulus  and  Remus,  was  regarded  as  the  source  of  the 
Roman  race. 

799.  quae  ...  obtulit,  i.e.  when  he  attacked  them,  not  acting  merely 
on  the  defensive. 

801.  generi,  soceri:  the  Romans  had  carried  off  the  Sabine  maidens, 
and  thereby  become  the  sons-in-law  of  the  Sabines. 

804.  accedere  regno,  to  he  associated  (with  Romulus)  in  the  royal 
power. 

805.  populis  duobus,  the  Romans  and  Sabines. 


122  Notes, 

809.  nee  .  .  .  uno,  depends  no  longer  upon  one  particular  ruler,  i.e. 
can  get  along  without  Romulus. 

810.  promissa,  sc.  sunt.  —  nepoti,  of  Jupiter. 

811.  ablatum,  sc.  nepotem. 

814.  This  verse  is  borrowed  from  the  first  book  of  the  Annales  of 
Ennius.     Ovid  uses  it  again,  Fasti,  ii.  487. 

815.  summa,  the  sum,  i.e.  the  co7ttents. 

818.  sensit:  the  subject  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  following  verbs. — 
rapinae,  the  carrying  away  of  Romulus,  which  Mars  was  to  execute. 

819.  tei¥ione,  the  pole ;  this  presses  the  horses  only  in  so  far  as  its 
weight  causes  the  yoke  to  press  them. 

820.  conscendit  eqiios :  a  not  uncommon  expression  for  mounting 
into  a  chariot.  —  Gradivus  =  Mars. 

823.  reddentem  regia  jura,  giving  royal  judgments.  —  suo  jam 
Quiriti,  to  the  Quirites,  now  really  his  own  since  the  death  of  Tatius. 
The  Quirites  are  the  sati  Curibus  of  v.  778. 

825.  dilapsum,  sc.  est.  —  lata  plumbed  funda  missa :  notice  the 
cases. 

826.  intabescere,  melt,  fade  away.  The  melting  away  of  bullets  in 
the  air  is  mentioned  several  times  in  Roman  literature.  When  thrown  out 
of  sight,  the  bullet  naturally  seems  to  disappear  entirely. 

827.  pulvlnaribus  altis,  the  high  cushions  upon  which  the  images 
of  the  gods  or  the  offerings  to  them  were  laid;  here  used  for  divine  honors 
in  general. 

828.  trabeati :  the  trabea  was  a  robe  with  red  stripes  and  border 
worn  by  the  kings,  and  afterwards  by  the  equites.  A  draped  statue  of 
Quirinus  seems  to  be  referred  to  here. 


XXX.    THE  WORSHIP  OF  ^SCULAPIUS. 

XV.  622.   praesentia,  helpful, 

624.  Coroniden:    iEsculapius  was  son   of  Apollo   and  the   nymph 
Coronis. 

625.  insula:  the  island  of  the  Tiber  was  the  seat  of  the  worship  of 
^sculapius  (see  v,  739).  —  sacris  asciverit,  enrolled  among  the  sacred  rites. 

629.  nihil  posse,  have  no  power. 

630.  mediam  orbls  humum :  the  oracle  at  Delphi  was  held  to  be 
the  middle  point  (^omphalos)  of  the  earth. 

634,   et  locus,  etc, :  the  usual  description  of  the  circumstances  attend- 


The    Worship  of  yEsctdafims. 


123 


Fig.  58. 


ing  the  utterance  of  oracles.  —  laurus:  the  final  us,  though  naturally  short, 
is  occasionally  treated  as  long  in  the  thesis,  especially  before  et  and  aut. 

—  ipse,  ApoUo,  though  here  his  statue  is  meant. 

635.  cortina,  because  the  priestess  {^Pythia)  sat  upon  it  when  she 
uttered  the  oracle. 

637.  proplore  loco :  Epidaurus,  the  chief  seat  of  the  worship  of 
^sculapius,  was  nearer  by  sea  to  Rome  than  w^as  Delphi.  —  pelisses : 
hortatory  subjunctive,  denoting  an  unfulfilled  obligation  in  past  time 
(§  266,  e)^you  should  have  sought, 

639.  Qui  niinuat,  to  lesseii^  clause  of  purpose. 

640.  avibus,  auspices,  because  the  chief  auspices  were  by  the  flight  or 
song  of  birds. 

642.  colat,  inhabits. 

643.  qui  petaiit,  vien  to  seek. 

645.  concilium,  etc.,  hendiadys  =  the  coun- 
cil of  the  Grecian  fathers.  —  darent  follows 
oravere,  the  subjunctive  representing  the  im- 
perative of  the  direct  discourse. 

647.   Ausoniae,  an  ancient  name  of  Italy. 

—  certas  .  .  .  sortes,  that  so  the  infallible 
oracle  declares:  indirect  discourse  depending 
upon  oravere. 

652.   telluris  limits  orbi. 

654.  sed  Qualis,  etc.,  i.e.  in  contrast  to  his 
assumption  of  a  snake's  form  the  next  day. 
y^sculapius  is  represented  in  art  as  an  old  man 
with  a  staff  about  which  a  serpent  is  twined 
(see  V.  659).     (See  Fig.  58.) 

660.   nota.  imperative. 

667.  operosa,  constructed  ivith  labor.  (See 
Book  I.  258.) 

668.  Indicet:  subjunctive  representing  the 
imperative  of  direct  discourse  (this  and  similar 
clauses  are  sometimes  explained  as  clauses  of 
purpose  with  omission  of  ut) . 

669.  cristis  altis  limits  aureus. 

670.  in  serpente  deus,  the  god  incarnate  in  the  serpent. 

676.  vitta,y?//^/.     (See  Fig.  59.)  —  crlnes,  ace.  of  specification. 

677.  animis,  etc.,  a  common  formula  for  commanding  a  reverential 
silence. 

681.  referunt  geminata,  repeat. 


/Esculapius. 


124 


Notes, 


682.  Aeneadae:  the  two  syllables  e^  are  contracted  into  one  in 
scanning. 

683.  rata,  authenticating. 

691.  suum,  ofkis  attendants. 

692.  ofRciiim,  reverent  service. 

696.   coronatae :  ships  were  festooned  with  flowers  on  sailing. 

700.  Pallantidos, 
^^S.  59.                 .                      Aurora. 

701.  liacinia:  the 
Lacinian  promontory, 
where  was  a  temple  of 
Juno :  Scylaceum  was 
a  little  further  south- 
west. 

703.  lapygiam: 
this  was  the  southeast- 
ern promontory  of  Italy, 
which  came  in  due 
course  before  Lacinium : 
the  three  names  that 
follow  cannot  be  iden- 
tified. 

705.  Caiilona,  a  city  of  the  Bruttii.  —  Naryciam :  this  name  was 
given  to  Locri  Epizephyrii,  as  being  a  colony  of  the  Locrian  Narycus. 

706.  f return  angustaque  =  f return  angustum.  —  Pelori,  a  prom- 
ontory at  the  northeastern  extremity  of  Sicily,  the  modern  Capo  di  Faro. 

707.  Hippotadae,  Jiolus,  son  of  Hippotes,  king  of  the  Winds :  his 
home  was  the  ^olian  islands.  —  Tenieses :  Tempsa,  famed  for  copper  mines. 

708.  JJeucosiani,  a  promontory,  south  of  Psestum,  —  a  place  now,  as 
then,  famed  for  its  roses. 

709.  Mlnervae,  the  promontory  opposite  the  island  of  Capri;  then 
come  Surrentum  (^Sorrento'),  Herculaneum,  Stabise,  Neapolis  (^Naples ^ 
whose  ancient  name  was  Parthenope),  and  Cumse,  the  abode  of  the  Sibyl. 

713.  calidi  fontes,  Baiae,  a  fashionable  watering-place  in  Ovid's  time. 
Liternum  lay  between  here  and  the  mouth  of  the  Volturnus.  The  other 
names  are  of  well-known  towns. 

716.  graves,  unhealthy,  by  reason  of  the  swamps.  —  quam,  etc., 
Cajeta,  where  ^neas  built  a  sepulchre  to  his  nurse  Cajeta. 

717.  Antiphatae  domus:  Formise,  where  Antiphates  was  king. — ■ 
Trachae  was  another  name  for  Tarracina,  situated  near  the  Pomptine 
Marshes. 


The  Apotheosis  of  Ccesar. 


125 


Fig.  60. 


718.   tellus  Circaea,  Circeii. —  spissi,  tvith  deep  sand. 

721.  per  sinus,  etc.,  i.e.  makings  etc. 

722.  parentis,  Apollo,  who  had  a  temple  on  the  coast  at  Antium. 

723.  Epidaurius,  yEsculapius. 

724.  hospitio  . . .  usus,  having  enjoyed  the  hospitality  of  the  related  deity. 

726.  moderainine,  the  rudder-. 

727.  Castrum,  sc.  Inui,  a  town   midway  between  Antium   and  the 
mouth  of  the  Tiber;   the  ancient  town  of  Lavinium  was  near  by. 

730.  quae  .  .  .  servant :  the  Vestal  virgins,  six  in  number,  were  among 
the  most  important  functionaries  of  Roman 
worship.  —  Troica  agrees  with  "Vesta: 
the  worship  of  Vesta  and  the  Penates  was 
said  to  have  been  brought  by  ^neas  from 
Troy. 

732.  per  adversas  undas,  tip  the 
stream. 

734.    sonant,  crackle. 

737.  malo,  mast  (malus,  bad^  has 
short  a). 

740.  insula:  the  Island  is  between 
the  Capitol  and  Janiculum.  (See  Fig.  60.) 
—  laterum  e  parte  duoruin,  on  the  two 
sides. 

741.  media  tellure,  while  land  is  betiveen  (abl.  abs.). 
of  porrigit  is  amnis. 

742.  IJatia  pinu,  the  Roman  ship. 

743.  caeleste,  a  poetic  form  of  the  ablative. 


The  landing. 

The  subject 


XXXI.  THE  APOTHEOSIS   OF    C^SAR. 


XV.   745.  hie,  iEsculapius. 

746.  marte  togaque,  war  and  peace,  the  toga  being  the  distinctive 
garb  of  peace, 

747.  magis,  construed  with  quam,  v.  750. 

748.  properata,  speedily  won.  —  rerurn,  deeds. 

749.  sidus  :   see  v.  850. 

750.  progenies,  the  emperor  Augustus,  his  adopted  son. 

751.  quod  exstitit,  substantive  clause,  the  fact  that,  etc.  (§  333;   G. 
525;  H.  540,  iv.). 


1 26  Notes, 

752.  domuisse:  Tacitus,  more  modestly,  says:  potest  videri  ostendisse 
posteris,  non  tradidisse.  —  Agr.  13. 

753.  septeinflua :  there  were  seven  principal  mouths  of  the  Nile. 

755.  Cinyphiuin,  derived  from  CinypSy  the  name  of  a  Lybian  river. 
—  Jubam:  Juba,  king  of  Numidia,  fought  against  Caesar  at  Thapsus 
(B.C.  46). — -  MitUridateis  .  .  .  Pontuin:  there  had  been  six  kings  of 
Pontus  named  Mithradates,  the  most  famous  of  whom  was  Mithradates  the 
Great.     His  son  Pharnaces  was  overthrown  by  Caesar  (B.C.  47). 

756.  Quirini :  Quirinus,  an  ancient  god  of  the  Romans,  was  identified 
by  them  with  their  eponymous  hero,  Romulus.     (See  selection  xxix.) 

757.  aliquos:  Coesar  celebrated  five  triumphs.  —  egisse,  the  word 
regularly  used  for  triumphal  processions. 

758.  quo  praeside,  i.e.  in  making  him  ruler, 

762.  genetrix,  Venus. 

763.  pontiflci :  Caesar  held  the  office  of  pontifex  maxinius,  the  head 
of  the  state  religion.  The  word  is  used  here,  in  order  to  fasten  upon  his 
murder  the  character  of  sacrilege. 

767.  liilo  :  lulus,  son  of  ^neas,  was  the  alleged  ancestor  of  the  Julian 
gens. 

768.  justis  curis,  well-grounded  fears. 

769.  Oalydonia :  Diomedes,  son  of  Tydeus,  of  Caiydon,  had  wounded 
Venus  at  the  siege  of  Troy,  when  she  was  interfering  in  behalf  of  the 
Trojans.  —  vulneret  and  the  following  subjunctives,  seeing  that,  etc. 
(§  320,  e'j  G.  636;  H.  517)  :  the  relatives  refer  to  the  subject  of  ero,  v.  768. 

770.  male  defensae  moenia,  the  unsuccessful  defence  of  the  walls,  lit. 
walls  of  ill- defended  Troy. 

771.  natum,  iEneas:  his  wanderings,  his  descent  into  the  infernal 
regions,  and  his  war  with  Turnus  (who  was  supported  by  Juno)  are  enu- 
merated. 

778.  sacerdotis  Vestae :  the  worship  of  Vesta  M^as  under  the  special 
oversight  of  the  pojttifex  maximus,  who  resided  in  the  Regia,  adjoming 
her  temple. 

781.   veterum  sororum,  the  Fates. 

783.  ferunt,  they  declare.  —  anna,  tubas,  cornua,  are  subjects  of 
praeiwonuisse,  depending  upon  ferunt.  All  these  signs  are  said  to 
have  preceded  Csesar's  death, 

789.   caerulus,  livid,  —  vultum,  ace.  of  specification. 

791.  Stygius,  Stygian  or  infernal,  because  a  bird  of  ill-omen. 

792.  ebuF,  the  ivory  images  of  the  gods :  this  was  a  common  portent. 
— •  eantus  and  verba  are  prophetic  voices  and  incantations,  heard  in  the 
sacred  groves. 


The  Apotheosis  of  Ccesar,  127 

794.  lltat,  gives  favorable  ojnens. 

795.  caput,  a  projecting  portion  of  the  liver:  it  was  a  very  bad  sign 
\i  any  portion  of  the  viscera  was  cut  by  the  slaughterer's  knife. 

800.  praeinonitus,  premoniiions.  —  deuni,  genitive. 

801.  in  teiiiplum  :  the  place  of  Caesar's  assassination  was  the  Curia 
(senate-house)  Pompeii,  which  was  a  te??iphc?fi,  in  the  Roman  sense,  as 
being  a  place  formally  consecrated  by  auguries.  This  was  necessary  for 
assemblies  of  the  Senate,  or  of  the  people;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  not 
every  acdes,  or  abode  of  a  god,  was  necessarily  a  temphivi. 

803.  Cytherea,  an  epithet  of  Venus,  from  the  island  Cythera. 

804.  condere,  sc.  Caesareni :  in  this  manner  Venus  had  saved  Paris 
from  Menelaus,  and  /Eneas  from  Diomedes. 

806.  Diomedeos :  the  adjective  is  equivalent  to  a  possessive  genitive 

(§  190;  ^-  360,  R.1;   H.  395,  N.  2). 

808.  intres  \\Q.e>t,  granted  that  you  enter,  i.e.  though  you  enter  (§  313, 
b;    G.  609;    H.  515,  iii.). 

810.  rerum  tabularia,  the  archives  of  fate, 

812.  metiiunt:   Fate  was  even  above  the  gods. 

818.  deus  (pred.),  as  a  god. 

819.  natus  suus,  Augustus,  his  adopted  son. 

821.  nos,  i.e.  the  gods.  — in  bella,  for  his  wars.  ■ —  suos,  sc.  socios  : 
he  M^ill  have  us  as  his  friends,  i.e.  on  his  side. 

822.  illius  auspiciis :  the  auspices  could  be  taken  only  by  the  com- 
mander, who  had  been  formally  vested  with  the  imperium.  —  obsessae : 
Mutina  was  besieged  by  Antony,  B.C.  43,  and  relieved  by  Octavius  and 
others,  acting  then  in  the  interests  of  the  Senate. 

823.  Pharsalia:  because  Philippi,  where  Octavius  and  Antony  de- 
feated Brutus  and  Cassius  (B.C.  42),  might  be  poetically  regarded  as  in  the 
same  country  as  Pharsaha  in  Thessaly,  where  Caesar  defeated  Pompey. 
Emathia  is  a  district  of  Macedonia. 

825.  Siculis  iindis  :  it  was  in  the  neighborhood  of  Messana,  in  Sicily, 
that  Agrippa,  the  admiral  of  Octavius,  defeated  Sex.  Pompeius,  B.C.  36. 

826.  conjunx,  Cleopatra,  who  married  Antony. 

827.  non  bene,  tmfortunately. 

828.  servitura,  sc.  esse,  etc. ;  depends  on  minata  erit.  —  Canopo : 
Canopus  was  a  city  on  the  western  mouth  of  the  Nile  in  Lower  Egypt, 
noted  for  its  wealth  and  luxury. 

830.   numerem,  dubitative  subjunctive  (§  268;   G.  258;   H.  484,  v.). 
833«  jura:  Octavius,  as  Augustus,  reorganized  the  civil  institutions  of 
Rome. 

%2i^.   prolem :  Tiberius  and  Drusus,  sons  of  Livia  (wife  of  Augustus) 


128  Notes, 

by   a   former   marriage.     They  were    adopted   by  their   step-father,  and 
Tiberius  succeeded  him  as  Emperor. 

838.   Pylios  annos,  i.e.  the  years  of  Nestor. 

840.   hanc  aiiimain,  this  (i.e.  Caesar's)  soul. 

842,  aede,  the  temple  of  Divus  yulius  fronted  on  the  Forum. 

843.  media  sede  senatus,  in  the  midst  of  the  senate  house  (abl.  of 
place;  §  258,/  2;  G.  '^%^',  H.  425,  2,  N.^);  this  act  of  Venus  followed 
immediately  upon  the  murder. 

845.   eripuit,  so.  aniinant. 

850.  nati  .  .  .  illo :  the  soul  of  Caesar,  now  divine,  and  placed  as  a 
star  in  heaven,  sees  the  good  deeds  (benefacta)  of  Augustus  (nati),  and 
rejoices  that  they  are  greater  than  his  own. 

852.  hie,  Augustus. 

853.  obnoxia,  subject  to. 

854.  una  in  parte,  in  this  one  pointy  i.e.  his  superiority  to  his  father. 

855.  Agamemnonis,  etc. :  Agamemnon,  Theseus,  Achilles,  and  Jupiter 
were  greater  than  their  fathers,  just  as  Augustus  is  greater  than  Julius  Caesar. 

857.  ipsos:  i.e.  Julius  and  Augustus.  —  aequantibus,  because  Julius 
and  Augustus,  like  Saturn  and  Jupiter,  were  gods. 

859.   triformis,  i.e.  consisting  of  earth,  sea,  and  sky. 

861.  Aeneae  comites,  the  Penates,  or  household  gods,  brought  by 
iEneas  —  through  fire  and  sword  —  from  Troy,  and  established  in  Lavinium. 

862.  di  Indigetes :  these  are  generally  reckoned  as  deified  heroes; 
among  them  was  Jineas  himself.  Romulus  (Quirinus),  again,  was  son  of 
Mars,  one  of  whose  chief  titles  was  Gradivus,  "  the  strider." 

864.  Vesta,  etc.  Augustus  became  Pontifex  Maximus  in  the  year  12 
B.C.  The  Pontifex  Maximus  was  obliged  to  live  near  the  temple  of  Vesta. 
In  order  to  fulfil  the  letter  of  this  law,  Augustus  built  a  temple  of  Vesta 
within  his  palace  on  the  Palatine  Hill,  thereby  receiving  Vesta  among  his 
household  deities. 

865.  Phoebe  :  Apollo  was  the  tutelary  deity  of  Augustus,  who  built  a 
temple  to  him  on  the  Palatine. 

866.  Tarpeias,  the  original  name  of  the  Capitohne  Mount,  afterwards 
confined  to  a  part  of  the  hill. 

869.  Augustum,  adjective.  —  queni  relates  to  orbe. 

870.  faveat,  as  a  god.  —  absens,  i.e.  no  longer  on  earth. 

871.  Jovis  ira,  i.e.  the  lightning. 

872.  edax  (cf.  edo),  consuming,  wasting, 
%*j'^.  corporis,  objective  genitive  with  jus* 

874.  finlat,  hortatory  subji^nctive. 

875.  mei,  of  myself 


Shorter  Poems.  129 


SHORTER   POEMS. 


For  the  metre  of  this,  and  all  the  following  extracts  (^elegiac) ^  see 
§  363;  G.  762;  H.  615.  The  Pentameter  is  most  conveniently  scanned 
by  dividing  it  into  two  half-verses  (JiemisHchs) ,  consisting  each  of  two  feet 
with  an  added  half-foot. 

I.    FASTI. 

I.    The  Festival  of  Pales. 

IV.  721.  Farilla,  ace.  (§  239,  2,  c,  R.;  G.  333,  R.i;  H.  374,  i).  The 
form  Parilia  was  regularly  used  by  an  interchange  of  1  and  r  frequent 
among  primitive  nations,  and  also  among  young  children.  —  poscor :  this 
is  the  word  regularly  used  of  a  person  formally  called  upon  to  sing  or 
speak. 

722.  Pales,  an  Italian  goddess  of  pasturage  (possibly  of  the  same  root 
as  pa-scor).     The  word  is  sometimes  masculine. 

723.  faveas  canenti,  be  propitious  to  me  as  I  sing. 

725.  certe:  this  gives  the  reason  why  he  deserves  her  favor.  —  de 
vitulo  cinerem :  the  ashes  were  preserved  from  the  sacrifice  of  the 
Fordicidia  (April  15),  and  used  for  the  lustrating  rites  of  the  Farilia. 
They  were  mixed  with  bean-straw  (beans  being  regarded  by  the  -aneieTits 
as  having  a  peculiar  purifying  efficacy)  and  the  curdled  blood  of  the 
October  horse ^  sacrificed  October  15  (see  v.  733). 

726.  februa :  from  this  is  derived  the  name  of  February^  the  month 
of  purification,  —  the  last  in  the  old  Roman  year. 

727.  transilui :  the  chief  ceremonial  of  thQparilia  was  leaping  through 
heaps  of  blazing  hay  and  stubble;  the  herds  also  were  driven  through  them. 
This,  too,  is  a  cleansing  rite. 

728.  uda  laurea :  a  bough  of  laurel  was  used  to  sprinkle  purifying 
water. 

729.  navalibus,  ^ic. :  the  poet  thinks  of  his  poem  as  a  voyage  upon 
which  his  ship  is  starting. 

730.  s^noSf  their  ownf\.e.  favoring. 

731.  virginea:  the  suffimen  (fumigation)  was  prepared  by  the  Vestal 
Virgin,  by  whom  the  blood  of  the  October  horse  had  been  preserved. 

732.  Vestae :  she  was  the  special  guardian  of  chastity. 


1 30  Notes. 

734.  inane  culmen,  the  hollow  stalk. 

736.  virga,  a  brush-broom,  usually  of  laurel. 

738.  longa  coTona>f  /i'^loon, 

739.  vivo,  crude. 

741,  mares :  it  is  hard  to  see  why  this  epithet  should  be  applied  to 
the  olivej  except  from  its  tonic  bitterness.  —  taedam, /?V^/i-//«^.  —  her- 
bas  Sabinas,  y?/;^z^<?r  /  the  name  is  still  preserved  in  the  word  savin. 

742.  crepet,  crackle  ;  this  was  an  especially  favorable  sign. 

745.  suas,  appropriate  to  her  ;  no  blood  could  be  shed  on  her  festival. 

—  resectis :  this  is  explained  as  referring  to  the  cutting  up  of  the  food  to 
be  shared  among  the  worshippers. 

746.  silvicolam :  the  pastures  were  openings  in  the  forest,  or  them- 
selves covered  with  a  light  growth  of  wood. 

749.  sacro,  sc.  loco.  "The  list  of  innocent  sins  which  follows  curi- 
ously illustrates  both  the  superstitious  fears  and  the  trifling  observances  of 
a  primitive  pastoral  life.  There  is,  moreover,  a  touching  simplicity  through- 
out the  whole  petition,  which  affords  a  strong  contrast  to  the  frightful 
depravity  of  civilized  Rome,  as  described  in  the  pages  of  Juvenal  and 
Martial."  —  Paley.  As  illustrated,  too,  we  may  add,  in  many  of  the 
writings  of  Ovid  himself. 

750.  bustis :  the  btisttmt  was  a  mound  heaped  up  upon  the  spot  where 
the  body  was  burned. 

752.  semicaper  deus :  the  rural  god  Faunus  was  identified  with  the 
Greek  Pan,  who  was  represented  with  goat's  legs.     (See  Fig.  3.) 

753.  opaco,  shady. 

754.  fiscina  frondis :  "  In  countries  where  grass  is  less  plentiful  than 
with  VIS,  sheep,  goats,  and  cattle  are  still  fed  in  great  measure  on  the 
foliage  and  succulent  twigs  of  trees  (see  Virg.  G.  i.  226,  ii.  435;  Eel.  x.  30)." 

—  Paley. 

758.  ungula :  the  worshipper  seems  at  some  time  to  have  driven  his 
flock  into  a  lake,  just  as,  in  v.  755,  he  sheltered  them  during  a  hail-storm 
under  a  rustic  temple. 

759.  fontana  numina,  etc.:  "Nothing  is  more  pleasing  in  ancient 
mythology  than  the  fanciful  doctrine  which  peopled  all  earth  and  sea  with 
multitudes  of  fair  female  spirits.  Every  hill  and  dale,  every  grot  and 
crystal  spring,  every  lake  and  brook  and  river,  every  azure  plain  and  coral 
cave  of  ocean,  was  animated  and  hallowed  by  the  presence  and  protection 
of  the  Nymphs."  —  Ramsay. 

761.  labra  Dianae,  referring  to  the  story  of  Actaeon,  who  saw  Diana 
in  her  bath :  the  goddess,  as  a  punishment,  turned  him  into  a  stag,  and  he 
was  torn  in  pieces  by  his  own  dogs.     (See  Met.  Book  III.  138-252.) 


Shorter  Poems,  13 1 

762.  Faunum:  this  well-meaning  god  (from  faveo)  was  angry  if 
discovered  asleep  on  the  ground. 

765.  uiinus  multos,  fewer  (sheep  or  goats).  —  redigam,  gather  in, 
i.e.  at  night. 

766.  rap^  lupo,  snatched  from  the  wolf  i.e.  after  the  carcass  was 
devoured. 

768.  quae,  etc.,  clauses  of  purpose. 

769.  aera,  money,  for  the  peasant's  money  is  copper,  inasmuch  as  he 
rarely  attains  to  a  silver  piece. 

770.  vimina  rara,  wickerwork,  through  which  the  curd  was  allowed 
to  drain;   they  were  CB)\eA  Jiscellae,  —  sero,  from  serum. 

772.  quamlibet  qualifies  teneras. 

775.  ad  annum  —  quotannis. 

777.  ad  ortus,  the  proper  position  for  the  worshipper. 

780.  sapam,  new  wine  {i7iustuni)  boiled  down  to  a  third. 

781.  per,  etc.,  the  ceremony  alluded  to  in  v.  727. 

784.  turba,  i.e.  of  interpretations:  it  is  Ovid's  custom,  on  occasion, 
to  introduce  a  multitude  of  these,  as  here. 

786.  duce,  i.e.  the  shepherd. 

787.  semina  is  predicate :  that  fire  and  water  are  called  del  illustrates 
the  ancient  custom  of  deifying  all  objects  and  powers  of  nature. 

791.    exsul:    the  formula  of  exile  was  aqud  et  igni  interdicere ;  the 
bride  also  was  welcomed  to  her  new  home  with  these  elements. 
793,  Phaethonta,  i.e.  his  memory.     (See  Met.  ii.  i ;   i.  253.) 
799.   pietas  Aeneia,  i.e.  in  carrying  his  father  Anchises  through  the 
flames  of  burning  Troy :  dant  tela  locum  Jlammceqtie  recedunt  (Aen.  ii. 

633). 

801.  condita  est:  Rome  was  said  to  have  been  founded  on  the  day 
of  the  Parilia. 

802.  Lares,  the  household  gods  ;  in  practice  there  was  very  little  differ- 
ence made  between  the  Lares  and  Penates,  but  in  their  origin  they  were 
quite  different.  The  Lares  were  deified  ancestors,  the  Penates  were  asso- 
ciated with  Vesta,  and  worshipped  on  the  hearth,  the  name  being  con- 
nected with  penus,  penetralia,  and  other  words  referring  to  something 
in  the  interior. 

803.  mutantes  agrees  with  incolas  understood,  subject  of  suppo- 
suisse. 

804.  et  connects  tectls  and  casae.  —  cessaturae,  because  they  were 
on  the  point  of  leaving  it. 


132  Notes. 

2.    The  Founding  of  Rome. 

809.  f rater  Numitoris :  Amulius,  who  had  stolen  the  kingdom  from 
his  brother.  Romulus  and  Remus,  grandsons  of  Numitor,  restored  his 
authority  to  him,  and  put  the  usurper  to  death. 

8 10.  pastorum :  Romulus  and  Remus  had  been  brought  up  among 
shepherds.  —  gemino  duce,  Romulus  and  Remus. 

812.  ponat  uter:  not  to  be  understood  of  the  mere  act  of  building 
the  city,  which  was  to  be  done  in  common,  but  as  to  which  should  enjoy 
the  dignity  of  founder. 

814.  fides,  reliance  on  ;  the  word  auspice  is  derived  from  avis  (auis) 
and  -specio. 

815.  Palati:  this  was  the  original  seat  of  the  city:  the  Aventine,  south 
of  it,  lay  for  a  long  time  outside  the  limits  of  the  city.  Romulus  ascended 
the  Palatine,  Remus  the  Aventine. 

818.  statur,  impersonal  passive,  they  abide  by. 

819.  signet,  subjunctive  of  purpose.  —  aratro :  the  founder  of  the 
city  marked  out  the  walls  by  ploughing  about  the  space,  the  sods  being 
turned  inward :  the  sod  represented  the  walls,  the  furrow  the  moat. 

821.  fossa:  this  was  not  the  moat,  but  a  pit  dug  in  the  centre  of  the 
city;  in  Rome  it  was  in  front  of  the  Temple  of  Apollo,  on  the  Palatine. 
It  was  called  mundus,  and  in  it  were  placed  the  objects  here  enumerated. 
It  bore  thus  a  certain  analogy  to  the  corner-stone  of  modern  buildings.  — 
ad  solidum,  to  firm  earth.  —  fruges,  i.e.  boni  ominis  causa. 

822.  vicino,  i.e.  not  the  neighborhood,  but  the  vicus  from  which  each 
of  the  settlers  had  come. 

824.   f ungitur,  gets  through  with,  or  does  its  duty  by. 

826.  vacca :  the  bull  was  harnessed  outside,  at  the  right  of  the  cow. 

827.  condenti,  sc.  mihi. 

S28.  Mavors,  an  old  form  of  Mars.  —  mater :  this  word  is  not  here 
used  to  imply  relationship  {2J=>genitor  ox  genitrix),  but,  V\k.^  pater,  is  often 
applied  to  the  deities  in  reverence,  as  in  Jupiter,  Marspiter,  Liber  pater. 

831.  huic  is  to  be  taken  with  dominae  terrae,  —  dominae  being 
used  proleptically,  that  is,  in  the  way  of  anticipation. 

832.  dies  =  sol. 

833.  laevo :  thunder  on  the  left  was  a  favorable  sign,  because,  as  the 
person  taking  the  auspices  faced  south,  the  east,  the  place  of  the  sun's 
rising,  was  at  his  left, 

837.  Celer,  a  mythical  companion  of  Romulus,  the  eponym  of  the 
Celeres,  or  Roman  Knights.  —  vocarat,  i.e.  by  this  name,  Swift. 

838.  ciirae  tuae,  genitive  (§  214, «:;  G.  365,  R.^;   H.  403). 


Shorter  Poems,  133 

842.  his,  abl,  sc.  muris. 

843.  nee  mora,  sc.  est.  —  Celer :  the  usual  story  was  that  the  blow 
was  given  by  Romulus  himself. 

851.  adplicuit,  sc.  fratri. 

852.  invito,  dat.,  sc.  mihi  (§  229;  G.  344,  r2.;   H.  385,  2). 

854.  Faustulus  and  Acca,  the  shepherd  and  his  wife,  who  had  reared 
Romulus  and  Remus.  —  comas,  ace.  of  specification. 

855.  nondum  faeti  Quirites :  this  term  was,  in  historical  times, 
applied  to  all  the  Roman  citizens,  in  their  character  of  citizens.  Its  origin 
is  uncertain,  but  it  was  usually  supposed  to  have  been  the  name  of  a  Sabine 
settlement  upon  the  Quirinal,  which  was  afterwards  incorporated  with  the 
Palatine  Rome. 

856.  ultima,  as  the  last  act. 

857.  hoc:  §  225,  a'y  credo  takes  the  ace.  of  the  thing  (when  a  neuter 
pronoun),  and  the  dat.  of  the  person. 

860.   nominis  hujus  (i.e.  Caesar)  limits  pluris  (ace.  plural). 
862.   umeris,  i.e.  by  head  and  shoulders,  implying  a  great  disparity. 

3.   Ritual  to  avert  Blight. 

901.  quae  restant,  remaining.  —  luces,  days. 

902.  in  medio  cursu :  a  division  of  the  season  which  is  not  easy  to 
account  for,  and  is  inconsistent  with  other  authors. 

903.  pecudem  Helles,  the  golden-fleeced  ram,  which  carried  away 
Phrixus  and  Helle,  children  of  Athamas,  and  gave  its  name  to  the  constel- 
lation Aries.  It  really  sets  March  25,  while  Canis  does  not  rise,  but  sets 
(i.e.  ceases  to  appear  in  the  west  after  sunset)  in  April. 

904.  signa  dant  imbres.  "  The  showers  give  indications  of  the  sea- 
sons." ~  Ramsay. 

905.  Nomento :  Nomentum  was  a  town  about  twelve  miles<^northeast 
of  Rome,  on  the  Via  Salaria ;  the  grove  of  Robigo  was  five  miles  from 
Rome  on  the  Via  Clodia,  which  was  westerly  of  this.  Probably  therefore 
Ovid  got  upon  the  Via  Clodia  by  a  cross  road. 

907.  flamen:  the  Jlamen  was  a  special  sacrificing  priest,  either 
attached  to  the  worship  of  a  special  god,  or  to  a  special  corporation. 
There  were  three  of  chief  rank,  called  y?^/w?w^5'  major eSy  the  Dialis  (of 
Jupiter),  Martialis,  and  Quirinalis ;  the  other  twelve  were  devoted  to 
the  worship  of  inferior  deities,  some  of  them  utterly  passed  into  oblivion. 
The  Flamen  of  Quirinus  had  charge  of  the  worship  of  Robigo  (see  v,  910). 

911.  aspera:  this  word,  as  well  as  scahras  (v.  621),  describes  the 
roughened  surface  of  the  blighted  plant. 


1 34  Notes. 

913.  sideribus,  construed  with  niitrita:  it  is  well  known  how  strong 
is  the  belief  in  most  primitive  communities  of  an  influence  of  the  stars 
upon  the  crops. 

915.  notasti,  have  marked ;  perhaps  an  allusion  to  the  nota  censoria, 
or  rank  of  infamy,  stamped  by  the  censors  upon  those  whom  they  degraded 
politically. 

916.  liabet,  reckons. 

918.  pallet,  loses  color. 

919.  incalfiicit  udos ;  this  was  their  explanation  of  blight. 

923.  ferrum  :  robigo  means  rttst  as  well  as  blight. 

924.  prior,  beforehand ;  predicate  adjective  agreeing  with  the  subject, 
where  in  English  we  use  an  adverb. 

926.    otia  agit,  is  at  peace ;  in  the  reign  of  Augustus,  the  temple  of 
Janus  was  closed,  for  the  first  time  in  two  hundred  years. 
928.   situs,  see  note,  Met.  vii.  290. 

932.  absent!,  in  gratitude  for  thy  absence. 

933.  villis  solutis,  ivith  long  nap ;  linen,  among  the  ancients,  was 
woven  with  a  nap,  as  wool  is  now:  the  mantele  (maniple),  patera,  and 
acerra  were  regular  implements  of  sacrifice.  "  Acerra  ought  to  be  trans- 
lated incense-box  [not  censer\  The  frankincense  in  ancient  sacrifices  was 
generally  consumed  on  the  altar,  not  in  a  vessel  constructed  for  the  pur- 
pose, as  in  the  ceremonies  of  the  Jewish  religion  and  the  Roman  Catholic 
church."  — Ramsay. 

936.  obsceiiae :  "  as  early  as  the  time  of  Homer,  the  dog  was  taken 
as  the  symbol  of  shamelessness  and  impudence."  —  Peter. 

937.  nova,  tmusual. 

939.  Icariiim :  the  dog-star,  Canicula,  was  metamorphosed  from  the 
dog  of  Erigone  (the  Virgin),  daughter  of  Icarius.  It  rose  (i.e.  reappeared 
in  the  east  just  before  sunrise)  July  26. 

940.  praecipitur,  ripens  too  fast. 


II.     HEROIDES. 

Penelope  to   Ulysses. 


1.  lento:  after  the  ten  years'  siege  of  Troy,  Ulysses  was  delayed  by 
ten  years  of  wandering  and  adventures  before  returning  to  his  wife  Penel- 
ope in  Ithaca,  as  related  in  the  Odyssey. 

2.  veni,  imperative. 


Shorter  Poems,  135 

3-  jacet  certe,  has  doubtless  falleii. 

4.   tanti  fuit,  was  ivorih  what  it  cost  (§  252,  a\  G.  379;  H.  404). 

6.  adulter,  Paris,  who  carried  off  Helen,  wife  of  Menelaus,  king  of 
Sparta. 

7.  jacuissem,  this,  like  the  following. verbs,  is  in  the  apodosis  of  a 
condition  contrary  to  fact,  the  omitted  protasis  (si  abrutus  esset)  being 
implied  in  the  preceding  lines. 

9.  fallere,  to  while  away, 

10.  tela:  she  spent  her  time  in  weaving  a  shroud  for  her  father-in-law 
Laertes,  what  she  wove  by  day  being  unravelled  at  night,  to  foil  the  impor- 
tunity of  her  suitors  {v,  %'^). 

15.   Antilochuni,  a  Greek  warrior  at  Troy,  son  of  Nestor. 

17.  Menoetladen :  Patroclus,  son  of  Menoetius,  dearest  friend  of 
Achilles :  he  was  killed  by  Hector,  while  wearing  Achilles'  armor. 

18.  successu,  etc. :  Ulysses  was  famous  for  craftiness.  The  failure  of 
Patroclus  fighting  in  assumed  arms  makes  Penelope  fear  that  the  tricks 
of  Ulysses  will  not  save  his  life. 

19.  Tlepolemiis,  son  of  Hercules  and  Astyoche,  led  the  Rhodians 
against  Troy,  and  was  slain  by  Sarpedon,  king  of  Lycia. 

22.   amantis,  i.e.  of  Penelope. 

26.  ad  patrios  deos,  before  the  ancestral  gods,  i.e.  before  their  altars 
or  images. 

27.  nymphae,  brides. 

28.  llli,  i.e.  mariti,  who  had  fought  at  Troy.  —  suis,  sc.  fatis. 

31.  monstrat,  etc.:  he  paints  with  wine  a  plan  of  Troy  on  the  table, 
and  shows  how  the  armies  were  drawn  up. 

35.  Aeacides :  both  Peleus,  father  of  Achilles,  and  Telamon,  father  of 
Ajax,  were  sons  of  iEacus.     Here  Achilles  is  meant. 

36.  niissos,  let  go  —  at  ftdl  speed. 

37.  te  quaerere  misso,  sent  to  seek  you  ;  the  infinitive  denoting  pur- 
pose is  poetic  (see  §  331,^-;   G.  546,  r.I;   H.  533,  ii.  i). 

2i%.  gnato:  the  wanderings  of  Telemachus,  son  of  Ulysses  (see  Odys- 
sey, Books  i.-iv.),  were  almost  as  noted  as  those  of  his  father. 

39.  Rhesum :  Rhesus,  a  Thracian  king,  came  to  aid  the  Trojans,  but 
Ulysses  and  Diomed  entered  his  camp  and  killed  him  and  many  others  the 
night  of  his  arrival.  —  Dolon,  a  Trojan  scout,  was  killed  on  the  same 
occasion  by  a  trick. 

40.  ut,  how. 

43.   uno,  i.e.  Diomed. 

46.  Ismariis,  of  Ismarus,  a  mountain  of  Thrace. 

47.  vestris,  of  you  and  your  comrades. 


136  Notes. 

48.   IlioS;  nominative. 

50.  dempto  fine,  without  end,  or  forever. 

51.  al\i&,for  other  wives. 

52.  incola,  etc. :  the  conquerors  often  colonized  a  captured  city,  the 
land,  cattle,  etc.,  passing  to  the  new  settlers. 

60.  mihl,/rt7w  me  (§  229;  G.  344,  r.^;  H.  385,  2);  really  a  dative  of 
the  person  interested. 

62.  cliarta  =  epistola. 

d^i.   Pylon :  Pylos  was  reigned  over  by  Nestor,  son  of  Neleus. 

67.  moenia  PhoeM:  the  walls  of  Troy  were  built  by  Apollo  and 
Neptune, 

68.  votis,  i.e.  for  a  speedy  end  of  the  war. 

69.  scirem,  etc.,  sc.  si  starent  moenia. 

75.  quae  vestra  libido  est,  such  is  your  lustfulness ;  vestra,  not 
tua,  because  she  refers  not  to  Ulysses  alone,  but  to  men  in  general. 

79.  fallar,  etc.,  optative  subjunctive. 

80.  revertendi  liber,  y/^t'^  to  return. 

82.  cogit,  attempts  to  compel. 

83.  increpet,  subjunctive  depending  upon  licet  (§  331,7^  R.;  G.  546, 
R.3;   H.  499,  2)\  so  dicar  depends  upon  oportet. 

87.  Dullchium,  an  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Achelous;  Samos,  an 
island  off  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor;  Zacynthos,  now  Zante,  one  of  the 
group  near  Ithaca. 

91.   Pisapdrum,  etc.,  names  of  suitors. 

94.  tuo  sanguine  qualifies  partis  (from  pario) . 

95.  Irus,  a  beggar,  favored  by  the  suitors.  —  edendi  limits  ultimus 
pudor,  a  most  shameful  eater. 

98.  liaertes  was  the  father,  Telemachus  the  son,  of  Ulysses. 

99.  ademptus :  when  Telemachus  went  to  Pylos  to  seek  news  of  his 
father,  the  suitors  lay  in  wait  to  kill  him,  but  he  was  saved  by  Minerva. 

103.  Mnc  faciunt,  besides  these  are  couftted. 

104.  cura  =  curator,  the  swineherd  Eumseus. 

105.  ut  qui  sit,  as  one  who  is  (clause  of  characteristic)  i.e.  since 
he  is. 

108.  erat  tuenda,  ought  to  be  protected.  —  ilia,  sc,  aetas. 

109.  pellere,  infinitive  expressing  purpose;  cf.  v.  y]. 

no.   portus  et  aura,  haven  of  safety  and  breath  of  air  ;  she  calls  him 
so  because  he  is  so  longed  for  and  so  necessary. 
n6.   ut,  although. 


Shorter  Poems.  137 

III.    AMORES. 
I.    The  Poet  of  Idleness. 

I.  15.  quid,  why?  —  livor:  properly,  a  livid  color;  figuratively, 
malice, 

3.  non  me:  these  accusatives  with  infinitive  are  dependent  upon 
obicis.  The  only  honorable  careers  for  a  Roman  youth  of  good  family 
were  war  and  law,  or  statesmanship;  hence  Ovid  speaks  of  being  re- 
proached for  adopting  poetry  as  his  profession. 

6.  foro :  the  courts  of  justice  as  well  as  some  of  the  public  assemblies 
(those  of  the  tribes)  were  held  in  the  Forum.  —  Ingrato,  unremtinerative, 

8.  niihi,  dative  of  the  person  interested,  who  is.  here  the  same  as  the 
agent. 

9.  Maeonides,  Homer;  Tenedos,  an  island;  Ide,  a  mountain,  and 
Simois,  a  river  near  Troy. 

II.  Ascraeus,  Hesiod  of  Ascra,  whose  "Works  and  Days"  treat  of 
the  operations  of  agriculture. 

13.  Battiades,  Callimachus  (about  250  B.C.),  a  native  of  Cyrene,  a 
city  ruled  by  a  dynasty  of  Battiadae.  Ovid's  judgment  of  this  poet  in  the 
next  verse  is  probably  sound. 

15.  cothurno,  buskin;  a  hi^h  shoe  worn  in  tragedy,  put,  therefore,  for 
tragic  poetry. 

16.  Aratus  (about  250  B.C.)  wrote  on  Astronomy. 

17.  fallax  servus,  etc.,  characters  of  the  new  Attic  comedy,  the  chief 
writer  of  which  was  Menander  (342-291  B.C.). 

19,  Ennius,  the  earliest  great  Roman  epic  poet  (239-169  B.C.);  his 
poetry  was  greatly  admired,  but  seemed  to  later  critics  to  lack  finish  (arte 
carens).  —  Acclus,  a  Roman  tragic  poet  (170  to  about  94  B.C.). 

21.  Varronem:  not  the  celebrated  antiquary  (116-27  B.C.),  but 
Varro  Atacinus  (82-37  B.C.),  who  translated  among  other  things  the  Argo- 
nautica  of  ApoUonius  Rhodius.  —  primam  ratem,  the  ship  Argo,  in 
which  Jason  sailed  for  the  golden  fleece. 

22.  Aesonio  duci,  i.e.  Jason;   dative  of  agent. 

23.  l<ucretius,  a  sublime  poet  upon  philosophy :  De  Rerum  Nature 
(about  98-55  B.C.). 

25.  Tityrus,  a  character  in  Virgil's  first  Eclogue.  —  fruges,  the  sub- 
ject of  the  Georgics.  —  Aeneia  anna,  the  ^neid. 

2^.  Tibullus,  a  favorite  poet  of  love,  of  Ovid's  own  time.  Ovid 
laments  his  death,  Am.  iii.  9. 


138  Notes. 

29.  Gallus,  another  elegiac  poet,  contemporary  of  Ovid,  also  renowned 
as  a  soldier,  in  east  and  west :  Lycoris  was  the  name  of  his  mistress. 

31.  cum,  though. 

34.  Tagi :  a  river  of  Spain,  then  famed  for  its  gold  mines. 

36.  Castalia :  a  fountain  at  Delphi,  sacred  to  Apollo. 

37.  TKiyrtuni :  this  plant  was  sacred  to  Venus. 

38.  solUcito  aiiiante  (abl.  abs.),  while  lovers  are  anxious, 

39.  fata,  death, 

2.   Elegy  on  a  Parrot. 

II.  6.  2.  ex.'&^^yiX^k,^,  funeral  procession  ;  in  the  expression  ^xjif^e/?«j 
ire,  the  accusative  is  regularly  used  without  a  preposition. 

7.  quod  scelus  ista  querella,  that  lamentation  for  the  crime  which^ 
etc.  —  Isniarii,  Thracian  ;  this  was  Tereus,  king  of  Thrace.  —  Philo- 
mela, the  nightingale. 

8.  expleta,  etc.,  i.e.  you  have  lamented  long  enough  for  that. 

9.  devertere,  imperative. 

10.  Itys,  son  of  Tereus,  served  up  to  him  by  his  wife  Progne,  and  her 
sister  Philomela,  in  revenge  for  an  atrocious  crime. 

15.  juvelils  Plioceus,'Pylades,  son  of  King  Strophius  of  Phocis,  and 
friend  of  Orestes. 

17.  rari  coloris,  genitive  of  quality  (§  215;  G.  364;  H.  396,  v.). 
19.   ut,  when. 

21.  liebetare,  make  dull. 

22.  Punlca,  of  Tyrian  dye,  a  deep  crimson.  —  croco,  saffron,  with 
rubro,  of  a  reddish  yellow,  or  orange. 

23.  vocum,  genitive,  depending  upon  simulantior  (§  218,  b;  G. 
374;  H.  399,  ii.). 

2^,  flant  anus,  i.e.  grow  old. 

29.  minimo,  abl.  of  means,  not  of  fulness.  — prae  sermonis  amore, 
by  reason  of  your  love  of  talking. 

30.  ora,  synecdochical  accusative. 

34.  auctor,  prophet. 

35.  invisa  Minervae:  the  crow  had  lost  the  favor  of  Minerva  by 
prating  (see  Met.  ii.  551). 

36.  vix  moritura :  the  longevity  of  the  crow  has  always  been  prover- 
bial. 

38.   extremo  ab  OYhe,,from  the  ends  of  the  earth. 

40.  suis,  i.e.  of  their  years. 

41.  Phylacidae,  Protesilaus,  the  tirst  slain  of  the  Greeks  at  the  siege 


Shorter  Poems.  139 

of  Troy;   Thersites,  a  loud-mouthed  and  mutinous  soldier  in  the  Grecian 
army  at  Troy. 

44.  per  mare  rapta,  sivept  to  nought. 

45.  septima  lux,  i.e.  of  his  illness. 

46.  vacuo  colo :  the  thread  of  his  life  had  been  spun  out.  The 
Paraey  or  Fates,  were  represented  as  spinning  out  the  thread  of  life. 

48.    Corinna,  the  name  of  the  girl  referred  to  in  v.  43. 

54.  unica,  the  only  one  of  his  kind.  The  belief  of  the  ancients  was 
that  there  was  but  one  phoenix  at  a  time,  and  upon  his  death  a  young  one 
sprang  from  his  ashes. 

55.  ales  Junonia,  the  peacock. 

61.  coUlgor,  etc.,  it  is  inferred  from  my  very  tomb  that  /,  etc.  (§  330, 
d;   G.  528,  R.;   H.  534,  I,  n1.). 

%2.  ora  fuere  mlhi,  etc.,  /  had  a  mouth  taught  to  speak  more  tha^t 
{would  he  expected  of)  a  bird. 

3.   Farewell  to  the  Loves. 

III.    15.    I.   mater  Amorum,  Venus. 

2.  meta:  a  conical  pillar,  or  goal,  at  the  end  of  the  Circus,  about 
which  the  chariots  turned  in  the  race,  of  course  often  grazing  it.  — -  elegis, 
dative  of  agent. 

3.  quos  relates  to  elegis  (^Amores).  —  Peligni:  see  Life  of  Ovid. 

5.  ordinis,  sc.  equestris :  this  was  an  aristocracy  of  wealth  in  Rome; 
here  it  appears  to  indicate  a  class  of  country  gentlemen,  to  which  Ovid 
says  his  family  belonged. 

6.  mllitiae  turbine :  referring  to  the  parvenu  aristocracy  which  had 
sprung  from  the  civil  wars. 

7.  CatuUo,  a  lyric  poet  of  extraordinary  merit,  who  lived  about  a 
generation  before  Ovid  (B.C.  ^'j'). 

9.  coegerat  ad.  arma,  in  the  Social  or  Italian  War,  B.C.  90.  This 
was  a  revolt  of  the  Italian  allies,  among  them  the  Peligni,  to  force  from 
Rome  an  equahty  of  political  rights. 

15.  Amathusia,  an  epithet  of  Venus,  from  Amathus,  a  city  of 
Cyprus. 

16.  aurea,  ^ic,  pluck  up  your  golden  standards ,  i.e.  decamp. 

17.  corniger:  Bacchus  was  sometimes  represented  with  horns,  as  a 
symbol  of  the  powers  of  nature;  it  was  chiefly  in  his  mystic  worship  (see 
Tib.  ii.  I,  3). 

18.  area  major:  this  refers  to  his  undertaking  greater  works,  —  the 
Metamorphoses  and  the  Fasti. 


I40  Notes, 

IV.     TRISTIA. 

I.   Banished  from  Rome. 

I.   3.   6.   finibus,  abl.  of  separation.  —  Ausoniae,  Italy. 
7.    spatium,  tii?te. 

15.  extremuin,/7r  the  last  time. 

1 6.  modo  de  inultis,  from  inany  a  short  time  before;  they  had 
dwindled  to  one  or  two. 

19.  nata,  his  daughter  Perilla. 

20.  certior,  informed, 

22.   non  taciti  funeris,  of  a  funeral  with  loud  lamentations. 

30.   f  rustra,  in  vain,  for  he  was  not  saved  from  banishment. — lari,  abode. 

32.  jam,  again, 

35.  sero,  etc. :  taking  up  a  shield  after  one  is  wounded  is  like  shutting 
the  stable  door  after  the  horse  is  stolen.  Ovid  feels  that  it  is  now  too  late 
to  defend  himself. 

36.  odlis,  ablative  of  deprivation. 

37.  caelesti  viro,  Augustus. 
40.   deo,  i.e.  Augusto. 

44.  exstinctos :  the  hearth  fire  was  out,  for  the  master  of  the  house 
was  banished. 

48.  Parrhasls,  Arcadian ;  the  Great  Bear  was  originally  an  Arcadian 
maiden,  a  companion  of  Diana,  named  Callisto. 

50.    fugae,  exile. 

57.   vale  dicto,  ablative  absolute. 

62.   utraque,  i.e.  for  either  reason. 

66.   Thesea,  i.e.  with  the  love  of  Theseus  for  Pirithous. 

68.   \\i.\XLQ,TO,  counted  as  gain. 

72.   IJucifer,  the  morning  star  (the  planet  Venus). 

75.  Mettus  {Fufetius'),  king  of  Alba,  who  was  thus  punished  for 
treachery  by  Tullus  Hostilius  (Liv.  i.  28) . 

^i^.  et  mihi  facta  via  est,  for  me,  too,  the  ivay  is  made  ready.  — 
ultima,  7^ r  distant. 

86,    Caesar  erit,  shall  be  Ccssar,  i.e.  a  ruler  whom  I  cannot  disobey. 

88.  iitilitate,  i.e.  that  this  was  best.  —  maniis,  i.e.  like  a  captive. 

89.  ferri,  the  technical  term  for  carrying  upon  the  bier. 

92.  sem(i)animis,  only  four  syllables  (§  347,  d,  R.).  —  media  domo, 
abl.  of  place  (§  258,/  2;   G.  ^^6',   H.  425,  2,  N.2). 

100,  meiffor  me;  objective  genitive,  limiting  respeetu. 


Shorter  Poems.  141 


2.    7'he  Exile's  Sick- Chamber. 

III.   3.   2.   eram,  epistolary  imperfect  (§  282;  G.  244;   H.  472,  i). 

5.  aniini,  partitive  genitive  with  quid.  —  regione,  locative  ablative. 

6.  inter,  among^  not  between;  for  both  these  tribes  were  north  of 
Tomi :  the  Sauromatae  {Sarmaicc)  inhabited  Southern  Russia,  the  Getoe, 
the  modern  Moldavia  and  Wallachia. 

8.   nescio  quo  modo,  so?nehow. 

10.  ApoUinea :  ^sculapius,  god  of  healing,  was  son  of  Apollo. 

16.  parte,  than  a  part^  i.e.  you  hold  my  whole  heart. 

19.  sic  qualifies  aliena  locutuin=  been  delirious, 

22.  restituenda,  sc.  erit. 

2.2^.  nuntiet  aliquis,  let  some  one  announce^  i.e.  if  any  one  should  say . 

31.  quantum  erat,  how  great  a  task  would  it  have  been. 

33.  fuisset  praecepisset,  should  have  been^  etc.;  pluperfect  subjunc- 
tive, denoting  an  unfulfilled  obligation  in  past  time  (§  266,  f). 

35.  integer,  i.e.  unharmed  by  exile. 

41.  doniinae,  of  my  ivife. 

47.  ut  audieris,  when  you  hear  it ;  future  perfect. 

57.  ferendo,  by  bearing  them. 

58.  rude,  inexperienced. 

62.   Samii  senis,  Pythagoras.  —  rata,  authentic. 

65.  referantur:  z.i\.tx  facio,  especially  in  the  imperative,  tit  is  often 
omitted. 

67.  fratrem,  Polynices;  who  was  killed  in  the  war  of  *'  the  Seven 
against  Thebes,"  and  buried  by  his  sister  Antigone,  contrary  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  tyrant  Creon. 

70.  suburbano :  the  Roman  tombs  were  along  the  sides  of  the  roads 
which  led  from  the  city. 

72.   tituli,  inscription^  limits  notis  (§  214,/;   G.  359;   H.  396,  vi.). 

77.  majora  monumenta,  predicate. 

81.  exstincto,  sc.  mihi,  to  me  when  I  am  dead.  —  feralia  munera : 
gifts  carried  to  the  grave  of  the  departed;  there  was  a  special  festival 
styled  Feralia,  celebrated  Feb.  21. 

%%.  vale,  i.e.  ^ 


3.    To  Perilla. 

I.   perarata,  written,  lit.  ploughed  through;   for  the  ancients  often 
wrote  by  scratching  with  a  pointed  stylus  upon  wax-covered  tablets.  — ■ 


142  Notes, 

Perillam :  Perilla  was  Ovid's  daughter.  She  inherited  something  of  her 
father's  poetic  talent  (see  vv.  11-32). 

6.   nee  mora,  sc.  est,  immediately. 

8.  mala  nostra,  my  woes.  — levata,  sc.  esse. 

10.   cogere,  depending  upon  reverti,  is  equivalent  to  ad  cogendum. 

12.  non  patrio  is  explained  in  the  next  line,  for  a  maiden  to  whom 
nature  had  given  mores  ptidicos  could  not  write  in  Ovid's  earlier  manner. 

15.  hoc,  i.e.  ingenium. — Pegasidas  nndas,  the  waters  of  Hippo- 
crene,  a  spring  on  Mount  Helicon  in  Boeotia,  sacred  to  the  Muses;  hence 
used,  like  Castalia,  to  mean  poetry.  ITippocrene  was  said  to  have  sprung 
forth  under  the  hoof  of  the  winged  horse  Pegasus. 

16.  male  limits  periret. 

19.  igneSj^^r*?^,  \.Q.  genius.  —  idem,  nominative  plural 

20.  Ijesbia,  vSappho,  the  Lesbian  poetess. 

24.   tui,  objective  genitive  with  judex,  equivalent  to  tiius. 

26.  cessares :  the  subjunctive  occasionally  follows  ubi  in  clauses 
having  the  force  of  general  conditions.  This  is  very  rare  in  Ovid  and  his 
contemporaries,  but  becomes  more  common  in  later  writers.  —  causa 
ruboris  :  she  blushed  for  her  negligence. 

27.  exemplo,  by  example,  i.e.  dreading  my  fate. 

28.  tu  .  .  .  meae,  jv^^^  also  have  folloived  the  acts  of  my  punishjuent, 
i.e.  have  given  up  writing  or  changed  your  style.  But  the  line  may  be 
corrupt,  and  several  emendations  have  been  proposed. 

32.   sacra,  because  poetry  was  sacred  to  the  Muses.  ^ 

36.   strepitum  non  faclente,  noiseless. 

40.  censibus,  riches.^  as  estimated  by  the  census. 

41.  id  quodcumque,  whatever  (that  whichever). 

42.  Irus,  the  beggar  in  the  Odyssey;  Croesus,  a  king  of  Lydia. 
These  two  are  proverbial  examples  of  poverty  and  wealth. 

45.  cum,  although. 

46.  mihi,  dative  of  reference  (§  229;  G.  344,  R.^;  H.  385,  2)  equiva- 
lent to  an  ablative  of  separation. 

53.   maneat,  subjunctive  of  wish. 

4.    Winter  Scenes  in   Thrace. 

III.    10.    3.   suppositum  agrees  with  me,  and  governs  stellis.     The 

stars  which  never  touch  the  sea  (i.e.  set)  are  the  north  star  and  those  near 
it.     He  who  is  under  them  is  in  the  far  north. 

5.  Bessi,  natives  of  Thrace:   for  the  others  see  III.  3,  6. 

6.  quam  qualifies  non  digna,  how  unworthy. 


Shorter  Poems. 


143 


7.   medio,  iniervening,  i.e.  between  us  and  the  savages. 
12.   axe  treinente,  the  pole^  poetically  represented  as  quivering  with 
the  earth's  weight. 

19.  braccis :  trousers  were  unknown  to  Greeks  and  Romans  until 
they  came  in  contact  with  Gauls  and  Sarmatians. 

20.  ova>,facc, 

23.  nucla,  harc^  i.e.  without  the  jar. 

27.  papyrifero  ainne,  the  Nile. 

28.  niulta  ora,  seven  according  to  Ovid  (Trist.  ii.  189) ;  according  to 
Tacitus  (Germ.  i)(| there  were  six:  scptiinu/n  os pahtdihus hattntur.  The 
Danube  was  known  to  the  ancients  in  its  lower  course  by  the  name  His/c7% 
and  afterwards  in  its  upper  waters  as  the  Dajtiibius.  —  vasto  freto,  the 
Black  Sea. 

34.  plaustra:  the  Sarmatians,  a  nomadic  race,  dwelt  in  carts  drawn 
by  oxen. 

38.   lubrica  testa,  a  slippery  shell,  i.e.  ice. 

41.  Leandre:  the  youth  Leander  swam  across  the  Hellespont  from 
Abydos  to  Sestos,  to  visit  his  mistress  Hero. 

43.   pandi,     infmi-  Yxg.bx. 

tive  expressing  the  pur- 
poses of  toUere  (§  273, 
€',  G.  424,  R.4;  11.533, 
ii.). 

45.  alls :  the  winds 
were  personified  as 
winged  creatures,  and 
are  so  represented  in 
art.     (See  Fig.  61.) 

52.  reduudatas, 
brimming. 

53.  aeauato,  made  Boreas. 
level,  so  that  they  could  ride  iipon  it. 

55.   equo  pollens,  hke  the  Cossacks  of  the  present  day. 

64.  tinctile,  from  being  dipped, 

65.  perdunt,  destroy, 

72.  lacus,  vats, 

73.  Acontius,  who  wrote  upon  an  apple  the  words  Per  Dianam  jura 
me  Acontii  futuram  conjttge7n,  and  laid  it  where  his  mistress  Cydippe 
should  pick  it  up.  As  soon  as  she  had  read  off  the  words,  she  was  held 
bound  by  the  solemn  vow. 


144  Notes, 


5^    77i€  Foefs  Autobiography. 

IV.  10.  I.  qui  fuerim  depends  upon  ut  noris,  which  depends  upon 
accipe. 

3.    gelidis  imdis :  it  was  in  the  mountain  region  of  the  PeKgni. 

6.  cecidit,  etc. :  e.g.  43,  when  both  consuls,  Ilirtius  and  Pansa,  were 
killed  in  the  civil  war,  before  Mutina. 

7.  usque  a  proavis:  see  note,  Am.  iii.  15,  5,  where  the  same  line 
occurs.  0 

10.  quater  qualifies  trilbus,  and  tribus  mensibus  is  ablative  of  the 
degree  of  difference  (§  250;  G.  400;  H.  423) ;  foztr  fijjies  three  months  before. 

12.  liba :  the  cakes  offered  to  the  genius  or  inborn  spirit  on  the  birth- 
day. These  were  made  of  flour,  cheese,  and  eggs  and  honey  was  usually 
poured  over  them. 

13.  festis  quinque,  sc.  diebus  :  the  Quinquatria  (also  Quinqiiatrus') 
or  five  days'  festival  of  Minerva,  began  March  19,  and  the  gladiatorial 
shows  began  on  the  second  day.  Ovid's  birthday  was  then  the  20th  of 
March. 

15.  teneri,  predicate  adjective,  tvhile  we  are  young. 

16.  ab  arte,  from  their  professional  skill. 
22.   Maeonides,  Homer. 

2Ty,   Helicone,  the  Boeotian  mountain  sacred  to  the  Muses. 

24.  soluta  modis,  devoid  of  rhythm^  i.e.  prose. 

25.  numeros,  measures. 

28.  liberior  toga,  the  toga  virilis,  the  ordinary  dress  of  a  Roman 
gentleman,  was  assumed  at  about  the  age  of  sixteen,  on  the  festival  of  the 
Liberalia,  March  17.  Before  this  age  boys  wore  the  toga  prcttexta,  bor- 
dered with  purple. 

29.  lato  clavo :  this  was  a  broad  purple  stripe  running  up  and  down 
the  front  of  the  tunic  or  body-garment:  it  was  the  mark  of  senatorial 
dignity,  and  was  also  given  by  Augustus  to  a  special  body  of  the  wealthier 
equites,  —  thB  illustres,  —  who  were  thus  marked  as  being  destined  to  the 
Senate  and  a  political  career. 

30.  studium,  taste. 

33.  primos  lionores,  the  first  steps  of  honor  ;  no  person  could  aspire 
to  the  higher  offices  until  he  had  held  certain  lower  positions.  The  first 
grade  was  usually  the  vigintiviratus,  or  occupancy  of  one  of  the  group  of 
twenty  magistracies;  this  was  a  step  to  the  quosstorship,  but  did  not 
entitle  him  to  a  seat  in  the  Senate.  The  office  held  by  Ovid  was  probably 
that  of  triumvir  capitalist  police  commissioner.     There  were,  however, 


SJiorter  Poems.  145 

two  other  boards  of  three,  the  frittz/nriri  noclw^ni  and  mojue/a/es,  having 
charge  of  the  night  poUce  and  of  the  mint. 

35.  curia  restabat,  the  Senate-house  remained,  i.e.  the  next  step  in 
Ovid's  political  career  would  have  l>een  entrant  into  the  Senate,  but  as 
he  did  not  care  to  pursue  a  political  career,  he  'exchanged  the  broad  sena- 
torial strijDe  for  the  narrow  equestrian. — -coaeta  est,  loas  narrowed. 

39.  Aoniae  sorores,  the  Muses,  whose  sacred  mountain,  Helicon, 
was  in  Boeotia,  anciently  called  Aonia. 

41.   poetas,  i.e.  those  enumerated  below. 

44.  3Iacer :  he  wrote  a  poem  on  birds,  herbs,  etc.,  not  a  line  of  which 
is  extant. 

45.  Propertiiis,  an  elegiac  poet  of  remarkable  merit. 

46.  sodalicio  :  they  were  members  of  the  same  sodalitas. 

47.  Ponticus,  who  wrote  a  Thebaid :  there  was  more  than  one  poet 
of  the  name  of  Bassus.  — lieroo,  sc.  versu. 

50.   Ausonia,  Italian.     Horace  himself  claims 


Princeps  Aeolium  carmen  ad  Ital 
Deduxisse  modos-  —  Od.  iii.  30,  : 


iii.  30,  13, 

51.   Vergilium,  Tibullo :  these  poets  both  died  19  B.C.  when  Ovid 
was  twenty-four  years  old.  —  tantum,  only,  qualifies  vidi. 
53.    Oalle:  see  note,  Am.  i.  15,  29. 

56.  Thalia,  properly  the  Muse  of  Comedy,  is  mentioned  here  simply 
as  a  Muse  :  Thalia  iriea,  7)iy  poetry, 

57.  legi:  it  was  customary  in  Rome  for  authors  to  read  their  works 
in  public  as  a  sort  of  advertisement  before  pul)Ucation. 

60.  Corinna :  see  note  Am.  ii.  6,  48 ;  it  has  been  conjectured  that  she 
was  Julia,  daughter  of  Augustus,  and  that  an  intrigue  with  her  may  have 
been  the  cause  of  Ovid's  banishment. 

(i6.    moveret :  subjunctive  in  a  clause  of  characteristic. 

67.  ciini,  although.  —  hie  =■  talis,  such  an  one,  as  described  in  the 
line  before  and  in  the  following  words.  —  ignG,yire  of  love. 

68.  fabula,  scandal. 

69.  paene  puero,  hardly  more  than  a  hoy. 

70.  tempus  per  breve :  Ovid  was  divorced  from  his  first  wife  as  well 
as  his  second  (z/.  72). 

75.  filia :  Perilla,  to  whom  Trist.  iii.  7  is  addressed,  for  Ovid  seems  to 
have  had  but  one  daughter. 

78.  lustrls :  as  the  lustrum  is  generally  reckoned  at  five  years,  this 
would  make  his  father  ninety  at  the  time  of  his  death  (but  see  below,  note 
on  V.  95). 


146  Notes. 

80.  fuit,  with  fleturus,  equivalent  to  flevissct  (§  308,  d-,  G.  599,  r.^; 
H.  511,  2. — justa,  due  (funeral)  I'ites. 

83.   me,  exclamatory  ace,  though  in  v.  81  the  nominative  ib  used. 

85.    exstinctis,  the  dead.  —  aliquid  nisi,  something  besides, 

S^j.   pareiitales  umbrae,  shades  of  my  parents. 

%^.  in  Stygio  foro,  in  the  Stygian  courts  i.e.  in  the  court  of  the 
lower  world.  —  crimina  nostra,  charges  against  me, 

90.  errorem,  a  mistake.  This  is  one  of  Ovid's  clearest  utterances 
concerning  the  cause  of  his  banishment,  but  it  throws  little  light  upon  the 
subject  (cf.  V.  loi). 

91.  studiosa  pectora,  eager  hearts  of  my  friends  who  wish  to  know 
of  my  life. 

95.  ortus,  I)irth.  —  Pisaea  oliva:  the  reward  of  the  victor  in  the 
Olympic  games  (held  in  the  territory  of  Pisa)  was  a  crown  of  wild  olive. 
As  these  games  came  once  in  four  years,  decies  victor  would  naturally  mean 
forty  years;  he  was,  however,  fifty  at  the  time  of  his  banishment,  and  we 
can  account  for  the  discrepancy  only  by  supposing  that  he  reckoned  the 
Olympiad  at  five  years,  an  almosl  inconceivable  blunder.  Mommsen  ex- 
plains it,  however  {Rom.  Chron.  p.  170),  by  calling  attention  to  the  con- 
fusion of  the  ancients  themselves  in  regard  to  the  expression  quinto  quoque 
anno,  for  the  period  in  the  Julian  calendar  :  "  the  poet,"  he  says,  "  rightly 
supposed  that  the  Olympiad  and  the  Julian  lustra  \deccm  lustris  peractis. 
Ibis,  i],  were  of  equal  length,  and  very  wrongly  supposed  the  latter  to  be 
five  years." 

97,   ad  laeva,  i.e.  as  one  sails  out  from  the  Bosporus. 

99.   nimium  qualifies  nota. 

103.   indignata  est,  disdained. 

105.  per  otia,  in  peace,  limiting  ductae. 

106.  temporis,  i.e.  of  the  exigency,  or  the  new  life  into  which  he  was 
thrown.  —  arma :  the  arms  adapted  to  the  occasion  seem  to  have  been 
self-control  and  submission, 

110.  Sarmatis  (patrial  adj.  fern.)  agrees  with  ora. 

112.  quo  possum,  the  only  thing  with  which  I  can  do  so, 

113.  quod,  object  of  referatur,  refers  to  carmine. 

114.  sic,  even  thus, 

115.  quod  vivo,  etc.,  sul)stantivc  clauses  depending  upon  gratia 
(sc.  est)  tibi  (§  lyy,  ^^-  542;   H.  540,  iv.). 

116.  lucis,  life. 

119,    ab  Histro :  the  Muse  takes  him  in  spirit  from  the  wild  banks  of 
the  Ister  to  the  very  home  of  the  Muses. 
122.    ab  exsequlis,  after  the  funeral. 


Shorter  Poems.  147 

126.   Jxy'SkW.^a^,  grudging. 

129.  veri  limits  qviid.     This  is  almost  the  same  as  the  last  line  of  the 
Metamorphoses. 

130.  protinus  ut  moriar,  although  I  should  die  at  once, 
132.  jure,  deservedly,  qualifies  carmine  tuli. 


V.     EX  PONTO. 
To  His  Wife, 


I.  4.  I.  deterior  aetas,  a  worse  age,  i.e.  old  age,  —  cams,  sc.  ca- 
pillis. 

4.  lusus,  the  antecedent  of  qui,  is  incorporated  in  the  relative  clause 
(§  200,  <^;   G.  618;   H.  445,  9). 
7,   altera,  a  second. 

9.  digerat,  should  distribute,  i.e.  allowing  one  evil  to  each  year. 

10.  Nestore :  Homer  says  that  the  Pylian  Nestor  lived  through  three 
generations  of  men,  i.e.  a  hundred  years. 

II.  ut,  hoiv, 

13.  novali,  fallow  la^id ;  the  ancients  did  not  practice  rotation  of 
crops,  but  let  the  land  lie  unused  part  of  the  time  to  preserve  its  fruitfulness. 

16.  non  interniissis  cursibus,  ivith  no  rest  from  races, 

1 7.  firma  ,  .  .  licet,  though  she  he  stroitg. 

18.  quae  .  .  .  aquis :  the  ancients  frequently  drew  their  ships  on 
land  for  repairs  and  to  prevent  rotting. 

22.  carpit,  gnaws  or  wears  away. 

23.  Aesone  natus,  Jason,  who  sailed  to  the  Euxine  for  the  golden 
fleece. 

29.  mihl  opposed  to  ille,  v.  27;  /^^  went  at  the  bidding  of  Pelias,  a 
petty  Thessalian  chieftain;  my  ruin  was  wrought  by  the  anger  of  Augustus, 
the  ruler  of  theo-world. 

30,  utraque  terra,  i.e.  the  country  to  the  east  and  to  the  west. 

36.  quae  tulit,  the  Argo,  built  under  the  supervision  of  Minerva. 

37.  Tiphys  was  helmsman  of  the  Argo.  —  Agenore  natus,  Phineus, 
who  aided  the  Argonauts  by  his  prophetic  power  (see  note  on  Met.  VII.  3). 

41.  Cupidinis  artes,  referring  to  the  love  of  Medea  for  Jason  (Met. 
VII.  9,  foil.). 

42.  quas  vellem,  etc.,  which  (i.e.  artes)  /  would  Love  had  never 
learned  from  me.    The  reference  is  to  Ovid's  earlier  poems,  especially  the 


148  Notes, 

An  Amaforia.  On  vellcm  didicisset  see  §  267,  ^;  G.  254,  R."-^;  vellem 
is  subjunctive  of  modesty  (§  311,  b;  Q.  602;  H.  486,  l),  followed  by  a 
substantive  clause  of  purpose  without  ut  (§  33i,y^R. ;  G.  546,  R.^;  H. 
499,  2). 

44.   dei,  Augustus. 

49.  taleni,  szic/i,  i.e.  old,  as  implied  by  insenuisse. 

51.  non  pingue,  7tot  plump  as  in  youth. 

52.  ciira  mei,  care  for  juc. 

57.   Meiiinonis  mater,  Aurora,  goddess  of  dawn. 


A   SPECIAL 


Vocabulary  to  Ovid 


COVERING  THOSE  PORTIONS   OF  HIS  WORKS 

CONTAINED  IN 

ALLEN  6-  GREENOUGH'S  OVID 

REVISED   EDITION 


By  J.  B.  GREENOUGH 


<fi9^<y 


Boston,  U.S.A.,  and  London 

PUBLISHED   BY  GINN   &  COMPANY 

I  891 


Entered  at  Stationers'  Hall. 


Copyright,  1891, 
By  J.  B.  GREENOUGH. 


All  Rights  Reserved. 


Typography  by  J.  S.  Gushing  &  Co.,  Boston,  U.S.A. 


Presswork  by  Ginn  ^  Co.,  Boston,  U.S.A. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 

a.  —  Actually  long  vowels  are  marked  without  reference  to  syllabic  quantity, 
and  all  vowels  (in  the  words  when  first  presented)  not  marked  long  are 
supposed  to  be  naturally  short,  although  the  syllable  may  be  long  by 
position.  The  pronunciation  will  of  course  depend  on  the  rules  learned 
from  the  grammar. 

[  ] .  — All  matter  in  square  brackets  is  etymological. 

[Gr.  AtoXos].— A  Greek  word  in  brackets  preceded  by  Gr,  indicates  that  the 
Latin  word  is  borrowed  from  the  Greek  one  given. 

[?] .  —  The  interrogation  in  brackets  marks  a  doubtful  etymology ;  after  a  word 
or  suggestion  it  indicates,  as  usual,  a  doubt,  or  a  suggestion  not  yet  gen- 
erally received.. 

fservo.  —  A  dagger  marks  a  stem,  or,  in  some  cases,  a  word  not  found  in 
Latin,  but  which  must  once  have  existed.  Such  stems  and  words  are 
printed  in  different  type. 

V^PBR.  —  The  radical  sign  is  used  for  convenience  to  indicate  a  root.  By  this 
is  meant  the  simplest  Latin  form  attainable  by  analysis ;  though,  strictly 
speaking,  a  root  is  impossible  in  Latin,  as  roots  had  ceased  to  exist,  as 
such,  ages  before  Latin  was  a  separate  language. 

as  if.  —  The  words  as  if  indicate  that  a  word  is  formed  according  to  such  an 
analogy,  though  the  actual  growth  of  the  word  may  have  been  different. 

cf .  —  Compare,  either  for  resemblance,  contrast,  or  etymological  kinship. 

wh.  — which. 

poss.  —  possibly. 

prob.  —  probably. 

unc.  —  uncertain. 

kin.  —  kindred,  kinship. 

(-).  —  a  hyphen  indicates  composition. 

(_|_).  —  The  plus  sign  indicates  derivation  by  addition  of  a  termination;  the 
process  originally,  of  course,  was  one  of  composition. 

reduced.  — The  word  reduced  indicates  the  loss  of  a  stem  vowel  either  in 
composition,  derivation,  or  inflection. 

strengthened. —  The  word  strengthened  indicates  a  vowel  change  by  which 
the  length  of  a  root  vowel  is  increased ;  as  ^/div.,  fDyau,  Vsnu,  fnau. 

weakened.  —  The  word  weakened  means  that  a  vowel  has  descended  the 
vowel  scale ;  as  from  a\o  o  or  e,  oXo  e  or  i,  etc. 

p.  —  present  participle. 

p.p.  —  past  participle. 

ger.  —  gerund  (or  gerundive). 

abl.  —  ablative. 

ace.  —  accusative. 

dat.  —  dative. 

compar.  —  comparative. 

superl.  —  superlative. 

Italics.  —  Matter  in  italics  is  for  translation ;  in  Roman,  is  explanatory  only. 


VOCABULARY. 


Note.  —  This  vocabulary  is  not  intended  to  serve  as  a  key,  but  only  to  show 
the  ideas  which  the  Romans  attached  to  the  words  given,  and  to  suggest  such 
English  expressions  as  will  serve  for  translation  after  the  ideas  are  discovered. 

In  using  it,  therefore,  the  pupil  should  acquaint  himself  with  the  idea,  and  if 
no  suitable  expression  in  English  occurs  to  him,  he  may  then  look  farther  to  find 
one  suggested.  If  the  collocation  of  ideas  is  one  that  is  strange  to  him,  he  may 
also  look  farther  to  see  in  what  peculiar  turns  the  Romans  used  such  a  collo- 
cation. But  he  should  never  be  content  to  find  the  translation  merely,  or  even 
first.  What  he  must  get  is  the  idea,  and  then  find,  in  his  own  vocabulary,  or 
through  some  suggestion,  an  appropriate  expression  in  his  own  language. 


a,  interj.,  see  ah. 

a,  prep.,  see  ab* 

ab  (a,  abs),  [gen.  or  abl.  of  same 
stem  as  ctTrti],  prep.,  away  fi'om 
(of.  ex,  out  of),  from  off.  — Esp. 
in  a  series  of  events  after  (from 
one  to  another).  —  Fig.  of  source, 
from.  —  With  the  passive,  to  de- 
note the  agent,  by.  —  With  differ- 
ent conn,  of  ideas  from  Eng.,  on, 
in,  in  respect  to,  for :  a  dextra, 
on  the  right ;  materno  a  san- 
guine, on  the  mother'' s  side ;  in- 
signis  ab  arte,  famous  for  his 
skill.  —  In  comp.  as  adv.,  from, 
away,  off. 

Abantiades,  -ae,  [Abanti-  (as  if 
stem  of  Abas)  +  ades],  m.,  de- 
scendant of  Abas,  king  of  Argos. 
—  Esp.  Perseus  (his  great-grand- 
son). 

abditus,  p.p.  of  abdo. 

abdo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditum,  [ab- 
do^], V.  tr.  3,  put  away.,  hide.  ■ — 
llence, plunge,  bury  (of  a  weapon) . 


— p.p.,  abditus,  retired,  concealed, 

hidden.  —  n.  pi.,  abdita,  hidden 

ways. 
abduco,  -cere,  -xi,  -ctum,   [ab- 

duco],  V,  tr.  3,  lead  away.  —  Less 

exactly,  take  away,  withdraw. 
abeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  [ab-eo],  v. 

intr.  irr.,  go  away,  go  off.  —  Fig., 

pass,  turn,  be  lost:   in  flammas, 

burst. 
abies,  -etis,  [?],  n.  3  i.,fir  (tree  or 

wood). 
abigo,  -ere,   -egi,    -actum,   [ab- 

ago],  V.  tr.  3,  drive  away,  —  Fig., 

dispel. 
ablatus,  p.p.  of  aufero. 
abluo,  -ere,  -lui,  -lutuin,  [ab-luo], 

V.  tr.  3,  wash  off,  wash,  bathe. 
aboleo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  [ab-foleo, 

cf  obsolesco] ,  V.  tr.  2,  wear  away, 

waste  away,  destroy  (lit.  and  fig.). 
abripio,    -ere,    -ripui,    reptum, 

[ab-rapio],  v.  tr.  3,  snatch  from 

or  away,  drag  off,  carry  off,  tear 

away  ox  from. 


Vocabulary, 


abrumpoy  -ere,  -rupi,  -ruptum, 

[ab-rumpo],  v.  tr.  3,  break  off, 
break  aivay,  break  {off').  —  p.p., 
abruptus,  broken. 

abruptus,  p.p.  of  abrumpo. 

abscedo,  -ere,  -essi,  -essum,  [abs- 
cedo],  V.  intr.  3,  withdraw,  depart. 
—  Esp.,  revolt  from  (dat). 

abscondo,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditum, 
[abs-condo],  v.  tr.  3,  hide  away, 
hide.  —  Hence,  swallow. 

abstuli,  [abs-tuli],  perf.  of  au- 
fero. 

absum,  -esse,  aful,  afutnrus, 
[ab-sum],  v.  intr.  irr,,  be  away,  be 
off^,  be  far,  be  distant,  be  wanting, 
not  be  there,  not  be  among  (dat.), 
be  unknown  (poena  metusque), 
be  absent,  be  far  from  (helping; 
one)  :  tantum  abest,  so  far  is  it, 
etc.  — pres.  p.,  absens,  absent. 

absamo,  -ere,  -psi,  -ptum,  [ab- 
sumo],  V.  tr.  3,  {take  away),  con- 
sume,  exhaust,  waste  (lit.  and  fig.)., 

absumptus,  p.p.  of  absumo. 

abunde,  [old  abl.  of  fabundus 
(ab-unda)],adv.  (overflowingly) , 
in  full  measure,  abundantly. 

abundo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [abun- 
do-,  cf.  abunde],  v.  intr.  i,  over- 
flow. —  Less  exactly,  abound. 

ac,  see  atque. 

Acastus,  -i,  [Gr.  *'A/ca<7Toy],  m., 
son  of  Pelias,  king  of  lolcus,  en- 
gaged in  the  Calydonian  hunt. 

Acca,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  Acca  Laurentia, 
wife  of  the  shepherd  Faustulus, 
who  cared  for  Romulus  and 
Remus. 

accedo,  -ere,  -essi,  -essum,  [ad- 
cedo],  V.  intr.  3,  come  to,  approach, 
join ;  (from  mercantile  use  ?)  be 
added  to  (cf.  accession)  :  eodem, 
be  added  to  the  same  account. 

accendo,  -ere,  -cendi,  -censum. 


[ab-fcando,  cf.  candeo],  v.  tr. 
3,  light,  kindle,  set  on  fire.  — -  p.p., 
accensus,  inflames. 

accensus,  p.p.  of  accendo. 

accerso  (arcesso),  -ere,  -ivi, 
-itum,  [  ?],  V.  tr.  ^i^  fetch,  summon, 
send  for. 

accinctus,  p.p.  of  accingo. 

accingo,  -ere,  -nxi,  -nctum,  [ad- 
eingo],  V.  tr.  3,  gird  on.  — ■  Also, 
^Vi/ (with  a  thing).  —  Pass.,  ^V*^ 
on  (to  one's  self,  abl.),  arm  one^s 
self.  —  Hence,  gird  one*s  self 
arouse  one'^s  self  —  p.p.,  accinc- 
tus, girded,  armed. 

accipio,    -ere,    -cepi,    -ceptuin, 

/  [ad-capio],  v.  tr.  3,  take,  receive, 

\    accept.  —  Hence,  y^(f<a;r. 

accipiter,  -tris,  [unc.  stem  (akin 
to  oclor)  tpetris,  akin  to  peto], 
m.,  a  hawk. 

Accius,  -i,  [cf.  Acca],  m.,  L. 
Accius,  a  Roman  tragic  poet. 

acclinis,  -e,  [ad-clinis,  -^CLi  (cf. 
KKivfo),  +  is],  adj.,  leaning  (on 
something),  reclining,  lying  down, 

\    drooping. 

/acclivis,  -e,  [ad-clivus,  weak- 
ened], adj.,  sloping,  ascending. 

acclivus,  -a,  -um,  [ad-clivus], 
adj.,  ascending. 

acconimodo  (adc-),  -are,  -avi, 
-atum  [ad-comraodo],  v.  tr.  i, 
fit  to,  fit  on,  fit  (on), 

accumbo,  -ere,  -cubui,  -cubi- 
tum,  [ad-cumbo],  v.  intr.  3,  re- 
cline (esp.  at  dinner). 

acer,  -eris,  [?],  n.,  maple  (tree  or 
wood). 

acer,  -cris,  -ere,  [  y'AC  -f-  rus,  weak- 
ened], adj.  {sharp).  —  Y'lg.,  fierce, 
wild,  active,  bitter,  hot :  non  acer, 

'     not  too  hot. 

acernus,  -a,  -um,  [a.cer4- nus], 
adj.,  of  maple,  maple-  (as  adj.). 


Vocabulary, 


acerra,  -ae,  [?],  1,  casket^  box  (for 
incense), 

acervu«,  -i,  [acer  +  vus],  m.,  heap^ 
file, 

Achaia,  -ae,  [Gr.  'Axa(a],  f,  a  dis- 
trict in  the  northern  part  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus; also  Achaia  Phthiotis^ 
a  district  in  Thessaly.  —  I^ess  ex- 
actly, Greece, 

Achaicus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'Axai'fct^s], 
adj.,  Achcean.  —  Less  exactly,  Gre- 
cian. 

Achais,  -idos,  [Gr.  'Kx^is'],  f.  adj., 
Achcean,  —  Less  exactly,  Grecian  ; 
also  subst.,  Achaia,  Greece. 

Acheloides,  -um,  [Gr.  'AxeAcwis], 
f.,  daughters  of  the  yEtolian  river- 
godAchelous. —  Hence,  the  Sirens. 

Acheron,  -ontis,  [Gr.  ^Axepwj/],^^ 
m.,  a  river   of  the  lower  world. 

—  Hence,  the  lower  world.  —  Per- 
sonified, the  god  of  the  river. 

Achilles,  -is  (-i,  or  -ei) ,  [Gr.  *AxtA- 
AeiJs],  m.,  son  of  Peleus  and  the 
sea-goddess  Thetis,  the  greatest 
Grecian  warrior  in  the  Trojan  war. 

Achivus,  -a,  -um,  [as  if  Gr.  'Ax^i- 
f6s~\,  adj.,  Achcean.  — -Less  exactly, 
Grecian. 

ades,  -ei,  [  y^AC  -1-  ies,  perh.  through 
intermediate  stem] ,  f. ,  point,  edge, 
line.  —  Hence,  line  of  sight,  look, 
glance.  —  Transf.,  line  of  battle, 
war. 

Acis,  -idis,  [Gr.  "A/cis],  m.,  son  of 
Faunus  and  Symsethis,  changed 
to  a  river-god. 

aconitum,  -i,  [Greek],  n.,  poison. 

—  PL,  same. 
Acontius,  -i,  [Gr.  'A/ctJi/Tios],  m.,  a 

youth   from   the   island   of    Ceos, 
lover  of  Cydippe. 
acriter,  [acri  -1-  ter,  N.  of  -teros, 
cf.  alter,  utrum],  adv.,  sharply, 
fiercely,  violently  :  flare  {bitterly^ . 


Actaeon,  -onis,  [Gr.  ^KKTcd(av\,  m., 
son  of  Autonoe,  daughter  of  Cad- 
mus, torn  to  pieces  by  his  dogs. 
Actaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.,  ^A/cralos], 
adj.,  belonging  to  the  region  Acte. 
—  Hence,  Attic. 
actor,  -oris,  [^ag  (ago)  ■\-  tor], 
m  ,  driver,  mover,  doer,  performer. 
Actorides,   -ae,   m.  :    i.    an  Ethi- 
opian, Erytus,  son  of  an  unknown 
Actor;   2.  Patroclus,  the  friend  of 
Achilles;  3.  Actoridae,  -arum, 
Eurytus   and  Cleatus,  sons  of  the 
Messenian  Actor,  participants  in 
the  Calydonian  hunt. 
acumen,    -Inis,    (acii-    (stem    of 
acuo)  -\r  men],     n.,     sharpness, 
point:  sine  acumine, /£?2W/^jj. 
/kcuo,    -ere,    -ui,    -iitum,    [acu- 
(stem  of  acus,  lengthened)  +0], 
V.  tr.  3,  sharpen.  —  p.p.,  acutus  ; 
see  the  word. 
acus,  -US,    [y^AC-f  us],   f.,  {sharp 

thing,  point) ,  needle. 
aciitus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  acuo], 
adj.,  {sharpened),  sharp,  pointed, 
sharp-pointed.  • — ■  Transf.,    shrill  : 
vox. 
ad,    [case   of  unc.    stem,   cf.   ert], 
TpTCGip.,  towards,  to.- — Less  exactly, 
at,  for,  by  :  ad  radios  lunae ;  ad 
annum,  {yearly,  cf.  from  year  to 
year).  —  Adv.  in  comp.,  to,  on,  in, 
often  merged  in  verb. 
adamanteus,  -a,   -um,    [Greek], 
adj.,    of  adamant. —  Hence,   im- 
perishable, indestructible,  immor- 
tal. 
adamas,   -antis,    [Greek,    uncon- 
querable'], m.,  adamant  (a  fabled 
mixture  of  metals  supposed  to  be 
indestructible). 
adcommodo,  see  accommodo. 
laddicS,  -ere,  -dixi,  -dictum,  [ad- 
'     dico],  V.  tr.  3,  adjudge  to.  —  Hence 


Vocabulary. 


(from  decision  in  case  of  debt  or 
slavery),  consign  to  slavery^  en- 
slave. 

addo,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditum  [ad- 
(ioland2j^  V.  tr.  3,  put  on,  add  to, 
unite  with  :  se  {^join  one^s  self) ; 
nomina  rebus  (give) ;  adde  quod 
(consider  too).  '"*""       " 

addiieo,  -ere,  -xi,  -ctum,  [ad- 
duce], V.  tr.  3,  lead  to,  lead,  draw 
to,  draw  up.  —  p.p.,  adductus, 
tightened,  drawn  (of  a  bowstring). 

adductus,  p.p.  of  adduce. 

adedo,  -ere,  -edi,  -esum,  [ad- 
edo],  V.  tr.  3,  eat  into,  eat  t4p,  con- 
sume. 

adeS,  -ire,  -li,  -itum,  [ad-eo],  v. 
tr.  and  intr.  irr.,  go  to,  approach 
(ace). 

adeo,  [ad-eo],  adv.,  {to  that  point), 
to  that  degree,  so  much  (as  indi- 
cated by  what  goes  before)  :  us- 
que adeo  (to  that  degree) . 

adfecto  (aflf-),  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[adfecto-  (stem  of  adfectus,  cf. 
profectus],  v.  tr.  i,  (make  for), 
assail,  aim  at,  aspire  to. 

adfectus  (aff-),  -us,  [ad-factus, 
through  adficio],  m.,  feeling, 
emotion. 

adfero  (aflF-),  -ferre,  -tuli  (at- 
tuli),  -latum  (all-),  [ad-fero], 
V.  tr.  irr.,  bring  to,  bring,  supply. 

adficiS  (aff-),  -ere,  -feci,  -fec- 
tum,  [ad-facio],  v.  tr.  3,  (make 
in  any  condition),  affect,  affect 
(with  sickness).  —  Esp.,  injure. 
■ — -p-p.,  adfectus,  affectea,  injured 
(as  by  sickness). 

adfirmo  (aff-),  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[ad-firmo],  v.  tr.  i,  (establish  by 
assertion),  declare,  affirm  :  ad- 
firmo, /  can  affirm. 

adflatus  (aff*),  -us,  [ad-flatus, 
through   adfloj,   m.,   breath    (on 


anything,  as   affecting  it  well  or 

ill).  ^ 

adfligo  (aff-),  -ere,  -flixl,   -flic- 

tum,  [ad-fligo],  v.  tr.  3,  dash  (to 
or  on),  dash  down. 

adflo,  (aff-),  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[ad-flo],  V.  tr.  and  intr.  i,  breathe 
(on  anything),  blow  upon,  breathe 
upon  :  adflatum  venenum  (nox- 
ious  breath). 

adfor,  see  affor. 

adfore,  see  adsutn. 

adfundo  (aff),  -ere,  -fudi,  -fu- 
sum,  [ad-fundo],  v.  tr.  3,  pour 
on. — Less  exactly,  throw  on. — 
p.p.,  adfnsus,  throwing  one^s  self 
on. 

adgredior  (agg-),  -i,  -gressus, 
[ad-gradior],  v.  dep.  3,  (step 
towards,  esp.  with  hostile  intent), 
attack,  assail.  —  Also,  enter  upon, 
undertake. 

adhaereo,  -ere,  -haesi,  -haesum, 
[ad-haereo],  v.  intr.  2,  stick  to, 
cling  to,  be  caught,  ground  (of 
vessels) . 

adhibeo,  -ere,  -hibui,  -hibitum, 
[ad-habeo],  v.  tr,  2,  apply,  put, 
call  in  (deos) . 

adhuc,  [ad-huc  (cf.  adeo)],  adv., 
to  this  (time),  yet,  as  yet,  still  (not 
yet  ceased),  to  this  day,  even  yet, 
thus  far  (of  time). 

adlcio  (adj-),  -ere,  -jeci,  -jec- 
tum,  [ad-jacio],  v.  tr.  3,  apply 
(stimulos),  add. 

adigo,  -ere,  -egi,  -actum,  [ad- 
ago],  V.  tr.  3,  drive  to,  drive  (to), 
force. 

4dimo,  -ere,  -emi,  -emptum, 
y  I  [ad-emo,  in  its  orig.  meaning] ,  v. 
tr.  3,  take  from,  take  off,  rob  of, 
deprive  (ace.  with  dat.)  :  sucis 
ademptis  (by  the  loss  of  etc.)  ; 
Naso  ademptus  (the  lost  Naso). 


Vocabuldry, 


aditus,  -us,  [ad-itus,  through 
adeo],  m.,  approach,  entrance y  ac- 
cess :  aditu  car  ens,  {inaccessible^. 

adjace5,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [ad- 
jaceo),  V.  intr.  2,  lie  near^  be  fiear^ 
be  close  to. 

adjutrix,  -icis,  [ad-jutrix  (ju  + 
trix)],  f.,  abettor  (female),  assist- 
ant. 

adjutus^  p.p.  of  adjuvo. 

adjuvo,  -are,  -juvi,  -jiituni,  [ad- 
juvo], V.  tr.  I,  aid,  assist, 

adlevo,  see  allevo. 

adligO  (all-),  -are,  -avi,  -aturn, 
[ad-ligo],  V.  tr.  i,  bind  together. 

adloquor  (all-),-i,  -locutus,  [ad- 
loquor],  V.  dep.  3,  speak  tOy  ad- 
dress, accost. 

admirabilis,  -e,  [stem  of  admiror 
+  bills],  adj.,  admirable. 

admiror,  -ari,  -atus,  [ad-miror], 
V.  dep.  I,  marvel f  marvel  at, 
wonder. 

adinissus,  p.p.  of  admitto. 

admittS,  -ere,  -misi,  -missuin, 
[ad-mitto],  v.  tr.  3,  {let  go  to), 
admit.  —  Hence,  from  allowing, 
commit  (of  an  action).  —  From 
letting  go  reins,  let  go,  urge  on  (a 

'  horse,  etc.).  —  p.p.,  admissus, 
rapid,  swift:  passus  {rapid)-, 
aura  {swiftly  moving). 

admone^,  -ere,  -ui,  -Itum,  [ad- 
moneo],  v.  tr.  2,  remind,  suggest^ 
warn. 

admonitor,  -oris,  [ad-monitor, 
through  admoneo],  m.,  reminder, 
prompter :  operum  I^ucifer. 

admoveo,  -ere,  -movi,  -motum, 
[ad-moveo],  v.  tr.  2,  move  to,  bring 
near,  place  near,  —  Esp.,  harness 
(cf.  "put  to"),  apply,  use,  employ 
(as  in  medicine).  —  p.p.,  admo- 
tus :  admotae  herbae  {by  the  use 
of). 


Wnuo  (ann-),  -ere,  -nui,  -nutum, 

[ad-nuo],  V.  intr.  3,  nod  assent,  as- 
sent y  smile  upon  (an  undertaking) . 

adoleo,  -ere,  -ui,  -ultum,  [ad- 
oleo],  V.  tr.  2,  {add  by  grotvth,  cf. 
adoleseo).  —  Fig.,  magnify  (in 
religious  language),  sacrifice  to.  — - 
Trans,  burn,  kindle,  light. 

adoperio,  -ire,  -perui,  -pertum, 
[ad-operio],  v.  tr.  4,  cover  up, 
cover.  —  p.p.,  adopertus,  covered, 
enveloped,  enveloping  (as  middle), 
veiling. 

adoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ad- 
oro],  V.  tr.  \,  pray  to,  worship, 

adpareS,  see  appareo. 

adpello,  see  appello. 

adpono,  see  appono. 

adplico,  see  applico. 

adsiduus,  see  assiduus. 

adspicio,  see  aspicio. 

adsternS,  -ere,  -stravi,  -stratum, 
[ad-sterno],  v.  tr.  3,  prostrate  (on 
or  near) .  —  Pass.,  prostrate  one's 
self^ 

adstS  (asto),  -are,  -stiti,  no  sup., 
[ad-sto],  V.  intr.  I,  stand  by  or 
(near,  stand  (by  or  near). 

adstringo,  -ere,  -strinxi,  -stric- 

!/  turn,  [ad-stringo],  v.  tr.  3,  bind 
to,  bind,  catch  fast,  congeal  (gla- 
cies) . 

adsuesco,  see  assuesco. 

adsum,  -esse,  -fui  (aff-),  -futii- 
rus  (alT-),  [ad-sum],  v.  intr.  irr., 
be  there,  be  present,  be  at  hand,  be 
in  (trans,  by  have  with  change  of 
subj.),  attend,  come.  —  Esp.,  to  aid, 
aid,  assist. 

adulter,  -teri,  [ad-ulter  (cf.  ul- 
tra) ?],  m.,  adulterer. 

adulterium,  -i,  [adulter  +  ium], 
n.,  adultery. 

aduncus,  -a,  -um,  [ad-uncus], 
'  adj.,  curved,  crooked. 


Vocabulary. 


adaro,  -ere,  -ussi,  -ustum,  [ad- 
uro],  V.  tr.  3,  burn  (into),  scorch, 
—  Less  exact,  nip  (with  frost) . 

adveho,  -ere,  -vexi,  -vectum, 
[ad-veho],  v.  tr.  3,  bear  to,  carry ^ 
bear  (to). 
J  advena,  -ae,  [ad +t vena  (ven 
-j-  a,  cf.  agricola)],  m.,  newcomer 
(as  opposed  to  native),  stranger. 

advenio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventuin, 
[ad-venio],  v.  intr.  4,  come  to^ 
come,  arrive  at,  arrive. 

advento,  -are,  -avi,  -Stum,  [ad- 
tvento-,   through    advenio],    v. 
,/'  intr.  I,  come  (to). 

adventus,  -us,  [ad  -  f  ventus, 
through  advenio],  m.,  coming, 
arrival. 

adversus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  (of  ad- 
verto,  wh.  see)  as  adj.  or  petri- 
fied into  adv.  and  prep.,  turned 
towards,  exposed  to,  opposing,  in 
one's  face,  opposite,  facing,  in 
front  of :  in  adversnm  (against), 

adverto  (advorto),  -ere,  -verti, 
-versum,  [ad-verto],  v.  tr.  3, 
turn  (to).  —  Pass,  as  mid.,  turn 
(intr.).  —  Esp.  with  animum, 
attend  (to) .  —  Also  alone,  at- 
tend. 

advoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ad- 
voco],  V.  tr.  I,  call  to,  call  in,  call 
to  one^s  aid. 

advolo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ad- 
volo],  V,  intr.  i,  fly  up  (to  the 
rescue). 

adytum,  -i,  [Gr.  ii^vros,  unap- 
proachable^, n.,  inner  shrine, 
sanctuary. 

Aeacides,  -ae,  [ Aeaco  -f  des,  as  if 
Gr.],  m.,  son  or  descendant  of 
^acus  :  \.  Peleus ;  2.  Achilles, 

Aeas,  -antos,  [Gr.  Afas],  m.,  a  river 
in  Illyria,  generally  called  Aous. 

aedes,  -is,  [^/AED-l-es   (cf.   aes- 


tus)],  f.,  {hearth,  fireplace),  tem- 
ple.—  PL,  house. 

Aeeta  (Aeetes),  -ae,  [AI^tt^s], 
m.,  king  of  Colchis,  father  of 
Medea. 

Aeetias, -adls,  [imitation  of  Gr.], 
f.,  Medea,  daughter  of  ^etes. 

Aegaeon,  -onis,  [Gr.  h.l'ya.i(av\,  m.,  a 
marine  giant  with  a  hundred  arms. 

Aegaeus  (-eus),  -a,  -um,  [Gr. 
AiyaZosj,  adj.,  yEgean  (i.e.,  of  the 
^gean  Sea,  between  Greece  and 
Asia  Minor) . — Neut.,  with  or  with- 
put  mare,  the  j^gean  Sea. 

a<^ger,  -ra,  -rum,  [?  (cf.  ignis)], 
adj.,    sick,    disordered.  —  Transf., 

f'     sicken  ing  (luctus) . 

Aegeus,  -ei,  [Gr.  A/yetJs],  m.,  king 
of  Athens,  son  of  Pandion  and 
Pylia,  father  of  Theseus. 

Aegides,  -ae,  [imitation  of  Gr.], 
m.,  Theseus,  son  of  Aigeus,  king 
of  Athens. 

Aegina,  -ae,  [Gr.  Mjlvo],  t,  daugh- 
ter of  the  river-god  Asopus,  and 
mother  of  ^acus.  The  island  of 
-^gina,  opposite  Athens,  was 
named  after  her. 

aegis,  -idis,  [Gr.  aljis,  same  mean- 
ing], f.,  cEgis,  breastplate  (of  Jove 
and  Minerva). 

Aegyptius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Aiyv- 
TTTtos],  adj.,  Egyptian. 

Aello,  -OS,  [Gr.  'AeA^w],  f.,  (  Wind- 
blast),  one  of  Actseon's  hounds. 

aemulus,  -a,  -um,  [?  (cf.  imi- 
tor)],  adj.  (often  as  noun),  rival, 
emulating.  —  Esp.  m.  and  f.,  a  ri- 
val, 

Aeneades,  -ae,  [Aenea-  (as  stem 
of  Aeneas)  -f-  des],  m.,  descendant 
of  jEneas.  — As.  adj.,  Roman. 

Aeneas,  -ae,  [Gr.  AiVetas],  m.,  the 
hero  of  Virgil's  ^neid,  son  of 
Venus  and  Anchises. 


Vocabulary. 


Aeneius,  -a,  -um,  [Aenea  +  ins], 

adj.,     belonging    io    JEneas^     of 
Juntas. 

aeneusy  -a,  -um,  [aeno  +  eus], 
adj.,  of  copper,  of  bronze,  brazen. 

aenus,  -a,  -um,  [aes  +  nus],  adj., 
of  copper^  of  bronze^  brazen.  * —  Esp. 
n.  as  noun,  kettle. 

Aeolides,  -ae,  [Aeol6  4- des],  m., 
son  or  descendant  of  ^olus :  l. 
Athamas ;  2.  Sisyphus;  3.  Cepka- 
lus. 

Aeolius,  -a,  -um,  [Aeolo  +  ins], 
adj.,  of  ox  belonging  to  j^olus. 

Aeolus,  -i,  [Gr.  AYoXos],  m. :  \.  the 
god  of  the  winds,  son  of  Hippotes; 
2.  son  of  Hellen,  grandson  of  Deu- 
calion, and  father  of  Athamas  and 
Sisyphus. 

aequalis, -e,  [aequo  +  alls],  adj.^ 
uniform,  equaL  —  Esp.  as  noun, 
coeval,  *  crony ^  playmate  (of  Pro- 
serpine). 

aeque,  [old  abl.  of  aequus],  adv., 

equally,  as  much,  not  less. 
aequo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [aequo 
4"  o],  V.  tr.  I,  make  even,  even, 
level  (with  the  ground).  —  Pass., 
be  equal.  —  p.p.,  aequatus,  equal, 
level.  —  Pres.  p.,  aequans,  equal, 
equalling. 
aequor,  -oris,  [aequo  (as  if 
v'AEQv)  -f-  or],  n.,  {the  level),  the 
sea,  expanse  (ponti),  waves. — 
Also  pi. 
aequoreus,  -a,  -um,  [aequor 
4-eus],  adj.,  of  the  sea:  origo 
{descent  from  Neptune^ ;  Britanni 
{beyond  the  sea). 
aequus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  root  +  us], 
adj.,  level,  even,  uniform,  equal.  — 
Hence,  just,  propitious.  —  Also,  of 
low  degree  {not  above  the  rest).  — 
n.  as  noun,  justice,  right:  ex 
aequo  {equally). 


aer,  aeris,   [Gr.  ^irjp],  m.,  the  air, 

the  firmament. 
aeratus,   -a,   -um,   [as  if  p.p.  of 
faeso  {2.9^^ -\- 0)1,  2.^y,  furnished 
with  bronze,  bronze-pointed. 
aereus,  -a,  -um,  [aes4-  eus],  adj., 

brazen. 
y^eripes,  -edis,  [aes-  Qas  if  aeso-) 

+  pes],  adj.,  brazen-footed. 
aijrius,  -a,  -um,  [aer-ius],  adj.,  of 

the  air,  of  heaven  (aurae),  air^ 
piercing  (alpes). 
aes,  aeris,  [?],  n.,  copper,  bronze. — 

Hence,  things  of  bronze,  tablet  (of 

laws),     money,      coin :      cavum 

{bronze  kettle). 
Aesacus  (-os),  -i,  [Gr.   Pd(TaKoi\, 
'  m.,  a  son  of  Priam  who  was  changed 
\   into  a  sea-gull. 

aesculeus,   -a,    -um,    [aesculo  + 
'     eus],  adj.,  oaken,  of  oak,  oak. 
aesculus,  -i,  [faesco  (perhaps  y'ED 

-f  eus)  -f  lus],  i.,  oak  (the  Italian 

oak  with  edible  acorns). 
Aeson,  -onis,  [Gr.  Afo-w»'],  king  of 

lolcus,  father  of  Jason. 
Aesonides,  -ae,  [Aeson -f- ides], 

m.,  son  of  j^son,  Jason. 
Aesonius,  -a,  -um,  [Aeson  -f  ius] , 

adj.,   of  or   belonging  to  j^son : 

heros  {Jason,  son  of  ^son). 
aestas,  -atis,  [as  if  faed  4-  tas  (cf. 

juventa     and    juventus)],    f., 

{heat),  summer. 
aestivus,  -a,   -um,    [as    if   faed 

+  tivus  (cf.  captivus),  adj.,  of 

summer,  summer'' s,  summer-. 
aestuo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [aestu 

+  o],  V.  intr.  i,  boil,  seethe,  burn, 

grow  hot. 
aestus,    -us,     [y'AED  -f  tus     (cf. 

aedes)],   m.,  heat,  summer,   tide 

(as  seething)  :   aestus  erat    {it 

was  hot) .  —  Also  pi. 
aetas,  -atis,  [aevo+tas],  f.,  age 


8 


Vocabulary. 


(generally),  age  of  the  world,  time 
of  life,  —  Esp.,  youth. 
aeternus,  -a,  -una,  [aevo  -f  ternus 
(cf.  diuturnus,  sempiternus)], 

adj.,  eternal  (lasting  an  age),/<fr- 
peiual  (yeic) ,  if/imortal :  in  aeter- 
num  {forever). 

aether,  -eris,  [Gr.  aWy]py  fiery  air\ 
m.,  air,  heaveriy  heavens.  — Op- 
posed to  aer  {the  lower  atmos- 
phere). 

aetherius,  -a,  -utti,  [aether  +  ius], 
adj.,  of  heaven  :  aurae, 

Aethiops,  -opis,  [Gr.  K\Qlo-^\  adj., 
African.  — ■  Subst.,  an  Ethiopian. 

Aetlion,  -onis,  [Gr.  hW(jov\  m., 
i^ihe  Blazing  One),  one  of  the 
horses  of  the  snn. 

Aetna,  -ae,  [Gr.  Aztj/t?],  f.,  Mt. 
jEtna,  the  famous  volcano  in  Sic- 
ily (now  Monte  Gibello). 

Aetnaeus,  -a,  -tun,  [Gr.  AiVj^aTos], 
adj.,  belonging  to  Mt.  ALtna,  of 
jEtna,  yEtncean. 

Aetne,  -es,  f.,  the  Greek  form  for 
Aetna. 

aevum,  -i,  [^^i-l-vum  (cf.  aioov)'], 
n.,  age  (esp.  long  continued),  age 
of  the  world,  the  world,  time. 

aft-,  see  adf-. 

affor  (adf-),-ari, -atus,  [ad-for], 
V.  dep.  I,  address. 

Agamemnon,  -onis,  [Gr.  'Ayaixe/u.- 
vcav'],  m.,  king  of  Mycenae,  son  of 
Atreus,  brother  of  Menelaus,  hus- 
band of  Clytemnestra,  father  of 
Orestes,  Iphigenia,  and  Electra, 
commander-in-chief  of  the  Grecian 
forces  at  Troy,  was  murdered  by 
his  wife  and  her  paramour  -^gis- 
thus. 

Agenor,  -oris,  [Gr.  'A^tJj'wp],  m., 
king  of  Phoenicia,  father  of  Cad- 
mus and  Europa. 

Agenorides,  -ae,  [Agenor  +  ides], 


m.,  son  or  descendant  of  Agenor  .* 
I.  Cadmus /  2.  Perseus. 

ager,  -ri,  [^AG-f  rus],  m.,  field, 

agger,  -erls,  [ad-tger  (root  of 
gero  as  stem)],  m.,  heap, pile  (for 
funeral  pile),  mole. 

aggredior,  see  adgredior. 

agit§,-are,  -avi,  -atum,  [fagito- 
(p.p.  of  ago)  -f  o],v.  tr.  I,  drive, 
set  in  motion,  wave,  shake,  agi- 
tate:  spes  (foster);  fumos  {roll, 
whirl). 

Aglauros,  -i,  [Gr.  " kyXavpos],  f., 
daughter  of  Cecrops,  king  of 
Athens. 

agmen,  -inis,  [y'AG -f  men],  n., 
{drove),  band,  pack,  throng, 
crowd. 

agna,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  ewe  lamb. 

agnosco,  -ere,  -novi,  -nitum, 
[ad-nosco],  v.  tr.  3,  recognize. 

agnus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  lamb. 

ago,  -ere,  egi,  actum,  \^-yfhG,  cf. 
agmen],  v.  tr.  3,  drive,  put  in 
motion,  perform,  do.  —  In  various 
uses  not  conforming  to  English : 
silentia  terrae  {be  wrapped  in  ; 
properly,  be  engaged  in)  ;  grates 
{render)  ;  rimas  {show)  ;  iter 
{press  on,  pursue)  ;  natales 
(/«w).  "-Pass.,  be  at  stake,  —p.p., 
actus  :  acta  nox  {past) ;  trium- 
phus  {celebrated).  —  N.  pL,  deeds. 

Agre,  -es,  [Gr."A7p'rj],  f..  Huntress, 
a  hound  of  Actaeon. 

agrestis,  -e,  [agro-  (by  some  unc. 
analogy)  +  tis],  adj.,  rustic,  wild, 
sylvan.  —  PI.  as  noun,  rustics. 

agricola,  -ae,  [agro-fcola  (cf.  in- 
cola)],  m.,  planter,  husbandman. 

Agrlodus, -ontos,  [Gr.  ^ K'ypi6hovi\, 
m.,  Wild-tooth,  one  of  Actseon's 
hounds. 

all  (a),  interj,,  ah,  oh. 

ai,  [Gr.  At],  interj.,  alas. 


Vocabulary. 


aiS,  [?],  V.  tr.  def.,  say, 

ala,  -ae,  [for  axilla  (?)],  f.,  whig 

(in  all  Eng.  senses). 
alacer,  -ris,  -re,  [?],  adj.,  active. 
albeo,    -ere,    no    perf.,    no    sup., 

[al'bo+  Go]>  V.  intr.  2,  whiten.  — 

Less     exactly,   foam.  —  pres.   p., 

albens,  white. 
albidus,  -a,   -um,    [albo+dus], 

adj.,  whitish,  white. 
albus,   -a,   -um,    [?],   adj.,    white 

(not    shining  ;      cf.     candidus, 

shining  white). 
Alee,  -es,  [Gr.  'AA-kt]],  Courage,  one 

of  Actaeon^s  hounds. 
Alcides,  [Gr.  'AA/c/S)?^],  m.,  Hercu- 
les, as  grandson  of  Alceus. 
Alcmena  (-e),  -ae,  [Gr/AA.«:^V*?], 

f.,  daughter  of  Electryon,  wife  of 

Amphitryo,  mother  of  Hercules  by 

Jupiter. 
Alcyone,  -es,    [Gr.    ^hXKvovri],   f., 

daughter   of  ^olus   and  wife  of 

Ceyx. 
ales,  -itis,  [ala  +  tis  (reduced)], 

adj.,  winged.  —  As  noun,  bird. 
alienus,  -a,  -um,  [alio-  (with  unc. 

lengthening)  +nus  (cf.egenus)], 

adj.,  of  another^  another'' s,  strange, 

foreign. 
allmentum,  -i,  [ali-  (stem  of  alo) 

-fmentum],  u.,  food,  sustenance, 

subsistence   (for    living    creatures, 

and  also  for  fire,  and  in  figurative 

uses).  —  Also  pi. 
alio,   [old  dat.  of  alius,  cf.   eo], 
I      adv.,  elsewhither,  elsewhere  (as  end 
*      of  motion). 
alipes,   -edis,    [ala-    (weakened) 

4-  pes],    adj.,   wing-footed.  —  As 

noun,  steed,  Mercury. 
aliquando,  [ali-  (as  stem  of  alius) 

quando    (cf.  allquis)],  adv.,  at 

some    time,  for   once  {at  last,  if 

never  before) , 


aliquis,    -qua,    -quod,    (-quid), 

[ali-  (as  stem  of  alius)  quis], 
pron,,  some,  any,  some  or  other.  — 
As  subst.,  some  one,  something. 

aliter,  [ali-  (as  stem  of  alius) 
-Fter  (cf.  leviter)],  adv.,  other- 
wise :  non  aliter  (Just  as) . 

alius, -a,  -ud,  [?],  z,d].  pron.,  other, 
another.  —  As  subst.,  another,  some 
{thing)  else,  others. 

allevo  (adl-),  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[ad-levo],  v.  tr.  i,  raise  up,  re- 
lieve. 

almus,  -a,  -um,  [V^l  (alo) 
+  mus],  adj.,  fostering,  kindly, 
propitious. 

alnus,  -i,  [?],  f,  alder  (tree  or 
wood). 

alo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  (but  cf.  alius, 
altor),  [cf.  almus],  v.  tr.  3, 
nourish,  feed,  foster. 

Alpes,  -ium,  [prob.  Celtic],  f.,  the 
Alps. 

Alpbeias,  -adis,  f.,  the  Alphean 
One,  a  name  given  to  Arethusa  on 
account  of  her  union  with  the 
river-god  Alpheus. 

Alphenor,  -oris,  [Gr.  'AA^^^/wp], 
m.,  one  of  the  sons  of  Niobe. 

Alpheos,  -i,  see  Alpheus. 

Alpheus,  -i,  [Gr.  'AA<^€t(^s],  m.,  the 
chief  river  of  Ehs;  personified,  the 
river-god,  husband  of  Arethusa. 

Alpinus,  -a,  -um,  [Alpi-  (as  stem 
of  Alpes,  lengthened) -f-  nus],  adj., 
<yor  belonging  to  the  Alps,  Alpine. 

altare,  -is,  [alta-  (stem  of  altus) 
-fare  (n.  of  -aris)],  n.,  altar 
(perh.  properly  the  elevated  struc- 
ture on  the  top  of  the  raised 
mound,  ara?). 

alte,  [old  abl.  of  altus],  adj.,  high, 
(as  adv.)  aloft.  —  Comp.,  altius, 
too  high.  —  From  change  of  point 
of  view,  deeply,  deep. 


10 


Vocabulary. 


alter,  -tera,  -terum,  [al-  (reduced 
stem  of  alius)  +ter  (cf.  uter)], 
adj.  pron.,  a  second,  the  other ^  an^ 
other  (where  an  indefinite  object 
out  of  all  others  is  opposed  to  one 
definite  one) :  alter  .  .  .  alter 
{the  one  .  .  .  the  other) ;  quilibet 
alter  {anybody  else) ;  unus  et 
alter  {one  or  two). 

alternus,  -a,  -um,  [alter-  (as  stem 
of  alter) +  nus],  adj.,  alternate; 
pedes,  alternate  (i.e.  of  elegiac 
verse,  pentameter  and  hexameter 
alternating) ;  crinibus,  with  alter- 
nate hair  (hair  alternating  with 
snakes). 

Althaea,  -ae,  [Gr.  *AX0aia],  f., 
mother  of  Meleager,  wife  of 
CEneus,  king  of  Calydon. 

altor,  -oris,  [^/al  (alo) +tor], 
Tn.,  fosterer,  foster -parent  (used  of 
Silenus) . 

altrix,  -icis,  [V^l  (alo)  +trix], 
f.,  nourisher^  nurse. 

altus,  -a,  -um,  [V^l  (alo)  4- 
tus],  adj.,  fostered,  —  Hence, 
(grown,  and  so)  high,  lofty. — 
From  change  of  point  of  view, 
deep  :  pulvis  {th  ick) .  —  Comp . , 
higher  (than  usual,  etc.)  :  unda 
(overwhelming,  rising).  —  Sup., 
highest :  sol  {at  its  height) ;  ab  alto, 
from  the  heights  (of  the  air),  on 
high  (cf.  a  dextra). 

alumnus,  -i,  [prob.  for  falomenos, 
pres.  pass.  p.  of  alo],  m.,  foster- 
child,  nursling, 

alveus,  -i,  [alv6+ eus], m.,  channel. 

alvus,  -i,  [V^L  (alo)  -^vus],  f., 
belly. 

amans,  -antis,  pres.  p.  of  amo,  as 
adj.,  loving.  —  As  noun,  a  lover. 
—  Comp.,  more  a  lover. 

suriarus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  bitter 
(Ht.  and  fig.). 


Amathusius,  -a,  -um,  [Amathus 

+  ius],  adj.,  Amathusian,  of  Ama- 
thus, a  city  in  Cyprus;  an  epithet 
of  Venus,  who  was  worshipped  at 
Amathus. 

amator,  -oris,  [ama-1- tor],  m., 
lover.  — As  Q.(X].,fond  of. 

amljages,  -is,  [cf.  ambigo],  f.,  long 
story,  circumlocution,  disguise  (of 
speech),  story  (impliedly  long). 
—  Also  of  journeys,  roundabout 
course,  winding. 

ambigo,  -ere,  -egi,  -actum, 
[amb-igo],  v.  tr.  3,  drive  around. 
—Also  (cf.  ago),  plead  on  both 
sides,  discuss.  —  Pass,  impers.,  the 
question  rises. 

ambiguus,  -a,  -um,  [amb-faguus 
(  v'AG  -{•  vus),  through  ambigo], 
adj.,  {to  be  argued  on  both  sides, 
cf.  ambigo),  in  doubt,  uncer- 
tain, dubious,  deceptive.  —  Hence, 
many-formed,  twoform-ed. 

ambio,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  [amb-eo], 
v.  tr.  irr.,  go  around,  surround, 
explore,  come  over,  grow  over  (of 
a  bark  on  a  tree) . 

ambitio,  -onis,  [amb-fitio  (cf. 
ambio)],  f.,  {a  going  round). — 
Esp.  to  canvass  for  office,  a  can- 
vassing. —  Hence,  ambition, 

ambitiosus,  -a,  -urai,  [f  ambitio- 
(as  stem  of  fambitium,  cf.  exi- 
tiumi)  -|-  o^M^I,  full  of  ambition.  — 
Also,  being  an  object  of  ambition, 
coveted  {honor) . 

ambo,  -ae,  -o,  [cf.  amb-],  adj., 
both  (as  taken  together)  (cf. 
uterque,  each). 

ambrosia,  -ae,  [Gr.  ajjL$p6<nos,  im- 
mortal ~\,  f.,  ambrosia  (the  fancied 
food  of  the  gods). 

ambaro,  -ere,  -ussi,  -ustumi, 
[amb-nro],  v.  tr.  3,  burn  around, 
scorch,  —  p.p.  as  adj.,  scorched^ 


Vocabulary, 


II 


amens,  -entis,  [a-mens],  adj.,  out 
of  one's  mind,  frenzied^  zvild. 

amentia,  -ae,  [ament  +  ia] ,  f., 
madness,  frenzy. 

amicio,  -ire,  -ixi  (-icui),  -ictum, 
[amb-jacio],  v.  tr.  4,  (throw 
around),  put  on,  clothe  with  (of 
loose  apparel).  —  Pass.,  be  clad 
{in  or  with). 

amicitia,  -ae,  [amico  -f  tia],  f., 
friendship,  friendly  relations,  alli- 
ance. 

amictus,  -us,  [amb-j  actus,  through 
amicio],  m.,  robe,  mantle.—^ 
Also  pi. 

amicus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  stem  (kin- 
dred with  amo)  -f-  cus],  adj., 
friendly.  —  As  noun,  friend. 

amissus,  p.p.  of  amitto. 

amitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missum, 
[ab-mitto],  v.  tr.  3,  let  gb  away, 
lose. 

Ammon  (Hamm-),  -onis,  [Gr. 
''AfifKvu'],  m.,  a  name  of  Jupiter, 
worshipped  in  Africa  under  the 
form  of  a  ram. 

amnicola,  -ae,  [amni-cola  (cf. 
colo)],  m.,  river-loving. 

amnis,  -is,  [?],  m.,  river,  torrent, 
stream  (more  rapid  and  smaller 
than  fluvius) . 

amo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?],  v.  tr. 
I,  love,  be  in  love.  —  pres.  p.,  lover. 
—  p.p.,  beloved. 

amomum,  -i,  [Gr.  ^^cy/io^],  n., 
balsam  (a  fragrant  resin). 

amor,  -oris,  [y^AM  (in  amo) 
+  or],  m.,  love,  desire.  —  Trans., 
object  of  love,  love  (as  in  Eng.) , 
love  affair.  —  Personified,  Love. 

Amphion,  -^onis,  [Gr.  'AjU^^wv], 
m.,  king  and  builder  of  Thebes, 
son  of  Jupiter  and  Antiope,  hus- 
band of  Niobe. 

Ampbitrite,  -is,  [Gr.  *A^<^4r/?iT7?], 


f.,  a  sea-goddess,  wife  of  Neptune; 

hence,  the  Sea. 
Amphitryon,   -onis,    [Gr.    'A^<^t- 

Tpva>v\,  king  of  Tiryns,  step-father 

of  Hercules. 
Amphitryoniades,  -ae,  [Amphi- 
tryon -1-  lades],  m.,  Hercules,  as 

step-son  of  Amphitryon. 
Amphrysius,-a,-um,  [Amphryso 

-|-iusj,  adj.,  belonging  to  the  Am- 
phrysos,  Thessalian. 
Amphrysos,  -i,  [Gr.^A^^pwos],  m., 

a  river  in  Thessaly. 
ample,  [old  abl.  of  amplus],  adv., 
fully.  —  Comp.,   amplius,   more, 
further,  again. 
amplector,   -i,    -plexus,    [amb- 

plecto],  V.  dep.  3  {throw  one's  self 

around),  embrace. 
amplexus,  -us,  [amb-plexus,  perh. 

through  amplector],  m.,  embrace, 

winding-coil  (of  serpent). 
amplius,  see  ample. 
Ampycides,  -ae,  m.,  son  of  Ampyx, 

Mopsus,  a  participant  in  the  Caly- 

donian  hunt. 
Amulius,    -i,    [?],    m.,    younger 

brother   of  Numitor,   son   of  the 

Alban  king  Procas. 
Amyclae,  -arum,  [Gr.  'A/ii^K-\at],  f., 

an  ancient  town  in  Laconia,  south 

of  Sparta. 
Amyclides,  -ae,  m.,  Hyacinthus, 

a  descendant  of  the  Laconian  king, 

Amyclas.  « 
Amymone,  -es,  [Gr.  'A/ii/^ciij'r/],  f., 

a  spring  (and  nymph)  near  Argos. 
Amyntor,   -oris,    [Gr.  'Afttij/reop], 

m.,  king  of  the  Dolopians  in  Thes- 
saly, father  of  Phoenix. 
an,    [?],    conj.,   or  (in  interrog.)  : 

utrum  ...  an     (ne  .   .   .  an), 

whether  .  .  .or.  —  With   utruin, 

etc.    omitted    (in    rednctio    ad 

absurdum),  or  (introd.  an  impos- 


12 


Vocabulary. 


sible  supposition),  or  do  you  sup- 
pose. —  So,  anBe,  or  was  zV,  and 
the  like.  —  Also,  with  whole  first 
part  omitted,  whether, 

Anapis,  -is,  [Anapus,  -i),  [Gr. 
^Ai/airos],  m.,  a  small  river  of  Sic- 
ily, the  river-god  of  which  was 
husband  of  the  nymph  Cyane. 

Ancaeus,  -i,  [Gr.  'AyfcaZos],  m.,  an 
Arcadian,  who  was  killed  in  the 
Calydonian  hunt. 

anceps,  -cipitis,  [amb-caput], 
adj.,  {with  a  head  on  both  sides').  — 
Less  exactly,  double-edged,  double. 

aiieora,  -ae,  [Gr.  ^ynvpa],  f.,.  an- 
chor. 

Andromeda,  -ae,  [Gr.'AvSpo/xeST]], 
f.,  daughter  of  the  Ethiopian  king 
Cepheus  and  Cassiope.  Perseus 
rescued  her  from  a  sea-monster, 
and  married  her. 

anguicomus,  -a,  -um,  [angui- 
coma,  deck  as  adj.],  adj.,  serpent- 
ha ired,  snaky-haired. 

anguifer,  -era,  -erum,  [angui-fer 
(for  ferus)],  adj.,  serpent-bearing, 
serpent-covered,  snaky-haired. 

anguipes, -edis,  (angui-pes),  adj., 
snake-footed  (of  certain  giants 
whose  legs  were  serpents) . 

anguis,  -is,  [y'ANG  (cf.  ango) 
-f  is],  m.,  a  serpent.  —  Esp.,  the 
Serpent  (the  constellation). 

angulus,  -i,  [fango-  (cf.  ancus) 
+  lus],  m.,  (bend,  crook),  corner. 

an^ustus,  -a,  -um,  [angOs-  (cf. 
angor)  -f  tus],  adj.,  narrow.  — 
N,  pL,  narrows,  straits. 

anhelitus,  -ns,  [unc.  prefix  -halitus 
(cf.  anlielo)],  panting,  breath, 
panting  breath. 

anhelo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [anhelo 
-f-  o],  V.  tr.  I,  breathe  {violently). 
—  p.p.,  breathed  forth:  ignes 
(^ fires  of  one^s  breath). 


anhelus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  prefix 
-ffhalus  (cf.  halo)],  adj.,  pant- 
ing. 

anills,  -e,  [anu-  (reduced)  +  ills], 
adj.,  of  an  old  woman,  an  old 
womarCs. 

anima,  -ae,  [ani-  (verb  stem,  to 
blow)  +  ma],  f.,  breath.  — Hence, 
breath  of  life,  life.  —  Less  exactly, 
soul. ' —  Also  pi. 

animal,  -alis,  [n.  of  anima  ^  lis], 
n.,  living  creature,  creature. 

animo,  -are,  -avi,  -atam,  [anima 
4*0],  V.  tr.  I,  give  life  to  (ace), 
animate,  make  alive:  guttas  in 
angues  {bring  to  life  as  snakes). 

animosus,  -a,  -um,  [animo  -f 
osus],  adj.,  spirited,  made  spir- 
ited by  (ignibus) ,  proud. 

animus,  -i,  [ani-  (as  stem,  to 
blow,  'cf.  anima)  -^  mus],  m., 
{breath),  mind,  heart,  soul,  feel- 
ings, disposition,  thought,  purpose, 
desire  (denoting  generally  the 
moral  powers  as  opposed  to  mens, 
the  intellectual)  :  animum  inten- 
dere  (turn  the  attention).  —  Also, 
esp,  in  pk,  spirit,  pride. 

anne,  see  an» 

annosus, -a,  -um,  [anno -f  osus], 
z.^],,  full  of  years,  aged:  annosa 
senecta  {aged  years,  advanced 
age)^ 

annuo,  see  adnuo. 

annus,  -i,  SJI,  m..,  year ;  also  per- 
sonified. —  In  pk,  years,  life,  des- 
tined years  of  life. 

annuus,  -a,  -um,  [anno-f  us  (?)], 
adj.,  of  a  year  .f  annual. 

anser,  -eris,  [?],  xo..,  goose. 

Antaeus,  -i,  [Gr.  ^KvTaios\  m.,  a 
giant  of  Libya,  son  of  the  earth, 
killed  by  Hercules. 

ante,  [old  abk  of  stem  fanti,  cf. 
antes,  antae],  adv.  and  prep.,  be- 


Vocabulary. 


13 


forcy  in  front  of.  —  Also  of  time, 
formerly^  fir  St.  —  As  adv.  in  comp., 
before^  in  fronts  in  advance,  previ- 
ously, 

anteeo,  -ire,  -ii,  no  sup.,  [ante-eo], 
V.  tr.  irr.,  go  before,  outstrip,  pre- 
cede, go  on  (^before) » 

antemna,  ae,  [?],  f.,  yard  (for 
sail) . 

Anthedon,  -onis,  [Gr.  'AvBrjBdv'], 
f.,  a  city  in  Boeotia,  opposite  Eu- 
boea. 

antieipo^  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [fan- 
ticip-  (cf.  princeps,  particeps) 
•+-o],v.  tr.  I,  be  beforehand  with, 
anticipate :  viam,  cut  short  (get- 
ting the  start  thereby) . 

Antigone,  -es,  [Gr,  "Kv'Tiy6v'(\\  I, 
daughter  of  Laomedon,  changed 
by  Juno  into  a  crane. 

Antilochus,  -i,  [Gr.  'AurixoxosJ, 
m.,  son  of  Nestor.  He  was  killed 
by  Hector  at  Troy. 

Aiitinoiis,  -i,  [Gr.  'Avrivoos'],  m., 
one  of  the  suitors  of  Penelope. 

Antiphates,  -ae,  [Gr.  'Ai^Tt^axT^s], 
m.,  king  of  the  cannibal  Laestry- 
gones. 

antique,  [old  abl.  of  antiquus], 
adv.,  anciently,  formerly. 

antiquus,  -a,  -um,  [anti-  (stem  of 
ante)  +  cus  (cf.  posticus)],  adj., 
ancient,  former,  old:  ver  {as  it 
used  to  be). 

Antium,  -i,  [(?),  cf.  ante],  n.,  a 
city  on  the  coast  of  Latium. 

antrum,  -I,  [Gr.  Hvrpoy'],  n.,  cave, 
—  Also  pi. 

anus,  -us,  [?],  f.,  old  woman.  —  In 
app.  as  adj.  of  things  feminine,  old. 

anxietfs,  -tatis,  [anxio -f- tas], 
f.,  anxiety. 

anxius,  -a,  -um,  [fanxo-  (p.p.  of 
ango)  -f  ius],  adj.,  anxious,  fear- 
ful. 


Aonis,  -idis,  [Gr.  'Aovts],  f.  adj., 
Aonian,  i.e.  Bceotian.  —  PL,  the 
Muses,  as  dwellers  on  the  Boeotian 

_  Mt.  Helicon. 

Aonius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Aonian,  i.e. 
Bceotian.  —  Aonif,  Boeotians: 
Aoniae  sorores  {the  Muses). 

aper,  -pri,  [?],  m.,  boar  (wild). 

aperio,  -ire,  -ui,  -rtum,  [ab-pario 
(cf.  operio)],  v.  tr.  4,  uncover ^ 
unclose,  disclose. — p.p.  apertus, 
opeit.,  naked :  fores ;  campi ;  pec- 
tus; discrimen  {public). 

Aphareius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Apha- 
reus :  Aphareia  proles  (Lynceus 
and  Idas,  sons  of  King  Aphareus 

_  of  Messenia. 

Apidanus,  -i,  [Gr.  'AitL^aySs],  m.,  a 
river  in  Thessaly. 

Apollineus,  -a,  -um,  [ApoUin + 
eus],  adj.,  ^or  belonging  to  Apollo  : 
vates  {the  bard  Orpheus)  \  pro- 
les {the  god  j^sculapius,  son  of 
Apollo);  ars  {medicine), 

Apollo,  -inis,  [Gr.  "Air6\\o}v\,  m., 
son  of  Jupiter  and  Latona,  twin 
brother  of  Diana,  god  of  the  sun, 
of  music  and  poetry,  of  divination, 
archery,  pestilence,  and  medicine. 

appareo  (adp-),  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup., 
[ad-pareo],  v.  intr.  2  (prob.  come 
at  one^s  call),  appear. 

1.  appellS  (adp-),  -are,  -avi, 
-Stum,  [prob.  fappello-  (stem 
akin  to  appello,  -ere)  +  o  (cf. 
compello)],  V.  tr.  i,  address, 
speak  to,  cippeal  to,  call  upon: 
virum;  decs. 

2.  appello  (adp-),  -ere,  -puli, 
-pulsum,  [ad-pello],  v.  tr.  3, 
drive  nearer^  drive  in. 

Appenninus,  -i  (also  Apen-),  m., 
the  Apennines,  the  mountain  chain 
that  runs  diagonally  across  Italy. 

applico  (adp-), -are, -avi  (-ui), 


14 


Vocabulary, 


-atum    (-itum),    [ad-plico],   v. 

tr.  I,  (^enfold),  apply,  attach,  im- 
print (oscula),  drive  (angues). 

appono  (adp-),  -ere,  -posui, 
-positum,  [ad-pono],  v.  tr.  3, 
put  at,  place  at,  beside  or  near,  set 
'     before,  supply  {oiioodi). 

Aprilis,  -is,  [stem  akin  to  aperio 
+  lis],  m.,  (prop.  adj.  implying 
mensis),  April. 

apto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [apto 
+  0],  V.  tr.  I,  Jit,  set  carefully. 

aptus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  fapio  (cf. 
apiscor)],  z.d^].,  fitted  for,  suited 
to,  prepared  for,  ft,  fitting. 

apud,  [abl.,  prob.  of  same  stem  as 
ob],  prep.,  at,  among. 

^qua,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  water.  —  Also  pi. 

aquaticus,  -a,  -um,  [aqua  + 
ticus],  adj.,  of  the  water,  moist, 
aquatic,  from  the  sea  (Auster). 

aquila,  -ae,  [prob.  f.  of  adj.  mean- 
in'ggray'],  f.,  eagle. 

Aqwllo,  -onis,  [faquilo-  (reduced, 
cf.  aquila)  -fo  (on)],  m.,  the 
North  Wind.  —  Less  exactly,  the 
North. 

aquosus,  -a,  -um,  [aqua-  (reduced) 
-f-  osus],  adj.,  watery,  rainy. 

ara,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  altar.  —  Esp.  the 
Altar  (constellation). 

Arachne,  -es,  [Gr.  'kpa.xvri],  f.,  a 
Colophonian  maiden,  changed  by 
Minerva  into  a  spider. 

aranea,  ae,  [Arachne  -F  a  (f.  of 
-us)],  f.,  spider. 

arator,  -oris,  [ara-  (stem  of  aro) 
+  tor],  m.,  ploughman,  husband- 
man. 

aratrum,  -i,  [ara-  (stem  of  aro) 
-\-  trum],  n.,  ploughshare,  plough, 

Aratus,  -i,  [Gr.^Aparos],  m.,  a  poet 
who  wrote  (about  250  B.C.)  on 
astronomy.  He  was  born  at  Soli 
in  Cilicia. 


arbitrium,  -i,  [arbitro-  (reduced) 
+  ium],  n.,  decision,  choice,  will, 
control,  pleasure  {at  the  pleasure 
of,  etc.). 

arbor  (arbos),  -oris,  [?],  f.,  tree. 
—  Coll.,  trees  :  lovis  {the  oak). 

arboreus,  -a,  -um,  [arbor  -F  eus], 
adj.,  of  a  tree,  of  the  trees. 

arbustum,  -i,  [arbos  -{-  turn  (n.  of 
-tus,  cf.  robustus)],  n.,  orchard^ 
grove  (of  planted  trees). 

arbuteus,  -a,  -um,  [arbuto-  (re- 
duced) -f-  eus],  adj.,  of  the  straw- 
berry tree. 

arbutus,  -i,  [?],  f.,  strawberry  tree. 

Arcadia,  -ae,  [Gr.  'Ap^aSia],  f.,  the 
mountainous  district  in  the  middle 
of  the  Peloponnesus. 

arcanus,  -a,  -um,  [area  -j-  nus], 
adj.,  secret.  — N.  pi.,  secrets. 

Areas,  -adis,  [Gr.  'ApfccCs],  m.,  an 
Arcadian.  —  As  adj.,  Arcadian. 

arceo,  -ere,  -ui,  arctus,  [farco- 
(akin  to  area)  -f  eo],  v.  tr,  2, 
shut  out,  keep  out,  drive  away,  re- 
pel. —  With  inf. ,  prevent  from. 

Arcitenens,  -entis,  [farcu-  (weak- 
ened) tenens],  adj.,  holding  a  bow, 
bow-bearing.  —  Masc,  the  bow- 
holder  {Apollo'). 

Arctos,  -i,  [Gr.  "'Ap/cros],  f.,  Greek 
fcrm  for  Arctus,  wh.  see. 

Arctus  (Arctos),  -i,  [Gr.  "Apfcros], 
f.,  the  Great  and  Little  Bear 
(Ursa  Major  and  Minor),  a  double 
constellation  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
north  pole;  hence,  the  North, — 
Also  pi.,  gemiinas  Arctos,  the 
two  Bears. 

arcuatus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  arcuo], 
adj.,  arched. 

arcus,  -us,  [y'ARC-  (cf.  arceo) 
+  us],  f.,  bow,  arch,  vault,  circle 
(of  the  zones).  —  Esp.,  rainbow. 

ardens,  pres.  p.  of  ardeo,  wh.  see. 


Vocabulary. 


IS 


ardeo,  -ere,  arsi,  arsum,  [arido 

+  eo],  V.  intr.  2,  blaze ^  burtiy  be  in 
flames,  —  Also  fig. ,  be  inflamed^  be 
fl-redy  buruy  and  the  like.  —  pres. 
p.,  burning  (lit.  and  fig.)* 

ardesco,  -ere  (perf.  and  sup.  as 
with  ardeo),  [arde-  (stem  of 
ardeo)  +  see],  v.  intr.  3,  burst  into 
flames^  blaze, 

ardor,  -oris,  [ard-  (as  if  root  of 
ardeo)  +  or),  m.,  heat^  flame. — 
Also  fig.,  love. 

arduusy  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  steep, 
lofty,  high,  reared  high,  on  high.  — 
N.  pi.,  heights. 

area,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  space,  threshing- 
floor,  stretch  (campi).  —  Y\g.,  field 
(for  anxiety),  scope, 

arena  (har-),  -ae,  [are-  (stem  of 
areo)  -f  na  (f.  of -nus)],  f.,  sand, 
strand.  —  Fig.,  arena. 

areo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [unc.  stem 
-|-  60  (cf.  aridus)],  v.  intr.  2,  be 
dry,  be  parched.  —  pres.  p.,  arens, 
dry,  dried. 

Arestorides,  -ae,  [Gr.  patronymic], 
m.,  Argus,  grandson  of  Arestor. 

Arethusa,  -ae,  [Gr.  'Ape^outra],  f., 
a  spring  in  Syracuse.  —  Personi- 
fied, the  nymph  of  the  spring,  who 
ran  under  the  sea  from  Elis  to  Sic- 
ily to  escape  the  river-god  Alpheus. 

argenteus,  -a,  -um,  [argento- 
(reduced)  +  eus],  adj.,  of  silver, 
silvern,  silvery  white :  proles  {the 
Silver  Age) . 

argentum,  -i,  [akin  to  arguo, 
named  from  its  brightness],  n., 
silver. 

Argi,  see  Argos* 

Argolicus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  ^kpyoM- 
k6s,  from  "ApyoMs,  Argons'],  adj., 
of  Argos,  Argolic,  —  Grecian, 

Argos  (only  nom.  and  ace),  [Gr. 
"Apyo^] ,  n.,  more  freq.  plur.  Argi, 


-orum,  m.,  the  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict Argolis  in  the  Peloponnesus, 
sacred  to  Juno. 

argnmeutum,  -i,  [argu-  (stem  of 
arguo)  -i-  mentum],  n.,  proof,  wit- 
ness, story,  meaning  (of  a  custom). 

arguo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utum,  [fargu- 
(cf.  ^pyos)  ■\-  o  (cf.  tribuo)], 
V.  tr.  3,  make  clear.  —  So,  give  evi- 
dence, blame,  find  fault  with. 

Argus,  -i,  [Gr.  "Apyos'],  m.,  the 
hundred-eyed  keeper  of  lo  after 
she  was  changed  into  a  heifer  by 
Jupiter.  His  hundred  eyes  were 
placed  by  Juno  in  the  tail  of  the 
peacock. 

aridus,  -a,  -um,  [faro-  (whence 
areo)  -|-  dus],  adj.,  dry,  parched: 
Libye  facta  est  (^an  arid  desert) . 

aries,  -etis,  [?],  m.,  ram.  —  Esp., 
the  Ram,  the  constellation  Aries, 
between  Pisces  and  Taurus.  —  Less 
exactly, yf^^f^  (golden). 

arista,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  ear  (of  grain), 
head, 

arma,  -orum,  [  y'AR  {fit)  -f-  mus)  ] , 
n.,  arms,  weapons,  tools,  imple- 
ments. —  Fig.,  war,  arms,  con- 
tests (fori). 

armentum,  -i,  [y'AR  (cf.  arma) 
+  mentum,  team  (  ?)],  n.,  herd  (of 
large  cattle). 

armifer,  -era,  -erum,  [arm6-fer], 
adj.,  arm-bearing,  armed, 

armiger,  -era,  -erum,  [armo-ger 
(us,  cL  gero)],  adj.,  arm-bearing. 
—  Fern,  as  noun,  armor-bearer,  at- 
tendant (of  Diana) . 

armo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [armo 
-f  o],  V.  tr.  I,  arm.  —  p.p.,  armed, 
in  ai^ms, 

armus,  -i,  [m.  from  same  word  as 
arma],  m.,  {joint?),  shoulder. 

aro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?],  v.  tr.  i, 
plough,  hold  the  plough. 


i6 


Vocabulary. 


-rep- 

grasp, 


arripio   (adr),   -ere,  - 
turn,  [ad-rapio],  v.  tr. 

seize. 
ars,  artis,  [  V^R  (^^-  a-rma)  +  tis 

(reduced)],  f.,  art,  skill,  stratagem, 

means.  —  PI.,  the  arts ;  also  same 

as  sing. 
artifex,  -icis,  [arti-  (stem  of  ars) 

-f  fex  (root  of  facio  as  stem),  c, 

artist. 
artus,  -us,   [  V^R  +  tus],  m,,  limb. 

—  PL,  limbs ^  members. 

artus,  -a,  -um,   [p.p.  of  arceo], 

adj.,  close. 
arundo  (har-),  -inis,  [?],  f.,  reed. 

—  Hence,  arroiv  ;  also,  Jiute. 
arvum,  -i,  [  V^^  0^  ^^^)  +  vum], 

n.,  yield  (as  opposed  to  woods), 
yields  (as  cultivated),  lands. 

arx,  arcis,  [  VaRC  (in  arceo)  +  is 
(reduced)],  f.,  citadel,  height,  sum- 
mit, high  abode,  lofty  height; 
summa  (heights  of  heaven), 

Asbolus,  -i,  [Gr.  "'Ao-jSoAos],  m., 
Soot,  one  of  Actoeon's  hounds. 

Ascalaphus,  -i,  [Gr. " k(rKd\a(^os], 
m.,  son  of  Acheron  and  Orphne, 
changed  by  Ceres  into  an  owl. 

ascendo  (ads-),  -ere,  -cendi, 
-censum,  [ad-seando],  v.  tr.  3, 
climb  up,  mount,  ascend,  climb. 

ascensus  (ads-),  -us,  fad-fscan- 
sus],  through  ascendo],  m., 
ascent. 

ascisco  (ads-),  -ere,  -scivi,  -sci- 
tum,  [ad-scisco],  v.  tr.  3,  adopt 
(by  formal  resolution).'  —  Less  ex- 
actly, adopt,  add,  attach. 

Ascraeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'AcKrpaTos], 
adj.,  of  A  sera,  Ascrcean,  an  epithet 
of  the  poet  Hesiod,  who  lived  at 
Ascra  in  Boeotia. 

asellus,  -i,  [asino  +  lus],  m.,  little 
ass,  ass  (as  regarded  with  commi- 
seration or  contempt). 


Asis,  4dis  (-idos),  [Gr. 'Ao-ts],  f., 

Asia;  prop,  adj.,  Asiatic. 
Asopis,  -idis   (-idos),   [Gr.  'Atrw- 

TTts],  f.,  JElgina,  daughter  of  the 

river-god  Asopus. 
aspargo  (aspergo),  -inis,  [akin  to 

adspergo],  f.,  spray,  sprinkling, 

blood  (spattered) . 
asper,  -era,  -erum,  [  ?],  adj.,  rough, 

harsh  (lit.  and  fig.). 
aspergo  -inis,  see  aspargo. 
aspergo     (ads),     -ere,    -spersi, 

-spersura,  [ad-spargo],  sprinkle 

(a  thing  on,  or  a  thing  with) . 
aspicio      (ads-),     -ere,     -spexi, 

-spectum,    [ad-fspecio],  v.   tr. 

3,  look  at  (or  upon),  behold,  see. 
aspiro  (ads),  -are,  -avi,  -atunri, 

[ad-spiro],  v.  intr.  i,  breathe  on. 

—  Hence,  yi?^c?r. 
assensus  (ads-),  -as,  [ad-sensus, 

through    assentlo],    m.,    assent, 

silent  assent.  —  Also  pi. 
assentiS     (ads),     -ire,     -sensi, 

-sensum,  [ad-sentio],  v.  intr.  4, 

give  assent,  assent. 
assero  (adsero) ,  -ere,  -serui,  -ser- 

tum,  [ad-sero],v.  tr.  3,  lay  claim 

to,  claim. 
assiduus   (ads),   -a,   -um,   [ad- 

fsiduus  (VsED  +  vus)],  (sitting 

down,  esp.  to  a  thing),  adj.,  busy, 

attentive,  laborious.  —  Hence,  con- 
stant, incessant,  never-ceasing. 
assilio  (ads),    ire,  -silui,  -sul- 

tum,  [ad-salio],  v.  intr.  4,  leap 

on,  dash  on  (of  a  wave). 
assimulS     (ads),     -are,     -avi, 
-atum,    [ad-simulo],  v.    tr.    i, 

feign,  pretend. 
assisto    (ads-),   -ere,   astiti,   no 
sup.,  [ad-sisto],  v.  intr.  3,  stand 
up,  stand  by, 
assuesco    (ads),    -ere,    -suevi, 
-suetum,  [ad-'Suesco],v.  intr.  3, 


Vocabulary. 


17 


become  accustomed,  be  accustomed. 
— p.p.»  assuetus,  wonted. 

assuetado  (ads-),  -Inis,  [ad- 
fsuetudo],  f.,  custom  J  habit,  in- 
dulgence (of  habit). 

assnin^  (ads-),  -ere,  -sfimpsi, 
-sumptum,  [ad-sumo],  v.  tr.  3, 
take  in,  take  on,  gather,  assume, 

ast,  [?],  conj.,  but. 

Asterie,  -es,  [Gr.  'AorepiTj],  f., 
daughter  of  the  Titan  Coeus,  and 
Phoebe,  sister  of  Latona.  She 
was  beloved  by  Jupiter,  and  was 
changed  into  a  quail. 

asto,  see  adsto. 

Astraea,  -ae,  [Gr.  'Ao-rpaiij,  f.,  an 
epithet  of  Justice  (Aiktj)  as  daugh- 
ter of  the  Titan  Astraeus. 

astringo  (ads-),  -ere,  -strinxi, 
-strictum,  [ad-stringo],  v.  tr. 
3,  bind,  tighten,  harden  (snow). 

astrum,  -i,  [Gr.  ^crrpov],  n.,  constel- 
lation, star.  —  PI.,  stars,  sky. 

astus,  -us,  [?],  m.,  craft.  —  Abl., 
astu,  with  craft. 

at,  [(?),  cf.  ad],  conj.,  but,  then,  at 
least:  attamen,  but  yet,  still. 

Atalanta,  -ae,  [Gr.  ' kra\dvry)\y  f., 
daughter  of  Schoeneus  of  Boeotia. 
She  was  a  celebrated  runner,  but, 
being  beaten  in  a  race,  married 
Hippomenes,  her  competitor.  She 
was  changed  into  a  lioness. 

ater,  -tra,  -trum,  [?],  adj.,  black, 
dark  (esp.  as  a  sign  of  mourning). 

Athamanteus,  -a,  -um,  [Atha- 
mant+  eus],  adj.,  of  Athamas. 

Athamantis,  -idis  (-idos),  f., 
Helle,  daughter  of  Athamas. 

Athamas,  -aiitis,  [Gr.  ^h.Q6.fji^s\, 
m.,  king  of  the  Minyans  in  Boeotia. 
He  was  the  husband  of  Ino,  uncle 
of  Pentheus,  and  brother  of  Sisy- 
phus. He  was  made  insane  by 
Juno. 


Atheiiae,  -arum,  [Gr.  'Adi}i/at],  f., 

Athens,  the  great  city  of  Attica. 
Athos,  (gen.  not  found ;  abl., 
Athone;  dat.  and  abl.,  Atho; 
ace,  Atho,  Athon,  Athonem, 
Athoiia),  [Gr.  *'A^6tJs,  later  "A^wv, 
-<iivo%\,  m..  Athos,  a  high  mountain 
on  the  Strymonian  Gulf,  in  Mace- 
donia. 

Atlantiades,  -ae,  [Gr.  patronymic], 
m.,  Mercury,  grandson  of  Atlas. 

Atlas,  -antis,  [Gr.^ArXas],  m.,  son 
of  the  Titan  lapetus,  father  of  the 
Pleiades  and  Hyades.  He  bore 
the  heavens  upon  his  shoulders. 
He  was  changed  by  Perseus  into  a 
mountain,  —  the  mountain  itself  in 
Northern  Africa. 

atque  (ac),  [ad-que],  conj.,  {and 
in  addition),  and. 

Atreus,  -ei,  [Gr.  Ar^eus],  m.,  king 
of  Argos  and  Mycenae,  son  of 
Pelops  and  Hippo damia,  father  of 
Agamemnon  and  Menelaus. 

Atrides,  -ae,  [Gr.  ^Arpe/Soy^],  m.,  son 
of  Atreus.  —  PI.,  the  sons  of  Atreus 
(Agamemnon  and  Menelaus,  the 
leaders  of  the  Greeks  at  Troy).    ' 

atrium,  -i,  [atro-|- ium],  n.,  hall 
(of  a  house),  — -  PL,  *  halls, ^  palace. 

attamen,  see  at. 

Attis  (Atth-),  -idis,  m.,  a  Phrygian 
shepherd  who  loved  the  goddess 
Cybele,  and  was  changed  into  a 
fir-tree. 

attollo  (adt-),  -ere,  perf.  and  sup, 
supplied  from  affero,  [ad-toUo], 
V.  tr.  3,  raise  up  (to  something),, 
raise:  se,  rise. 

attonitus,  see  attono. 

attono  (adt-),  -Sre,  -ui,  -itum,, 
[ad-tono],  v.  tr.  i,  strike  with 
a  thunderbolt.  —  p.p.,  attonitus, „ 
thunderstruck,  paralyzed,  sf>eU- 
bound,  struck  (with  passion)^ 


i8 


Vocabulary. 


attrabo     (adt-),     -ere,     -traxi, 

-tractum,  [ad-traho],  v.  tr.  3, 
draw  to  one,  draw  in,  drag  in,  — 
Fig,,  attract. 

aiiceps,  -cupis,  [avi-ceps  (root  of 
capio  as  stem)],  ro.,,  fowler. 

auctor,  -oris,  [aug-  (as  root  of 
aiigeo)  4-tor],  m.,  (increaser). 
' —  Hence  (perh.  from  raising  price 
at  auctions),  seller,  guarantor, 
•voucher.  —  So,  authority,  author^ 
adviser,  founder,  originator, 
father,  ancestor,  giver.  —  Poeti- 
cally, hurler  (of  a  weapon),  har- 
binger (a  prophet,  authority  for). 

.Auctumnus,  see  Autuninus. 

ductus,  see  augeo. 

a^udaeia,  -ae,  [audac  -f-  ia],  f., 
boldness,  recklessness  :  verbis  da- 
tur,  boldness  of  speech  is  pardoned. 

audax,  -acis,  [aud-  (as  if  root  of 
audeo)  4-  ax],  adj.,  daring,  bold, 
desperate,  fearless. 

Audeo,  -ere^  ausus,  [avido  +  eo], 
V.  intr.  2,  (^desire?),  venture,  dare. 
■ — p.p.,  ausus,  daring,  venture- 
some.—  As  subst.,  the  one  who 
dared. -^J^Qut.,  ausum;  see  the 
word. 

audio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  [perh. 
ausi-  (stem  of  auris)  do  (cf. 
condio)],  V.  tr.  4,  hear.  —  Fig., 
obey  (sagitta  avium). 

aufero,  -ferre,  abstuli,  ablatum, 
[ab-fero],  v.  it.  irr.,  bear  away, 
take  away,  take  from,  tear  away, 
cut  off  (annos),  carry  off  (a 
prize) . 

augeo,  -ere,  auxi,  auctum,  [?], 
V.  tr.  2,  increase,  swell,  swell  the 
number  of  (decs),  enlarge,  be 
added  to  :  clamoribus  {swell  the 
shout). 

augur,  -uris,  [(?),  compound  with 
avis],  m.,  soothsayer. 


augurium,  -I,  [augur +  iuiia],  n., 

amgury,  soothsaying,  wise  counsel. 

auguror,  -art,  -atus,  [augur  -|-  o], 
V."  dep.  I ,  divine,  conclude^  imag- 
ine. 

augustus,  -a,  -um,  [(?),  perh. 
akin  to  augur,  more  likely  to 
augeo],  adj.,  venerable,  august.  — 
Esp.  an  epithet  (and  in  the  masc. 
'  a  surname)  of  Octavius  Caesar,  and 
after  him  of  all  the  Roman  empe- 
rors. 

aula,  -ae,  [Gr.  o.^Kf\\,  {,,  hall,  pal- 
ace. 

aulaeum,  -i,  [Gr,  avKaiov,  real  or 
supposed],  n.,  curtain,  hangings. 

—  Also  pi. 

Aulis,  -idis,  [Gr.  AvA/y],  f.,  a  sea- 
port in  Boeotia,  from  which  the 
Greeks  sailed  against  Troy. 

aura,  -ae,  [y'AU  {blow)  -f  ra  (f.  of 
-rus)],  f.,  breeze,  wind,  air  (as 
moving),  breath  of  life,  the  air, 
winds  of  heaven  (often  as  opposed 
to  hidden  or  enclosed  space). 

auratus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  auro], 
adj.,  gilded. 

aureus,  -a,  -um,  [auro  -f-  eus], 
adj.,  .of  gold,  golden.  —  Hence, 
beautiful,  splendid,  etc. 

aurifer,  -era,  -erum,  [auro- 
fer  (for  ferus)],  adj.,  gold-bear- 
ing. 

auriga,  -ae,  [perh.  aurea-  {head- 
stall) faga  (akin  to  ago),  cf. 
-cola],  m.,  charioteer,  driver. 

auris,  -is,  [(?),  for  ausis,  cf.  au- 
sculto],  f.,  ear. 

Aurora,  -ae,  [v^us  (see  uro),  for 
ausosa],  f.,  the  dawn,  daybreak, 

—  Personified,  Aurora,  the  god- 
dess of  the  morning,  daughter  of 
Hyperion,  wife  of  Tithonus,  and 
mother  of  Memnon.  —  Also,  the 
eastern  country,  the  East. 


Vocabidary, 


19 


aurum,  -i,  [perh.  V^s  (cf.  Au- 
rora)], n.^gold, —  Poetically,  the 
golden  age» 
Ausonius,  -a,  -um,  [Auson  + 
ius],  adj.,  Ausoniait^  Italian^ 
Latin,  —  Ausonia,  f.  (sc.  terra), 
Italy.  —  Masc.  plur.,  the  Italians. 

auspex,  -icis,  [avi-spex  (root  of 
fspecio,  as  stem)],  m.,  soothsayer, 
witness:  auspicibus  vobis,  with 
your  approval  (from  consulting 
soothsayers  on  any  important  busi- 
ness), 

auspicium,  -i,  [auspic  +  ium], 
n.,  taking  of  omens,  omens,  begin- 
ning (as  opposed  to  exitus) .  — 
PI.,  auspices,  leadership. 

auster, -tri,  [^us  +  ter  (f-tro,  cf. 
-trum)],  m.,  the  south  wind  (dry 
and  hot).  —  Personified,  the  God  of 
the  South  Wind.  —  Less  exactly,  the 
South. 

aus trails,  -e,  [austro  +  alls],  adj., 
{of  the  south  wind),  southern. 

ausum,  -i,  (n.  p.p.  of  audeo],  n., 
daring  attempt,  undertaking. 

aut,  [(?),  cf.  autem],  conj.,  or,  or 
else :  aut  .  .  .  aut  {either  .  .  .  or'). 

autem,  [(?)»  cf.  aut],  conj.,  intro- 
ducing an  antithesis,  or  even  a 
mere  transition,  but  always  "with 
some  contrast,  but,  on  the  other 
hand,  on  the  contrary,  however, 
then  again,  now. 

Autonoeius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  or 
belonging  to  Autonoe  :  heros 
{Actceon,  son  of  Autonoe). 

autumnalis,  -e,  [autumno  (re- 
duced) +  3-118],  adj.,  autumnal. 

Autumnus,  -i,  [prob.  for  fAucto- 
menos,  cf.  augeo],  m.,  Autumn. 

auxiliaris,  -e,  [auxilio-  (reduced) 
4-  aris],  adj.,  auxiliary,  assisting, 
subsidiary. 

auxilium,  -i,  [fauxili-   (akin  to 


augeo,  cf.  pensilis)  +  ium],  n., 

assistance,  succor,  help. 

avarus,  -a,  -um,  [lost  noun-stem 

(cf.   aveo   and   avid  us)  +  rus], 

adj.,    eager,    eagerly    desirous.  — 

Esp.,  avaricious,  covetous,  greedy. 

avello,     -ere,     -vulsi,      (-velli), 

-vulsum,    [ab-vello],    v.   tr.    3, 

pluck  off,  tear  away. 

avena,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  oats,  oat-straw, 

—  Hence,  pipe. 
Aventinus,  -i,  m. ;  -um,  -i,  [?], 
n.,  (prop,  adj.),  the  Aventine,  one 
of  the  seven  hills  of  Rome,  extend- 
ing from  the  Palatine  to  the  Coelian 
Hill. 
Avernalis,    -e,    [Averno  -1-  alls], 

adj.,  of  Avernus. 
Avernus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  of  qx 
belonging  to  Lake  Avernus,  near 
Cum£e,  in  Lower  Italy.    Its  deadly 
exhalations  killed  the  birds  flying 
over   it ;    hence   in   fable   it  was 
placed  near  the  entrance  to  the 
lower  world.  —  Hence,    infernal^ 
hellish,  deadly,  deathlike. 
aversatus,  p.p.  of  aversor. 
aversor,    -ari,   -atus,    [ab-verso 
(perh.  through  averto)],  v.  dep. 
I,  {turn  aivay),  be  unwilling,  be 
reluctant.  —  p.p.,  refusing,  opposed 
to  (ace),  reluctant,  unwilling. 
aversus,  p.p.  of  averts, 
averto,    -ere,    -verti,     -versum, 
[ab-verto],  v.  tr.  3,  turn  away, 
turn    off.  —  p.p.,    turned   aivay, 
turning    away:     passus    {back- 
ward) ;  occupat  aver  sum  {from 
behind). 
avidus,  -a,  -um,  [favo-  (cf.  aveo) 
+  dus],    adj.,   greedy,  'greedy    of  • 
(gen.),  thirsty  for,  eager. 
avis,   -is,    [?],  f.,   bird.  —  Hence, 

omen. 
avitus,  -a,  -um,  [avo-  (as  if  avi-) 


20 


Vocabulary, 


4-  tus],  adj.,  of  one's  grandfather. 
—  Less  exactly,  ancestral. 
avius,  -a,  -una,  [ab-via  (inflected 
as  adj.)] ,  adj.,  out  of  the  way,  path- 
less :  per  avia  {through  pathless 
regions^. 
avus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  grandfather, 
axis,  -is,  [perh.  corrupted  from  Gr. 
^Ig?»'],  m.,  axle  (of  a  chariot).  ~ 
Hence,  axis  (of  the  earth  or  the 
sky),  pole  (of  the  sky),  chariot, 
the  heavens.  —  Also  pi. 

B. 

JSabylonius,  -a,  -um,    [Babylon 

+  ius],  adj.,  Babylonian,  of  Baby- 
lon. 

batca  (bacca),  -ae,  [?],  f.,  berry. 

Baccbae,  -aruixi,  [Gr.  Ba^xai], 
f.,  Bacchce,  female  Bacchanals, 
wotnen  who  performed  the  wild 
orgies  of  Bacchus. 

baccbans,  -antis,  [pres.  p.  of 
baccbor],  f.,  bacchante,  bacchant. 

Baccheius  (-eus,  -ius),  -a,  -um, 
[Gr.  ^oLKx^'^os,  etc.],  adj.,  of  ot per- 
taining to  Bacchus,  Bacchic. 

Pacchiadae,  -arum,  m.,  a  noble 
family  of  Corinth,  which  was  ex- 
pelled from  that  city  and  founded 
Syracuse  in  Sicily. 

baccbor,  -ari,  -atus,  [fBaccbo-], 
V.  dep.  I,  celebrate  the  festival  of 
Bacchus.  ' —  Less  exactly,  revel, 
rave,  rant,  rage. 

Bacchus,  -i,  [Gr.  Bawrxoy],  m,,  a 
son  of  Jupiter  and  Semele,  the  god 
of  wine  and  of  poets.  —  Fig.,  the 
vine,  wine. 

baeulum,  -i,  [?],  n,,  stajf. 

balaena,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  whale. 

balatus,    -us,    [bala  4-  tus],    m., 


Balearicus     (Bali-),    -a,    -um. 


[Baleari  +  cus],  adj.,  Baleaj-ic,  of 
the  Baleares,  or  Balearic  Islands, 
Majorca  and  Minorca,  in  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea.  The  inhabitants 
were  famed  for  the  use  of  the 
sling. 

balo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [prob. 
from  sound],  v.  intr.  i,  bleat. 

balteus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  bell. 

barba,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  beard. 

barbaricus,  -a,  -um,  [barbaro- 
(weakened)  -f  cus],  adj.,  barbaric. 

barbaries,  -ei,  [barbaro-  (re- 
duced)-f- ies],  f.,  (*  savagedom,' 
cf.  heathendom),  barbarous  tribes 
(as  a  whole). 

barbarus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  from 
sound],  adj.,  barbarian.  —  Fem. 
as  noun,  the  fair  barbarian 
(Medea). 

Bassus,  -i,  m.,  a  Roman  proper 
name.  There  were  several  poets 
named  Bassus. 

Battiades,  -ae,  [Gr.  BarrmSi/s],  m., 
descendant  of  B alius.  The  city  of 
Cyrene  was  ruled  by  the  Battiadse; 
hence  the  Cyrenean  poet  Calli- 
machus  is  called  Battiades. 

Baucis,  -idis,  [Gr.  BauKts],  f., 
Baucis,  wife  of  Philemon,  who 
was  changed  into  a  tree. 

beatus,  p.p.  of  beo,  wh.  see. 

Belides,  -uui,  [Gr.  patronymic] ,  f., 
granddaughters  of  Belus,  king  of 
Egypt,  daughters  of  Danaus ; 
hence  usually  called  the  Danaides. 

Belides,  -ae,  [Gr.  patronymic],  m., 
descendant  of  Belus. 

bellatrix,  -icis,  [bella-  (cf.  bello) 
-1-trix],  L,  female  warrior,  war- 
rior maid. 

bellicus,  -a,  -um,  [bello  +  cus], 
adj.,  warlike, 

bellua,  see  belua* 

bellum,  -i,  [old  fduellum,  formed 


Vocabulary, 


21 


from  duo],  n.,  war.  —  More  con- 
cretely, expedition,  armament^ 
war  (poetical). 

belua  (bellua),  -ae,  [?],  f.,  mon- 
ster (huge  creature) . 

bene,  [old  abl.  of  bonus,  cf. 
aeQue],adv.,Wif//;  nee  bene  {not 
very  weW) ;  vix  bene  (hardly ^ 
fully). 

benefactum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  bene- 
facio],  n.,  service,  generous  deed. 

benignus^  -a,  -uin,  [bono-fgnus 
(akin  to  nosco)],  adj.,  kindly, 
generous.  - — -Also  of  tliings,/r(7^iW(r- 
iive,  fertile. 

beo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?],  v.  tr. 
I,  bless.  —  p.p.  as  adj.,  blessed, 
happy. 

Berecyntius,-a,-um  (-cynthlus), 
[Gr.  Bepe/cvvTios],  adj.,  of  ot  per- 
taining to  Berecyntus,  a  mountain 
in  Phrygia  on  the  Sangarius,  sacred 
to  Cybele.  She  was  worshipped 
with  sound  of  flutes  j  hence,  Bere- 
cyntia  tibia :  Midas  was  her  son; 
hence,  Berecyntius  heros. 

Bessi,  -oruni,  [Gr.  BeVo-oi],  m.,  a 
Thracian  tribe. 

bibS,  -epe,bibi,  bibitum,  [redupl. 
root,  cf.  potus],  V.  tr.  3,  drink. 

bibulus,  -a,  -um,  [from  bibo,  as 
if  bibo  +  lus],  adj.,  absorbent, 
soaking  (wet). 

biceps,  -cipitis,  [bi  (i.e.  dvi) 
-caput  (reduced)],  adj.,  two- 
headed.  —  Less  exactly,  two-peaked. 

bicolor, -oris,  [bi  (i.e.  dvi)  -color], 
adj.,  two-colored,  variegated. 

bicornis,  -e,  [bi  (i.e.  dvi)  -cornu 
(weakened  to  i  stem)],  adj., 
two-horned.  —  Less  exactly,  two- 
pronged. 

bidens,  -entis,  [bi  (i.e.  dvi)  -dens], 

adj.,  two-toothed. — As  noun,  ttoo- 

'  pronged  hoe,  —  Also,   an   animal 


for   sacrifice,   esp.    a    sheep,    two 

years  old,  when  two  teeth  only  are 

prominent. 
bifores,  -ium,  [bi  (i.e.dvi)-foris], 

2,^].,  two-door ed,  double  (of  doors). 
biforniis,  -e,  [bi  (i.e.  dvi)  -forma 

(weakened  to  i  stem)],  adj.,  two- 


bimaris,  -e,  [bi  (i.e.  dvi)  -mare 
(infl.  as  adj.)],  adj.,  two-seaed 
(Corinthus,  i.e.  with  a  sea  on 
both  sides). 

bimus,  -a,  -um,  [bi  (i.e.  dvi) 
-fhimiis  (akin  to  hiems)],  adj., 
{of  two  winters),  ttvo years  old, 

bini,  -ae,  -a,  [bi  (i.e.  dvi)  +  nus], 
adj.,  two  at  a  thne,  two  {at  a  time, 
implied). 

bipennifer,  -era,  -erum,  [bipenni- 
fer],  adj.,  axe-bearer. 

bis,  [case  (gen.?),  of  duo],  adv., 
ttvice, 

bisulcus,  -a,  -um,  [bi  (i.e.  dvi) 
-sulcus],  adj.,  two-furrowed,  cleft, 
cloven. 

bitumen,  -inis,  [?],  n.,  asphalt, 
bitumen. 

blaesus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  d,6^].,  stam- 
mering, indistinct. 

blandior,  -ivi,  -itus,  [blando  (as 
if  fblandi-)  +  o],  v.  intr.  4,  coax, 
flatter,  cajole,  entreat  (with  blan- 
dishments). 

blanditiae,  -arum,  [blando- 
(weakened)  +  tia],  f.,  blandish- 
ments, wooing,  endearments,  ca- 
resses. 

blandus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj., 
persuasive,  seductive,  coaxing 
(verba),  caressing  (lacerti). 

Boebe,  -es,  [Gr.  ^oi^r[\,  f.,  an 
ancient  town  in  Eastern  Thessaly. 

BoeStia,  -tie,  [Gr.  Botwrta],  f.,  a 
division  of  Central  Greece,  north 
of  Attica. 


2^ 


Vocabulary, 


Boeotius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Boic^rios], 
adj.,  of  Bosotia,  Bceolian. 

Boeotus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Boiwros'], 
adj.,  of  Boeoiia,  Boeotian, 

bonus,  -a,  -um,  [  ?],  2i.di^.,good  (in  all 
Eng.  senses), y^w^j,  excellent,  noble  : 
vultus  (^kindly)  ;  artes  {liberal, 
generous,  noble^.  —  n.  pL,  blessings, 
^  goods, ^  fortunes. 

Bootes,  -ae,  [Gr.  Bot^njy,  plough- 
man\  m.,  the  constellation  Bootes, 
"     near  the  Great  Bear. 

Boreas,  -ae,  [Gr.  Bopias],  m.,  the 
mountain  or  north  wind  (pure 
Lat  aqoilo) .  —  Personified,  Bo- 
reas, the  son  of  the  river-god 
Strymon,  and  father  of  Calais  and 
Zetes  by  Orithyia,  daughter  of 
Erechtheus,  king  of  Attica. 

bos,  bovis,  [?],  c,  ox,  cow,  heifer, 
bull.  —  PL,  cattle, 

braccae,  -arum,  [Gallic  word],  f., 
breeches,  trousers. 

braccMum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  arm. — 
Less  exactly,  claws  (of  the  Scor- 
pion). 

brevis,  -e,  [for  bregvis,  cf.  j8paxvs], 
adj. ,  short,  narrow,  small.  —  Of 
time,  brief,  speedy. 

breviter,  [brevi  -f  ter],  adv., 
shortly,  briefly. 

Britannus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  of 
Britain,  British.  —  Masc.  pL, 
Britons. 

bubo,  -onis,  [?],  c,  oivl. 

buoina,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  trumpet. 

Busiris,  -idis,  [Gr.  Bovffipis],  m.,  a 
king  of  Egypt,  who  sacrificed 
strangers»  and  was  himself  slain  by 
Hercules. 

bustumi,  -1,  [(?),  cf.  comburo], 
n.,  funeral  pile  (burnt  down), 
tomb.  —  Also  pi. 

buxum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  box  (wood  or 
tree). 


cacumen,  -inis,  [?],  n.,peak,  sum- 
mit, top :  summa  cacumina,  top- 
most  shoots  (of  a  tree). 

cacuminS,     -are,     -avi,    -atum, 

[cacumiii+ o],  v.  tr.  i,  point, 
sharpen :  aures  (give  pointed 
ears^ . 

Cadmeis,  -idis,  [Gr.  KaS^urjts],  f., 
adj.,  of,  from,  or  pertaining  to 
Cadmus  :  Cadmeis  arx  {the  cita- 
del of  Thebes,  founded  by  Cad- 
mus). 

Cadmus,  -i,  [Gr.  Ka5/^os],  m.,  son 
of  the  Phoenician  king  Agenor. 
He  founded  Thebes  in  Boeotia,  and 
was  afterwards  changed  into  a 
serpent. 

cado,  -ere,  cecidi,  casum,  [?],  v. 
intr.  %fall,  set  (dies). 

cadficifer,  -era,  -erum,  [caduceo- 
(reduced)  +  fer  (for  ferus)],  adj., 
bearing  the  caduceus  (herald's 
wand). 

caecus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  blind, 
blinded.  —  Hence,  dark,  hidden, 
secret. 

caedes,  -is,  [caed-  (as  root  of 
caedo)  +  es],  f,,  slaughter,  l^lood, 
murder. 

caedS,  -ere,  cecidi,  caesum,  [(?), 
akin  to  cado,  but  conn,  unc],  v. 
tr.  3,  beat,  strike,  cut  (with  a 
stroke), y^//  (trees), /(25/^  (horses). 

caelestis,  -e,  [caeles-  (for  caelo-) 
-f-  tis  (cf.  agrestis)],  adj.,  heav- 
enly, divine,  of  the  gods,  of  heaven, 
godlike.  —  As  noun,  divine  being, 
divinity,  god. 

caelicola,  -ae,  [cielo-  (weakened) 
+  cola  (cf.  agricola)],  m.,  god, 
citizen  of  heaven. 

caelo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?],  v.  tr. 
I,  carve,  engrave. 


Vocabulary. 


23 


caelum,  -1,  [?],  n.,  sky,  heaven^  at- 
mosphere,  air,  climate. 

Caeneus,  -ei,  [Gr.  Kaij^eiJy],  m., 
Cdeiteus,  originally  a  girl  named 
Caenis,  daughter  of  Elatus,  changed 
by  Neptune  into  a  boy,  and  made 
invulnerable.  He  took  part  in  the 
Calydonian  hunt. 

caeruleus,  -a,  -um,  [caerulo-  (re- 
duced) +  eus],  adj.,  of  ike  blue  sea, 
dark  blue^  sea-green,  dark,  livid: 
frater  {Neptune^. 

caerulus,  -a,  -urn,  [caelo  +  lus], 
adj.,  {of  the  sky),  blue  :  caerula 
caeli  {lAe  blue  of  the  sky). 

Caesar,  -aris,  [(?),cf.  caesaries], 
m.,  a  family  name  in  the  gens 
Julia,  —  Esp. :  i.  C.  Julius  Caesar, 
the  conqueror  of  Gaul,  and  the  op- 
ponent of  Pompey  in  the  civil  war, 
assassinated  by  Brutus  and  Cas- 
sius;  2.  C.  Octavius  Ccesar,  called 
Augustus,  the  Roman  emperor 
who  banished  Ovid. 

Caesareus,  -a,  -um,  [Caesar  4- 
eus],  adj.,  of  ox  belonging  to  Ccesar 
or  the  CcBsars  :  Vesta  (  Vesta,  pro- 
tectress of  Augustus). 

caesaries,  -ei,  [(?),  akin  to 
caedo],  f.,  locks  (poetic  for  hair). 

caestus,  -us,  [?],  m.,  cestus,  boxing 
straps. 

Caicus  (Cay-) ,  -i,  [Gr.  KcitKos],  m., 
a  river  of  Greater  Mysia,  which 
takes  its  rise  on  Mount  Teuthras, 
passes  near  Pergamon,  and  falls 
into  the  sea  at  Lesbos  (now  the 
Mendr  agora) . 

calamus,  -i,  [Gr.  /cc^Aajuos],  m., 
reed,  pipe. 

calathus,  -i,  [Gr.  K6xa.Bos\  m., 
basket. 

calc5,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [calc- 
(calx,  heel)  4-0],  v.  tr.  i,  tread, 
tread  on,  tread  out  (of  grapes). 


calculus,  -i,   [calc-  (calx,  lime) 

-t-ulus  (as  if  calco  +  lus)],  m., 

pebble. 
caleo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [fealo- 

(cf.   calldus)  -1-  eo],  v.   intr,  2  j 

and 
calesco,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [cale- 

(stem  of  caleo)  -f-  sco],  v.  intr. 

3,   be    warm,   be    hot,    be   heated, 

grow  warm.  —  pres.  p.,  calens, 

hot. 
calldus,    -a,    -um,     [fcalo-    (cf, ' 

caleo)  +  dus],   adj.,  hot,   warm, 

reeking  (telum). 
caligo,  -inls,  [akin  to  clam,  and 

perh.  caleo],  f.,  smoke,  mist,  dark- 

ness. 
callidus,    -a,    -um,    [callo-    (cf. 

callum)  +  dus],  adj.,  {hardened 

to  a  thing),  cunning. 
callis,  -is,   [akin  to  callum],  m., 

{ivorn  path) ,  path,  track  (of  small 

by-paths). 
calor,  -oris,  [cal-  (as  if,  perhaps 

really,  root  of  caleo)  -|-  or],  m., 

heat. 
Calydon,   -onis    (Gf.   ace,  Caly- 

dona),  [Gr.  KaXvSciv],  f.,  a  very 

ancient   town   of  ^tolia,  on   the 

river  Evenus.     It  was  the  abode 

of  OEneus,  father  of  Meleager  and 

Deianeira,     and     grandfather     of 

Diomedes. 
Calydonis,  -Idis,  [Gr.  patronymic], 

f.,  Calydonian  maid  or  woman. 
Calydonius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  KaAw- 

5c«jvios],   adj.,   of  or  belonging  to 

Calydon,  Calydonian  :  hasta  (the 

spear   of  Diomedes,  who  was   of 

Calydonian  birth) . 
Calymne,   -es,   [Gr.  Kc^Au/zva],   f., 

Calymna,  a  small  island  off  the 

coast  of  Asia  Minor,  near  Cos. 
camella   (camm-),  -ae,    [?],    f., 

goblet  (of  unc.  form) . 


u 


Vocabulary. 


caminiis,    -i,    [Gr.    Ka/xtvos],   m., 

forge,  furnace. 
campus,  -i,   [?],  m.,  plain,   level, 

expanse  (aquarum). 
Cauace,    -es,    [Gr.     Kaj/aw:??],    f., 

Crasher,  one  of  Actason's  hounds. 
Cancer,  -cri,  [?],  m.,  the  Crab,  one 

of  the  signs  of  the  Zodiac. 
candeo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [perh. 

fcanido-    (tf.   canus)  +  eo],  v. 

intr.    2,    glow,    burn.  —  pres.   p., 

candiens,  burning. 
candesco,  -ere,  candui,  [cande- 

(stem  of  candeo)  -f  see],  v.  intr. 

3,  burn,  blaze,  brighten. 
candidus,  -a,  -um,  [perh.  fcanido- 

(cf.  candeo,  through    wh.    it    is 

formed)  +  dus],     adj.,    shining, 

bright,    white    {Q,i.    alb  us,    dead 

white^,  fair  (of  women),  clad  in 

whiles  —  Fig.,   fair-minded    (cf. 

livor). 
candor,    -oris,  [cand-  (as  if  root 

of  candeo)  -1-  or],  m.,  brightness, 

whiteness. 
caneo,  -ere,  -ui,  [cano-  (reduced) 

-|-  eo],  V.  intr.  2,  whiten,  be  white, 

be  gray.  —  pres.  p.,  white,  gray. 
canesco,  -ere,  canui,  [cane-  (stem 

of  caneo)  -}-  sco],  v.  intr.  3,  grow 

white,  whiten. 
canis,  -is,   [?],  c,   dog,  hound. — 

Esp.,  the  Dog  (a  constellation). 
canistruin,  -1,  [Gr.  /ccificrpot'],  n., 

basket. 
canities,    -ei,    [cano  -f  ties],    f., 

hoariness,  gray  hair. 
cauna,   -ae,   [Gr.  k6.vv(x\,  £,  cane, 

reed. 
cano,  -ere,  cecini,  cantum,  [?], 

V.  tr.  3,  sottnd,  sing :  ilia  cauends^ 

est  (?jr  the  subject  of  song). 
€anopus,   -i,    [Gr.    Kat'cDTroy],   m., 

Canopus,  a  city  in  Egypt,  on  the 

western  mouth  of  the  Nile. 


canor,    -oris,     [y^CAN -j- or],    m,» 

music,  songfulness. 
canor  us,  -a,  -um,    [canor  +  ns], 

adj.,  sounding. 
canto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [canto 

-f  o],  V.  tr.   I,  sing.  —  Hence,  en- 
chant. 
cantus,    -US,    [^can  +  tus],   m., 

song,    music   (vocal  or   instr.) .  — 

Hence,  incantation. 
canus,   -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  hoary, 

white,  gray,  zvhitened,  snow-white. 

—  Less  exactly,  jj/^/^w  (of  grain). 

—  As  noun,  zvhite  hair. 
capax,  -acis,   [  v^cap  -|-  ax   (as   if 

fcapa  ■\-  cus,  reduced)],  adj.,  capa- 
cious, capable  of  (ad  praecepta)  : 
ingenium  {jnighty). 

capella, -ae,  [capra  +  la],  f.,  she- 
goat. 

caper,  -ri,  [?],  m.,goat. 

capillus,  -i,  [akin  to  caput],  m., 
hair.  —  PI,,  hair. 

capi§,  -ere,  cepi,  captum, 
[y'CAP],  V.  tr,  3,  tahe,  hold,  seize, 
take  in,  deceive,  enjoy  (spectacle). 

—  p.p.,  captivated,  smitten. 
Capitolium,  -1,    [developed   from 

fcapit-],  n.,  the  Capitol  at  Rome. 

—  Also  pl. 

Capreae,  -arum,  [fcapro-  (re- 
duced) -h  ea  (cf.  caprea)],  f.,  an 
island  in  the  Tuscan  Sea,  off  the 
Bay  of  Naples  (now  Capri'). 

captivus,  -a,  -um,  [  v'cap  -f  tivus 
(as  if  tcapti  + vus)],  adj.,  cap- 
tured, imprisoned,  captive, 

captS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [capto 
+  0],  V.  tr.  I,  catch  at,  seek  (with 
inf.) .  —  p.p.,  caught. 

capulus,  -i,  [fcapo  -t-  lus],  m.,  hilt. 

caput,  -itis,  [?],  n.,  head,  heads 
(sing,  of  two),  source  (of  a  river, 
etc.),  life :  rerum  (capital);  lioc 
caput  (phis  body). 


Vocabulary. 


25 


carbasus^  -i,   [of  oriental  origin], 
f.   (n.  in  pi.),  linen  or  cotton,- — • 
Hence,  sail. 
career,  -eris,   [?],   m.,  prison. — 
Hence,  starting-point  (in  a  race), 
goal. 
carchesiuin,   -i,   [Gr.  K(xpx^(yiov\ 
n.ycup,  beaker  (of  peculiar  shape). 
cardo,  -inis,  [?],  m.,  hi7tge. 
careo,   -ere,   -ui,  -itiirus,    [caro 
+  eo  ?],  V.  intr.  2,  (^he  dear  ?),  be 
wanting.  —  Transf.,  want,  be  desti- 
tute ofy  be  free  fro7n,  be  deprived, 
feel  the  want  of  • —  pres.  p.,  desti- 
tute of. 
caricus,  -a,  -uin,  [caria-  (reduced) 
+  cus],    adj.,     C^rz^^.  —  Hence, 
f.  (sc.  ficus),  Carian  fig,  fig  (from 
Caria). 
carina,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  keel,  bottom  (of 

ship).  —  Hence,  ship. 
carmen,  -inis,   [unc.  root  -f  men 
(cf.  Camena)],  n.,  song,  music, 
verse,   air  (instr.).  —  Hence,    in- 
cantation, charm.  —  Also,  proph- 
ecy. 
caro,  carnis,  [?],  i.,  flesh. 
carpo,  ere,  -psi,  -ptum,  (cf.  Gr. 
-     Ktt/jTrJs],  V.  tr.  3,  pluck,  crop,  gnaw 
(of    envy).  —  Hence    of    travel, 
tread  (vias),  cleave  (aera),  take 
(a    course,    etc.),   pass    over    or 
through. — Also,  carp  at,  ^  pick  in 
pieces,^  find  fault  with  (cf.  gnaw, 
above),  waste. 
carus,  -a,  -uin,  [?],  adj.,  dear  (in 

both  Eng.  ^tn^^^ ,  precious. 
casa,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  cottage. 
caseus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  cheese. 
Cassiope,  -es,  [Gr.  Kao-o-K^Trr?],  f., 
wife   of  Cepheus  and  mother  of 
Andromeda. 
cassis,  -idis,  [?],  f.,  helmet. 
cassis,  -is,  [?],  m.,  hunting-net. 
Oastalius,  -a,  -uni,  adj.,  of  ax  per- 


taining to  the  Fount  of  Casialia 
at  Delphi,  sacred  to  Apollo  and 
the  Muses ;  hence  Castalium 
antrum,  the  cave  at  Delphi  where 
was  the  oracle  of  Apollo. 
castanea,  -ae,  [adj.  formed  from 
Ka.(Tro.vQv\,  f.,  chestnut  (tree  or 
nut). 
Castrum,  -i,  n.,  a  town  in  Latium, 

generally  Castrum  Inui. 
castus,  -a,   -um,    [?],   adj.,   clean 
(religiously),  pure,  chaste,  sacred, 
hallowed. 
casus,    -us,    [V^AD  -\-  tus],    m., 
chance    (good    or    bad). —  Esp., 
mischance,  mishap. 
catena,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  chain. 
Catullus,  -i,  m.,  one  of  the  greatest 
of  Roman  lyric  poets.     He  lived 
B.C.  87-54. 
catiilus,  -i,  [cato  +  lus],  m.,  whelp, 

cub,  young  (of  animals). 
Caucasus,  -i,  [Gr.  Kaii/facros],  m., 
a  chain  of  rough  mountains,  in- 
habited by   wild   tribes,  in   Asia, 
between  the  Black  and  the  Caspian 
Seas. 
Cauda,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  tail. 
Caiilon, -onis,  [Gr.  KauAaj//ia],  m., 
a  town  on  the  east  coast  of  Brut- 
tium. 
causa,  -ae,    [akin   to   caveo],   f., 
reason,     cause,     motive :     sparsi 
veneni    (^effect).  —  Hence,   cause 
(in  the  Eng.  sense  of  the  interests, 
etc.). 
cautes,  -is,  [?],  f.,  rock. 
cautus,  see  caveS. 
caveo,  -ere,  cavi,  cautum,   [?], 
V.  intr.  2,  take  care,  beware,  pro- 
vide (in  a  bargain  or  the  like). — 
p.p.,  cautus,  as  adj.,  careful,  cau- 
tious,   carefully    (in     agreement, 
transl.  as  adv.). 
caverna,  -ae,  [prob.  f  caves-  (cf. 


26 


Vocabulary. 


cavus  and  genus)  -|-  na   (f.   of 

-nus)],  f.,  cavern, 

cavo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [cavo 
+  o],  V.  tr.  I,  hollow  out,  hollow, 
indent. 

cavus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  hollow» 

Cayster  (-stros),  -i,  [Gr.  Kdv- 
(TTpos'l,  m.,  a  river  of  Ionia,  cele- 
brated for  its  tuneful  swans. 

Cecropius,  -a,  -uin,  [Gr.  K^Kpo- 
TTLOs],  adj.,  of  Cecrops,  Cecropian. 
—  Less  exactly,  of  Athens  or  Attica, 
Athenian,  Attic. 

Cecrops,  -opis,  [Gr.  KeVpa;//],  m,, 
the  most  ancient  king  of  Attica, 
who  went  thither  from  the  Egyp- 
tian Sais,  and  founded  the  citadel 
of  Athens  ;  ace.  to  the  fable,  half 
man  and  half  serpent  (or  half  man 
and  half  woman) . 

cedo,  -ere,  cessi,  cessum,  [?],  v. 
intr.  3,  (move ;  cf.  procedo,  re- 
cedo),  draiv  back,  retire,  retreat, 
yield,  be  inferior  to.  —  Also,  fall  to 
(the  lot  of,  perh.  from  being  con- 
quered hy),  pass  into. 

celeber,  -bris,  -bre,  [prob.  same 
as  creber],  adj.,  frequented  by, 
famous  (as  in  everybody's  mouth). 

cel.ebro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [cele- 
bri  (reduced)  +  0],  v.  tr.  i, 
throng,  make  fatuous  (cf.  cele- 
ber), worship:  artes,  pursue  (in 
zeugma  with  forum) . 

Celennia  (occurs  only  in  neut.  ace. 
pi..  Met.  XV.  704),  adj.,  Celen- 
nian,  belonging  to  an  unknown 
place,  Celenna  (or  Celennum),  in 
Southern  Italy. 

celeJP,  -eris,  -ere,  [akin  to  cello], 
adj.,  swift,  quick,  quickly  (in  agree- 
ment). —  Esp.  m.,  Celer,  the  slayer 
of  Remus. 

celo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [(?),  cf. 
clam,  occulo],  v.  tr.  i,  (^keep  in 


the  dark,  both  of  things  and  per- 
sons).—  Hence,  hide,  conceal. — 
Also,  keep  in  ignorance,  conceal 
from  (two  aces.). 

celsus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  excello],  adj., 
high,  lofty,  on  high. 

Cenaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Ki^raTos], 
adj.,  Cencean,  of  or  pertaining  to 
Cenceum,  a  promontory  of  Euboea, 
where  was  a  temple  of  Jupiter. 

census,  -us,  [unc.  root  (cf.  censeo) 
-f-tus],  m.,  census,  assessing. — 
Hence,  property  (as  rated),  pos- 
sessions. —  Also  pi. 

Centaurus,  -i,  [Gr.  KeVrai/pos],  m., 
a  Centaur.  The  Centaurs  were 
fabulous  beings,  half  man,  half 
horse,  sons  of  Ixion  and  of  a  cloud 
in  the  form  of  Juno. 

centum,  [?],  indecl.,  one  hundred. 

Cephenus,  -a,  -um,  [Cephe  •\- 
nus],  adj.,  of  or  belonging  to 
Cepheus,  Cephenian,  Ethiopian. 

Cepheus,  -ei,  [Gr.K77(^ei;s],  m,,  king 
of  the  Ethiopians,  father  of  An- 
dromeda. 

Cepheiis,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  form],  adj., 
of  or  belonging  to  Cepheus. 

Cephisis,  -idis,  [Gr.  Yi-r\^i<Tis\,  f. 
adj.,  sprung  from  or  belonging  to 
the  Cephisus. 

Cephisus,  -i,  [Gr.  Yi7]<picr6s'\,  m.,  a 
river  in  Phocis. 

cera,  -ae,  [Gr.  Kripos\,  f.,  wax. 

Cerambus,  -i,  [Gr.  Ke^a^)8os],  m., 
Cerambus,  who  fled  to  Mount 
Othrys  to  escape  the  flood,  and 
was  changed  into  a  beetle. 

ceratus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  cero], 
as  adj.,  waxed. 

Cerbereus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  ox  per- 
taining to  Cerberus. 

Cerberus,  -i,  [Gr.  K^p^cpos'],  m., 
the  three-headed  dog  that  guarded 
the  entrance  to  the  lower  world. 


Vocabulary. 


27 


Cerealis,  see  Cerialis. 
Ceres,  -eris,  [Vcer  (root  of  cres- 
co)  +es,  cf.  pubes],  f.,  goddess 
of  grain,  daughter  of  Saturn  and 
mother  of  Proserpine.  —  In  prob. 
earlier  meaning,  grainy  fiour^ 
bread. 

Cerialis  (Cere-),  -e,  [stem,  real  or 
imaginary,  akin  to  Ceres  4-  alls], 
adj.,  of  Ceres y  of  gram,  pertaining 
to  grain  or  agriculture. 

cerno,  -ere,  erevi,  cretum,  [?, 
cf.  Kpivw],  V.  tr.  3,  separate. — 
Hence,  distinguish,  discern,  descry, 
see,  look  at,  gaze  on. 

certamen,  -inis,  [certa  +  men], 
n.,  contest.  —  Also  pi.,  same  sense. 

certatim,  [certa  +  tim,  as  if  ace. 
of  fcertatis],  adv.,  contentiously, 
—  With  verbs,  vie  with  each  other 
in,  etc. 

certe,  [old  abl.  of  certus],  adv., 
certainly,  surely,  zvithout  doubt, 
at  least,  at  any  rate, 

certo  [abl.  of  certus],  adv.,  cer- 
tainly, surely. 

certo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [certo 
+  0],  v.  intr.  I,  {decide?). — 
Hence,  strive,  contend,  vie. 

certus,  -a,  -um,  [pp.  of  cerno], 
adj.,  sure  (both  of  things  and  per- 
sons), unfailing,  steady,  *  reliable,^ 
certain,  undoubted,  undeniable : 
amor  (constant)  ;  non  certas 
(wandering)  ;  certum  est  (with 
dat.),  one  is  determined;  certum 
facer e  (inform). 

cerva,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  hind. 

cervix,  -icis,  [akin  to  cerebrum], 
f.,  neck  (esp.  pL),  stiff  neck  (of 
spirited  horses). 

cervus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  stag. 

cespes,  -itis,  [?],  m.,  turf  sod. 

cessS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [cesso 
(cf.  cedo)  4-  o],  V.  intr.  i,  linger, 


delay,  be  slow,  languish,  be  idle, 
lie  dormant,  be  replaced,  be  sup- 
planted.—  pres.  p.,  inactive^  at 
rest:  tempera  cessata  (time  of 
idleness). 

(ceterus),  -a,  -um,  [ce-  (cf.  hie) 
+  terus  (cf.uter)],  adj.,  the  other 
(including  all  the  rest) .  —  As  noun, 
m.,  all  the  rest,  the  others.  —  n., 
everything  else,  the  rest,  the  conse- 
quences (the  rest,  after  an  action 
or  the  like). 

eeu  [?,  prob.  ce  (in  hlc)-f-ve], 
conj.,  as,  like,  as  if 

Ceyx,  -ycis,  [Gr.  K^u^],  m.,  Ceyx, 
king  of  Trachis,  son  of  Lucifer, 
and  husband  of  Alcyone. 

Chaonis,  -idis,  [Gr.  XaoWs],  adj., 
f.,  Chaonian,  of  Chaonia,  a  district 
in  Epirus. 

Chaos,  abl.  Chao,  [Gr.  X^fos],  n., 
(a  yawning  gulf ),  the  boundless, 
empty  space,  as  the  kingdom  of 
darkness,  the  Lower  World.  — 
Personified,  Chaos  (or  Infinite 
Space  and  Darkness). 

charta,  -ae,  [Gr.  x^p^vs^t^-y  p^pf-     ^ 
rus,  paper,  piece  of  paper, — Hence, 
letter,  book. 

Charybdis,  -is,  [Gr.  Xcipui85is],  f., 
a  whirlpool  in  the  Strait  of  Mes* 
sina,  between  Sicily  and  Italy. 

chelydrus,  -i,  [Gr.  x^^vSpos],  m., 
water-snake. 

chorda,  -ae,  [Gr.  x^pS-^]»  f»?  string 
(musical). 

chorus,  -i,  [Gr.  x^9'^^\  ^-j  band  of 
dancers,  band  (of  Bacchus) .     - 

chrysolithus,  -i,  [Gr.  xpwo-<^A(^os], 
c,  chrysolith  (a  precious  stone), 
topa%. 

cibus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  food,  article  of 
food. 

Cicones,  -um,  [Gr.  KUov^sI,  m.,  a 
people  in  Thrace,  on  the  Hebrus. 


28 


Vocabulary. 


ciconia,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  sto?'k. 
cicuta,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  hemlock  branch, 

hemlock  (poisonous). 
cieo,  -ere,  \    _  _     ,.         r    >    ^ 
ci§,-ire,    }civi,citum,[Vci],v. 

tr.  2  and  4,  set  in  motion,  call 
forth,  summon. 

Cilix,  -icis,  [Gr.  KtAtl],  adj.,  Cili- 
cian,  of  Cilicia,  a  province  in  the 
southern  part  of  Asia  Minor. 

Cimitierii,  -orum,  [Gr.  KtyU^eptoi], 
m.,  Cimmerians,  a  fabled  people 
in  the  extreme  West  or  North, 
where  the  sun  does  not  shine. 

cinctus,  p.p.  of  cingo. 

citigo,  -ere,  cinxi,  cinctum,  [?], 
V.  tr.  3,  surround,  gird,  envelop, 
gird  up  (vestes).  —  Pass.,  gird 
one^s  self,  wind  around  (of  a 
snake),  roll  himself — p.p.,  sur- 
rounded, girt,  crowned. 

cinis,  -eris,  [?],  m.,  ashes. — Also 

pi. 

Cinyphius,    -a,    -um,    [fCinyph 

+  ius],  adj.,  of  the  Cinyps  (a  river 
of  Libya),  Cinyphian.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, Libyan,  African. 

Cinyras,  -ae,  [Gr.  K.Lvvpas\,  m.,  an 
Assyrian  king  whose  daughters 
were   changed   by  Juno   into   the 

*  steps  of  a  temple. 

circa,  [unc.  case-form  from  circum 
(cf.  antea,  etc.)],  adv.  and  prep., 
around,  round,  about. 

Circaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Kt.pK.a1os~\, 
adj.,  of  Circe,  a  daughter  of  the 
sun,  famous  for  Jier  sorceries,  by 
which  she  changed  men  into 
beasts. 

circueo  (circumeo),  -ire,  -ii, 
-itum,  [circum-eo],  v.  tr.  irr., 
go  around,  surround  (of  Minerva 
weaving  a  pattern). 

circuitus,  -Hs,  [circum-itus, 
through  circueo],   m.,   circuit. 


circum,  [petrified  ace.  of  circus], 
adv.  and  prep.,  around,  round, 
about.  —  In  comp.,  same. 

circumdo,  -are,  -dedi,  -datum, 
[circum-do],  v.  tr.  1,  put  around 
(one  thing  round  another),  sur- 
rotmd  (one  with  another).  —  p.p., 
surrounded. 

circumeo,  see  circueo. 

circumfero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum, 
[circum-fero],  v.  tr.  irr.,  bear 
around,  turn  around. 

circumfluo,  -ere,  -fluxi,  no  sup., 
[circum-fluo],  v.  tr.  3,  flow 
around,  bathe,  wash  (of  a  rjver). 

circumfluus,  -a,  -um,  [circum- 
ffluus  (akin  to  fluo)],  adj.  (both 
act.  and  pass.),  flowing  around, 
wave-washed. 

circumf undo,  -ere,  f iidi,  -f usum, 
[circum-fundo],  v.  tr.  3,  pour 
around.  —  Also,  surround  (a  thing 
by  pouring).  —  p.p.  (as  middle), 
pouring  around  (of  a  crowd). 

circumlino,  -ere,  no  perf.,  -lituiii, 
[circum-lino],  v.  tr.  3,  smear 
around :  auro  {encase). 

circumsono,  -are,  -sonui,  -sont- 
tum,  [circum-sono],  v.  tr.  i, 
roar  around.  —  Pass.,  be  sur- 
rounded with  the  sound  of 

circumsonus,  -a,  -um,  [circum- 
sonus],  adj.,  somtding  routed, 
baying  (round  impHed  in  the  con- 
text in  Eng.). 

circumspicio,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spec- 
turn,  [circum-spicio],  v.  tr.  3, 
look  around,  look  around  upon, 
look  around  to  see. 

circumsto,  -are,  -steti,  no  sup., 
[circum-sto],  v.  tr.  i,  stand 
around^  surround. 

circus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  circus,  amphi- 
theatre. 

Cithaeron,  -onis,  [Gr.  Kidaipd>v\, 


Vocabulary. 


29 


m.,  a  mountain  in  Bceotia,  a  famous 
haunt  of  Bacchus  and  the  Muses. 
cithara,  -ae,  [Gr.  /ci^c^pa],  f.,  lyi'e. 
cito,  [abl.  of  citus],  adv.,  quickly. 
' —  Comp.,  citius,  quicker^  sooner. 
citra,  [prob.  instr.  of  fciter,  cf.  cite- 
riorj,  adv.  and  prep.,  this  side, — 
Hence,  from  point  of  view,  outside, 
beneath.  —  Of  time,  before. 
citus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  cieo],  adj., 
quickj  hasty,  rapid,  stvift^  fiyi'^g 
(i.e.  swift). 
civilis,  -e,   [civi-   (lengthened)  + 
lis],  adj.,  of  a  citizen,  civil :  acies 
{internecine)',  jura  {of polity). 
civis,  -is,  \_^JCl,  lie'],  c,  citizeit. 
clades,  -is,  [?],  f.,  disaster,  calam- 
ity, misfortune. 
claino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [noun 
stem  (akin  to  calendae)  +  o],  v. 
tr.  I,  shout,  cry  out. 
clamor,  -oris,  [clam-  (as  if  root  of 
clamo)  -f  or],  m.,  shout,  outcry, 
cry,  noise  (of  voices). 
Claros  (-rus),  -i,  [Gr.  KAapos],  a 
town  in  Ionia,  where  there  was  a 
famous  temple  of  Apollo,  who  is 
called  Clarius  (deus),  the   Cla- 
rian  god. 
clarus,    -a,    -um,    [cla-    (as    in 
clamo)  -f  rus],  adj.,  loud,  distinct, 
clear,  —  So,  bright,  refulgent,  brill- 
*»  iant,   conspicuous.  —  Hence,  fa- 
mous. 
classis,  -is,  [y^CLA  (in  clamo)  -f 
tis],   f..,   {a   summoning).  —  Less 
exactly,  the  arjny  (called  out) .  — 
Esp.,  an  army  (called  out  for  duty 
at  sea) ,  a  fleet  (the  usual  meaning) . 
claudo,  -ere,  clausi,    clausum, 
[perh.  clavi-do],  v.  tr.  3,  shut,  en- 
close.,  shut  up,  confine^    bar,    im- 
prison. 
clava,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  club. 
ClavuSy  -i,  [  ?],  m.,  stripe.  —  Esp.  on 


the  tunic  as  distinctive  of  rank: 
latus  {the  broad  stripe  of  senato- 
rial rank). 
clipeatus,  -a,  -um,  [clipea-  (as  if 
stem  of  clipeo)  -{-  tus],  adj., 
argued  with  a  shield,  shield-bearing. 
cllpeus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  shield  (round, 

as  opp.  to  scutum), 
clivus,  -i,  [cli-  (cf.  clino)  +  vus], 
m.,  slope,  hillside,  sloping  table  (in- 
dicated by  context). 
Clymene,  -es,   [Gr.   KAujuei/ry],  f., 
daughter  of  Tethys,  wife   of  the 
Ethiopian    king    Merops.       Her 
children    by   the    sun    (Phoebus) 
were  Phaethon  and  the  Heliades. 
Clymeneius,  -e,  -um,  [Clymene 
-f-ius],  adj.,  of  Clymene.  —  Cly- 
mieneia  proles,  Phaethon,  son  of 
Clymene. 
coacervo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [con- 
acervo],  v.  tr.  i,  heap  up,  heap  to- 
gether.  —  \).^., piled,  heaped:  luc- 
tus   {combined,  one  upon  .  .  .  an- 
other) . 
coagulum,  -i,  [con-tagulus  (ago 

-f-  lus)],  n.,  curd. 
coargu5,  -ere,  -gui,  -gutum,  [con- 
arguo],    V.    tr.    3,   prove,    make 
knoivn  (cf.  arguo). 
Cocalus,  -i,  [Gr.  YidoKoKos],  m.,  a 
king  in  Sicily  who  received  and 
protected   Dsedalus  when  he  fled 
from  Crete, 
coctilis,  -e,  [cocto-  (weakened)  -f 
lis],  adj.,  baked. —  Hence,  of  brick. 
coeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  [con-eo],  v. 
intr.    irr.,    go    together,    assemble, 
gather,  unite,  be  joined,  be   nar- 
rowed   (two     sides     coming    to- 
gether). 
coepi,    -isse,     coeptum,     [con- 
fapio,  cf.  apiscor],  v.  tr.  def.  irr., 
begin. —  p.p.,  coeptus,  begun. —  n. 
pL,  coepta,  undertakings^  efforts. 


30 


Vocabulary, 


coerceo,  -ere,  -ercui,  no  sup., 
[con-arceoj,  v.  tr.  2,  restrain^ 
confine,  quell,  subdue. 

Coeus,  'i,  [Gr.  Ko7os'],  m.,  a  Titan, 
the  father  of  Latona. 

cognatus,  -a,  -uin,  [con-gnatus, 
p.p.  of  nascor],  as  adj.,  akin.  — 
As  noun,  kindred. 

cognomen,  -inis,  [coii"(g)nomen, 
through  cognosce],  n.,  name. 

cognosco,  -ere,  -novi,  -nitum, 
[con-tgnosco  (old  form  of  nos- 
co)],  V,  tr.  3,  learn,  recognize. — 
p.  in  -dus,  recognizable. 

ciogo,  -ere,  coegi,  coactuni, 
[con-ago],  V.  tr.  3,  bring  together, 
coagulate  (lac) .  —  Also,  compel, 
force,  reduce:,  nullo  cogente, 
with  no  (outside)  force ;  agmen, 
close  (of  Lucifer  coming  last  of  the 
stars) . 

cOhaereo,  -ere,  -haesi,  -liaesum, 
[con-haereo] ,  V.  intr.  2,  stick  fast, 
be  caught. 

eohors,  -hortis,  [?],  f.,  bajtd,  com- 


Colchis,  -idis,  [Gr.  KoAxis],  f.,  the 
Colchian  woman,  i.e.  Medea. 

Colclius,  -a,  -nm,  [Gr.  ¥^6kxos\ 
adj.,  Colchian,  of  Colchis,  a  town  in 
the  northeast  of  Asia  Minor,  on  the 
Black  Sea.  —  PL,  Colchi,  the  Col- 
chians. 

collabor  (conl~),  -i,  -lapsus, 
[con-labor],  v.  dep.  '^,fall,  sink. 

eolligo  (conl-),  -ere,  -legi,  -lec- 
tum,  [con-lego],  v.  tr.  1,,  gather, 
collect,  bring  together.  —  Also,  in- 
fer, gather  (as  in  Eng.)  :  sitim 
{contract,  get  thirsty^ . 

collls,  -is,  [?],  m.,  hill. 

colloquium,  see  conloquium. 

collum, -i,  [?],  n.,  neck.^Kho  pi. 

colluo  (conl-),  -ere,  -lui,  -lutum, 
[con-luo],  V.  tr.  j,  wa^h^  mgiU^n, 


colo,  -ere,  -ui,  -cultum,  [  ?] ,  v.  tr. 

3,  cultivate,  inhabit,  che7''ish,  wor- 
ship.—  See  also  cultus. 

colonus,  -i,  [colo-  (old  stem  akin 
to  colo)  +  nus  (cf.  aegrotus)], 
m.,  husbandman,  farmer. 

Coloplionius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  KoAo- 
(pdivios],  adj.,  Colophonian,  of  Colo- 
phon, a  Greek  city  in  Lydia. 

color,  -oris,  [?],  m.,  color,  hue, 
complexion. 

colubra,   -ae,    [?],   f.,  snake,  ser- 


columba,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  dove. 

columna,  -ae,  [akin  to  colo,  but 
conn.  unc.  (cf.  alumnus)],  f., 
column,  pillar. 

colus,  -i,  (-lis)  [?],  f.,  distaff. 

coma,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  hair,  head  (cov- 
ered with  hair). —  Less  exactly, 
foliage. 

comans,  -antis,  [as  if  pres.  p.  of 
tcomo,  (cf.  coma)],  adj.,  having 
hair  :  stella  {a  comei). 

combibo  (conb-),  -ere,  -bibi,  no 
sup.,  [con-bibo],  v.  tr.  3,  drink 
up,  absorb,  drink  in. 

comes,  -itis,  [con-,  stem  akin  to 
meo,  (cf.  semita)],  c,  compan- 
ion, sharer  :  comes  esse,  share 
Jacting). 

cominus,  [con-manus,  petrified  as 
adv.],  adv.,  hand  to  hand,  at  short 
range,  iit  close  fight. 

comity,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [comit 
-f-  o],  V.  tr.  I,  accompany.  —  Pass., 
as  deponent,  accompany. 

commentum,  -i,  [con-fmentum 
(p.p.  of  memini)],  n.,  {thing 
thought  up^,  fiction,  idle  tale. 

commereo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  [ffon- 
mereo],  v.  tr.  2,  deserve,  earn. 

commissus,  p.p.  of  committo. 

committS,  -ere,  -misi,  -missum, 
[con-mitto],  v.  tr.  3,  cQ?nmit,  m- 


Vocabulary. 


31 


trust,  trusty  place  (in  some  posi- 
tion).—  Also  of  crimes,  etc.,  com- 
7?iit.  —  Of  contest,  join,  begin, 
engage  in. 

comniove5,  -ere,  -inovi,  -motum, 
[con-moveo],  v.  tr.  2,  arouse, 

commQiiis,  -e,  [con-fmunis  (cf. 
iiiunia)],  adj.,  {having  duties  to- 
gether, cf.  iinmuiiis),  held  in 
common^  common  (to  two  tilings). 
—  As  noun.,  the  commons,  the  body 
(gentis). 

communiter,  [communi  +  ter], 
adv.,  together,  in  common. 

como,  -ere,  conipsi,  comptum, 
[?],  V.  tr.  3,  deck,  arrange. 

compactus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  com- 
pingo],  as  2,di].,  joined  together. 

cornpages,  -is,  [com-fpages  (akin 
to  pango),  perh.  through  coin- 
pingo],  f.,  joining,  joint:  lapi- 
Avim,  jointed  {ox  joined)  stones. 

1.  compello,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[stem  alcin  to  2.  compello  +  o 
(cf.  I.  appello)],  V.  tr.  i,  address, 
accost. 

2.  compello,  -pellere,  -puli, 
-pulsum,  [com-pello],  v.  tr.  3, 
join  together  in  a  body.  —  With 
weaker  meaning  of  prep.,  drive, 
force. 

conipendluin,  -i,  [con-fpendium 
(t/pend  +  ium),  perh.  through 
compendo],  n.,  saving:  com- 
pendia montis  {short  cut  over, 
etc.). 

compesco,  -ere,  -pescui,  [  ?] ,  v.  tr. 
3  {keep  within  pasture  bounds?), 
restrain,  confine,  quell,  quench. 

complector,  -i,  -plexus,  [com- 
plecto],  V.  dep.  3,  embrace,  sur- 
round, encompass. 

complex,  -ere,  -evi,  -etum,  [con- 
pleo],  V.  tr.  2,  fill  up,  fulfil,  com- 
plete. 


coiTiplexus,  -as,  [con-plexus, 
through  complector],  m.,  em- 
brace. 

complor5,    -are,     -avi,    -atum, 

[con-ploro],  v.  tr.  i,  lament,  be- 
wail. 

componS,  -ere,  -posui,  -positum, 
[con-pono],  v.  tr.  3,  put  together. 
— -  Hence,  compare,  compose 
(verse),  arrange,  compose  (the 
countenance).  —  Also,  put  up,  lay 
to  rest,  bury. 

comprecor,  -ari,  -atus,  [con-pre- 
cor],  V.  dep.  i,pray  (stronger  than 
precor). 

comprehendo  (-prendo) ,  -ere, 
-endi,  -ensum,  [con-prehendo], 
V.  tr.  3,  catch,  seize,  arrest. 

comprendo,  see  comprejiendo. 

comprensus,  p.p.  of  compre- 
hendo. 

comprimo,  -ere,  -pressi,  -pres- 
sum,  [con-premo],  v.  tr.  3,  press 
together,  close  (the  eyes  in  death), 
check,  restrain. 

conamen,  -inis,  [cona  -{-  men],  n., 
effort,  spring  (effort  of  motion) . 

conbibo,  see  combibo. 

concavo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [con- 
cavo],  V.  tr.  l,  bend  together,  bend 
in,  hollozv  out. 

coucavus,  -a,  -um,  [con-cavus], 
adj.,  hollowed  in,  hollow. 

concedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessum, 
[con-cedo],  v.  tr.  3,  yield,  yield 


concentus,  -us,  [con-cantus],  m., 

accord,  harmony  (prob.  here  in 
our  modern  sense?). 

concha,  -ae,  [Gr.  idyx^i  f-»  shell, 
conch-shell. 

concido,  -ere,  -cidi,  -casum, 
[con-cado],  v.  intr.  3,  fall,  col- 
lapse. 

concieo,  -ere,  -civi,  -citum,  (also 


32 


Vocabulary. 


concio,  -ire),  v.  tr.  2  and  4,  stir 
Mpy  set  in  (violent)  motion^  arouse^ 
rouse.  —  p'P-,  concitus,  aroused^ 
excited:  amnis  {szuollejt);  sagitta 
(shot) .  —  Hence,  stvift. 

concilium,  -i,  [  ?,  perh.  con-cilium 
(cf. '  put  heads  together ')],  n.,  as- 
sembly^ council, 

concipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptum, 
[con-capio],  V.  tr.  3,  catch, gather^ 
collect,  be  filled  with  (ace),  con- 
ceive :  iras  {conceive)  ;  animo 
imaginem  {conceive,  form)  ;  ignes 
{kindle,  catch);  preces  {begin  to 
titter) ;  a  lupo  conceptus  {sired 
by,  etc.), 

coiiclamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[con-clamo],  v.  tr.  i,  cry  out,  ex- 
claii7i. 

Concordia,  -ae,  [concord +  ia], 
f.,  harmony,  unanimity,  peace, 
friendship,  agreement,  union  (of 
souls). 

concordo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[concord -{- o],  v.  intr,  i,  harmo- 
nize, be  in  hai^mony :  carmina 
nervis  {music  sounds  in  harmony 
on  the  strings) . 

concors,  -cordis,  [con-cor,  infl.  as 
adj.],  adj.,  agreeing  (prop,  of  per- 
sons) .  —  Less  exactly,  in  harmony, 
harmonious, 

coucresco,  -ere,  -crevi,  -cretum, 
[con-cresco],  v.  intr.  3,  grow  to- 
gether, congeal,  gather,  —  p.p., 
concretus,  gathered,  congealed. 

concurr5,  -ere,  -curri,  -cursum, 
[con-curro],  v.  intr.  3,  run  to- 
gether, —  Esp.  in  hostility,  fight 
with,  meet  (in  battle) . 

concursus,  -iis,  [con-cnrsus, 
through  concurro],  m.,  rush  to- 
gether,—  Hence,  crash  (caeli). 

concfistodio,  -ire,  [con-custodio], 
V.  tr.  4,  guard. 


concutio,  -ere,  -cussi,  -cussum, 

[con-quatio],  v.  tr.  3,  shake  up, 
shake,  clash  (arma). 

condiciS,  -onis,  [con-dicio  (cf. 
condico)],  f.,  terms,  condition, 
terms  of  agreement. 

condo,  -ere,  -didi,  -dituin,  [con- 
^do],  V.  tr.  3,  put  together,  build, 
found  (a  city),  lay  (walls). — 
Also,  put  aiuay  (up),  hide,  bury, 
preserve  (fruits,  cf.  *  put  up'), 
close  (the  eyes  in  ^tz\}i),  prepare 
for  burial. 

conduco,  -ere,  -diixi,  -ductiim, 
[con-ducoj ,  V.  tr.  3,  bring  together, 
gather, 

confero,  -ferre,  -tiili,  -latum 
(colla-),  [con-fero],  v.  tr.  irr., 
bring  together,  match  (breast  to 
breast),  unite,  contend,  change  (in 
volucrem)  :  se  {betake), 

conficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectum, 
[con-facio],  v.  tr.  3,  make  tip,  do 
^(^,y^;^^^V^.  —  p.p  ,  confectus,  ex- 
hausted (cf.  '  done  up '). 

confido,  -ere,  -f  isus  sum,  [con- 
fido],  V.  intr.  3,  trust. 

conf  inium»,  -i,  [confini-  (reduced) 
-f  inm],  n.,  common  boundary. 

conflteor,  -eri,  -fessus,  [con- 
fateor],  v.  dep.  2,  confess:  se 
{confess  his  identity). 

confrcmo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  [con- 
fremo],  v.  intr.  3,  set  up  a  mur- 
fnur,  murmur. 

confiigi^,  -ere,  -fngi,  no  sup., 
[con-fugio],  V.  intr.  3,  betake 
one's  self  in  flight,  take  refuge  with 
(ad).    ^ 

CO  nf undo,  -ere,  -fudi,  -fnsum, 
[con-fundo],  v.  tr.  3,  pour  to- 
gether, mingle  together.  —  Fig,, 
confound,  confuse.  —  Also  (by  de- 
stroying organization),  destroy, — 
Pass.,  be  lost  in,  be  confounded. 


Vocabulary. 


33 


congelS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [con- 
gelo],  V.  tr.  I,  congeal^  harden^  pet- 
rify. 
congeries,  -ei,  [con-fgeries, 
(ger-  as  root  +ies),  through 
congeroj,  f.,  mass. 

congero,  -ere,  -gessi,  -gestum, 
[con-gero],  v.  tr.  3,  briiig  together , 
heap  up.,  heap  upoit,  mass. 

congestiis,  p.p.  of  congero. 

congredior,  -i,  -gressiis,  [con- 
gradior],  v.  dep.  3,  come  together. 
—  Esp.  in  hostile  sense,  7?ieet  in 
battle. 

conicio  (conjicio),  -ere,  -jeci, 
-jectiim,  [con-jacio],  v.  tr,  3, 
(throw  with  a  stroke),  strike, 
plant  (of  a  weapon),  implant. 

conjectus,  p.p.  of  conicio. 

conjugialis,  -e,  [conjugio-  (re- 
duced)-}- alls],  adj.,  relating  to 
marriage,  conjugal. 

conjugiuiti,  -i,  [conjug-  (stem  of 
conjunx)  +  ium],  n.,  marriage, 
alliance  (by  marriage). 

conjungo,-ere,  -jiinxi,  -junctum, 
[con-jungo],  v.  tr.  1,join  together, 
join,  unite. 

conjunx,  -jugis,  [con-jug  (root  of 
jungo  as  stem,  with  accidental 
n)],  c,  consort,  husband.^  wife. 

conjuro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [con- 
jure], V.  intr.  I,  swear  together, 
conspire.  —  p.p.,  conjuratus,  hav- 
ing conspired,  conspiring,  having 
sworn  together. 

conloquium  (coll-),  -i,  [con-flo- 
quium,  through  conloquor],  n., 
converse,  conversation. 

connubium,  see  conubiuin» 

Conor,  -ari,  -atus,  [?],  v.  dep.  i, 
try,  endeavor. 

conp-,  see  comp-. 

conqueror,  -i,  -questus,  [con- 
queror], V.  dep.  3,  complain. 


consangulneus,  -a,  -uni,  [fcon- 
sanguin-  (cf.  exsanguis,  etc.)  + 
eus],  adj.,  of  a  brother,  a  brother's, 
kindred. 
conscelero,    -are,    -avi,    -atum, 
[con-scelero],v.  tr.  i,  make  guilty, 
stai7i,  pollute  (with  crime) . 
conscendo,  -ere,  -scendi,  -scen- 
sum,  [con-scando],  v.  tr.  3,  climb 
up,  mount. 
conscius,    -a,    -um,     [con-fscius 
(akin  to  scio,  cf.  iuscius)],  adj., 
havijig    knoivledgc    of   (together 
with  the  party  concerned),  privy 
to. — As  noun,  co7ijidant,  witness, 
person  privy  (to  a  thing). 
consenesco,   -ere,   -senui,    [con- 
senesco],  v.  intr.  3,  grow  old  to- 
gether. 
consequor,    -i,    -seciitus,    [con- 
sequor],  v.  dep.  %  follow  up,  over- 
take, attain. 
conserS,  -ere,  -sevi,  -situm,  [con- 
sero],  V.  tr.  3,  sow  (lands)  with 
(abh).  ^ 
consider^,     -are,    -avi,    -atum, 
[f  considus,  an  astronomical  word, 
referring  to  constellations] ,  v.  tr.  i, 
(calculate  positions  of  stars?),  con- 
-  template,  consider,  question. 
consido,    -ere,    -sedi,     -sessum, 
[con-sido],  v.intr.3,  sitdozvn,  sit  on. 
consilium,  -i,  [consul  -f  ium,  perh. 
orig.  body  of  colleagues  (cf.  col- 
legium)], n.,  (body  of  counsel- 
lors?), council.  —  Hence,  counsel, 
advice,  plan,  design. 
consisto,    -ere,    -stiti,    -stitum, 
[con-sisto] ,  V.  intr.  3,  take  a  stand, 
take    07te''s   place,    stand,    alight: 
vina,  hold  together  (so  as  to  stand 
up),  stand  firm. 
consitus,  p.p.  of  consero. 
consolor,  -ari,  -atus,  [con-sol or], 
V.  dep.  I,  console,  condole  with. 


34 


Vocabulary, 


consors,  -sortis,  [con-sors],  c, 
prop,  adj.,  {sharing  the  same  lot), 
partner,  wife,  husband.  —  As  adj., 
sanguis,  kindred. 

conspicio,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spectum, 
[con-spicio],  v.  tr.  3,  espy,  come 
in  sight  of,  —  p.p.,  conspectus, 
observed,  conspicuous. 

conspicuus,  -a,  -um,  [con-fspic- 
uus  (^SPEC+ vus)],  adj.,  disti7t- 
guished,  conspicuous,  visible. 

constern^,  -are,  -avi,  -atuin, 
[noun  stem  akin  to  sterno],  v.  tr. 
I,  strike  with  terror.  —  Pass.,  be 
terror-stricken. 

coiistituo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utum,  [con- 
statuo],  V.  tr,  3,  set  up,  set. 

consuesco,  -ere,  -suevi,  -suetum, 
[con-suesco],  v.  tr.  i,  accustom. 
—  p.p.,  consuetus,  accustomed, 
wonted,  usual. 

consul,  -ulis,  [?,  prob.  con -j- sal 
(in  salio)],  m.,  consul  (orig. 
dancing  priest,  then  colleague). 

consulo,  -ere,  -siilui,  -sultuin, 
[unc,  peril,  con-salio,  referring 
to  a  college  of  dancing  priests],  v- 
tr.  3,  {be  a  consul  or  colleague) .  — ■ 
Hence  (through  the  action  of  the 
consuls),  counsel,  take  measures 
(for  one,  dat.),  consult  for,  take 
care  (for).  —  With  ace,  consult. 

consumo,  -ere,  -suinpsi,  -suinp- 
tum,  [con-STimo],  v.  tr.  3,  devour, 
consume. 

consurgo,  -ere,  -rexi,  -rectum, 
[con-surgo],  v.  intr.  3,  rise  tip 
{together),  rise. 

contactus,  -us,  [con-tactus, 
through  contingo],  m.,  contact, 
touch. 

eontemno,  -ere,  -teuipsi,  -terap- 
tum,  [con-temno],  v.  tr.  3,  de- 
spise, scorn. 

contemptor,  -oris,  [con-temptor, 


through  conteuino],  m.,  scorner, 
despiser. 
contemptrix,    -icis,    [con-temp- 
trix,    through    eontemno],    f., 

scorner  (female),  regardless  (in 
app.  treated  as  adj.). 

contemptus,  -us,  [con-temptus, 
through  eontemno],  m.,  scorn, 
contempt. 

contends,  -ere,  -tendi,  -tentuni, 
[con-tendo],  v.  tr.  3,  strain, 
stretch.  —  Fig.,  contend,  maintain 
(a  proposition). 

contentus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  con- 
tineo],  as  adj.,  {self-restrained), 
content,  satisfied.  —  Also,  bounded 
(i.e.  contained). 

conterminus,  -a,  -um,  [con-ter- 
minns],  adj.,  {with  same  bounda- 
ries) ,  close  by,  near  to. 

conterreo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  [con- 
terreo],  v.  tr.  2,  alarm  (much  or 
^MdiA^xAy).,  frighten. 

conticesc5,  -ere,  -ticui,  no  sup., 
[con-tacesco,  through  conticeo], 
V.  intr.  3,  be  hushed. 

contiguus,  -a,  -um,  [con-ftiguus 
(tag  4-  vus),  perh.  through  con- 
tingo],  adj.,  adjoining. 

contineo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tentum, 
[con-teneo],  V.  tr.  2,  hold  together, 
hold,  contain,  restraiii. 

contingo,  -ere,  tigi,  -tactum, 
[con-tango],  v.  intr.  3,  touch, 
reach,  come  to.  —  Hence,  fall  to 
the  lot  of,  become  one''s  (possession), 
happen  (without  a  definite  person 
to  whom),  occur. 

contiuiius,  -a,  -um,  [con-ftinuus 
(vTEN-f  vus),  perhaps  through 
contineo],  adj.,  adjoining,  con- 
tin  uo  us  J  u  n  interr  up  ted. 

contorqueo,  -ere,  -torsi, -tortiim, 
[con-torqueo],  v,  tr.  2,  hurl. 

contra,  [unc.  case-form,  prob.  instr. 


Vocabulary. 


35 


of  fcontro-  (con  -f  tero-,  cf.  in- 
ter)], adv.  and  prep,  —  Adv.,  op- 
posite^ on  the  other  side,  on  the 
opposite  side.  — •  Fig.,  07i  the  othe^' 
hand,  on  the  contrary^  in  return, 
in   reply,    in   opposition.  —  Prep., 

,   over  against,  against,  opposite. 

contractus,  p.p.  of  contraho. 

contraho,  -ere,  -traxi,  -tractum, 
[con-traho],  v.  tr,  3,  bring  to- 
gether, contract,  shorten,  shrink. 

eontrarius,  -a,  -um,  [contra  (re- 
duced) +  arius],  adj.,  in  opposi- 
tion, opposed,  the  opposite  of,  oppos- 
ing: in  contraria  {in  the  opposite 
direction,  backzvard). 

contremisco,  -ere,  -tremui,  no 
sup.,  [con-tremisco],  v.  intr.  3^ 
tremble  all  over,  shake,  shudder, 
quake. 

contribuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utum,  [con- 
tribuo],  V.  intr.  3,  contribute. 

contumiilo,  -are,  -avi,  -atuni, 
[con-tumulo],  v.  tr.  i,  bury,  en- 
tomb. 

contundo,  -ere,  -tudi,  -tusum, 
[con-tundo],  v.  tr.  3,  beat,  bruise. 

conubium  (connu-),  -i,  [connba 
(reduced)  -1-  ium],  n.,  marriage. 
—  Also  pi.,  same. 

conus,  -i,  [Gr.  kS>vos  (cf.  cuneus)], 
m,,  a  cone.  —  From  its  shape,  the 
peak  {of  a  helmet^,  a  crest  (to 
which  tHe  flowing  crest  was  fas- 
tened) . 

convalesco,  -ere,  -valui,  no  sup., 
[con-valesco],  v.  intr.  3,  grow 
strong,  be  restored,  increase,  burn 
bright  (ignes).  ' 

convello,  -ere,  -velli,  -vulsuiii, 
[con-vello],  v.  tr.  3,  tear,  tear 
a%vay. 

convenio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventuin, 
[con-venio],  v.  intr.  4,  come  to- 
gether,   assemble,    meet.  —  Hence^ 


agree,     befit:     convenit     {it     is 

agreed^ . 
conversus,  p.p.  of  converto. 
convert^,  -ere,  -verti,  -versuin, 

[con-verto],  v.  tr.  3,  ttirn  around 
(with  reflex.,  turn  (intr.)),  change, 
transfor^n.  —  Also,  turn  to  one^s 
self,  attract.  —  p.p.,  conversus, 
changed,  transformed :  terga  con- 
versa  dare,  turn  the  back  (in 
flight). 

convexus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  con- 
veho],  adj.,  vaulted  (arched  like 
the  heavens) . 

convicium,  -i,  [prob.  convoc-  (con- 
vox,  as  adj.,  talking  together)  -\- 
ium],  n.,  altercation,  wrangling, 
abusive  or  insulting  words.  —  Also 
pi.,  same. 

convictus,  -us,  [con-victus],  m., 
liviiig  together,  coterie. 

eonviva,  -ae,  [con-fviva  (cf.  agri- 
cola)],  m..,  guest. 

convivium,  -i,  [eonviva-  (reduced) 
4-  ium,  but  possibly  primary  from 
root],  n.,  feast.  —  Also  pi. 

convoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atutn,  [con- 
voco],  V.  tr.  I,  call  together,  sum* 
mon. 

copia,  -ae,  [fcopi-  (con-ops  re- 
duced) -f-  ia],  f.,  abundance,  re- 
sources, freedom  of  choice,  liberty 
(to  do  a  thing),  chance  (to  do), 
opportunity .  i 

coquo,  -ere,  -coxi,  -coctum, 
y'COQU  (cf.  TreVo-ftj)],  v.  tr.  3,  cook, 
boil.  —  Pass.,  boil  (intr.). 

cor,  cordis,  [cf.  «:ap5ia],  n.,  heart 
(physical  and  moral  sense). 

Corinna,  -ae,  [Gr.  ¥^6pivv(i\,  f.,  an 
unknown  person,  mistress  of  the 
parrot  whose  death  Ovid  lamented 
in  an  elegy. 

Corinthus,  -i,  [Gr.  Y.6^\.vQo{\,  f., 
'Corinth,  a  celebrated  city  by  the 


36 


Vocabulary. 


isthmus  that  joins  the  Peloponne- 
sus to  Central  Greece;  called  bi- 
maris  because  it  lay  close  to 
the  Corinthian  and  the  Saronic 
gulfs. 

corneus,  -a,  -um,  [cornu-  (re- 
duced) +  eus],  adj.,  of  horn, 
hor7ty. 

coriilger,  -eri,  [cornu-  (weakened) 
+  ger  (for  gerus)],  adj.,  horned. 

comix,  -icis,  [?],  f.,  crow. 

cornii  (-us),  [cf.  horn\  n.,  horn, 
tongue  (of  land),  wing. 

cornum,  -i,  [n.  of  cornus],  n., 
cornel  berry. 

cornus,  -i,  [cornu-  (reduced)  -f 
us],  f.,  cornel  (tree  or  wood, 
named  from  its  hardness;  cf.  horn- 
beant),  cornel  shaft, 

corona,  -ae,  [?],  i.,  garland,  crown. 

Coronides,  -ae,  [Gr.  Kopa!i/i57]s], 
va.f  ALsculapius,  son  of  the  nymph 
Coronis  and  Apollo. 

corono,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [co- 
rona+o],  V.  tr.  I,  decorate  ivith 
garlands.  —  Less  exactly,  encircle 
(like  a  garland). 

corpus,  -oris,  [unc.  root  +  us],  n., 
body,  frame,  form,  creature  :  fidis- 
sima  {souls). 

correptus,  p.p.  of  corripio. 

corrigo  (conr-),-ere,  -rexi, -rec- 
tum, [con-rego],  v.  tr.  3,  straight- 
en. -*-  Hence,  reform,  change  for 
better,  better,  remedy,  mend. 

corripio,  -ere,  -ripuT,  -reptum, 
[con-rapio],  v.  tr.  3,  snatch  up, 
seize,  grasp,  catch,  captivate  :  viam, 
begin  (their)  course  ;  segetes 
{spoil,  catch  with  a  blight) . 

cortex,  -icis,  [?],  m.,  bark,  rind. 

cortina,  -ae,  [?],  f.  (properly, 
kettle).  —  Hence,  shrine  (at  Del- 
phi, which  was  a  kettle  on  a  tripod, 
over  the  sacred  orifice). 


corusco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,   [co- 

rusco-f-  0],  V.  intr,  l,  quiver, 

Corycides,  -um,  [Gr,  Kwpu/ciSes], 
f.  adj.,  of  Corycium  (a  cave  of  Mt. 
Parnassus),  Corycian.  — Assubst., 
Nymphs  of  Parnassus. 

corylus,  -i,  [Gr.  KopuAos],  f.,  hazrl 
(wood  or  nut). 

costa,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  rib. 

cothurnus,  -i,  [Gr.  K6dopvos~\,  m., 
buskijt  (a  high  boot  worn  on  the 
tragic  stage),  cothurnus. 

coturnix,  -icis,  [?],  f.,  quail. 

crater,  -eris,  [Gr,  KpaTi]p],  m., 
(also  cratera,  -ae,  f.),  boivl,  cup. 
—  Hence,  basin  (of  a  spring). 

creator,  -oris,  [crea-  (stem  of 
creo)+tor],  m.,  sire,  father, 
founder,  creator. 

creatus,  p.p.  of  creo. 

creber,  -bra,  -brum,  [?,  akin  to 
creo,  cresco],  adj.,  thick  (either 
of  that  which  abounds,  or  that  with 
which  a  thing  abounds),  numer- 
ous, croivded.  ' 

credibilis,  -e,  [credi-  (as  stem  of 
credo)  -f  bills],  adj.,  to  be  be- 
lieved, credible,  trustworthy. 

credo,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditum,  [fcred- 
(trust)  -j-do],  V.  tr,  3,  place  confl- 
de7tce  in  (dat.),  credit,  trttst,  believe, 
think.  —  p.p.,  creditus,  believed. 

Credulitas,  -atis,  „  [fcredulo 
(weakened) -f  tas],  f.,  Credulity 
(personified). 

cremo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?],  v. 
tr.  I,  bur7t,  consume. 

creo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [causative 
of  root  in  Ceres,  or  from  noun 
stem  akin],  v.  tr.  \, produce  (as  of 
the  earth,  or  by  generation),  ^zV^ 
birth  to.  —  p.p.,  QT^^tM^^  produced 
by,  son  of  daughter  ^(a1)l.). 

crepito,  -are,  -avi,  no  sup.,  [cre- 
pito-  (p.p.  of  crepo)  4-  o],  v.  intr. 


Vocabulary. 


37 


I,  rattle,  chatter,  babble  (of  a 
brook). 

crepS, -are,  -ui,  -ituni,  [?],  v.  inir. 
I,  crackle  J  rattle^  chatter, 

crepusculum,  -i,  [fcrepus  (old 
creper)  +  culum],  n.,  twilight  — 
Also  pi. 

eresco,  -ere,  -crevi,  -cretum, 
[ere-  (stem  akin  to  fcreo)  -f  sco], 
V.  intr.  3,  grow^  eiilarge,  widen^ 
extend,  —  p.p.,  cretus,  son  of 
(abl.). 

creta,  -ae,  [prob.  from  Creta],  f., 
chalk,  chalk  line  (as  goal),^^^/. 

Crete,  -es,  (Creta,  -ae),  [Gr. 
K/)7jTi7],  f.,  Crete,  the  large  island 
(now  Candia)  south  of  Greece. 

cretus,  -a,  -uiii,  p.p.  of  eresco. 

crimen,  -inis,  [cri-  (as  root  of 
eerno)  -f  men],  n.,  {decision^, 
chai'ge,  cj'ime,  guilt,  suspicion  (of 
a  charge). 

crinalis,  -e,  [crini  (cf.  crinis, 
reduced)  +  alls],  adj.,  for  the 
hair. 

crinis,  -is,  [?],  m.,  hair  (also  pi.), 
locks.  —  Also,  train,  trail  (of  a 
comet). 

crinitus,  -a,  -um,  [crini-  (as  if 
stem  of  tcrinio)  -f  tus],  2.^),,  fur- 
nished with  hair :  crinitus  dra- 
conibus  {with  dragon  locks), 

crista,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  crest. 

crista  tus,  -a,  -um,  [crista-  (as  if 
stemoftcristo)-l-tus],adj.,irr^5^^a^. 

Crocale,  -es,  [Gr.  KpondXri],  f.,  a 
nymph,  daughter  of  Tsmenus. 

croceus,  -a,  -um,  [croco-  (re- 
duced) 4-  eus],  adj.,  of  saffron, 
saffron  (colored). 

crocus,  -i,  [Gr.  k^Skos],  m.,  saffron. 

Croesus,  -1,  [Gr.  Kpor<ros],  m., 
king  of  Lydia,  proverbial  for  his 
wealth.^ 

cruciatus,  -us,  [crucia-  (stem  of 


crucio)  4-  tus],  m.,  crucifixion. 

—  Less  exactly,  torture. 

cru delis,  -e,  [unc.  e-stem  (akin  to 
crudus)  4-  lis],  adj.,  cruel. 

cruento,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [cru- 
ento  4-  o],  V.  tr.  i,  stain  with  blood. 

—  p.p.,  blood-stained,  bloody, 
cruentus,  -a,  -um,  [fcruent-  (par- 
ticipial stem  akin  to  cruor)  +  us], 
adj.,  bloody,  of  blood,  blood-stained, 

cruor,  -oris,  [?],  m.,  gore  (shed, 
but  still  warm),  blood  (from  a 
wound) . 

crus,  cruris,  [?],  n.,  leg  (of  beast 
or  man),  limb, 

cubile,  -is,  [cubo-  (or  kindred  stem) 
-f-  ills],  n.  of  adj.,  bed.  —  Esp.  mar- 
riage bed.  —  Also  pi. 

cubitus,  -i,  [p.p.  of  cubo],  m., 
elbow  (from  its  use  in  reclining). 

cubo,  -are,  -ui  (-avI),  -itum, 
[cuba  -f  0],  V.  intr.  i,  lie,  recline, 

culmen,  -inis,  [V^^l  (in  colo) 
-f  men],  n.,  (perh.  orig.  thatch), 
roof,  top.  —  Also  pi.  —  Also,  stalk, 
straw. 

culmus,  -i,  [akin  to  colo,  but  conn, 
unc;  see  preceding  word],  m., 
stalk. 

culpa,  -ae,  [?],  t,  fault,  guilt. 

culpo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [culpa 
-t- 0],  V.  tr.  I,  blame,  find  fault 
with. 

Culter,  -tri,  [?],  m,,  knife. 

cultor,  -oris,  [^coL+tor],  m., 
cultivator.  —  Hence,  inhabitant, 
worshipper. 

cultus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  colo],  as 
adj.,  cultured,  polished.  —  n.  pi., 
culta,  crops. 

cultus,  -as,  [^coL-ftus],  m.,  cul- 
tivation,  civilization,  mode  of  cul- 
tivation (concretely),  garb  (part 
of  cultivation  of  the  body),  wor- 
ship,  cult. 


38 


Vocabulary. 


cum  (quom),  [ace.  of  stem  quo- 
(cf,  turn)],  conj.,  Qwhat  time'), 
when,  while,  at  the  time  whett, 
since,  although. 

cum,  [?],  prep.,  with  (of  accom- 
paniment, rarely  instrumental), 
along  with,  together  with  :  mutare 
cum  {change  for)  ;  quid  cum, 
what  (has  one)  to  do  with.  —  As 
adv.  in  comp.,  com,  con,  co, 
with,  together,  up  (as  in  Eng,,  fin- 
ishing up  the  action  of  the  verb, 
or  concentrating  it) ;  often  lost  in 
force  of  verb. 

Onmaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  YiupLaios\, 
adj.,  Cumcean,  of  Cmmcb,  an  an- 
cient colony  of  the  Chalcidians  in 
Campania,  the  residence  of  the 
Sibyl. 

cumba  (cym-),  -ae,  [Gr.  ku^jSij], 
£,  boat. 

cumulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [cu- 
mulo  -f  o],  v.  tr.  i,  pile  up,  fill  up. 

ciinctor,  -ari,  -atus,  [?],  v.  dep. 
I,  hesitate,  object,  refuse.  —  pres.  p., 
ciiDLCtans,  loath. 

cfinctus,  -a,  -um,  [co-iunctus], 
adj.,  all.  —  m.  pi.  as  noun,  all 
(men).  —  n.  pi.,  all  things,  every- 
thing. 

cuneatus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  cuneo], 
adj.,  wedge-shaped. 

cupidineus,  -a,  -um,  [Cupidin 
+  eus],  adj.,  of  Cupid ^  of  Love. 

eupido,  -inis,  [cupido  (reduced) 
+  o  (n)],  f ,  desire,  thirst,  longing, 
eagerness,  hunger  (%•)■ — "^-  P^'^" 
sonified,  Cupid. 

cupidus,  -a,  -um,  [noun  stem  (akin 
to  cupio)  -1-  dus],  adj.,  eager,  de- 
sirous. 

cupio,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itum,  [^cup], 
v.  tr.  3,  be  eager  for,  desire  (ur- 
gently). —  pres-  p.,  ciipiens, 
eager,  very  tvilling. 


cupressus,  -i,  [Gr.  «v7rapt(ro-os],  f., 

cypress. 
cur,  [some  form  of  quis  and   res 
(cf.  quare)],  adv.  inter,  and  rel, 

why,  wherefore. 
cura,  -ae,  [perh.  akin  to  caveo],  f., 

care,  anxiety,  attention  (esp.  med- 
ical) :  alicui  esse  curae  {be  one's 

care) . 
curalium  (cora-),  [Gr.  KopdXiou], 

n.,  coral.  —    dso  pi. 
Cures,  -ium,   n.  and  f.,  the  ancient 

chief  town  i  "  the  Sabines  in  Cen- 
tral Italy. 
COretis,  -idl      [Gr.    Koi^piyns],    f. 

adj.,   Cretan    if  the  Curetes,  who 

were     the     t    rly     inhabitants     of 

Crete. 
curia,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  senate-house. 
euro,   -are,   -avi,    -atum,    [cura* 

-f-  o],  V.  tr.  I,  care,  take  care,  take 

care  of,  care  to  know  (followed  by 

question). 
curro,   -ere,    cucurri,    cursum, 

[?],  V.  intr.  3,  run. 
currus,  -lis,  [akin  to  curro],  m., 

chariot.  —  Also  pi. 
cursus,  -us,  [^cur(r)  -f-  tus],  m., 

running,   rush,    course,    rtintiing 

race,    race :    timido    cursu     {in 

frightened  haste). 
curvamen,  -inis,  [curva-fmen], 

n.,  curve. 
curvatura,  -ae,  [curva  -}-  tura  (as 

if  curvatu -}- ra,  cf.  figura)],  f., 

curve. 
curvo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [curvo 

-f- o],  V.  tr.  I,  curve,  bend. — -p.p. 

as  adj.,  curved. 
cvirwis,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  root  +  vus 

(cf.  curtus)],  adj.,  cttrved,  round 

(of  ships'    bottom),    bending   (of 

dolphins  as  they  rise), 
ciispls,  -idis,   [?],   f.,  point,  sting, 

spear,  pointed  spear. 


Vocabulary. 


39 


custodia,  -ae,    [custod-f  ia],    f., 

guardianship. — (Zoncxt'itX^^gziard. 

ciistodio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  [cu- 

stod-  (as  if  fcustodi-)  +  o] ,  v.  tr. 

4,  keep  guard  over,  guard, 

custos,  -odis,    [?],   c,  guardian, 

guard. 
cutis,  -is,  [?],  f.,  skin,  hide. 

Cyaiie,  -es,  [Gr.  Kvavri],  f.,  a  little 
stream  flowing  into  the  Anapis 
near  Syracuse  in  Sicily.  Personi- 
fied, the  nymph  of  the  stream. 

Cybeleius,  -a,  -uin,  [Gr.  Ku/3e- 
A7]i"os],  adj.,  of  or  pertaining  to 
Cybele,  a  Phrygian  goddess,  wor- 
shipped as  mother  of  the  gods. 

Cyclades,  -um,  [Gr.  Ku/tAaSes],  f. 
pi,  a  group  of  islands  around 
Delos,  in  the  ^gean  Sea. 

Cyclops,  -opis,  [Gr.  KvKXocTf\,  m., 
\     a   Cyclops,  fabled  giants  with  one 

\.   eye   in   the   middle   of   the   fore- 

\  head.  Their  home  was  in  Sicily, 
and  they  worked  in  the  forges  of 
Vulcan. 

Cycaus  (Cygnus),  -i,  [Gr.  Kvkvos'], 
m.,  S2van.  —  As  proper  name:  i. 
son  of  Sthenelus,  king  of  Liguria, 
a  relative  of  Phaethon;  2.  son  of 
Neptune,  king  of  Colons,  near 
Troy,  killed  by  Achilles,  Both 
Cygni  were  changed  into  swans. 

Cygnus,  see  Cycnus. 

Cyllene,  -es,  [Gr.  KvKXi]vri],  f.,  a 
mountain  in  Arcadia  where  Mer- 
cury was  born. 

cymba,  see  cuinba. 

Cynthus,  -i,  [Gr.  KvvQos],  m.,  a 
mountain  in  Delos,  the  birthplace 
and  favorite  haunt  of  Apollo. 

Cyprius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  KuTrpios], 
adj.,  Cyprian,  of  Cyprus,  a  large 
island  in  the  Eastern  Mediterra- 
nean, where  was  a  famous  temple 
of  Venus. 


Cyprius,  -i,  m.,  the  Cyprian,  one  of 
Actseon's  hounds. 

Cythereus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  fKu^?]- 
petos],  adj.,  of  Cythera,  an  island 
off  the  coast  of  Laconia,  sacred 
to  Venus.  —  fern.,  the  goddess  of 
Cythera,  Venus. 

Cytoriacus,  -a,  -um,  [as  if  from 
Gr.  KuTcopittfCfis],  adj.,  of  ox  pertain- 
ing to  J\It.  Cy torus,  in  Paphlagonia, 
famous  for  its  boxwood. 


D. 

Daedalus  (-os),-i,  [Gr.  AatSaXos], 
m.,  a  famous  mythical  artist  *^of 
Athens,  who  built  the  Cretan  laby- 
rinth, and,  escaping  from  Crete  on 
artificial  wings,  landed  at  Cumae  in 
Italy. 

Damasichthon,  -onis,  [Gr.  Aajua- 
(TixBiiov]^  m.,  a  son  of  Niobe. 

damma  (dama),  [?],  f.  (rarely 
m.),  fallow  deer. 

damn5,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [dam- 
no -f-o],  V.  tr.  I,  {fine?),  con- 
demn, sentence,  punish :  visa 
(judge  vain). 

damnosus,  -a,  -um,  [damno-  (re- 
duced) +  osus],  adj.,  causing  loss, 
injurious  .•  senectus  {ivithering, 
robbing  one  of  pleasures  and 
powers). 

damnum,  -i,  [prob.  pres.  pass.  part. 
of  do  (cf  alumnus)],  n.,  (prop., 
fine),  loss,  injury,  outrage  (suf- 
fered), destruction,  curse. 

Danae,  -es,  [Gr.  Lavir\~\,  f.,  daugh- 
ter of  King  Acrisius  of  Argos. 
She  was  beloved  by  Jupiter,  who 
approached  her  in  the  form  of  a 
shower  of  gold  ;  and  she  became 
the  mother  of  Perseus. 

Danaus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Aai^ac^s], 
adj.,  of  Danaus,  a  mythic  king  of 


40 


Vocabulary. 


Egypt  who  settled  in  Argos,  father 
of  the  Danaides  and  king  of  Argos. 

—  Less  exactly,  Grecian.'— ra.  pi., 
the  Greeks, 

Daphne,  -es,  [Gr.  txi(pvt]\  f,,  a 
nymph  beloved  by  Apollo  and 
changed  by  her  mother  the  Earth 
into  a  laurel  tree. 

daps,  dap  is,  [?],  i.,  feast,  viands. 

—  PI.,  viands. 

Dardanius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  AapSa- 
vios],  adj.,  {of  Dardanus,  king  of 
Troy),  of  Troy.,  Trojan.  —  fern., 
the  Trojan  country. 

datus,  p.p.  of  do. 

de,  [unc.  case  form],  prep.,  down 
(cf.  deintim),  down  from,  off  from 
(cf.  ex,  out  of;  ab,  aivay  front), 
of,  out  of  made  of,  according  to 
(cf.  ex),  by.  —  As  adv.  in  comp., 
same.  —  Also,  not,  un-,  azvay, 
completely ;  often  merged  in  verb. 

dea,  -ae,  [f.  of  deus],  f.,  goddess. 

debeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -ituin,  [de- 
habeo],  V,  tr.  2,  07ae  (cf.  ^  be  so 
much  ouf),  ought.  —  Pass.,  be  due  : 
se  {owe  one's  life^\  debita  ali- 
menta  {ivhich  one  ought  io  give) . 

debilis,  -e,  [de-habilis],  adj., 
('*  unhandy^),  weak,  feeble. 

debilito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [prob. 
de-habilito,  but  associated  with 
debilis],  v.  tr.  i,  weaken. 

decern,  [prob.  old  ace],  adj.,  ten. 

decens,  -entis,  [pres,  p.  of  decet], 
as  adj.,  charming. 

decerno,  -ere,  -crevi,  -cretiim, 
[de-cerno],  v.  tr.  3,  decide  (cf. 
cerno),  determine.  —  With  inf., 
resolve,  determine.  —  Esp.  in  a 
contest,  contend,  fght. 

decerpo,  -ere,  -cerpsi,  -cerptum, 
[de-carpo],  v.  tr.  3,  pluck  off, 
pluck. 

deeerto,  -are,  -avi,  -atuin,   [de- 


certo,  but  associated  with  de- 
cerno], v.  intr.  I,  fight  out,  fight 
to  the  end. 

decet,  -ere,  -uit,  [prob.  noun  stem 
(cf.  decor)  +  eo],  v.  impers.  2, 
befit,  be  fitting,  ought,  and  the  like. 
—  Rarely  personal  in  third  person  : 
esse  {it  should  be). 

decido,  -ere,  -cidi,  no  sup ,  [de- 
cade], V.  intr,  3,  fall  down,  fall 
ojf.faU. 

decies  (deciens),  [decem  (re- 
duced) +  lens],  adv.,  ten  tt?nes. 

decimus,  -a,  -um,  [decem  (re- 
duced) -f  imus],  adj.,  tejtth. 

decipio,  -ere,-cepi,  -ceptum,  [de- 
capio],  V.  tr.  3,  {take  of,  cf.  Uake 
in''^,  deceive,  mislead,  beguile. 

declino,  -are,  avi,  -atuin,  [de- 
cline], V.  tr.  I,  bend  away,  turjt 
off:  se,  turn  away  (intr.);  cur- 
sum  {turn  from  one^s  course). 

deelivis,  -e,  [de-clivus  (weak- 
ened) J,  adj.,  descending  downward 
(via),  sloping  (downward)  :  per 
declive  {dotvn  the  descent). 

decor,  -oris,  [^DEC-for],  m., 
beauty,  adornment. 

decoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [decor- 
(stem  of  decus)  +  0],  v.  tr.  r, 
decorate,  adorn. 

decorns,  -a,  -um,  [decor-  (stem  of 
decor)  4- us],  adj.,  lovely,  beauti- 
ful. 

decresco,  -ere,  -evi,  -etum,  [de- 
cresco],  v.  intr.  3,  decrease,  di- 
minish, 

decretum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  decerno], 
n.,  determination,  decree, 

deciirro,  -ere,  -curri,  -cursum, 
[de-curro],  v.  intr.  3,  run  out 
(with  cogn.  ace),  run  off. 

decus,  -oris,  [y'DEC  -f  us  (cf. 
decor)],  n.,  brilliancy,  glory  (in 
all  Eng.  senses). 


Vocabulary. 


41 


dedecet,  -ere,  -uit,  [de-decet], 
V.  impers.  2  (but  sometimes  pers. 
in  third  pers.),  be  tatbeconiing 

dedecus,  -oris,  [de-decus],  n., 
disgrace. 

ded^,  -ere,  dedidi,  deditum, 
[de-^do],  V.  tr.  3,  {give  away)^ 
consign^  surrender:  neci  (^piii). 

dediico,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductum, 
[de-diico],  V.  tr.  3,  lead  down, 
draw  down,  empty  (river),  weave 
(argumentum),  stroke  (bar bam), 
draio  tight  (a  sail).^ — -Also,  escort^ 
conduct. 

defectus,  p.p.  of  deficio. 

defendo,  -ere,  -fendi,  -fensum, 
[de-fendoj,  v.  tr.  3,  {strike  down), 
ward  off.  —  Hence  (transf.  to  ob- 
ject attacked),  defend,  protect, 
cover, 

deferisus,  p.p.  of  defendo. 

defero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum,  [de- 
fero],  V.  tr.  irr.,  bear  down. — 
Hence,  bear  to,  bring,  report.  — 
Pass.,  sail  to,  land  on  or  at. 

defessus,  -a,  -urn,  [de-fessus], 
adj.,  tired  out. 

deficit,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectum,  [de- 
facioj,  V.  tr.  3,  ('  make  off^  cf.  prO- 
ficio),  desert,  abandon.  —  Hence, 
fail,  give  out.  —  p.p.,  defectus, 
failing,  faded  (amor)  :  defectus 
vigore  {failing  in,  etc.,  faint). 

defigo,  -ere,  -fixi,  -fixum,  [de- 
figo],  V.  tr.  3,  fasten  down,  bind 
down,  fix  in  (of  a  weapon,  etc.). 

deflco,  -ere,  flevi,  -fletum,  [de- 
fleo],  V.  tr.  2,  bewail,  lament. 

defluo,  -ere,  -flOxi,  -fluxum 
(fluct-,  fluit-),  [de-fluo],  v.  intr. 
2,,  flow  down.  —  Less  exactly,  drop 
away,  fall,  sink. 

deformis,  -e,  [de-forma,  infl.  as 
adj.],  adj.,  unshapely,  unsightly. 

defrenatus,  -a,  -um,   [de-frena- 


tusj,  adj.,  unbridled,  unhindered. 

defungor,  -i,  -functus,  [de-fun- 
gor],  V.  dep.  3,  perform  through, 
have  done  with  :  defunctus  terra 
{done  ruith  earth). 

degrandino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[de-grandino],  v.  intr.  i,  hail 
(severely). 

degravo,  -are,  -avi,  -atutn,  [de- 
gravo],  V.  tr.  i,  weigh  dozun,  de- 
press, press  down. 

dehisco,  -ere,  -hivl,  uo  sup.,  [de- 
hisce], V.  intr.  3,  gape  open,  yawn, 

Deianira,  -ae,  [Gr.  Arjiat'etpa],  f., 
the  daughter  of  OEneus,  king  of 
Calydon,  sister  of  Meleager,  and 
wife  of  Hercules. 

deicio,  -ere,  -jeci,  -jectum,  [de- 
jacio],  V.  tr.  3,  throw  down,  over- 
throw. 

deinde,  [de-inde],  adv.,  {from 
thence),  afterwards,  and  then, 
then. 

dejectus,  -us,  [de-jactus,  through 
deicio],  m.,  throwing  down. — 
Less  exactly,  fall. 

delabor,  -i,  -lapsus,  [de-labor],  v. 
d^P-  3?  g^^^^  down,  descend. — 
"i^.-^s,  fallen  off,  slipped  off, 

delenio,  -ire,  ivi,  -itum,  [de- 
lenio],  V.  tr.  4,  soothe. 

Delia,  see  Delius. 

deliciae,  -arum,  [delico-  (stem  of 
delicus,  pig  left  by  its  mother)  -\- 
ia],  f.,  {cossetting),pet,  thing  kept 
for  pleasure,  delight,  sportive  tri- 
fles (verse). 

delictum,  i,  [p.p.  of  delinquo], 
li.,  failure,  wrongdoing,  guilt. 

deliqueo,  -ere,  -licui,  [de-liqueo] , 
V.  intr.  2,  thaw. 

Delius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  A^Atos],  adj., 
ofDelos,  Delian.  —  m.  sing.,  Apollo, 
god  of  Delos.  —  i.  sing.,  Diana, 
goddess  of  Delos, 


42 


Vocabulary, 


Delos,  -i,  [Gr.  At/Aos],  f.,  the  cen- 
tral island  of  the  Cyclacles  in  the 
A^Igean  Sea,  birthplace  of  Apollo 
and  Diana. 

Delphi,  -oruin,  [Gr.  A6A(^oi],  m. 
pi.,  a  place  in  Phocis,  at  the  foot 
of  Mt.  Parnassus,  where  was  a 
famous  oracle  and  temple  of 
Apollo  (in  the  earhest  times  be- 
longing to  Themis) . 

Delphicus,  -a,  -ura,  [Gr.  Ae\(pi- 
fccJs],  adj.,  o/  Delphi,  Delphic. — 
m.  sing.,  the  Delphic  god,  Apollo. 

delphin,  -inis,  [Gr.  5eA0tV],  m., 
*  dolphin. 

delubruin,  -i,  [de-flubrum  (V^u 
+  bruin,  cf.  poUubrum)],  n., 
shrine  (for  purification,  hence  gen- 
erally) . 

deinens,  -mentis,  [de-mens],  adj., 
{out  off  Mind),  mad,  wild,  frenzied. 

cleitiitto,  -ere,  -niisi,  -missum, 
[de-mitto],  v.  tr.  3,  let  fall,  let 
doivn,  send  dozun,  plunge  (a 
weapon).  —  With  reflex.,  run 
down,  fall  down  :  demisit  vultum 
aninnimqtie,  dropped,  fell  (chang- 
ing subject).  —  p.p.,  deinissiis, 
as  adj.,  descending,  low :  crinis 
{^dishevelled').  —  Comp.,  too  loiv. 

demo,  -ere,  -dempsi,  -demptum, 
[de-emo],  v.  tr.  3,  take  away,  re- 
move, take  (from)  ;  dempto  fine 
{tvithoiit  end). 

demptus,  p.p.  of  demo. 

deni,  -ae,  -a,  [decern,  (reduced)  -}- 
nus],  adj.,  ten  (each),  ten. 

deiilque,  [deni  (case  of  de  +  nus) 
-<^Q~\,  z.^v .,  finally  (cf.  demum), 
at  last,  only  (then  and  not  before) . 

dens,  dentis,  [?],  m.,  tooth  (of  ani- 
mal, or  comb,  and  the  like)  ;  dens 
Indas  (ivory). 

densus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  thickly 
grown^  thick,  stout  (carina) . 


Deois,  -idis,  [Gr.  Atjw'/s],  i.,  daugh- 
ter of  Deo  (Ceres),  Proserpine. 

depello,  -ere,  -puli,  -pulsum, 
[de-pello],  V.  tr.  3,  drive  off,  put 
to  flight,  scatter :  bellum  {turn 
aivay,  ward  off) . 

dependeo,  -ere,  -pendi,  no  sup., 
[de-pendeo],v.  intr.  2,  hang  dozvn, 
hang^  be  suspended. 

deperdo,  -ere,  -dldi,  -ditum,  [de- 
perdo],  V.  tr.  3,  lose  utterly,  lose. 

depereS,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  [de- 
pereo],  v.  intr.  irr.,  die  off,  die  out, 
perish,  waste  away. 

deploratus,  p.p.  of  deplore, 

deplor^,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [de- 
plore], V.  tr.  I,  lament,  bewail. 

depono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positum, 
[de-pono],  v.  tr.  3,  lay  down,  lay 
aside,  put  aside,  lay  to  rest,  entrust 
(seed  to  the  ground),  dismiss 
(metus) ,  quench  (sitim) .  —  n. 
p.p.,  depositum,  a  triist. 

depopulor,  -ari,  -atus,  [de-popu- 
lor],  V.  dep.  i,  ravage,  lay  zvaste. 

deposed,  -ere,  -poposci,  no  sup., 
[de-posco],  V.  tr.  3,  demand  (to 
be  given  up). 

deprecor,  -ari,  -atus,  [de-precor], 
V.  dep.  I,  beg  off,  pray  (to  be  de- 
livered from  something)  :  hoc 
unnm  {renounce,  I  pray,  etc). 

depreliendo,  -ere,  -hendi,  -hen- 
sum  (-prendo,  etc.),  [de-pre- 
hendo],  v.  tr.  3,  seize,  catch,  get.  — 
Hence,  detect,  find  out. 

deprendo,  see  deprehendo. 

deprensus,  p.p.  of  preceding. 

derigeo,  see  dirigeo. 

derigesco,  -ere,  -rigui,  [de-rige- 
sco],  V.  intr.  3,  grow  rigid,  stiffen. 

descendo,  -ere,  -scendi,  -scen- 
siim,  [de-scando],  v.  intr.  3, 
climb  down,  descend,  penetrate  (of 
a  weapon). 


Vocabulary. 


43 


desero,    -ere,    -serui,     -sertum, 

[de-sero],  v.  tr.  3,  forsake ,  aban- 
don, desert,  leave. 

desidia,  -ae,  [desid-  (stem  of  de- 
ses)  +  ia],  f.,  idleness. 

design^  (confounded  with  dissi- 
gao),  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [de- 
(dis-)  signo],  v.  tr.  i,  mark  otit, 
draw  (e.g.  in  embroidery). 

desilio,  -ire,  -ui  (-ii),  -sultum, 
[de-salio],  v.  intr.  4,  leap  down, 
leap  (^doivn  implied). 

desino,  -ere,  -sivi  (-sii),  -situm, 
[de-sino],  v.  intr.  3,  leave  off  (^cL 
sino),  cease,  finish,  desist,  end  in, 
go  off  into  (in  piscem). 

desist^,  -ere,  -stiti,  -stitum,  [de- 
sisto],  V.  intr.  3,  {stand  off)., 
cease,  desist,  abandon  an  under- 
taking. 

desolatus,  -a,  -uiii,  [p.p.  of  de- 
solo],  adj.,  desolate,  deserted. 

despectS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [de- 
specto,  through  or  associated  with 
despicio],  V.  tr.  \,look  down  upon. 

despicio,  -ere,  -spexi,  -specturn, 
[de-specio],  v.  tr.  3,  look  down 
upon.  —  Hence,  despise. 

destino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [de- 
fstino  (perh.  akin  to  sto),  of. 
obstino],v.  tr.  i,  destine, purpose, 
plan,  appoint. 

destituo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utum,  [de- 
statuo],  V.  tr.  3,  {leave  in  the 
lurch,  cf.  Fr.  ^planter  la''),  desert, 
abandon. 

destringo,  -ere,  -strinxi,  -stric- 
tum,  [de-stringo],  v.  tr.  3,  strip 
off,  rub  off,  scrape.  — -  Hence  (cf. 
*  scrape '  and  '  rub '),  graze. 

desuetus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  desu- 
escojj'as  adj.,  unwonted  (of  a  lost 
habit),  unaccustomed. 

desum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futurus,  [de- 
sum],  V.  intr,  irr.,  be  wanting,  be 


lacking.  —  Often  with  dat.  to  be 
trans.,  have  no  — ,  find  no  — ,  be 
no  — :  quaerenti  orbis  deest 
{the  earth  is  too  small,  etc.,  'gives 
out'). 

detego,  -ere,  -texi,  -tectum,  [de- 
tego],  V.  tr.  3,  uncover,  lay  bare. 

deterior,  -oris,  [comp.  of  deterus 
(de  +  terus)],  adj.,  worse. 

detero,  -ere,  -trivi,  -tritum,  [de- 
ter 0],  V.  tr.  3,  rub  off,  wear  off, 
wear  away. 

deterreo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  [de- 
terreo],  v.  tr.  2,  frighten  off. — 
Less  exactly,  deter  (in  any  way). 

detraho,  -ere,  -traxi,  -tractum 
(prob.  also  -a,  cf.  detrecto),  [de- 
traho], V.  tr.  3,  drag  off,  pluck. — 
Fig.,  remove. 

(letrectS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [de- 
tracto],  V.  tr.  i,  {take  off  by  hand- 
ling, cf.  earpo),  malign,  dispar- 

detrudo,   -ere,   -trusi,   -trusum, 

[de-trudo],  v.  tr.  3,  thrust  down. 
Deucalion,  -onis,  [Gr.  AevKaKiojv'], 

m.,  a  son  of  Prometheus,  king  of 

Thessaly,  the  survivor,  with  Pyrrha, 

of  the  f^ood. 
deus,  -i,  [?,  akin  to  dlvus,  etc.], 

m.,  god. 
devertS,    -ere,    -verti,   -versum, 

[de-verto],  V.  tr.  3,  turn  off^  turn 

aivay,  divert. 
devexus,   -a,  -um,    [p.p.   of  de- 

veho],  adj.,  sloping  (perh.   orig. 

on  all  sides,  cf.  convexus). 
devius,  -a,  -um,  [de-via,  infl.  as 

adj.],  adj.,  out  of  the  way,  remote. 
devolvo,  -ere,  -volvi,  -volStum, 

[de-volvo],  V.  tr.  3,  roll  off. 
devoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,    [de- 

voro],    V.    tr.    i,     {gulp    down), 

swallow:   lacrimas,  restrain  (cf. 

'  swallow,' '  choke  down '  in  Eng.), 


44 


Vocabulary. 


devoveo,    -ere,    -vovi,    -votum, 

[de-voveo],  v.  tr.  2,   {vow  away 
or  to  destruction) ,  curse^  devote. 

dexter,  -era  (-ra),  erum  (-rum), 
[unc.  stem  -f  ter(us)],  adj.,  the 
right:  dextra  {on  the  right). — 
Comp.,  dexterior,  the  right. 

dexterior,  see  dexter. 

Dia,  -ae,  [Gr.  Am],  f.,  the  ancient 
name  of  the  island  of  Naxos. 

Diana,  -ae,  [perh.  akin  to  lanus], 
f.,  the  goddess  of  the  moon  and  of 
hunting,  sister  of  Apollo,  identified 
with  Hecate. 

dico,  -ei:e,  dixi,  dictum,  [v^ic 
(lengthened)],  v.  tr.  3,  say^  call, 
iiame,  appoint,  lay  down  (legem.), 
speak  of  as  (lapides  ossa):  dixe- 
rat,  he  had  finished  (speaking) .  — 
See  also  dictum. 

Dictaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr,  AlktoIos'], 
adj.,  of  Dicte  (a  mountain  in 
Crete).  — Less  exactly,  Cretan,  of 
Crete, 

dicto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [dicto 
+  o],  V.  tr.  I,  dictate. 

dictum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  dico],  n., 
loord,  speech,  *  sentiment '  (ex- 
pressed). 

Dictynna,  -ae,  [Gr.  AiVrui/i/a],  f., 
a  Cretan  name  for  Diana. 

dies,  -ei,  [akin  to  divus],  m.  and 
f.,  daylight,  day,  the  Day  (person- 
ified).—  Hence,  time:  die  {by 
day);  ante  diem,  before  (his) 
time ;  cadens  {the  setting  sun) ; 
oriens,  occidens  (used  of  places 
or  regions,  the  East,  the  West). 

differ^,  -ferre,  distuli,  dilatum, 
[dis-fero],  v.  tr.  in.,  postpone,  put 
off,  delay. 

difficilis,  -c,  [dis-facilis],  adj., 
difficult. 

diflFido,  -ere,  -fisus,  -sum,  [dis- 
fidoj,  V.  intr.  3,  distrust. 


diffugio,  -ere,  -f  ogi,  no  sup.,  [dis- 
fugio],  V.  intr.  3,y?r  171  all  direc- 
tions, disperse,  fly  {apart  being 
implied  in  Eng.). 

diffundo,  -ere,  -fadi,  -fusum, 
[dis-fundo],  v.  tr.  3,  pour  away, 
scatter  abroad,  scatter. 

digero,  -ere,  -gessi,  -gestum,  [dis- 
geroj,  V.  tr.  3,  {carry  apart,  each 
thing  to  its  place),  arrange.  — 
Hence,  interpret  (giving  each 
thing  its  meaning),  set  fo7'th  (in 
detail) . 

digitus,  -i,  [akin  to  dico],  Yd.,  fin- 
ger, —  Also,  toe. 

dignor,  -ari,  -atus,  [digno  -f  o], 
V.  dep.  I,  deem  ivorlhy,  deign. 

dignosco,  -ere,  -giiovi,  -gnotum, 
[dis-(g)nosco],  v.  tr.  3,  tell  apart. 

dignus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  cf.  digitus 
and  dico],  adj.,  worthy,  7neet  for, 
deserving  :  esse  {deserve). 

digredior,  -i,  -gressus,  [dis-gra- 
dior],  V.  dep.  3,  step  apart,  depart. 

dilabor,  -i,  -lapsus,  [dis-labor], 
V.  dep.  3,  glide  away. 

dilacero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [dis- 
lacero],  v.  tr.  i,  tear  in  pieces, 
rend,  mangle. 

diligo,  -ere,  -lexi,  -lee turn,  [dis- 
lego],  V.  tr.  3,  {select  apart),  — 
Hence,  love  (with  reflection,  cf. 
amo,  love  zvtth  passion). 

dimitto,  -ere,  -imsi,  -missum, 
[dis-mitto],  v.  tr.  3,  send  azvay, 
dis7Jiiss,  dispel:  animum  {set  to 
rove) . 

dimoveo,  -ere,  -movi,  -motum, 
[dis-moveo],  v.  tr.  2,  draw  aside, 
dispel,  part,  cleave. 

Dindyma,  -orum,  [Gr.  Aivdviid], 
n.,  a  mountain  in  Mysia  sacred  to 
Cybele. 

Diomedeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  a^o^t) 
Seios],  adj.,  of  Diomedes,  an  Argive 


Vocabulary. 


45 


chief,  one  of  the  greatest  Grecian 
warriors  at  Troy. 
Dirce,  -es,  [Gr.  Aip/cT?],  f.,  a  spring 

near  Thebes  in  Bosotia. 
directus,  p.p.  of  dirigo. 
dirigeB  (der-),  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup., 

[dis-  (de-)  rigeo],  v.  intr.  2,  stif- 
fen^ become  motionless. 
dirigesco,  see  derigesco. 
dirigo,     -ere,     -rexT,     -rectum, 

[dis-rego],  v.    tr.    3,    direct    (cf. 

dispicio),  aim.  —  p.p.,  directus, 

straight. 
dirinio,    -ere,    -eini,    -emptum, 

[dis-emo],  v.   tr.    3,    take   apart, 

rend      asunder,     separate,      take 

away. 
diripio,    -ere,    -ripui,    -reptuin, 

[dis-rapio],   v.    tr.    3,    tear    ojf, 

plunder. 
diruo,  -ere,  -rui,  -rutum,    [dis- 

ruo],  V.  tr.   3,   {dig  up,  so  as  to 

destroy),  raze, 
dirus, -a,  -um,  {^^Di  (/^«7r) -f- rus] , 

2^^],,  fearful,  dreadful,  dire,  dread. 
dis,  ditis,  [dives  contracted],  adj., 

rich.  —  Masc.  as  noun,  Pluto  (as 

god  of  the  earth  below,  the  source 

of  wealth). 
'dis-  [akin  to  duo],  prep,  in  comp., 

apart,  asunder,  un-  (reversing  the 

meaning  of  the  simple  word). 
discedo,   -ere,    -cessi,    -cessuin, 

[dis-cedo],   v.    tr.    3,    withdraw, 

depart. 
discerno,  -ere,  -crevi,  -cretum, 

[dis-cerno],   v.    tr.    3,    separate, 

divide.  —  Hence,  distinguish,  dis- 
cern. 
discidium,   -i,   [dis-fscidium   (cf. 

excidium)],   n.,  separation,  di- 
vorce. 
disco,  -ere,  didici,  no  sup.,  [mcep. 

of  dieo],  V.  tr.  3,  learn. 
disco rs,    -cordis,    [dis-cor    (infl. 


as  adj.)],  adj.,  at  variance  (prop- 
erly, of  feelings),  discordant. 

discrimen,  -inis,  [dis- crimen],  n., 
decision,  test,  crisis,  decisive  mo- 
ment, danger,  risk,  distinction. 

discus,  -i,  [Gr.  bia leas'],  m.,  discus, 
quoit. 

discutio,  -ere,  -cussi,  -cussum, 
[dis-quatio],  v.  tr.  3,  dash  in 
pieces,  crush. 

disiciO  (disji-),  -ere,  -jeci,  -jec- 
tum,  [dis-jacio],  v.  tr.  3,  cleave, 
scathe,  tear  asunder. 

dispar,  -is,  [dis-par],adj.,  unequal. 

dispenso,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [dis- 
pense], V.  tr.  I,  distribute. 

dispersus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  di- 
spergo],  adj.,  scattered. 

displiceo,  -ere,  -m,  no  sup.,  [dis- 
placeo],  V.  intr.  2,  displease. 

disporio,  -ere,  -posui,  -positum, 
[dis-pono],  V.  tr.  3,  set  apart 
(each  thing  in  its  place),  dispose, 
a7-range. 

dissaepio,-ire,  -saepsi,  -saeptum, 
[dis-saepio],  v.  tr.  4,  wall  asun- 
der, keep  apart,  enclose, 

dissideS,  -ere,  -sedi,  -sessum, 
[dis-sedeo],  V.  intr.  2,  {sit  apart). 
—  Hence,  be  discordant,  differ. 

dissilio,  -ire,  -ui  (ivi),  -sultum, 
[dis-salio],  V.  intr.  4,  leap  apart, 
yawn  (solum),  crack. 

dissimilis,  -e,  [dis-similis],  adj., 
unlike. 

dissimulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[dis-simulo],  v.  tr.  i,  pretend  the 
contrary  (something  is  not,  that 
is),  conceal. 

dissipo  (supo), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[dis-fsupo],  V.  tr.  i,  scatter. 

dissociatus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of 
dissocio],  adj.,  separated,  sev- 
ered, sundered,  divided. 

dissuadeo,  -ere,  -suasi,  -suasum. 


46 


Vocabulary. 


[dis-suadeo],    v.     intr.     2,    dis- 
suade. 
distendo,  -ere,  -tendi,  -tentum, 

[dis-tendo],  v.  tr.  3,  stretch  apart, 
stretch  out,  stretch,  distend. 
distinguo,  -ere,  -tinxi,  -tinctum, 

[dis-stinguo],  v.  tr.  3,  mark 
apart  (to  distinguish,  originally  by 
tattooing?),  mark,  distinguish,  set 

i    'ito,  -are,  -stiti,  no  sup.,   [dis- 

to],  V.  intr.  I,  stand  apart,  be  dis- 

•nt,  be  far.  —  Hence,  be  different, 

1  inferior.  —  pres.    p.,  distans, 

t    'iant. 

dit_  [case-form  of  fdius,  akin  to 
dies],  adv.,  {for  a  day,  all  day), 
—  Hence  (cf.  dies),  for  a  long 
time,  a  long  time,  long. 

diurnus,  -a,  -uni,  [prob.  fdiiis- 
(akin  to  dies)+  nus],  adj.,  daily, 

diuturnus,  -a,  -um,  [akin  to 
dies],  adj.,  lasting. 

dius,  -a,  -urn,  [akin  to  divus], 
adj.,  divine. 

diva,  see  divus. 

divello,  -ere,  -velli  (-vulsi),  -vul- 
sum,  [dis-vello],  v.  tr.  3,  tear 
asunder,  tear  in  pieces. 

diversus,  -a,  -uia,  [p.p.  of  di- 
verto],  adj.,  different,  apart,  dis- 
tant, afar. 

dives,  -itis,  [ ?J,  adj.,  7'ich  (humus). 

divido,  -ere,  -visi,  -visum,  [dis- 
fvido  (cf.  viduus),  v.  tr.  3,  sepa- 
rate, divide,  tear  asunder. 

diviiio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [divino 
4-  o],  V.  intr.  i,  prophesy,  fore- 
kno7v.  —  \)xes.  p.,  divinans,  pro- 
phetic. 

divitiae,  -arum,  [divit-  (stem  of 
dives)  +  ia],  f.,  zvealth,  riches. 

divus,  -a,  -um,  [y'Div  (length- 
ened) 4-  ^s],  adj.,  divine.  —  As 
noun,  god,  goddess. 


Mo,  dare,  dedi,  datum,  [cf.   r/- 

QriixC^,  in  comp.  in  abdo,  condo, 

etc.,  place,  set.  —  Mostly  con- 
founded with  ^do,  wh.  see. 

^do,  dare,  dedi,  datum,  [y^DA], 
V.  tr.  I,  give  (more  widely  even 
than  in  Eng.),  — To  be  transl. 
by  a  great  variety  of  verbs  with 
originally  quite  different  ideas, 
cojisign  (to  the  tomb),  render, 
offer,  utter  (murmura  sortem), 
devote,  give  up,  afford,  perform 
(promissa),  fulfil,  grant,  pay 
(poenas),  allow,  imprint  (os- 
cula),  inflict  (vulnera),  entrust, 
turn  (terga),  administer  (jura). 
—  Often  with  changed  form  of 
expression :  dare  saltus  in  acre 
{bound  in  air) ;  dare  retro  aura 
{ffow  back). 

doceo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [akin  to 
disco],  V.  tr.  2,  teach,  show.  — 
p.p.,  doctus,  leaj-ned.,  skilful. 

documentum,  -i,  [doce-  (weak- 
ened) +  mentum],  n.,  proof 

Dodonaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  AcuSw- 
voLos'],  adj.,  of  Dodona,  a  city  in 
Epirus  famous  for  its  oracle  of 
Jupiter  in  an  oak  grove. 

doleo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itumi,  [?],v.  intr. 
2,  be  pained,  suffer,  grieve. 

Dolon,  -oriis,  [Gr.  AoXcav'],  m.,  a 
Trojan  scout,  killed  by  Diomedes 
and  Ulysses. 

dolor,  -oris,  [del-  (as  if  root  of 
doleo)  +  or],  m.,  pain,  grief 
cause  of  grief  tears  (in  a  poetic 
sense)  :  dolori  est  {it  is  a  grief). 

dolus,  -i,  [akin  to  doleo  and  dolo, 
orig.  a  stroke?'],  m.,  a  trick. — 
PI.,  trickery,  wiles. 

domabilis,  -e,  [doma-  (stem  of 
domo)  4-  bills],  adj.,  conquer- 
able. 

domesticus,  -a,  -um,  [fdomesti- 


Vocabulary. 


47 


(akin   to  domus,  cf.   agrestis) 

+  cus],  adj.,  native^  of  the  home, 
domestic.  ^ 

domiiia,  -ae,  [domo  +  na],  f,,  7?iis- 
tress,  —  In   appos.,    like    an    adj., 
dominant  (terra). 
dominor,    -ari,    -atus,    [domino 
+  o].  V.   dep.   I,  be  i7iaster^  ride, 
do7?iinate. 
dominus,   -i,    [domo  4-  nus],    m., 
7naster  of  the  house,  owner,  master, 
lord. 
doniB,  -are,  -ui,  -ituin,  [?],  v.  tr. 
I,  overco77ie,  ta7ne,  quell,  softeft  (by 
cooking). 
\       domus,  -us  (-i),  [  ?],  L,  house,  fa7n- 
ily  (cf.  *  house  ^),  household :  rega- 
lis  (  palace)  ;   domi  {at  ho7fie) .  — 
PL,  halls,  homes. 
donee,  [?],  conj.,  as  long  as,  until, 

till. 
dono,  -are,   -avi,   -atuni,   [dono 
+  o],  V.  tr.  \,give  (aliquid  alicui), 
present    (aliquem    aliqua     re)  : 
paelice  donata  {having  received, 
etc.). 
donum,  -i,  [d5-  (as  stem  of  do) 
+  num  (n.  of  nus)],  n.,  gift,  of- 
fering. 
Dorceus,   -ei,    [Gr.    Aop^eus],    m., 

one  of  Actgeon's  dogs. 
Doris,  -idis,  [Gr.  Acopfy],  f.,  daugh- 
ter of  Oceanus,  a  sea-nymph,  wife 
of  Nereus  and  mother  of  the  Ne- 
reids. —  Also,  the  sea. 
dorsum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  back. 
dos,  dotis,   [do-  (as  stem   of  do) 
-\-  tis],  f.,   dowry,    marriage  gift. 
—  Hence,    endowmettt,   excellence 
(cf.  *  dowry,'  fig. )• 
dotalis,    -e,    [doti-    (reduced)  + 
alls],  adj.,  belonging  to  a  dowry ; 
regnum  {as  a  dowry). 
draco,  -onis,  [Gr.  S/oa/fo)^],  m.,  ser- 
pent, dragon. 


Dronias  (onlynom.),  [Gr.  ApOjuas], 
f.,  one  of  Actaeon's  hounds. 

Dryades,  -um,  [Gr.  ApyaSes],  f., 
nymphs  of  the  trees. 

Dryas,  -antis,  [Gr.  Ap^as],  m.,  a 
son  of  Mars  who  took  part  in  the 
Calydonian  hunt. 

dubitabilis,  -e,  [dubita -f  bills], 
adj.,  doubtful:  nee  erit  dubita- 
bile  verum  {nor  will  there  be  a 
doubt  of  the  truth). 

dubito,  -are,  -avi,  -a turn,  [fdu- 
bito-  (stem  of  p.p.  of  fdubo)  -f  o], 
V.  intr.  I,  doubt,  be  in  doubt,  have 
doubt,  hesitate:  dubitor  an  {it  is 
doubted  whether  I,  etc.);  ne  du- 
bita  {doubt  not,  do  not  be  alarmed, 
have  no  fear).  —  p.p.,  dubitatus, 
questioned,  suspected. 

dubius,  -a,  -um,  [akin  to  duo], 
adj.,  doubtful  (either  of  person  or 
thing) ,  z£)^^'(?rm^  .'  in  dubio  {in 
doubt) . 

duco,  -ere,  -dnxi,  -ductum, 
[y'DUC  (cf.  redux;],  v.  tr.  3, 
lead,  draw,  guide.  —  Also  to  be 
transl.  by  many  words  of  different 
origin  in  Eng.,  take  on  (formam),  • 
get,  construct,  take,  prolong,  think. 

dulcedo,  -inis,  [dulci-  (reduced) 
-f- edo,  as  if  fdulce -f  do] ,  f., 
sxveetness. 

dulcis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  sweet,  dear. — 
n.   as   noun,   a   sweet   mixture,  a 
*  sweet. ' 
Dulichius,   -a,   -um,    [Gr.   AovAi- 
X^o^\    adj.,    Dulichian,   of  Duli- 
chium,  an  island  near  Ithaca  and 
often  confounded  with  it. 
dum,  [ace.  of -^da  (cf.  num,  tum, 
cum)],  conj.,  {that  time),  so  long 
as,   while,    until:    nondum,    not 
yet. 
dummodo,  [dum-modo],  conj.,  so 
long  only,  provided. 


48 


Vocabulary. 


duo,  -ae,  -o,  [dual  form,  cf.  5v6u], 

num.,  two. 
duplieo,  -lire,  -iivi,  -atum,  [du- 

plic-  (stem  of  duplex)],  v.  tr.  i, 

double.   —  Hence,     collapse      (cf. 

*  double  up  ') . 

duritia,  -ae  )  p-,  -  ,  ..  /,.  n-, 
,_  .^.J  _J,  [diiro  +  tia  (ties)l, 
durities,  -ei)  v.       /j? 

£.,  hardness. 

diir5,   -are,   -avi,    -atum,    [duro 

-f  o],  V.  tr.  and  intr.  i,  harden.  — ■ 
Also,  harden  (one's  self),  endure, 
last^  hold  out. 

durus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  hard, 
rough,  tough.  —  Also,  hardy ^  harsh. 

dux,  duels,  [v'i^uc,  as  stem],  c, 
leader, guide,  conuiiander, general : 
liac  duce  {tinder  her  guidance). 


e,  see  ex. 

ebeiium,  -i,  [Gr.  i^tvos\,  n.,  ebony. 

ebur,  cboris,  [?],  n.,  ivory. — ■ 
Hence,  things  of  ivory,  ivory  scab- 
bard, ivory  statues  (pi.)- 

eburiieus,  -a,  -uiii,  [ebor  +  neus], 
adj.,  of  ivory,  ivory-.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, of  color,  ivory-  (white). 

eburiius,  -a,  -uin,  [ebor  +  nus], 
same  as  eburueus. 

ecce,  [?],  inter].,  lo  I  here  ! 

Echidna,  -ae,  [Gr.  "ExtSi'a],  f.,  a 
poisonous  monster,  daughter  of 
Chrysaor,  mother  of  Cerberus,  the 
Chimsera,  the  Lerna^an  Hydra, 
and  the  Sphinx. 

Ecliiou,  -onis,  [Gr,  'Extcoj/],  m. : 
I.  one  of  the  men  that  sprang 
from  the  dragon's  teeth  sown  by 
Cadmus;  2.  a  son  of  Mercury,  who 
took  part  in  the  Calydonian  hunt. 

EeliToiiius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'Exio- 
vio%\,  adj.,  of  Echion. 

fjcquis  (-qui), -qua, -quid  (quod), 


[en  (em?)  -quis],  pron.,  %vill 
{does,  has,  etc.)  any  one  :  ecquid, 
at  all .^  (in  question), 

edax,.  -acis,  [ed-  (as  root  of  edo) 
-f  ^x],  adj ,  consuming,  gnatvutg, 
voracious. 

ediscS,  -ere,  -didici,  [e-disco] ,  v. 
tr.  3,  learn  (by  heart) . 

edo,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditum,  [ex-do], 
V.  tr,  "^,  give  out,  say,  declare,  pro- 
claiui,  utter,  emit.  - —  Also,  pro- 
duce, give  birth  to.  — p.p.,  editus, 
born,  son  of  —  n.  pL,  co??i7/iands. 

edo,  -ere,  edi,  esuni,  [y'ED],  v. 
tr.  3,  eat,  gnaio. 

edoceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -doetum,  [ex- 
doceo],  V.  tr.  2,  show  forth,  teach, 
explain. 

Edoiiis,  -idis,  [Gr.  'Udcavis'],  f.  adj., 
Edonian,  i.e.  Thracian.  —  Also, 
Thrace. 

edOco,  -ere,  -duxi,  -duetum,  [ex- 
duco],  V.  tr.  3,  draiu  out,  draw 
up,  take  azuay. 

Eetioueus,  -a,  -uoi,  [Gr.  'nerico- 
veios'],  aclj  ,  of  E'etion,  king  of 
Thebes  in  Mysia,  father  of  An- 
diomache. 

eftero,  -ferre,  extuli,  elatuni, 
[ec(s)-fero],  v.  tr.  irr.,  bear  forth, 
bear  out,  raise  up,  put  forth,  ptd)- 
lish.  —  Esp.,  carry  to  the  grave. 

efferveseo,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
[efferve-  (as  stem  of  efferveo) 
+  sco],  V.  intr.  3,  boil  up.  —  Less 
exactly,  burn. 

effetus  (effoetus),  -a,  -um,  [p.p. 
of  feffeo],  adj ,  exhausted  by  bear- 
ing,  zoom  out  (by  age). 

efficio,  -ere,  -feei,  -fectuin,  [ec(s)- 
ficio],  V.  tr.  3,  7?i-ake  out,  make  tip, 
produce,  make,  cause. 

cfl[ij»ies,  -ei,  [ec(  s)-tfigies,  through 
ettiii«o],  {.,  form,  figure. 

elUo,  -are,  -a\i,  -atum,    [ec(s)- 


Vocabulary. 


49 


floj,  V.  tr.  1,  blow  otit,  breathe  out^ 
breathe. 
effluS,  -ere,  -floxi,  no  sup.,  [ec(s)- 
fluoj,  V.  intr.  ^,  flow  out. —  Less 
exactly,  slip  out,  drop,  escape. 
effodio,  -ere,  -fodi,  -t'ossuiii, 
[ec(s)-fodio],  v.  tr.  3,  dig  out, 
dig  lip. 

effoetus,  see  elfetus. 

elTugio,  -ere,  -fugi,  no  sup.,  [ec(s)- 
fugio],  V.  intr.  i^^Jlyfroni^  escape, 
avoid, fly  (from  something). 

elTiilgeo,  -ere,  -fulsi,  no  sup., 
[ec(s)-fulgeo],  v.  intr.  2,  shine 
Jorih. 

elTundo,  -ere,  -fudi,  -fusum, 
[ec(s)-fundo],  v.  intr.  3,  pour 
forth,  waste,  put  forth,  let  loose.  — 
p.p.,  effiisus,  pouring  (of  a 
river). 

egeo,  -ere,  -m,  no  sup,,  [fego- 
(stem  of  fegus)  (of.  indigus)], 
V.  intr.  2,  be  without,  lack,  need,  re- 
quire, ivajit.  —  pres.  p.,  egeiis, 
without.  — ^As  noun,  a  beggar. 

egero,  -gerere,  gessT,  -gestum, 
[e(x)-gero],  v.  tr.  3,  carry  out, 
dig  out. 

ego,  mei,  etc.,  [?],  pron.,  /,  me, 
etc. 

egredior,  -i,  -gressus,  [e(x)-gra- 
dior],  V.  dep.  3,  go  forth,  come 
forth  (out),  go  up,  pass  up,  pro- 
ceed. 

egressiis,  -Gs,  [e(x)-tgrassus  (of. 
grassor),  through,  egredior],  m., 
going  forth,  egress. 

ei  (hei),  [?],  interj.,  alas! 

eicio  (ejicio),  -ere,  -jeci,  -jectum, 
[e(x)-jacio],  v.  tr.  3,  cast  out,  cast 
up. 

ejaculor,  -ari,  -atns,  [e(x)-jacu- 
lor],  V.  dep.  i,  throw  out,  spurt  out 
(trans.). —  With  reflex.,  spurt  out 
(intr.). 


ejccto,  -are,  -mfi,  -atuni,  [e(x)- 
jacto],  V.  tr.  I,  cast  out,  cast  ikp, 
cast  forth  :  ej  aetata  favillal  {show^ 
ers  of  sparks). 

electrum,  -i,  [Gr.  ^x^Krpov'],  n., 
amber.  —  Also  pi. 

Klegi,  -oriiiii,  [Gr.  "EAeyot],  m., 
elegiac  verses  personilied. 

elegia,  -ae,  [Gr.  €/\e7eta],  f.,  eli^\ 
elegiac  poetry. 

eleiiientuin,  -i,  [L,  M,  N  +  tum, 
orig.  pi.],  n..  A,  ]^,  C's.  —  Hence, 
element. 

Kleus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'HAeZos],  adj., 
of  E lis,  Elean. 

elex,  -icis,  [ex-flex  (  y'Lic  as  stem) 
(cf  elicio)],  m.,  drain,  ditch. 

elicio,  -ere,  -lieiil,  -licitum,  [e(x)- 
lacio],  V.  tr.  3,  lure  forth,  call  forth. 

elido,  -ore,  -lisi,  -lis vim,  [e(x)~ 
laedo],  V.  tr.  3,  strike  out,  force 
out:  aere  eliso  {flashing  the  air) . 
—  Also,  crush. 

eligo,  -ere,  -legi,  -leetuin,  [e(x)- 
lego],  V.  tr.  3,  choose  out,  select, 
choose,  elect. 

Elis,  -idis,  [Gr.^HAis],  f ,  a  district 
in  the  western  part  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus. 

eloquhiin,  -T,  [e(x)-tloquiiim  (cf. 
colloquiiiiu)],  n.,  eloquence,  ora- 
tory. 

eliido,  -ere,  -liisi,  -lusinm,  [e(x)- 
ludo],  V.  tr.  3,  {dodge,  parry,  in 
sword  'play'),  ^ dodge, ^  elude,  es- 
cape, evade. — ^  Hence,  deceive. 

elu5,  -ere,  -liii,  -Isitum,  [e(x)- 
_  Ino],  V.  tr.  3,  wash  away. 

Klysiiis,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'HAuorioy], 
adj.,  Elysian,  of  FJysium^  the 
abode  of  the  blessed  dead. 

EmathiTus,  -a,  -um,  [from  Gr. 
'H^a^ia],  adj.,  of  Emathia,  Mace- 
donian. 

emendS,     -are,     »avi,     -atum, 


so 


Vocabulary. 


[femendo-  (e-mendum)  +  o],  v. 

tr.  I,  correct,  emend. 
emico,  -are,  -micui,  no  sup.,  [e(x)- 

mico],  V.  intr.  i,  dart  forth,  shoot 

forth,  spurt  forth,  flash  (out),  dart. 

—  Less  exactly,  project  (of  a  rock 

in  the  water). 
emineo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [e(x)- 

mineo],  v.  intr.   2,  project,  stand 

up,  rise  up. 
emiuus,  [e(x)-manusj,  2.^-^.,  from 

afar,    at    long    range    (opp.    to 

coiiiiuus). 
emitto,    -ere,    -misi,    -missum, 

[e(x)-mitto],    v.    tr.    3,    let  go 

fdrth,  let  loose,  let  go,  let  out,  utter, 

s^nd  away. 
eu,  [?J,  interj.,  lo  1 
Enaesimus,  -i,  [Gr.  'Et^aiVt/xos],  m., 

a  son  of  Hippocoon,  killed  in  the 

Calydonian  hunt. 
enim,  [?],  coDJ.,/^r  (explanatory)  : 

sed  enim  {but) ;  neque  .  .  .  enim 

{for  .  .  .  not), 
Enipeus,  -i,  [Gr.  "EvLTrem'],   m.,  a 

tributary  of  the  Apidanus  in  Thes- 

saly. 
enitor,  -i,  -nisus  (-nixus),  [e(x)- 

nitor],  V.   dep.   3,  struggle  up. — 

Also,  bring  forth. 
Ennius,  -i,  m.,  the  earliest  Roman 

epic  poet  (239-169  B.C.). 
enodis,  -e,    [e(x) -nodus   (infl.  as 

adj.)],     adj.,    free    from     knots, 

smooth-stemmed. 
en  sis,  -is,  [?],  m.,  sivord. 
eniimero,     -are,     -avi,     -atuin, 

[e(x)-numero],  v.  tr.  i,  recotmt, 

enumerate. 
eo,  ire,  ivi   (ii),  itum,   [Vi]»  v. 

intr.  irr.,  go  (of  almost  all  kinds  of 
motion),    pass^    go    by,    walk, — 
Fig.,  of  time  and  the  like. 
eo,   [old  dat.  of  is],  adv.,  to  that 
place,  thither,  thereto. 


eodem,  [old  dat.  of  idem,  i.e.  eo 
+  dem],  adv.,  to  the  same  place.  — 
_  Fig.,  to  the  same  account. 

Eoiis,-a,  -um,  [Gr.  'H<^oy,  adj.  from 
'Htos-,  Daiim\  adj.,  of  the  dazvn. 
Eastern.  —  m.  sing.,  the  name  of 
one  of  the  horses  of  the  sun.  —  m. 
pL,  the  Eastern  people,  the  Ori- 
entals, 

Ephyre,  -es,  [Gr.  '^<p{^pa'\,  f.,  the 
ancient  name  of  Corinth. 

Epidaurius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'ETriSau- 
pio{\,  adj.,  Epidaurian,of  Epidau- 
rus,  a  city  in  Argolis.  —  Esp.  m. 
sing.,  the  Epidaurian  god,  ^scu- 
lapius,  who  was  carried  to  Rome 
in  the  form  of  a  snake. 

Epimethis,  -idis  (idos),  [Gr. 
patronymic],  f.,  Fyrrha,  daughter 
of  Epimetheus. 

Epiros,  -i,  [Gr.  ^HTretpos],  f. ,  a  dis- 
trict of  Greece,  in  the  northwest, 
bordering  on  the  Adriatic  Sea. 

epistola  (-tula),  -ae,  [Gr.  eVc- 
dToAo?],  f.,  epistle,  letter. 

epotiis,  -a,  -um,  [ex-potus],  adj., 
drunk  tip. 

epulum,  -i,  epulae,  -arum,  [?], 
n.  and  i.,  feast,  banquet,  viands. 

eques^-itis,  [equ6-}-tis  (reduced)], 
c,  horseman  (or  tvoman),  cavalry 
man.  —  Also,  knight  (of  an  order 
of  citizens  at  Rome). 

equidem,  [?],  conj.  (emphasizing  a 
statement),  in  fact,  truly. 

equinus,-a,  -um,  [equo-  (reduced) 
-f  inns],  adj.,  of  a  horse :  juba  {a 
horse^s  mane). 

equus,  -i,  [-^/ak  (root  of  acer)  + 
vus],  m.,  horse. 

Erebus,  -i,  [Gr.  "E/jeySos],  m.,  the 
god  of  darkness.  —  Less    exactly, 
the   Lozver    World,    Erebus,    IIa~ 
des. 
ereptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  eripio. 


Vocabtdmy, 


Si 


ergo,  [?],  conj.  (making  logical 
connections),  the^'efore,  then,  nozv. 
Eridanus,  -i,  [Gr.  'Hpt5ai/os],  m., 
a  fabled  stream  in  the  extreme 
west  of  Europe,  on  whose  banks 
amber  was  found;  later  identified 
with  the  Po  and  also  with  the 
Rhone. 

erigo,  -ere,  -rexi,  -rectum,  [ex- 
rego],  V.  tr.  3,  raise.  —  Pass., 
raise  one's  self. 

erilis  (her-),  -e,  [ero-  (reduced) 
+  ilis],  adj.,  o/<^  master  J  a  mas- 
ier''s. 

Eriijys,  -yos,  [Gr.  ^Y.pivh\  f.,  a 
Fury. 

eripio,  -ere,  -ripui,  -reptum,  [ex- 
rapio],  V.  tr.  3,  snatch  away, 
carry  off,  bear  away,  tear  from, 
wrest  from.  —  Esp.,  rescue. 

erro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?],  v. 
intr.  I,  rove,  wander,  stroll.  —  Fig., 
go  astray,  waver,  hesitate,  vacil- 
late. 

error,  -oris,  [err-  (as  if  root  of 
erro)  +  or],  m.,  wandering. — 
Fig,,  doubt,  mistake,  error,  wan- 
dering (of  mind),  maze,  uncer- 
tainty, failing.  —  Personified,  Er- 
ror. 

erubesco^  -ere,  -rubui,  no  sup., 
[ex-rubesco] ,  v.  intr.  3,  redden, 
blush. 

erudio,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  [ferudi- 
(ex-rudis,  out  of  the  fencing  foil) 
-f-  o],  V.  tr.  4,  train  (orig.  in  sword 
play),  instruct,  educate. 

eru5,  -ere,  -rui,  -rutum,  [ex-ruo], 
V.  tr.  3,  dig  out,  tear  out. 

Erycinus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'Epv«:?^oy], 
adj.,  of  Eryx.  —  Esp.,  f.  sing.,  the 
goddess  of  Eryx,  Venus. 

Erymanthus,  -i,  [Gr.  'Epu^a^/^os], 
m.,  a  river  and  also  a  mountain  in 
Arcadia. 


Eryx,  -ycis,  [Gr.^E^ul],  m.,  a  moun- 
tain   in   Western    Sicily,    with  a 
famous  temple  of  Venus. 
esca,  -ae,  [V^^"  G^  edo)4-ca], 

i.,food,  bait. 
et,  [?],  conj.,  and,  also,  too,  even: 
et  .  .  .  et,  both  .  .  .  and  (often 
merely,  and). 
etenim,   [et   enim  (cf.  «:ai   7<ip)], 
adv.,  for  .  .  .  you  see,  for  natu- 
rally^ for  you  know, 
etiam,  [et  jam],  conj.,  (and now), 
even,   also,   even   now,   still,  yet: 
etiam  num   (nunc),   even  now, 
still. 
etiainnuHi,  see  etiam  and  num. 
etsT,  [et  si],  conj.,  eveii  if,  although. 
Euboicus, -a, -um,  [Gr.  Eu^ol/co's], 
adj.,  of  Euboea  (the  island  off"  the 
eastern  coast  of  Boeotia  and  At- 
tica), Euboean, 
Euenmae,  -arum,  [Gr.  Ev7?r7i/ai] , 
i.,  daughters  of,  or  (as  adj.)  belong- 
ing to,   Euenos   (a   river    of  Ar- 
cadia). 
Euhoe,  [Gr.    Eyo?],   interj.,  Evo'e ! 
(a  shout  of  joy  at  the  festivals  of 
Bacchus)  (also  Euoe). 
Eumenides,  -um,  [Gr.  Eu^ej/ZSes], 
f.  pi.,  the  Well-wishers,  the  Furies 
(so  called  to  propitiate  them,  or 
to  avoid  the  omen  of  their  name) . 
Eumolpos   (-us),  -i,   [Gr.  Eu^oA- 
iros],  m.,  a  Thracian  bard,  pupil  of 
Orpheus,  who  founded  the  Eleu- 
sinian  mysteries  in  Attica. 
Eupalamos  (-us),  -i,  [Gr.  EuTraAa- 
ixos\  m.,  one  of  the  hunteis  of  the 
Calydonian  boar. 
Euphrates,   -is,    [Gr.    Evi^pc^ri^s], 
m.,  a  celebrated  river  of  Asia,  ris- 
ing in  Armenia,  and  uniting  with 
the  Tigris  near  Babylon. 
Europe,  -es  (-a,  -ae),  [Gr.  EupdJTTT?], 
f.,  the  daughter  of  Agenor,  sister 


52 


Vocabulary. 


of  Cadmus,  carried  off  by  Jupiter. 

—  Also  the  continent  Europe. 
Eurotas,  -ae,  [Gr.  EupdJras] ,  m. ,  a 

river  of  Laconia,  on  which  Sparta 

stood. 
Eurus,  -i,  [Gr.ES/3os],  m.,  the  south- 
east wind, 
Eurydice,  -es,  [Gr.  EupySZ/ci?],  f., 

the  wife  of  Orpheus,  for  whom  he 

descended  into  the  lower  world. 
Eiirymachus,  -i,  [Gr.  Eypu^axos], 

m.,  one  of  the  suitors  of  Penelope. 
Burymldes,   -is,  [Gr.  Ev/)w/xt5r;s], 

m.,  the  son  of  Eurymus,  Telemus. 
Eurystheus,  -ei,  (ace,  -ea,  abl., 

eo),    [Gr.  ^vpva0€vs]i  m.,  son  of 

Sthenelus,   grandson   of    Perseus. 

He   imposed   upon   Hercules   his 

twelve  labors. 
Eurytion,  -onis,    [Gr.   'E.vpvriojv'], 

m.,  an  uncle  of  Patroclus,  partici- 
pant in  the  Calydonian  hunt. 
Euxinus,  -i,  [Gr.  'Ev^glvos],  m.,  the 

Euxine,  or  Black  Sea. 
evado,  -ere,  -vasi,  -vasiim,  [ex- 

vado],  V.  tr.  3,  pass  ihroughy  pass 

beyond,  pass  out. 
evanesco,  -ere,  -vaniii,  no   sup., 

[ex-vanesco],  v.  intr.  3,  vanish, 

disappear. 
evanidus,  -a,  -uth,  [ex-fvanidus 

(vano  4-  dus),  cf,  evanesco],  adj., 

vanishing^  evanescent. 
evehO,  -ere,  -vexi,  -vectum,  [ex- 

veho],  V.  tr.  3,  carry  out,  bear  on 

(and  so,  away). 
evenio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventum,  [ex- 

venio],  v.  intr.  4,  come  out.  —  Fig., 

turn  outy  happen. 
eventus,   -us,    [ex-ventus,    perh. 

through    evenio],    m.,    outco?ne, 

events  fate. 
everto,  -ere,  -verti,  -versum,  [ex- 

verto],  V.  tr.  3,  turn  upside  down, 

overturn^  overthrow,  ruin. 


evineid,  -ire,  -vinxi,   -vinctum, 

[ex-vincio],  v.   tr.   4,   bind  fast, 

bind. 
evince,  -ere,  -vici,  -victuin,  [ex- 

vinco],  V.  tr.  3,  outstrip,  overpass 

(conquering  as  an  obstacle) , /(25j 

by,  succeed  in  passing. 
evitabilis,  -e,  [evita-  (as  stem  of 

evito)  4-  bills],  adj.,  avoidable. 
evito,    -are,    -avi,    -atuni,    [ex- 

vito],  v.  tr.  I,  avoid,  escape. 
evoco,   -are,   -avi,   -atuin,    [ex- 

voco] ,  V.  tr.  I ,  call  forth,  call  out, 

call  up. 
evolo,   -are,   -avi,    -atum,    [ex- 

volo],  V.  intr.  \,  fly  forth. 
evolvo,  -ere,   -volvi,   -volutum, 

fex-volvo],  V.  tr.  3,  roll  out,  roll 

forth. 
ex,   e,  [prob.  gen.  of  unc.  stem], 

prep.,  out  of{<zi.  ab  and  ^^,from. 

—  Transl.  by  various  preps,  in  Eng. 
of  different  character,  on,  by  (ex 
rapto  vivere),  ^(pars  ex  illis), 
on  (pendere),  by,  in,  in  accord- 
ance with  :  ex  ordine  (in  order). 

—  In  comp.,  out,  up,  from,  of, 
away.,  thoroughly,  un-. 

exactus,  p.p.  of  exigo. 
exaestuo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex- 

aestuo],  v.  intr.    i,  boil  up,  heat 

up,  blaze  up,  burst  out. 
exanimatus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  ex- 

animo],  adj.,  lifeless. 
exanimis,  -e,  [ex-anima,  infi.  as 

adj.],  adj.,  breathless,  lifeless. 
exardeS,  -ere,  -arsi,  -arsum,  [ex- 

ardeo],  v.  intr.  2,  blaze  up  (also 

fig.)- 

exardesco,  -ere,  same  as  exardeo. 

exaudio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  [ex- 
audio],  V.  tr.  4,  hear  (as  at  a  dis- 
tance or  with  difficulty),  listen  to. 

excedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessum, 
[ex-cedo],  v,  tr.  3,   come  forth. 


Vocabulary. 


S3 


come  out,  pass  beyond,  exceed,  pass 
the  hounds  of,  depart. 

excelsus,  -a,  -uni,  [p.p.  of  ex- 
cello],  adj.,  lofty,  high, 

excido,  -ere,  -cidi,  no  sup.,  [ex- 
cado],  V.  intr.  %  fall  from,  fall  off, 
subside:  2J\X^\s,, fall fr 07)1  {i.e. fail 
i7i), 

excieS,   -ere,   -ii,   -itam  |      j- 

excio,   -ire,   -ii,   -itum    j  ' 
cieo,  ex-cio],  v.  tr.  2  and  4,  set  i?t 
^notion,  call  forth,  rouse,  waken.  — 
p.p.,  excitxis,  kept  awake,  roused. 

excipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptum, 
[ex-capio],  v.  tr.  3,  take  up,  re- 
ceive (after  something  else),  fol- 
low, begin  (after  some  other),  re- 
ply, gather.  —  p.p.,  exceptus,  (in 
agreement),  except. 

excito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex- 
cite], V.  tr.  I,  call  up,  summon. 

exclamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex- 
clamo],  V.  tr.  i,  cry  out,  exclaim. 

excol^,  -ere,  -eoliii,  -cultuni, 
[ex-colo],  V.  tr.  3,  train  up,  culti- 
vate. 

excoquS,  -ere,  -eoxi,  -coctum, 
[ex-coquo],  v.  tr.  3,  cook  out,  melt 
out. 

exciiso,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex- 
causo  (cf.  causor)],  v.  tr.  i,  {as- 
sign a  reason^,  allege  as  an  excuse, 
make  excuse  for  (ace.)  :  verba 
excusantia  {words  of  excuse). 

excutio,  -ere,  -cussi,  -cussum, 
[ex-quatio],  v.  tr.  3,  shake  off, 
shake  out,  throzv  dotvn,  overthrow, 
cast  out,  drive  out,  dash  together.  — 
With  reflex.,  rouse  one^s  self,  rouse  : 
excussa  brachia  {brandishing, 
waving). 

exemplum,  -i,  [akin  to  eximo], 
n., sample  (taken  Qi\!i\), pattern,  ex- 
ample. —  PL,  sole  relics  (left  as  a 
pattern)  :  pari  exemplo  {in  like 


manner') ;   exemplo  alicujus  rei 
{in  the  mariner  of,  etc.). 
exemiptus,  -a,  -uni,  p.p.  of  eximo. 
exeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  [ex-eo],  v. 
intr.  irr.,  come  forth,  go  forth,  be 
efuitted,  depart. 
exerceS,   -ere,   -ui,  -itum,    [ex- 
arceo,  but  conn,  of  ideas  unc],  v. 
tr.  2,  be  busied  with,  agitate,  exer- 
cise, worry.  —  Pass.,  be  busied,  be 
worried:  aquas,  flow  with  (of  a 
river). 

exhalo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex- 
hale], V.  tr.  I,  breathe  out,  exhale. 

exhibeS,  -ere,  -hibui,  -hibitum, 
[ex-habeo],  v.  tr.  2,  hold  out, 
show,  display,  exhibit. 

exhorrescS,  -ere  (-horreS,  -ere), 
-horrui,  no  sup.,  [ex-borresco], 
V.  intr.  3  (2),  shiver,  tremble, 
shudder. 

exhortor,  -ari,  -atus,  [ex-hortor], 
V.  dep.  I,  encourage,  set  on,  spur 
on. 

exig^,  -ere,  -egi,  -actum,  [ex- 
ago],  V.  tr.  3,  drive  through  (per 
ilia  ferrum) ,  finish,  complete,  ac- 
co77iplish.  —  Also,  drive  away,  ask, 
exact.  —  From  steelyards  or  the 
like  (cf.  momentum),  {run 
out),  tueigh  (lit.  and  fig.). 

exiguus,  -a,  -um,  [akin  to  exigo, 
through  idea  of  weighing  (cf. 
momentum)],  adj.,  small,  short, 
scant,  slight,  narrow,  too  little,  a 
little:  exiguum  temporis  {short 
time). 

exiliS,  see  exsilio. 

exilis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  slender. 

exilium,  see  exsilium. 

eximo,  -ere,  -emi,  -emptum, 
[ex-emo,  take'],  v.  tr.  3,  take  out, 
exempt. 

existo,  see  exsisto. 

exitiabilis,  -e,  [exitia-   (as  stem 


54 


Vocabulary. 


of  fexitio)  +  bills],  adj.,  destruc- 
tive. 

exitiuni,  -i,  [exito-  (reduced)  + 
ium],  n.,  destructioUj  ruin,  mur- 
der, death. 

exitus,  -us,  [ex-itus,  through 
exeo],  m.,  outcome,  event,  result. 

flKonero,  -are,  -avi,  -atuin,  [ex- 
onero],  v.  tr.  l,  disburden,  free 
from  the  burden  of  (abl.). 

exorior, -oriri,  -ortiis,  [ex-orior], 
V.  dep.  4  and  3,  rise  up,  rise, 

exoro,  -are,  -avI,  -atuin,  [ex-oro], 
V.  tr.  I,  entreat  (so  as  to  prevail), 
entreat. 

exosus,  -a,  -um,  [ex*osus  (p.p.  of 
fexodi)],  adj.,  hating. 

expallesco,  -ere,  -pallui,  no  sup., 
[ex-pallesco,  perh.  through  ex- 
palleo],  V.  intr.  3,  grotv pale. 

expecto,  see  exspecto. 

expedio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itiiin,  [exped- 
(as  if  expedi,  ex-pes)  +  0],  v.  tr. 
4,  disentangle,  dratv  out,  ply  (in 
Weaving),  hasten. 

expello,  -ere,  -puli,  -pulsuni, 
[ex-pello],  V.  tr.  3,  drive  out, 
force  out,  drive  azvay,  d?'ive,  send 
(arrow),  deprive  of. 

experientia,  -ae,  [experient  + 
ia],  f.,  trial,  method  of  testing. 

experior,  -iri,  -pertus,  [ex- 
pario],  V.  dep.  4,  {get  out  for  oneh 
self),  try,  test.  —  p.p.,  expertus, 
experienced.  —  pres.  p.,  experi- 
ei  %  trying:  laborum  (^daring 
in,  ready  to  endure). 

expers,  -pertis,  [ex-pars],  adj., 
having  no  part,  destitute  of,  free 
from,  renouncing,  not  knowing, 
having  nothing  to  do  zvith. 

expleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etum,  [ex- 
pleo] ,  V.  tr.  2,  fill  out,  complete, 
fill  up. 

explico,  -are,  -plicavi  (-plicui), 


-plicatum     (-plicitum),     [ex- 
plico], V.  tr.   I,    unfold  (lit.  and 

explore,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex- 
plore], V.  tr.  I,  search  (perh.  orig. 
by  shouting),  enquire,  determine 
(by  exploration),  consider. 

expono,  -ere,  -posui,  -posituin, 
[ex-pono],  V.  tr.  3,  set  forth,  ex- 
pose. 

expriino,  -ere,  -pressi,  -pressum, 
[ex-premo],  v.  tr.  3,  press  out, 
stamp.  —  Hence,  represent,  iini- 
tate. 

exsanguis,  -e,  [ex-sanguis  (re- 
duced)], adj.,  bloodless. 

exsatiatus,  -a,  -um,  [ex-satia- 
tus] ,  adj ,  fully  satisfied,  satiated. 

exsequiae,  -arum,  [fexsequo- 
(cf.  pedisequius)  -f  la],  f.,  obse- 
quies, funeral. 

exsero,  -ere,  -serui,  -sertum; 
[ex-sero],  v.  tr.  3,  thrust  forth, 
put  forth,  raise  (above  something). 

exsilio  (exilio),  -ire,  -ilui, 
-ultum,  [ex-salio],  v.  intr.  4, 
spring  forth,  dart  forth,  spring  up. 

exsilium,  -i,  [exsul  ■{■  ium],  n.,  ex- 
ile, banishment. 

exslsto,  -ere,  -stiti,  no  sup.,  [ex- 
sisto],  v.  intr.  3,  stand  out,  rise, 
stand  forth. 

exspatior  (exp-),  -ari,  -atus, 
[ex-spatior],  v.  dep.  i,  szverve 
from  the  track,  shy  (of  horses) .  — - 
p.p.  set  at  large,  let  loose. 

exspecto  (exp-),  -are,  -avi, 
-atum,  [ex-specto],  v.  tr.  i,  look 
out  for,  azvait,  wait  for:  ante  ex- 
spectatum  {sooner  than  expected) , 

cxspiro  (exp),  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[ex- spire],  v.  tr.  i,  breathe  out 
(esp.  in  death). 

exsterno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?, 
adj.    stem    akin    to    sterno    (of. 


Vocabulary. 


S5 


Cionsterno)],  v.  tr.  \^  frighten,  — 
^,-^.,  frightened,  in  terror. 

exstinguo  (ext-),  -ere,  -stinxi, 
-stinctum,  [ex-stinguo],  v.  tr.  3, 
(^ptmch  out^),  extinguish.  —  Fig., 
blot  out. — ^g».^.,  slain,  departed:  ex- 
stinctum  persequor  {in  death) . 

exsto  (exto),  -ai*e,  -stiti,  -sta- 
tum,  [ex-sto],  v.  iiitr.  i,  stand 
out,  appear  (above  or  out  of  some- 
thing), rise,  extejid  (of  a  snake 
unwound) . 

exstruo  (extr-),  -ere,  -struxi, 
-struetum,  [ex-struo],  v.  tr.  3, 
build  up,  pile  up  (mensas  dapi- 
bus). 

exsul  (exul),  -ulis,  [ex-sul,  root 
of  salio  as  stem  (of.  praesul)], 
c,  exile. 

exsulto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex- 
salto,  perh.  through  exsilio],  v. 
intr.  I',  leap  up,  leap  (also  of  boil- 
ing water),  spring  (out  or  away). 

—  Less  exactly,  bubble,  struggle.  — 
Fig.,  exult. 

exta,  -orum,  [?],  n.,  entrails  (esp. 

as  used  in  divination). 
extemplo,   [ex-templo,    {augural 

position)^  adv.,  immediately  (cf. 

sur  le  champ),  at  once,  at  the  same 

time. 
extendo,  -ere,  -tendi,   -tentum, 

[ex-tendoj,  v.  tr.  3,  stretch  out, 

stretch.  —  p  ■  p •  J  outstretched. 
extenuo,  -are,  -avi,  -atuin,  [ex- 

tenuo],  V.  tr.  i,  make  thin,  shrink. 

—  Fig.,  assuage,  lessen  :  mala. 
extentus,  p.p.  of  extendo. 
externus,   -a,   -um,    [extro-    (cf. 

extra)  +  nus],  adj.,  foreign,  ex- 
ternal, from  abroad,  —  m.  pi.,  for- 
eigners. 

exterritus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  ex- 
terreo],  adj.,  terror-stricken. 

extiraeo,   -ere,   -timui,   no   sup., 


[ex-timeo],  v.  tr.  2,  be  terrified 

{at  or  abs.). 
extinguo,  see  exstinguo* 
extS,  see  exsto. 
extrah5,  -ere,  -traxi,  -tractum, 

[ex-traho],  v.  tr.  3,  draw  out  or 
forth,  drag  out. 
extreinus,   -a,   -um,    [extra   (j^ 

kindred  form)  -f  imus],  adj.  (sup. 

oi  ^^t^vxx^) ,  the  farthest,  last,  the 

end  of,  very  distajzt,  distant.  —  n., 

the  last  time,  the  end. 
exul,  see  exsul. 
exulto,  see  exsulto. 
exululo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex- 

ululo],  V.  intr.   l,  howl  out,  hotvl, 

screa??i,  cry  out. 
exuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utum,  [?,  perh. 

from  analogy  with  indue],  v.  tr. 

3,  strip  off,  tear  away.  —  Fig.,  put 

away     (metum),     dismiss,     lose 

( vitam) . 
exBiro,  -ere,  -ussi,  -iistum,  [ex- 

uro],  v.  tr.  3,  burn  off,  burn  up, 

burn. 
exuviae,  -arum,  [akin  to  exuo, 

through  an  adj.  stem],  f.,   {strip- 
pings),  spoil,  skins. 

F. 

faba,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  beans. 

fabalis,  -e,  [faba  +  lis],  adj.,  of 
beans:  stipulae  {beanstraw). 

faber,  -bri,  [-y/FAC  +  berJjj,  m,, 
craftsman,  mechanic.  —  A?  adj., 
faber,  -bra,  -brum,  construc- 
tive:  ars. 

fabricator,  -toris,  [fabrica  -f  tor], 
xa.,  fashioner,  maker,  constructor. 

fabricor,  -ari,  -atus,  [fabrica  -f- 
o],  v.  dep.  I,  fashion,  make. — 
p.p.  in  pass,  ^tn-ht,  fashioned. 

fabula,  -ae,  [  y^FA  -|-  bula  (f.  of 
-bulus)],  f.,  story. 


56 


Vocabulafj^. 


facies,  -ei,  [Vf^c  +  ies,  perh. 
through  intermediate  stem],  f., 
form  J  fashion,  appearance. 

facilis,  -e,  [ffaco-  (cf.  beneficus) 
+  lis],  adj.,  easy,  easily  acquired, 
kindly,  obliging, 

facinus,  -oris,  [facin-  (as  if  root  of 
ffacino)  +  us],  n.,  deed.  — ■  Esp., 
evil  deed,  crime. 

facio,  -ere,  -feci,  -factum, 
[^FAC],  V.  tr.  irr.,  do,  make,  per- 
form, create,  cause,  give  (making 
for  some  one)  :  quid  faciat  (%vkat 
can  he  do?)-,  fac  {suppose^-,  fac 
condas  {take  care  to  build,  build) ; 
f actus  modo  {netv  created) ;  fac- 
tae  vestes  {completed'). 

factumi, -i,  [p.p.  of  facio  as  noun], 
n.,  deed^  act,  exploit, 

f^ex,  faecis,  [  ?],  f.,  dregs  (of  wine). 

fagus,  -i,  [</)??7oy],  f.,  beech  (wood 
or  tree) . 

falcatus,  -a,  -uni,  [as  if  p.p.  of 
ffalco,  from  falx],  adj.,  hooked 
(like  a  sickle). 

fallacla,  -ae,  [fallac  -f  ia],  f.,  de- 
ceit,  trickery, 

fallaciter,  [fallaci-  (as  if  stem  of 
fallax)  +  ter],  adv.,  deceitfully, 
deceptively. 

fallax,  -acis,  [ffall-  (as  if  stem  of 
fallo)  +  ax],  adj ,  deceitful,  de- 
ceptive, treacherous. 

fallo,  -ere,  fefelli,  falsum,  [akin 
to  <r^aA.AcD],  v.  tr.  3,  deceive,  disap- 
point, beguile,  escape:  fallor  (/ 
am  mistaken)',  arva  .  .  .  depo- 
situm  {betray  its  trust);  studio 
fallente  laborem  {beguile,  hide). 
—  See  also  falsus. 

falsiis,  -a,  -iim,  [p.p.  of  fallo], 
adj.,  false,  untrue,  deceitful,  not 
real,  apparent  (not  real),  found 
false.  —  Abl.  as  adv.,  falso, 
falsely. 


falx,  falcis,  [?],  f.,  sickle, pruning- 
hook,  pruning-knife. 

fama,  -ae,  [fa-  (as  stem  of  for)  + 
ma],  f.,  {talk),  rumor,  report, 
fame,  reputation,  story.  —  Personi- 
fied, Fa7?ie  (the  goddess). 

fames,  -Is  (abl.  fame),  [?],  f., 
hunger .^  famine. 

famulus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  servu  at- 
tendant. 

fanuiu,  -i,  [fa-  (as  stem  of  for)  -|- 
nus],  n.,  shrine. 

fas,  indecl.,  [fa-  (in  for)  +  us],  n., 
right :  fas  (est),  it  is  right,  it  is 
alloiued;  fas  habet  {considers  it 
right) . 

fassus,  see  fateor. 

fastigium,-!,  [  ?],  n.,  roof. — ^  Also  pi. 

fatalis,  -e,  [fato-  (reduced)  -{- 
alls],  adj.,  of  the  fates  (or  fate), 
fated,  fatal. 

fataliter,  [fatali -f  ter],  adv.,  by 
fate,  by  the  decrees  of  fate. 

fateor,  -eri,  fassus,  [perh.  akin 
to  for,  perh.  to  fatiscor],  v.  dep. 
2,  confess,  admit. 

fatldicus,  -a,  -um,  [fato-dicus 
(cf.  dieo)],  2.<X].,  prophetic. 

fStifer,  -era,  -eruiu,  [fato-fer, 
(for  -ferus)],  z.^\.,  fatal 

fatigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [akin  to 
affatim,  through  adj.  stem  (cf. 
castigo)],  V.  tr.  i,  tire  out,  worry, 
crowd  out,  crowd,  exhatcst;  so- 
nitu  {fill)^ 

fatum,  -i,  [fa-  (as  stem  of  for)  -f 
tus,  p.p.  of  for],  n.,  {zvhat  is 
spokeft),  fate.  —  Esp.,  ill  fate,  de- 
struction.—  PL,  the  Fates:  esse 
in  fatis  {be  fated);  illi  fatum 
non  est  {he  is  not  destined). 

fauces,  -iumi,  (n.  sing.,  faux,  not 
used),  [?],  f.,  throat,  motith. — 
Sometimes  transl.  by  lips. 

Fauniis,  -i,  [  y'FAV  (in  faveo)  + 


Vocabulary, 


57 


nus],  m.,  a  sylvan  deity,  patron  of 
shepherds,  identified  with  Pan. 
He  was  supposed  to  be  an  Italian, 
son  of  Picus  and  grandson  of  Sat- 
urn. —  Less  exactly  in  pL,  fauns, 
deities  partly  identified  with  the 
Greek  satyrs,  but  with  less  animal 
characteristics  than  they. 

Faustulus,  -i,  [fausto  +  lus],  m., 
the  shepherd  who  brought  up 
Romulus  and  Remus. 

fautrix,  -icis,  [favi-  (as  stem  of 
faveo)  +  trix],  f.,  patro7tess. 

faveo,  -ere,  favi,  fautum,  [?,  cf. 
favilla],  V.  intr.  2,  favor,  be  pro- 
pitious to :  animis  linguisque, 
show  respect  with,  etc.  (i.e.  by  re- 
fraining from  evil  thoughts  and 
words). 

favilla,  -ae,  [akin  to  faveo?],  f., 
spark,  cinder,  ashes, 

favor,  -oris,  [fav-  (as  if  root  of 
faveo)  4-  or],  va.,  favor,  applause, 
(yfavor  shown),  partisanship,  par- 
tiality, 

fav  us,  -i,  [?],  m.,  honey-comb, 

fax,  facis,  [?,  akin  to  faveo?],  f., 
torch,  firebrand. —  Esp.,  marriage 
torch. 

februus,  -a,  -uni,  [perh.  akin  to 
ferveo] ,  adj.,  cleansing,  expiatory : 
februa  casta  (.offering). 

f  ecundus,  -a,  -uin,  [fe-  (as  if  stem 
of  ffeo,  cf.  fetus)  +  cundus],  adj., 
prolific,  copious,  rich,  pregnant. 

fel,  fellis,  {;>\Ti,gall. 

felix,  -icis,  [fe-  (as  if  stem  of  ffeo) 
+  unc.  term.],  adj.,  fruitful,  pros- 
perous, fortunate,  happy. 

femina,  -ae,  [fe-  (as  stem  of  ffeo) 
-}-  mina  (cf.  alumnus)],  f., 
woman,  zvomen  (collectively). 

feiuineus,  -a,  -um,  [femina  (re- 
duced) -f-  eus],  adj.,  of  a  {the) 
woman,  feminine. 


femur,  -oris,  [?],  n.,  thigh. 

fera,  see  ferus. 

feralis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  deadly,  fatal, 

funereal. 
ferax,   -acis,    [-v/FER+ax],   adj., 

fruitftd,  fertile. 
fere,  [?],  adv.,  mostly,  nearly,  gen- 
erally. 
feretrum.,  -i,    [fere-   (as  stem  of 

fero)  -|-  trum] ,  n.,  barrow,  bier. 

ferinus,  -a,  -um,  [fero-  (reduced) 

-f  inus],   adj.,    of  wild  beasts,  of 

a  wild  beast :  vultus  {animal). 

feri5,  -ire,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  [?],  v. 

tr.  4,  strike,  splash  (of  water) . 
feritas,    -tatis,    [fero  -f  tas],    f., 

wild?tess,  barbarity,  cruelty, 
fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  [y'FER 
and  VTOL  (tla),  cf.  tollo],  v.  tr. 
irr. ,  bear  (both  at  rest  and  in  mo- 
tion, lit.  and  fig.).  —  Hence,  en- 
dure, suffer,   enjoy   (terra   colo- 
res) .  —  Also,  give,  produce,  bring, 
carry,  offer  (opem),  render,  re- 
ceive (a  gift,  carried  off),  carry 
off,  turn  (vestigia),  lead,  inflict 
(vulnera),    say,    report:    leges 
{carry).  —  Pass.,    be    borne,  fly, 
pass,  fall,  rush,  speed  on,  go  (prae- 
ceps). 
ferox,  -ocis,  [akin  to  ferus],  adj., 
fierce,  savage,  ferocious,  maddened 
(dolore) . 
ferreus,  -a,  -um,  [ferro-  (reduced) 
-feus],  adj.,    iron.  —  Fig.,   iron- 
hearted,  cruel,  '  iron^ 
ferrugo,  -inis,  [ferro-  (or  kindred 
stem)  4-  ugo   (of  unc.  formation, 
cf.  imago)],  f.,  iron  rust,  brown 
(as  a  color). 
ferrum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  iron,  steel. — 

Hence,  spear,  sword. 
fertilis,  -e,   [fferto-   (lost  p.p.  of 
fero)  -f  lis],  13,^).,  fertile.,  produc- 
tive. 


58 


Vocabulary. 


fertilitas,  -atis,  [fertili  +  tas],  f., 
productiveness,  fertility. 

ferus,  -a,  -um,  [  ?] ,  adj.,  wild,  sav- 
age, cruel.  —  f.  as  noun,  beast,  wild 
beast,  monster  (even  of  the  sea)  : 
ferae  {tnad  women) . 

ferveS,  -ere,  ferbui,  no  sup.,  [prob. 
ffervo  -|-  60  (cf.  febris)],  v.  intr. 
2,  be  hot,  burn,  boil.  —  pres.  p.,  hot, 
burning,  boiling,  warm,  bleeding 
(vulnils) . 

fervidus,  -a,  -uiii,  [prob,  ffervo 
(cf.  ferveo)  +  dus],  adj.,  boiling, 
se€ thing,  hot,  burning. 

fervor,  -oris,  [ferv-  (as  if  root  of 
ferveo)  4-  or],  m.,  heat. — Also  pi. 

fesisus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  p.p.  of 
fateor,  in  sense  of  fatiscor], 
adj.,  weary,  tired,  exhatisted,  worn 
0l4t. 

festino,  -aire,  -avi,  -atiim,  [unc. 
noun  stem,  perh.  akin  to  festus], 
V.  tr.  I,  hasten. 

festws,  -a,  ^uoi,  [?,  possibly  p.p.  of 
ffendo],  adj.,  {clashed  as  in  a 
war  danced),  festive.  —  m.  as 
TiOVin,  festival  {^Ao.y').  —  n.  "pX.,  fes- 
tival. 

f  etiira,  -ae,  [fetu  4-  ra  (f.  of  -rus, 
cf.  figura)],  L,  prodtiction,  prod- 
uct, offspring,  increase  (of  the 
flock), 

fetus,  -ttts,  [fe-  (as  stem  of  fee) 
+  tiis],  m.,  {production^,  fruit, 
progeny.  —  Also  pi. 

fetus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  ffeo],  adj., 
having  brought  forth  :  ursa  {with 
her  young) . 

fibra,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  {fork  at  the  end 
of  anything?).—  Esp-.,  split  ends 
of  liver,  etc.  — -  Less  exactly,  liver ^ 
heart,  q\.c.,  entrails  (in  divination). 

fibula,  -ae,  [-^/fig  4- "btila  (cf. 
fabula)],  f.,  {fastening),  pin, 
buckk. 


fictllis,  -e,  [ficto  +  lis  (cf.  ferti- 
lis)],  adj.,  earthen  (as  fashioned 
by  the  potter) .  —  n.  pL,  earthen 
ware,  pottery. 

fidelis,  -e,  [prob.  Me  4-  lis,  but  cf. 
cr  u  delis  ] ,  adj . ,  /^  ithful. 

fides,  -ei,  [?,  cf.  fido],  f.,  good 
faith,  faith,  belief  trustworthiness, 
promise,  pledge,  performance  (of  a 
promise).  —  Kho,  protection.  —  In 
pi.  also. 

fides,  -is,  [^FiD  (in  findo)  4- is], 
f.,  itring,  lyre  (esp.  in  pL). 

f  ido,  -ere,  fisus  sum,  [cf.  fides], 
V.  intr.  3,  trust. 

f idiicia,  -ae,  [ffiduc-  (cf.  loquax, 
ferox)  +  ia],  f.,  confidence  (both 
good  and  bad),  assurance,  security 
(by  change  of  point  of  view  as  in 
'  security '  itself). 

fidus,  -a,  -um,  [akin  to  fido], 
d.^].,  faithful. 

figo,  -ere,  fixi,  fixum,  [?],  v.  tr. 
3,  transfix,  pierce.  —  Also  (of 
thing  ^XQ(X), plant  in,  fix,  set,  im- 
print {o^Q.vl'd.),  fasten  up  (spolia), 
suspend:  an  coram  {drop). 

figura,  -ae,  [ffigu.-  (-y/fig  4-  us) 
4-ra  (cf.  fetura)],  i.,  fashioning, 
shape,  form,  appearaitce.  —  Esp., 
beauty. 

f  ilia,  -ae,  [f.  of  filius],  f.,  daughter. 

filius,  -i,  [akin  to  fetus,  etc.],  m., 
son. 

filum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  thread.  —  Less 
exactly,  string  (of  lyre) . 

findo,  -ere,  fidi,  fissum,  [V^^^ 
(cf,  fldis)],  V.  tr.  3,  split,  crack, 
cleave.  —  p.p.,  cleaving  (intr.). 

fingo,  -ere,  finxi,  fictum,  [v^ig 
(cf.  figura)],  V.  tr.  %  fashion. — 
Fig.,  represent,  feign,  irnagine, 
suppose.  —  fictum,  n.  -p.^.,  fiction, 
false  hood. 

f  iiiio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  [fini  -f-  o], 


Vocabulary. 


59 


V.  tr.  ^,  put  an  end  to,  end,Jinish, 
bound. 

finis,  -is,  [?],  m.,  e7id,  limit,  boun- 
dary, borde7\  —  PL,  boundaries, 
territories :  nuUo  cum  fine,  with- 
out limit  (no  end). 

f  inltimus,  -a,  -iim,  [ffini  +  timus 
(unc,  perh.  akin  to  tueor)],  adj., 
bordering  upon,  neighboring.  — 
Masc,  a  neighbor  (esp.  in  pi.). 

fio,  fieri,  f actus  sum,  [V^u,  in 
fui] ,  V.  intr.  irr.  (pass,  of  facio) , 
become :  fit  fragor,  {there  comes, 
etc.);  fit  timor  mlM  (/  become 
alarmed^ . 

firmus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  cf.  frenum], 
adj.,  strong,  firm,  solid,  eitduring. 

fiscella,  -ae,  f.,  and  fiscellus,  -i, 
[ffisculo-  (fisco  +  lus)  4-  lus], 
m.,  basket. 

fiscina,  -ae,  [fisco  -f  tia  (f.  of 
-nus)],  f.,  basket  (of  wicker). 

fistula,  -ae,  [?],  i.,  pipe.  —  Esp., 
Pan'' s  pipe. 

f  ixus,  p.p.  of  figo. 

flagello,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [fla- 
gello  +  o],  V.  tr.  I,  lash,  whip. 

flagro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [flagro- 
(cf,  flagrum,  lash)  -f  o],  v.  intr. 
I,  burn,  be  fired. 

ilamen,  -inis,  [fla-  (stem  of  flo) 
4- men],  m.,  (blower  of  the  fir e^, 
priest  (of  a  particular  divinity). 

flamen,  -inis,  [fla-  (stem  of  flo) 
+  men],  n.,  blast. 

flamma,  -ae,  [^/flag  (cf.  flagro) 
-f-  ma],  f.,  flame  {thunderbolt)  : 
flammas  concipere  {catch fire). 

flammifer,  -era,  -erum,  [flamma- 
(weakened)  fer  (for  -ferus),  adj., 
fiery^ 

flaveo,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
[flavo  +  eo] ,  V.  intr.  2,  be  yellozv. 
—  pres.  p.,  flavens,  yellow. 

flavesco,   -ere,  no  perf.,  no  sup., 


[flave-  (as  stem  of  flaves)  + 
"  SCO],  V.  intr.  %  grow  yellow. 

flavus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  yellow, 
yellow-ha  ired. 

flebilis,  -e,  [fie-  (stem  of  fleo)  -f 
bilis],  adj.,  lamentable,  mournful: 
flebile  nescio  quid  {so7ne  mourn- 
ful straiii). 

flecto,  -ere,  flexi,  flexum,  [?],  v. 
tr.  3,  turn,  turn  away,  avert,  bend, 
guide  (habenas) ,  wind.  —  flex- 
us,  p.p.,  bent,  bending,  winding. 


fleo,  -ere,  flevi,  fletum,  [?],  v.  tr. 

2,  weep  for,  mourn,  weep. 

fletus,  -us,  [fie-  (stem  of  fleo)  -f 
tus],  m.,  weeping,  tears,  mourn- 
ing. —  Also  pi. 

flexilis,  -e,  [flexo  -f-  lis],  Sidj.,  flex- 
ible. 

flexipes,  -pedis,  [flexo  +  pes], 
adj.,  winding,  twining  (ivy). 

flexus,  -Us,  [v'FLEC  + tus],  m.,a 
winding,  bending. 

floreo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [floro 
(cf.  flos)  -f  eo],  V.  intr.  2,  bloom, 
blossom,  —  pres.  p.,  florens,  flow- 
ery., blooming. 

florid  us,  -a,  -um,  [f  floro-  (cf. 
floreo)  -f  dus],  adj.,  blooming 
(Galatea). 

flos,  floris,  [?,  perh.  akin  to  flo], 
m.,  flower.  —  Less  exactly,  blooj?t 
(of  life). 

fluctus,  -us,  [flu(g)-  (as  root  of 
fluo)  -f  tus],  m.,  wave. 

fluidus,  -a,  -um,  [fluo-  (cf.  cir- 
cumfluus)  +  dus],  adj.,  flowing, 
d7'ipping  (cruor). 

fluitS,  -are,  -avi,  no  sup.,  [ffluito- 
(p.p.  of  fluo)  +  o],  V.  intr.  i, 
flow. 

flumen,  -inis,  [flii-  (as  stem  of 
fluo)  -\-  men],  n.,  (flowing)  river ^ 
stream. 


6o 


Vocabulary. 


flamineus,    -a,    -um,    [flumin  + 

eus],  adj.,  of  a  river ^  river-  (as 

adj.). 
fluo,  -ere,  fliixi,  fluxum   (flue- 

turn,     fluituin),     [V^^u     (cf. 

fluus)],  V.  intr,  ^,  Jiow,  d?Hp,  be 

melted  (of  gold),  course  (of  tears). 
fluvialis,  -e,   [fluvio-  (reduced)  + 

alls],  adj.,  of  a  river ^  river-  (as 

adj.),  water-  (as  adj.). 
focus,  ~i,  [?,  perh.  akin  to  foveo], 

m.,  hearth  (usually  a  brazier   for 

coals),  altar. 
fi^diq, -ere,  fodi,  fossum,  [?],  v. 

tr.  3,  dig,  pierce. 
fo^cundus,  see  fecundus. 
foed^»  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [foedo 

+  o],  V.  tr.   I,  besmear,  defile,  be- 
spatter, disfigure. 
foedus,  -a,  -um,   [?],  adj.,  filthy, 

foul,  horrible,  vile,  ill-omened. 
fo^dus,  -eris,  [strong  form  of  y'fid 

(in    fides)  +  us],    n.,    compact, 

bond  (created  by  agreement). 
fo^ths,  see  fetus, 
fdlmm,  -i,  [?],  n.,  leaf  (pi  a  flower 

or  book). 
fons,  fontis,  [unc.  root  +  tis],  m., 

Spring,  source,  fountain.  — ■  Fig., 

source,  origin. 
foiitaiius,  -a,  -um,  [font  +  anus], 

adj.,  of  a    {the)  fountain  (^foun- 
tains) . 
for,  f  ari,  fatus,  [_\/fa],  v.  dep.  i, 

speak,  say,  tell. 
foramen,    -inis,    [for a-    (stem    of 

foro)  +  men],  n.,  aperture. 
fore,  see  sum. 
forem,  see  sum. 
foris,  -is,  [for-  (as  root,  cf.  door) 

+  is],  f.,  door.  —  Usually  pi.,  doors. 
forma,  -ae,  [same  root  and  foima- 

tion  as  firmus],  f.,  form,  shape, 

appearance,    image,  person    (i.e, 

form) .  —  E5l>.i  fine  form,  beauty. 


formiatus,  p.p.  of  formo. 
formica,  -ae,  [prob.  adj.  form,  from 

fformiis  (cf.  amicus)],  f.,  ant. 
formidabilis,      -e,      [formida   + 

bills],  adj.,  {to  be  feared),  ter- 
rible, fearful,  formidable,  dreaded 
by  (dative),  an  object  of  fear. 

formido,  -inis,  [fformido-  (ffor- 
mo  +  dus)  +  o],  f.,  fear,  terror, 
alarm. 

formo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [forma 
-f  o],  V.  tr.  I,  forin,  fashion, 
77iould. 

formosus,  -a,  -um,  [forma  -H 
osus],  adj.,  handsome,  beautiful. 
—  As  appositive,  in  his  beauty. 

fornax,  -acts,  [furno  +  ax],  f., 
furiiace,  kiln. 

fornix,  -ids,  [akin  to  fornax], 
m ,  an  arch. 

fors,  fortis,  [V^er  -f  tis],  f., 
chance,  fate.  —  Esp.,  mishap. — 
See  also  forte. 

forsitan,  [fors  sit  an],  adv.,  {it 
would  be  a  chance  zuhether),  it 
fuay  be  that,  perhaps. 

fortasse,  [forte  with  some  form  of 
sum],  d^&v., perhaps,  may  be. 

forte,  [abl,  of  fors],  adv.,  by 
chance,  as  it  happened. 

fortis,  -e,  [fore-  (cf.  farcio)  -f 
tis],  adj.,  strong,  stout,  warlike, 
daring,  courageous,  untiring  : 
fortia  {brave  deeds)-,  O  fortis- 
sime  {0  bravest  of  heroes). 

fortiter,  [forti  +  ter] ,  adv. ,  stoutly, 
strenuously^  with  force,  violently. 

fortflna,  -ae,  [ffortu-  (kindred 
form  to  fors)  -f  na  (f.  of -nus)], 
f,,  fortune^  chance.,  lot,  good  for- 
tune, misfortune.  —  Personified, 
Fortufie. 

forum,  -i,  [akin  to  foris  and  foro], 
n.,  {open  place,  thoroughfare), 
market-place,  forum. 


Vocabulary. 


6i 


fossa,  -ae,  [f.  of  p.p.  of  fodio],  f., 

ditch^  moat. 
foveo,  -ere,  fovi,  fotum,  [?],  v.  tr. 

2,  cherish^  fondle  :  pectore  {clasp 
to  the  breast)  \  vota  {cherish), 
fragilis,  -e,  [frago-  (^frag  +  us) 

+  lis],  adj.,y;'«z7,  brittle. 
fragmen,  -inis,   [t/frag  +  men], 

Xi.y  fragjnenty  splinter, 
fragor,  -oris,   [T/FRAG+or],  m., 

crash. 
fragosus,   -a,   -um,    [frago-    (cf. 

fragilis)  +  osus],    adj.,    broken, 
■precipitous. 
fraguin,  -i,  [?],  n.^  strawberry. — 

Also  pi. 
frangO,    -ere,    fregi,    fractuni, 

[y^FRAG],  V.  tr.    3,   breaks   break 

dowUf  overcome  (lit.  and  fig.). 
f rater,  -tris,  [unc.  root  +  ter  (cf. 

pater)],  m.,  brother. 
fratemus,  -a,  -um,  [frater  +  nus], 

adj.,  brotherly,  fraternal,  a  broth- 
er's. 
fraiido,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [fraud 

:;!-  o],  V.  tr.  I,  deprive,  defraud, 
fraus,  fraudis,  [akin  to  frustum 

and  frustra] ,  i. ,  loss,  injury.  — 

Hence,  deceit.  —  Also  pi. 
fraxiuus,  -i,   [?],  f.,  mountain  ash 

(tree  or  wood). —  Hence,  ashen 

spear,  spear. 
fr^mebundus,  -a,  -um,    [freme- 

(as  stem  of  fremo)  +  bundus] , 

adj.,  raging. 
fremio,  -ere,  fremui,  no  sup.,  [?, 

cf.  0pefxoi\,  V.  intr.  3,  roar.,  growl, 

murmur.  —  Hence,    rage  :     fre- 

mentis    {of  the    raging   beast) ; 

frementi  {to  his  rage) . 
frendens,    -entis,     [pres.    p.     of 

frendo],  2>.dy,  gnashing  the  teeth. 
freno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freno 

+  0],  V.  tr.  I,  bridle t  harness. — 

Fig.,  restrain^ 


frenum,  -i,  (pi.  also  -i,  -drum), 
[form  of  root  in  firmus  -fnum], 

n.,  bridle.  —  Less  exactly,  helm,  (of 

ship). 
frequens,  -entis,  [pres.  p.  of  verb 

akin   to    farcio],   adj.,   crowded, 

abounding  in,  swarming,  full  of, 

thick  with. 
frequenter,  [frequent  +  ter],  adv., 

croivded,  in  large  numbers. 
frequento,    -are,    -avi,    -atum, 

[frequent-!- o],  V.  tr.  i,  frequent, 

go  to  in  numbers,  attend  in  num- 
bers, throng. 
fretum,  -i,   [?],  n.,  strait.  —  Less 

exactly,  the  sea,  the  seas. 
fretus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  verb  akin 

to  firmus],  adj.,  relying  on,  sup^ 

pointed  by. 
frigid  us,  -a,  -um,  [prob.   \ttigO' 

(whence    frigeo)  -\-  dus],    adj., 

cold. 
frigus,  -oris,  [^frig  (in  frigeo) 

-f-us],  n.,  cold,    coolness.  — mso 

p'- 

frondeo,  -ere  (frondui,  frondi- 
tum),  [frond  +  eo],  v.  intr.  2,  put 
forth  leaves. —  pres.  p.,  frondens, 

leafy. 
frondosus,    -a,    -um,     [frond  4- 

osus],  adj.,  leafy. 

frons,  frondis,  [?],  m.,  foliage, 
leaves. 

frons,  frontis,  [unc.  root  -f  tis  (re- 
duced)], f.,  brow,  forehead.  —  Less 
^x2iCi\y,  front,  brow  (of  a  hill,  etc.), 
front  side. 

fructus,  -us,  [-^FRUG  (in  fruor) 
-f-  tus],  m.,  enjoyment,  fruit,  crop, 
reward  (as  the  fruit  of  endeavor) . 
Esp.  in  pi. 

frugifer,  -era,  -erum,  [frugi-  (as 
if  stem  of  frux)  +  fer  (for  -fe- 
rns) ] ,  adj.,  fruitful,  productive. 

frugilegus,  -a,  -um,  [frugi-  (as  if 


62 


Vocabulary. 


stem  of  frux)  +  legus    (leg  + 
Tis)],  2id].,  grain-gathering. 

frumeiituin,  -i,  [y^frug  + men- 
turn],  n.,  grain.  —  Also  pi. 

fruor,  frui,  fruitus  (fructus), 
[•y/frug],'v.  dep.  3,  enjoy. 

frustra,  [akin  to  frustum  and 
fraus],  adv.,  in  vain^  to  no  pur- 
pose. 

frustuiii,  -i,  [p.p.  akin  to  fraus], 
n.,  bit,  piece. 
i    frtitex,  -icis,  [  ?],  m.,  thicket,  growth 
of  foliage. 

frux,  fragis,  [^frug  (in  fruor) 
as  stem],  f.,  fruity  crop,  grain. -- 
Esp.  in  pi. 

fuga,  -ae,  [V^UG  +  a],  f.,  flight 
(lit.  and  fig.) . 

fi^gax,  ^acis,  [fug-  (as  stem  of 
fUgio)  +  ax],  adj.,  disposed  to  fly, 
flying,  swift  in  flight,  fugitive.  — 
As  no\m,  fugitive. 

fug|o,  -ere,  fagi,  fugitum,  [  ^fug 
4-  io],  V.  tr.  '^ifly,  take  flight,  shun, 
flee,  avoid,  flee  from . 

fugS,  -are,  -avi,  -atuni,  [fuga 
+  o],  V.  tr.  I,  put  to  flight,  banish 
(anior6iii),  chase  away  (tene- 
braS) . 

fulgeo,  -ere,  falsi,  no  sup., 
[ffulgo-  (cf.  fulgidus)  +  eo],  v. 
intr.  2,  shine,  gleam. 

fulgor,  -oris,  [fulg  (as  root  of 
fulgeo)  -1-  or],  m.,  brightness, 
gleam,  flash,  lightning  flash. 

f ulica,  -ae,  [  ?] ,  f.,  coot,  sea- fowl. 

f ulmen,  -inis,  [  y^fulg  (cf.  fulgeo) 
+  men],  n.,  flash,  lightning,  thun- 
derbolt. 

f  ulvus,  -a,  -um,  [perh.  akin  to  ful- 
geo], did].,  yellow,  tawny,  brozvn. 

ftimificus, -a, -uin,  [fuma-  (weak- 
ened) +  ficus  (cf.  facio)],  adj., 
smoky. 

lumo;  -ai'ej  -avi^  no  sup.,  [fumo- 


(as  if  fuma)  -f  o],  v.  intr.  i, 
smoke. 

fumus,  "i,  [?,  cf.  Qv\i.6s'\,  m.,  smoke. 

funda,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  sling. 

fundamen,  -iiiis,  [funda-  (as  stem 
of  fundo)  +  men],  n.,  founda- 
tion. 

fundo,  -ere,  f udi,  fasuin,  [  y'FUD] , 
V.  tr.  3,  pour,  pour  out  {forth), 
utter  (verba).  —  Pass.,  pour 
(intr.).  —  fusus,   p.p.,  prostrate. 

funereus,  -a,  -um,  [funer-  (as 
stem  of  funus)  +  eus],  adj., 
deadly,  fatal. 

funestus,  -a,  -um,  [funes-  (orig. 
stem  of  funus)  +  tus  (cf.  robus- 
tus)],  adj.,  fatal,  deadly,  fune- 
real. — -  Less  exactly,  ill-omened, 
ill-starred,  melancholy,  polluted 
(by  a  death). 

fungor,  -i,  functus,  [?],  v.  dep. 
3,  perform:  functus  sepulcbro 
(who  has  passed  through  the  tomb, 
honored  with  burial)',  functus 
morte,  dead. 

funus,  -eris,  [?],  n.,  death,  burial, 
funeral. 

f  urea,  -ae,  [  ?] ,  f.,  fork,  forked  pole. 

Furia,  -ae,  [?,  cf.  furo],  f.,  a  Fury 
(madness  personified),  agent  of 
the  divine  wrath. 

furialls,  -e,  [furia  +  lis  (regular 
formation  of  -alls)],  adj.,  of  the 
Furies  (venenum,  cf.  '  devil's 
broth').  — Less  exactly,  frenzied, 
crazy  (as  impelled  by  the  Furies) - 

furibundus,  -a,  -uin,  [furi-  (as 
stem  of  furo)  +  bundus],  adj., 
raging,  frenzied.   ■ 

furo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [?,  cf. 
furia],  v.  intr.  3,  rave,  rage. 

furor,  -oris,  [fur-  (as  root  of  furo) 
-f  or],  m.,  madness,  frenzy. 

furtim,  [ace.  of  ffurtis,  ^yxjk  (cf. 
furtum)  -|-  tis],  adv.,  secretly. 


Vocabulary. 


63 


furtivus,  -a,  -um,  [furti-  (length- 
ened) +  vus],  adj.,  furtive,  de- 
ceitful. 

furtum,  -i,  [^^fur  (cf.  fur)  -f 
tum,  n.  p.p.] J  i^-j  i^^sfti  deceit,  de- 
ceitful actj  secret  act,  stolen  pleas- 
ure. 

fusilis,  -e,  [fuso  4-  lis],  adj.,  molten, 
fluid. 

fusus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  spindle. 

futarus,  see  sum. 


G. 

Galatea,  -ae,  [Gr.  raAareta],  f.,  a 
sea-nymph,  daughter  of  Nereus 
and  Doris,  beloved  by  Acis  and 
Polyphemus. 

galea,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  helmet  (properly 
qf  skin) . 

Gallicus, -a,  -um,  [GalloH-cus], 
adj.,  Gallic. 

Gallus,  -i,  m.,  a  Roman  elegiac 
poet  of  the  time  of  Ovid. 

Ganges,  -is,  [Gr.  v6.-yyr\%\,  m,,  the 
famous  river  of  India. 

Ganymedes,  -is  (-1),  [Gr.  Vawfx'fi- 
Srjs],  m.,  a  beautiful  Trojan  youth, 
son  of  Laomedon,  carried  away  by 
an  eagle  to  be  the  cup-bearer  of 
Jupiter. 

Gargaphie,  -es,  [Gr.  Tapyatplr]'],  f., 
a  spring  and  valley  at  the  northern 
foot  of  Mt.  Cithgeron. 

garrulus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  garro- 
(cf.  garrio)  -f  lus],  adj.,  nois)^, 
garrulous. 

gaudeS,  -ere,  gavisus  sum, 
[prob.  tgavido-  (cf.  Gavius, 
gaudium)  -f  eo],  v.  intr.  2,  re- 
joice, be  delighted,  delight. 

gaudium,  -i,  [prob.  fgavido  H- 
ium  (cf.  gaudeo)],  n.,  joy,  — 
Also  pi 


gelldus,  -a,  -um,   [gelu  -f  dus], 

adj.,  chill,  icy  cold,  icy., 
gelii,  indecl.,  [?],  rv.,  frost,  ice. 
gemlno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ge- 

mind  -f  0],  v.  tr.  l,  double,  repeal, 

redouble.  —  p.p.,      geiuinatus, 

double,  twofold. 
geminus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  twin, 

double,  two,  tivo  alike,  '-of  two,  a 

pair  of 
gemitus,  -us,  [gemi-  (as  stem  of 

gemo) -f- tus],  m.,  groan,  moan, 

moaning. 
gemma,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  gem^  precious 

stone. 
gemo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  [?],  v.  intr. 

3,  groan. 
gena,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  cheek. 
gener,  -eri,  [?],  m.,  son-in-laiv. 
generosus,  -a,  -um,   [gener-  (as 

stem    of   genus)  -f-  osus],    adj., 

nobky  of  fine  stock :  palmite  coUes 

{ennobled  by) . 
genetrix,  see  genitrix. 
genialis,  -e,   [genio-   (reduced)  + 

alls],  adj.,  belonging  to  the  Genius. 

—  Hence,  festive,  convivial,  pleas- 
ure-giving. 
genialiter,    [geniali  +  ter],   adv., 

merrily,  with  good  cheer. 
gen i tor,  -oris,  [geni-  (as  stem  of 

gigno,  or  kindred  verb)  -f  tor], 

TH.,  father,  sire. 
,  genitrix,  -icis,  [geni-  (as  stem  of 

gigno)  -f  trix],  f.,  mother, 
genitus,  see  gigno. 
gens,   gentis,    [Vgen  -f  tis   (re- 
duced)], f.,  race,  breed,  descent. — • 

Hence,  a  nation,  a  tribe.  —  PL, 

the  nations  (all  men). 
genu,  -lis  (-u),  [?],  n.,  knee. 
genualia, -ium,  [genu  +  alis],  n. 

pL,  leggings,  (narrow  and  hardly 

differing  from)  garters. 
I  genus,    -eris,    [Vgen  +  us],   n., 


64 


Vocabiilarv. 


race^  descent^  family,  descendants. 
' — ^Fig.,  character^  nature. 

gennana,  se6  germanus. 

germanus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  akin  to 
germeii],  adj.,  of  the  same  par- 
ents, —  As  subst.,  own  brother,  own 
sister. 

gero,  -ere,  gessi,  gestum,  [  ^^ges], 
V.  tr.  3,  bear,  support,  wear,  have 
(anything^  about  one),  do  (res), 
wage  (bellum). 

gesta^len,  -inis,  [gesta-  (stem  of 
gesto)  +  men],  n.,  arms  (as  borne 
by  a  warrior) . 

gestiS,  ^ire,  -ivi,  no  sup.,  [fgesti- 
(akin  to  gestus)  +  o],  v.  intr.  4, 
{gesticulate  in  delight),  rejoice 
greatly.  —  Also,  long,  be  eager. 

gesto,  -are,  -5vi,  -atum,  [gesto- 
-f  o],  V.  tr,  I,  bear,  carry,  wear. 

gestus,  -fis,  [y^GES  +  tus],  m., 
bearing,  movement  (maniis). 

Oetae,  -arum,  [Gr.  T^rai],  m.  pi, 
the^  Getes  (Dacians),  a  Thracian 
tribe  on  the  Danube. 

giganteus,  -a,  -um,  [gigant  + 
eus],  adj.,  of  a  giant,  gigantic, 

gigas,  -antis,  [Gr.  7*705],  m., 
giant. 

gigno,  -ere,  genui,  genitum, 
[y^GEN  reduplicated],  v.  tr.  3, 
produce,  beget,  tear. — p.p.,  geni- 
tus,  borTi  of,  son  of  daughter  of 
sprung  from,  offspring  of 

glacialis,  -e,  [glacie-  (reduced)  -j- 
alis],  adj.,  icy,  cold. 

glides,  -ei,  [?],  f.,  ice,  icicles. 

gladtus,  -i,  [?J,  m.,  sword. 

glans,  glandis,  [?],  f.,  nut,  acorn. 
—  Hence,  hall,  bullet, 

Glaucus,  -i,  [Gr.  VKclvk6s\  m.,  a 
fisherman  of  Anthedon,  in  Boeotia, 
who  was  changed  into  a  sea-deity. 

gleba,  -ae,  [  ?] ,  f.,  clod,  sod,  earth,  soil. 

glomero,  -are,  -sivi,  -itui»,  [glo- 


mer-  (stem  of  glomus)  -}-  0],  v. 
tr.  I,  roll  up y  collect,  gather. 

gloria,  -ae,  [stem  akin  to  «Atos  4- 
ia] ,  f.,  glory,  pride. 

glorior,  -ari,  -atus,  [gloria  -f  o] , 
V.  dep.  I,  take  pride  in,  boast  of 
(abl.). 

gnatus,  see  natus. 

€riiosius  (Onoss-),  -a,  -um, 
[fGnoso-  (reduced)  -f-  ius,  or  per- 
haps borrowed  directly  (cf.  Yv<a<T- 
(t6s\  adj.,  of  Gnosos  (the  city  of 
Minos,  in  Crete),  Gnosian.  — Less 
exactly,  Cretan. 

Gorge,  -es,  [Gr.  Y6p^'(]'\,  f.,  the 
daughter  of  QEneus,  mother  of 
Tydeus  and  Thoas. 

Gorgo,  -onis,  [Gr.  rop7£6],  f,,  a 
Gorgon  (one  of  three  mythical 
women  of  Libya,  having  some  re- 
semblance to  the  Furies).  —  Esp., 
Medusa,  the  chief  of  these  sisters, 
slain  by  Perseus.  Her  head  with 
serpent  hair  was  placed  in  the 
shield  or  aegis  of  Jove  and  Pallas. 
—  PI.,  the  three  sisters,  Gorgons. 

Gorgoneus,  -a,  -um,  [fGorgon 
~|-  eus],  adj.,  of  the  Gorgons, 

gracilis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  slender,  light, 
thin. 

graculus,  -i,  [perh.  borrowed  from 
Kopa^'],  m.,  jackdaw. 

gradior,  -i,  grassus,  [  v'grad]  ,  v. 
dep,  3,  walk,  move,  pass. 

Gradivus,  -i,  (fgradi-  (cf.  gradior 
and  aggrediri)  -f  vus],  m.,  the 
Strider  (name  of  Mars). 

gradiis,-us,  [V^RAD-  (in  gradior) 
-f-  us],  m.,  step  (as  of  a  man  or  of 
a  temple),  degree. 

Graius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  fr^atos], 
adj.,  Greek  (orig.  only  the  name 
of  a  tribe,  but  used  by  the  Latins 
as  the  general  name).  —  Masc,  a 
Greek'— V\"f  the  Greeks, 


VocahtUary. 


65 


gramen,  4nis,   [unc.   root  +  men! 
(cf.  gerinen)],  n.,  grass,  pasture, 
pasturage,  kerbs  (for  magic  arts). 
gramineus,  -a,  -um,   [gramm  + 

eus],  2.^).,  grassy, 

grandaevus,   -a,   -um,    [grandi- 

aevum,  infl.  as   adj.j,  adj.,  aged, 

grandis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  large,  great, 

huge.  —  Comp.,  advanced:    aevo 

{elder), 

grarido,  4nis,  fakin  to  xa^^Ca]»  f-> 

kail, 
granifer,   -era,    -erum,    [grano- 
fer    (for    -ferus)],    adj.,    grain- 
bearing, 
granum,  -i,  [gra-  (root  as  in  gra- 

men)  +  num],  n.,  seed. 
grates,  -ium,  [unc.  root  +  tis],  f. 

pi.,  thanks, 
gratia,  -ae,  fgrato-  (reduced)  + 
ia],  f.,  gratitude,  favor,  good  will, 
friendship,  regard  for  (changing 
point  of  view),  influence,  induce- 
ment, 
grator,  -ari,  -atus,    [grato  +  o], 

V.  dep.  I,  congratulate, 
gratus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  unc.  verb 
( c f.  grates)  ] ,  adj . ,  pleasing,  grate- 
ful (in  both  senses),  dear. 
gravidus, -a,  -um,  [gravi  + dus], 

adj. ,  heavy,  pregnant,  fruitful. 
gravis,  -e,  [fgaru-  (cf.  iSapiis)  -t- 
is],  adj.,  heavy,  weighed  down, 
cruel,  burdensome,  unwholesome, 
baleful,  poisonous,  deep  (somnus), 
grievous :  tibi  ne  sit  grave  {do 
not  think  it  troublesome^ . 
gravitas,  -tatis,  [gravi  +  tas],  f., 

weight,  dignity,  seriousness, 
gravo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [gravi- 
^     (as  if  grava-)  +  0],  v.  tr.  i,  zveigh 
down,  make  heavy,  burden,  over- 
whelm. 
gremiuui,  -i,   [?],  n.,  bosom,  lap, 
arms  (as  holding  something). 


gressus,  -as,  [  v'grad -^  tus],  m., 

step,  gait, 
grex,    gregis,    [?],   m.,  flock    (of 

small  animals). 
grfls,  gruis,  [  ?] ,  m.,  crane. 
gurges,  -itis,  [?],  m.,  pool,  depths, 

waters,  mass  of  waters,  sea. 
gutta,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  drop,  spot. 
guttur,    -uris,    [?],    n.,    throat. — 

Also  pi. 
gyrus,  -i,  [Gr.  yvfios],  m.,  circle. . 


H. 

habena,    -ae,     [habe-     (stem    of 

habeo)  -f  na],  f.,  rein. 

habeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  [?],  v.  tr. 

2,    hold,    have,    possess.  —  Often 

transl.   by   other  words   in   Eng., 

fnd  (faciles  decs),  seize  (of  an 

emotion),  show  (discrimen),  hold 

(have  in  itself) ,  hold  (consider) ; 

amor  habendi  (gain). 

habitabilis,  -e,  [habita  +  bilis], 

adj.,  kabi table. 
habits,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [habito- 
(see  habeo)  +  0],  v.  tr,   i,   in- 
habit, dwell  in,  dwell. 
hac,  [abl.  or  instr.  of  hie],  adv.,  by 

this  way,  that  way,  here,  there. 
haetenus,  [hac  tenus],  adv.,  thus 

far,  so  muck. 
haedus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  kid. 
Haemonia,  -ae,  [Gr.  ktfxovia],  f., 
an  old  name  of  Thessaly,  derived 
from  a  mythical  king,  Haemon. 
Haemonius,  -a,  -um,   [Gr.  AtV<^- 
vios'\,  adj.,  HcEmonian,,  Thessalian. 
—  arous,  the  bow  of  the  constel- 
lation Sagittarius;  for  this  constel- 
lation was  imagined  as  a  Centaur, 
and  the  Centaurs  lived  in  Thessaly 
(or  Thrace). 
Haemos    (-mus),   -i,  [Gr.  kilos'], 


66 


Vocabulary. 


m.,  a  range  of  motintains  in  Thrace, 

now  Great  Balkan. 
Haemus,  see  Haeinos. 
haereo,  -ere,  haesi,  tiaesuin,  [?], 

V.  intr.  2,  clingy  stick,  hang  (on), 

be    entangled,    be    caught. —  Fig., 

doubt,  be  in  suspense. 
haeres,  see  heres. 
halitus,  -fis,  [haii-  (as  if  stem  of 

halo)  +  tus],  m.,  breath,  exhala- 
tion. 
hatnatus,  -a,  -um,  [hamo-  (stem  of 

imaginary   hamo,   hama  +  o)  -f 

tus],  adj.,  hooked,  barbed. 
hamus,   -i,    [?J,    m-,    hook,   barb, 

hooked  sword, 
hara,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  sty. 
harena  (ar-),  -ae,  [are-  (as  stem 

of  areo)  +  na] ,  see  arena. 
Harpalos,  -i,   [Gr.  ''ApTraAos],  m., 

one  of  Actseon's  hounds. 
Harpyia,  -ae,  [Gr.  "ApTryia],  f.,  one 

of  Actseon's  hounds. 
harundo  (ar-),  -inis,  [?J,  f.,  reed, 

shaft,  arrow. 
hasta,   -ae,   [?],   f.,  spear,   spear - 

shaft. 
hastile,  4s,   [hasta-   (reduced)  + 

ile  (n.  of  -ills)],  n.,  shaft,  spear- 

shaft. 
haud,  [?],  adv.,  not :  hand  pltira 

{no  more) :  baud  mora  {there  is 

no  delay). 
haurSo,   -ire,    hausi,    haustunn, 

[?],  V.  tr.  4,  draw,  take  up,  drain, 

exhaust,  take  in,  drink  in,  wound 

(so  as  to  bleed). —Less  exactly, 

dig  up,  gather  (cineres). 
haustum,  -i,  [p.p.  n.  of  haiirio], 

n.,  draught. 
haustus,  -«s,  [haus-   (as   root  of 

haurio)  +  tus],     m.,     draught, 

stream. 
hebcs,  -etis,  [?J,  adj.,  dull,  point- 
less :  ictus  {ineffectual) . 


hebcto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [hebet 

4-  oj,  V.  tr.  I,  dull,  dim,  cast  into 
the  shade  (by  superior  brightness; 
cf,  'take  the  shine  off'). 

Hebrus  (Eb-),-i,  [Gr.  "E^Spos],  m., 
a  river  of  Thrace,  now  Martza, 

Hecate,  -es,  [Gr. 'E/car?;],  f.,  a  mys- 
terious goddess  particularly  asso- 
ciated with  the  lower  world.  Her 
nature  and  attributes  were  very 
variable,  and  she  was  especially 
identified,  as  a  three-formed  god- 
dess, with  the  moon  (in  heaven), 
Diana  (on  earth),  and  Proserpine 
(in  the  world  below). 

Heeateis,  -idis  (-idos),  [as  if  Gr. 
'E/caT»?is],  f.  adj.,  of  Hecate,  deadly, 
magic. 

Hector,  «oris,  [Gr.^E/crwp],  m.,  the 
eldest  son  of  Priam  and  the  most 
famous  warrior  of  the  Trojans, 
finally  slain  by  Achilles  and 
dragged  around  the  walls  of 
Troy. 

Hectoreus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'EktJ- 
peos'],  adj.,  of  Hector. —  Less  ex- 
actly, of  Troy,  Trojan. 

hedera  (ed-), -ae,  [?],  f.,  ivy, — 
Also  pi 

hei,  see  ei. 

Heliades,  -um,  [Gr.  patronymic], 
f.  pi.,  the  daughters  of  the  Sun 
(""HAios),  and  sisters  of  Phaethon, 
changed  into  trees;  hence,  Helia- 
dum  nemus,  the  grove  of  these 
trees. 

Helice,  -es,  [Gr.  'EXUri},  f.,  a 
daughter  of  Lycaon,  changed  to  a 
bear  and  placed  among  the  stars. 
— The  constellation  of  the  Great 
Bear.  # 

Helicon,  -onis,  [Gr.  'EKlkojv],  m., 
a  famous  mountain  in  Boeotia,  the 
abode  of  the  Muses  and  favorite 
haunt  of  Apollo. 


Vocabulary. 


67 


Helle,  -es,  [Gr.^'EAAij],  f ,  daughter 
of  Athamas  and  sister  of  Phrixus. 
From  her  the  Hellespont  has  its 
name. 

Hennaeus,  -a,  -uni,  [Gr.  'Ewfuos']^ 
adj.,  of  Henna  or  Enna^  a  town  in 
Sicily,  famous  for  its  fertile  land 
and  a  temple  of  Ceres  (now  Castro 
Giovanni). 

herba,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  grass,  growing 
grain,  herb^  blade  (of  grain).  — 
PL,  herbage,  ^  simple s\-  graminis 
{sprouting'). 

herbidus,  -a,  -um,  [herba-  (weak- 
ened) +  dus],  adj.,  grassy,  luxu- 
riant (with  herbage). 

Hercules,  -is,  [Gr.  'H^a/cA^s, 
through  a  shorter  form],  m.,  the 
famous  demigod,  son  of  Jupiter 
and  Alcmena,  renowned  for  his 
strength  and  services  to  mankind, 
represented  with  a  club  and  a 
lion's  skin. 

Herculeus,  -a,  -um,  [imitated 
from  'HpawAetos],  adj.,  of  Hercules: 
urbs,  Herculaneum  (a  town  of 
Campania,  close  to  Mt.  Vesuvius, 
said  to  have  been  built  by  Her- 
cules) . 

heres,  heredis,  [?],  c,  heir. 

herois,  -idis,  [Gr. n]^i)iW\,i., heroine ^ 

heros,  -ois,    [Gr.  T^pous],  m  ,  hero. 


herous,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  •^/[)cj?os],  adj., 
heroic. 

Hesperis,  -idis,  [Gr.  'Eo-Trepiy,  adj. 
of ''Eo-Trepos],  f.  adj.,  (^Wester  it), 
Hesperian,  Italian.  —  PL,  the  Hes- 
perides,  daughters  of  Hesperus 
(the  evening  star),  keepers  of  a 
garden  of  golden  apples  in  the  far 
West,  near  Mt.  Atlas. 

Hesperius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'EiTTeptoy, 
adj.  of  ''Effirfpos],  adj.,  Western. 
-—  PL,  the  people  of  the    West.  — 


Fern.,  the  western  land,  Italy  (as 
viewed  from  Greece).  —  Hence, 
Italian, 

Hesperus,  -i,  [Gr.  "Y.air^poi  —  Lat. 
Vesper]^,  m.,  evening,  the  evening 
star. 

hesternus,  -a,  -um,  [hesi-  (old 
form  of  heri)  -f  ternus  (cf.  sem- 
piternus),  adj.,  of  yesterday,  yes- 
terdays. 

heu,  [?],  interj.,  alas  I 

hiatus,  -us,  [hia-  (stem  of  hio)  -|- 
tus],  m.,  fissure,  chasm^  gaping 
jaws.  M. 

hibernus,  -a,  -um,  [akin  to  hiems, 
formation  unc.J,  adj.,  wintry: 
tempus  {winter). 

Hiberus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Spanish : 
flumen  (the  ocean  which  washes 
the  western  coast  of  the  Spanish 
peninsula). 

hie,  haec,  hoe,  [hi-ee],  pron.,  this 
(near),  the  one,  he  {she),  it,  this 
(following),  that  (preceding): 
hie  .  .  .  alter  {here  one  .  .  .  an- 
other) . 

hie,  [old  loc.  of  hie],  adv.,  here. 

hiems  (-mps),  is,  [?,  cf.  Hima- 
laya], f.,  winter. 

hinc,  [him-  (old  loc.  of  hie ;  cf. 
interim)  +  ce],  adv.,  from  here, 
hence .^  from  this,  then.  —  Also  (cf. 
a  dextra) ,  on  this  side. 

hinnitus,  -us,  [hinni-  (in  hinnio) 
-f  tus],  m.,  neighing. 

Hippasus,  -i,  [Gr.  "l7r7ra<ros],  m., 
son  of  Eurytos,  a  participant  in  the 
Calydonian  hunt. 

Hippoeoon,  -ontis,  [Gr.  'Itttto- 
K6odv~\,  m.,  king  of  Amyclae,  in 
Laconia.  Some  of  his  sons  took 
part  in  the  Calydonian  hunt. 

Hippomenes, -is,  [Gr.  'iTrTro^et^Tjs], 
m.,  son  of  Megareus,  winner  of 
Atalanta's  hand  in  marriage. 


68 


Vocabulary. 


Hippotiides,  -ae,  [Gr.  'iTTTroraS^s], 
m.,  son  of  Hippotas^  jEoluSy  god 
of  the  winds,  whose  home  was  on 
the  Lipari  Islands  off  the  Italian 
coast. 

Hippothoiis,  -i,  [Gr.  'linroQoos']^  m., 
a  king  of  Arcadia  who  took  part 
in  the  Calydonian  hunt. 

hirsatus,  -a,  -um,  [imc.  stem  (cf, 
Mrtus)  +  tus  (cf.  veFSiitiis)], 
adj.,  rough,  unkempt^  shaggy ^  hairy. 

hirtus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  rough, 
unshaven. 

Msco,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  [root 
in  hio  +  SCO],  v.  intr.  3,  open, 
yawn. 

Hister  (Is-)  -tri,  [Gr.  ''lffTpos~\,  m., 
the  river  Danube. 

tiomo,  -inis,  [prob.  humo+  o],  c, 
{earth  born)^  man.  —  PL,  men^ 
mankind. 

honestus,  -a,  -um,  [hones-  (as 
stem  of  honor)  -f  tus],  adj., 
{honored^ ^  honorable,  beautiful. 

lionoi:',  -oris,  [?],  ra.,  honor,  re- 
iifard,  decoration. 

hora,  -ae,  [Gr.  &pa],  f.,  season, 
hour,  time,  moment  (as  a  point  of 
time). —  PL,  the  Hours,  the  Sea- 
sons (personified). 

Horatius,  -i,  m.,  a  Roman  gejitile 
name.  —  Esp.,  Q.  Horatius  Flac- 
cus  (the  famous  Augustan  poet). 

liorreo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [fhorro- 
(cf.  horrifer) -f-eo],  v.  intr.  2, 
bristle,  be  rough.  —  Hence  (from 
the  feeling  of  the  hair  standing  on 
end),  shudder,  shiver,  tremble,  be 
in  dread.  —  pres.  p.,  liorrens, 
bristling.  —  gerund.,  horrendus, 
dreadful,  dread. 

horreum, -i,  [^}^,u., granary,  store- 
house. 

horridus,  -a,  -um,  [fliorro-  (cf. 
horrifer)  -f  dus],    adj.,    rough. 


unkempt,  in  rough  attire.  —  Also 
(cf.  horreo),^r^^^.'  arma  (really 
bristling,  but  with  associate  idea 
of  dread) . 

horrifer,  -era,  -erum,  [horro-  (cf. 
horreo)  -j-  fer  (for  -ferus)],  adj., 
dread,  dreadful,  awful. 

hortamen,  -inis,  [horta-  (in  lior- 
tor)  4-  men],  n.,  exhortation. 

hortatus,  -5s,  [horta-  (in  hortor) 
+  tus],  m.,  exhortation,  encour- 
agement, rallying  cry,  urging  on. 

hortor,  -ari,  -atus,  [?],  v.  dep.  i, 
encourage,  urge  on,  rally. 

hortus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  garden. 

hospes,  -itis,  [fhos-  (in  hostis) 
tpes  (akin  to  potis)],  m.,  Qord 
of  eating?),  host.  —  Also,  guest, 
stranger. 

hospita,  -ae,  [f.  of  hospes],  f., 
stranger,  guest. 

hospitium,  -i,  [hospit  4-  ium],  n., 
hospitality,  entertainment. 

hostia,  -ae,  [prob.  hosti-  (in  hos- 
tis) -{-ia],  f.,  victim  (sacrificed). 

hosticus,  -a,  -um,  [hosti  ■\-  cus], 
adj.,  of  the  enemy,  hostile. 

hostilis,  -e,  [hosti-  (lengthened) 
4-  lis],  adj.,  hostile. 

hostis,  -is,  [hos-  (in  hospes)  -1- 
tis],  c,  (orig.  guest  at  table), 
stranger,  enemy. 

hue,  [ho-  (cf.  eo,  illo)  -f  ce  (re- 
duced)], adv.,  hither,  this  way,  to 
this,  on  this. 

humanus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  humo- 
(or  kindred  stem  akin  to  homo) 
•\-  anus],  adj.,  of  man  {men),  of  a 
man,  human. 

hameo,  see  umeo. 

humerus,  see  umerus. 

humidus,  see  umidus. 

humilis,  -e,  [humo  +  lis],  adj.,  {on 
the  ground?),  low,  humble. 

humor,  see  umor. 


Vocabulary. 


69 


humus,  -i,  [?],  f.,  the  ground,  the 
soil,  bottom  (of  a  stream)  :  media 
orbis  (Jhe  centre) ;  humi  (on  the 
p'0und)\  humo  {on  the  ground) . 

Hyacinthia,  -orum,  [Gr.  'Ta/ctV- 
dia\,  n.  (properly  n.  pi.  of  the 
adj.  Hyacinthius),  the  Hyacin- 
thia  (a  great  Spartan  festival  in 
the  month  of  July). 

Hyacintlios  (-us),  -i,  [Gr.  'TdKiv 
Bos'],  m.,  son  of  a  Spartan  king, 
CEbalus,  beloved  by  Apollo,  who 
killed  him  accidentally  and 
changed  him  into  a  flower. 

Hyanteus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'Taj/retos], 
adj.,  o/or  belonging  to  the  Boeotian 
tribe  Hyantes,  Hyantean,  Boeotian. 

Hyantius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'Taj/rtos], 
adj.,  Hyantian,  Boeotian:  Ac- 
taeon,  as  grandson  of  Cadmus. 

hydra, -ae,  [Gr.  vSpos],  f.,  a  water- 
snake,  hydra. 

hydrus,  -i,  [Gr.  v^pQs\  m.,  water- 
snake,  snake. 

Hylactor,  -oris,  [Gr.  'TAci/crajp], 
m.,  one  of  Actseon's  hounds. 

Hylaeus,  -i,  [Gr.  'Y\atos],  one  of 
Actseon's  hounds. 

Hyle,  -es,  [Gr."TA^],  f.,  a  nymph, 
companion  of  Diana. 

Hyleus,  -ei,  [Gr.  'TAeus],  m.,  one 
of  the  hunters  of  the  Calydonian 
boar. 

Hymen,  -enis,  see  Hymenaeus. 

Hymenaeus,  -i,  [Gr.  'Y/teVatos], 
m.,  the  god  of  marriage,  Hymen. 
—  Transf.,  marriage,  wedding. — 
Also,  Hymen,  -enis* 

Hypaepa,  -orum,  [Gr.  "YTra^Tra], 
n.  pi.,  a  small  town  on  the  Cayster 
in  Lydia,  near  Mt.  Tmolus. 


Iambus,  -i,  [Gr.  Ko.yi.^o{\^  m.,  iambic 
verse. 


lapetionides,  -ae,  [Gr.  'laTrertoj/f- 
St/s],  m.,  son  of  lapetus.  Atlas. 

lapetus,  -i,  [Gr.  'lairertis],  m.,  a 
Titan,  son  of  Heaven  and  Earth, 
father  of  Atlas,  Prometheus,  and 
Epimetheus. 

lapygla,  -ae,  [Gr.  'laTruyta],  f.,  the 
country  about  the  Tarentine  Gulf, 
in  Southern  Italy. 

lason,  -onis,  [Gr.  'It^crojv],  m.,  the 
leader  of  the  Argonauts,  son  of 
^son,  king  of  lolcus  in  Thessaly. 

ibi,  (dat.  or  loc.  of  is),  adv., 
there. 

icarius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'I/capios], 
adj.,  of  Icarus,  Icarian :  mare, 
the  sea  off  the  southwest  of  Asia 
Minor,  where  Icarus  was  drowned. 

Icarus,  -i,  [Gr.  "l/capoy],  m.,  the  son 
of  Daedalus,  who  fell  while  accom- 
panying his  father's  flight. 

Icelos,  -i,  [Gr.^I/ceAos],  m.,  a  dream- 
god,  who  imitated  beasts  and  birds, 
etc. 

Ichnobates,  -ae,  [Gr.  'Ixj^o/Sc^tijs], 
m.,  one  of  Actseon's  hounds. 

ictus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  icio,  strike\ 
part.,  struck,  pierced. 

ictus,  -us,  [  v'lc  (in  icio)  +  tus] , 
m.,  blow,  impact,  force  (of  water), 
rayioiXh^  sun). 

Ida, -ae,  [Gr.  "iSa],  f. :  i.  a  moun- 
tain in  Crete,  the  seat  of  a  famous 
worship  of  Jupiter.  Here  Jupiter 
was  supposed  to  have  been  nursed 
in  secret ;  2.  The  mountain  of 
Phrygia,  near  Troy,  famous  for 
many  divine  incidents,  and  espe- 
cially for  the  worship  of  Cybele. 

Idas,  -ae,  [Gr.''l5as],  m.,  son  of  the 
Messenian  king  Aphareus,  partici- 

_  pant  in  the  Calydonian  hunt. 

Ide,  -es,  see  Ida. 

ideirco,  [id  circo  (akin  to  circa)], 
adv.,y(?r  that  reason,  therefore,  for 


70 


Vocabulary, 


this  reason  (explained  by  quod, 
etc.). 

idem,  eadem,  idem  (gen.  eius- 
dem),  [is-dem  (akin  to  dum)], 
pron.,  the  same.  — •  Often  transl.  by 
other  forms,  too,  alike :  idem  dis- 
tat  {the  same  distance\.^ 

ideo,  [id  eo],  conj.,  {this  on  this  ac- 
count)^ for  that  reason^  therefore. 

Idinon,  -onis,  [Gr.  "iS/ixwi'],  m.,  a 
Colophonian,  father  of  Arachne. 

Idmonius,  -a,  -um,  [Idmon  + 
ius],  adj.,  of  Idmon,  —  Fern., 
Arachne,  daughter  of  Idmon. 

igitur,  [?,  prob.  for  agitur],  conj., 
therefore,  then. 

ignarus,  -a,  -um,  [in-gnarus], 
adj.,  ignorant,  not  knowings  una- 
ware, blind  (fors)  :  ignare  {un- 
thinking boy) . 

fgnavus,  -a,  -um,  [in-gnavus], 
adj.,  sluggish^  idle,  cowardly,  inac- 
tive. 

igfneseo,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
[igni-  (as  if  igne)  +  sco],  kindle, 
take  fire. 

igneus,  -a,  -um,  [igni-  (reduced) 
-f  eus],  2id].,  fiery,  of  fire. 

ignifer,  -era,  -erum,  [igni-fer 
(for  -ferns)],  adj.,  fire-bearing, 
fiery^ 

ignipes,  -edis,  [igni-pes],  adj., 
fiery-footed. 

ignis, -is,  [?],  m.,  fire,  heat,  —  In 
^.^  fire,  fiery  bolts,  heat,  stars,  pas- 
sion  (of  love),  glow  (of  genius), 
light  (in  the  eyes),  amorous  works 
(of     Propertius)  :     Jovis     {lighi- 


ignorantia,  -ae,  [ignorant  +  ia], 

f.,  ignorance. 
ignoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [prob. 

ignaro-f  o],  v.  tr.  i,  not  knoiv,  be 

ignorant,  ignore. 
igooseS,  -ere,  ignovi,  ignotum, 


[prob.  in-(g)nosco,  though  con- 
trary to  analogy],  v.  intr.  y  pardon. 

ignotiis,  -a,  -um,  [in-(g)notus], 
adj.,  unknown,  strange. 

ilex,  -icis,  [?],  f.,  holm  oak. 

ilia,-ium,  [?],  n,,  loins,  flanks,  body 
(of  a  snake). 

Iliades, -ae,  [Gr  'lAiaS???],  m.:  i. 
descendant  of  llus,  Trojan;  2.  de- 
scendant of  Ilia,  as  Romulus, 
son  of  Ilia,  who  is  also  called 
Rhea  Silvia. 

Ilion,  -i,  [Gr.  "iKtov'],  n.,  Ilium  or 
IVoy,  the  city  taken  by  the  Greeks 
after  a  siege  of  ten  years. 

Ilioiieus,  -ei,  [Gr.  'Ikiovevs^,  m.,  a 
son  of  Niobe. 

Ilios,  -i,  m.,  see  Ilion. 

iliac,  [illa-ce],  2,^v.,that  way,  there, 
by  it  (referring  to  via). 

ille,  -a,  -ud,  [old  ollus],  pron., 
that  (at  a  distance,  cf.  hie),  this 
(of  what  goes  before),  he. —  PI., 
those,  these,  them.  —  With  hie, 
ariother,  the  other. 

illic,  [illi  (dat.  or  loc.  of  ille,  cf. 
hie)  -ce],  adv.,  there,  therein,  in  it 
{that,  etc.). 

illinc,  [illim  (loc.  of  ille)  -ce], 
adv.,  thence  (cf.  \\\\iQ^,  from  there. 
Also,  cf.  a  dextra,  on  that  side. 

illin^,  -ere,  -levi,  -litum,  [in- 
line], V.  tr.  3,  smear  on,  stJiear. 

illuc,  [illo  (cf.  eo)  -ce],  adv., 
thither,  there  (as  end  of  motion)  : 
hue  .  .  .  illuc  {this  loay  .  .  . 
that). 

illustris,  -e  (inl-),  [?],  adj.,  brill- 
iant. 

imago,  -inis,  [akin  to  imitor],  f., 
likeness,  appearance,  sembla^zce, 
representation,  ifnage,  vision,  pre- 
tence, re/lection  (in  water,  etc.), 
echo,  memory  (image  present  to 
the  mind). 


Vocabulary, 


71 


imbellis  (inb-),  -e,  [in-bellum, 
inflected  as  adj.  J,  adj.,  unwarlikey 
peaceful^  cowardly. 

iniber,  -bris,  [?],  m.,  rain,  shower. 
—  Less  exactly,  shower  of  tears. 

imbuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -iitum,  [?],  v. 
tr.  3,  moisten,  imbue,  soak. 

imitamen,  -inis,  [imita+ men], 
n.,  imitation,  semblance. 

iinitatrix,  -icis,  [imita  +  trix],  f., 
imitator  (as  adj.),  imitative. 

imitor,  -ari,  -atus,  [?,  cf.  imago], 
V.  dep.  I,  imitate y  simulate,  repre- 
sent, be  like. 

immadescS,  -ere,  -madui,  no 
sup.,  [in-madesco],  v.  intr.  3, 
become  wet,  become  steeped. 

immanis  (inm-),  -e,  [in-fmanus, 
good?'],  adj.,  {^  uncanny^),  mon- 
strous, huge,  gigantic. 

iKimedica bills  (inm-),  -e,  [in- 
medicabilisj,  adj.,  incurable. — 
n.,  what  is  not  to  be  cured. 

immemor  (inm-),  -oris,  [in- 
memor],  adj.,  unmindful,  regard- 
less. 

immensus  (inm-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
mensus],  adj.,  immeasurable, 
boundless,  immense,  unbounded. — 

,  n.,  the  boundless  air :  in  immen- 
sum  i^fctr  and  wide,  to  enormous 
size) . 

immeritus  (inm-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
meritus],  adj.,  undeserving,  unof- 
fending, innocent. 

immineS  (inm-),  -ere,  -ni,  no 
sup.,  [in-mineo],  v.  intr.  2,  over- 
hang, lean  over,  hang  over,  rise 
above,  brood  over,  be  intent  on. 

immisceo  (inm-),  -ere,  -miscui, 
-mixtum  (-mistum),  [in-mis- 
ceo],  V.  tr.  2,  mix,  mingle. 

immitis  (inm-),  -e,  [in-mitis], 
adj.,  cruel,  savage,  vindictive,  in- 
human. 


immitto  (inm-),  -ere,  -misi, 
-missum,  [in-mitto],  v.  tr.  3,  let 

go  at,  fling  (at),  fling  towards,  let 
in,  let  loose,  insert  ■  immisso  vo- 
latu  (with  a  swoop). 

immobilis  (inm-),  -e,  [in-mo- 
bilis],  adj.,  i^nmovable,  obstinate. 

immodicus,  -a,  -um,  [in-modi- 
cus],  adj.,  immoderate. 

imniorior  (inm-),  -i,  -mortuus, 
[in-morior],  v.  dep.  3,  fall  dying 
upon. 

immotus  (inm-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
motus],  adj.,  unmoved,  immov- 
able. 

immundus  (inm-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
mundus],  adj.,  unclean. 

immnnis  (inm-),  -e,  [in-fniunis 
(cf.  munia  and  communis)], 
adj.,  {free  from  distributive  share 
or  tribute),exempt  from,  free  from, 
untaxed,  untouched  by,  vt^ithout 
pay. 

immunltas  (inm-),  -atis,  [im- 
muni  -h  tas],  i.,  freedom. 

immiinitus  (inm-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
munitus],  adj.,  unwalled. 

immurmurS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[in -murmur o],  v.  intr.  i,  whisper 
in. 

impar  (inp-),  -aris,  [in-par],  adj., 
unequal,  too  short  coloribus  (^of 
different  colors) . 

impatiens  (inp-),  -entis,  [in- 
patiens],  adj.,  impatient. 

impavidus  (-inp),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
pavidus],  adj.,  unterrified,  un- 
daunted, without  fear. 

impediS  (inp-),  -ire,  -ivi,  4tum, 
[fimped-l-io  (cf.  compes)],  v. 
tr.  4,  entangle  (orig.,  the  feet  by- 
snare),  entwine,  hinder,  prevent, 
forbid  (as  of  fear  and  shame). 

impello  (inp-),  -ere,  -puli,  -pul- 
sum,  [In-pello],  v.  a.   3,  strike 


72 


Vocabulary. 


agaimtj  strike^  throw  over,  Jill 
(auras). 

impense  (inp-),  [old  abl.  of  im- 
pensus],  adv.,  urgently^  press- 
ingly. 

imperfectus  (inp-),  -a,  -um, 
[in-perfectus],  adj.,  unfinished, 
incomplete. 

imperium  (inp-),  -i,  [fimpero- 
(cf.  impero)  +  ium],  n,,  com- 
mand, authority,  sway. 

impero  (inp-),  -are,  -avi,  -atuin, 
[fimpero-  (cf.  proper  us  and 
imperium)  +  o],  v.  tr.  i,  order, 
{co?nmdnd  to  be  procured,  dative 
of  pers.,  ace.  of  thing),  enjoin,  did, 
rule,  command,  contrM  (of  horses) . 

impes  (inp-),  -etis,  [in-fpetis 
(^PET+is,  cf.  impetus)],  m., 
impetus,  rusk,  charge,  force  (in 
motion),  effort  (as  producing 
force). 

impetus  (inp-),  -fis,  [in-fpetus 
(y'PET-f  tus)],  m.,  impetus,  im- 
pulse, rush,  charge,  onset,  momen- 
tum, onward  course. 

impietas  (inp-),  -atis,  [impio  + 
tas],  f.,  impiety,  failure  of  duty 
(to  a  father  or  son). 

impiger  (inp),  -gra,  -grum,  [in- 
piger],  adj.,  not  sluggish,  active, 
vigorous,  energetic,  with  active 
flight  (as  suggested  by  the  con- 
text). 

impius  (inp-),  -a,  -um,  [in-pius], 
adj.,  undutiful,  impious,  sacrile- 
gious. 

implaeabilis  (inp-),  -e,  [in-pla- 
cabilis],  adj.,  implacable. 

imple^  (inp),  -ere,  -evi,  -etum, 
[in-pleo],  V.  tr.  2,  fill,  fill  up,  fill 
out,  complete :  ripas  {fill  with  the 
sound  of  etc.)  ;  mulierem  {im- 
pregnate^ . 

imploro  (inp-),  -are,  -avi,  -a turn, 


[in-ploro],  v.  tr.   i,  implore,   be- 
seech, 
impluo   (inp-),  -ere,  -ui,  -utum, 

[in-ploro],  v.  intr.  3,  rain  upon, 
drip  upon,  shotver. 

impono  (inp-),  -ere,  -posui, 
-positum,  [in-pono],  v.  tr.  3, 
place  on,  set  on,  set  (over),/?//  on, 
impose,  give  {jiome>iL),  serve  (men- 
sis),  endow  with  (ace.  of  thing); 
finem  {put);  impositus  pater 
{lying  on  the  bier) . 

importnnus  (inp-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
portunus  (portu  +  nus)  ] ,  adj ., 
{harbor less,  inhospitable),  cruel, 
unkind,  inhuman* 

imprimo  (inp-),  -ere,  -pressi, 
-pressum,  [in-premo],  v.  tr.  3, 
press  on,  impress  on :  impressa 
hasta  {with  a  thrust  of  his  spear), 

improbus  (inp-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
probtis],  adj.,  (not  first  class), 
rascally.  —  As  noun,  wretch, 

impradens  (inp-),  -entis,  [in- 
prudens],  adj.,  tmwise,  unaware, 

impulsus  (inp-),  -us,  [in-pulsus, 
through  impello],  m.,  impulse, 
stroke,  blow,  force,  momentum. 

impnnis  (inp-),  -e,  [in-poena, 
infi.  as  adj.],  adj.,  unpunished, 
with  impunity.  —  n.,  impune,  as 
adv.,  without  revenge  (of  the  sub- 
ject), with  impunity,  unpunished 
(of  the  object  or  thing) . 

imputo  (inp-),  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[in-puto  {reckon)'], y.  tr.  i,  charge 
to.,  impute :  natum  equis  {charge 
the  death  of,  etc.). 

imus,  -a,  -um,  [in  +  mus,  sup.  of 
in],  adj.,  {inmost),  lowest,  the  bot- 
tom of,  lowest  part  of,  depths  of: 
sub  imum  pectus  {below);  ima 
{the  bottom)  ;  ab  imo  {from  the 
bottom). 

in,  [?],  prep.,  into  (with  ace),  in 


Vocabulary. 


73 


(with  abl.),  ofty  upon  (ace.  or 
abl.)»  to,  towards ,  against,  for^ 
withf  in  the  power  of^  within  :  in 
locum,  in  place  (of) ;  in  praeceps 
{headlong)  ;  in  diem  {for  a  day) ; 
in  facinus  jure  (to);  in  latus 
obliquum  {half-turned,  sidewise) ; 
inquirere  in  annos  {pry  into, 
etc.).  —  In  comp.,  2«,  into,  on, 
upon,  to,  against. 

in-  [cf.  ««-],  insep.  adv.,  un-,  not. 

luachides, -ae,  [Gr, 'Imx^^Tjs],  m., 
son  or  descendant  of  Inachus  :  i. 
Epaphus  as  grandson  of  Inachus; 
2.  Perseus  as  a  member  of  the 
royal  family  of  Argos. 

inacMs,  -idis,  [Gr.  'imx^y],  f-,  de- 
scendant  of  Inachus.  —  Esp.  lo,  the 
grand-daughter  of  Inachus. 

Inachus,  -i,  [Gr.  *'lj'axos],  m.,  a 
river  of  Argolis.  —  Esp.  the  river- 
god,  first  king  of  Argos  and  father 
oflo. 

iuaequalis,  -e,  [in-aequalis],  adj., 
unequal. 

inamabilis, -e,  [in-amabilis],  adj., 
unlovely,  hateful. 

inamoeuusy  -a,  -um,  [in-amoe- 
nus],  adj.,  unlovely. 

inauis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  empty,  unpeo- 
pled (orbis),  shadowy  (regna 
Ditis),  idle,  ineffectual^  useless. — 
n.,  inane,  the  empty  air,  the  void. 

inaratus,  -a,  -um,  [in-aratus], 
adj.,  unploughed,  untilled. 

inardeo,  -ere,  -arsi,  -arsum,  [in- 
ardeo],  v.  intr.  2,  blaze  out. 

inardesco,  -ere,  -arsi,  -arsum, 
[in-ardesco],  v.  intr.  3,  blaze  out. 

inb-,  see  imb-. 

incalesco,  -ere,  -calui,  no  sup., 
[in-calesco],  v.  intr.  3,  groiu 
warm,  become  fired,  be  warmed. 

incal(e)faei5,  -ere,  -feci,  -fac- 
tum^   ^iu-calefacioj,  v,   tr.    j, 


warm,  heat,  make  reek  (knife  in 
blood). 

incandesco,  -ere,  -candui,  no 
sup.,  [in-candesco],  v.  intr.  3, 
glow  (ignibns). 

incautus,  -a,  -um,  [in-cautus], 
adj.,  incautious,  careless,  heedless. 

inoedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessum, 
[in-cedo],  v.  intr.  3,  advance,  go 
forth,  come  forth,  walk,  proceed. 

incendium,  -i,  [prob.  in-tcandium 
(fcando -1- ium,  cf.  candeo)],  n., 
fire,  conflagration. 

incendo,  -ere,  -cendi,  -censum, 
[in-fcando  (cf.  candeo)],  v.  tr. 
Ztfre,  light,  kindle. 

inceptum,  -i,  [p.p.  of  ineipio  as 
noun],  n.,  undertaking,  enterprise f 
purpose. 

incertus,  -a,  -um,  [in-certus], 
adj.,  uncertain,  doubtful,  waver- 
ing. 

incessus,  -us,  [in-fcessus,  through 
incedo],  m.,gait,  walk. 

incingS,  -ere,  -cinxi,  -cinctum, 
[in-cingo],  v.  tr.  3,  gird  around, 
wind  around,  gird,  surround. — 
Pass.,  gird  one's  self. —  p.p.,  in- 
cinctus,  girt  with  (ace),  sur- 
rounded by. 

Incipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptum, 
[in-capio],  v.  tr.  3,  begin. 

incisus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  incido], 
part.,  cut  in,  engraved, 

inclitus,  -a,  -um,  [in-fclntus  (p.p. 
of  eluo,  hear)\  adj.,  famous,  re- 
nowned. 

includo,  -ere,  -clusi,  -clusum, 
[in-claudo],  v.  tr.  3,  shut  in,  en- 
close, imprison,  contain  (arrows 
in  a  quiver). 
incognitus,  -a,  -um,  [in-cogni- 
tus],  adj.,  unknown,  unseen  (ocu- 
lis). 
iucola, -ae,  [in-fcola  (ycoi^+a, 


74 


Vocabulary, 


cf,   agricola)],   m.,   dweller    in, 
inhabitant. 
incomitatus,  -a,  -um,  [in-coiiii- 

tatus],  adj.,  unaccompanied. 

inconcessus,  -a,  -um,  [in-conces- 
sus],  adj.,  unallowed,  unauthor- 
ized, unlawful. 

inconsolabilis,  -e,  [in-consola- 
"bilis],  adj.,  inconsolable,  incurable 
(  vulftus) . 

incoqUo,  -ere,  -coxi,  -coctuni, 
[in-coquo],  v.  tr.  3,  boil  in,  boil 
down,  boil. 

lucre mentum,  -i,  [incre-  (as  if 
root  of  incresco)  -h  mentum],  n., 
means  of  increase,  increase.  —  PI., 
a  nursery  (of  dragon's  teetli 
planted). 

Increpo,  -are,  -ui,  -Hum,  [in- 
cre^jo],  V.  tr.  i,  rattle,  crash, 
crack.  —  Hence,  scold,  chide,  up- 
braid, reproach,  curse, 

Incresco,  -ere,  -crevi,  -cretum, 
[in-cresCo],  v,  intr.  3,  grow,  in- 
crease, swell,  be  swollen. 

incubo,  -are,  -ui  (-avi),  -itum 
(-atum),  [in-cubo],  v.  intr.  i, 
lie  on,  brood  (of  a  bird  on  the 
nest). 

incumbo,  -ere,  -cubui,  [in- 
cunlbo],  V.  intr.  3,  lie  down  in 
{on),  fall  upon  (a  sword),  bend 
over,  lean  otter,  bend  to  the  zvork. 

incurr5,  -ere,  -curri  -(cucurri), 
-cursum,  [in-curro],  v.  intr.  3, 
run  in  (into),  jut  out  into  (mon- 
tes  undis). 

incurso,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in- 
CTirso],  V.  intr.  l,  run  against,  hit 
against,  dash  against. 

incursus,  -us,  [in-cursus,  through 
incurro],  m.,  onset,  attack,  rush. 
—  Fig.,  impulse,  suggestion. 

ineurvo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in- 
cur vo],  V,  tr»  ly  bend  up^  bend : 


incurvata  membra  [doubled 
up). 

incurvus,  -a,  -um,  [in-curvus], 
adj.,  curved,  bent. 

ineustoditus,  -a,  -um,  [in-custo- 
ditus],  adj.,  unguarded,  without  a 
keeper. 

indago,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in- 
dago-  (indu  -F  fagus)  -\-o\,  v.  tr. 
I,  hunt,  track  out. 

inde,  [fim  (cf.  hinc)  -de],  adv., 
from  that,  thence,  from  it,  then 
(next),  then  (therefore),  of  it. 

indefessus,  -a,  -um,  [in-defes- 
sus],  adj.,  unwearied. 

indejectus,  -a,  -um,  [in-dejectus], 
adj.,  undemolished,  intact. 

indelebilis,  -e,  [in-delebilis],  adj., 
indestructible. 

indeploratus,  -a,  -um,  [in-deplo- 
ratus],  adj.,  unmourned. 

indestrictus,  -a,  -um,  [in-destric- 
tus],  adj.,  ungrazed,  without  a 
scratch. 

indicium,  -i,  [indie-  (stem  of 
index)  +  ium],  n,,  information, 
disclosure,  testimony  (given  by  an 
informer) :  indicio  linguaque 
{informing  tongue) . 

indieS,  -ere,  -dixi,  -dictum,  [in- 
dico],  V.  tr.  3,  declare,  proclaim, 
announce. 

indico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in- 
die 0],  V.  tr.  I,  show.,  point  out, 
declare. 

indigena,  -ae,  [indu-gena  (^Gen 
-I- a,  cf.  incola)],  m.,  native. — 
PL,  natives. 

indiges,  -etis,  [indu-fges  (V^a, 
shorter  form  of  y'GEN  +  tis,  re- 
duced)], m.,  native.  —  Esp.  a  na- 
tive god  or  hero  raised  to  the  rank 
of  a  local  divinity,  home-born. 

indigestus,  -a,-um,  [in-digestus], 
adj.,  undigested f  chaotic. 


Vocabulary. 


75 


indignor,   -ari,    -atiis,    [indigno 

+  o],  V.  dep.  I,  deem  unworthy, 
be  indignant^  disdain.  —  pres.  p., 
iiidignans,  indignant.  —  ger., 
indigiiandus,  to  be  disdained, 
untvorthy  of. 

indignus,  -a,  -uiii,  [in-digaus], 
adj.,  u7tworthy  (of  the  thing  suf- 
fered).—-  Also,  unworthy  (of  the 
person  suffering),  undeserving  (a 
particular  fate),  innocent, 

indoleo,  -ere,  -dolui,  no  sup.,  [in- 
doleo],  V.  intr.  2,  mourn,  grieve, 
be  hurt. 

indomitus,  -a,  -uni,  [in-domitus], 
adj.,  unconquered,  unbroken  (of 
animals),  untamed. 

indotatus,  -a,  -um,  [in-dotatusj , 
adj.,  doiuerless,  without  dowry. 

iridaco,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductum, 
[in-duco],  V.  tr.  3,  spread  on, 
draw  over,  bring  on,  gather,  spread 
over,  take  on  (of  the  subject  itself), 
cover,  coat. 

indulgeo,  -ere,  -dulsi,  -dultum, 
[?],v.  intr.  2,  indulge,  indulge  in, 
give  way  to. 

induo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utum,  [?,  perh. 
indu  +  0  (of.  tribuo)],  v.  tr.  3, 
put  on,  clothe.  —  Pass.,  put  on  (to 
one's  self).  —  p.p.,  indutus,  clad. 

induresco,  -ere,  -durui,  no  sup., 
[in-diiresco],  v.  intr,  3,  harden. 

induro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in- 
duro],  V.  tr.  i,  harden,  petrify. 

Indus,  -a,  -urn,  [Or.  'Ii/Sc^s-],  adj , 
Indian,  of  India  :  denies  {ele- 
phants' tusks,  ivory') .  —  m.  pi , 
the  Indians,  inhabitants  of  India. 

ineo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  [in-eo],  v.  tr. 
irr.,  go  into,  enter,  enter  upon,  go 
upon,  attend. 

iners,  -ertis,  [in-ars],  adj.,  *^/^?/?- 
less,^  sluggish,  listkss,  inactive, 
cowardly. 


inexpugnabilis,  -e,  [in-expugna- 

bilis],  adj.,  unconquerable,  im- 
pregnable, ineradicable. 

inexspectatus  (inexp-),  a,  -um, 
[in-exspectatus] ,  adj.,  unex- 
pected. 

infamia, -ae,  [infami-fia],  f,  ill 
report,  ill  fame. 

infamis,  -e,  [in-fama,  infl.  as  adj. J, 
adj.,  of  ill  report,  infamous,  ill- 
omened. 

infans,  -antis,  [in-fans,  pres.  p.  of 
for],  c.  (really  adj.)»,  infant,  child, 
—  As  adj.,  childish  :  ora. 

infaustus,  -a,  -um,  [in-faustus], 
adj.,  uitpropitious,  unlucky. 

infeetus,  -a,  -una,  [in-factus],  adj., 
undone,  unfinished. 

infelix,  -icis,  [in-felix],  adj.,  un- 
lucky,   unhappy,    ill-starred,    ill 


inferiae, -arum,  [infero-  (reduced) 
-f-  ia],  f.  pi,  sacrifice  (to  the  gods 
below). 

inferior,  see  infer  us. 

infernus,  -a,  -um,  [infero  +  nus], 
adj.,  of  the  lower  world :  sedes 
{the  world  below) . 

infero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum,  [in- 
fero], V.  tr.  irr.,  bring  to,  bear  to, 
place  among,  inflict  (morsus,  etc.). 

(inferus),  -a,  -um,  [?,  unc.  stem 
-f-  rus],  adj.,  loiv,  below.  —  Comp., 
lower,  too  low.  • —  For  sup.,  see 
imus. 

infestus,  -a,  -um,  [in-festus],  adj., 
hostile,  dangerous,  infested  with, 
offended  (Diana). 

inficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectum,  [in- 
facio],  V.  tr.  3,  dip  in,  dye,  tinge, 
color,  come  over  (pallor  foxes), 
infect  (tabe),  paint  (of  reflected 
color)  :  infeetus  {reeking). 

infirmus,  -a,  -um,  [in-firmus], 
adj.,/^^<^/^, 


I^ 


Vocabulary, 


infitior,  -ari,  -atus,  [infitia-  (stem 
infitiae)  +  o],  v.  dep.  i,  deny.  — 
ger.,  infitlandus,  io  be  denied,  to 
be  repudiated. 

inflo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in-flo], 
V.  tr,  I,  blow  on  J  fill.,  inflate. 

infra,  [instr.  of  inferus],  adv., 
lozver,  below i  beneath. 

infractus,  see  infringo. 

mfriBgo,  -ere,  -fregi,  -fractum, 
[in-frango],  v.  tr.  3,  break  down, 
break  off.  —  p.p.,  infractus, 
broken,  crachtd  (of  sound). 

infundo,  -ere^  -fudi,  -fnsum, 
[in-fundo],  v.  tr.  3,  pour  in,  in- 
fuse, brealhe  into  :  infusa  capillos 
{with  hair  flowing). 

ingemo,  -ere,  -geniui,  -gemitum, 
[in-gemo],  v.  intr.  -i^,  groan  (at  a 
sight,  ^\.z^,give  a  groan,  creak, 

ingeniosus,  -a,  -um,  [ingenio 
-f  osus] ,  adj.,  ingenious,  talented. 

ingekiium,  -i,  [fingena-  (or  simi- 
lar stem)  -f  ium],  n.,  nature  (born 
in  one),  character,  genius,  mind, 
talent.  —  PI.,  genius  (coll.  for  men 
of  genius). 

ingens, -entis,  [in-gens  (i.e.  a  mon- 
ster out  of  its  class)],  adj.,  vast, 
huge. 

ingero,  -ere,  -gessi,  -gestum, 
[in-gero],  v.  tr.  3,  heap  upon. 

ingratus,  -a,  -um,  [in-gratus], 
adj.,  unpleasing,  ungrateful. 

ingredior,  -1,  -gressus,  [in-gra- 
diorj,  V.  dep.  3,  enter,  pass  {on 
or  over^,  proceed. 

Inguen,  -inis,  [?],  m.,  the  groin. 
—  Also  pi. 

inhaereo,  -ere,  -haesi,  -haesum, 
[in-liaereo],  v.  intr.  2,  stick  in, 
cling  to,  inhere. 

inhibeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  [in- 
habeo],  v.  tr.  2,  hold  in,  check, 
restrain,  stay. 


inhonoratus,  -a,  -um,  [in-hono- 

ratus],  adj.,  unhonored. 

inhospitus,  -a,  -um,  [in-hospes, 
decl.  as  adj.  (cf.  hospita)],  adj., 
inhospitable. 

inicio  (inj-),  -ere,  -jeci,  -jectum, 
[in-jacio],  V.  tr.  3,  throw  upon  {in, 
into),  thrust  into,  throw  around, 
cast  upon:  manum  {lay  hands 
on). 

inlmicus,  -a,  -um,  [in-amicus], 
adj.,  hostile.  — As  noun,  enemy. 

iniquus,  -a,  -um,  [in-aequus], 
adj.,  unequal,  unfair,  cruel,  un- 
willing (mens),  rough  (mons). 

injuria,  -ae,  [in-jus,  of  unc.  forma- 
tion], f.,  injustice,  outrage,  wrong. 

Injuste,  [old  abl.  of  injustus], 
adj.,  unjustly. 

injustus,  -a,  -um,  [in-justus],  adj., 
unjust,  unfair. 

inm-,  see  imm-. 

innabilis,  -e,  [in-nabilis],  adj., 
unnavigable. 

innascor,  -i,  -natus,  [in-nascor], 
V.  dep.  3,  grow  on  {in). 

innatus,  p.p.  of  innascor. 

innitor,  -i,  -nisus  (nixus),  [in- 
nitor],  V.  dep.  3,  lean  on. 

innocuus,  -a,  -um,  [in-nocuus], 
adj.,  ha7'mless,  innocent. 

iunubus,  -a,  -um,  [in-fnubus  (cf. 
pronuba)],  adj.,  unmarried. 

innumerus,  -a,  -um,  [in-nume- 
rus],  adj.,  numberless,  countless, 

innuptus,  -a,  -um,  [in-nuptns], 
adj.,  unmarried.  —  Fern.,  maiden. 

ino,  -us,  [Gr.  'Ivcw],  f-,  daughter  of 
Cadmus,  wife  of  Athamas,  sister  of 
Semele,  and  nurse  of  Bacchus, 
changed  to  the  sea-goddess  Leu- 
cothee, 

inops,  -opis,  [in-ops],  adj.,  desti- 
tute, feeble,  helpless,  wretched :  in- 
ops  mentis  {crazed). 


Vocabulary. 


77 


inornatus,  -a,  -um,  [in-ornatusj, 

adj.,  unadorned. 

Inous,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  "Ivt^os^^  adj., 
of  Ino, 

inp-,  see  Imp-. 

Inquam,  [?],  v.  intr.  def.,  said  /, 
said  he y  etc. 

Inquino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?J,  v. 
tr.  I,  stain. 

inquiro,  -ere,  -quaesivi,  -quaesi- 
tum,  [in-quaero],  v.  tr.  3,  in- 
quire, pry,  investigate,  learn^  in- 
quire into. 

Inrequietus  (irr-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
frequietus  (p.p.  of  requiesco)], 
adj.,  restless.,  without  rest. 

Inrideo,  see  irrideo. 

inritamen,  see  Irritamen. 

Itiritamentum,  see  irritamen- 
tum. 

inrito,  see  irrito. 

inritus,  see  Irritus. 

inroro  (irr-),  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[in-roro],  v.  tr.  l,  sprinkle.,  bedew. 

inrumpo  (irr-),  -ere,  -rupi,  -rup- 
tum,  [in-rumpo],  v.  intr.  3, 
break  in  (into),  break  out  upon., 
burst  upon. 

insania,  -ae,  [finsano-  (reduced) 
+  ia],  f.,  madness,  insanity,  frenzy. 
— Also  personified. 

insanus,  -a,  -um,  [in-sanusj,  adj., 
{unsound),  mad^  crazy.  —  Of  in- 
animate things,  wild  (aquae). 

inscius,  -a,  -um,  [in-fscius  (cf. 
nescius)J,  adj.,  ignorant,  una- 
ware, unknowingily) . 

inscribo,  -ere,  -scrips!,  -scrip- 
turn,  [in-scribo],  v.  tr.  3,  write 
upon^  inscribe,  mark. 

inseco,  -are,  -secui,  -sectum,  [in- 
seco],  V.  tr.  i,  cut  into,  cut  in, 
cleave. 

insenesco,  -ere,  -senui,  [in- 
senesco],  v.  intr.  3,  grow  old. 


insequor,  -i,  -secutus,  [in-sequor], 

V.  dep.  1,,  pursue, 
insero,  -ere,  -serui,  -sertum,  [in- 

sero?J,  V.  tr.  3,  thrust  in,  intrude, 

insert. 
Insidiae,  -arum,  [finsido  -f-  ia],  f. 

pi ,     (ambush) ,    plots,     treachery, 

snare,  hidden  dangers. 
insignis,  -e,   [in-signum,  infl.  as 

adj.],   adj.,    marked,   conspicuous, 

distinguished, 
insilio,  -ire,  -silui,  -sultum,  [in- 

salio],   V.    intr.    4,    spring    into 

(upon),  leap  into  (upon). 
insisto,     -ere,     -stiti,     -stitiim, 

[in-sisto],   V.  intr.   3,   stand  on^ 

step   upon,   rest    on,   rise    up    on 

(digitis). 
insolitus,  -a,  -um,    [in-solitus], 

adj.,  unwonted,  unaccustomed, 
insomriis,  -e,  [in-somnus,  infl.  as 

adj.],  adj.,  sleepless. 
insono,  -are,  -sonui,  no  sup.,  [in- 

sono],    V.    intr.    i,    blow    upon^ 

sound,  roar. 
Insons,   -sontis,    [in-sons],    adj., 

guiltless,  innocent,  unoffending. 
insopitus,  -a,  -um,   [in-sopitus], 

adj.,  sleepless. 
inspiciS,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spectum, 

[in-t specie],  v.  tr.  3,  look  upon, 

see,  gaze  upon. 
inspiro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in- 
spire],   V.    intr.    I,    blow    upon, 

breathe  into  (with  ace.  of  thing). 
instabilis,  -e,    [in-stabilis],  adj., 

unsteady,  unstable. 
instar,    indecl.,    [unc.    form    from 

insto],  n.,  (image),  like  (properly 

in  apposition) ;   used  with  gen. 
instigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [prob. 

instigo-     (in-fstigus,     ^stig  + 

us)],    V.    tr.    I,    spur    on,    urge 

on. 
instillo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,    [in- 


78 


Vocabulary. 


stillo],  V.  tr.  I,  drop  in,  pour  in 
(slowly). 
iusto,  -are,  -stiti,  -statum,  [in- 
stoj,  V.  intr.   l,  stand  over^  urge, 
press  oHy  pursue^  threaten^  insist. 

—  pres.  p.,  instans,  approachingy 
threatening^  pressing.^  urgent. 

instringo,  -ere,  -strinxi,  -stric- 
tum,  (_m-strmgoJ,  v.  tr.  3,  bind. 

instriiS,  -ere,  -struxi,  -structum, 
[in-struojj  v.  a.  3,  arrange,  sup- 
ply, furnish,  prepare^  set  (con- 
vivia) . 

insuetus,  -a,  -um,  [in-suetus], 
adj.,  unaccustomed. 

insula,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  island. 

insulto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in- 
saltoj,  V.  intr.  i,  leap  upon,  dance 
upon.  —  Often  with  accessory  idea 
of  contempt :  fluctibus  carinae. 

insum,  in^sse,  infui,  no  sup.,  [in- 
sum],  V.  intr.  irr.,  be  in.  —  Often 
transl.  by  have  (with  change  of 
subject). 

insiiper,  [in-super],  d^dy.,  over  and 
above,  besides,  moreovei'. 

insiiperabilis,  -e,  [in-supera- 
bilis],  adj.,  unconquerable,  inevi- 
table. 

iotabesco,  -ere,  -tabui,  no  sup., 
[in-tabesco],  v.  intr.  3,  pine  (at 
anything),  melt  away. 

intactus,  -a,  -um,  [in-tactus], 
adj.,  untouched,  not  disturbed. 

integer,  -gra,  -grum,  [in-fteger 
(  Vtag  +  rus)  ] ,  adj .,  untouched, 
uninjured,  intact,  in  (its)  en- 
tirety. 

intellegS,  -ere,  -lexi,  -lectum, 
[inter-lego],  v.  tr.  3,  understand. 

—  p.p.,  intellectus,  intelligible. 
intemptatiis,  -a,  -um,  [in-temp- 

tatus],  adj.,  untried. 
intendo,  -ere,   -tendi,   -tentuni, 
[in-tendo],  v.  tr.  3,  stretch  tipon^ 


stretch.  —  With   or   without    ani- 
mum    (bend   one^s    mind,    devote 
one's  self  aim,  intend). 
intentus,   -iis,   [in-ftentus,   perh. 
through  intendo],  m.,  effort,  un- 


inter,  [comp.  of  in  (in-fter)], 
prep,,  between  (prop,  of  two), 
among,  amid:  inter  se  {ivith 
each  other)  —  As  adv.  in  comp., 
between,  among,  m,  apart,  in  ad- 
vance. 

intercipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptum, 
[inter-capio],  v.  tr.  3,  take  away 
(before  somebody  else),  take  pos- 
session of. 

interduin,  [inter  dum],  adv.,  (cf. 
'  between  whiles  '),  sometimes. 

interea,  [inter  ea  (cf.  hac)],adv., 
meanwhile . 

intere§,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  [inter 
(with  unc.  force,  perh.  apart)  -eo, 
cf.  intcrficioj,  v.  intr.  irr.,  perish, 
be  destroyed. 

interior,  -oris,  [comp,  of  finterus 
(cf.  intra)],  adj.,  inner.  —  n.  as 
adv.,  within.  —  See  also  intimus. 

interius,  see  interior. 

intermitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missuni, 
[inter-mitto],  v.  tr.  3,  {let  come 
between),  leave  off,  cease,  stop,  in- 
termit. 

internodium,  -i,  [inter-nodo  -f 
ium],  n.,  space  between  knots. — 
Hence,  limb  (between  joints). 

interritus,  -a,  -um,  [in-territus], 
adj.,  unterrified,  fearless,  without 
alarm. 

intertexo,  -ere,  -texui,  -textum, 
[inter-texo],  v.  tr.  3,  interiveave. 

intervenio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventum, 
[inter- venio],  v.  tr.  4,  come  be- 
tween, interrupt. 

intexo,  -ere,  -ui,  -turn,  [in-texo], 
V,  tr.  3,  weave  in,  interweave* 


Vocabulary. 


79 


intibum  (intu-),  [Gr.  ivrv^ov]^  n., 

endive. 
intimus,    -a,    -um,    [in-ftimus, 

sup.  of  in],  adj.,  inmost. 
intinguO,  -ere,  -tinxi,  -tinctum, 

[in-tinguoj,  v.  tr.  3,  dip  in. 
intono,  -are,   -tonui,   -tonitum, 

[in-tono],  v.  intr.  i,  thunder. 
intonsus,   -a,   -um,    [in-tonsus], 

adj.,   unshorn^  long-haired   (as   a 

sign  of  youth). 
intra,   [instr.   of  finterus],   prep. 

and  adv.,  withiny  inside. 
intremiseo,  -ere,  -tremui,  no  sup., 

[in-tremiscoj,  v.  intr.  3,  trejnble^ 

shake. 
intro,  -are,  -avi,  -a turn,  [fintero 

+  0],  V.  tr.  I,  enter. 
introitus,   -us,    [intro-itus],    m., 

entrance. 
introrsus,  [intro-vorsus,  (p.p.  of 

verto)],  adv.,  zvithin. 
intus,  [in  +  tus  (cf.  divinitus)], 

adv.,  {fi'om  within),  within  (cf.  a 

dextra) . 
inultus,  -a,  -um,  [in-ultus],  adj., 

unavenged. 
inutilis,  -e,  [in-utilis],   adj.,  use- 
less, injurious. 
intrado,  -ere,  -vasi,  -vasum,  [in- 
vade], V.  tr.  3,  attack. 
inveho,    -ere,    -vexi,    -vectum, 

[in-veho],  v.  intr.  3,  bear  to  (or 

against) .  —  Pass.,  attack,  make  a 

raid.  —  p.p.,  invectus,  borne  on. 
invenio,    -ire,    -veui,    -ventum, 

[in-venio],  v.  tr.  ^,find,  discover. 

—  p.p.  n.,  inventuHi,  invention, 

discovery. 
inventum,  see  invenio. 
invergo,  -ere,   no   perf.,   no    sup., 

[in-vergo],  v.  tr.  3,  pour. 
invietus,    -a,    -um,    [in-victus], 

adj.,  unconquered,  unconquerable. 
Inyide^^     -ere,    -vidi,    -visum, 


[prob.  invido  4-  eo,  but  con- 
founded with  in-video],  v.  intr. 
2,  be  jealous  of,  envy,  grudge.- — - 
Also  with  ace.  of  thing  grudged. 
—  p.p.,  invisus,  hated,  hateful 

invidia,  -ae,  [invido  -1-  ia],  f., 
envy,  jealousy,  ill  will,  evil  fame 
(among  others,  changing  point  of 
view) .  —  Also  personified,  Envy, 

invidiosus,  -a,  -um,  [invidia- 
(reduced)  -f  osus],  adj.  (fraught 
with  invidia),  envied,  to  be  en- 
vied,  an  object  of  envy.  —  Also, 
full  of  ill  will,  envying^  jealous. 

invidus,  -a,  -um,  [in-fvidus  (cf. 
video)],  adj.,  {looking  askance 
at),  envious,  jealous,  grudging. 

invisus,  see  invideo. 

invitus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  unwill- 
ing. 

invius,  -a,  -um,  [in- via  (infl.  as 
adj.)],  2,^)^., pathless,  impassable, 

invoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in- 
voco],  V.  tr.  I,  {call  in),  appeal 
to,  invoke. 

involvo,  -ere,  -volvi,  -volutum, 
[in-volvo],  V.  tr.  3,  enwrap, 
wrap,  envelop. 

lo,  -us,  [Gr.  "loj],  f.,  daught^  of 
Inachus,  changed  by  Juno  into  a 
heifer. 

io,  [?],  interj.,  ho  !  oh! 

lolaus,  -i,  [Gr.  'Ic^Aaos],  m.,  son  of 
Iphicles,  nephew  and  companion 
of  Hercules.  He  took  part  in  the 
Calydonian  hunt. 

lolciacus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'IwA/rm- 
k6s'\,  adj.,  of  lolcus  in  Thessaly„ 
the  native  place  of  Jason. 

lole,  -es,  [Gr.  ^\6Kt]\,  f.,  daughter 
of  Eurytus,  king  of  OEchalia  in 
Euboea,  beloved  by  Hercules. 

lonius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  "idviosl,  adj., 
Ionian.  —  Esp.  neut.  (sc.  mare), 
the  Ionian  Sea^  west  of  Greege, 


8o 


Iphigenia,  -ae,  [Gr.  ^I<piy€V€La'if  f., 
the  daughter  of  Agamemnon,  king 
of  Mycenae.  She  was  to  be  sacri- 
ficed to  Diana,  but  was  exchanged 
for  a  deer. 

ipse,  -a,  -um,  [is-pte  (potis?)], 
pron.,  /limsel/,  herself^   itself^  self. 

—  Often  transl.  by  other  forms  of 
speech,  very,  of  itself  even,  the 
very,  the  master  {lord,  etc.)  him- 
self (Jupiter  and  the  hke) :  ex 
ipsis,  from  their  otvn  forms  (into 
something  else). 

ira,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  zvrath,  anger,  fury. 

—  Also  pi. 

irascor,  -i,  iratus,  [ira-  (prob. 
verb  stem)  +  see],  v.  dep.  3,  be 
angry.  —  p.p.,  iratus,  angiy,  in 
wrath. 

iris,  -idis  (also  -is),  [Qr.^lpis'],  f., 
the  goddess  of  the  rainbow,  daugh- 
ter of  Thaumas,  messenger  and 
servant  of  Juno. 

irrideo  (iiir-),  -ere,  -riisi,  -risvim, 
[in-rideo],  v.  tr.  2,  deride. 

irritamen  (inr-),  -inis,  [irrita  + 
menj,  n.,  cause  of  irritation,  irri- 
tation. 

irritamentiim  (inr-),  i,  [irrita 
+  mentum],  n.,  cause  of  irrita- 
tion, exciting  cause  (malomm). 

irrit5  (inr-),  -are,  -avi,  -atuni, 
[?],  V.  tr.  \, provoke. 

irritiis  (inr-),-a, -um,  [in-ratus], 
adj.,  {unratified^,  void,  null,  un- 
availing, vain,  in  vaii7,  brought  to 
naught. 

irriiinripo^  see  iiirumpo. 

Irus,  -i,  [Gr.  ^Ipos-],  n.,  a  beggar 
slain  by  Ulysses  with  a  blow  of  his 
fist,  —  As  common  noun,  an  Irus, 
a  beggar. 

is,  ea,  id,  gen  ejus,  [VO»  pi^o^-> 
he,  she,  it,  that:  ea  {all  this,  all 
thai). 


Ismarius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'I(r/io^tos], 

adj.,  of  Ismarus  (a  mountain  of 
Thrace),  Ismarian,  Thracian. 

Ismenis,  -idis,  [Gr.  'Icr/zT^j'ts],  f. 
adj.,  of  Ismenos  (a  river  near 
Thebes).  —  Hence  pi.,  Theban 
women. 

Ismenos,  -i,  [Gr.  ^\<Tp.-r]v6s\,  m. :  i. 
a  river  near  'J'hebes;  2.  one  of  the 
sons  of  Niobe. 

iste,  -a,  -ud  (gen.  -ius),  [is-te  (cf. 
tarn,  tuni)],  pron.,  that  (near 
the  person  addressed),  those. 

istic,  [isti-ee],  adv.,  there  (by  the 
person  addressed). 

ita,  [?,  akin  to  item],  conj.,  so, 
thus :  ita  .  .  .  ut  {just  as). 

Italia,  -ae,  [fltalo-  (reduced)  + 
ia  (f.  of  -ius)],  f.,  Italy. 

iter,  itineris,  [akin  to  eo,  forma- 
tion unc],  n.,  way,  road,  course, 
passage,  channel. 

itero,  -are,  -avi,  -atiim,  [itero- 
(cf.  iterum)  -f-  o],  v.  tr.  i,  repeat, 
reiterate,  find  again,  reproduce. 

iterum,  [  y'l  (in  is)  +  terus  (cf. 
utrum)],  adv.,  a  second  time, 
again,  once  more,  twice. 

itum,  see  eo. 

Itys,  -yos,  [Gr.  "Itus],  m.,  son  of 
Tereus  and  Progne,  who  was 
changed  into  a  pheasant. 

lulus,  -i,  [Gr. ''louAos],  m.,  a  name 
of  Ascanius,  son  of  ^Eneas,  from 
whom  the  Juhan  family  in  Rome 
derived  its  name. 

Ixion,  -onis,  [Gr.  'l^iuiv~\,  m.,  a 
king  of  the  Lapithso,  who  was 
bound  to  a  wheel  in  the  world  be- 
low as  a  punishment  for  his 
crimes. 


jaceo,  -ere,   -uT,   no   sup.,    [ptob. 
jaco-  (jac  +  us)  4-  eo,  but  perhaps 


Vocabulary, 


M 


not  denominative],  v.  intr.  2,  /z>, 
lie  prostrate^  be  situated,  lie  still, 
befallen,  decline,  be  downcast, 
jaci6, -ere, -jeci, -jactum,  [VM^, 
as  in  jaceo] ,  v.  tr.  3,  throw,  throw 
down,  throw  out,  sow   (semina), 
lay  (foundations). 
jacto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,   [jacto 
+  0],  V.  tr.    I,   throw,   toss,   hurl, 
move  (yvings),  whirl  (torch),  throw 
<7^(carmina),  show  off,  display.  — 
p.p.,  jactatus,  moving,  flapping 
(wings). 
jactora,  -ae,  [jactu  +  ra],  f.,  loss 
(properly    from    throwing    over- 
board) . 
jactus,    -us,    [v'JAC  +  tus],    m., 

throwing. 
jaculatrix, -icis,  [jacula-f- trix], 

f.,  {thrower  of  darts),  huntress, 
jaculor,  -ari,  -atus,  [jaculo  -{-  o], 
V.  dep.  I,  hurl  (properly,  javelins). 
jaculum,    -i,     [prob.    jaco-     (cf. 
jacio)  +  lum   (n.   of    -lus)],   n., 
javelin, 
jam,  [?],  adv.,  now  (pi  succession 
or  growth,  cf.  nunc,  an  instanta- 
neous now)  ,just  now,  immediately, 
already,    at    last:   jam    jamque 
(just  now,  immediately)  ;    neque 
jam  (no  longer), — jam  diidum, 
adv.,  already,  now  for  some  time. 
— jam  pridem,  long  since. 
janua,  -ae,[akin  to  Janus],  f.,  door. 
Janus,  -1,  [akin  to  dies,  Jupiter, 
and  Diana],  m.,  an  Italian  deity, 
represented  with  two  faces,  presid- 
ing over  doorways  and  beginnings 
of  things.      An   ancient   gate   in 
Rome  was  also  called  Janus  or 
Porta  Janualis. 
jecur,  jecinoris  (jecoris),  [?, gen. 

from  expanded  form],  n.,  liver. 
jejnnla,  -ae,  [jejuno-j-  ia],  i.,  fast- 
ing, fast,  starvation. 


juba,  -ae,  [?],  f,  mane, 

Juba,  -ae,  m.,  a  king  of  Numidia, 
who  was  defeated  by  Julius  Csesar 
in  the  battle  of  Thapsus,  B.C.  46, 
and  killed  himself. 

jubar,  -aris,  [?],  n.,  sunbeam, 
comet,  star. 

jubeo,  -ere,  jussi,  jussum,  [prob. 
jus  habeo,  but  forms  obscure],  v. 
tr,  2,  comm'and,  bid.  —  See  also 
jussum. 

jucundus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  2>Ky,  pleas- 
ant, agreeable. 

judex,  -icis,  [jus-dex  (yjY>vz,  as 
stem)],  c,  judge,  critic:  me  ju- 
dice  (in  my  judgment), 

judicium,  -i,  [judic  4-  ium],  n., 
judgment,  decision. 

jugalis,  -e,  [ju.go-  (reduced)  -f 
alis],  adj.,  conjugal,  of  marriage, 
—  Also  pi.,  team  (in  the  yoke), 
serpent  steeds  ( from  the  context) . 

jugerum,  -i  (also  -eris,  ere,  etc.), 
[prob.  VJUG  +  us,  certainly  akin 
to  jugum],  ii.,a  measure  of  land, 
acre  (loosely,  being  only  about 
two-thirds  of  an  acre). 

jugulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [jugulo 
+  o],  V.  tr.  I,  cut  the  throat,  kill, 
slay. 

jugulum,  -i,  [jug6+  Ium],  n.,  the 
throat  (at  the  'yoke'  of  the  col- 
lar-bones) . 

jugum,  -i,  [-y/JUG-l-um],  n.,  yoke. 
— -Less  exactly,  ridge  (of  moun- 
tains), beam  (of  a  door),  hill-tops. 
Julius,  -a,  -um,  [fJulo-  (reduced) 
+  ius],  adj.,  Julian  (the  name  of 
the  Roman  gens  to  which  Csesar 
belonged).  —  Esp.  Julian  (of 
Julius  Caesar).  —  Masc,  Julius, 
the  name  of  Gains  Csesar  and  his 
adopted  son,  Augustus. 
juncosus,  -a,  -um,  [junco  +  osus], 
adj.,  reedy,  rushy. 


^2 


Vocabulary. 


junctura,  -ae,  [junctu  +  ra  (f.  of 

-rus)],  f.,  joining,  ligament,  web 
(of  web-footed  birds). 

jwncus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  rush. 

jungo,  -ere,  junxi,  junctum, 
[VJ'-'*^]»  V-  ^r-  3»  yoke,  harness, 
unite,  imprint  (oscula). —  p.p., 
united  with,  close  by,  next  to,  con- 
nected, related. 

Juno,  -onis,  [prob.  for  Jovino, 
akin  to  Jupiter],  f.,  the  queen  of 
the  gods,  wife  of  Jupiter,  enemy 
of  Hercules  and  of  the  Trojans. 

Janoiiius,  -a,  -um,  [tJunon  + 
ins],  adj.,  of  Jztno  :  avis,  the  pea- 
lock  (sacred  to  Juno)  :  Samos 
(the  island  of  Samos,  where  Juno 
had  a  famous  temple) . 

Jcppiter,  Jovis,  [f  Jovis-pater] , 
m.,  the  supreme  divinity  of  the 
Romans,  corresponding  in  general 
%Qi  Z^vs  of  the  Greeks :  arbor  Jovis 
{thp  pak)  ;  also,  the  air,  the  sky. 

^iiro,  -ai?e,  -^vi,  -atum,  [jus  (as  if 
fJTira)  +  o],  V.  intr.  i,  swear, 
swear  by  (ace),  conspire  :  juranda 
palus  {the  oath  of  the  gods). 

jus,  juris,  [ju  (akin  to  jug)  +  us], 
n.,  right  (humanly  speaking,  cf, 
fas),  justice,  rights,  control  (rights 
over),  bond  (taedae);  jure 
{Justly,  with  reason). 

jussum,  -1,  [n.  p.p.  of  jubeo],  n., 
order,  command,  behest,  bidding. 

juste,  [old  abl.  of  Justus],  adv., 
justly,  zvith  reason. 

Justus,  -a,  -um,  [jus  +  tus  (cf. 
robustus)],  adj.,  just,  lawful, 
regular,  proper,  zvonted,  well- 
founded,  —  n.  pL,  what  is  just,  jus- 
tice, funeral  rites,  sad  offices, 

juvenalis,  -e,  [juven-f- alls],  adj., 
youthful. 

juvenaliter,  [juvenali  +  ter],  adv., 
with  youthful  strength. 


juvenca,  -ae,    [juven  +  ca   (f.   of 

-cus)],  f.,  heifer. 
juvencus,   -i,    [juven -|- cus],   m.y 

bullock,  ox. 
juvenilis,  -e,  [juven-  (as  if  juveni-) 

-f  lis],  adj.,  youthful. 

juvenis,  -is,  [?],  c.  (used  as  adj. 
v^ith  neuter  form],  you7tg,  youth- 
ful. —  As  noun,  young  man,  youth  : 
anni  {o J  youth). 

juventa,  -ae,  [juven +  ta  (abstract 
ending)],  i., youth. —  Personified, 
Hebe,  Youth. 

juventus, -utis,  [juven  +  tus],  f., 
youth  — Also,  the  youth  (collec- 
tively) ,  young  men. 

juvo,  -are,  juvi,  jutum,  [?],  v.  tr. 
I,  aid,  assist,  help,  delight,  give 
pleasure,  be  wholesome. 

juxta,  [sup.  of  stem  akin  to  jungo], 
adv.,  near  by,  close  by. 

labefacio,    -ere,   -feci,   -factum, 

[tlabe-  (case-form  akin  to  labo) 
-f  facio].  v.  tr.  3,  shake,  make  tot- 
ter, sway  to  and  fro,  zvrench. 

labo,  -are,  -avi,  no  sup.,  [?],  v. 
intr.  I,  roll,  shake,  totter,  sway,  be 
weak  (cf.  *be  shaky  '). 

labor, -oris,  [?],  m.,  toil,  fatigue, 
trouble,  difficulty,  sorrows  (pi.), 
pain,  trial. 

labor,  i,  lapsus,  [?,  akin  to  labo], 
V.  dep.  3,  slide,  slip,  fall,  flow, 
swim,  glide,  — ^.^.,  lapsus,  flozv- 
ing,  fading,  glazing  (oculi). 

laboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [labor- 
(as  if  labora)  -f  o],v.  intr.  i,  toil, 
be  in  travail,  be  in  distress,  stag- 
ger (under  a  burden).  —  Also, 
zvork,  strive,  care.  —  p.p.,  wrought. 

Ijabros,  -i,  [Gr.  AdjSpos],  m,,  one  of 
Actceon's  dogs. 


Vocabulary. 


H 


labrum,  -i,  [akin  to  labium],  n., 

lip. 
lac,  lactis,  [?],  n.,  milk,  juice. 
Ijacedaemon,  -ouis,  [Gr.  AaiceSai- 

^wi^],  f.,  LaceddBMotz  or  Sparta. 
lacer,  -era,  -erum,  [?,  unc.  root 
4-rus],    adj.,   torn,   distnembered, 
shattered,  lacerated. 
lacero,  -are,  -avi,  -atiim,  [lacero- 
(as  if  lacera)  +  o],  v.  tr.  i,  tear, 
lacerate. 
lacerta,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  lizard. 
lacertosus,  -a,   -uin,    [lacerto  -f 

osus],  adj.,  muscular. 

lacertus,   -i,    [?,    perh.   same    as 

lacerta,  cf.  musculus],  Ta.,arm 

(perh.  orig.  of  the  biceps  muscle). 

"Lachne,  -es,  [Gr.  Kdxvr]],  f.,  one 

of  Actaeon's  hounds. 
liacinius,  -a,  -uitx,  [Gr.  AaKiviovl, 
adj.,  of  Lacinimn  (a  promontory 
of  Southern  Italy,  on  which  was 
a  temple  of  Juno,  a  landmark  for 
sailors).     The  name  of  the  prom- 
ontory is  the  neut.  of  the  adj. 
Liacoii,   -onis,    [Gr.    ts.6.K(av\,    m., 
Laconian,   the   name   oi   otxq   of 
Actseon's  dogs. 
Jjaconis,    -idis    (-Idos),   f.,   adj., 
Laconian ;    used   referring    to    a 
female  dog  of  Laconian  breed. 
lacrima;,  -ae,  [unc.   stem  (akin  to 
5a«-/3u) -f  ma    (f.    of  -mus)],    f., 
tear. 
lacriinabilis,  -e,  [lacrima  (stem  of 
laerimo) +  lc)ilis],   adj.,  lament- 
able :  nil  lacrimabilis  {no  cause 
for  tears'). 
lacrimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atuni,  [la- 
crima-f  o],  V.  intr.  i,  weep,  shed 
tears:  ^hvac  {of  moisture  found  on 
it). 
lacrimosus^   -a,    -um,    [lacrima 

4-  osus];  adj.,  tearful  (fumus). 
lactans,  -antis,  [lact-  (as  if  lacta) 


+  o],  pres.  p.   (of  lacto),  milky 
(ubera) . 
lacteus,  -a,-um,  [lact-i-  ens],  adj., 

milky :  via  {the  7nilky  way). 
lacuna,    -ae,    [lacu  +  na    (f.    of 

-nns)],  f.,  hollow^  gap. 
lacus,  -us,  [?],  m.,  lake,  pool,  reser- 
voir, vat. 
liadon,  -onis,  [Gr.  AaScov],  m. :   i. 
a  river  of  Arcadia  and  Elis;  2.  one 
of  Actseon's  dogs. 
laedo,  -ere,  laesi,  laesum,  [?],v. 
tr.  3,  hurt,  injure,  wound,  violate, 
outrage,  offend  (cf.  'hurt'),  hack 
(ferrum),  trample  on  (ignem). 
Laelaps,  -apis,  [Gr.  AaiAa)|/],  m., 

one  of  Actseon's  dogs. 
Laertes,  -ae,  [Gr.  AaeptTjs],  m.,  the 

father  of  Ulysses. 
laetabilis,  -e,  [laeta4- bills],  adj., 

joyfuly  acceptable. 
laetitia,  -ae,  [laeto -f- tia],  f.,  joy. 

—  Personified,  Joy. 
laetor,  -ari,  -at us,  [laeto-  (as  if 
laeta)  +  o],  v.   dep.    i,   rejoice,  . 
take  delight,  be  glad. 
laetus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  root  -J-  tns], 

adj . ,  joyful,  gla  d. 
laevus,  -a,  -una,  [?],  adj.,  the  left 

(hand)  :  laeva  {on  the  left). 
lambo,  -ere.  Iambi,  sup.  obs.,  [?, 
cf.   labium,   labrum],  v.  tr.  3, 
lick. 
I  lamentabilis,      -e,      [lamenta  + 
bilis],   adj.,   lamentable,   distress- 
ing. 
lamina,  -ae,  [?],  i., plate  (of  metal), 

metal. 
Lampetie,  -es,  [Gr.  Aayuirerf^],  f., 

one  of  the  Heliades. 
lana,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  wool.  —  Also  pi. 
lancea,    -ae,    [prob.     borr.     from 

^^yxrf],  f.,  lance. 
langueo,   -ere,  langui,   no    sup., 
[?,  prob.  from  adj.  stem,  cf.  Ian- 


84 


Vocabulary. 


guidus],  V.  intr.  2ffailf  languish, 
die  out, 

languesco,  -ere,  langui,  no  sup., 
[langue-  (stem  of  laugueo)  + 
SCO],  V.  intr.  3,  languish^  die  out, 
die. 

languor,  -oris,  [langu-  (as  if  root 
of  laugueo)  +  or],  m.,  languor, 
weakness, 

lanifieus,  -a,  -um,  [lana-ficus], 
^.d].,  wool-making,  textile  :  ars  {of 
spinning  or  weaving), 

laulger,  -era,  -erum,  [lana-ger 
(for  -gerus)],  adj.,  wool-bearing, 
fleecy.  —  As  novcix, fleecy  sheep. 

lauid,  -are,  -avi,  -atuni,  [lania 
+  o],  V.  tr.  I,  tear,  rend,  mangle, 
lacerate. 

lanugo,  -inis,  [?,  flanu-  (akin  to 
lana)  +  go],  f.,  down. 

Xiaomedon,  -ontos,  [Gr.  Kaoyii- 
S&ji/],  m.,  king  of  Troy,  son  of 
Ilus,  father  of  Priam. 

lapidosus,  -a,  -um,  [lapid+  osus], 
adj.,  stony. 

lapillus,  -i,  [lapid  -f  lus],  m.,  little 
stone,  pebble, 

lapis,  -Idis,  [?],  m.,  stone^ 

lapsus,  -Os,  [lab-  (as  root)  +  tus], 
m.,  slip,  swoop,  shoot,  descent  (by 
gliding),  course  (of  a  river). 

laqueus,  -i,  [?,  akin  to  lacio,  perh. 
orig,  of  a  pit,  cf.  lacus],  m.,  snare, 
noose. 

liHr,  Ijaris,  [?,  orig.  las],  m.,  a 
household  god^  a  tutelary  divinity^ 
—  Usually  in  the  pL,  the  special 
protectors  of  the  household,  spirits 
of  deceased  ancestors,  or  some 
deified  persons.  —  Less  exactly, 
hearth,  home,  house,  habitation. 

largus, -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  bounte- 
ous, generous,  bountiful, 

lascivio,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  [la- 
scivo-   (as    if  lascivi-)  -F  o],  v. 


intr.  4,  be  frolic  so  fne,  be  wanton, 
wanton,  sport. 

lascivus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  unc.  stem 
-fvus  (cf.  noeivus)],  adj.,  wan- 
ion,  frolicsome,  sportive,  playful. 

lasso,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [lasso- 
(as  if  lassa)  -f  o],  v.  tr.  i,  tire, 
fatigue,  weary.  —  p.p.,  tired, 
weary. 

lassus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  perh.  akin  to 
lascivus, '  tired  with  play  '],  adj., 
weary,  fatigued,  exhausted. 

late,  [old  abl.  of  latus],  adv., 
widely,  far  and  wide,  widely 
abroad. 

latebra,  -ae,  [late-  (weakened)  -f 
bra],  f.,  lurking-place,  hiding- 
place,  den,  haunt,  —  Fig.,  riddle 
(as  means  of  concealing  meaning). 

lateo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [prob. 
from  adj.  stem?],  v,  intr.  2,  be  hid, 
lie  hid,  skulk,  lurk,  hide,  lie  buried 
(fig,).  — pres.  p.,  hidden,  secret. 

latex,  -icis,  [?],  m.,  water,  fluid, 
—  Often  in  pi. 

Ijatinus,  -a,  -um,  [Latio-  (or  sim- 
pler stem)  -f  inus],  adj.,  Latin,  of 
Rome. 

latito,  -are,  -avi,  no  sup.,  [flatito- 
(or kindred  stem)  -f-  o  (cf. lateo)], 
V.  intr.  I,  hide.^  lurk. 

Ijatius,  -a,  -um,  [flatu-  (or  -o) 
(akin  to  TrAarus-,)  -f  ius],  adj.,  of 
Latium,  Latin,  Roman. 

IJatois,  -idis,  [Gr.  iVr^TOJiy],  f., 
daughter  of  Latona  {Leto),  Diana. 

Latona,  -ae,  (Gr.  Aryrco  4-  na  (cf. 
Diana,  Neptunus)],  f.,  the 
mother   of  Apollo   and    Diana. 

Latonius,  -a,  -um,  [fLatona  (re- 
duced) -f  ius],  adj.,  of  Latona. — 
As  subst.  f.,  daughter  of  Latona 
{Diana). 

Ijatous,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  A'nT(pos'\, 
adj.,  of  Latona. 


Vocabulary. 


85 


IStratuSy  -us,   [latra  +  tus],  m., 

barkings  baying^  bark. 
latro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?,  prob. 

from  noun  stem],  v.  intr.  i,  bark. 

—  pres.  p.,   latrans    (as  noun), 

barking  dog. 
latiirus,  see  fero. 
latus,  -a,  -um,  [  ?,  prob.  for  fpla- 

tus],  adj.,  broad f  wide :  in  latum 

{in  width). 
latus,  -eris,   [?],  n.,  side,  flank : 

omne  latus,  every  side  (fig.)* 
laudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [flaud 

-f  o],  V.   tr.    I,  praise,  comjuend, 

approve,  speak  well  of,  extol. 
laurea,    -ae,    [lauro  -f  ea    (f.    of 

-eus)],  f.,  laurel. 
laureus,   -a,    -um,    [flauro-    (re- 
duced) +  eus],  adj.,  of  laurel. 
laurus,  -1,  [?],  f.,  laurel. 
laus,  laudis,  [?,  prob.  for  fclaus], 

f.,    glory.  —  PL,    creditable    acts; 

also  same  sense  as  sing. 
Lavinium,  -i,  [fLavino-  (reduced) 

-fius],  n.,  the   town   in   Latium 

built  by  yEneas  and  named  after 

his  wife,  Lavinia. 
lavo,   -are    (-ere),    -avi    (lavi), 

-atum  (lautum,  lotum),  [akin 

to  luo,  through  noun  stem],  v.  tr. 

I  and  3,  wash,  bathe. 
lea,  -ae,  [f.  of  leo,  through  earlier 

form],  f.,  lioness. 
leaena,  -ae,  [Gr.  \eai»'a],  f.,  lioness. 
lieandros,  -i,    [Gr.  Aeai/Spos],  m., 

Leander  (a  youth  who  swam  the 

Hellespont  from  Abydos  to  Sestos 

to  visit  his  mistress,  Hero) . 
!Learclius,  -i,  [Gr.  Aeapx^s]?  m.,  a 

son  of  Athamas  and  Ino. 
Ijeblnthos,  -i,  [Gr.  ^i^lvQos\  f.,  a 

little  island  off  the  southwest  coast 

of  Asia  Minor. 
lector,  -oris,  [-y/leg  -\-  tor],  m.,  a 

reader. 


lectus,  -i,  [?,  VLKG-l- tus],  m., 
bed,  bier,  couch. 

Iieda,  -ae,  [Gr.  A7)5a],  f.,  wife  of 
Tyndareus,  king  of  Sparta,  mother 
of  Helen,  Castor,  and  Pollux. 

lego,  -ere,  legi,  lectum,  [yLEc], 
V.  tr,  3,  pick  out,  choose,  pick, 
gather.  —  Hence,  read,  thread  (a 
path,  etc.) ,  coast  (along  a  shore) . 

Lelex,  -egis,  [Gr.  AeAe|],  m.,  a 
sharer  in  the  Calydonian  hunt, 
from  Naryx  in  Locris. 

lena,  -ae,  [?],  i.,  procuress. 

Lenaeus,  -1,  [Gr.  h.r\va'ios\  m.  adj., 
{of  the  winepress),  an  epithet  of  ' 
Bacchus.  — •  Pater,  Bacchus. 

leniS,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  [leni-1-  o], 
V.  tr.  4,  soften,  appease. 

lenis,  -is,  [?],  adj.,  gentle,  soft, 
kindly. 

leniter,  [leni+ter],  adv.,  gently. 
—  Comp.,  lenius,  less  violently, 
less  fiercely. 

lente,  [old  abl.  of  lentus],  adv., 
slowly. 

lentiscifer,  -era,  -erum,  [lentisco- 
fer],  adj.,  mastic-bearing. 

lentus,  -a,  -um,  [len  (as  root  of 
lenis)  -t-  tus],  adj.,  pliable,  wind- 
ing, sinuous.  —  Hence  (on  the 
one  hand),  tough;  (on  the  other), 
sluggish,  lingering,  slow,  dormant. 

leo,  -onis,  [  ?,  simple  stem  (cf.  lea) 
-fo],  m.,  lion.  —  So,  the  Lion 
(constellation). 

lepus,  leporis,  [?],  m.,  hare. 

IJerna,  -ae,  [Gr.  Kipvr\\,  f.,  a  lake 
and  marsh  near  Argos,  where  Her- 
cules slew  the  famous  hydra. 

Lernaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Ae/jwros]. 
adj.,  of  Lerna,  Lerncean. 

Iiesbius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  AeViStos], 
adj.,  of  Lesbos,  Lesbian :  Lesbia 
vates,  Sappho  (a  famous  Lesbian 


86 


Vocabulary. 


Ijesbos,  -i,  [Gr.  AeV^os],  f.,  an 
island  in  the  yEgean,  famous  for 
its  wine  and  as  the  birthplace  of 
the  poetess  Sappho  and  the  poet 
Alcseus. 

Lethaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  K-nBadosI, 
adj.,  of  Lethe ^  Lethaan.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, causing fo7'getfulness :  sucus. 

Lethe,  -es,  [Gr.  A-^Or}'],  f.,  a  river 
of  the  lower  world,  whose  waters 
caused  those  who  drank  of  them 
to  forget  the  past.  It  also  flowed 
past  the  dwelling  of  Sleep. 

letifer, -era,  -erum,  [leto-i- ferj, 
adj.,  deadly. 

leto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [leto-  (as 
if  leta)  +  o],  V.  tr.  i,  kill^  murder. 

letum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  death. 

Leucippus,  -i,  [Gr.  Aeu/ctirTros],  m., 
brother  of  the  Messenian  king 
Aphareus,  and  a  sharer  in  the 
Calydonian  hunt. 

lieucon,  -onis,  [Gr.  Acvkicoi/],  m., 
one  of  Actseon's  dogs. 

Leucosia,  -ae,  [Gr.  Aeuwwo-fa],  f., 
an  island  off  the  coast  of  Lucania, 
near  Psestum. 

licucotliee,  -es,  [Gr.  AeywoOea],  f., 
a  sea-goddess  into  whom  Ino, 
daughter  of  Cadmus,  was  changed. 

levis,  -e,  [?,  for  flegvis],  adj.,  light 
(not  heavy),  slight,  thin,  unsub- 
stantial, light  (swift),  airy,  blood- 
less (shades),  y?r^/i?. 

levis,  -e,  [?,  cf.  Aeros],  adj.,  smooth, 

levitas,  -atis,  [levi-tas],  f.,  light- 
ness. 

levo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [levi-  (as 
if  leva)  +  o],  v.  tr.  i,  lighten, 
raise,  lift,  —  Fig.,  lighten  (curam), 
relieve,  assist.  —  Also,  strip. 

lex,  legls,  [y^LEG,  in  lego,  but 
conn,  unc],  f.,  law  (statute), 
order,  control,  condition,  terms  (of 
a  bargain). 


libatus,  -as,  [liba  -{-  tus],.  m.,  liba- 
tion. 
libellus,  -i,  [liber  +  Ins],  m.,  little 

book,  book,  work. 

liber,  -era,  -erum,  [strong  form  of 
y'LiB  (in  libet)  -|-  rus  (with  unc. 
e)],  2.di].,free,  permitted,  untram- 
juelled,  unconstrained. 

Liber,  -eri,  [?],  m.,  an  Italian 
'  divinity  identified  with  Bacchus, 
Bacchus.  —  Prob.  same  word  as 
preceding. 

liber,  -bri,  [?],  m.,  bark.  —  Hence, 
book  (orig.  of  bark). 

libero,  are,  -avi,  -atum,  [libero- 
(as  if  libera)  -f  o],  v.  tr.  i,  free, 
set  free,  clear  (arboribus). 

libertas,  -atis,  [flibero  (reduced) 
-f  tas],  f.,  liberty,  freedom,  permis- 
sion, 

libet  (lubet),  -ere,  libuit  (libi- 
tum est),  [prob.  flubo-  (V^UB 
-fus)  H-  eo],  V.  intr.  imp.  2,  it 
pleases,  one  would  like.  —  pres.  p., 
libens,  ^/^(f//,  with  joy. 

libido,  -inis,  [?,  unc.  stem  from 
^LUB  (in  libet)  +  do],  f.,  desire, 
passion,  lust,  fancy,  inclination. 

libo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?,  cf. 
libum],  V.  tr.  i,  pour  (as  liba- 
tion), dip  up  (as  sample  for 
libation),  take  off  (a  little  from  a 
mass). —  Hence,  skim  (arenam). 

libro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [libra 
+  o],  V.  tr.  I,  (weigh'), poise,  swing, 
brandish  :  cursum,  wing  its  flight 
(of  a  bird) . 

libum,  -i,  [akin  to  libo],  n.,  cake 
(used  in  sacrifice). 

Libycus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Ai&vk6s'], 
adj.,  of  Libya,  Libyan.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, African. 

Libye  (a),  -es  (ae),  [Gr.  Ai&vrf], 
f.,  Libya.  —  Less  exactly,  Africa. 

licentia,  -ae,  [licent-  (pres.  p.  of 


Vocabulary. 


^7 


licet)  +  ia],  f.,  liberty^  license, 
lawlessness. 

licet,  -ere,  licuit  (licitiim  est), 
[?],  V.  intr.  imp.  2,  it  is  per- 
mitted, be  lataful,  be  allowed,  one 
may. 

Ijichas,  -ae,  [Gr.  A(xay],  m.,  a  ser- 
vant of  Hercules. 

lignum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  log,  wood. — 
Hence,  ship. 

ligo,  -onis,  [?],  m.,  hoe,  mdttock, 

ligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?],  v.  tr. 
I,  bind,  unite,  bind  fast. 

Ijigures,  -um,  [?],  m.  pi.,  M^  Ligu- 
rians  (a  people  of  Cisalpine  Gaul, 
about  modern  Genoa  and  the 
neighborhood). 

ligustrum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  privet  (a 
shrub) . 

liliuin,  -i,  [Gr.  X^i^iov\  n.,  lily. 

Ijilybaeum,  -i,  [Gr.  IS.iKv^oliov\,  n., 
a  promontory  on  the  southern 
coast  of  Sicily. 

limbus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  fringe,  border. 

limen,  -inis,  [?,  perh.  akin  to 
limus  as  crosspiece'],  n.,  thresh- 
old.  —  Less  exactly,  door. 

limes,  -itis,  [?,  akin  to  limus],  m., 
boundary  (orig.  side  boundaries 
between  farms  running  back  from 
road),  path  (because  a  road  was 
left  on  the  line),  track  (of  a 
comet). 

llmosus,  -a,  -um,  [limo  (reduced) 
4-  sus],  adj.,  muddy,  of  the  mud^ 
of  the  shore. 

limus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  mud. 

lingua,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  tongue. 

linquo,  -ere,  liqui,  lictum, 
[■y/LTQu],  v.  tr.  3,  leave,  go  away 
from.,  fail  (one) . 

^internum  (L/it),  -i,  [?],  n.,  a 
town  of  Campania. 

linteum,  -i,  [lino-  (t  unc.)  +  eus], 
n.,  {linen),  sail. 


linum,  -i,  [Gr.  }Civov\  n.,  flax. — 
Hence,  net,  flaxen  toils  (in  pi.). 

liquefacio,  -ere,  -feci,  -factum, 
[lique-  (case-form  akin  to  liqueo) 
+  facio],  V.  tr.  3,  liquefy,  melt. 

liqueo,  -ere,  licui,  no  sup.,  [prob. 
liquo-f- eo],  v.  intr.  2,  be  liquid, 
be  clear,  flow  clear.  —  Fig.,  liquit, 
it  is  clear.  —  pres.  p.,  liquens, 
liquid,  flowing. 

liquesco,  -ere,  licui,  no  sup., 
[lique-  (stem  of  liqueo)  +  sco], 
V.  intr.  3,  become  fluid,  liquefy, 

liquidus,  -a,  -um,  [fliquo-  (cf. 
liqueo)  -\-  dus],  adj.,  liquid, fluid, 
watery,  flowing,  clear,  limpid. 

liquor,  -1,  no  perf.,  [y'LiQU,  not  the 
same  as  linquo],  v.  dep.  3,  dis- 
solve, liquefy. 

liquor,  -oris,  [^/liqu  (in  liquor) 
H-  or],  m.,  water.  —  Also  pi. 

lis,  litis,  [for  stlis],  f.,  strife,  con- 
test. 

lito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?],  v. 
intr.  r,  sacrifice  favorably,  succeed 
(in  securing  favorable  omens). 

litoreus,  see  littoreus. 

littera,  -ae,  [akin  to  lino],  f.,  let- 
ter. —  PI. ,  inscription,  epistle. 

littoreus,  -a,  -um,  [litter -f- eus], 
adj.,  of  the  shore. 

littus  (litus),  -oris,  [?],  n.,  shore, 
seashore,  shore  (country,  loosely  as 
in  Eng.). 

litus,  see  littus. 

liveo,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  [?, 
akin  to  lividus  and  livor],  v. 
intr.  2,  be  dark,  be  black.  —  pres. 
p.,  livens,  dark,  livid,  sallow. 

livor,  -oris,  [unc.  root  (in  liveo) 
-f  or],  m.,  blackness,  turning  dark. 
—  Hence,  envy.  —  Personified, 
Envy. 

loco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum.,  [loco-  (as 
if  loca)  -1-  o],  V.  tr.  i, place,  set  up. 


Vocahdary. 


locus,  -i,  [for  stlocus,  akin  to  sto], 

m.  (n.  in  pi.) ,  place,  spot^  position. 

—  pi.,  the  ground,  region,  spots  of 

ground, 
lolium,  -1,  [?J,  n.,  darnel  (a  weed). 
longaevvis,     -a,     -um,     [longo- 

aevum,     infl.     as      adj.],     adj., 

aged, 
loiige,  [old  abl.  of  longus],  adv., 
far,     afar.  —  Comp.,     longius, 

{any)  farther. 
longus,  -a,  -iini,    [?],    adj.,   long, 

long  continued,  far .  —  Also  (where 

Eng.  takes  different  view),  great, 

wide,  deep. 
loquax,  -acis,  [loqu-  (as  root  of 

loQuor)  +  ax],   adj.,    loquacious, 

talkative, 
loquor,  -i,  locutus,  [?],  v.  dep.  3, 

speak,  say  (plura). 
lorica,    -ae,    [loro  +  ica    (f.    of 

-icus)],  f.,  mail  (orig.  of  leather), 

coat  of  mail,  breastplate,  armor. 
lorura,  -i,   [?],   n.,   leather  thong, 

strap,  rein. 
lotos,  -i,  [Gr.  AwT(Jy],  f.,  water  lily, 

lotus. 
Ifibricus,  -a,  -iini,  [?],  adj.,  slip- 
pery. 
luceo,  -ere,  IHxT,  no  sup.,  [fluco- 

(cf.  noctiluca)  +  eo],  v.  intr.  2, 

shine,  gleam,  glare. 
Incidus,  -a,  -um,    [fluco  +  dus], 

adj.,  bright,  shining,  transparent. 
liucifer,  -era,  -erum,  [flue-  (as  if 

luei)  +  fer    (v^fer  +  us)],  adj., 

light-bringing.  —  Masc.  as   subst., 

the  morning  star. 
liUcretius,    -i,    m.,    T.    Lucretius 

Carus,  a  famous  poet   on   philos- 
ophy (about  98-55  B.C.). 
Iiieriim,  -i,  [?],  n.,  gain :  in  lucre 

{so  much  gained). 
luetor, -ari, -atus,  [?],  v.  dep.  r, 

struggle^  wrestle,  strive. 


luetus,  -OS,  [Vlug  (in  lugeo)  -f 

tus],     m.,    grief  —  Personified, 

Grief 
IHciis,  -i,  [akin  to  luceo  (orig.  open 

grove)'] f    ni-j    grove,     clump     (of 

reeds). 
15d§,  -ere,   lusi,   Insum,    [?],  v. 

intr.  3,  sport,  play.  —  Also,  deceive 

(with  ace). 
ladiis,  -i,  [lud-  (as  root  of  ludo) 

+  us],  m,,  sport,  play. 
lues,  -is,  [?,  akin  to  luo],  i.,pesii- 


Ingeo,  -ere,  Ifixi,  luctuin,  [?],  v. 

tr.  2,  mourn  for,  mourn. 

lugubrls,  -e,  [stem  akin  to  lugeo 
4-  bris],  adj.,  mournful,  sorrotv- 
ful,  mourning,  —  n.  pi.  as  noun, 
mourning. 

lurnen,  -inis,  [y'LUC  +  men],  n., 
light.  —  Hence,  eye,  eyesight.  — 
Also  pi. :  capere  {take  fire,  become 
ablaze) . 

lana,  -ae,  [y'LUC+na],  f.,  the 
moon.  —  Personified,  Diana,  god- 
dess of  the  moon. 

lunaris,  -e,  [luna-f  ris],  adj.,  of 
the  moon, 

luo,  -ere,  lui,  luitum,  [V^u, 
tvash  ?~\,  v.  tr.  3,  atone,  pay  (poe- 
nas). 

lupus,  -1,  [?],  m.,  wolf. 

lOridus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  dark, 
lurid. 

lasor,  -oris,  [lud-  (as  root  of  ludo) 
+  tor],  m.,  player :  amorum 
{sportive  writer). 

lustro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [lustro- 
(akin  to  luo)  -f  o],  v.  tr.  \, purify 
(by  sprinkling),  lustrate.  —  Hence, 
go  about,  pass  over,  frequent,  rove 
through  (woods). 

lustrum,  -1,  [V^u  (in  luo)  -1- 
trum,  with  unc.  s  (cf.  mon- 
strum)],      n.,     purification,  — • 


Vocabulary. 


89 


Hence,  a   lustre   (five   years,  the 

interval  of  purification) . 
lustrum, -1,  [?,  perh.  same  as  last, 

as  *  wallow  '  of  wild  boar],  n.,  den^ 

haunt   (of   wild    animals),  glade 

(home  of  wild  animals) . 
lusus,  -OS,  [lud-  (as  root  of  ludo) 

4-tus],  m.,  playy   sport   (esp.   of 

poetry). 
lux,    lucis,    [Vluc,   as   stem],   f., 

lights  daylight^  su7ilight  {the  sun). 

—  Hence,  life^  day. 

luxurio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [luxu- 
ria  +  o],  V.  intr.  (also  dep.)  i, 
grow  fat,  grow  fresh ,  grow  rank, 
^ wax faf  (fig.)* 

luxuriosus,  -a,  -um,  [luxuria  + 
osus],  adj.,  luxurious,  luxuriant. 

Lyaeus,  -i,  [Gr.  Auaros],  m.,  a  name 
of  Bacchus. 

Lyaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  AuaTos],  adj., 
of  Bacchus. 

lij^caeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Au/caTos], 
adj.,  Lyccean,  of  Mt.  LyccEus  (in 
Arcadia,  a  favorite  resort  of  Pan). 

—  Masc,  LyccEus  (the  mountain). 
Ijycaon,  -onis,  [Gr.  hvKo.'jiv\  m.,  a 

king  of  Arcadia,  who  was  changed 

for  his  inhuman   conduct   into   a 

wolf. 
Uycaonius,  -a,   -ura,    [Lycaon  + 

ius],  adj.,  of  Lycaon. 
Ijycisce,  -es,  [Gr.  Au/ciV/ctj],  f.,  one 

of  Actseon's  hounds. 
Ijycius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Au/ctos],  adj., 

Lycian,  of  Lycia,   a  province   of 

Asia  Minor. 
Lycoris,  -idis,  [Gr.  AuKiwpis],  f.,  a 

girl  loved  by  Cornelius  Gallus. 
Ijycormas,  -ae,  [Gr.  AvKSpixas"],  m., 

a  river  in  iEtolia,  afterwards  called 

Evenus. 
Iiydus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  hvUs'],  adj.,  of 

Lydia  (a  province  of  Asia  Minor), 

Lydian.  —  PL,  the  Lydians, 


lymiplia,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  water.  —  So, 
spring,  stream,  pool. 

lymphatus,  -a,  -um,  [lympha  4- 
tus,  of  unc.  connexion],  adj., 
frenzied. 

Ijynceus,  -ei,  [Gr.  A.vyK^vs'],  m., 
a  son  of  the  Messenian  king, 
Aphareus,  and  a  sharer  in  the 
Calydonian  hunt. 

Lyncides,  -ae,  [Gr.  patronymic], 
m.,  Perseus  as  a  descendant  of 
Lynceus,  the  father  of  Atlas. 

Ijyncus,  -i,  [Gr.  AvyKos],  m.,  a  king 
of  Scythia,  changed  by  Ceres  into 
a  lynx. 

lynx,  lyncis,  [Gr.  \vyl\,  f.,  lynx. 

lyra,  -ac,  [Gr.  Kvpd],  f.,  lyre. 

Lj^rcaeus  (-ceius,  or  -ceus),  -a, 
-um,  [Gr.  Kx)pK€LQs'\,  adj.,  of  or 
near  Mt.  Lyrceum^  between  Ar- 
cadia and  Ai^gohs. 

Ijyrnesius  (-essius),-a, -um,  [Gr. 
h.vpvi[\(nos'\,  adj.,  Lyrnesian,  of 
Lyrnesus  (a  town  of  the  Troad) . 


Macer,  -eri,  m.,  ^milius  Macer 
(poet  and  friend  of  Ovid  and 
Virgil). 

maeies,  -ei,  [mac-  (root  of  macer) 
H-  ies],  f.,  leanness,  emaciation. 

macto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [macto- 
(as  if  macta-)  -f  oj,  v.  tr.  i,  sacri- 
fice, slay. 

m.acula,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  spot. 

maculo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[macula  +  oJ,  v.  tr.  i,  spot^  stain. 

maculosus,  -a,  -um,  [macula  -|- 
osus],  adj.,  spotted,  dappled. 

madefacio,  -ere,  -feci,  -factum, 
[made-  (case-form  akin  to 
madeo)  H-facio],  v.  tr.  3,  wet, 
moisten,  —  p.p.,  drippings  soaked. 


90 


Vocabulary. 


madlf  io,  -fieri,  -factus,  [pass,  of 
preceding],  be  wet. 

madeo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [prob. 
fmado  +  eo],  v.  intr.  2,  be  zvet, 
reek. 

niadesco,  -ere,  maduT,  no  sup., 
[made-  (stem  of  madeo)  +  sco], 
V.  intr.  3,  become  wet,  be  soaked,  be 
moistened. 

madidus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  fmado- 
(cf.  madeo)  +  dus],  adj.,  wet, 
dripping,  7noist,  moistened. 

Maeaudros,  -i,  [Gr.  Matat-S/^os], 
m.,  the  Mceander,  a  river  in  West- 
ern Asia  Minor,  proverbial  for  its 
windings. 

Maenades,  -urn,  [Gr.  Mati/aSes],  f., 
a  name  given  to  the  v^omen  who 
took  part  in  the  Bacchic  orgies. 

Maenalius,  -a,  -umi,  [Gr.  Maij/a- 
Aios-],  adj.,  of  Mcenalus,  Arcadian. 

Maenalus,  -i,  (also  Maenala, 
-orum),  [Gr.  MaiVaAos],  m.  (and 
n.  pi.),  a  mountain  in  Arcadia. 

Maeonides,  -ae,  [Gr.  yiaiovilt]s\, 
m.,  son  of  McBon,  or  from  Mao- 
nia  (the  old  name  of  Lydia  in 
Asia  Minor).  —  Esp.,  Homer, 
whose  home  was  said  to  have 
been  in  Lydia. 

Maeonis,  -idis,  [Gr.  Maio^is],  f. 
adj.,  Mceoniaii,  Lydian. 

Maeonius,  -a,  -mm,  [Gr.  Mai6vio{\, 
adj.,  Mceonian,  Lydian. 

maereo, -ere, -ui,  maestns,  [?,  cf. 
TOiiser,  orig.  form,  fmaeseo],  v. 
intr.  2, grieve,  be  sor7y.—prGs.  p., 
sorrowful,  in  sorrow.  —  p.p., 
maestns,  sad,  sorrotvful,  mourn- 
ful, gloomy. 

magicus,  -a,  -um,  [mago  +  cus] , 
adj.,  magic :  lingua  {magic  spell). 

magis,  [mag-  (in  magnus)  +  ins 
(n.  of  comp.  ending)],  adv., 
more. 


magister,   -tri,    [fmagius  4^  ter], 

m.,  master,  instructor, 
magistra,  -ae,   [f.  of  magister], 

f.,  mistress,  teacher. 
magnanimus,  -a,  -um,   [magno- 

animus],    adj.,  great-souled,    val- 
iant. —  As    noun,    the    hero,    the 
valiant  hero. 
magniloquiis,  -a,  -um,  [magno- 

floquus],      adj.,     grandiloquent, 


magnus, -a, -um,  [y'MAG+nus], 
2Ldj.,  great,  mighty. — n.  pi.,  great 
destiny  {fortunes,  etc.)  :  stat 
magno  {dear) ;  magnum  funda- 
men  {strong). — Comp.,  major, 
greater,  too  great,  elder.  — As  noun 
in  pi.,  elders.  —  Sup.,  maximus, 
greatest,  very  great:  maxima 
pars  {greater part), 

miagus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  magician. 

majestas,  -tatis,  [majes  (as  stem 
of  major)  +  tas],  f.,  majesty,  dig- 
nity. 

major,  see  magnus. 

mala,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  cheek. 

male,  [old  abl.  of  malus],  adv., 
ill,  badly,  not  much,  not  enough  : 
male  sanus  {insane,  out  of  his 
mind).  —  See  also  pejus  and 
pessime. 

malignus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  male- 
genus],  {ill  born),  adj.,  unkindly, 
spiteful. 

malo,  malle,  malui,  [magis- 
volo],  V.  tr.  irr.,  wish  rather,  pre- 
fer, wish  {rather  than  as  it  is,  im- 
plied). 

uialum,  -i,  [Gr.  ixrfXov'],  n.,  apple 
(fruit,  tree,  or  wood). 

malus,  -i,  [same  word  as  preced- 
ing], m.,  mast. 

malus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  bad,  evil, 
ill-starred,  accursed.  —  n.  sing, 
and   pi.    as   noun,  evil,  evils,   ill. 


Vocabulary. 


91 


ctirse^    scourge,    mi'^fortuite^   bane, 
poison. 
mando,  -are,  -avi,  atum,  [manu- 
do  (prob.  through  adj.  stem)],  v. 
tr.    I,    commit^    entrust,    deliver, 
leave  to,  —  p.p.  n.  as  noun,  covi- 
mand,  order,  instructions. 
mane,  [loc.  of  stem  akin  to  matu- 
tinus],    adv.,    in    the    7nor7ting : 
mane  erat  (it  tvas  mornijig). 
maneo,   -ere,  niansi,   mansum, 
[?],  V.  tr.  2,  aivait.  —  Also  (intr.), 
remain.,  be  left,  stay,  continue. 
manes,   -ium,    [fmanis  (J good'), 
cf.  immanis],   m.   pi.,  departed 
spirits,  the  world  below. 
manifestus,     -a,     -um,     [manu- 
festus    (p.p.   of   fendo)],    adj., 
caught  in  the  act,  proved  by  direct 
(not    circumstantial)    evidence.  — 
Yl^nce,  plainly  seen,  obvious,  con- 
spicuous, plain,  clear. 
mano,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?],  v. 
intr.    I,  flow,    drop    (with    cogn. 
ace),  shed. 
mantele,   -is,    [akin    to    manus, 
through  verb  stem  in  e-f-lis],  n., 
napkin,  towel. 
Mantua,  -ae,    [?],   f.,  a  town  of 
Gallia  Transpadana,  on  the  Min- 
cius,  near  which  (at  Andes)  Virgil 
was  born. 
manus,  -us,   [?],   f.,  hand,  touch, 
stroke  (of  the  hand) :  dare  manus 
(surrender, give  in). 
marceS,  -ere,   marcui,   no   sup., 
[  1,  prob.  adj.  stem  (cf.  marcidus) 
-f  eo],  V.  intr.  2,  be  weak,  languish. 
—  pres.  p.,  marcens,y^<?/5/^. 
marcidus,  -a,  -um,  [prob  fmarco- 
(cf.  marceo)  -f-  dus],  adj.,  droop- 
ing, languid. 
mare,  -is,  [?],  n.,  the  sea. 
margo,  -inis,  [?],  in.,  brink,  edge., 
shore, 


marinus,  -a,  -um,  [mari-}- nus], 

adj.,  of  the  sea:  aquae  {sea-). 
maritus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  husband. 
marmor,  -oris,    [?],  n.,  marble; 

esp.  as  gravestone.  —  Also  pi. 
marmoreus,  -a,  -um,  [marmor -f- 
eus],  adj.,  of  marble,  marble-. — 
Also,  poetically,  of  ice,  like  marble. 
Mars,  -tis,  [prob.  contracted  from 
Mavors],  m.,  the  Latin  god   of 
war.     He  was  the  son  of  Jupiter 
and  Juno,  and  father  of  Romulus 
and    Remus;    hence    Rome  was 
sacred  to  him. —  Fig.,  war,  battle^ 
conflict:  suo   marte    (one's  own 
weapons,  war  with  each  other). 
Martius,  -a,  -um,  [fMart  -f  ius], 
adj.,  of  Mars,  of  war,  martial,  war- 
like:  anguis  (^sacred  to  Mars)\ 
miles,     (descended   from     Mars, 
Roman). 
mas,  maris,  [?],  adj.,  male. 
massa,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  mass  (properly 
of    dough    *  kneaded  ').  —  Hence 
any  mass  (of  metal),  r w^a^ (lactis) . 
mater,  -tris,  [unc.  root  -f  ter  (cf. 
pater)],  f.,  mother,  matron,  dam 
(of  animals). 
materia,  -ae,  [mater-  (as  stem  of 
mater)  4-  ia],  i.,  material,  means. 
maternus,  -a,  -um,    [mater-  (as 
stem  of  mater)  -1-  nus],  adj.,  of  a 
mother,  maternal,  motherly. 
matrona,  -ae,  [fmatro-  (mater + 
o,  verb  in  oo)-l-na],  f.,  matron, 
wife. 
maturesco,  -ere,  maturui,  [fma- 
ture-   (as  stem   of  tn^a-tureo)  ^ 
sco],  V.  intr.  3,  mature,  ripen. 
maturus,  -a,  -um,  [fmatu-  (ma- 
in mane  -f-  tus)  +  rus] ,  adj.,  early. 
—  By  unc.  conn.,  mature, 
matiitinus,  -a,   -um,   [matuta  -|- 
inus],  adj.,  of  the  morning,  in  the 
morning. 


92 


Vocabulary, 


Mavors,  -ortis,  [?,  cf.  Mars],  m., 

Mars.  • —  Also,  war^  conflict^  deeds 
of  arms, 

Mavortius,  -a,  -um,  [fMavort  + 
ius],  adj.,  of  Mars,  ifiartial^  of 
tvar,  warlike,  son  of  Mars,  sacred 
to  Mars, 

maximiis,  -a,  -iim,  [sup.  of  mag- 
nus  (mag  4-  -timus)],  ^di]., great- 
est, eldest,  the  great,  the  mighty, 
immense. 

Medea,  -ae,  [Gr.  M-^Sem],  f.,  the 
daughter  of  King  ^Eetes  of  Col- 
chis, a  famous  sorceress  who  as- 
sisted Jason  and  accompanied  him 
home  to  Greece. 

medeor,  -eri,  no  perf.,  [adj.  stem 
(cf.  medicus)  +  eo],  v.  dep.  2, 
attend  (as  physician),  heal. — 
pres.  p.,  \w^^^w^,  physician. 

inedicamen,  -inis,  [medica  ~f- 
men],  n.,  drug,  antidote,  oint- 
ment, magic  treatment. 

medicina,  -ae,  [medico-  (as  if 
medici-)4-na  (f.  of  -nils)],  f. 
(prop,  adj.,  sc.  ars),  the  healing 
art,  medicine,  remedy  (used  of  a 
person,  as  healer). 

medius,  -a,  -um,  [?,  cf.  mid^,  adj., 
middle,  the  middle  of  (in   agree- 

*  ment),  half,  halfway,  between  : 
medius  loco  {placed  in  the  mid- 
dle); medio  {iit  the  middle). 

Medon,  -ontis,  [Gr.  MeSw»/],  m., 
one  of  the  suitors  of  Penelope. 

medulla,  -ae,  f  ?,  akin  to  medius], 
f.,  marrow,  pith. 

Medusa,  -ae,  [Gr.  MeSowcra],  f.,  the 
chief  of  the  three  Gorgon  sisters. 
She  was  killed  by  Perseus,  Who- 
ever looked  at  her  was  turned  to 
stone. 

Medusaeus,  -a,  -um,  [e^s  if  MeSou- 
gqXqs\,  adj.,  of  Medusa. 

Megareius,  -a,  -um,   [Gr.    Me7a- 


pTjios],  adj.,  of  Megareus,  son  of 
Megareus. 

Megareus,  -ei,  [Gr.  Me7apfus],  m., 
the  son  of  Onchestus,  and  father 
of  Hippomenes. 

mel,  mellis,  [Gr.  \xiKi\,  n.,  honey 
(also  pL). 

Melampus,  -odis,  [Gr.  MeXdfxwovs, 
Blackfoot\,  m.,  one  of  Actaeon's 
dogs. 

Melanchaetes,  -ae,  [Gr.  M6Aa7x«^- 
rr\s\,  m.,  one  of  Actaeon's  dogs. 

Melancus,  -ei,  [Gr.  MeAai'eiJs],  m., 
one  of  Actaeon's  dogs. 

Melanthius,  -i,  [Gr.  MeAai/^tos], 
m.,  a  goatherd  of  Ulysses. 

Melas,  -anos,  [Gr.  MeAas],  m.,  a 
river  in  Thrace,  north  of  the  Thra- 
cian  Chersonesus. 

Meleagros,  -gri,  [Gr.  MeAeaypos], 
m.,  son  of  OEneus  and  Althaea,  the 
hero  of  the  Calydonian  hunt. 

Melieerta  (-tes),  -ae,  [Gr.  MeAi- 
Klprt]s'\,  m.,  son  of  Athamas  and 
Ino,  changed  into  the  sea-divinity 
Palsemon. 

melior,  -oris,  see  op  timus. 

membrana,  -ae,  [membro-  (re- 
duced) +  ana],  f.  (prop,  adj.), 
skin. 

membrum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  part  of  the 
body,  member,  limb.  —  Less  ex- 
actly, part,  member, 

memini,  -isse,  [perf.  of  fmeno, 
V^MEN,  redup.],  v.  tr.  defect.,  re- 
member. 

Memnon,  -onis,  [Gr.  yiiixvtav],  m., . 
king   of    the    Ethiopians,   son   of 
Tithonus  (brother  of  Priam)  and 
Aurora.     From  his   ashes   sprang 
the  birds  called  Memnonides. 

memor,  -oris,  [akin  to  memini, 
unc.  form],  adj.,  remembering, 
thoughtful,  gr/iteful,  unforgetful : 
animus  {sure  memory). 


Vocabulary, 


93 


memorabilis,     -e,     [memora   + 

bills],   adj.,    (^io  be   commemorat- 
ed) j  famous,  glorious,  memorable. 
memor5,     -are,     -avi,      -atum, 
[memor-  (as  if  memora)  +  o], 
V.  tr.   I,  commemorate,  —  Hence, 
say,  tell,  utter. 
Menandros, -dri,  [Gr.  yiivavbpos'], 
m.,  Menander  (B.C.  342-291),  the 
chief   writer    of    the    New  Attic 
Comedy. 
mendacia,  -ae,  [mendac  +  ia],  f., 

falsehood,  lying. 
mendaxy  -acis,  [akin  to  miendumi, 
through   verb   stem],   adj.,  lying, 
false,  deceitful. 
Menoetes,  -ae,  [Gr.  Mcj/o/ttj^],  m., 

a  Lycian,  killed  by  Achilles. 
Menoetiades,  -ae,  [Gr.  Me^'otna- 
%'(]s\,  m.,  Patroclus,  son  of  Menoe- 
tius  of  Thessaly. 
mens,   mentis,   [y'MEN    (in  me- 
mini)-f-tis  (reduced)],  L,  mind, 
purpose,  intent,  —  Also  (with  dif- 
ferent   conception     from     Eng.), 
heart,  feeling, 
mensa,  -ae,  [?,  akin  to  metior, 
'measured    board'],   f.,   table. — 
V\.y  feast,  banquet. 
mensis,  -is,  [?,  akin  to  metior], 
m.,  month.  —  Personified,  Month. 
mensor, -oris,  [V^^T  (in  metior, 
with   n  by   analogy)  -|-  tor],   m., 
measurer.  —  Esp.,  surveyor. 
mensOra,  -ae,  [fmensu-  (^met, 
(cf.   mensor)  +  tu)  -f  ra   (f.   of 
-rus)],  f.,  measure^  magnitude. 
menta,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  mint  (stalks, 

leaves,  etc.). 
mentior,  -iri,  -itus,  [akin  to  men- 
dum?],  V.  dep.  4,  falsely  state, 
pretend,  falsely  pretend,  feign, 
falsely  boast,  lie. 
men  turn,  -i,  [men-  (as  root  of 
mineo)  +  turn],  n.,  chin. 


Mercurius,  -i  (-ii),  [stem  in  -ro  or 
-ri  from  fmerc-  (reduced)  -{-  ius], 
m.,  Mercury y  the  god  of  gain 
among  the  Romans.  He  was 
identified  with  the  Greek  Hermes 
and  regarded  as  the  son  of  Jupiter 
and  Maia,  grandson  of  Atlas,  mes- 
senger of  the  gods,  and  conductor 
of  souls  to  the  lower  world.  As 
Hermes  he  carried  the  rod  twined 
with  serpents,  or  caduceus,  identi- 
cal with  the  herald's  staff.  . 
mereo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  (also 
dep.),  [?]>  V.  tr.  2,  deserve,  win: 
nihil  meruit  {has  done  nothing 
w'/ong).  —  See  also  meritum. 
meretrix,  -icis,  [mere-  (in  mereo) 

+  trix],  f.,  courtesan, 
mergo,    -ere,    mersi,    mersum, 
[?],  V.  tr.  3,  plunge,  submerge. — 
Less  exactly,  thrust.  —  Fig.,  drown^ 
overwhelm :  mersae  res  {ruined 
fortunes). 
mergus,  •  -i,   [merg-   (as    root   of 
mergo)  -{■  us],  m.,  diver  (a  sea- 
fowl)  . 
meritum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  mereo], 

n.,  service,  services, 
Merops,   -opis,    [Gr.   Mepoi|/],   m., 
king  of  Ethiopia,  husband  of  Cly- 
mene,  reputed  father  of  Phaethon. 
mersus,  see  mergo. 
merus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  pure,  un- 
adulterated.—  n.    as    noun,  pure 
wine,  wine  (unmixed). 
messis,  -is,  [^met  (in  meto)  -I- 
tis],  f.,  harvest,  grain  (gathered). 
meta,  -ae,   [akin   to   metior],  f., 
goal,      boundary,      bounds     (pl.)> 
course  (as  bounded). 
metallum,  -i,  [Gr.  ix.iToX\ov\,  n., 

mine.  —  PL,  metal. 
Methymnaeus,     -a,    -um,     [Gr. 
Mefiw/ui/aTos],  adj.,   of  Methymna, 
Methymncean.  —  IJesbos,  because 


94 


Vocabulary. 


Methymna  was  on  the  island  of 
Lesbos. 

inetior,  -iri,  mensus,  [^^met  (cf. 
meta),  (n  in  the  p.p.  from  some 
other  pres.  form)],  v.  dep.  4,  meas- 
ure. 

meto,  -ere,  messui,  messum, 
[y^METJ,  V.  tr.  3,  mow,  reap, — 
Less  exactly,  lay  waste  (of  a 
boar). 

Mettus  (-tins),  -i,  [?],  m.,  an 
Alban  name.  —  Esp.,  Mettus  Fuf- 
fefius,  an  Alban  dictator  who,  on 
account  of  treachery,  was  drawn 
asunder  by  horses. 

metlio,  -ere,  metui,  metutum, 
[metu  +  o],  V.  tr.  3,  fear,  be 
afraid.  —  pres.  p.,  a  fearer^  fear- 
ful. —•  Ger. ,  terrible. 

me^us,  -us,  [?],  m.,fear,  alarm. 

meus,  -a,  -uin,  [pron.  root  ina4- 
insj,  pron.,  7ny,  mine.  —  PI  m.  as 
noun,  my  kindred,  my  friends. 

nilCo,  -are,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [mica 
-f  o],  V.  intr.  I,  fash,  gleam. — 
pres.  ^.,  gleaming,  glittering,  flash- 
ing. —  Also  less  exactly,  move 
quickly, palpitate  (sinus). 

Midas,  -ae,  [Gr.  MtSas],  m.,  king 
of  Phrygia,  son  of  Gordius  and 
the  goddess  Cybele.  His  touch 
turned  things  into  gold. 

miles,  -itis,  [stem  akin  to  mille 
+  tis  (reduced)],  c,  soldier. — 
Coll.,  soldiery. 

ndilitia,  -ae,  [milit  -f-  ia],  f.,  mili- 
tary  service,  service. 

Tniliiim,  -i,  [?,  cf.  Gr.  /ueAiV??],  n., 
millet. 

mille  (indecl.),  [?],  adj.,  a  thou- 
sand.—  PI.  milia,  -ium. 

miluus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  kite. 

Mimas^  -antis,  [Gr.  Mi^as],  m.,  a 
mountain  or  promontory  in  Ionia. 

WliWa-e,  -arum,  [  y'MiN  (in  mineo) 


-f-  a] ,  f.  pi.,  threats,  menace,  threat- 
ening aspect. 

minax,  -acis,  [really  mina  (in 
minor  or  minae)  -f  cus  (re- 
duced), i.e.  apparently  min -f  ax 
(cf.  loquax)],  adj.,  threatening, 
menacing. 

Minerva,  -ae,  [?,  perh.  akin  to 
mens],  f.,  the  Roman  goddess  of 
wisdom,  partially  identified  with 
the  Greek  Pallas  Athene.  She 
was  reckoned  as  the  daughter  of 
Jupiter,  patroness  of  all  arts  and 
sciences,  especially  of  the  house- 
hold arts  and  of  war,  and  the  in- 
ventress  of  the  olive.  The  city  of 
of  Athens  was  sacred  to  her. 

minime,  see  minus. 

minimus  (minu-),  see  parvus. 

minister,  -tri,  [minus-f-ter  (cf. 
magister)],  m.,  servant,  minis- 
ter, attendant,  messenger,  inter- 
preter (of  a  letter). 

ministerium,  -1,  [minister-  (as  if 
stem  of  minister)  -f-  ium],  n., 
service,  function. 

ministra,  -ae,  [f.  of  minister],  f., 
servant  (female). 

ministro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[ministro-  (as  if  ministra)  -f  o], 
V.  tr.  I,  serve,  supply. 

minitor,  -ari,  -atus,  [minito- 
(p.p.  of  minor,  as  if  -a)  -}-  o],  v. 
dep.  I,  threaten. 

Minois,  -idis,  [Gr.  yiivmW],  f., 
Ariadne,  as  daughter  of  Minos, 
king  of  Crete. 

minor,  -ari,  -atus,  [mina- .  (stem 
of  minae)  +  o],  v.  dep.  i,  threaten, 
menace. 

minor,  -oris,  see  parvus. 

Minos,  -ois,  [Gr.  MtVws],  m.,  son 
of  Jupiter  and  Europa,  king  of 
Crete.  He  caused  Daedalus  to 
build  the  labyrinth, 


Vocabulary. 


95 


Minturnae,  -arum,  [?],  f.  pi,  a 
city  in  Campania,  by  the  swampy 
mouth  of  the  Liris. 
minume,  see  minus, 
mlnuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utum,  [minu- 
(as  if  stem  of  minus)  +  o],  v.  tr. 
3,  lessen,  itnpair^  shrink^  reduce, 
assuage  (luctum). 
minus,  [n.    of  minor],  adv.,  less, 
not    so    much,    not   very.  —  Sup., 
minime    (-ume),    (old   abl.    of 
minimus),  least,  not  at  all,  by  no 
means. 
Minyae,  -arum,  [Gr.  Mii'uat],  m, 
pi.,  the  Minyans,  an  iEolian  tribe 
living  in  Thessaly  about   lolcus, 
and  also  in  Boeotia.    The  Argo- 
nauts are  called  Minyae,  as  Jason, 
their  leader,  vi^as  from  lolcus. 
mirabilis,  -e,  [mira -f  bills],  adj., 

marvellous,  admirable. 
miraculum,  -i,  [mira  -1-  culum], 

n.,  wonder,  marvel. 
miratop,  -oris,  [mira -f  tor],  m., 

admirer. 
miratus,  see  miror. 
miror,  -ari,  -atus,  [miro-   (as  if 
mira)  +  o],  v.  dep.  l,  marvel  at, 
marvel,  wonder,  admire. 
mirus,  -a,  -um,  [?,   -y/Mi-f  rus], 
adj.,  marvellous,  strange. — n.  as 
noun,  marvel,  wonder:   mirum! 
oh  wonder  I 
misceo,  -ere,  -ui,  mixtum  (mi- 
stum),  [fmisco-  (cf.  promiscus) 
+  eo],  V.    tr.    2,   mingle,  concoct, 
unite,    mix :    canities     comas, 
affect    (changing     the    color    to 
mixed) . 
miser,  -era,  -erum,  [?,  ^mis   (in 
maereo)  -f  rus,  with  adventitious 
e],   adj.,   7vr etched,    unfortunate: 
me  miserum,  tvretched  me  (with 
ne  and   clause   of  fearing);    res 
miserae  {misfortunes). 


miserabilis,  -e,  [misera-  (in  mise- 
ror)  -f  bills],  adj., /?V2^/5/(?,  miser- 
able, wretched. 

miserandus,  see  miseror. 

misereor,  -eri,  -itus,  [miser6  + 
eo],  V.  dep.  2,  have  pity  on,  pity. 

miseror,  -ari,  -atus,  [misero- 
(as  if  misera)  -f  o],  v.  dep.  i, 
pity.  — p.p.,  miseratus,  pitying. 
—  Ger.,  miserandus,  pitiable, 
wretched. 

missus,  p.p.  of  mitto,  wh.  see. 

Mitbridateus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Mi- 
OpaSctTCios],  adj.,  of  Mithradates 
(better  than  Mithri-).  There 
were  six  kings  of  Pontus  of  this 
name. 

mitis, -e,  \_l'],2idi],, gentle,  soft,  mild, 
delicate, peaceful,  fnerciful.  —  Sup. 
as  noun,  most  gentle  one. 

mitto,  -ere,  misi,  missum,  |[?], 
V.  tr.  3,  let  go,  make  go,  send,  send 
in,  send  forth,  fling,  hurl,  throw, 
shoot,  drive. 
Mnemosyne, -es,  [Gr.  Mvnixoavvii], 
f.,  goddess  of   memory,  daughter 
of    Uranus     and    Gaea    (Heaven 
and  Earth),  and   mother   of   the 
Muses. 
moderamen,     -inis,    [modera  -f 
men],    n.,    control,    government, 
guidance,     direction,     helm      (as 
means  of  control) . 
moderate,  [old  abl.  of  modera- 

tus],  3idY.,  gently,  slowly. 
moderor,  -ari,  -atus,  [friioder- 
(as  stem  of  fmodus,  cf.  modes- 
tus)  -f-  o],  V.  dep.  I,  control, guide, 
direct.  —  p.p.,  moderatus,  con- 
trolled, gentle. 
modestus,  -a,  -um,  [modes-  (as 
stem  of  fmodus,  -eris,  cf.  mode- 
ror) 4-  tixs  (cf.  robustus)],  adj., 
under  control,  self-controlled,  mod-- 
est. 


96 


Vocabulary. 


modicus,  -a,  -um,  [modo  +  cus] , 
adj.,  moderate^  not  extravagant^ 
not  excessive, 

modo,  [abl.  of  modus,  with  short- 
ened final],  adv.,  {by  measure^, 
just  (no  more),  only,  just  now, 
newly,  lately:  mode  .  .  .  modo 
{now  .  .  .  noiv) ;  si  modo,  if  only 
(a  wish).  —  modo  with  subj.,  only 
let,  if  only  (a  wish). 

modulor,  -ari,  -atus,  [modulo- 
(as  if  modula-)  +  o],  v.  dep.  i, 
tune,  play. 

modus,  -i,  [?],  ja.,  measure,  man- 
ner, limit,  end,  restraint,  note  (of 
music),  measure  (of  poetry). — 
With  gen.,  in  the  manner  of,  as 
by,  as  with,  etc. :  quo  modo 
{how) . 

moenia,  -iumi,  [same  word  as 
munla,  distributive  shares  (cf. 
immuBis,  communis),  from 
working  on  walls,  as  roads  are 
made  in  sparsely  settled  regions], 
n.  pL,  walls,  a  city.     - 

molaris,  -is,  [mola-fris],  m. 
(prop,  adj.,  sc.  lapis),  millstone. 
—  Less  exactly,  huge  stone  (for 
any  purpose) . 

m.oles,  -is,  [?],  f.,  mass,  weight, 
pile,  bank,  mole,  wall,  shore,  mis- 
sile (heavy).  —  Transf.,  effort : 
mundi  {mighty  fabric)  ;  porta- 
rum  {massive  gates);  nemeaea 
{tnighty  Nemcean  lion). 

molimen,  -iois,  [moli-f-  men],  n., 
effort,  toiL 

molior,  -iri,  -itus,  [moli-  (as  stem 
of  moles)  +  o],  V.  dep.  4,  exert 
one's  self  raise,  build,  continue, 
plan,  compass  (the  death  of),  try, 
force,  plant  (arrow  in  breast) . 

molitor,  -oris,  [moli  -\-  tor],  m., 
builder,  contriver, 

nioUio,  -Ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  [molli 


-f  o],  V.  tr.  4,  soften,  make  soft, 
smooth.  —  Also  fig. 

mollis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  soft,  tender  (lit. 
and  fig.) ,  gentle,  easy  (otium) . 

moUiter,  [molli  +  ter],  ^^dv.,  softly. 

mollities,  -ei,  [molli  -\-  ties 
(-tia)],  f.,  softness,  gentleness, 
effeminacy. 

Molossus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  MoXoa- 
crJs],  adj.,  of  Molossus,  a  city  of 
Crete.  —  Less  exactly,  Cretan. 

moneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  [prob. 
causative  of  miemini,  formed 
originally  with  (a)yami],  v.  tr.  2, 
remind,  warn,  admonish,  warn 
of  (cog.  ace.  vera).  —  See  also 
monitumi. 

monimeutum,  -i,  [moni-  (as  stem 
of  moneo)  +  mentum],  n.,  re- 
minder, record,  relic,  monument, 
memorial. 

monitum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  moneo], 
n.,  warning,  command. 

monitus^  -us,  [moni-  (as  stem  of 
moneo)  -f  tus],  m.,  warning,  re- 
minder, command. 

mons,  montis,  [root  of  mineo 
-f  tis  (reduced)],  m.,  mountain, 

monstrS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum^ 
[monstro-  (as  if  monstra-)  -V  o], 
v.  tr.  I,  point  to,  show,  explain, 
illustrate. 

monstrum,  -i,  [m.on-  (as  root  of 
moneo,  with  unc.  s)-{-trum], 
n,,  {indication  of  the  will  of  the 
gods),  prodigy,  miracle,— Hence 
(as  the  most  common  prodigy), 
monster. 

montanus,  -a,  -um,  [mont-  (as 
stem  of  mons) -F  anus],  adj.,  of 
the  mountains,  mountain-. 

monticola,  -ae,  [monti-  (as  stem 
of  iiions)  4-  cola],  m.,  mountain- 
dweller.  —  In  app.  as  adj.,  moun- 
tain dwelling. 


Vocabulary. 


97 


monumentum,  see  monlmen- 
turn. 

Mopsopius»  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Mo^6~ 
TTtos],  adj.,  Attic f  from  Mopsopus, 
an  ancient  king  of  Athens. 

mora,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  (perh.  considera- 
tion),  delay,  lapse  of  time,  time, 
cause  of  delay,  hindrance  :  longa 
mora  est  {it  would  take  too  long) ; 
mora  (abl.),  by  time,  gradually. 

morbus,  -i,  [mor-  (in  morlor,  as 
root)  +  bus],  m.,  sickness,  disease, 
disability  (in  medical  sense) . 

mordeo,  -ere,  momordi,  mor- 
sum,  [  ?,  akin  to  morior,  through 
adj.  stem],  v.  tr.  2,  bite,  gnaw 
(of  envy) .  —  Less  exactly,  clasp 
(fibula). 

moribundus,  -a,  -um,  [mori-  (as 
stem  of  morlor)  +  bundus],  adj., 
dying,  expiring,  deathly  (os). 

morior,  -i  (-iri),  miortuus,  [mor 
(as  root)],  V.  dep.  3  and  4,  die. 

moror,  -ari,  -atus,  [mora  +  o], 
V.  dep.  I,  linger,  delay,  loiter,  stop, 
abide,  dwell. 

Morpheus,  -ei,  [Gr.  Mop<^et5s],  m., 
a  dream-god  who  imitates  human 
forms. 

mors,  mortis,   [mor  (as  root  of 
morior)  +  tis],    f.,    death. 
Sometimes  trans,  by  the  dead. 

morsus,  -us,  [mord  (as  root  of 
mordeo)  4- tus],  m.,  bite,  teeth, 
jaws:  inferre  {attack  with  teeth). 

mortalls,  -e,  [mort  4-  alls],  adj., 
deadly,  mortal,  of  mortals.  —  PI. 
as  noun,  mortals,  men. 

mortuus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  mo- 
rlor], as  adj.,  dead. 

morum,  -i,  [Gr.  ixwpov],  n.,  mul- 
berry (fruit). 

morus,  -i,  [f.  of  preceding],  f., 
mulberry  (tree),. 

mos,  mioris,  [?],  m.,  custom,  man- 


ner, fashion,  habit.  —  PI.,  morals, 
habits,  character  (as  exhibited  in 
*  ways '). 

motus,  -us,  [mo-  (as  root,  or  con- 
tracted stem  of  moveo)  -f  tus], 
m.,  movement,  motion,  shaking, 
jar. 

moveo,  -ere,  movi,  motum,  [?], 
V.  tr.  2,  set  in  motion,  move,  shake, 
send,  cause,  ply,  urge,  influence, 
affect,  stir,  arouse,  dig  (terram). 

—  p.p.,  in  motion,  moving:  Aurora 
movetur  (rises). 

mox,  [?],  adv.,  soon,  by  and  by, 
presently,  later. 

mificro,  -onis,  [?],  m.,  point,  knife, 
blade. 

mngio,  -ire,  -ivi  (-11),  -itum,  [?, 
cf.  fjLVKoiofiai.,  fJi'vCcD'jf  V,  intr.  4,  bel- 
low, roar. 

mugitus,  -us,  [mugi--l-tus],  m., 
lowing, 

mulceo,  -ere,  mulsi,  mulsum, 
[?],  V.  tr.  2,  {soften  by  touching), 
soothe,  calm,  caress,  stroke. 

Muleiber,  -bri,  [as  if  fniulci- 
(weaker  stem  of  mulceo)  +  bar 
(prob.  -bo  4-  rus)],  m.,  a  name 
of  Vulcan  {the  softener  of  iron), 

—  Transf.,y?r(?. 

mulctra,  -ae,  [mulg-  (as  root  of 
mulgeo)  +  tra],  f.,  milk-pail. 

multiiidus,  -a,  -um,  [multo- 
ffidus  (fid,  in  findo,  +  us)], 
adj.,  many-parted,  many-cleft* 

multiplex,  -icis,  [multo-plex], 
adj.,  manifold. 

multo,  see  multus. 

multum,  see  multus. 

multus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  root  -{-  tus], 
adj.,  much,  many,  many  a,  copious 
(blood)  :  minus  multi  {fexver) ; 
multa  pars  {a  great  part) ;  multa 
tellure  jacens  {covering  much 
ground).  —  m.  pi.  as  noun,  many 


98 


Vocabulary, 


(men).  —  n.  sing,  as  adv.,  much^ 
most^  very.  — Abl.  as  adv.,  much^ 
far, 

niundus,  -i,  [originally  adj.,  clean, 
adorned ;  hence  as  translation  of 
^<^(r/ios],  m.,  the  universe,  the  world. 

munimen,  -inis,  [muni  +  men], 
n.ffortiJicaHon,  defence. 

muiiio,  -ire,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itum, 
[muni-  (cf,  moeiiia)  +  o],  v.  tr. 
4,  fortify,  wall,  protect, 

manus,  -eris,  [mnn-  (as  root,  cf, 
inunia)  +  ns],  n.,  tribute  (as  dis- 
tributive share,  then  generally), 
service,  task.  - —  Hence,  gift,  boon, 
reward. 

mirex,  -icis,  [?],  m.,  shellfish 
(singly  and  coll.),  purple  (made 
from  shellfish). 

murmur,  -uris,  [?,  unc.  root  re- 
dupL],  n.,  murmur,  noise:  mur- 
mtira  parva  dedit  {gently  mur- 
tnured^. 

murmuroy  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[murmur  (as  if  murmura)  -\-  o], 
V.  intr.  I,  murmur,  whisper. 

murus,  -i,  [?,  prob.  different  root 
from  moenia],  m.,  wall. 

Mnsa,  -ae,  [Gr.  MoOca],  f.,  a  Muse. 
The  Muses  were  goddesses  of 
song,  etc.;  hence,  a  song,  a  lay, 
verses, 

museus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  moss. 

mustuni,  -i,  [?],  n.,  fermenting 
juice,  new  wine,  must. 

mutabilis,  -e,  [muta  -f-  bills],  adj., 
capably  of  change,  changeable. 

Mutina,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a  town  in  Cis- 
alpine Gaul  (now  Modend). 

muto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?],  v. 
tr.  I,  change,  exchange,  get  in  ex- 
change for  (with  cum),  vary 
(sonos,  of  a  parrot).  j 

mntus,  -a,  -urn,  [?],  adj.,  dumb,\ 
silent,  mute.  \ 


mutuus,  -a,  -um,  [mut  (as  if  root 
of  muto)  H-  vus],  adj.,  mutual. 

Mycale,  -es,  [Gr.  lAvKi\.j\\,  f.,  a 
promontory  in  Ionia  (now  Cape 
St.  Mary). 

Mycenis,  -idls,  [Gr.  MvKtivis^,  f. 
adj.,  MycencBan,  of  Mycence  (the 
city  of  Agamemnon  in  Argolis). 
—  Esp.,  Iphigenia,  daughter  of 
Agamemnon. 

Mygdonis,  -idis,  [Gr.  Mi/75o»'(s], 
f.  adj.,  Mygdonian,  Thracian, 
Lydian  (from  the  Mygdones,  a 
Thracian  tribe  that  migrated  to 
Lydia  and  Phrygia). 

Mygdonius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  MU75J- 
vioi\,  adj.,  Mygdonian,  Thracian. 

myrica,  -ae,  [Gr.  /xupi/c??],  f.,  ta^na- 
risk  (a  shrub) . 

Myrmidon,  -onis,  [Gr,  Mvp^i^Sv'], 
m.,  a  Myrmidon.  The  Myrmi- 
dons were  a  tribe  of  men  created 
from  ants. 

myrtus,  -i,  [Gr.  /Lcvpros],  f.,  myrtle. 

N. 

Nabataeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Naj8a- 
raToy],  adj.;  Nabatcean,  belonging 
to  the  Nabatceans  (a  tribe  of  Ara- 
bia), Arabian, 

Nais,  -idos,  [Gr.  Noi's],  f.,  a  Naiad, 
a  water-nymph. 

nam,  [unc.  case-form  of  -y/NA  (cf. 
tarn)],  conj.,  {now), for  (explana- 
tory). 

namque,  [nam  que],  conj.,  for 
(with  a  slight  emphasis,  for  you 
know,  etc.). 

nanclscor,  -i,  nactus  and  nanc- 
tus,  [\/NAG,  formed  with  -see],  v. 
dep.  %  gain,  secure,  obtain,  reach, 
get. 

Nape,  -es,  [Gr.  NciTTTj],  f.,  one  of 
Act£eon's  hounds. 


Vocabulary. 


99 


naris,  -is,  [  ?] ,  f.,  nostril.  —  Usually 
pi.,  nostrils^  keen-scented  nose  (on 
account  of  context). 

narratus,  -us,  [narra  + tus],  m., 
narration,  narrative^  story, 

narrS,  -are,  -avi,  -a turn,  [fgna- 
rigo-  (gnaro-fagus)  -|-  o],  v.  tr.  i, 
{jnake  aware),  tell  (often  as  much 
as  boast),  tiarrate,  relate. 

Narycia,  -ae,  [Gr.  Napu/c^o],  f.,  a 
town  in  the  country  of  the  Bruttii 
in  southern  Italy,  also  called 
Naryx. 

Narycius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Napv/ctos], 
adj.,  of  Narycium,  or  Naryx  (a 
city  of  the  Locri  on  the  Euboean 
Sea,  the  home  of  Ajax  Oileus  and 
of  Lelex;  also  another  city  of  the 
same  name,  or  Narycia). 

nascor,  nasci,  natus,  [y^GNA^- 
sco],  V.  dep.  3,  be  born.  —  p.p., 
natus  (gnatus),  born,  sprung 
from,  destined  for,  the  son  (of), 
daughter,  whelp  :  flores  {spring- 
ing). ^ 

Naso,  -onis,  [fnaso  +  o],  m.,  P. 
Ovidius  Naso  (the  poet) . 

nata,  see  nascor. 

natalis,  -e,  [nato-  ^as  if  nata)  + 
lis],  adj.,  native,  natal.  —  As  noun 
(cf.  dies),  birthday  (either  sing, 
^orpl.). 

nativus,   -a,   -um,    [nato-   (as   if 

'  nati-)  -f-  vus  (cf.  captivus)], 
adj.,  native,  natural. 

nato,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [nato-  (as 
if  nata-)  +  o],  v.  intr.  i,  swim, 
float  (also  fig.). 

natiira,  -ae,  [natu  \  ra  (f.  of 
-rus)],  f.,  birth,  nature,  character. 
—  Personified,  Nature. 

natus,  see  nascor. 

naufragus,  -i,  [navi-fragus  (frag- 
in  frango,  +  us)],  adj.,  of  a  ship- 
wreck, shipwrecked,  by  shipwreck 


(in    agreement).  —  As    noun,    a 

shipwrecked  man  {a  mariner). 
nauta   (navita),  -ae,   [prob.  bor- 
rowed from  va.vTii]s\,  m.,  sailor. 
navalis,  -e,    [navi-   (reduced)  -f 

alis],  adj.,  naval.  — n.  pL,  nava- 

lia,  dockyards. 
navigo,      -are,      -avi,      -atum, 

[navigo-   (navi-fagus)  +  o],   v. 

intr.  I,  sail,  float,  voyage, 
navis,  -is,   [V^NU    (strong  form) 

-t-  is],  f.,  ship,  vessel,  boat. 
navita,  lengthened  form  of  nauta, 

wh.  see. 
ne,  [case-form  of  y^NA  (cf.  nam, 

num)],   conj.,    {not),   that  .   .   - 

not,  lest,  for  fear  that,  that  (with 

verbs  of  fearing),  so  that  .  .  .  not. 

—  With  imp.,  do  not. — ne  .  .  . 

quidem,  not .  .  .  even,  not  either. 
-ne,  [orig.  same  as  preceding],  conj. 

(enclitic),  whether,  —  Often   only 

transl.  by  question. 
Nebrophonus,   -i,    [Gr.   N€0po(i>6- 

vos^,  m.,  one  of  Actseon's  hounds. 
nebula,  -ae,  [akin  to  nubes],  f., 

cloud.,  mist,  cloud  of  mist,  flock  (of 

wool) . 
nee  (neque),  [ne-que],  conj.,  and 

not,  neither,  nor,  not  .  .  .  either, 

not  even :  nee  non,  nee  non  et 

{and  also) ;  nee  .  .  .  et  {not  .  .  . 

and ) ;  nec  .  .  .  nee  {neither  .  .  . 

nor)',  nec  (neque)  .  .  .  enim,y^r 

.  .  .  not  {you  see,  etc.). 
neco,  -are,   -avi,    -atum,    [nec- 

(stem  of  nex,  as  if  neca)  -f-  o], 

V.  tr.  I,  put  to  death,  kill,  be  fatal. 
necopinus,  -a,  -um,  [nec-fopinus 

(cf.   opinor)],    adj.,    unexpected, 

unexpecting. 
nectar,  -aris,  [Gr.  viKraf\,  n.,  nec- 
tar (the  drink  of  the  gods). 
necto,  -ere,  nexi,  nexum,  [?],  v. 

tr.  3,  bind,  twine,  wind.  —  "With 


lOO 


Vocabulary, 


ace.  of  thing  which,  or  around 
which. 

nefandus,  -a,  -um,  [ne-fandus, 
ger.  of  for],  adj.,  unspeakable, 
impious. 

nefEs»  indecL,  [ne-fas] ,  n.,  impiety, 
impious  crime. 

nego,  -are,  -avi,  -atuin,  [?],  v. 
tr.  I,  say  no,  say  not,  refuse,  deny  : 
requiem  {leave  us), 

Neleius,  -a,  -um,  ,[Gr.  NtjAtjios], 
adj.,  of  ^eleus  (king  of  Pylos  in 
Elis,  and  father  of  Nestor),  Nelean. 

Nemeaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Ne/teaTos], 
adj.,  of  Nemea  (a  town  and  valley 
not  far  from  Corinth,  where  Her- 
cules killed  the  Nemean  lion). 

nemo,  -iiiis,  [ne-homo],  m.,  nobody, 
no  one. 

uemoralis,  -e,  [nemor-  (as  stem 
of  uemus)  -f  alls],  adj.,  woody^ 
wooded. 

nemorosus,  -a,  -uui,  [nemor-  (as 
stem  of  nemus)  +  osus],  adj., 
woody. 

i|eYm>e,  [nam-pe  (dialectic  form  of 
que)],  conj.,  namely,  for  instance, 
for  why  I  but  then  (explanatory  of 
preceding  remark). 

nemus,  -oris,  [?,  cf.  vi^iw^  n., 
grove,  woods  (open  and  suitable 
for  pasturage), 

neS,  -ere,  nevi,  iietum,  [?],  v.  tr. 
2,  Spin, 

Nephele,  -es,  [Gr.  Ne^eArj,  cloud~\, 
L,  a  nymph  and  attendant  of 
Diana. 

nepos,  -otis,  [?],  m.,  grandson, 
grandchild.  —  Less  exactly,  de- 
scendant. 

neptis,  -is,  [f.  of  nepos,  unc.  form], 
f.,  granddaughter. 

Neptunius,  -a,  -um,  [fKeptuno- 
(reduced)  -h  ius],  adj.,  of  Nep- 
tune, Neptunian. 


Neptunus,  -i,  [fneptu-,  akin  to 
Eng.  naphtha  (a  Persian  word) 
-f  nus,  cf.  Fortuna,  Portunus], 

m.,  the  god  of  the  sea,  brother  of 
Jove  and  Pluto.  —  Also  (cf.  Ceres, 
grain),  the  sea. 

neque,  see  nee. 

nequeo,  [ne-queo],  v.  intr.  def., 
cannot, 

nequiquam,  [ne-quiquam],  adv., 
{not  any  how),  to  no  purpose,  in 
vain. 

Nereis,  -idis,  [Gr.  Nriprjis,  f.  pat- 
ronymic of  1^7] pelfs'],  f.,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Nereus,  a  Nereid,  a  sea- 
nymph. 

Nereus,  -ei,  [Gr.  Nyjpei/s],  m.,  a 
sea-god,  father  of  the  Nereids.  — 
Less  exactly,  the  sea,  the  water. 

nervosus,  -a,  -um,  [nervo  -f-  osus], 
adj.,  sinewy,  strong. 

nervus,  -i,  [for  fneurus],  m.,  sinew, 
string  (of  lyre) ,  bow-siring. 

neseio,  -ire,  -ivi  (ii),  >itum,  [ne- 
scio],  V.  tr.  4,  know  not,  be  una- 
ware, be  ignorant:  neseio  quis 
{some  one  or  other,  some  {one), 
(often  disparagingly,  with  affected 
ignorance) . 

nescius,  -a,  -um,  [ne-fscius  (sci 
-f-  us,  cf.  inscius)],  adj.,  not  know- 
ing, ignorant,  unaware,  unknow- 
ingijy). 

Nesseus,  -a,  -um,  [as  if  Gr.  Neo*- 
<retos],  adj.,  of  Nessus  (a  centaur 
who  was  killed  by  Hercules  with 
a  poisoned  arrow). 

Nestor,  -oris,  [Gr.  Necrroyp],  m., 
son  of  Neleus,  king  of  Pylos.  In 
his  youth  he  shared  in  the  Caly- 
donian  hunt  and  the  contest  of  the 
Lapitha;  with  the  Centaurs;  in  his 
old  age  he  was  prominent  in  the 
Trojan  War. 

neve,  neu,  [ne-ve],  conj.,  or  lest. 


Vocabulary. 


lOI 


and  lest,  and .  .  ,  not  to,  nor^  and 
(do)  not. 
nex,  necis,  [?],  f.,  death. 
nexilis,  -e,  [nexo  +  lis],  adj.,  twin- 
ing. 
nexus,  -us,  [nee-  (as  root  of  necto) 
4-  tusj,   m.,   twining,   knoty  fold, 
coil  (of  snake),  grapple. 
ni,  [old  (or  collateral)  form  of  ne], 
conj.  (not  in  imperative  forms,  cf. 
ne) ,  if  not,  had  not,  were  not,  did 
not  (and  the  like). 
nidus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  nest. 
niger,  -gra,  -grum,  [?],  adj.,  black, 

dark,  dusky. 
nihilum,  nihil,  nil,  [ne-hilum,  (cf. 
*not  a  grain,'  *not  a  bit')]>  n., 
nothing,  nought.  —  Often  as  adv., 
nought,  not  at  all,  not. 
nil,  see  nihil. 
Nilus,  -i,  [Gr.  NelAos],  m.,  the  Nile 

(the  famous  river  of  Egypt). 
nimbus,    -i,     [remotely    akin    to 

nubes],  m.,  cloud. 
nimis,   [prob.  comp.,  cf.  inagis], 
adv.,  too  much,  too :  admovit  (^too 
near) . 
niinius,  -a,  -um,  [?,  cf.  nlmis], 
adj.,  too  great,  excessive,  too  much. 
—  n.  as  noun,  loo  much.  — As  adv., 
Joo  much,  too. 
Nlnus,  -1,  [Gr.  N/fos],  m.,  king  of 

Assyria,  husband  of  Semiramis. 
Niobe,  -es,  [Gr.  NtcJiST;],  f.,  daugh- 
ter of  Tantalus  and  wife  of  Am- 
phion.  Her  children  were  killed  by 
Apollo  and  Diana,  and  she  became 
a  rock  dripping  with  water. 
nisi,  [ne-si],  conj.,  {not  ...if,  in- 
dicating an  exception  to  general 
statement,  cf .  si  non) ,  unless,  ex- 
cept, only.  —  With  subj.,  were  not, 
etc.:  nisi  si  {unless),  nisi  qui 
{except  that,  etc.,  which)',  nisi 
postquam  {until  after) . 


niteS,  -ere,  nitui,  no  sup.,  [prob. 
fnito  (cf.  nitidus)  -f  eo],  v.  intr. 
2,  shine,  gleam,  be  bright,  ■ —  pres. 
p.,  nitens,  shining,  sleek,  bright. 
nitidus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  fnito  4- 
dus  (cf.  niteo)],  adj.,  shining: 
palaestra  {as  shining  with  oil) . 
nitor,  -oris,  [nit-  (as  root  of  niteo) 

-f-  or],  m.,  brilliancy,  brightness. 
nitor,  -i,   nisus    (nixus),   [prob. 
for  tgnitor  (akin  to  genu)],  v. 
dep.    3,    {strain    with    the    knees 
against  something),  strain,  strug- 
gle, strive.  —  p.p.,  nixus,  supported 
by,  leaning  on :  nixns  genu,  see 
Nixus. 
niveus,  -a,  -um,  [niv-  (as  stem  of 
nix)  •{-  eus],  adj.,  snowy. —  Also 
of  color. 
nix,  nivis,  [?],  f.,  snow. 
Nixus,  -i,  [part,  of  nitor],  m.,  the 
Kneeler.  —  Esp.,    Nixus    genu, 
the  constellation  of  the  Kneeler  or 
Hercules. 
n§,  nare,  navl,  no  sup,,  [akin  to 

navis],  v.  intr.  i,  swim,  float. 
nobills,  -e,  [(g) no-  (as  if  stem  of 
nosco)  +  bilis],     adj.,     {to    be 
knoivn),    famous,     distinguished, 
noble,   well-known. 
nobilitas,  -atis,   [nobili-tas],  f., 

nobleness,  nobility. 
nobilito,  -are,  -avi,  atum,  [fno- 
bilito  -f-  o],  V.  tr.  i,  make  famous. 
noceo,    -ere,    noeui,    nocltum, 
[akin  to  nex,  unc.  form.],  v.  intr. 
2,  be  harmful,  do  harm,  injure, 
hinder.  —  pres.  p.,  nocens,  harm- 
ful, guilty. 
nocturnus,  -a,  -um,  [as  if  fnoctus 
(imaginary   stem   akin    to    nox) 
-fnus    (cf.   diurnus)],   adj.,   of 
night,  nightly,  by  night,  nocturnal. 
nodosus, -a,  -um,  [nodo  +  osus], 
adj.,  knotty. 


102 


Vocabttlary, 


nodusj  -i,  [?],  m.,  knot. 

nolo,  nolle,  nolui,  no  sup.,  [ne- 
volo],  V.  intr.  irr.,  not  be  willing , 
be  unwilling,  wish  not,  not  like, 
regret,  —  Imper.  with  inf.,  do  not  : 
nemo  nolet  (no  one  but  will 
wisk) . 

nonien,  -inis,  [(g)  no  (as  root  of 
nosco)  +  men],  n.,  name  (lit. 
and  equivalent  to  race,  also  to 
idea^  :  vero  nomiiie  (by  its  true 
nafne)  * 

Nomentum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  a  Sabine 
city. 

nomino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [no- 
min-  (as  if  -a  stem)  +  o],  v.  tr.  i, 
name,  call  by  na?7te,  call. 

non,  [ne-oenum  (-unum)],  adv., 
{not  one,  cf.  *  not  a  whit,'  not), 
not:  nondum  {not  yet);  nonne 
(is'-not?  does  not?  etc.,  in  ques- 
tions) . 

Honaerius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Najva- 
/cptos],  adj.,  of  Nonacris  in  Arca- 
dia, Arcadian,  —  fern.,  Atalanta  of 
Arcadia. 

nonus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  form  from 
novem],  adj.,  ninth. 

nSsco,  -ere,  novi,  notum,  [  ^^gno 
+  SCO],  Y.  tr.  3,  learn,  come  to 
know  (a  thing,  cf.  scio,  knoiu  a 
fact).  —  In  perf.  tenses,  know,  un- 
derstand. —  T^.^.yfamedy  notorious, 
jioted,  well-known,  familiar. 

noster,  -tra,  -trum,  [nos-ter  (of 
unc.  origin)],  pron.  adj.,  (72^r,  my  : 
poena  {fro?n  me). 

nota,  -ae,  [prob.  (g)no  +  ta  (as  in 
nauta)],  f.,  sign,  mark,  letter. 

notabilis,  -e,  [nota  +  bills],  adj., 
reinarkable,  noticeable,  conspicu- 
ous. 

notitia,  -ae,  fnoto-f-tia],  f.,  ac- 
quaintance, knowledge  ^/(gen.), 

noto,   -are,   -avi,   -atum,    [nota 


-f-  o],  V.  tr.  I,  mark,  scratch  {leave 
marks  on),  mark  {remark),  notice, 
stigmatize  (cf.  a  '  marked  man  '), 
i?iean  (by  a  remark),  note. 

notus,  see  noseo. 

not  us,  -i,  [Gr.  votqs],  m.,  south 
wind. 

n<)valis,  -e,  [novo  -|-  alls],  adj., 
fallow.  —  n.  as  noun,  fallow  land. 

novem,  indecL,  f  ?],  adj.,  nifie. 

noveni,  -ae,  -a,  [nove-  (as  stem  of 
novem)  +  nusj,  adj.,  every  nine, 
nine. 

noverca,  -ae,  [form  akin  to  novus 
(real  or  imaginary)  -f  ca],  f,,  step- 
mother. 

novies  (-lens),  [nov-  (as  if  stem 
of  novem)  -|-  iens],  adv.,  nine 
times. 

no  vitas,  -atis,  [novo  +  tas],  f., 
newness,  strangeness,  marvel 
{marvellous  nature)  :  remm 
{sir a nge   surroundings) . 

novo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [novo- 
(as  if  nova)  -f-  o],  v.  tr.  i,  make 
new,  change,  renew,  do  something 
new. 

novus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  netv^ 
strange,  fresh,  unwonted.  —  Sup., 
newest,  last,  rear. 

nox,  noctis,  [prob.  noc-  (in  noceo) 
-f  tis  (reduced)],  f.,  night.  — Per- 
sonified, Night :  nocte  {by  night). 

noxa,  -ae,  [noc-  (in  noceo)  -f- 
ta  (cf.  nota)],  f.,  guilt,  harm. 
(Possibly  this  order  should  be  re- 
versed, but  prob.  the  word  was 
orig.  a  noun  of  agency.) 

nubes,  -is,  [nub  (in  nubo)  +  as], 
f.,  cloud.  —  Also  fig.  of  the  mind. 

nubifer,  -era,  -erum,  [nubi-  (as 
stem  of  nubes)  -fer  (for  -ferns)], 
adj.,  cloud-bearing,  cloud-capped. 

niibilus,  -a,  -um,  [nubi-  (as  stem 
of    nubes)  +  lus],   adj.,   cloudy, 


Vocabulary. 


103 


clouded^  dark.  —  n.  as  noun,  sing. 

and  pL,  cloudy  7nist,  spray, 

iittbo,     -ere,     nupsi,     nuptum, 

[nub,  as  root],  v.  intr.   3,    {veil, 

cf.  nubes). —  Hence,  tnarry  (of 

the  woman).  —  p.p.,  nupta,  bride. 

nudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [nudo- 

(as  if  nuda-)  +  o],  v.  tr.   i,  lay 

bare,    disclose,     tin  cover.  —  p.p., 

naked,  bare. 

niidus,  -a,   -um,    [?],    adj.,    bare, 

naked,  uncovered. 
nullus,  -a,  -um  (gen.  -ius),  [neul- 
lus],  adj.,  7iot  any,  no.  —  As  noun, 
nobody :  nullus  sum  (be  no  ?nore) . 
num,  [V^A,  prob.  ace.  (cf.  tuni, 
dum)],  conj.,  {now?  cf.  nunc), 
whether.  —  Often  merely  question, 
implying  negative  answer. 
nuinen,    -inis,    [nu-    (as    stem   of 
nuo)  +  men],    n.,    {nod'),    will 
(expressed),   command,    {divine) 
power,        divinity,        disposition 
(deum) . 
numerabilis,      -e,      [numera   + 

bills],  adj.,  that  can  be  counted. 
numero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [nu- 
mero-  (as  if  numera-)  +  o],  v.  tr. 
I,  count,  number,  reckon,  recount. 
numerosus,    -a,    -um,    [numero 
+  osus],  adj.,  in  great  numbers. 
—  Also,  tuneful,  {poetic,  writing 
in  numbers). 
numerus,  -1,   [akin  to  nummus, 
Numa],    m.,    number,    numbers 
(verses). 
Numidae,  -arum,  [Gr.  vo^asl,  m. 
pi.,  the  Numidians  (a   people  of 
Northern  Africa). 
Numitor,  -oris,  [?],  m.,  the  grand- 
father of  Romulus  and  Remus. 
numquam,  see  nunquam. 
nunc,  [num-ce],  adv.,  now:  nunc 
quoque  {even  now,  still);   etiam 
nunc  {still). 


nunquam  (num-),  [ne-unquam], 

adv.,  never. 
nuntia,  -ae,    [f.   of  nuntius],  f., 

messenger,  harbinger. 
nuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [nuntio- 
(as  if  nuntia-)  +  0],  v.  tr.  i,  an- 
nounce, report,  bring  news. 

nuntius,  -i,  [?,  akin  to  novus, 
unc.  form],  m.,  messenger. 

nuper,  [prob.  novum-per],  adv., 
just  now,  lately,  not  long  before. 

nurus,  -us,  [?],  f.,  daughter-in-law. 
—  Hence,  bride. 

nusquam,  [ne-usquam],  adv.,  no- 
where. 

nuts,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [nuto- 
(as  if  nuta-)  -j-  o],  v.  intr.  i,  nod, 
shake. 

niitrio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  [i-stem, 
akin  to  nutrix  +  0],  v.  tr.  4, 
nurse,  feed,  nourish.  — Also  6g. 

nutrix,  -icis,  [prob.  fnutri-  (f. 
noun-stem  from  which  nutrio) 
-f  ca  (reduced)],  f.,  nurse. 

nutus,  -us,  [nu-  (as  stem  of  nuo) 
-f  tus],  m.,  nod. 

nux,  nucis,  [?],  f.,  nut  (walnut). 

Nycteis,  -idos,  [Gr.  Nu/cr-j^ts],  f., 
Antiope  (daughter  of  King  Nycteus 
of  Boeotia. 

nympha,  -ae,  [Gr.  v{)ix.<pf)\,  f., 
nymph,  Oride. 

O. 

O,  [from  sound],  interj.,  oh!  01 
ob   (obs),   [?],   prep.,   {near,  at), 

against,   about,    around,   toivards. 

—  Hence,  from  mercantile  use,  on 

account  of.  —  As   adv.   in   comp., 

about,   around,   against,  towards, 

over. 
obambulo,    -are,    -avi,    -atum, 

[ob-ambulo],  v.  tr.  i,  roam  about, 

roam  over,  roam. 


104 


Vocabulary. 


obduco,   -ere,   -dnxi,    -ductiim, 

[ob-duco],  V.  tr.  3,  draw  over,  — 
Also,  cover  (by  drawing  over),  veil. 

obeo,  -Ire,  -ii,  -itum,  [oh-Qo],  v. 
tr.  irr.,  go  to  meet^  go  about ^  cover 
(era  cacumen). 

obex,  -icis,  [ob-fjex  (Vjac,  as 
stem)],  m.,  bolt  (cf.  *  throw  the 
bolt')- 

obicio,  -ere,  -jeci,  -jectum,  [ob- 

jacio],   V,    tr.    3,    throw    against, 

throw  over,   draw   over   (nubem 

'■->  — Hence,    reproach    (cf. 

'  throv 

obitus,  -us,  [ob-itus],  m.,  death, 
decease,  departure  (cf.  obeo  mor- 
tem). 

Objecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ob- 
jacto] ,  V.  tr.  I,  throw  at.  —  Hence, 
accuse,  reproach :  natum  equis, 
accuse  of  the  death  of  his  son 
(*  throw  in  their  teeth  '). 

obligS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ob- 
lige], V.  tr.  I,  bind.  —  Pass.,  be 
bound,  feel  bound  (by  gratitude). 

oblino,  -ere,  -levi,  -litum,  [ob- 
lino],  V.  tr.  3,  smear  over. 

obliquus,  -a,  -um,  [ob-fliquus 
(cf.  limus)],  adj.,  sidelong,  ask- 
ance, transverse,  oblique :  in  obli- 
quum  (obliquely) ;  in  latus  obli- 
quum  {half-turned) ;  ab  obliquo 
(sidelong)',  obliquo  (^transversely). 

obliviscor,  -i,  -litus,  [unc.  form 
with  ob-flivo-  (cf.  liveo)],  v. 
dep.  3,  (become  darkened),  forget. 
—  ^.^.,  forgetful. 

oblivium,  -i,  [ob-flivo  +  ium  (cf. 
obli viscor)  ] ,  n.,  forgetful ness.  — 
Also  pi. 

obnoxiiis,  -a,  -um,  [ob-noxa  + 
ius],  adj.,  (enslaved  on  account  of 
injury,  cf.  addictus),  under  the 
power  of,  controlled  by. 

oborlor,    (-i)    -iri,    -ortus,    [ob- 


orior],  v.  dep.  3  and  4,  come  over, 
veil.  —  p.p.,  obortus,  rising: 
lacrimae  (i.e.  over  the  face  and 
filling  the  eyes) . 

obruo,  -ere,  -rui,  -rutus,  [ob- 
rno],  V.  tr.  3,  (dig  over),  bury.  — 
Hence,  overwhelm. 

obrutus,  p.p.  of  obruo. 

obscenus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  ill- 
omened,  foul. 

obscarus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  hid- 
den, dark,  obscure,  disguised. 

obsequor,  -i,  seeiitus,  [ob- 
sequor],  v.  dep.  3,  (follow 
around,  cf.  '  be  led  by  the  nose '), 
comply,  yield. 

obserS,  -ere,  -sevi,  -situm,  [ob- 
sero],  V.  tr.  3,  (sow  over),  cover 
over  (perh.  orig.  with  trees). — 
p.p.,  beset,  covered. 

observo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ob- 
servo],  V.  tr.  i,  (watch  around), 
watch,  tend, 

obses,  -idis,  [ob-ses  (y'SED,  as 
stem,  cf.  praeses)],  c,  (sitting  as 
security  for^  perh.  a  mercantile 
word,  cf.  mercantile  use  of  ob?), 
a  hostage. 

obsldeo,  -ere,  -sedi,  -sessum,  [ob- 
sedeo],  v.  tr.  2,  besiege,  blockade, 
block,  beset,  shut  off,  paralyze 
(artus). 

obsistS,  -ere,  -stiti,  -stituin,  [ob- 
sisto],  V.  tr.  3,  withstand,  resist, 
hinder. 

obstipesco  (obstu-) ,  -ere,  -stupui, 
no  sup.,  V.  intr.  3,  (stand  by  like  a 
stick),  stand  amazed,  stand  aghast, 
be  paralyzed  (at  a  sight),  be 
amazed,  be  thunderstruck. 

obsto,  -are,  -stiti,  -statum,  [ob- 
sto],  V,  intr.  i,  withstand,  oppose, 
stand  in  the  way  of  (dat.),  stay, 
stop,  check,  encumber,  be  in  the 
way. 


Vocabulary. 


105 


obstrepo,  -ere,  -strepui,  -strepi- 
tum,  [ob-strepo],  v.  tr.  3,  drozvn 
(with  a  noise). 

obstrfido  (obt-),  -ere,  -trusi, 
-trusum,  [ob(s)-trudo],  v.  tr.  3, 
shove  againsty  force  upon. 

obstruo,  -ere,  -straxi,  -structum, 
[ob-struo],  V.  tr.  3,  {build  up 
against)  y  blocks  obstruct 

obstupesco,  see  obstipesco. 

obsum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futiirus,  [ob- 
sum],  V.  intr.  irr.,  {be  against,  cf. 
prosum),  be  harmful,  injure. 

obtundo,  -ere,  -tudi,  -tusum,  [ob- 
tundo],  V.  tr.  3,  {hammer  against) , 
blunt,  beat  against.  —  p.p.,  dull, 
blunt. 

obumbro,  -are,  -avi,  -atuin,  [ob- 
umbro],  v.  tr.  i,  overshadoiv, 
shade^  cast  in  the  shade. 

obvius,  -a,  -um,  [ob-viam,  infl.  as 
adj.],  adj.,  in  the  way  of,  in  one's 
face,  towards  (in  agreement)  : 
obvius  ire  {go  to  meet,  meet).  —  So 
with  other  verbs  in  same  sense. 

occasus,  -as,  [ob-casus,  through 
occldo],  m.,  falling,  setting,  set- 
ting sun,  the  west.  —  Also  pi. 

occido,  -ere,  -cidi,  -casum,  [ob- 
cado],  V.  intr.  3,  fall,  perish,  die. 

—  Perf.  tenses,  be  dead. 
occiduus,   -a,  -iini,    [ob-fcaduus 

(VcAD-1-vus,  cf.  deciduus)], 
adj.,  falling,  setting.  —  n.,  the  west. 

occulo,  -ere,  -cului,  -cultum, 
[ob-colo],  V.  tr.  3,  conceal y  hide. 

occupo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [foc- 
cupo-  (ob-fcapus,  v^cap  +  us) 
-f  0],  V.  tr.  3,  take  possession  of 
(excluding  something  else),  seize 
upon,  take,  cover ,  gain,  overtake, 

—  Hence,  anticipate. 
occurro,   -ere,   -curri,  -cursum, 

[ob-curro],  v.  intr.  3,  run  to  meet, 
come  to  meet,  meet,  appear. 


Oceanus,   -i,    ['Hfceaj/os],    m.,    the 

ocean  ;   Ocean  personified. 
ocior,   -us,   [foci-    (cf.  ociter)-}- 

ior,  comp.  stem],  adj.,  swifter. — 

n.  as  adv.,  see  ociter. 
ociter,    [foci-    (cf.  ocior)  -1-  ter], 

adv.,    quickly,    swiftly.  —  Comp., 

ocius,     more     swiftly,      swiftly, 

quickly. 
octoni,  -ae,  -a,   [octo  -|-  nus   (cf. 

noveni)],  adj.,  eight  apiece,  eight 

(with  pi.  nouns). 
oculus,  -i,  [foco-  (oc-,  as  root  in 

ocior,  •\-  us)  -f  lus],  m.,  eye  (cf. 

acies) . 
odi,  odisse  (osus  sum),  [?],v.  tr. 

def.,  hate,  abhor. 
odium,  -i,  [akin  to  odi],  n.,  hate, 

hatred. 
odor,  -oris,  [y'OD-f  or],  m.,  odor, 

smell,  emanation,  exhalation. 
odoratus,  see  odoro. 
odoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [odor- 

(as  if  odora)  -^  o],  v.  tr.  i,  per- 
fume. —  p.p.,  perfumed. 
Oeagrius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Oldypios^t 

adj.,  (Eagrian,  Thracian,  of  Hcb- 

mus. 
Oebalides,   -ae,   [Gr.  QL^ahShy\{\, 

m.,  Hyacinihus,  as  son  of  the  Spar- 
tan king,  CEbalus. 
Oechalia,   -ae,   [Gr.   Oi'xaXto],   f. 

(prop,  adj.),  a  city  of  Euboea. 
Oeclides,  -ae,  [Gr.  Oi/cAe/^rjs],  m., 

AmphiaraUs  (a  famous  soothsayer, 

son  of  OScles.     He  took  part   in 

the  Calydonian  hunt) . 
Oeneus,  -ei,  [Gr.  O/Vei^s],  m.,  king 

of  Calydon,  father  of  Meleager  and 

Deianira. 
Oenides,  -ae,  [Gr.  OtVe^Stjs],  m.,  i. 

son  of  (Eneus,  Meleager  ;  2.  grand- 
son of  (Eneus,  Diomedes. 
Oetaeus,  -a,  -um,   [Gr.   OiraTos], 
adj.,  of  Mt,  (Eta  ^CEte),  (Etcean. 


io6 


Vocabulary. 


—  Less  exactly,  Tkessalian,  Tra- 
ckinian, 

Oete^  -es  (Oeta,  -ae),  [Gr.  OItt?], 
m.  and  f.,  Mt.  (Eta  (a  mountain 
range  on  the  southern  border  of 
Thessaly). 

oflRendo,  -ere,  -fendi,  -fensum, 
[ob-fendo],  v.  tr.  3,  strike  against, 

—  Hence,  offend^  incense.  —  p.p., 
oflTensus,  offended^  incensed. 

offero,  -ferre^  obtuli,  oblatum, 
[ob-fero],  v.  tr.  irr.,  bring  to^ 
bring  against^  offer.  —  With  bel- 
lum  and  the  hke,  cany  on  offen- 
sive war. 

officium,  -i,  [ob-ffacium  (^fac 
4-iuiil)],  n.,  service,  office,  act  of 
duty,  adt  (of  duty,  as  funeral  or  the 
like). 

olea,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  olive. 

0|§,||0S,  -T,  [Gr.  "XiAfi/oy],  m.,  an 
inhabitant  of  Mt.  Ida,  who  was 
changed  into  a  stone. 

olens,  -entis,  [pres.  p.  of  oleo], 
adj. J,  odorous,  odoriferous. 

oleum,  -i,  [?,  cf.  oliva],  n.,  olive 
tree. 

olim,  [loc.  of  ille],  adv.,  {at  that 
time'),  once,  formerly,  some  time. 

oliva,  -ae,  [?,  cf.  oleum],  f.,  olive 
(tree  and  berry). 

olivum,  -i,  [?,  cf.  oleum],  n.,  olive 
oil,  oil  (presumably  olive). 

olor,  -oris,  [?],  m.,  swan. 

olorinus,  -a,  -um,  [Olor+ inns], 
adj.,  of  a  swan. 

olus  (ho-),  -eris,  [?],  n,,  vegetable 
(esp.  greens). 

Olympus,  -T,  [Gr.  "OAvfiiros^,  m., 
Mt.  Olympus  inThessaly,  regarded 
as  the  home  of  the  gods.  —  Hence, 
the  heaven,  heaven,  the  sky. 

omen,  -inis,  [unc.  root  -f  men],  n., 
omen,  portent. 

omuipotens,     -entis,     [omni-po- 


tens],  adj.,  all-powerful,  omnipo- 
tent. 

omnis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  all,  the  whole, 
every,  entirely  (in  agreement) .  — 
PI.  as  noun,  everything,  all.  — 
With  negative  implied  or  ex- 
pressed, any. 

Onchestius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  '07%^- 
aTios~\,  adj.,  Onchestian,  of  On- 
chestus,  son  of  O^ichestus. 

onerS,  -Sre,  -avi,  -atum,  [oner- 
(as  stem  of  onus)  -f  o],  v.  tr.  i, 
burden,  load  down.  —  p.p.,  bur- 
dened, loaded,  weighed  down,  over- 
come. 

onerosus,  -a, -um,  [oner-  (as  stem 
of  onus)  -1-  osus],  adj.,  burden- 
some, heavy.,  laborious. 

onus,  -eris,  [?],  n.,  burden^  load. 

opacus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  dark, 
obscure, 

operio,  -ire,  -ui,  opertum,  [ob- 
pario  (cf.  aperio)],  v.  tr,  4,  cover, 
conceal. 

operosus,  -a,  -um,  [oper  -f  osus], 
adj.,  busy,  laborious,  laboriously 
wrought  (moles  mnndi), 

opes,  see  ops. 

opifer,  -era,  -erum,  [opi-  (as  stem 
of  ops)+fer  (for  -ferus)],  adj., 
succoring,  bringing  help. 

oplfex,  -icis,  [opi-  (as  stem  of 
ops)  +  fex  (-y/FAC,  as  stem)],  c, 
artisan. 

oportet,  -ere,  -uit,  no  sup.,  [?,  cf. 
opportunus],  v,  imp.  2,  it  befits, 
it  behooves,  one  ought. 

oppldum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  {solid  foun- 
dation ?),  town  (as  place  of  refuge 
from  surrounding  country). 

oppono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positum, 
[ob-pono],  V.  tr.  3,  place  against, 
put  to,  raise  to,  set  (against),  op- 
pose.—  p.p.,  opposed,  opposing. 

opprimo,  -ere,  -pressi,  -pressum, 


Vocabitlaiy. 


107 


[ob-premo] ,  v.  tr.  %  press  against^ 
press  down,  oppress.  —  p-p.?  down- 
cast, gloomy. 

opprobrium,  i,  [ob-probro  + 
ium],  n.,  reproach,  disgrace,  in- 
sult. 

ops,  opis,  [?,  akin  to  opus,  opifex], 
f.,  help,  aid,  succor,  relief.  —  PI., 
rarely  in   sing.,  wealth,  resources. 

—  Sing,  personified,  Ops  (a  god- 
dess of  abundance). 

optimus,  [op-  (in  ops)  +  timus], 
sup.  used  with  bonus,  wh.  see. 

opto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?  opto- 
(p.p,  of  f  opio,  perh.  akin  to  ops) 
+  o],  V.  tr.  I,  choose,  elect,  desire^ 
wish,  pray  for,  pray. 

opus,  -eris,  [fop-  (in  ops)  +us], 
n.,  {service?'),  work  (in  its  effect, 
cf.  labor,  toil) ,  task,  effect:  diversa 
{effects).  —  As  predicate,  need, 
use :  nil  opus  est  (it  is  of  no  use, 
there  is  no  need)\  sic  opus  est 
{necessary). 

ora,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  edge,  border. — 
Hence,  shore,  region. 

oraculum  (-clum),  -i,  [ora  + 
culum],  n.,  oracle  (both  utterance 
and  place). 

orbls,  -is,  [?],  m.,  circle,  disc, 
sphere  (inexactly  conceived),  fold 
(of  snake),  course  (circular).  — 
With  and  without  terrarum,  the 
world,  zvorld  (of  a  part  of  the 
earth),  shore. 

orbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [orbo- 
(as  if  a-stem)  -1-  0],  v.  tr.  i,  be- 
reave, make  childless,  make  orphan. 

—  Less  exactly,  deprive. 
orbus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  bereaved, 

childless,  orphaned,  deprived,  desti- 
tute. 
Orchomenos,  -1,  [Gr.  'Opxo^€i/(is], 
m.  and  f.,  a  town  in  I,  Arcadia,  2. 
Boeotia, 


ordior,  -iri,  orsus,  [?,  akin  to 
ordo],  V.  dep.  4,  begin,  —  p.p., 
begin72ing. 

ordo,  -inis,  [?,  akin  to  ordior, 
through  simple  stem],  m.,  row, 
line,  series,  order,  arrangement, 
circle  (of  spokes)  :  ex  ordine  {in 
detail)  (beginning  at  the  beginning 
and  going  on);  nullo  ordine 
{wildly) ;  sine  ordine  {promiscu- 
ously). 

Oresitrophus,  -i,  [Gr.  *Ope<r(Tpo- 
(posl,  m.,  one  of  Actaeon's  hounds. 

Orestes,  -ae,  [Gr.  ^Opearris],  m., 
son  of  Agamemnon  and  Clytem- 
nestra.  He  killed  his  mother  and 
was  driven  mad  by  the  Furies. 

orgia,  -orum,  [Gr.  ^pyia],  n.  pi., 
rites  of  Bacchus,  orgies.  —  Less 
exactly,  sacred  myste7nes,  ceremo- 
nies (of  a  secret  worship) . 

Oribasus,  -i,  [Gr.  'OpeijSao-os],  m., 
one  of  Actseon's  dogs. 

oriens,  see  orior. 

origo,  -inis,  [akin  to  orior,  through 
simpler    stem],    f.,    origin,    birth, 

_^source, parentage.  — Also,  cause. 

Orion,  -onis,  [Gr.  'npfwj^],  m.,  a 
gigantic  huntsman  of  Hyria  in 
Boeotia,  changed  after  his  death 
to  a  constellation,  Orion,  the  ris- 
ing and  setting  of  which  are  ac- 
companied by  storms. 

orior,  (-1)  -iri,  ortus,  [?,  perh. 
akin  to  ordo],  v.  dep.  3  and  4, 
rise,  spring  up  (lit.  and  fig.).  — - 
pres.  p.,  rising.  —  As  noun,  the 
rising  sun,  the  East.  —  p.p.,  risen, 
rising,  springing. 

orno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?],  v.  tr^ 
I,  adorn,  decorate,  furnish,  equip. 

ornus,  -i,  [?],  f.,  ash  (tree  or  wood). 

Orny tides,  -ae,  [Gr.  ^OpvvT[Zt]s\, 
m.,  son  of  Ornytus  (a  sharer  in 
the  Calydonian  hunt), 


io8 


Vocabulary. 


orS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [or-  (stem 
of  OS,  as  if  a-stem)  -f  o],  v.  tr.  i, 
pray  for,  pray^  entreat:  oranti 
anniiit  (to  her  prayer') . 

Orontes,  -is  (-ae),  [Gr.  'OpoVr^/s], 
m-,  the  chief  river  of  Syria. 

Orpheus,  -ei,  (ace.  -ea),  [Gr. 
^Opfp^vs\y  m.,  a  mythic  bard  of 
antiquity.  He  almost  rescued  his 
wife,  Eurydice,  from  the  world  be- 
low by  his  skill  in  music,  but  was 
afterwards  torn  in  pieces  by  the 
Thracian  women. 

Orpheus,  -a,  -uin,  [as  if  Gr. 
'0/)<|)€ios],  adj.,  of  Orpheus. 

Orphne,  -es,  [Gr.  'Oppvr],  dark\ 
f.,  a  nymph  of  the  lower  world, 
mother  of  Ascalaphus. 

ortus,  -us,  [or-  (as  root  of  orior) 
H-  tils],  m.,  rising,  origin,  birth. 
—  Also,  rising  sun^  sunrise,  the 
East. 

Ortygia,  -ae,  [Gr.  ^OprvyicL],  f . :  i. 
the  island  upon  which  the  oldest 
part  of  the  city  of  Syracuse  was 
built;   2.  an  old  name  of  Delos. 

OS,  oris,  [  ?] ,  n.,  mouth,  lips,  face, 
Jaws,  words,  head.  —  Sometimes 
fig.  in.  these  senses. 

OS,  ossis,  [?],  n.,  done. 

osculum,  -i,  [os-  (orig.  stem  of 
oris)  +  culum  (perh.  through  in- 
termediate stem  in  -cum)],  n., 
lips,  kiss. 

Ossa,  -ae,  [Gr.  "Oato-o],  f.,  a  moun- 
tain in  Thessaly,  used  by  the  giants 
in  scaling  heaven. 

ostendo,  -ere,  -tendi,  -tentum, 
[obs-tendo],  v.  tr.  3,  {stretch 
towards) ,  shozv,  point  out. 

ostiuTn,  -i,  [os-  (old  stem  of  os) 
-{■  unc.  term,  perh.  through  a  false 
analogy],  n.,  mouth  (of  a  river), 
door. 

ostrum,  -i,   [?,  akin    to    ostrea, 


perh.  borr.  from  oo-rpaKov],  n., 
purple  (made  from  shellfish). 

Othrys,  -yos,  [Gr.  ^Odpvs^,  m.,  a 
mountain  in  Thessaly. 

otium,  -i,  [?],  n.,  ^uiet,  ease  (luxu- 
rious) ,  freedom  from  care. 

ovile,  -is,  [ovi  -f-  lis],  n.  (of  adj.), 
sheepfold. 

ovis,  -is,  [?],  f.,  sheep. 

ovum,  -i,  [?,  prob.  akin  to  avis,  as 
if  avium],  n.,  egg> 


pabulum,  -i,  \_^vk.  (in  paseor) 
-f  bulum],  n.,  fodder,  grass,  ver- 
dure, 

pacalis,  -e,  [pac-  (stem  of  pax) 
■\-  alls],  adj.,  belonging  to  peace  : 
olea  {peaceful,  emblem  of  peace). 

Fachynus  (-uin),-i,  [Gr.ricixwos], 
m.  and  n.  (f.),  the  southeastern 
extremity  of  Sicily  {Capo  di  Pas- 
sard). 

paciscor,  -i,  pactus,  [-y/pac, 
formed  with  -sco  from  simpler 
stem  (cf.  pSco)],  v.  dep.  3,  agree, 
bargain,  stipulate  (demand  in  a 
bargain).  —  p.p.  in  pass,  tense, 
agreed  upon.  —  See  also  pactum. 

pSLeo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [pac-  (in 
pax)],  V.  tr.  \, pacify  (prop,  lit, 
but  also  fig.) . 

Pactolis,  -idis,  [Gr.  Ila/crajAts],  f., 
of  Pactolus,  Pactolian. 

Pactolos,  -i,  [Gr.  nafTwAJs],  m.,  a 
river  of  Lydia  famous  for  its  gold. 

pactum,  -i,  [n.,  p.p.  of  paciscor 
and  pango],  n.,  agreement. 

Padus,  -1,  [?],  m.,  the  Po  (the 
famous  river  of  Northern  Italy) . 

Paean,  -anis,  [Gr.  Ila.i6.v,  Tlaniiv'], 
m.,  the  physician  of  the  gods, 
Apollo.  —  Also,  a  hymn,  a  song  of 
triumph. 


Vocabulary, 


109 


paelex  (pellex),  -icis,  [Gr.  iraAAa- 
/ctsj,  f.,  concubine^  rival  (of  lawful 
wife). 

paene,  [?],  adv.,  almost,  nearly,  all 
but. 

paenitet  (poen-),  -ere,  paenituit, 
[  ?] ,  V.  tr.  imp.  2,  it  repents,  one 
regrets. 

Paestum,  -1,  [?],  n.,  a  city  of 
Lucania,  formerly  called  Posido- 
nia,  famous  for  its  roses. 

Pagasaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  na7a- 
(Totos],  adj.,  Pagascean,  of  Pagasce, 
the  harbor  near  lolcus,  where  the 
ship  Argo  was  built. 

Palaemon,  -onis,  [Gr.  llaAatjuwj'], 
m.,  the  name  of  Mehcerta,  son  of 
Athamas  and  Ino,  after  he  was 
changed  into  a  sea-god. 

palaestra,  -ae,  [Gr.  Tra\ai<rrpa], 
f.,  palaestra  or  wrestling-place.  — 
Less  exactly,  wrestling,  athletic 
games. 

palam,  [?],  adv.,  openly,  in  public. 

Palatium,  -i  (-ii),  [fpalato-  (re- 
duced) +  ium  (n.  of  -ius)],  n., 
the  Palatine  hill  (on  which  was 
the  imperial  residence  of  Augus- 
tus).—  Less  exactly,  palace  (of 
heaven) . 

palatum,  -i,  [?,  akin  to  pala- 
tium], n.,  roof  of  the  mouth,  pal- 
ate, mouth. 

palear,.-aris,  [?],  n.,  dewlap  (usu- 
ally pi.). 

Pales,  -is,  [?,  ^pal  (in  palea, 
palor)  -f-  is  (-es)],  f.  (anciently 
m.),  the  divinity  of  shepherds  (of 
the  wandering  flocks?). 

Palici,  -orum,  [?],  m.,  the  name 
of  two  sons  of  Jupiter,  deified  in 
Sicily.  Near  their  sanctuary,  be- 
tween Henna  and  Syracuse,  were 
two  sulphur  springs. 

Palilia,  see  Parilia. 


palla,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  robe,  cloak, 
mantle. 

Palladius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  UaXKa.- 
hioi],  adj.,  of  Pallas  (Minerva)  : 
latices,  olive  oil  (sacred  to  Mi- 
nerva).—n..  Palladium,  'statue 
of  Pallas. 

Pallantis,  -idos,  [Gr.  TlaXXavris}, 
f.,  descendant  of  Pallas,  Aurora 
(whose  grandfather  was  the  Titan 
Pallas). 

Pallas,  -adis,  [Gr.  HaAAciy],  f.,  the 
Grecian  divinity,  identified  by  the 
Romans  with  Minerva,  a  goddess 
of  war  and  of  household  arts  and 
of  learning,  and  discoverer  of  the 
olive. 

palleo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [?],  v. 
intr.  2,  be  pale,  be  gray. 

pallesco,  -ere,  pallui,  no  sup., 
[palle-  (stem  of  palleo)  -f  sco], 
V.  intr.  ■T,,  pale,  grow  yellow. 

pallidus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  fpallo- 
(cf.  palleo)  +  dus],  adj.,  pale, 
pallid. 

pallor,  -oris,  [pall-  (as  if  root  of 
palleo)  +  or],  m.,  pallor,  pale 
hue. 

palma,  -ae,  [Gr.  iraKd^ri],  f,,  palm 
(of  the  hand),  hand.  —  Hence, 
from  its  shape,  palm  (the  tree), 
date,  palm  (of  victory) . 

palmes,  -itis,  [prob.  palma -ftis], 
m.,  branch,  vine  branch,  vine. 

palpo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [palpo- 
(as  if  a-stem)  H-  o],  v.  tr.  i,  stroke, 
caress,  pet. 

pains,  -Hdis,  [?],  f.,  marsh. 

paluster  (tris),  -tris,  -e,  [palud 
+  tris],  adj.,  of  the  marsh,  marsh-, 

Pamphagus,  -i,  [Gr.  Tla/^^ci^os], 
m.,  one  of  Actseon's  dogs. 

pampineus,  -a,  -um,  [pampino  -1- 
eus],  adj.,  leafy,  branching,  clus- 
tering, of  the  vine  (umbra). 


no 


Vocabulary , 


Fan,  -OS,   [Gr.  Ilai/],  m.,  the  god 

of  shepherds,  represented  as  half 

goat,  and  playing  on  the  syrinx. 
paiid5,  -ere,  pandi,  passum,  [?], 

V.  tr.   I,  spread,  open,  disclose.  —~ 

Hence,    declm-e,  —  p.p.,    spread, 

dishevelled,  loose  (of  the  hair) . 
pandus,  -a,  -um,  [akin  to  pando], 

adj.,  bent,  turned  up. 
Panope,  -es,  [Gr.  \iav6-nf]\,  f.,  a 

city  in  Phocis  on  the  Cephisus. 
Panopeus,  -ei,  [Gr.  riai/oTreus],  m., 

a  sharer  in  the  Calydonian  hunt. 
papaver,  -erls,  [?],  n.,  poppy. 
papyrifer,-era,-erum,[papyr6-fer 

(for  -ferus)],  2.^].,  papyrus-bea7^ing. 
par,  paris,  [?],  adj.,  equal,  two  like 

(in  plu.),  alike  (fatum).  ~  n.  as 

noun,  pair. 
par  (noun),  see  par  (adj.). 
paratus,   -«s,    [para  +  tus],    m., 

preparation,  pomp,  splendor. 
Parcae,  -arnm,  [?,  prob.  akin  to 

parco],  f.  pL,  the  Fates,  goddesses 

of  birth  and  death  (Nona,  Decuma, 

and  Morta),  and  so  the  arbiters  of 

human  destiny,  identified  with  the 

Greek   MoTpat   (Clotho,    Lachesis, 

and  Atropos). 
parc5,     -ere,     peperci    (parsi), 

parcitum    (parsum),    [?],    v. 

intr.  3,  spare,  refrain  from,  stay. 
parous,  -a,  -um,  [akin  to  parco], 

2i<X].,  sparing,  parsimonious,  frugal. 
parens,  -entis,  [pres.  (really  aorist) 

p.  of  pario],  c,  parent,  mother, 

father, 
parentalis,    -e,    [parent  +  alls], 

adj.,  of  parents,  of  relatives. 
pareo,    -ere,     parui,    paritum, 

[fparo   (cf.  opiparus)],  v.  intr. 

2,  {appear?^,  obey. 
paries,  -etis,  [?],  m.,  wall  (of  a 

house). 
Parilin,  -iuiri,  n.  pi ,  the  feast  of 


Pales  (celebration  on  the  21st  of 
April,  the  anniversary  of  the  foun- 
dation of  Rome).     See  Parilis. 

Parilis,  -e,  [fpali  (of  Pales,  with 
change  of  1  to  r)  -f-  ills],  adj.,  of 
or  sacred  to  Pales, 

parilis,  -e,  [pari-  (as  stem  of  par) 
-f-  lis],  adj.,  equal,  like,  at  the 
same  time  (letum) . 

pario,  -ere,  peperi,  paritum 
(partum),  [-y/par  (akin  to 
fparus,  paro,  pareo)],  v.  tr.  3, 
get,  obtain,  secure.  —  Esp.,  bring 
forth,  bear  children. 

Paris,  -idis,  [Gr.  Ilapis],  m.,  the 
son  of  Priam,  king  of  Troy,  and 
Hecuba.  He  carried  off  Helen, 
wife  of  Menelaus,  king  of  Sparta, 
and  thus  brought  on  the  Trojan 
war. 

pariter,  [pari-  (as  stem  of  par) 
-f- ter],  adv.,  equally,  together,  in 
like  manner,  at  the  same  time, 
alike. 

parma,  -ae,  [Gr.  Trap^'»)],  f.,  buck- 
ler, shield  (round),  targe. 

Parnasis,  -idis  (-idos),  [Gr.  Tiap- 
vaais'],  f.  adj.,  of  Parnassus. 

Parnasius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Yiapva- 
(TLos'],  adj.,  of  Parnassus. 

Parnasus,  -1,  [Gr.  TIa/7i/a<ros],  m., 
Mt,  Parnassus  in  Thessaly,  the 
favorite  haunt  of  the  Muses  and 
of  Apollo. 

paro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?,  akin 
to  pario,  prob.  through  adj.  stem 
(cf.  opiparus)],  v.  tr.  i ,  procure, 
get,  prepare,  make  preparation  for. 
—  Hence,  attempt,  purpose,  intend 
going  to  (bellum),  think  t?/ (doing 
something). 

Paros,  -i,  [Gr.  Ilctpos],  f.,  one  of 
the  Cyclades  islands,  famous  for 
its  white  marble. 

Parrliasis,    -idis     (-idos),     [Gr. 


Vocabulary, 


III 


riap^oo-is],  f.  adj.,  Parrhasian^  of 
Farj'-hasia  (a  town  of  Arcadia), 
Arcadian :  arctos,  Callisto  (who 
was  made  the  constellation  of  the 
Great  Bear). 

Parrhasius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Uappd- 
aios}y  adj.,  of  Parrhasia,  Parrka- 
sian^  Arcadian, 

pars,  partis,  [V^-^^^  (i^  P^^r)  + 
tis  (reduced)],  i.^  part,  some,  one 
of.  —  Also,  side,  region,  quarter, 
direction. — V\.,  part  (role). 

Parthaonius,  -a,  -um,  [fPar- 
thaon+ius],  adj.,  of  Parthaon 
(king  of  Calydon,  father  of 
CEneus) . 

Parthenius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  YlapO^- 
vios^,  adj.,  of  Parthenius  (a  moun- 
tain in  Arcadia),  Parthenian. 

Parthenope,  -es,  [Gr.  nap^e^oVT/], 
f.,  the  ancient  name  of  Naples,  or 
of  the  city  for  which  Naples  (Nea- 
polis,  the  New  City)  was  substi- 
tuted. 

particeps,  -Ipis,  [parti- ceps  (  V^ap 
as  stem)],  adj.,  sharing. —  PI.  as 
noun,  companions,  partners. 

partim,  [old  ace.  of  pars],  adv., 
partly.  —  Taking  place  of  a  noun 
or  pronoun,  some,  some  .  .  .  others. 

partior,  -iri,  it  us,  [parti  +  o],  v. 
dep.  4,  share,  divide.  —  p.p.,  shar- 
ing. 

partus,  -us,  [y'PAR  (in  pario)  -f 
tus],  m.,  birth,  giving  birth,  off- 
spring. 

parum,  [?,  cf.  parvus],  adv.,  too 
little,  not  enough. 

parvus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  akin  to 
parum],  adj.,  small,  little,  tri- 
fling, slight,  humble  (domus), 
gentle  (murmur),  lozv  (vox). — 
n.  pi.,  trifles :  parvi  {of  small 
account). — Comp.,  minor,  less, 
inferior,  younger,  -^  n.   as   adv., 


less.  —  Sup.,  minimus,  least,  very 

Utile,  only  the  slightest,  very  small, 

youngest. 
pasco,  -ere,  pavi,  pastum,  [  V^'^» 

formed  with  -sco],  v.  tr.  T^,feed. — 

Pass,  as  dep.,  graze,  feed,  —  Fig., 

satiate  one's  self  —  p.p.,  pastus, 
fed. 
pascuum,  -i,  [pasc-  (as  if  root  of 

pasco)  4-  vum],  v^..,  pasture. 
passim,  [ace.  of  real  or  imaginary 

tpassis  (pand  as  root  +  tis),  cf. 

partim],  adv.,  all  around,  here 

and  there^  everywhere. 
passus,  p.p.  of  paudo,  wh.  see. 
passus,   -iis,   [pand-    (as   root   of 

pando)  +  tus],   m.,    {spread   of 

step),  step,  pace. 
pastor,  -oris,  [pas-  (as  if  root  of 

pasco,  cf.  pastus)  -}-  tor],  m., 

shepherd. 
pastorius,  -a,-um,  [pastor  -f  ius], 

adj.,  of  a  {the)  shepherd. 
Pataraeus,  -a,  -um,   [Gr.   riara- 

paTos],  adj.,  of  Patara  (a  city  on 

the  coast  of  Lycia,  where  was  a 

famous  temple  of  Apollo. 
patefacio,  -ere,  -fgci,   -factum, 

[pate-  (case-form  akin  to  pateo) 

4-  facio],  V.  tr.  3,  lay  open,  open. 
pateo,  -ere,   -ui,   no    sup.,    [unc, 

noun  stem  (cf.  patefacio)  -\-  o], 

V.  intr.  2,  lie  open,  spread,  extend, 

be    disclosed,   be   exposed,   appear, 

open. 
pater,   -tris,   [?,  cf.  mater],  m., 

father ,  senator  (i.e.  elder),  sire  (of 

animals). 
patera,  -ae,  [?,  akin  to  pateo],  f., 

spreading  dish,   bowl,    patera    (a 

spreading  dish  used  in  libations). 
paternus,   -a,    -um,    [pater-    (as 

stem  of  pater)  +  nus],   adj.,   of 

one^s  father,  one'^s father'' s,  paternal. 
patientia,  -ae,  [patient  +  ia],  f., 


112 


Vocabulary, 


patience,  long-suffering,  power  of 
endurance. 

patior,  -i,  passus,  [?],  v.  clep.  3, 
suffer,  undergo,  submit  to,  bear, 
live  through.  —  pres.  p.,  patiens, 
capable  of  enduring,  having  endur- 
ance for. 

patrius,  -a,  -una,  [pair-  (as  stem 
of  pater)  +  ins],  adj.,  of  one's 
father^  native.  —  f,  as  noun  (sc. 
terra),  fatherland,  country,  na- 
tive city. 

patruelis,  -e,  [patruo-  (as  if 
pa  true-)  +  lis],  adj.,  of  an  uncle, 
of  a  cousin,  one's  cousin's. 

patruiis,  -i,  [pair-  (as  stem  of 
patei^)  +  vus],  m.,  uncle. 

patnlus,  -a^  -uni,  [fpato-  (whence 
pateo)  +  lus],  adj.,  spreading, 
■wide  open,  open. 

paulgtim,  [paulo-  (reduced)  + 
atim  (as  if  paula  +  tis,  in  acc,)]> 
adv.,  by  degrees,  gradually^ 

paulus^  -a,  -unci,  [  ?,  akin  to  par- 
vus], adj.,  little.  —  n.  as  adv.,  a 
little,  somewhat. 

pauper,  -eris,  [?,  perh*  akin  to 
parvus,  paulus],  adj.,  poor, 
hujuble.  — As  noun,/^^r  man. 

paupertas,  -atis,  [pauper  +  tas], 
f.,  humble  circumstances,  poverty. 

pavefacio,  -ere,  -feci,  -factum, 
[tpave-  (case-form  akin  to 
paveo)  +  facio],  v.  tr,  3,  terrify. 

pavens,  see  paveo. 

paveo,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
[prob.  fpavo-  (cf.  pavidus)  + 
eo],  V.  intr.  2,  be  afraid,  be  fright- 
ened, be  struck  with  terror,  shud- 
der at  (inf.). 

pavidus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  fpavo- 
(cf,  paveo)  +  dus],  adj.,  terrified, 
frightened,  trembling. 

pavo,  -onis,  [?],  va..,  peacock. 

pavor,  -oriSj  [pajV-  (as  if  rOot  of 


paveo)  +  or],  m.,  fear,  timidity. 

—  Personified,  Fear. 
pax,  pacis,  [  V^^c  (pag)  as  stem], 

f.,  peace, 
peccS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?],  v. 

intr.  I,  sin,  do  wrong. 
pecteu,  -iuis,  [unc.  form  from  stem 

of  pecto],   m.,  comb,  sleigh    (of 

loom). 
pecto,    -ere,      pexui,     pexum, 

[^PEC  (formed  with  to)],  v.  tr.  3, 

comb. 
pectus,  -oris,  [pect-  (as  if  root  of 

pecto)  +  us],   n.,   breast    (prob. 

from  its  shape,  like  a  comb).— 

Hence,  as  seat  of  heart,  heart,  soul, 

mind  (purpose),  ;//z«^ (generally). 
pecus,  -oris,  [?],  n.,  sheep.  —  PL, 

flocks. 
pecus,  -udis,  [?,  akin  to  pecus, 

-oris],  f.,  sheep.  —  V\.,  flocks. 
Pegasis,  -idis  (-idos),  [Gr.  liriya- 

<jii],  f.  adj.,  of  Pegasus:   undae 

(the  sacred  spring  of  the  Muses, 

Hippokrene,    on     Mt.     Helicon, 

which  was  created  by  a  blow  of 

the  hoof  of  Pegasus. 
Pegasos  (-us),  -i,  [Gr.  Il-hyaffoi], 

m.,  the  winged  horse  of  the  Muses, 

that  sprang  from    the    blood    of 

Medusa. 
pejor,  see  malus. 
Pelagon,  -onis,  [Gr.  lieXdyoiv],  m., 

a  sharer  in  the  Calydonian  hunt. 
pelagus,  -i,  [Gr.  ir^Kajos],  n.,  the 

sea,  the  deep. 
Pelasgus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  UcKanyos'], 

adj.^  Grecian  (from  the  supposed 

ancient  inhabitants) .  —  m.  pi.,  the 

Greeks. 
Peleus, -ei,  [Gr.  linXeifi],  m.,  son 

of  yEacus,  husband  of  Thetis,  and 

father  of  Achilles.     He  took  part 

in  the  Calydonian  hunt  and   the 

Argonautic  expedition. 


Vocabjdary. 


^n 


Pellacus,  -a,  -Um,  [Cr.  fif\\iaK6s\ 
adj.,  of  or  from  Mt,  Pelion  (in  Thes- 
saly,  near  the  home  of  Achilles). 

Pelias,  -adis,  [Gr.  n?7\tas],  f.  adj., 
of  Mi.  Pelion, 

Pelias,  -ae,  [Gr.  IleAtas],  m., 
brother  of  ^son,  king  of  lolcus. 
He  robbed  his  brother  of  his  king- 
dom, and  sent  his  nephew  Jason 
on  the  Argonautic  expedition.  He 
was  killed  by  his  own  daughters 
and  Medea, 

Pelignus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  of  the 
Peligni  (a  tribe  of  Central  Italy, 
in  whose  territory  Sulmo,  the 
native  town  of  Ovid,  was  situated), 
Peligni  an, 

Pelion,  -ii,  [Gr.  nif]Atov],  n.,  (also 
Pelios,  m.),  a  mountain  of  Thes- 
saly  fabled  to  have  been  used  by 
the  giants  in  scaling  Olympus. 

pellex,  -icis,  see  paelex. 

pellis,  -is,  [?],  f.,  skin,  hide. 

pello,  -ere,  pepuli,  pulsum,  [?], 
V.  tr.  3,  drive,  drive  away,  over- 
come, dispel:  nerves  (^strike)', 
moram  {escheiv,  avoids  make  no'). 
—  p.p.,  pulsus,  beaten,  overcome. 

Peloros  (-us,  -uin),  -i,  [Gr.  Xl^Xw- 
posl,  m.  and  n.,  a  promontory  on 
the  northeast  coast  of  Sicily,  now 
Capo  di  Faro  J  one  of  the  headlands 
of  the  Straits  of  Messina. 

penates,  -um,  [pen-  (in  penitus, 
penus)  -\-  as  (cf.  optimas)],  m. 
pi.,  household  gods y  penates.  —  They 
were  the  gods  of  the  inner  recesses 
of  the  house,  and  of  the  hearth, 
but  of  uncertain  character  and 
functions.  —  Also,  home,  hearth, 
house. 

pendeo,  -ere,  pependi,  pensum, 
[prob.  tpendo-  (cf.  pendulus) 
-f-  eo],  V.  intr.  2,  hang^  be  sus- 
pended, be  poised.  —  Fig.,  depend 


upon  (ab,  ex).  —  pres.  p., 
ing,  suspended. 

pendo,  -ere,  pependi,  pensum, 
[^pend],  v.  tr.  3,  haiig.  —  Hence, 
(hang  on  steelyards),  weigh.  — ■ 
Hence,  pay :  poenas  {^pay  pen- 
alty, suffer  punishment) . 

pendulus,  -a,  -um,  [fpendo  -f- 
lus  (cf.  pendeo)],  adj.,  hanging, 

Peneis,  -idos,  [Gr.  Xl-qvrits],  f.  adj., 
of  the  Peneus  (a  river  inThessaly), 
Peneian  :  nympha  (i.e.  Daphne, 
daughter  of  the  river-god). 

Peneius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  IlTji/^tos], 
adj.,  of  the  Peneus,  Peneian.  —  f. 
as  subst.,  Daph^ie  (daughter  of  the 
river-god  Peneus). 

Penelope,  -es,  [Gr.  Uy\v^\iwt\\,  f., 
daughter  of  Icarius,  wife  of  Ulys- 
ses, and  mother  of  Telemachus. 

Peneos  (-us),-i,  [Gr.  Uyiv^i^sX,  m., 
a  river  of  Thessaly  flowing  through 
the  vale  of  Tempe. 

penetrabilis,  -e,  [penetra  -f-  bills], 
adj.,  penetrable,  —  Also,  penetrat- 
ing, piercing. 

penetrans,  -e,  [fpenetro-  (re- 
duced) +  alls],  adj.,  interior.-^ 
Esp.  n.,  penetrale,  -is,  interior. 
—  PL,  inner  recesses,  shrines,  pri- 
vate home,  hearthstone. 

penetro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[fpenetro-  (as  if  penetra-,  cf. 
penetrans)  +  o],  v.  tr.  i,  pene- 
trate.^ enter. 

Peneus,  see  Peneos. 

penitus,  [stem  akin  to  penus  + 
tus  (cf.  intus)],  adv.,  within,  be- 
low :  penitus  penitnsque  i^far, 
far  below) . 

penna,  -ae,  [prob.  -v/pet,  in  peto 
-f  na],  f.,  feather,  wing  (of  bird, 
also  of  an  arrow) . 

pennatus,  -a,  -um,  [penna  +  tus, 
as  if  p.p.  of  tpenno],  adj.,  winged. 


114 


Vocabulary. 


per,  [?],  prep.,  through,  over, 
among,  amid.  —  Fig  ,  by  means  of, 
through  (of  agent),  by:  per  se 
{of  itself), — ■In  comp.,  through, 
thoroughly,  over,  very  (perh.  differ- 
ent case-form). 

perago,  -ere,  -egi,  -actum,  [per- 
ago],  V.  tr.  3,  lead  through,  carry 
out  (jussa),  compktf,  pass,  accom- 
plish :  otia  {pass  a  life  of\, 

peraro,  -are,  -^\%  -atum,  [per- 
aro],  V.  tr.  l,  plough  over. — - 
Hence,  write  (by  scratcliing). 

percenseo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [per- 
censeo],  V.  tr.  2,  search  over,  search 
through. 

percipiS,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptum, 
[per-capio],  v.  tr.  3,  gather 
(fruits),  receive,  catch,  take  on. — 
Hence,  learn. 

perciirro,  -ere,  -curri,  -cursum, 
[per-curro],  v.  tr.  3,  run  over. 

percussus,  p.p.  of  percutio. 

percutiS,  -ere,  -cussi,  -cussum, 
[per-cutio],  v.  tr.  3,  strike,  beat. 
—  Less  exactly,  reflect.  — r  p.p., 
wounded:  pennis  {tvith  the  stroke 
of)  ;  unda  (as  she  struck) . 

perdlx,  -icis,  [Gr.  7rep5i|],  c,  par- 
tridge. —  As  proper  name,  Perdix, 
nephew  of  Daedalus,  changed  into 
a  partridge. 

perdS,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditum,  [per- 
do  (cf.  interficio)],  v.  tr.  3,  de- 
stroy, waste,  lose. 

peregrinus,  -a,  -um,  [peregro- 
(reduced)  +  inus],  adj.,  foreign, 
abroad,  of  strangers,  strange. — 
As  noun,  foreigner,  stranger. 

perennis,  -e,  [per-annus,  infl.  as 
adj.],  adj.,  eternal. 

pereo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  [per-eo  (cf. 
perdo)],  V.  intr.  irr.,  fall,  perish, 
be  lost,  be  destroyed. 

pererro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [per- 


erro],  v.  tr.  i,  wander  over,  glide 

over,  crawl  over,  wander  through. 
perficiS,    -ere,    -feci,     -fectum, 

[per-facio],  v.  tr.  t,,  finish,  com- 
plete. 
perfringo,  -ere,  -fregi,  -fractum, 

[per-frango] ,    v.    tr.     3,     break 

through,  burst  through. 
perfund§,    -ere,    -fudi,   -fflsura, 

[per-fundo],  v.  tr.  3,  pour  over, 

pour  on,  flood,  ^sprinkle,  bathe.  — 

p.p.,  bathed,  bedewed. 
Pergama,  -orum,  [sing,  not  used 

in  the  Metam.~\,  [Gr.  n/p7a/;tor], 

n.  pi.,  the  citadel   of  Troy,  Troy 

itself. 
Fergus,  -i,  [?],   m.,    a  lake    near 

Henna  in  Sicily  (now  Lago  Per- 

gussa) . 
perhorresco,    -ere,    -borrui,    no 

sup.,  [per-horreo],  v.  tr.  and  intr. 

3,  shudder  (all  over),  shudder  at. 
periculum    (-clum),    [peri-    (as 

stem   of   tperior)  +  culum],  n., 

trial.  — ■  Hence,      danger,     peril, 

source  of  danger. 
Perilla,  -ae,  [Gr.  HepfAAa],  f.,  the 

name,  real  or  fictitious,  of  Ovid's 

daughter. 
perimo,    -ere,    -emi,    -emiptum, 

[per-emo,  take'],  v.  tr.  3,  destroy 

(cf.  perdo),  slay,  put  to  death. 
perlucidus,   -a,    -um,    [per-luci- 

dus],    adj.,    very    bright.  —  Also, 

transparent. 
perluo,  -ere,  -lui,  -latum,    [per- 

luo],  V.  tr.  3,  zvash,  bathe.,   rinse. 

' — Pass.,  bathe  (intr.). 
permaneo,  -ere,  -mansi,  -man- 
sum,  [tper-maneo],  v.   intr.    2, 
'     continue,  remain,  last. 
permaturesco,    -ere,    -maturui, 

no  sup.,  [per-maturesco],  v.  intr. 

3,  become  fully  ripe. 
permisceo,  -ere,  -miscui,  -mix- 


Vocahttlary. 


Ill 


turn,    [per-misceo],    v.    tr.    2, 
mingle, 
permitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missum, 

[per-mitto],  v.  tr.  3,  hand  over^ 
leave  to. —  Hence,  allow,  per vtit, 

permuleeo,  -ere,  -mulsi,  -mul- 
sum,  [per-mulceo],  v.  tr.  2, 
stroke,  caress. 

pernox,  -noctis,  [per-nox],  adj., 
all  night  (luna) . 

perosiis,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  per-odi], 
partic,  hating,  abhorring,  a  deadly 
enemy  to. 

perpessus,'p.p.  of  perpetior. 

perpetior,  -i,  -pessus,  [per- 
patior],  V.  dep.  3,  endure,  suffer. 

perpetuus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  perpetu- 
(cf.  impetus)  +  us  (or  -vus)], 
adj.,  {going  through  to  the  end), 
perpetual,  eternal,  continuous,  for- 
ever, a  row  of.  —  Abl,,  perpetuo, 
perpetually,  ever, 

perquirS,  -ere,  -quaesivi,  -quae- 
situm,  [per-quaero],  v.  tr.  3, 
search  for. 

Perseis,  -idis  (-idos),  f.  adj., 
daughter  of  Perses. 

Persephone,  -es,  [Gr.  \lep(TG^p6vy\\, 
f. ,  the  Greek  name  for  Proserpine. 

persequor,  -i,  -secutus,  [per- 
sequor],  v,  dep.  3,  follow  (to  the 
end),  pursue.  —  Hence,  narrate 
(fully). 

Perseus,  -ei,  [Gr.  nepo-e^js],  m., 
son  of  Jupiter  and  Danae  (daugh- 
ter of  King  Acrisius  of  Argos), 
slayer  of  the  Gorgon  Medusa. 

Persis,  -idis  (ace.  -ida),  [Gr.  Ilep- 
<ris],  f.  2.^y^  Persian. 

perspicio,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spectum, 
[per-f specio] ,  v.  tr.  3,  look  over, 
gaze  at,  survey,  look  upon. 

perspicuus,  -a,  -um,  [per-fspe- 
cuus,  -^sPEC4-vus  (cf.  conspi- 
cuus)],  adj.,  transparent. 


persto,  -are,  -stiti,  -statum,  [per- 

sto],  V.  intr.  \, persist. 
perterritus,  -a,  -um,   [per-terri- 

tus],  adj.,  much  terrified,  in  terror. 
pervenio,  -ire,  -veni,   -venfeiim, 

[per-venio],  v.  intr.  4,  cofne 
through  to,  come  to,  arrive  at, 
reach, 

pervigll,  -is,  [per-vigil],  adj., 
wakeful  all  night,  ever  watchful. 

pervius,  -a,  -um,  [per -via,  infl.  as 
adj.],  adj.,  passable,  traversable, 
accessible,  exposed  (vento). 

pes,  pedis,  [^ped,  as  stem],  m., 
foot,  hoof  —  Sometimes  to  be 
transl.  swift  foot,  swiftness  of  foot, 
—  Also,y^o/  (of  verse)  ;j  verse. 

pestifer,  -era,  -erum,  [pesti-fer 
(for  -ferus)],  adj.,  pestilent,  pes- 
tiferous-, noxious,  destructive, 

pestis,  -is,  [unc.  root  -|-  tis],  f., 
plague.  —  Less  exactly,  ruin^  de- 
struction, curse. 

peto,  -ere,  -ivi,  -itum,  [^^pet],  v. 
tr.  3,  {fly  to,  rush  to,  cf.  impetus), 
hie  to,  approach,  seek  (go  to),  go  for, 
aim  at,  seek  to  gain,  seek  (to  gain), 
rise  to,  seek  (in  marriage),  zvoo.  — 
Hence,  ask,  beg. 

Phaedimus,  -i,  [Gr.  ^aihLiios\  m,, 
a  son  of  Niobe. 

Phaethon,  -ootis,  [Gr.  ^ae^wj/], 
m.,  a  son  of  the  Sun  (Phoebus) 
and  Clymene,  who  tried  to  drive 
his  father's  horses.  They  became 
unmanageable,  and  he  was  de- 
stroyed by  a  thunderbolt.  His 
sisters,  mourning  for  him,  were 
changed  into  poplars. 

Phaethiisa,  -ae,  [Gr.  ^aidova<i\, 
f.,  one  of  the  Heliades,  sisters  of 
Phaethon. 

Phantasos,  -i,  [Gr,  ^cti/rao-ov],  m., 
a  god  of  dreams,  who  imitates  in- 
animate objects. 


ii6 


Vocabulary. 


pharetra,  -ae,  [Gr.  <i)ap€rpa],  f., 
quiver, 

pharetratus,  -a,  -um,  [fpliaretra 
+  tus  (ci  armatus)],  adj., 
armed  with  a  quiver,  quiver-bear- 
ing. 

Pharsalia,  -ae,  [Gr.  ^a/DiraAm],  f., 
the  region  about  Pharsaliis  in 
Thessaly,  where  Caesar  defeated 
Pompey. 

Pbaslas,  -adis,  [Gr.  ^ao-ias],  f., 
of  or  from,  the  Fhasis ;  Medea 
(whose  home  was  in  Colchis  on 
the  Phasis). 

Phasis,  -idis,  [Gr.  4>acrts],  m.,  a 
river  in  Colchis. 

Phegiacus,  -a,  -um,  [as  if  Gr. 
*i77ia«:(^s],  adj.,  of  Fhegia  (a  town 
in  Arcadia,  afterwards  called  Pso- 
phis),  Fhegian. 

Pheretiades, -ae,  [Gr.  ^epr^Tidd-ns'], 
m.,  son  of  Fheres,  Admetus  (king 
of  Pher^,  a  sharer  in  the  Caly- 
donian  hunt) . 

Phiale,  -es,  [Gr.  #taA7/],  f.,  a 
nymph  of  Diana. 

PMlemon,  -onis,  [Gr.  ^iKi\ixmv\, 
m.,  a  pious  Phrygian,  husband  of 
Baucis,  changed  into  £L  tree. 

Philippi,  -ioruin,  [Gr.  ^/Aittttoi], 
m.  pL,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  near 
the  foot  of  the  range  of  Hsemus. 
It  was  famous  for  the  battle  in 
which  Octavius  and  Antony  over- 
came Brutus  and  Cassius. 

PMlomela,  -ae,  [Gr.  ^iKo}ii\\T]\^  f., 
a  daughter  of  Pandion,  king  of 
Thebes,  who,  with  her  sister  Proc- 
ne,  served  up  to  Tereus,  her  sis- 
ter's husband,  his  son  Itys,  pre- 
pared for  food.  They  were  all 
changed  to  birds,  Philomela  to  a 
nightingale,  for  which  bird  her 
name  often  stands. 

Philyreius,   -a,   -um,   [as  if  Gr. 


^iKvpii]ios\,  adj.,  of  or  belonging  to 
Philyra  or  of  Chiron  (the  son  of 
Philyra  and  Saturn). 

Phineus,  -ei  (-eos),  [Gr.  4»iz/ew^], 
m.,  a  king  of  Thrace,  who  was 
struck  blind  and  afterwards  tor- 
mented by  the  Harpies. 

PMegethontis, -idis  (-idos),  [Gr, 
4>Ae76^oi/Tis3,  f.  2i^].j  of  Flegethon 
(a  river  of  Hades). 

Phlegon,  -ontis,  [Gx.^Kiyiav],  m,, 
one  of  the  horses  of  the  Sun. 

Phlegraeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  *Ae- 
7pa?os],  adj.,  Fhlegrosan,  of  Fhlegra 
(the  place,  in  Thrace  or  elsewhere, 
where  Jupiter  destroyed  the  gi- 
ants) . 

Phobetor,  -oris  (ace.  -ora),  [Gr. 
^ojSijTajp],  m.,  a  dream- god,  also 
called  Icelos. 

phoca,  -ae,  [Gr.  ^d5/f7?],  f.,  seal. 

Phocai'cus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  *a>/fai'- 
K6i\^  adj.,  Fhocman,  of  Fhocoea  (a 
town  on  the  coast  of  Ionia) . 

Phoceus,  -a,  -um,  [as  if  Gr.  ^(a- 
K€i,os\  adj.,  Phocian :  juvenis, 
Fylades  (son  of  King  Strophius  of 
Phocis) . 

Phocis,  -idis,  [Gr.  ^w/cts],  f.,  a 
mountainous  country  between  Boe- 
otia  and  Thessaly. 

Phoebe,  -es,  [Gr.  ^oi^t\\  f.,  a  name 
of  Diana  (the  moon-goddess),  as 
sister  of  Phoebus  (the  sun-god). 

Phoebeius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  *oi^T^i'os], 
adj.,  of  Phoebus  or  Apollo:  yd^Q- 
mSj  ^sculapius  (son  of  Apollo). 

Phoebeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  ^oi&^ios], 
adj.,  of  Phoebus  or  Apollo :  ignes 
(the  fiery  rays  of  the  sun) . 

Phoebus,  -1,  [Gr.  ^ol^os},  m.,  a 
name  of  Apollo  as  god  of  the  sun 
(^the  bright  one) .  —  Also,  the  Sun, 
rays  of  the  sun  :  uterque  (the  ris- 
ing and  the  setting  sun). 


Vocabulary. 


ii; 


Phoenices,  -um,  [Gr.  ^o[vikbs\ 
m.  pi.,  the  Phcenicians  (inhabitants 
of  Phoenicia,  the  coast-land  east  of 
the  Mediterranean). 

phoenix,  -icis,  [Gr.  <^(Hvii\^  f., 
pkmnix  (the  fabulous  bird). 

Phoenix,  -icis,  [Gr.  *o?ri|],  m., 
son  of  Amyntor  in  Thessaly, 
teacher  of  Achilles,  a  sharer  in  the 
Calydonian  hunt. 

Phorcis, -idis,  (ace.  pi. -Idas),  [Gr. 
^opKis']t  t,  daughter  of  Phorcus 
(Phorcys),  a  Gorgon. —  PL,  the 
Gorgons. 

Phorcynis,  -idis,  [Gr.  patronymic], 
f.,  Medusa^  as  daughter  of  Phorcys. 

Phrixeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  ^pi^etos], 
adj.,  of  Phrixus :  vellera  (the 
golden  fleece  of  the  ram  that  carried 
Phrixus  over  the  sea). 

Plirygia,  -ae,  [Gr.  *pu7^a],  f.,  a 
country  of  Asia  Minor. 

Phrygius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  ^pvyios\ 
adj.,  Phrygian:  vestis  (many- 
colored  clothing,  which  was  con- 
sidered a  Phrygian  invention).  — 
Less  exactly,  Trojan^  as  Troy  was 
in  Phrygia. 

Phryx,  -ygis,  [Gr.  */oi5|],  m.,  a 
Phrygian,  —  Less  exactly,  a  Tro- 
jan. 

Phylacides,  -ae,  [Gr.  *uXa«t5>7s], 
m,,  Protesilaus  (who  was  the 
grandson  of  Phylacus). 

Phyieus,  -ei,  [Gr.  ^vKevs'],  m.,  son 
of  King  Augeas  of  Elis,  one  of  the 
hunters  of  the  Calydonian  boar. 

piceus,  -a,  -um,  [pic  -f  eus],  adj., 
pitchy,  —  Esp.  (from  the  color  of 
resin  Stvcid^e) ,  pitchy  black,  pitchy ^ 
pitch  dark,  —  f.  as  no\m,  pitch  pine, 
pine. 

Pierldes,  -um,  [Gr.  IliepfSes],  f. 
pi.,  the  Muses  (so-called  from  their 
haunt  Pieria  in  Thessaly) . 


pietas,  -atis,  [pio  +  tas],  f.,  filial 

duty,  fatherly   affection,  brotherly 

love,    family    affection,    conjugal 

affection. 
piger,  -gra,  -grum,  [v^piG-{-  rus 

(reduced)],    adj.,    slothful,    slow, 

sluggish. 
piget,  -ere,  -uit  (pigitum  est), 

[^piG  (cf.  piger),  perh.  through 

adj.  stem],  v.  tr.  imp.  2,  it  irks, 

one  regrets,  is  tired  of. 
pignerS,      -are,      -avi,      -atum, 

[pigner  +0],   v.    tr.    i,    take    a 

pledge.  —  Pass,  as  dep.,  bind  by  a 

pledge,  receive  as  a  pledge. 
pignus,    -eris     (-oris),     [?],    n., 

pledge.  —  Hence,  assurance  (as  if 

a  pledge  were  given  of  the  truth) . 

—  PI,  offspring  (pledges  of  love). 
pigre,    [old  abl.    of  piger],  adv., 

lazily, 
Pindus,   -i,    [Gr.    n^pSos],    m.,  a 

mountain  in  Thessaly. 
pinetum,  -I,    [pino-    (reduced)  -f 

etum],  n.,  pine  forest. 
pingo,     -ere,     pinxi,     pictum, 

[■y^PlG],  V.  tr.  ^,  paint,  draw,  em- 

br older  (acu) .  —  p.p.,  ornamented, 

variegated, 
pinguis,  -e,  [?],  ^di].,  fat,  fattened, 

rich.  —  Hence,  dull,  stupid. 
pinna,  -ae,  [same  w^ord  as  penna], 

f.,  zving. 
pinus,  -us,    [?],   {.,  pine  (tree   or 

wood).  —  Hence,  ship,  bark,  torch. 
pio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [pio-  (as  if 

a-stem)  -f  0],    v.    tr.    i,    (make 

pure),  expiate. 
Pirene,  -es,   [Gr.    IleipV'»?])   f-»   a 

fountain  in  the  citadel  of  Corinth, 

sacred  to  the  Muses. 
Pirenis,  -idis  (ace.  pi. -idas),  [Gr. 

neipr]i/is],  f  adj.,  of  Pirene, 
Pirithous,  -i,  [Gr.  rietptOoos],  m., 

son  of  Ixion,  king  of  the  Lapithse 


Ilg 


Vocahtdary. 


in  Thessaly,  an  inseparable  friend 
of  Theseus.  He  shared  in  the 
Calydonian  hunt. 

Pisa,  -ae,  [Gr.  ritVa],  f.,  a  town  in 
EHs,  in  the  territory  of  which 
Olympia  lay. 

Pisaeus,  -a,  -ufn,  [Gr.  nicraTos], 
adj.,  of  Pisa;  oliva  (the  olive 
wreath  given  as  a  prize  at  the 
Olympic  games) ;  Arethusa  (^from 
Pisa  ox  from  Elis). 

Pisander,  -dri,  [Gr.  lielcravdpos'], 
m.,  son  of  Polyctor  of  Ithaca,  a 
suitor  of  Penelope. 

piscis, -is,  [?],  m.,  a  fish.  —  Also 
(usually  in  pi.);  Pisces,  the  con- 
stellation. 

piscosus,  -a,  -um,  [pisci  +  osus], 
2.^].,  full  of  fish,  fishy. 

pias,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  diitiful  (in 
any  domestic  relation,  esp.  child 
to  parent),  affectionate,  paternal, 
pious,  propitious  (of  the  gods  to 
men).  —  Also,  hallowed^  sacred. 

places,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  [prob. 
tplaco+  eo  (cf.  placidus  and 
placo)],  V.  intr.  2,  please,  be 
agreeable,  be  approved.  —  Often 
transl.  by  change  of  subject,  deter- 
mine, be  resolved  on,  desire,  ap- 
prove:  placet  sibi  {is  satisfied 
with  himself  thinks  well  of  him- 
self) ;  cui  placens  (who  is  your 
lover)  :  si  placet  hoc  {if  this  is 
your  pleasure) .  —  p.p.,  placitus, 
pleasing. 

placidus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  fplaco 
-l"dus  (cf.  placeo,  placo)],  adj., 
{pleased,  not  angry?),  gentle, 
calm,  quiet, 

placo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [placa 
+  o  (cf.  Viriplaca)],  v.  tr.  i, 
pacify,  appease. 

plaga,  -ae,  [Or.  •nKtiyii],  £,  blow, 
stroke. 


plaga,  -ae,  [Gr.  irXdyos],  {.,  (side), 
region. 

plangS,  -ere,  planxi,  planctum, 
[  ?,  cf.  plaga],  V.  tr.  3,  beat,  strike, 
fall  on  (so  as  to  beat),  struggle  (of 
a  bird).  —  Esp.,  beat  the  breast, 
wail. 

plangor,  -oris,  [plang-  (as  root  of 
plango)  -f  or],  m.,  beating,  noise 
(of  beating  the  breast),  m.,  lamen- 
tation (cf.  plaiigo). 

plaiita,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  sole  of  the  foot, 
foot. 

planus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  level, 
flat,  plane. 

platanus,  -i,  [Gr.  -nKaravos'l,  f., 
plane  tree,  plane. 

plaud^,  -ere,  plausi,  plausum, 
[?,  cf.  plaustrum],  v.  intr.  3,  clap 
the  hands,  applaud^  clap,  flap. 

plaustrum,  -i,  [plaud-  (cf. 
plaudo)  +  trum],  n.,  tvagon. — 
Also  pi. 

plausus,  -us,  [plaud-  (cf.  plaudo) 
4  tus],  m.,  clapping  of  hands, 
clapping,  applause. 

plebs,  plebis,  [akin  to  plenus], 
f.,  the  common  people,  the  commons. 

—  Also  of  the  gods,  the  lower  gods. 
plectrum,  -i,  [Gr.  TrA-JJ/cTpoj/],   n., 

quill  (to  strike  the  lyre), plectrum. 
Pleias,  -adis,  [Gr.  liK-nds'],  f.,  a 
Pleiad  (one  of  the  seven  daughters 
of  Atlas  who  were  changed  into 
the  constellation  of  the  Pleiades). 

—  Also,   one    of  the   stars.  —  PI., 
the  Pleiades  (the  constellation). 

plenus,  -a,  -um,  [pie-  (as  stem  of 
pleo)  4-  nus],  2^d].,  filled,  full,  dis- 
tended, beset  with,  satisfied :  som- 
nus  {deep);   annus  {productive). 

Plexippus,  -i,  [Gr.  nA-^^tTTTTos],  m., 
one  of  the  sons  of  Thestias  of  Cal- 
ydon. 

ploro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,   [prob. 


Vocabulary . 


ixq 


fploro-  (wet^  inundated')  +  o],  v. 
tr.  I,  weep  for ^  lament,  weep. 
plama,  -ae,  [?],  i.,  feather, 
plumbeus,  -a,  -um,  [plumbo-  (re- 
duced) +  eus],  adj.,  leaden, 
plumbum,   -i,   [?],   n.,   lead,  ball, 

bullet. 
plameus,  -a,   -um,   [pluma-   (re- 
duced) +  eus],  adj.,  of  feathers, 
plurimus,/ -a,  -um,  [plur-   (stem 
of  plus)  +  imus],  adj.  (as  sup.  of 
multus),  most,  very  many,  very 
much,  countless,  copious,  most  copi- 
ously (in  agreement). 
plus,  pluris,  [pie-  (in  pleo)  -f  us], 
adj.  (as  comp.  of  multus),  sing, 
as  noun,  more.  —  As  adv.,  more, 
—  PI.  as  adj.  and  noun,  more,  \ 

pluvialis,  -e,  [pluvio  -f  alls],  adj., 

of  the  rain  :  aqua  {I'ain  water), 
pluvius,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  form  from 
pi.,  as  root  of  pluo],  adj.,  of  the 
rain.  —  With  or  without   aqua, 
rain, 
poculum,  -i,  [V^^  (^f*  potus) -f- 

culum],  n.,  bold,  cup. 
Foeas,  -antls,  [Gr.  iToias],  m.,  the 
son  of  Thaumacus  and  father  of 
Philoctetes. 
Poemenis,  -Idis,  [Gr.  riot^ei'^s],  f., 

one  of  Actaeon's  hounds. 
poena,  -ae,  [?],  i.,  penalty,  punish- 
ment,     vengeance.  —  Personified, 
Punishment. 
poeniceus,   -a,   -um,    [poenic6  + 
eus],  adj.,  scarlet  (the  Phoenician 
color). 
poeta,  -ae,  [Gr,  Trotrjr-^s],  m.,  poet, 
polenta,  -ae,    [?,  cf.  pollen],  f., 
meal  (baked  in  cakes  and  crum- 
bled). 
poUeo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [?,  perh. 
comp.  with  valeo],  v.  intr.  2,  be 
strong,  be  powerful,  be  able.  —  pres. 
p.,  powerful. 


poUex,  -icis,  [?],  m.,  thumb. 
poUiceor,  -eri,  -llcitus,  [fpor-  (to, 
forth)  +  liceor    (cf.    licet)],    v. 
dep.  2,  offer,  promise. 
poUuo,  -ere,  -ui,  -«turn,   [tpor- 
luo],  V.  tr.  3,  {wet,  bathe),  infect. 
—  Fig.,  pollute. 
polus,  -1,  [Gr.  irtiAos],  m.,  the  pole  (of 
the  earth  or  heaven),  the  heavens, 
Polybas,  -i,  [Gr.  riciAuiSos],  m.,  one 

of  the  suitors  of  Penelope. 
Polyphemos  (-us)  -i,  [Gr.  rioAu- 
<^77Mos],  m.,  a  Cyclops  who  loved 
Galatea  and  whose  eye  was  put  out 
by  Ulysses. 
pomarium,  -i,  [porno  +  arius],  n. 

(of  adj.),  orchard. 
pompa>  -ae,  [Gr.  tto/utt^],  f,,  pro- 
cession. 
pomum,  -1,  [?,  perh.  akin  to  po- 
tus], n.,  apple,  fruit, 
pondus,  -eris,  [pond-  (as  root  of 
pendo)  -f  us],  n.,  weighty  burden, 
load,  —  Also  pi. 
pono,     -ere,     posui,     positum, 
[tpor-sino],  v.   tr,   3,    {leave  be- 
hind),    lay     down,    set,    place, 
arrange,   establish,    build.  —  Also, 
lay  aside,  lose.  —  p.p.,  set,  placed, 
laid  aside,  lost :  positus  est  {lies) , 
pons,  pontis,  [?],  m.,  bridge. 
Ponticus,   -i,    [fponto    (reduced) 
4- eus],  m.,  a  Roman  poet,  who 
wrote  a  Thebaid. 
pontifex,  -icis,  [ponti-  (orig.  stem 
of  pons)  -1-  fax  (  V^ac  as  stem)], 
m.,  (from  early  functions  of  priest), 
high  priest, 
pontus,  -i,  [Gr.  ttSvtos'I,  m,,  sea,  the 

ocean. 
Pontus,  -i,    [Gr,   hSptosI,  m,,  the 
Black  Sea  and  the  region  south  of 
it. 
poples,  -Itis,    [?],  m.,  hamstrings, 
the  knee  (both  back  and  front). 


i26 


Vocabulaiy. 


populabilis,  -e,  [popula.  +  bills], 

adj.,  destructible. 

popularise  -e,  [populo  +  aris], 
adj.,  of  the  country ^  native,  —  Also, 
of  the  people, 

populifer,  -era,  -erum,  [populo-fer 
(for  -ferus)],  adj.,  poplar-bearing. 

populor,  -ari,  -atiis,  [prob.  populo- 
(as  if  a*stem)  +  o],  v.  dep,  i, 
(strip  of  inhabitants  P^  ^  ravage, 
lay  waste,  consume  (of  fire) . 

populus,  -i,  [akin  to  pleo^  redupL], 
m.,  the  people  (as  opposed  to  ruler), 
a  people f  a  nation,  a  throng. 

populus,  -i,  [  ?J ,  f.,  poplar. 

fpor,  (for  poi-t),  [cf.  Gr.  7rp6s']y 
prep,  (only  in  composition), y^r/-^, 
towards,  to. 

porrigo,  -ere,  -rexi,  -rectum, 
[tpor-rego],  v.  tr.  3,  extend,  hold 
out,  stretch  out. 

porta,  -ae,  [?],  i.,gate. 

portico r,  -oris,  [porta  +  tor],  m., 
gatekeeper. 

porto,  -are,  -avi,  >atum,  [porta- 
(in  some  older  meaning)  +  o],  v. 
tr.  I,  {bring  in  ?^,  ca^^ry,  bear. 

portus,  -us,  [akin  to  porta,  with 
reference  to  commerce],  m.,  har- 
bor, haven  (also  ({g,),port. 

posco,  -ere,  poposci,  poscitum, 
[?],  V.  tr.  3,  demand,  ask  for, 
claim,  ask,  call  on  for  (ace). 

positus,  p.p.  of  pono. 

possideo,  -ere,  -sedi,  -sessuiu, 
[por-sedeo],  v.  tr.  2,  {sit  in  front 
off)f  hold,  occupy,  cover,  possess. 

possum,  posse,  potui,  no  sup., 
[potis-sum],  V.  intr.  irr,,  be  able, 
can,  may,  {might),  be  capable  of, 
have potver.  —  With  n.  ace,  can  do. 

post,  [abl.  of  postis,  orig.  an  augu- 
ral word?],  adv.  and  prep.,  behind, 
after,  since,  later,  afterwards.  — 
See  also  postquam. 


posteritas,  -atis,  [postero  -f  tas], 
i.,  posterity,  later  ages,  future  ages. 

posterus,  -a,  -um,  [post  (or  stem 
akin)  +  rus  (or  -terus)],  adj., 
later,  the  next. 

postis,  -is,  [tpos-  {behind)  -f-  tis], 
m.  (from  augural  usage),  doorpost, 
post.  —  Also  pi.,  doors,  door. 

postmodo,  [post  modo],  SLdv.,just 
after,  soon  after,  presently. 

postpono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positum, 
[post-pono],  V.  tr.  3,  put  after, 
postpone. 

postauam,  [post  qnam],  conj., 
{later  than),  after,  as  soon  as,  now 
that. 

potens,  -eiitis,  [potis-fens  (pres. 
p.  of  sum)],  2A],,  powerful,  mas- 
ter of,  potent,  victorious :  jussi 
{having fulfilled) ',  yqH  {possessor 
of  having  gained). 

potentia,  -ae,  [potent -|- ia],  f., 
power,  potency,  rule  (rerum). 

potestas,  -atis,  [stem  akin  to  potis 
(real  or  imaginary)  +  tas],  f., 
potver. 

potior,  -iri,  -itus,  [poti  +0],  v. 
dep.  4,  become  master  of  take  pos- 
session of,  possess,  gain,  reach. 

poto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [poto- 
(as  if,  perh.  really,  a-stem)  ■\-  o], 
V.  tr.  I,  drink,  quaff. 

prae,  [?,  akin  to  pro],  prep.,  i^^r^, 
in  front  of,  for  (of  hindrance, 
something  being  between),  on  ac- 
count of  —  As  adv.  in  comp.,  be- 
fore, in  advance,  very. 

praeaeutus,  -a,  -um,  [prae-acu- 
tus],  adj.,  very  sharp,  sharpened. 
—  Also,  sharpened  at  the  point  (in 
front)^ 

praebeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  [prae- 
habeo],  v,  tr.  2,  hold  out  (before), 
offer,  furnish,  afford,  show,  expose  : 
aures  {lend). 


Vocabulary, 


121 


decl.  as  adj.],  adj.,  head  foremost, 
headlongy  swifi,  deep  (fossa),  steep , 
precipitous^  downward :  in  prae- 
ceps  {headlong), 

praeceptuni,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  prae- 
cipio] ,  n.,  precept,  injunction. 

praecipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptuin, 
[prae-capio],  v.  tr.  3,  take  before- 
hand. —  Also,  prescribe,  enjoin, 
command. 

praecipito,  -are,  -avi,  -atuni, 
[praecipit-  (as  if  a-stem)  +  0], 
V.  tr.  I,  send  headlong,  send  do%vn. 

—  Pass . ,  desce  nd.  —  p.p.,  hastily 
descending  (nox). 

praecipue,  [old  abl.  of  praeci- 
puus] ,  adv.,  especially,  more  than 
all, 

praecipuus,  -a,  -um,  [prae- 
fcapuus  (^CAP+vus)],  adj., 
pre-eminent,  especial. 

praecludo,  -ere,  -clusi,  -clusum, 
[prae-claudo],  v.  tr.  3,  close  in 
front,  close,  cut  off. 

praecordia,  -orum,  [prae-fcor- 
dium  (cord  -h  ium)],  n.  pL,  {the 
region  about  the  heart'),  the  vitals, 
the  breast.  —  Also  fig.,  the  mind, 
thoughts  (mentis). 

praecutio,  -ere,  -cussi,  -cussum, 
[prae-cutio],  v.  tr.  3,  brandish 
before :  taedas  {carry  the  bran- 
dished torch) . 

praeda,  -ae,  [?,  prae-  (with  unc. 
syncopated  stem)],  f.,  booty,  prey. 

praedelasso,  -are,  no  perf,,  no 
sup.,  [prae-delasso],  v.  tr.  i, 
weaken  in  advance. 

praedo,  -onis,  [praeda  +  o],  m., 
robber,  pirate. 

praefero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum, 
[prae-fero],  v.  tr.  irr.,  bear  before. 

—  Also,  prefer. 

praefigo,  -ere,  -fixi,  -jfixum, 
[prae-figo],    v.    tr.    3,   fix    in 


front.  ■ —  p.p.,  armed  with,  tipped 
with. 

praemium,  -i,  [prae-femium, 
y^EM  (in  eino)  -}-  ium],  n.,  {what 
is  taken  out  beforehand),  special 
prize,  reward. 

praemoneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itutn, 
[prae-moneo],  v.  tr.  2,  forewarn, 
give  warning  of 

praemonitus,  -ns,  [prae-monitus, 
perh.  through  praemoneo],  m., 
a  forewarning,  premonition. 

praenosco,  -ere,  -novi,  -notum, 
[prae-nosco],  v.  tr.  3,  knoiv  be- 
fore. 

praennntius,  -a,  -um,  [prae- 
nuntius] ,  adj.,  foreboding,  foretell- 
ing, prophetic. 

praepes,  -etis,  [prae-pes  (Vpet, 
as  stem)],  adj.,  {flying  before), 
szvift.  —  Esp.  as  noun,  swift 
bird. 

praeponS,  -ere,  -posui,  -positum, 
[prae-ponoj,  v.  tr.  3,  set  before  (in 
grade), /r^r. 

praerumpO,  -ere,  -riipi,  -ruptum, 
[prae-rumpo],  v.  tr.  3,  break  off 
in  front.  —  p.p.,  praeruptus, 
rugged,  precipitous. 

praesaepe,  -is,  [prae-fsaepes 
(decl.  as  adj.)],  n.  (of  adj.),  stall. 

praesagium,  -1,  [praesago  +  ium], 
n.,  presage,  prophecy. 

praesagus,  -a,  -um,  [prae-sagus], 
z.d^].,  foreboding,  a  presage  of. 

praescius,  -a,  -um,  [prae-fscius 
(cf.  inscius)],  d,^].,  foreknowing, 
foreseeing,  presaging. 

praesens,  -entis,  [pres.  p.  of  prae- 
suna],  adj., /r^5'£';//',  immediate,  in 
person.  —  Hence,  propitious,  ac- 
tive, potent. 

praesentia,  -ae,  [praesent  +  ia] , 
i,,  presence. 

praesentio,  -ire,  -sensi,  -sensum. 


122 


Vocabulary. 


[prae-sentio],  v.  tr.  4,  foresee, 
knoiv  beforehand. 

praeses,  -idis,  [prae-fses  (^sed 
as  stem)],  c,  guardian. 

praesignis,  -e,  [prae-signum,  decl. 
as  adj.],  adj.,  {marked  in  front), 
adorned,  brilliant, 

praesto,  -are,  -stiti,  -statum, 
[prae-sto],  v.  tr.  i,  set  before,  ren- 
der, afford,  secure,  perform,  shoiv 
(esp.  one's  self). —  Also,  stand 
before,  be  superior.  —  pres.  p.,  ex- 
cellent, superior,  surpassing.  — 
Comp.,  superior. 

praestruo,  -ere,  -struxi,  -strfic- 
tum,  [prae-struo],  v.  tr.  3,  build 
up  in  front,  block  up,  fill  up. 

praesum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futiirus, 
[prae-sum],  v.  intr.  irr.,  be  pres- 
ent. 

praestttus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  prae- 
suo],  adj.,  {sewed  in  front),  bound 
at  the  end. 

praetendS,  -ere,  -tendi,  -tentum, 
[prae-tendo],  v.  tr.  3,  stretch  for- 
ward^ hold  forward,  present,  stretch 
out :  praetenta  cuspide  {by  hold- 
ing out,  etc. ) . 

praeter,  [prae  -f  ter  (n.  of-terus)], 
prep.,  along  by,  beyond,  except. 

praeterea,  s  [praeter-ea  (cf.  in- 
ter ea)],  adv.,  further,  besides, 
moreover,  afterwards,  again. 

praetereS,  4re,  -ii,  -itum,  [prae- 
ter-eo],  v.  tr.  irr.,  go  by,  outstrip, 
pass  by,  pass  over,  omit. 

praetingiio,  -ere,  -tinxi,  -tine- 
turn,  [prae-tinguo],  v.  tr.  3, 
moisten  beforehand. 

praevalidus,  -a,  -um,  [prae-vali- 
dns],  adj.,  very  strong,  stout,  strong, 
poiverful. 

praevius,  -a,  -um,  [prae-via,  infl. 
as  adj.],  adj.,  in  advance. 

pratuui^  -i,  [?],  n.,  meadow. 


precor,  -ari,  -atus,  [prec-  (as  if 
a-stem)  +  0],  v.  dep.  l, pray, pray 
for,  offer  prayers  to  (ace).  —  pres. 
p.  pi,  precantes,  worshippers. 

prehendo  (prendo),  -ere,  pre- 
liendi  (prendi),  prensum, 
[prae-ixendo,  seize'\,\.  tr.  3,  grasp, 
seize,  take  (dextram). 

preinS,  -ere,  pressi,  pressuin, 
[?],  V.  tr.  3,  press,  keep  down, 
urge,  press  close,  depress,  rest  on, 
ride  on,  close,  burden,  cover,  hem 
in,  narrow,  light  on,  crush,  re- 
press, hide,  suppress,  hold  fast, 
hold.  —  With  all  ramifications  of 
idea  of  applying  weight  or  force  to 
a  thing.  — p.p.,  pressus,  low,  slow, 
low-lying,  overwhelmed,  deep  set, 
imprinted  (signum),  suppressed, 
oppressed. 

prendo,  see  preliendo. 

pressus,  p.p.  of  premo. 

pi*etiosus,  -a,  -um,  [pretio  -f- 
osus],  z.^y,  precious,  costly. 

pretium,  -1,  [?,  cf.  interpres],  n., 
price,  prize,  reward. 

(prex),  precis,  [cf.  precor],  f., 
prayer,  entreaty. 

Priamus,  -i,  [Gr.  npia/ioy],  m.,  the 
king  of  Troy,  father  of  Hector, 
Paris,  and  others. 

primitiae,  -arum,  [primo  +  tia], 
f.  ^\.,firstfruits. 

primo,  [abl.  of  primus],  adv.,  at 
first,  first. 

primum,  [ace.  n.  of  primus],  adv., 
first,  for  the  first  time. 

primus,  [prae  -|-  mus,  (sup.  of 
prae)],  see  prior, 

prineeps,  -ipis,  [primo-  (reduced) 
-f  ceps  (y'CAP,  as  stem)],  adj.,  at 
the  head  of,  chief  —  As  noun,  the 
head,  emperor. 

principio,  see  principium. 

priucipium,  -i,   [princip+ ium], 


Vocabttlary. 


123 


n.,  beginning.  —  Abl.  as  adv.,  in 
the  beginnings  at  first. 

prior,  -us,  [prae-  (or  other  case- 
form  of  same  stem) -}- ior] ,  adj., 
former^  earlier.  —  n.  as  adv.,  be- 
fore, ojtce,  earlier f  first.  —  m.  pi. 
as  noun,  the  ancients.  —  Sup., 
primiiSjj^r^^,  the  first  of ^  first  part 
of:  prima  via  {at  first) ;  primis 
undis  {the  edge  of) ;  primi  artus 
{the  extremity  of). 

priscus,  -a,  -uni,  [prob.  prius  + 
CUSj,  adj.,  ancient,  of  ancient 
ti?nes. 

pristinus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  prius 
-f-  tinus],  adj.,  former,  earlier^ 
ancient. 

prius,  see  prior. 

pro,  [?],  interj.,  oh. 

pro  (old  form  prod),  [abl.  form 
akin  to  prae],  prep.,  {before) ^  in 
place  of  instead  of  on  behalf  of 
for,  in  proportion  to. 

proavus,  -i,  [pro-avus],  m.,  great- 
grandfather. 

probo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [probo- 
(as  if  a-stem)  ^-  o],  v.  tr.  i,  ap- 
prove^ express  approval  of  prove, 
shoiv  (to  be). 

procellosus,  -a,  -um,  [procella  -j- 
osus],  adj.,  stormy,  squally. 

proceres,  -um,  [fproca  -f  unc. 
term],  m.  pi.,  chiefs,  nobles. 

procerus,  -a,  -um,  [perh.  fproce- 
(stem  of  proceo,  from  fprocus) 
+  rus],  adj.,  tall^  stately. 

procul,  [n.  of  proculus  (or  -is) 
reduced  (cf.  simul)],  adv.,  {just 
off) ,  at  a  distance,  afar. 

proculco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [pro- 
calco],  V.  tr.  i,  trample  down 
(lit.  as  one  goes  forward). 

procumb^,  -ere,  -cubui,  no  sup., 
fpro-cumbo],  v.  intr.  3,  lie  down, 
fall  prostrate  f 


procus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  suitor. 
prodeo,    -ire,    -ii,    -ituiu,     [pro 

(prod)  -I-  eo],  v.  intr.  irr.,  come 
forth,  go  forth. 

proditid,  -onis,  [pro-ditio,  through 
prodo],  f.,  treachery. 

prodo,  -ere,  -didi,  -dltum,  [pro- 
do],  v.  tr.  3,  thrust  forward,  put 
forward.  —  Also,  betray  {give 
away),  disclose. 

prodiieo,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductum, 
[pro-duco],  V.  tr.  3,  lead  forth  : 
ignem  ad  flammas  {bring  to  a 
blaze) . 

proelium,  -i,  [?],  n.,  fight,  battle. 

profanus,  -a,  -uni,  [pro-fanum, 
infl.  as  adj.],  adj.,  {uninitiated), 
unholy,  impious,  unhallowed,  ill- 
omened,  profane. 

proferS,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum, 
[pro-fero],  v.  tr,  irr.,  bring  out, 
put  forth,  advance,  extend. 

profieiS,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectum, 
[pro-facio],  v.  intr.  3,  make  for- 
ward (cf.  proficiscor),  advance 
(intr.),  gain,  profit. 

proficiscor,  -i,  -fectus,  [pro-ffa- 
ciscor,.  formed  from  facio  with 
-sec],  V.  dep.  '^,  go  forth  (cf.  pro- 
ficio),  depart,  set  out.  —  p.p., 
l^YofQQtn^,  proceeding  from,  hav- 
ing come  away. 

profugus,  -a,  -um,  [pro-ffugus 
( v^FUG  +  us)],  2^^].,  fugitive.  — As 
noun,  a  fugitive,  an  exile. 

profundi,  -ere,  -fudi,  -fiisum, 
[pro-fundo],  v.  tr.  3,  pour  forth  : 
profusis  lacrimis  {with  floods  of 
tears). 

profundus, -a,  -um,  [pro-fundus] , 
adj.,  deep.  —  n.  as  noun,  the  deep, 
the  sea :  summo  profundo  {the 
lowest  depths). 

progenies,  -ei,  [pro-fgenies 
(yoEN  4- ies)],  f,  offsprings  son. 


124 


Vocabulary, 


prohibeo,  -ere,  -Mbui,  -hibitum, 

[pro-habeo],  v.  tr.  2,  {hold  away), 
prevent,  forbid. 

proles,  -is,  [pro-foles  (akin  to 
adolesco)],  ^,,  progeny,  offspring, 
children:  Clymeneia  {son  of 
Clymene);  gemina  (whelps). 

Promethiades,  (-ides),  -ae,  [Gr. 
patronymic],  m.,  Deucalion  (as 
son  of  Prometheus) . 

promineS,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [pro- 
mineo],  v.  intr.  2,  stand  out,  pro- 
ject. 

prdmissum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  pro- 
mitto],  li.,  promise,  what  one  has 
promised. 

prSmitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -niissum, 
[pro-mitto] ,  v.  tr.  3,  promise. 

promS,  -ere,  prompsi,  promp- 
tum,  [pro-emo,  take^,  v.  tr.  3, 
take  out,  draw  out.  —  p.p., 
prornptus,  ready,  easy,  at  hand. 

promontoriuin  (promuii-),  -i, 
[pro  +  stem  akin  to  inons],  n., 
promontory. 

proinptus,  -lis,  [pro-emptus, 
through  promo],  m.  only  in 
abl.  in  proinptu,  easy,  in  one's 
power. 

proinptus,  -a,  -um,  see  promo. 

pronepos,  -otis,  [pro-nepos],  m., 
great-grandson. 

promts,  -a,  -um,  [pro  +  nus  (cf. 
supernus)],  adj.,  bending  for- 
ward, on  one^s  face,  prone,  head- 
long, dotvnward,  dozvn,  prostrate, 
descending, 

propago,  -inis,  [fpropago-  (pro- 
pagus,  cf.  pango,  propago)  + 
0],  f.,  offshoot.  —  Hence,  progeny, 
race,  stock,  brood,  offspring,  son. 

prope,  [prob.  n.  of  fpropis  (cf. 
propior) ,  dialectic  form  for  f pro- 
cis,  akin  to  procul],  adv.,  near, 
nearly.  —  Comp.,  propius,  more 


nearly,  nearer.  —  As   prep,  with 
ace,  near. 
propello,   -ere,   -puli,   -pulsuin, 

[pro-pello],  V.  tr.  3,   throw  for- 
ward, throw  down, 
p^ropero,      -are,     -avi,     -atum, 

[propero-  (as  if  a-stem)  +  0],  v. 
tr.  I,  hasten  on,  accelerate  in  haste. 
—  intr.,  make  haste,  hasten.  — ■ 
pres.  p.,  hasty.  —  p.p.,  speedy. 
Propertivis,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a  famous 
Roman  elegiac  poet  (about  49-15 

B.C.). 

proper  us,  -a,  -um,  [pro-parus  (cf. 
opiparus)],  adj.,  (prepared  be- 
forehand?), in  haste. 

propinquus,  -a,  -um,  [fpropi  -f 
cus,  with  unc.  n],  adj.,  near. — 
Trans,  by  adv.,  nearly. 

propior,  -us,  [propi-  (cf.  prope) 
+  ior],  comp.  adj.,  nearer. 

propono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positum, 
[pro-pono],  V.  tr.  3,  set  before, 
propose,  purpose,  intend. 

propositum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  pro- 
pono as  noun],  n.,  purpose. 

proprius,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  one's 
own, 

propter,  [prope  -{■  ter  (cf.  inter)], 
adv.  and  prep.,  7iear.  —  Hence,  on 
account  of. 

proscindo,  -ere,  -scidi,  -scissum, 
[pro-scindo],  v.  tr.  3,  break  up 
(with  plough). 

prosectum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  proseco, 
as  noun],  n.,  clippings. 

prosequor,  -i,  -secutus,  [pro- 
sequor],  v.  dep.  3,  follotv  forth, 
escort,  attend  (festa),  assist 
at. 

Proserpina,  -ae,  [prob.  corrupted 
from  Gr.  Ti^^^i^^^vi],  with  an  idea 
of  connection  with  proserpo],  f., 
the  wife  of  Pluto,  daughter  of 
Ceres.     She  was  stolen  by  Pluto 


Vocabulary. 


125 


from  her  mother,  who  sought  her 
over  the  world. 

prosiliS,  -ire,  -silui,  sup.  late, 
[pro-salio],  v.  intr.  4,  leap  forth^ 
spring  f 07' th. 

prospecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[pro-specto],  v.  tr.  i,  look  forth 
upon,  look  at,  look  forward  to. 

prospicio,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spectum, 
[pro-t specie],  v.  tr.  3,  look  for- 
ward to  J  look  out  and  see,  look  out 
over. 

prosterno,  -ere,  -stravi,  -stra- 
tum, [pro-sterno],  v.  tr,  3,  lay 
loWy  overturn.  —  p.p.,  laid  low^ 
prostrate. 

prostituB,  -ere,  -stitui,  -stitu- 
tum,  [pro-statuo],  V.  tr.  '^^,  pros- 
titute (vocem  foro). 

prosum,  prodesse,  profui,  pro-, 
futiirus,  [pro-sum],  v.  intr.  irr., 
be  of  advantage  to  (of.  obsum), 
avails  profit^  help. 

protego,  -ere,  -texi,  -tectum, 
[pro-tego],  V.  tr.  3,  cover  in  front, 
cover,  protect,  defend. 

protero,  -ere,  -trivi,  -tritum, 
[pro-tero],  v.  tr.  3,  trample  down, 
tread  down. 

Protesilaus, -i,  [Gr.  npwTedi^ao^], 
m.,  son  of  Iphiclus,  grandson  of 
Phylacus.  He  was  killed  when 
the  Greeks  landed  at  Troy. 

Proteus,  -ei,  [Gr.  npoorevs],  m.,  a 
prophetic  sea-god,  who  changed 
himself  into  various  shapes. 

protinus,  [pro-tenus],  2l&v.,  forth- 
with, at  once,  then,  next. 

proturbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[pro-turbo],  v.  tr.  i,  drive  away. 
—  Less  exactly,  tear  atvay,  break 
down. 

provenio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventum, 
[pro-venio],  V.  intr.  4,  come  for- 
ward, grow,  be  produced. 


providusV  a, -urn,  [pro-fvidus  (cf. 
invidus)],  adj.,  foreseeing,  care- 
ful^ provident. 

provoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [pro- 
voco],  V.  tr.  I,  call  forth. 

proximus,  -a,  -uiri,  [proco-  (re- 
duced) +  timus],  adj.  (sup.  of 
prope),  nearest,  next,  very 
7zear. 

prudens,  -entis,  [pro-videns],  adj., 
far-seeing,  wise. 

pruina,  -ae,  [?,  akin  to  pruna?], 
f.,  frost. 

pruinosus,  -a,  -um,  [pruina  -}- 
osus],  2.6^.,  frosty. 

pruna,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  coal  (live  coal). 

prnnum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  plum  (the 
fruit). 

Psecas,  (only  nom.),  [Gr.  "'Fe/cciy], 
f.,  a  nymph  of  Diana. 

psittacus,  -i,  [Gr.  t|/iTTa/fo$],  m., 
parrot. 

PsopMs,  -idis  (ace.  -ida),  [Gr. 
'¥(a(pLs'],  f.,  a  town  in  Arcadia. 

Pterelas,  (only  nom.),  [Gr.  rire- 
peKas],  m.,  one  of  Actseon's 
dogs. 

pubes,  -is,  [?],  f;,  youth  (collec- 
tively), young  men. 

publicus,  -a,  -um,  [populo  4-  cus], 
adj.,  of  the  people,  common,  univer- 
sal (lux). 

pudet,  -ere,  puduit  (puditum 
est),  [?],  V.  impers.  2,  it 
shames.  —  Trans,  by  be  ashamed. 

pudicus,  -a,  -um,  [pudi-  (as  if 
stem  of  pudet,  or  kindred  stem) 
H-  cus],  adj.,  modest,  chaste. 

pud  or,  -oris,  [pud-  (as  root  of 
pudet)  -f-  or] ,  m.,  shame,  modesty, 
disgrace:  pudori  (^for  a  shame, 
to  he  ashamed  of). 

puella,  -ae,  [puero  -f  ula  (f.  of 
-ulus)],  f.,  girl,  maid,  mistress 
(of  a  lover) . 


126 


Vocabulary. 


pu^llaris,  -e,  [puella  +  ris],  adj., 
girlish. 

puer,  pueri,  [?],  m.,  boy^  child. 

puerilis,  -e,  [puero  +  ills],  adj., 
boyish,  childish. 

pugna,  -ae,  [y'PUG  (in  piigno) 
+  na  (f.  of  -nus)],  i.^  fight,  bat- 
tle. 

pugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [pugna 
+  o],  V.  intr.  i,  fight.  —  Fig., 
struggle,  contend. 

pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum,  [?],  adj., 
lovely,  beautiful,  handsome. 

puUus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  dark. 

pulmo,  -onis,  [?],  m.,  lungs. 

puls5,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ptilso- 
(as  if  a-stem)  +  o],  v.  tr.  i,  beat, 
strike,  clash  on,  knock  at,  beat 
against:  pulsatus  equis  {by  the 
hoofs  of^.  ' 

pulvereus,  -a,  -um,  [pulver  + 
ens],  adj.,  dusty. 

pulveriilentus,  -a,  -urn,  [pulver- 
(as  if  pulvero-)  +  lentus],  adj., 
dusty. 

pulviuar,  -aris,  [pulvino  +  aris], 
n.,  couch  (of  the  gods). 

pulvis,  -eris,  [?],  m.,  dust. 

puiuex:,  -icis,  [?],  m., pumicestone, 
pumice  (soft)  rock. 

p5 ulceus,  -a,  -um,  [Punico  +  eus], 
adj.,  red,  scarlet. 

pfinicus,  -a,  -uin,  [Poeno  +  cus], 
adj.,  red,  scarlet. 

puppis,  -is,  [  ?] ,  f- ,  stern  (of  ship) , 
ship. 

piirgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [purigo- 
(puro-agus)  +  o],  v.'tr.  i,  cleanse, 
clear. 

purpura,  -ae,  [Gr.  7rop!|)upa],  f., 
purple,  purple  cloth. 

purpureas,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  iroptpv- 
peos,  or  purpura  4-  eus,  in  imita- 
tion of  Greek],  adj  ,  purple,  crim- 
^gn^  red,  bright^  clad  tn  purple. 


piirus,  -a,  -um,  [pu-  (as  root)  -f- 
rus],  adj.,  clean,  pure,  clear. 

puto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [puto- 
(clean^  as  if  a-stem)  -}-  o],  v.  tr.  i, 
clean.  —  Hence  (with  or  without 
rationem),  clear  up  accounts.  — 
So,  reckon.  —  Hence  the  common 
meaning,  think.^  consider,  sup- 
pose. 

Pygmaeus,-a,  -um,  [Gr.  nt/7juatos], 
adj.,  of  the  Pygmies:  mater,  Ge- 
rana  (a  woman  of  the  Pygmies, 
who  was  changed  into  a  crane). 

Pylius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  UbMos'],  adj., 
of  Pylos,  Pylian.  —  Esp.  m., 
Pylius,  Nestor  (king  of  Pylos. 
He  is  said  by  Homer  to  have  lived 
through  three  generations  of  men) . 
—  Hence,  Pylii  anni,  the  years 
of  Nestor. 

Pylos  (-us),  -i,  [Gr.  J\vKos~\,  f.,  the 
name  of  three  cities  in  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus. The  Pylos  of  Nestor 
was  in  Triphylia. 

pyra,  -ae,  [Gr.  irvp^^,  f.,  funeral 
pile,  pyre. 

Pyramus,  -i,  [Gr.  riupa/ios],  m.,  a 
Babylonian,  lover  of  Thisbe. 

Pyrois,  -entis,  [Gr.  riupJets],  m., 
one  of  the  horses  of  the  sun. 

pyropus,  -i,  [Gr.  TrvpcoTrJs],  m., 
firestone  (a  gem). 

Pyrrha,  -ae,  [Gr.  Iluppa],  f.,  the 
wife  of  Deucalion,  who  with  him 
was  saved  from  the  deluge. 

Python,  -onis  (ace.  -ona),  m.,  the 
Python  (a  huge  serpent  killed  by 
Apollo  after  the  deluge). 


qua  (reL),  [unc.  case-form  (prob. 
instr.)  of  qui],  adv.,  {by  which 
way),  where f  wherever^  so^ar  as, 


Vocabulary. 


127 


qua,  (inter.),  [unc.  case-form  (prob. 
instr.)  of  quis],  adv.,  which  way, 
what  way, 
quacunque,  [qua  +  cunque  (cum- 

que)],  adv.,  wherever, 
quadrijugus,  -a,  -um,   [quadro- 
iugum,  decl.  as  adj.],  adj.,yo/fr- 
horse-    (cursus).  —  PI.   as  noun, 
team  (four  horses),  horses,  steeds, 
quadrupes,  -pedis,  [quadro-pes], 
2^6!].,  four-footed,  —  As  noun,  steed, 
quaero,  -ere,  quaesivi,   quaesi- 
tutn,  [?,  orig.  quaeso],  v.  tr.  3, 
seek,  look  for.  —  So,  secure,  gain, 
m;?.  —  Also,   ask,   inquire,   miss, 
feel  the  loss  of:  quaesiti  causa  (of 
what  you  ask), 
qualis,  -e,  [quo-  (stem  of  qui  and 
quis)  -f  alls],    adj.,    (of  which 
sort),  such  as  (with  implied  ante- 
cedent). 
quain,    [unc.    case-form    of    qui], 

conj.  (inter,  and  rel),  how,  than, 
quamlibet,  [quam-libet],  adv.,  as 
it  pleases,  how  much  soever,  how- 
ever, 
quamquaiYi      (quan-),      [quam- 
quam],  conj.,  (however),  although, 
though.  —  Often    in    a    corrective 
sense  (the  correlative  idea  preced- 
ing), though, 
quamvis,  [quam  vis],  conj.,  as  you 

wish,  however,  although,  though. 
quando,    [?],    adv.,   when,   ever  : 

feiquando  {if  ever,  whenever). 
<tuantuluscunque,  -acunque, 
-umeunque,  [quantulus-cunque 
(cum-que)],  rel.  adj.,  however 
small. 
quantus,  -a,  -um,  [stem  akin  to 
qui  +  tus],  adj.  inter.,  how  much 
(niany),  how  large,  —  Rel.,  as 
much  as,  as  great  as  (with  correl- 
ative idea  previously  expressed)  : 
qiianto  (abl  as  ?^A^.),as  much  as; 


quantus  erat  {great  as  he  was, 
full  length,  with  all  his  size);  tan- 
tus  in  quantum  (as  great  as  that 
into  which), 
quare,  [qua-re],  conj.,  why,  where- 
fore, the  reason  for  which. 
quartus,  -a,  -um,  [quatuor-  (re- 
duced) -f  tus],  2,^^].,  fourth. 
quasi,  [quam-si],  conj.,  as  if 
quater,  [unc.  form  from  quatuor], 

a.dv.,four  times. 
quatio,  -ere,  (perf.  only  in  comp.), 
quassum,    [?],  v.   tr.    3,   shake, 
move,  brandish^  shatter. 
quattuor   (quatuor),    [?],    adj., 

four. 

-que  (enclitic),  [akin  to  qui],  conj., 

and,,  also:  -que  .  .  .  -que  {both 

.  .  .  and,  and ;    ter   quaterque 

'    {three  or  four  times). 

quercus,  -us  (-1),  [?],  f.,  oak  (tree 

or  wood) . 
querella   (-ela),  -ae,    [unc.  stem 
(akin  to  queror)  -f-  ela  (or  -la), 
cf.  loquela],  f.,  complaint,  lam- 
entation, 
quernus,  -a,   -um,    [querco-   (re- 
duced) +  nus],  adj.,  of  oak,  oaken, 
queror,  queri,  questus,  [?,  orig. 
tquesor],   v.    dep.    3,    complain, 
lament. 
questus,  -us,  [y'QUES  (in  queror) 

4-  tus],  m.,  complaint,  wailing, 
qui,    quae,    quod,    gen.     cnjus, 
[stems  qui  and  quo],  rel.  pron., 
who,  which,  what,  and  this,  such 
(with  a  change  of  point  of  view). 
quia,  [unc.  case-form  of  qui],  conj., 

because. 
quicunque,  quae-,  quod-,  [qui- 
cunque  (cum-que)],  rel.  pron., 
whoever,  whichever,  whatever,  all 
.  .  .  which  {who). 
quidam,  quae-,  quod-  (quid-), 
[c(^ui-d£t.m  (akin  to  dum,  dem)], 


128 


Vocabulary, 


indef.  pron.,  a  certainy  some,  some- 
thing like. 

quidein,  [unc.  case  (cf.  qui)  + 
dem  (akin  to  dam,  dum)],  conj., 
(emphasizing  the  word  it  follows), 
to  be  sure,  it  is  true.  —  Often 
omitted  in  transl. 

quies,  -etis,  [quie-  (cf.  quiesco) 
+  tis  (reduced)],  f.,  rest^  sleep. 

quiescS,  -ere,  -quievi,  -quietum, 
[tquie  (of  lost  or  assumed  fquieo, 
-y/QUi,  cf.  civis,  Ke'i/j.ai)  +  sco], 
V.  intr.  3,  come  to  rest,  become  quiet, 
rest,  be  still.  —  p.p.  as  adj.,  quiet, 
still. 

quilibet,  quae-,  quod-,  [qui 
libet],  pron.,  which  it  pleases, 
whoever,  etc.,  any  (whatever), 
anybody. 

quin,  [qui  {how^  -ne],  conj.,  by 
which  not,  so  that  not,  but  what 
(after  regular  clause).  —  Also 
inter.,  why  not,  co77ie  :  aspice. 

quinque,  [?],  adj.,y?z^<?. 

quill tus  (old  quinctus),  -a,  -um, 
[quinque  (reduced)  -f-  tus],  adj., 
the  fifth. 

quippe,  [dialectic  form  for  quid- 
que],  conj,  (almost  without  trans- 
latable force),  j^r,  of  course,  %vhy 
yes. 

Quirinus,  -i,  [?,  akin  to  Quiris], 
m.,  the  name  given  to  Romulus  as 
the  divinity  of  Rome. 

Quiris,  -itis,  (usually  pi.),  [?,  perh. 
fCuri-  (of  Cures),  lengthened 
(cf.  civilis)  +  tis  (cf.  Carmen- 
tis)],  m  ,  inhabitant  of  Cures.  — 
Also,  Roman  citizens.  —  Sing,  as 
collective  noun,  Romans, 

quis  (qui),  quae,  quid  (quod), 
gen.  cujus,  [same  as  rel.  stems], 
inter,  pron,,  who?  which?  what? 
hoiv  much  ? :  quid  nocebit  {what 
harm,  etc.);   quid  si,  etc.  {what 


if))    <l^icl  tibi   cum,  etc.  {what 

have  yov  to  do,  etc) ;   quid  {why  ? 

why  I) .  —  For    indef.    uses    see 

under  si-. 
quis,  abl.  pi.  of  qui. 
quisquam,  quae-,  quod-  (quid-), 

[quis-quam],  indef.  pron.,  any  one 

{thing)  ;  non  quisquam  {no  one). 
quisque,    quae-,  quod-   (quid-), 

[quis-que],  pron.,  each,  every.  — 

With  sup.,  all  the. 
quisquis,    quaequae,    quidquid 

(quicquid),      [quis     doubled], 

pron.,   whoever,  tvkickever,  what- 
ever:  quicquid  creamur  {all  of 

us  who) . 
qui  vis,  quae  vis,  quod-  (quid-) 

vis,   gen.    eujusvis,    [qui- vis], 

pron.,  any  {one you  wish). 
quo,  [abl.  of  qui],  conj.,  that,  in 

order  that.  —  Also  adv.,//^^.-  quo 

magis  {the  more) ;  quo  .  .  .  hoc 

{the  .  .  .  the). 
quo,  [old  dat.  of  qui],  adv.,  whither, 

into  which. 
quocumque,  [quo-cumque],  adv., 

whithersoever,  wherever  (as  end  of 

motion). 
quod,  [n.  nom.  or  ace.  (prob.  both) 

of  qui],  conj.,  that,  the  fact  that, 

because:     quod     quoniam     {but 

since) . 
quodsi,    [quod-si],   conj.,   but    if, 

now  if 
quominus,  [quo  (abl.)  +  minus], 

conj.,  that  the  less.^  that  not :  quo- 

que  minus  {and  that  .  .  .  not). 
quondam,  [quom  (cum)  -dam  (cf. 

quidam)],  adv.,  once,  sometimes. 
quoniam,    [quom    (cum)    -jam], 

conj.,  when  now,  since,  inasmuch 

as, 
quoque,    [unc.   form    (of   qui)  -{- 

que],  conj.,  also,  too,  even,  besides, 

so  then. 


Vocabulary. 


129 


quot,  [?,  orig.  fquoti-  (cf.  quoti- 
die)],  indecl.  adj.,  inter.,  how 
many.  —  Rel.,  as  many. 

quotiens,  [quoti  +  iens],  adv.,  in- 
ter., how  often,  how  many  times. 
—  Rel.,  as  often  as. 


R. 

rabies,  -ei,  [y^RAB  (in  rabo)  + 
ies],  f.,  rage^  7nadness,fury. 

radi5,  -are,  -avi,  -a turn,  [radio- 
(as  if  a-stem) -f  o],  v.  intr.  i, 
gleamy  shine.  —  pres.  p.,  radiant, 
shining. 

radius,  -i,  [?],  m.,  ray^  ray  of  the 
sun,  spoke.  —  Also,  shuttle. 

radix,  -icis,  [unc.  root  +  ix],  f.,  root. 

rado, -ere,  rasi,  rasum,  [?],v.  tr. 
3,  scrape,  graze,  skim,  wear. 

raniale,  -is,  [ramo-  (reduced)  + 
alls],  n.,  dry  wood,  chips. 

ramus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  branch,  bough. 

rapax,  -acis,  [-y/RAP+ax],  adj., 
greedy,  rapacious. 

rapidus,  -a,  -um,  [rapo-  (V^ap 
+  us)  +  dus],  adj.,  ('  tearing')» 
swift,  rapid,  swift-flying,  raging. 

rapina,  -ae,  [rape-  (as  if  rapi-  in 
rapio)  +  na  (f.  of  -nus)],  f,  rob- 
bery :  rapinae  patuit  terra  (rav- 
isher) . 

rapio,  -ere,  rapui,  raptum, 
[VRAP],  V.  tr.  3,  carry  away 
(with  violence),  snatch  away, 
carry  off,  snatch,  drag  (in  tri- 
umph), ravish,  catch  quickly, 
sweep  away,  seize,  rob  of,  take  in 
{on).  —  Pass.,  be  hurled,  be  borne  : 
raptis  umoribus,  robbed  of  its 
moisture  (changing  subject) ; 
rapta  {the  stolen  maid)-,  raptis 
immisit  {seized  and  flung).  —  See 
also  raptum. 


rapto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [rapto- 

(as  if  a-stem)  +  o],  v.  tr.  l,  hurry 

away.^  hurry  on,  drag  on. 
raptor,  -oris,    [  ^RAP -|- tor] ,   m., 

robber,  plunderer,  ravisher. 
raptum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  rapio],  n. , 

plu7ider,   prey :     ex    rapto    {in 

plunder,  by  rapine). 
rarus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  loose,  thin, 

loose-fueshed,  rare. 
rasilis,  -e,   [ras6-l-lis],  adj., /0/- 

*  ished,  smooth. 
rastrum,    -i,    [rad-    (as    root    of 

rado)  +trum],  n.,  hoe,  mattock, 

rake  {a  heavy   tool  for  breaking 

clods) . 
ratio,    -onis,    [as    if    y'RA  -f  tio 

(prob.  rati+o)],  f.,   reckoning, 

account.  —  Hence,  reason,  power 

of  reason. 
ratis,  -is,  [?],  f.,  raft,  boat,  ship. 
ratus,  see  reor. 
raucus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  stem  (akin 

to    ravis)  +  cus],    adj.,    hoarse, 

hollow  (sounding). 
re-  (rel-),  [?],  insep.   prep.,  back, 

again,  un-,  re-. 
re-  (red-),  [abl.  of  unc.  stem],  prep. 

(adv.)    in    comp.,   forth,    again, 

back,  out. 
rebellis,  -e,    [re-bellum,   infl.   as 

adj.],  adj.,  renewing  war,  rebel- 
lious. 
recalfacio,  -ere,  -feci,  -factum, 

[re-calfacio],    v.    tr.    3,     warm 

again. 
recandeS,  -ere,  -candui,  no  sup,, 

[re-candeo],   v.   intr.    2,   gleam, 

shine,  be  ablaze. 
recedo,    -ere,    -cessi,    -cessum, 

[re~cedo],  v.   intr.   3,   zviihdraw, 

retire,  give  way,   take  flight,  go 

forth  (anima  in  ventos),  depart  : 

ira  {be  assuaged,  be  appeased). 
recens,  -entis,  [pres.  p.  of  freceo 


130 


Vocabulary. 


(freco,   cf.   reciprocus,  +  eo)], 
adj.,  just  back,  fresh,  recent,  new^ 
late,  new-born:   umbrae    {of  the 
lately  dead  ) . 
receptus,  -us,  [re-captus,  through 

recipio],  m.,  recall,  retreat. 
recessus,  -us,  [re-cessus,  through 
recedo],  m.,  retreat,  recess^  retH^e- 
ment, 
recidS,  -ere,  -eidi,  -casurus, 
[re-cado],  v.  intr.  3,  fall  back^  be 
turned  (back) ,  fall  (away) . 

recidS,  -ere,  -cidi,  -cisuin,  [re- 
caedo] ,  v.  tr.  3,  cut  off,  cut  away, 
prune,  trim. 

reeingo,  -ere,  -cinxi,  -cine turn, 
[re-cingo],  v.  tr.  3,  ungird.  — 
Pass,  in  mid.  sense,  loose  one's  gir- 
dle, ungird  (one's  own).  — p.p., 
reciiictus,y7(7Wi«;^  (ungirded). 

recipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptum, 
[re-capio],  v.  tr.  3,  take  back,  re- 
cover, get  back.  —  Also,  receive. 

i»ecito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re- 
cito],  V.  tr.  I,  read  (aloud). 

reclndo,  rcre,  -clnsi,  -clQsum, 
[re-cludo],  v.  tr.  3,  unclose,  lay 
open,  open,  sever  (jugulum). 

recognosco,  -ere,  -gnovi,  -gni- 
tum,  [recognosco],  v.  tr.  3, 
recognize  again,  recognize. 

recollig§,  -ere,  -legi,  -lectum, 
[re-colligoJ,v.  tr.  -^,  gather  again, 
take  again. 

recoil,  -ere,  -colui,  -cultum, 
[re-Colo],  V.  tr.  3,  recultivate. 

recondo,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditum, 
[re-condo],  v.  tr.  3,  hide  away, 
hide,  bury,  conceal. 

recorder,  -ari,  -atus,  [prob. 
frecord-  (re-cor)  +  o],  v.  dep.  i, 
remember,  recollect. 

rector,  -oris,  [^REO  +  tor],  m., 
ruler,  director,  helmsman,  pilot. 

rectus,  see  rego. 


recub§,  -are,  -cubui,  -cubitum, 

[re-cubo],  v.  intr.  i,  recline. 
recumbo,  -ere,  -cubui,  -cubitum, 

[re-cumbo],   v.   intr.   3,    recline, 
fall 
recurro,   -ere,   -curri,   -cursum, 

[re-curro],  v.  intr.  3,  run  back, 
hurry  back. 
recurvo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re- 
curvo],  V.  tr.  l,  curve  back,  bend 
back:  recurvatae  undae  {wind- 
ing on  themselves^ . 
recurvus,  -a,  -um,  [re-curvus], 
adj.,  bending  backward,  recurved, 
curved. 

recuso,  -are,  -avi,  -atuiii,  [re- 
causo],  V.  tr.  i,  {give  a  reason  in 
refusing),  refuse. 

redds,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditum,  [red- 
do],  V.  tr.  '^igive  back,  restore,  re- 
turn, answer.  —  Also,  give  forth, 
give  up,  deliver,  repeat,  render  up., 
render,  make,  cause. 

redeo,  -ire,  -if,  -itum,  [red-eo], 
V.  intr.  irr.,  go  back,  return,  come 
back. 

redlg^,  -ere,  -egi,  -actum,  [red- 
ago],  V.  tr.  3,  drive  back,  bring 
back,  bring  (something  to  where 
it  belongs),  reduce. 

redimio,  -ire,  ii,  (-ivi),  -itum, 
[?],  V.  tr.  4,  bind  up,  crown  (with 
garlands). 

reditus,  -us,  [red-itus],  m.,  return, 
chance  of  return  (adimere). 

redoleS,  -ere,  -olui,  no  sup.,  [red- 
oleo],  V.  intr.  2,  smell.  — pres.  p., 
fragrant. 

rednco,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductum, 
[re-duco],  V.  tr.  3,  lead  back,  draw 
back,  bring  back. 

redundatus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of 
redundo],  part.,  flowing  back, 
rolled  back. 

refero,  -ferre,  rettuli,  relatum. 


Vocabulary. 


131 


[re-fero],  v.  tr.  irr.,  bear  back, 
bring  back,  bring  in  again,  draiv 
back^  imthdraw,  repay,  reply,  re- 
peat, consider,  revolve,  recount, 
turn,  relate,  tell,  titter,  refer  to.  — 
With  reflex.,  betake  one's  self  again. 
—  p.p.,  relatus,  in  all  senses.  — 
n.  as  noun,  relatum,  statement, 
words, 

refert,  -ferre,  -tulit,  [unc.  case  of 
res-fert],  v.  intr.  imp.  irr.,  it  con- 
cerns, it  matters,  it  interests. 

reflecto,  -ere,  -flexi,  -flexum^ 
[re-flecto],  v.  tr.  3,  bend  back, 
turn  back,  turn  away.  —  Pass,  in 
mid.  sense,  turn  one's,  etc. 

refluo,  -ere,  -fliixi,  no  sup.,  [re- 
fluo],  V.  intr.  3,  j?ow  backward, 
flow  back. 

refiluus,  -a,  -uiii,  [re-ffluus  (flu, 
as  root,  -f  us,  of.  circumfluus)], 
adj. ,  flowing  back,  refluent. 

refoveo,  -ere,  -fovi,  -fotum,  [re- 
foveo],  V.  tr.  2,  fondle  again,  re- 
fondle,  caress. 

refriiigo,  -ere,  -fregi,  -fractum, 
[re-frango],  v.  tr.  3,  break  off,  tear 

off    ^ 
refugio,  -ere,    -fugi,    -fugitum, 

[re-fugio],  v.  tr.  '}^,  flee  back  from, 
flee  from,  shrink  from,  avoid,  fly. 
refugus,  -a,  -um,  [re-ffugus  (of. 

profiigus)],  adj.,  retreating. 
refundo,  -ere,  -fudi,  -fusum,  [re- 

fundo],  V.  tr.  3,  pour  back,  pour 

over:     refusus  flatus  {pouring 

over^ . 
regalis,  -e,  [reg  +  alls],  adj.,  regal, 

royal,  of  the  king:  domus  {royal 

palace^ . 
regaliter,  [regali  +  ter],  adv.,  in 

royal  wise,  as  a  king,  royally. 
regero,    -ere,    -gessi,    -gestum, 

[re-gero],  v.  tr.   3,   throw   back, 

heap  back. 


regina,  -ae,  [reg-  (as  stem  of  rex) 

-{-  ina],  f.,  queen. 
regio,  -onis,  [stem  akin  to  rego 
+  io  (or  -o)],  f.,  direction.  — 
Hence,  quarters,  space,  region : 
regionibus  abest  {is  far  distant 
in  place). 

regius,  -a,  -um,  [reg  -f  ius],  adj., 
of  a  king,  royal.  —  fern.,  so.  do- 
mus, palace:  regia  virgo 
{princely). 

regno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [regno- 
(as  if  a-stem)  +  o],  v.  tr.  i,  reign 
over.  —  Intr.,  reign,  hold  sway. 

regnum,  -i,  [  -y/reg  4-  num  (n.  of 
-nus)],  n.,  reahft,  kingdom,  rule, 
throne. 

reg§,  -ere,  rexi,  rectum,  [^reg], 
V.  tr.  3,  direct.  —  Hence,  rule, 
control,  sway. —  pres.  p.,  regens, 
king.  —  p.p.,  rectus,  straight, 
direct.  —  Hence,  right,  upright.  — 
n.  as  noun,  right, 

reicio  (rejicio),  -ere,  -jeci,  -jec- 
tum,  [re-jacio],  v.  tr.  3,  thi-otv 
back,  reject. 

relabor,  -i,  -lapsus,  [re-labor],  v. 
dep.  3,  slide  back,  glide  back,  fall 
back. 

relanguesco,  -ere,  -langui,  no 
sup.,  [re-languesco],  v.  intr.  3, 
faint,  collapse. 

relatus,  -us,  [re-latus  (through 
refero)],  m.,  report,  story. 

relaxo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re- 
laxo],  V.  tr.  I,  open  wider,  open, 
loosen. 

relego,  -ere,  -legi,  -lectum,  [re- 
lego],  V.  tr.  3,  retrace. 

relev5,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re- 
levo],  V.  tr.  I,  lift  up  again,  re- 
lieve, assuage,  rest. 

religo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re-ligo], 
V.  tr.  3,  bind  back,  bind. 

relinquo,  -ere,    -liqiii,    -lictum. 


132 


Vocabulary. 


[re-linquo],  v.  tr.  3,  leave  behind, 
leave,  abandon. 

reluceo,  -ere,  -luxi,  no  sup.,  [re- 
luceo],  V.  intr.  2,  shine  forth, 
shine. 

remaneo,  -ere,  -inansi,  -man- 
sum,  [re-maneo],  v.  intr.  2,  re- 
main behind,  remain,  continue. 

reme^,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re- 
meo],  V.  intr.  l,^^  back,  return. 

remigium,  -i,  [remig-  (in  remex) 
-f  ium],  n.,  (arrangement  for 
rowing) ,  oars.  —  Less  exactly, 
machinery  (of  wings) ,    $ 

reminiscor,  -i,  no  sup.,  [re-fmim- 
scor  (cf.  comminiscor)],  v.  dep. 
3,  recall,  remember, 

remitto,  -ere,  -misT,  -missum, 
[re-mittoj,  v.  tr.  3,  send  back, 
send  off,  let  go,  let  loose,  send  out, 
emit. 

remolior,  -iri,  -itus,  [re-molior], 
V.  dep.  4,  lift  up,  roll  off. 

remoUesco,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
[re-mollesco],  v.  intr.  3,  soften, 
be  softeited. 

remoror,  -ari,  -atus,  [re-moror], 
V.  dep.  I,  stay  back,  delay,  stay. — 
p.p.,  delaying,  waiting  a  while, 
delayed. 

removed,  -ere,  -movi,  -motum, 
[re-moveo],  v.  tr.  2,  {iiiove  back), 
remove,  put  aside,  put  away,  put 
off,  disperse. 

Remus,  -1,  [?],  m.,  the  brother  of 
Romulus. 

remus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  oar.  — 'So,  ala- 
rum remi  (^propelling  wings). 

renarro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re- 
narro],  v.  tr.  i,  recount  (going 
over  again  what  happens). 

renidens,  -entis,  [pres.  p.  of  reni- 
deo],  adj.,  shining. 

renovatus,  p.p.  of  renovo. 

renovo,  -are,  -avi,   -atum,    [re- 


novo], V.  tr.  I,  renew,  re  till 
(agrum) . 

renuo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [re-nuo], 
V.  intr.  3,  (nod  in  opposition),  dis- 
sent, refuse. 

reor,  reri,  ratus,  [akin  to  res,  with 
lost  y,  perh.  for  frayor],  v.  dep. 
2,  reckon,  think.  —  p.p.,  ratus,  in 
active  sense.  —  Also  pass.,  ratified, 
confirmed,  accomplished,  true,  sure. 

repagula,  -orum,  [re-,  with  stem 
akin  to  pango],  n.  ^.,  fastening 
(of  a  door),  bar, 

reparabilis,  -e,  [repara  -f-  bills], 
adj.,  that  can  be  repaired.^  repa- 
rable. 

reparo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re- 
par  o],  V.  tr.  I,  refurnish,  replace, 
repair,  refit. 

repello,  -ere,  reppuli,  repulsum, 
[re-pello],  v.  tr.  3,  drive  back, 
throw  back,  repel,  spurn,  drive 
away,  avert. 

repercutio,  -ere,  -cussi,  -cussuin, 
[re-perciitio],  v.  tr.  3,  strike  back, 
reflect.  —  p.p.,  rebounding :  reper- 
cusso  aere  {in  the  reflecting 
bronze) . 

reperio,  -ire,  -peri  (repperi), 
-pertum^,  [re-pario],  v.  tr.  4, 
find  out,  discover,  find. 

repetS,  -ere,  -petivi,  -petitum, 
[re-peto],  v.  tr!  -i^,  go  back  to,  re- 
new, go  over,  resume,  seek  again, 
attack  again,  recall:  suspiria 
{heave  repeated  sighs)-,  repetita 
pectora  percussit,  struck,  etc., 
repeatedly  {again  and  again). 

repleo,  -ere,  -plevi,  -pletum, 
[re-pleo],  v.  tr.  2,  refill.  —  Also, 
fill  up,  fill. 

repono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positum, 
[re-pono],  v.  tr.  3,  lay  axvay,  lay 
aside,  lay  down. 

reprimo,  -ere,  -pressi,  -pressum. 


Vocabulary. 


133 


[re-premo],  v.  tr.  3,  repress,  re- 
strain,  suppress, 
repngno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re- 
pugno],  V.  intr.  i,  resist^  sptirn^ 
rebel  at. 
repulsa,  -ae,  [prob.  f.  of  p.p.  of 

repello],  f.,  repulse^  refusal. 
requies,  -etis,  [re-quies],  f,  rest 
requiesco,  -ere,   -quievi,   -quie- 
tum,  [re-quiesco],  v.  intr.  3,  rest, 
lie  down  to  rest,  rest  {be  buried), 
rest  upon  (fig.)* 
requiro,  -ere,  -quaesivi,  -quaesi- 
tum,  [re-quaero],  v,  tr.  3,  seek 
out,  search  out,  seek  to  knozv,  ask 
for,  ask,  request. 
res,  rei,  [akin  to  reor],  f.,  thing, 
property,  object.  —  PL,  all  things, 
the  universe,  the  world,  property, 
circumstances,     fortunes,      brave 
deeds,  exploits,  affairs,  situations, 
interests  :  rerum  summa  {the  gen- 
eral welfare) . 
resclndo,  -ere,  -scidi,  -scissum, 
[re-scindo],  v.  tr.  3,  cut  off.  — 
Also,  undo. 
rescribo,   -ere,   -scripsi,  -scrip 
turn,  [re-scribo],  v.  intr.  3,  write 
back,  answer. 
reseco,    -are,    -seeui,    -sectum, 
[re-seco],  v.  tr.    i,  cut  off,  cut, 
gather,  carve, 
*resequor,     -i,     -secutus,      [re- 
sequor],  v.  dep.   3,  pursue,   in- 
veigh against. 
resero,  -are,  -avi,   -atum,    [re- 

sero],  V.  tr.  i,  unbar,  unlock. 
reserve,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,   [re- 
servo],  V.  tr.  I,  hoard  up, preserve, 
keep. 
resideo,  -ere,  -sedi,  no  sup.,  [re- 
sideo],  V.   intr.   2,  sit  down,  sit 
(retired). 
reside,  -ere,  -sedi,  no  sup.,  [re- 
side], V.  intr.  3,  sit  down,  subside. 


resisto,  -ere,  -stiti,  -stitum,  [re- 
sisto],     V.     intr.     3,     ivithsiand, 
resist,  stop,  stay. 
resolve,  -ere,   -solvi,   -selfitum, 
[re-solvo],  v.  tr.  3,  unloose,,  open, 
release,     relax,     dissolve,      thaw, 
melt, 
resenS,  -are,  -avi,  no  sup.,    [re- 
sono],  V.  intr.   i,  resound,   roar, 
rattle,  ring. 
respectus,  -as,  [re-spicio,  through 

respicie],  m.,  regard. 
respicio,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spectum, 
[re-fsp^.cio],  v.  tr.  3,  look  back  at, 
look  upon,  regard, 
resplramen,     -inis,     [respira-h 

men],  n.,  breathing, 
responded,  -ere,  -spendi,  -spon- 
sum,   [re-spondeo],  v.   intr.    2, 
reply,  answer.  —  Less  exactly,  re- 
echo. 
restitue,  -ere,  -stitui,  -stitatum, 
[re-statuo],  v.  tr.  3,  set  up  again, 
restore. 
resto,  -stare,  -stiti,  no  sup.,  [re- 
sto],  V.  intr.  i,  remain,  survive, 
be  left, 
resume,   -ere,  -sumpsi,   -siimp- 
tum,   [re-sumo],  v.   tr.   3,   take 
again,  resume. 
resupinus,  -a,  -um,  [re-supinus], 
adj.,  falling  backivard,  stretched  at 
length  (on  the  back).  —  Less  ex- 
actly,   with    head    raised    (from 
pride). 
resurgo,  -6re,  -surrexi,  -surrec- 
tum,  [re-surgo],  v.  intr.  3,  rise 
again, 
resuscito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re- 
suscito),  V.  tr.    I,   revive   again, 
revive. 
retardo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,   [re- 
tardo],  V.  tr.  I,  stay,  check,  hinder, 
retard  one's  career,  ward  off. 
rete,  -is,  [?],  n.,  net,  toils. 


134 


Vocabulary. 


retego,  -ere,  -texi,  -tectum,  [re- 

tegoj,  V.  tr.  3,  uncover,  disclose. 
retempto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re- 

tempto],  V.  tr.  i,  t7y  again, 
retendo,    -ere,    -di,    -turn    [re- 

tendo],  V.  tr.  3,  slacken^  unbend. 
retex^,    -ere,    -texui,    -textum, 

[re-texo],  v.  tr.  3,  unweave  (fata, 

the  web  of  fate), 
reticeo,  -ere,  -ticui,  no  sup.,  [re- 

taceo],  V.    intr.   2,  keep '  silence^ 

keep  silent^  be  silent. 
retinaculum,   -i,    [retine-    (as  if 

retina)   -f  culum],     n.,      cable, 

hawser. 
retineo,  -ere,    -tinui,    -tentum, 

[re-teneo],  v.   tr.    2,  hold  back, 

hold    off,    detain,    hold,   restrain, 

stop:  see  under  retendo ;  radice 

retentus  {caught). 
retorqueo,  -ere,  -torsi,  -tortum, 

[re-torqueo],  v.  tr.  2,  turn  back, 

turn  round. 
retraho,  -ere,  -traxi,  -tractum, 

[re-traho],  v.  tr.  3,  draw  back. 
retro,      [dat.     of     fretrus      (cf. 

contra,    etc.)],    adv.,   backward^ 

back. 
retroversus,  -a,  -um,  [retro-ver- 

STis],    adj.,    turned  back.,    turned 

azvay. 
revello,    -ere,    -velli,     -vulsum, 

[re-vello],   v.   tr.    3,   tear  away, 

tear  off,  tear. 
reverentia,  -ae,  [reverent  (cf.  re- 

vereor)  -}-  ia] ,  f.,  respect,  regard, 
revertor,  -i,   -versus,    [re-verto, 

pass,  as  dep.],  v.  tr,  3,  return. 
reviresco,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  sup., 

[re-viresco],  v.  intr.  3,  live  again, 

bloom  again. 
revivo,  -ere,  -vixi,  -victum,  [re- 

vivo],  V,  intr.  3,  live  again,  revive. 
revocabilis,  -e,  [revoea  +  bills], 

adj.,  revocable  (sagitta). 


revoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re- 
voco],  V.  tr.  I,  call  back,  recall.  — ■ 
Hence,  take  away  (a  gift). 

revolvo,  -ere,  -volvi,  -volutum, 

[re-volvo],  v.  tr.  3,  roll  back,  turn 
back. 

rex,  regis,  [^reg,  as  stem],  m., 
king,  ruler. 

Khan  is,  -idis,  [Gr,  '^a.vis'\,  f.,  a 
nymph  of  Diana. 

Rhenus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  the  Rhine  (the 
river  separating  Gaul  and  Ger- 
many) . 

Khesus,  -i,  [Gr.  'P^cros],  m.,  a  king 
of  Thrace,  who  was  killed,  and 
whose  horses  were  taken  away 
before  they  had  eaten  Trojan  food 
or  drunk  Trojan  water  by  Ulysses 
and  Diomed. 

Rhodanus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  the  river 
Rhone,  in  Gaul. 

Rhodope,  -es,  [Gr.  'PoSoTr?/],  f.,  a 
mountain  in  Thrace. 

Rhodopeius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  'Po5o- 
TTT^ios] ,  adj.,  ofRhodope,  Rhodopean. 

—  Less  exactly,  Thracian  :  vates, 
Orpheus  (the  Thracian  bard) , 

rictus,  -lis,  [rig-  (as  root  of  ringo) 
-|-  tns],  m.,  open  jaivs,  jaws,  mouth. 

—  Also  pi. 

rideo,  -ere,  -risi,  -risum,  [?],  v. 
intr.  2,  laugh,  smile. 

rigeo,  -ere,  rigui,  no  sup.,  [?,  cf.* 
rigidus] ,  v.  intr.  2,  stiffen,  be  stiff, 
become  solid,  stand  on  end  (of  the 
hair),  stand  out,  project. 

rigesco,  -ere,  rigui,  no  sup.,  [rige- 
(in  rigeo)  +  sco],  v.  intr.  3, 
harden. 

rigidus,  -a,  -um,  [stem  akin  to 
rigeo  +  dus],  adj.,  hard,  stiff, 
tough,  solid,  U7iyielding,  unbending. 

rigor,  -oris,  [rig-  (as  root  of 
rigeo)  -f-  or],  m.,  stiffness,  rigid- 
ity. —  Hence,  icy  cold. 


Vocabulary. 


135 


riguus,  -a,  -um,    [?,  cf.  iirigoj, 

adj.,  well-watered. 

rima,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  clefts  crack,  chink. 

ripa,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  ba^tk,  shore,  chan- 
nel (as  bounded  by  the  banks). 

risus,  -us,  [-v/RiD  (in  rideo)  + 
tus],  m.,  laughter,  laugh. 

ritus,  -us,  [?],  in.,  custom,  jnanner^ 
rite. 

rivus,  -i,  [?],  m,,  rivulet,  stream. 

Robigo  (Kiib-),  -inis,  [stem  akin 
to  rubeo  +  go  (cf.  aerugo)],  f., 
Rust  or  Blight  personified;  the 
Demo7i  of  Blight.  See  also  ru- 
bigo. 

robur,  -oris,  [?],  n.,  wood.  —  YU 
oaks,  trees,  wood. 

rogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?],v.  tr. 
I,  ask  for,  asky  inquire ^  fray^  en- 
treat. 

rogus,  -i,  \l\-m.,  funeral  pile,  pyre. 

Roma,  -ae,  [prob.  akin  to  Gr.  ^ui^ 
the  stream-city'],  f.,  Rome. 

Romanus,  -a,  -iim,  [Roma-f 
nus],  adj.,  Roman,  of  Rome. — 
Masc,  a  Roman. 

Romethius  (-um),  -i,  [?],  m.  or 
n.,  an  unknown  place  on  the  coast 
of  Southern  Italy. 

Romuleus,  -a,  -um,  [fRomulo- 
(reduced) -f- eus],  adj.,  of  Romu- 
lus. 

Romulus,  -i,  [stem  akin  to  Roma 
-}-  lus],  m.,  the  mythic  founder  of 
Rome. 

roro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ror-  (in 
ros)  +  0],  V.  intr.  l,  drip,  drop 
dew.  —  pres.  p.,  rorans,  drip- 
pings moist.  —  p.p.,  roratus, 
sprinkled:  aquae  {spray). 

ros,  roris,  [?],  m.,  dew,  water, 
fluid,  moisture. 

rosa,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  rose, 

rosarium,  -i,  [rosa  +  arius],  n., 
rosebed. 


roseus,  -a,  -um,  [rosa  (reduced) 
-f  eus],  adj.,  of  roses.  — \^qs,s  ex- 
actly, rose-colored,  rosy. 

rostrum,  -i,  [^rod-  (in  rodo)  ■\- 
trum],  n.,  beak.,  muzzle.  —  Hence, 
proiv,  ram,  beak  (of  a  ship). 

rota,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  ivheeL  —  PL,  char- 
iot, car. 

roto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [rota  -|-  o], 
V.  tr.  I,  whirl.  —  p.p.,  rotatus, 
whirling. 

rubefacio,  -ere,  -feci,  -factum, 
[rube-  (akin  to  rubeo)  -f-  facio], 
V.  tr.  3,  redden, 

rubeo,  -ere,rubui,  no  sup.,  [rubo- 
(cf.  rubus,  bramble)  +  eo],  v. 
intr.  2,  be  red,  be  reddened.  —  pres. 
p.,  red,  grown  red,  crimsoned, 

rubesco,  -ere,  rubui,  no  sup., 
[rube  4-  sco] ,  v.  intr.  3,  grow  red, 
redden,  brighten, 

rubeta,  -orum,  [rube  -f  turn  (n.  of 
-tus)],  n.  pi.,  bramble  bushes^ 
thicket. 

rubigS  (rob-),  -inis,  [akin  to 
rubeo],  f.,  rust.  —  Hence,  decay, 

rubor,  -oris,  [rub-  (as  root  of 
rubeo)  -f-  or],  m.,  redness,  blush, 
flush,  red  gleam  (in  the  eyes). 

rudis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  rough,  rude, 
uncultivated,  fierce,  coarse,  un- 
taught, inexperienced,  raw, 

ruga,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  wrinkle. 

riigosus,  -a,  -um,  [ruga-h  osus], 
adj.,  wrinkled. 

ruina,  -ae,  [ruo-  (or  kindred  stem) 
-f-  ina],  i.,fall,  ruin,  destruction. 

ruinosus,  -a,  -um,  [ruina  -1-  osus], 
adj.,  in  ruins,  ruined. 

rumor,  -oris,  [?],  m.,  rumor,  mere 
hearsay,  hearsay,  idle  rumor. 

rumpo,  -ere,  rupi,  ruptum, 
[V'RUP,  formed  with  u],  v.  tr.  3, 
break,  cleave,  break  through,  tear, 
burst:  rupta  terra  {fissured). 


136 


Vocabulary. 


ruo,  -ere,  rui,  rutum,  [  V^^],  v. 
tr.  3,  overturn.  — -  Also  intr.,  hurry ^ 
rush,  start,  run  away,  rush  on, 
fall  in  ruins,  fall,  roll  down. 

rupes,  -is,  [^rup4-  es],  f.,  rock, 
diff. 

ruricola,  -ae,  [ruri-  (as  stem  of 
rus)  +  fcola  (cf.  incola)],  m., 
cultivator  of  the  field,  countryman. 
—  In  app.  as  adj.,  of  the  field 
(boves) . 

rursus,  [reversus,  with  loss  of  in- 
flection], adv.,  back,  again. 

rus,  ruris,  [?],  n.,  the  country,  the 
fields. 

rnstlcus,  -a,  -uin,  [rus-  (old  stem 
of  rus)  -f  ticus],  adj.,  of  the  coun- 
try, rustic. 

rutilus,  -a,  -um,  [akin  to  riibeo], 
adj.,  red,  crimson,  auburn  (hair). 

rutrum,  -i,  [y^RU  +  trum],  n., 
pickaxe. 


S. 


Sabinus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  Sabine, 
of  the  Sabines  (a  powerful  people 
of  Central  Italy).  Some  of  them 
united  with  the  Romans ;  hence, 
Sabini  patres  {Ro?nan  elders'); 
Sabina  herba  {juniper) .  —  M. 
pi.,  the  Sabines. 

sacer,  -era,  -crum,  [y'SAC  (in 
sancio)  -f  rus],  adj.,  sacred,  ven- 
erable.— N.  pi.  as  TiOMTi,  sacred  rites, 
sacred  things,  sacred  contents  (of 
penetralia),  ^(^(Trz/fiT^,  sacred  food. 

sacerdos,  -otis,  [sacro  -f-  fdos 
(t/da  4-  tis)] ,  c,  priest,  priestess. 

sacrilegus,  -a,  -urn,  [sacro-flegus 
(^LEG -f  us)],  adj.,  (stealing  sa- 
cred things),  sacrilegious,  impious. 

sacro,  -are,  -avi,  -atuin,  [sacro- 
(as  if  a-stem)  -f  o],  v.  tr.  i,  conse- 
crate. 


saeelum,  see  saeculum, 
saeeulum  (saeelum,  seculumi), 

[?,  prob.  akin  to  sero],  n.,  gen- 
eration, age. 
saepe,  [n.  of  fsaepis,  akin  to  sae- 

pes],  adv.,  often. — Comp.,  sae- 

pius,  many  times. 
saepes,  -is,  [akin  to   saepio],  f., 

hedge. 
saeta,  see  seta, 
saetiger,  see  setiger. 
saeviS,  -ire,   -ii,  -itum,  [saevo- 

(as  if  saevi-)  -\-  o],  v.  intr.  4,  rage, 

be  enraged,  be  angry,  vent  one's 

rage,  aim  with  rage  (with  inf.). 
saevus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  ^^r^r^, 

savage,    bloody    (caedes),    cruel, 

wild. 
sagax,  -acis,  [as  if  ^sag  (in  sagio) 

+  ax  (prob.  from  kindred  stem)], 

adj.,  keen-scented,  sagacious,  wise, 

keen. 
sagitta,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  arrow. 
sagittifer,  -era,  -erum,  [sagitta- 

fer    (for   -ferus)],    adj.,    arrow- 

bedring,  arrow-laden. 
salictum,  -i,  [salic  +  turn  (n.   of 

-tus)],   n.,  willow  grove,   zvillow 

copse. 
salignus,  -a,  -um,  [salic  -f  nus], 

adj.,  of  willow,  willow-. 
salio,   -ire,    -ui     (-ii),     saltum, 

[y^SAL],  V.  intr.  4,  leap,  dance. 
salix,  -ids,  [?],  f.,  willow. 
saltem  [ace.  of  lost  word  saltis, 

of  unc.    kin.],   adv.,    at  least  (if 

nothing  more  or  better),  at  any 

rate. 
saltus    -us,    [t/sal,  -f   tus],   m., 

leap,  spring,  plunge.  —  Also,  glade, 

woody  pasture. 
sains,  -utis,  [akin  to  salvus,  prob. 

salvo  +  tis],   f,,   safety,    life    (as 

saved). 
salutifer,   -era,   -eruui,    [saluti- 


Vocabulary. 


137 


(as  stem  of  salus)  +  fer  (for 
-ferus)],  adj.,  health-giving.  —  As 
noun,  saviour. 
salnto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [salut- 
(as  stem  of  salus)  +  o],  v.  tr.  i, 
{%vish  healthy  salve),  salute. 
salvus,   -a,   -una,    [?],  adj.,   safe^ 

preserved. 

Samius,   -a,   -um,    [Gr.    %6.ixios\ 

adj.,  SamiaUt  of  Santos :  senex, 

Pythagoras  (a  famous  philosopher, 

born  at  Samos  about  580  B.C.). 

Samos  (-us),  -i,  [Gr.  Sciaaos],  f.,  a 

large  island  off  the  coast  of  Asia 

Minor,  famous  for  its  temple  of  Juno. 

sanabllis,  -e,  [sana  +  bills],  adj., 

curable, 
sanctus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  sancio], 

adj.,  sacred^  revered. 
sanguineus,  -a,  -um,  [sanguin  + 

eus],  adj.,  bloody. 
sangulnulentus    (-olentus),    -a, 
-um,  [sanguine-  (as  if  stem  of 
sanguis)  +  lentus],  adj.,  bloody, 
weltering  in  blood. 
sanguis  (-uen),  -guinis,  [?],  m., 
blood    (as    shed),    blood    (race) : 
raaterno    a    sanguine    {on   his 
mother^ s    side)\     Caesario    san- 
guine {by  shedding  the  blood  of), 
sanies,  -ei,   [?],  f.,  corrupt  bloody 

venom. 
sauus,  -a,   -um,    [?],   adj.,  sound 
(in  body  or  mind),  sane.  — Comp., 
sanior,  less  mad. 
sapa,  -ae,  [?],  i.,  juice  (of  grape), 

must. 
sapiens,  -entis,  [pres.  p.  of  sapio], 

adj.,  wise,  discreet. 
sapienter,    [sapient +  ter],  adv., 

wisely. 
sarcina,    -ae,    [fsarci-   (akin    to 

sarclo)  -1-na],  i.,pack,  burden. 
sarculum,   -i,    [sar-    (as    root  of 
sarrio)  +  culum],  n.,  hoe. 


Sardes,  -ium,  [Gr.  iSapSeis],  f.  pi., 
Sardis  (the  capital  of  Lydia) . 

Sarmatae,  -arum,  [Gr.  :S,apixdrai], 
m.  pL,  the  Sarmatians  (a  Scythian 
tribe  on  the  northern  coast  of  the 
Black  Sea). 

Sarmaticus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  2ap^a- 
TiK^s^,  adj.,  Sarmatian,  of  the 
Sarmatians.  —  m.  pi.,  the  Sarma- 
tia7is. 

Sarmatis,  -idis,  [Gr.  -^ap^aris'],  f., 
adj.,  Sarmatian. 

sat,  see  satis. 

satio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [sati- 
(stem  of  satis,  as  if  a-stem)  +  0], 
V.  tr.  r,  satiate,  satisfy,  feed 
full. 

satis,  [?,  akin  to  satnr],  adv.,  suf- 
ficiently, enough,  very.  —  As  noun, 
enough  (with  gen.). 

satum,  -i,  [p.p.  of  sero],  n.,  crop 

(pi.). 

satur,  -ura,  -urum,    [?,   akin   to 

satis],  adj.,y«///,  well  fed. 
Saturnius,   -a,  -um,    [fSaturno- 

(reduced)  -f  ius],  adj.,  of  Saturn, 
son  of  Saturn,  daughter  of  Saturn 
(used  of  Jupiter,  of  Neptune,  of 
Pluto,  and  of  Juno) .  —  So,  Satur- 
nia  (alone),  Juno:  Saturnius 
pater  {Jupiter). 

Saturnus,  -i,  [prob.  akin  to  sero], 
m.,  the  father  of  Jove.  An  old 
Italian  divinity  of  the  crops. 

saturo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [saturo- 
(as  if  a-stem)  +  0],  v.  tr.  I,  fill 
full.  —  Hence,  soak,  dye. 

satus,  p.p.  of  sero. 

Satyrus,  -i,  [Gr.  "^irvpos^  m.,  a 
Satyr  (one  of  a  subordinate  class 
of  deities  of  the  woods,  of  a  frolic- 
some and  mischievous  disposition, 
represented  with  goat's  legs  and 
horns.  They  often  appear  as  com- 
panions of  Bacchus,  whose  attend- 


138 


Vocabulary. 


ant,  Silenus,  seems  to  have  been 
one  of  them.  They  are  hardly  dis- 
tinguishable from  the  Latin  Fauns) . 

saucius,-a,  -um,  [  ?],  adj.,  wounded. 

Sauromatae,  -arum,  [Gr.  Xavpo- 
juarai],  m.  pi.,  Sarmatians,  the 
same  as  Sarmatae. 

saxeus,  -a,  -um,  [saxo-f- eus], 
adj.,  of  stone. 

saxum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  rock,  stone. 

scaber,  -bra,  -brum,  [^scab  -f 
xus],  adj.,  rough. 

sceleratus,  -a,  -um,  [p  p.  of  sce- 
lero],  adj.,  polluted  by  crime ^ 
criminal,  impious,  accursed. 

scelus,  -eris,  [?],  n.,  crime, 
wickedness,  wicked  words. 

sceptrum,  -i,  [Gr.  (rK7]Trrpov~\,  n,, 
staff,  sceptre.  —  Also  pi. 

Sclioeneiius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  ^x°^~ 
vh'ios},  adj.,  of  Schceneus  (father 
of  Atalanta) .  • — •  Hence  fem.,  Ata- 
lanta. 

scilicet,  [prob.  sci-  (imp.  of  scio) 
-f-  licet] ,  adv.,  one  may  know,  for- 
sooth (in  irony),  now  of  course, 
naturally,  for  pray. 

scindo,  -ere,  scidi,  scissum, 
[■y/scid,  formed  with  n],  v.  tr.  3, 
cleave,  split,  tear,  tear  off,  burst, 
divide. 

scintilla,  -ae,  [?,  perh.  akin  to 
scindo],  f.,  spark. 

scio,  scire,  scivi,  scitum,  [?],v. 
tr.  4,  know  (a  fact,  cf.  nosco). 

scitor,  -ari,  -atus,  [scito-  (as  if 
a-stem)  -f  o],  v.  dep.  i,  {seek  to 
know'),  ask,  inquire. 

scopulus,  -i,  [prob.  Gr.  o-zcoTreAos] , 
m.,  rock,  cliff. 

scorpios,  -i,  [Gr.  o-«:op7rios],  m., 
scorpion.  —  Esp.,  the  Scorpion  (the 
constellation) , 

scribo,  -ere,  scrips!,  scriptum, 
[ysCRiB],  V.  tr.  3,  write. 


scriptum,  -1,  [n.  p.p.  of  scribo], 
n.,  writing,  inscription, 

scrobis,  scrobis,  [?],  f.,  (m.), 
ditch,  trench. 

Scylaceus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  S/cuAa- 
Keios],  adj.,  of  Scylaceum  (a  tovi^n 
on  the  coast  of  Bruttium  in  South- 
ern Italy,  near  a  promontory  sup- 
posed to  be  dangerous  for  ships). 

Scylla,  -ae,  [Gr.  1,KvKKa\,  f.,  a 
nymph,  daughter  of  Phorcys  and 
Cratais,  changed  by  Circe  into  a 
monster,  girt  about  the  middle 
with  dogs.  This  monster  inhab- 
ited some  rocks  on  the  Italian  side 
of  the  Straits  of  Messina. 

Scythia,  -ae,  [Gr.  'tKvQial,  f.  (of 
adj.),  the  country  north  of  the 
Black  Sea. 

Scytbicus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  1,Kvdi- 
k6s\,  adj.,  Scythian,  of  Scythia. 

se,  see  sui. 

se-  (sed-),  [?,  cf.  sed],  insep.  prep, 
in  comp,,  apart,  aside,  away. 

secedB,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessum, 
[se-cedo],  v.  intr.  3,  withdraw, 
retire,  go  apart. 

seceruo,  -ere,  -crevi,  -cretum, 
[se-cerno],  v.  tr.  3,  separate,  dis- 
tinguish. —  p.p.,  secretiis,  re- 
tired, secret,  occult.  —  N.  pi. ,  hid- 
den depths,  secrets. 

secius,  see  setius. 

seco,  -Sre,  secui,  sectum,  [?],  v. 
tr.  I,  cut,  cleave. 

secretus,  p.p.  of  secerno. 

secundus,  -a,  -um,  [ger.  form  of 
sequor],  adj.,  following,  second, 
favorable,  favoring,  fortunate, 
prosperous  :  mensae  (dessert') . 

seciiris,  -is,  [akin  to  seco],  f.,  axe. 

secGrus,  -a,  -um,  [se-cura,  decl. 
as  adj.],  ^d].,  free  from  care,  fear- 
less, sure  (futuri),  safe  (almost 
equal  to  tutus), 


Vocabulary, 


139 


secus,  [?,  perh.  akin  to  sequor], 

adv.,  otherwise. 
sed,   [same   word   as  se-  (sed-)j, 
coiij.,  but  (adversative    or  transi- 
tional), still. 

sedeo,  -ere,  sedi,  sessum,  [prob. 
sedo-  (  VSED  +  us)  -f  eo],  v.  intr. 
2,  sit  down,  sit,  rest,  lie^  sink,  take 
effect  (plaga),  settle. 

sedes,  -is,  [^^SED  +  es],  f.,  seat, 
abode,  dwelling-place,  house,  spot, 
place,  footing  (place  to  rest)  :  in- 
fernae  sedes  {the  world  below') . 

sedile,  -is,  [stem  akin  to  sedis  -f 
ills],  n.,  seat,  chair,  stool. 

seditio,  -oiiis,  [sed-itio],  f.,  mu- 
tiny, revolt,  dissension,  sedition. 

seduc5,    -ere,    -duxi,    -ductum, 
[se-duco],   V.   tr.    3,   lead   apart, 
-  draw  aside,  set  aside,  remove. 

sedulus,  -a,  -um,  [fsedo-  (y'SED 
-f-  us)  +  lus],  adj.,  {sitting  down), 
attentive,  diligent. 

seges,  -etis,  [?],  f.,  standing  grain, 
growing  crop,  fields,  sowing  (of  the 
earth  for  a  crop),  crop. 

segiiis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  slow.^  tardy. 

semel,  [similis  (or  kindred  stem) 
reduced],  adv.,  once,  only  once, 

semen,  -inis,  [some  form  of  root  of 
sero  +  3iien],  n.,  a  seed,  seed. 

seinesus,  -a,  -um,  [semi-esus], 
adj.,  half- eaten. 

fsemi-,  [?],  adv.  only  m  composi- 
tion, half. 

semianimis,  -e,  [semi-animus, 
decl.  as  adj.],  adj.,  half  lifeless 
(prop,  half  in  life). 

semiicaper,  -pri,  [semi-caper],  m., 
{half  goat) ,  Pan  (in  allusion  to  his 
lb  rm). 

semiideus,    -i,    [semi-deus],    m., 


setnilacer,   -era,    -erum,    [semi- 

J^tcer],  adj.,  half  butchered, 


seminex,  (-necis),  -ecis,    [semi- 

nex],  adj.,  half  dead,  half  living. 

Semiramis,  -idis,  [Gr.  Seju/pa^is], 
f. ,  mythical  queen  of  Assyria,  wife 
and  successor  of  Ninus,  and  btttl'^er 
of  the  walls  of  Babylon.  ^ 

semisepultus,  ~a,  -um,  [semi- 
sepultus],  adj.,  half  buried. 

semper,  [sem-  (in  semel,  simut 
+  per    (cf.    parumper)],    adv.*^ 
ever,  always. 

senatus,  -us,  [fsena-  (stem  akin 
to  senex)  -\-  tus] ,  m.,  {being  an 
elder),  body  of  elders,  senate. 

senecta,  -ae,  [fsenec-  (as  stem  of 
senex)  +  ta  (cf.  juventa)],  f., 
old  age,  years  (as  many  or  old). 

senectfls,  -utis,  [fsenec-  (as  stem 
of  senex)  +  tus  (cf.  virtus)],  f., 
age,  old  age, 

senesco,  -ere,  senui,  no  sup.,  [stem 
akin  to  senex,  senatus,  +  sco], 
V.  intr.  3,  grow  old,  wear  out, 
decay. 

senex,  senis,  [two  stems,  sen-  (as 
root)  +  is  and  icus  (reduced)],, 
adj.,  only  m.,  old,  aged.  — •  As  noun, 
old  man,  —  Comp.,  senior,  old. 

seni,  -ae,  -a,  [sex-h  nus],  adj.,  .y/x 
(at  a  time),  six. 

senilis,  -e,  [seni-  (as  stem  of  senex) 
-1-  lis],  adj.,  of  an  {the)  old  man,  of 
age,  advanced  {in years). 

sensim,  [ace.  (real  or  imagined)  of 
fsensis  (sent  +  tis,  cf.  sensus)], 
adv.  (of  unc.  conn,  of  ideas), ^r«</- 
ually, 

sensus,  -us,  [  -^/sent  (of  sentlo)  -f 
tus]  m.,  taste,  feeling,  perception. 
Concretely,  a  feeling,  the  mind, 
the  senses,  sense. 

sententia,  -ae,  [fsentent-  (parti- 
cipial stem  akin  to  sentiens)  -I- 
ia],  f.,  feeling,  sentiment,  resolve ^ 
opinion^  verdict^  vot^. 


140 


Vocahtdary. 


sentio,  -ire,  sensi,  sensum,  [?], 
V.  tr.  ^^  feel,  be  aware,  know,  no- 
tice, find  out:   ilium  Pharsalia 

■   (^feel  his  power) . 

sentis,  -is,  [?],  m.,  briar. 

seiitus,  -a,  -uiii,  [  ?,  akin  to  sentis], 
adj.,  briary,  overgrown  with  bri- 
ars, neglected,  rough,  wild. 

sgparo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [se- 
paro],  V.  tr.  i,  set  apart,  divide. 

sepelio,  -ire,  -ivi,  sepultum,  [?], 
V.  tr.  4,  bury,  entomb. 

sepes,  -is,  see  saepes. 

sepono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positum, 
[se-pono],  V.  tr.  3,  set  apart,  sepa- 
rate. 

septem,  [?],  adj.,  seven. 

septemflims,  -a,  -um,  [septem- 
ffluus],  adj.,  seven  streamed,  seven 
mouthed. 

Septimus,  -a,  -um,  [septem -f 
mus] ,  adj.,  seventh. 

sepiilcralis,  -e,  [sepulero-  (re- 
duced) -f-  alls],  z.^].,  funereal. 

sepulcrum,  -i,  [fsepel-  (as  if  root 
of  sepelio)  4-  crum],  n.,  tomb, 
grave, 

sequor,  -i,  secutus,  [y'SEQu],  v. 
dep.  ;^,  follow,  pursue. 

sera,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  bolt,  bar. 

serenus,  -a,  -uin,  [perh.  akin  to 
seriis],  adj.,  clear,  fair,  serene. 

series,  -ei,  [-y^sKR  (in  sero)  +  ies], 
f.,  rozv,  order,  succession,  series. 

seriiio,  -onis,  [y'SER  (in  sero) 
+  mo,  prob.  through  intermediate 
stem],  m.,  discourse,  talk,  conver- 
sation, tvords,  gossip. 

sero,  see  serus. 

sero,  -ere,  sevi,  satuin,  [  ^^se  re- 
dupl.],  V.  tr.  3,  plant,  sow,  pro- 
duce (by  sowing).  —  p.p.,  satus, 
planted,  produced,  sprung  from, 
son  of,  daughter  of  —  N.  pi.,  crops. 

serpens,  -entis,  [pres.  p.  of  serpo]. 


c,  serpent.  —  Esp.,  the  Serpent 
(constellation). 

serpentigena,  -ae,  [serpenti-  (as 
stem  of  serpens)  +  gena  (y'GEN 
+  a,  cf.  incola)],  m.,  snake-born. 

serpo,  -ere,  serpsi,  serptum,  [  ?, 
perh.  akin  to  repo],  v.  intr.  3, 
creep,  crawl. 

serra,  -ae,  [  ?],  f.,  saw. 

sertum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  sero,  twine'], 
n.,  garland. 

serum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  whey. 

serus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  late,  too 
late:  anni  (^advanced).  —  Abl., 
sero,  as  adv.,  late,  too  late. 

servator,  -oris,  [serva-f-  tor],  m., 
preserver,  saviour. 

servatrix,  -icis,  [serva  +  trix], 
f.,  presej-ver,  saviour. 

servi§,  -ire,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itum, 
[servo-  (as  if  servi)  -f  o], 
V.  intr.  4,  be  a  slave,  be  subject, 
obey,  serve. 

servitium,  -i,  [servo  -f  tium],  n., 
slavery,  servitude. 

servo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [servo- 
(as  if  serva)  +  o],  v.  tr.  i,  guard, 
keep,  watch,  keep  watch  over,  pre- 
serve. 

servus,  -i,  [y'SER  (in  sero)  +  vus], 
m.,  slave  (orig.  captive?),  servant. 

seta,  (saeta),  -ae,  [?]  f.,  bristle. 

setiger,  (saetiger),  -era,  -erum, 
[seta-ger  (for  -gerus,  ger  -f 
us)],  adj.,  bristle-bearing. — As 
noun,  the  bristly  {creature,  mon- 
ster, foe). 

setius,  [?,  cf.  secus],  adv.,  lessy 
not  so,  worse. 

sen,  see  sive. 

sevoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [se- 
voco],  V.  tr.  I,  call  aside,  catlatvay. 

sex,  [?],  adj.,  six. 

sextus,  -a,  -um,  [sex  -|-  tus],  adj., 
sixth. 


Vocabulary. 


141 


si,  [?,  akin  to  se],  conj.,  {so  .?),  if. 
sibilus,  -i,   (pi.,  -a,  -orum),    [?] 
m.  and  n.,  hissing,  hiss,  whistling 
note. 
Sibylla,  -ae,   [Gr.  ^iRvWa],  f.,  a 
Sibyl,    a  female    seer.     A    large 
number  of  such  persons  are  men- 
tioned, of  which  the  most  famous 
is  the  Cumaean.     The  idea  of  such 
persons   seems   to   have    been   of 
foreign    origin    (prob.     Hebrew), 
though      their      functions     were 
closely  connected  with  the   wor- 
ship of  Apollo. 
sic,  [si-ce],  adv.,  so^  thus:  ut  .  .  . 

sic  {although  .  .  .  yet). 

Sicania,  -ae,   [Sicano-   (reduced) 

+  ia],  f.  of  adj.  (sc.  terra),  Sicily. 

sicco,  -are,   -avl,   -atum    [sicco- 

(as  if  a-stem)  -f-  0],  v.  tr.  l,  dry, 

dry  up,  stanch. 

siccus,    -a,    -um    [?],    adj.,   dry, 

parched. 
Sicelis,  -idis,  [Gr.  Si/teAts],  f.  adj., 

Sicilian,  a  Sicilian  woman, 
Siculus,    -a,    -um,    [fSico-     (cf. 
Sicanus)  +  lus,  akin  to  %ik^\6s~\, 
adj.,  Sicilian^  of  Sicily. 
sicut,  [sic  ut],  zQ>v^].,just  as, 
Sicyonius,  -a,  -um,    [Gr.    ^wv^- 
vios'],  adj.,  of  Sicyon  (a  city  of  the 
Peloponnesus),  Sicyonian. 
sidereus,     -a,    um,    [sider-    (as 
stem  of  sidus)  +  eus],  adj.,  of 
the  stars,  celestial. 
Sidonis,  -Idis  (ace.  -ida),  [Gr.  ti- 
Soofis],  f.  adj.,  Sidonian,  of  Sidon 
(the  famous  city  of  Phoenicia) .  — 
Less  exactly,  Phoenician. 
SIdonius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr,  SiScljfios], 
adj.,  Sidonian,  of  Sidon.  —  Less 
exactly,  Phoenician. 
sidus,  -eris  [y'SED  -f  us],  n.,  {po- 
sition, in  augural  sense) ,  constella- 
tion,   star,    heavenly    body.  —  PI. 


the  stars,  the  heavens,  the  stars  of 


Sigeius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Styi^i'os], 
adj.,  of  Sigeufu  (a  promontory  of 
the  Troad).  —  Less  exactly,  Tro- 
Jan. 
Sigeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  2i7eioi/], 
adj.,  of  Sigeujn.  —  Less  exactly, 
Trojan.  —  Neut.,  the  pro7nontory 
Sigeum. 

sigillum,  -i,  [akin  to  signum, 
prob.  fsigu-lo-  +  lum],  n.,  sign, 
small  figure  or  picture,  seal, 

signo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [signo- 
-f  0],  V.  tr.  I,  mark,  inscribe. 

signum,  -1,  [sig-  (as  root,  cf.  si- 
gillum) -\-  num],  n.,  mark,  sign, 
indication,  signal,  trace,  track, 
standard  (of  soldiers),  statue, 
constellation,  sign  (of  the  Zodiac), 
figure  (embroidered  or  painted) . 

silentium,  -i,  [silent-  (pres.  p.  of 
sileo)  -1- ium],  n.,  silence.— 
Also,  pi. 

Silenus,  -i,  \%uX'(]v6s\,  m.,  an  old 
satyr,  the  chief  attendant  of  Bac- 
chus. He  is  represented  as  a  fat 
old  man,  generally  intoxicated. 

sileo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [?],  v 
intr.  2,  be  silent.  —  pres.  p.,  silent, 
— 'M.  pi.,  the  shades. 

silex,  -icis,  [?],  c.,fiint,  stone.,  rock. 

silva,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  wood.,  woods,  for- 
est. —  Also,  timber^  wood. 

Silvanus,  -1,  [f silva  -F  nus,  cf. 
Neptunus],  m.,  an  Italian, 
woodland  deity,  presiding  over 
woods,  tillage,  and  earth.  —  Also 
in  the  pL,  Silvani,  thought  of  as 
similar  to  the  Fauns. 

silvestris,  -tre,  [silva-  (with  s  from 
unc.  analogy)  -f-  tris],  adj.,  of  the 
woods,  woodland. 

silvicola,  -ae,  [silva-  +  cola  (cf. 
iucola)],  c,  lover  of  the  woods. 


142 


Vocabulary. 


similis,  -e,  [tunc,  stem  (akin  to 
semi)  +  lis  (cf.  simplex)],  adj., 
like^  similar. 

Simois,  -entos,  (-entis),  [Gr.  2i- 
^oeijr],  m.,  a  river  of  the  Troad. 

simplex,  -icis,  [perh.  fsimo-  (akin 
to  similis)  +  fplex  (cf.  du- 
plex)], adj.,  simple  J  single,  in 
simplicity. 

slmplicitas,  -atis,  [simplici-  + 
tas]j  f.,  simplicity,  singleness. 

simul,[prob.n.  of  similis,  reduced], 
adv.,  al  the  same  time,  at  once, 
together,  as  soon  as,  along  with. 

simulacrum,  -i,  [simula  +  cruna], 
n.,form,  image,  semblance,  figure 
(as  false),  empty  form. 

simulator,  -oris,  [simula-  +  tor], 
m.,  imitator,  pretender. 

simulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [fsini- 
ulo  (as  early  stem  of  similis)  +  o], 
V.  tr.  1,  imitate,  put  on  appearance 
of,  simulate. — ^pres.  p.,  imitative, 
—  p.  p.,  imitated. 

sincerus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  un- 
mixed, pure,  untainted,  unaffected 
(by  disease,  etc.),  unscathed. 

sine,  [?],  prep.,  without. 

singultus,  -us,  [singulo-  (re- 
duced) +  tus]  m.,  (prob.  words 
forced  out  one  at  a  time),  sob, 
sobbing. 

singuli,  -ae,  -a,  [unc.  stem  (akin 
to  similis)  +  lus],  adj.,  one  at  a 
time,  each,  single.  —  N.  pL,  every- 
thing, particulars,  details  (in  full) . 

sinister,  -tra,  -trum,  [fsinis-  (of 
unc.  meaning)  -f-  ter  (cf.  dex- 
ter)], adj.,  the  left,  ill-omened.- — 
Gomp.  sinisterior,  {the  left^. 

sino,  -ere,  sivi,  situm,  [V^i? 
found  with  n],  v.  tr.  3,  leave. — 
Hence,  allow,  permit.  —  p.p.,  situ- 
ated, lying:  situs  est  {lies). 

Sinuessa,  -ae,  [akin  to  siuusj,  f., 


a  town  in  the  northern  part  of 
Campania,  formerly  called  Sinope. 

sinuo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum  [sinu  (as 
ifa-stem)-l-  o],  v.  tr.  i,  bend. — 
Pass.,  be  bent,  float  (in  folds),  be 
blown,  be  curved.  —  p.p.,  bent, 
round,  curved.^  arched, 

sinus,  -us,  [?],  m.,  fold,  winding. 
— ■  Hence,  robe. —  So  from  form  of 
garments,  lap,  bosom^  arins  (of  a 
mother) .  —  Also  pi. 

Sipylus,  -i,  [Gr.  SiTryAos],  m.,  i.  a 
mountain  in  Lydia;  2.  a  son  of 
Niobe. 

siquando,  see  quando. 

siquidem,  [si  quidem],  conj.,  at 
least  if  since,  in  as  much  as. 

siquis,  -qua,  -quid,  (-quod),  [si- 
quis  (as  indef.)],  pron.,  if  any,  if 
one,  whoever  {whatever), 

Sirenes,  -um,  [Gr.  :Setp^//es],  f.  pi, 
the  Sirens,  monsters  who  enticed 
sailors  to  destruction  by  their 
songs.  They  had  the  heads  of 
women  and  the  wings  and  legs  of 
birds,  having  been  changed  from 
their  original  form  of  maidens. 
They  were  the  daughters  of  Ache- 
lous  and  Melpomene. 

sisto,  -ere,  stiti,  statum  [^sta, 
redupk]  V.  tr.  (and  intr.)  3,  stay. 
—  Also,  stand,  cease,  stop,  alight. 

Sisyphus,  -i,  [Gr.  2io-u(^o^],  m.,  a 
crafty,  cruel  king  of  Corinth, 
brother  of  Athamas.  In  the  lower 
world,  he  was  condemned  to  roll 
up  hill  a  huge  stone  which  always 
rolled  down  just  before  reaching 
the  top. 

sitio,  -ire,  -ivi  (-ii),  no  sup.,  [siti 
4-  o])  V.  intr.  4,  thirst,  be  athirst, 
be  thirsty. 

sitis,  -is,  [?],  f.,  thirst,  drought. 

situs,  -lis,  [v^i  (^'^  sino)  -f  tus], 
m-,  neglect,  decay,  rust. 


Vocabulary. 


143 


situs,  -a,  -um,  see  sino. 

sive  (seu),  [si  (sei)  -ve],  conj.,  if 

either  J  or  if,  whether  .  .  .  or. 
smaragdus,    -i,    [Gr.   crfidpay^os'], 

f.,  emerald, 
socer,  -eri,  [unc.  stem  +  rus  (cf. 
eKU/Dos)],  m.^  father-in-law.  —  PI., 
parents-  in-law, 

socio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [socio- 
(as  if  a-stem)  +0],  v,  tr.  i, 
share,  join,  unite,  acco?npany 
(music). 

socius,  -a,  -um,  [  ?  (akin  to  socer)  ], 
adj.,  sharing,  allied:  manus  {the 
Social  War).  — As  noun,  compan- 
ion, sharer,  partner. 

sodalicius,  -a,  -um,  [sodali  -f- 
ioius],  adj.,  of  a  companion. 

sodalis,  -is,  [unc.  stem  -|-  lis], 
c,  companion^  intimate  friend, 
*  crony.'' 

sol,  -is,  [?],  m.,  the  sun.  —  PL, 
rays  of  the  sun,  heat. 

solacium,  (-atium),  -i,  [stem 
akin  to  solor-  +  ium],  n.,  solace. 
—  Also,  pi. 

solamen,  -inis,  [sola  -1-  men],  n., 
solace,  consolation. 

solemnis,  (soil-),  -e,  [fsollo-  (cf. 
sollicitus)  -annus  (deck  as 
adj.)],  adj.,  annual.  —  Hence, 
custojnary,  festival,  solemn,  sacred. 

soleo,  -ere,  solitus  sum,  [?],  v. 
intr.  2,  be  wont,  be  accustomed,  use. 
— •  p.p.,  wonted,  usual,  accustomed. 

solicitus,  see  sollicitus. 

solidus,  -a,  -um,  [solo-  (in  solum) 
-f  dus],  adj.,  solid,  firm,  steady, 
massive:  ad  solidum,  (in  the 
earth) . 

solitus,  p.p.  of  soleo. 

solium,  -i,  [?],  n.,  throne. 

sollemnis,  see  solemnis. 

sollers,  -ertis,  [fsollo-  (cf.  solici- 
tus) -f-  ars],  adj.,  cunning,  artful. 


soUerter,  [sollert  -f-  ter],  adv., 
cunningly,  cleverly,  artfully. 

sollertia,  -ae,  [sollert  -f  ia) ,  f., 
cunning,  cleverness.  ^ 

soUicito,  (sol-),  -are,  -avi, 
-atum,  [soUicitd-  (as  if  a-stem) 
-f  o].,  V.  tr.  I,  tuorry,  importune, 
stir,  strike  (strings), 

sollicitus,  (sol-), -a,  -um,  [fsollo- 
(cf.  sollers)  -f-  citus],  adj.,  com- 
pletely aroused,  anxious,  dis- 
turbed, restless :  preces  {earnest) . 

solor,  -ari,  -atus,  [?],  v.  dep.  i, 
console, 

solum,  (adv.),  see  solus. 

solum,  -i,  [?  (cf.  solidus],  n.,  the 
soil,  the  earth,  land,,  floor,  bare 
ground,  the  depths  of  Hades. 

solus,  -a,  -um,  (gen.  solius), 
[?],  adj.,  alone,  only,  merely, 
lonely.  —  N.  as  adv.,  only:  nee 
.  .  .  solum  {and  not  only) . 

solvo,  -ere,  solvi,  solutum  [prob. 
se-luo],  V.  tr.  3,  dissolve,  loose, 
thaw,  melt,  unbind.  —  Hence, /^^y 
(loose  an  obligation) ,  open,  break, 
(jejunium),  wrap  in  sleep,  give 
(in  payment),  annul.  —  p.p.,  looser 
unbound,  flowing  (capilli). 

somnium,  -i,  [somno-  +  ium],  n.^ 
dream. 

somnus,  -i,  [V^op  (in  sopio)  + 
nus],  m.,  sleep,  sleepiness,  — Also, 
pi.  —  Personified,  the  god  of  Sleep. 

sonitus,  us,  [soni-  (as  stem  of 
sono  4-  tus],  m.,  sounds  roar,  rat- 
tle, ring,  noise, 

son§,  -are,  -ui,  -itum,  [sono-  (as 
if  a-stem)  -f-  o],  v.  intr.  l.,  sound. 
—  Often  trans,  by  special  words  of 
sound,  hiss,  roar,  rattle,  ring,  cry, 
resound,  crack,  sing,  speak,  mur- 
mur, grate, 
sonus,  -i,  [-v/soN  -f  us],  m.,  sound, 
voice ^  words  (cf.  sono). 


144 


Vocabulary, 


Sophocleus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr,  :So<^J- 
KAetos],  adj.,  of  Sophocles,  the 
great  Athenian  tragic  poet  of  the 
fifth  century  B.C. 

sopio,  -ire,  -ivi,  (-ii),  -ituin,  [prob. 
causative  of  -y/sop],  v.  tr.  \.,  put 
to  sleep,  lull. 

sopor,  -oris,  [  V^OP  +  or],  m.,  sleep. 

soporifer,  -era,  -eruin,  [sopori- 
(as  if  btem  of  sopor)  -f  fer  (for 
ferns)],  adj.,  sleepbringing,  nar- 
cotic. 

sorbet,  -ere,  sorbui,  no  sup., 
[?],  V.  tr.  2,  suck  in,  draw  in,  take 
in.  —  Also,  consume, 

sordidus,  -a,  -um,  [sordi-  (stem 
of  sordes)  +  dus],  adj.,  dirty, 
dark,  stained. 

soror,  -oris,  [unc.  root,  same  for- 
mation as  pater],  f.,  sister. 

sors,  sortis,  [  ^'ser  (in  sero  -}-  tis, 
reduced)],  f.,  lot,  destiny,  fortune, 
fate,  allotment,  lot  in  life.  —  Also 
(prob.  orig.  meaning),  response 
of  oracle  (written  on  billet  of 
wood),  oracle, 

sortior,  -iri,  -itus,  [sorti  +  o],  v. 
dep.  4,  gain  by  lot,  have  allotted 
(to  me).  — Also,  allot.  — p.p.,  des- 
tined to  (ace). 

sospes,  -itis,  [?],  adj.,  safe,  un- 
harmed. 

spargo,  -ere,  sparsi,  sparsuin, 
[?],  V.  tr.  3,  scatter.,  fling  tvide, 
sprinkle  (of  the  thing  scattered 
and  of  that  covered) .  —  Less  ex- 
actly, spread,  —  p.p.,  loose,  scat- 
tered, flowing,  sprinkled  (of  the 
thing  covered). 

Spartanus,  -a,  -iim,  [fSparta  4- 
nus],  adj.,  Spartan. 

Sparte,  -es,  (-a,  -ae),  [Gr. 
SxapTTj],  f,,  also  called  Lacedcs- 
mon,  the  capital  of  Laconia,  in 
the  Peloponnesus. 


spatior,  -ari,  -atus,  [spatio-  (as  if 

a-stem)  4-  o],  v.  dep.  i,  walk, 
wander,  stroll.  —  ^res.  p.  as  noun, 
wanderer. 

spatiosus,  -a,  -um,  [spatio  -f- 
osus],  adj.,  roomy,  spacious,  huge, 
long;  aevum  {advanced):  vetu- 
stas  (remote,  long). 

spatium,  -i,  [unc.  root  +  ium],  n., 
space  (prob.  as  measured),  extent, 
distance,  size,  length,  span,  track, 
region  (extent  of  country).  —  Also 
of  time,  division  (season),  space 
of  time,  lime;  in  spatium  {in 
length)  :  spatio  distante  {at  a 
distance) . 

species,  -ei,  [y'sPEC -f  ies],  f., 
appearance,  form,  beauty  (cf. 
*  looks'). 

speciosus,  -a,  -um,  [specie-  (re- 
duced) +  osus],  adj.,  beautiful, 
comely,  specious, 

spectabilis,  -e,  [specta  +  bilis], 
adj.,  beautiful,  lovely. 

spectaculum,  -i,  [specta  -f  cu- 
lum],  n.,  spectacle,  sight,  show, 
spectators  (i.e.  'grand  stand'). 

spectator,  -oris,  [specta  -}-  tor], 
m.,  spectator  (one  who  views  the 
games) . 

specto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [specto- 
(as  a  stem,  or  perh.  specta)  -f-  o], 
V.  tr.  I,  gaze  at,  behold,  see,  look  at. 
—  p.p.,  looked  at  (with  approval), 
approved,  tried. 

Speculum,  -i,  [fspeco-  (-,/spec  -f 
us)  +  Ium  (n.  of  -lus)],  n.,  mir- 
ror. 

specus,  -us,  [?],  m.,  cave. 

spelunca,  -ae,  [?,  cf.  spelaea],  f., 
cave, 

Spercheis,  -idls,  [Gr.  STre/Jx^J'^]» 
f.  adj.,  of  Spercheus  (see  next 
word). 

Spercheus,  (-ius),  -i^  [Gr.  27re/j- 


Vocabulary^ 


145 


X6i(is],  m.,   a   nver   in    southern 

Thessaly,  flowing  from  Mt.  Pindus 

to  the  Maliac  Gulf. 
sperno,   -ere,  sprevi,   spretam, 

[y'SPER  formed  with  n],  v.  tr.  3, 

sptirn,  scorn^  disdain, 
sper5,   -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [spes- 

(as  stem  of  spes)  +  0  (as   if  a- 

stem)],  V.  tr.  I,  hope  for,  hope. 
spes,  spei,  [?],  f.,  hope.  —  Also,  as 

in  Eng.,  hope  (object  hoped  for). 
spica,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  ^ar  (of  grain). 
spiceus,  -a,  -um,  [spica  (reduced) 

4-  eus],  adj.,  of  ears. 
spiculum,  -i,  [unc.  stem  (akin  to 

spica)  4-  lum],  n,,  dart^  spear. 
spma,   -ae,    [akin    to   spica],   f., 

thorny   spine.  —  Hence,   backbone^ 

bone,  back. 
spineus,    -a,    -um,    [spina-    (re- 
duced) -f  eus],  adj.,  thorny. 
spira,  -ae,  [?],   f.,  fold,  coil  (of  a 

snake). 
spiritus,  -us,   [spiri-  (as  if  stem 

of    spiro)  -f  tus],     m.,     breath, 

breath  of  life,  soul. 
spiro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,   [?],  v. 

intr.  I,  breathe. 
spissus,   -a,    -um,    [p.p.    of   unc. 

verb],  z.^).,  thick,  solid,  frequent : 

litus  (thick  with  sand). 
splendeo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [prob. 

splendo-  (cf.  splendldus)  +  eo], 

V.  intr.  2,  shine.  —  pres.  p.,  shining, 


splendesco,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  sup., 
[splende-  •\-  sco],  v.  intr.  3,  shine. 

splendldus,  -a,  -um,  [fsplendo- 
(cf.  splendeo)  ^  dus],  adj.,  shin- 
ing, brilliant. 

spolio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [spolio- 
(as  if  a-stem)  +  o,  v.  tr.  i],  strip, 
despoil.  —  Less  exactly,  rob. 

spolium,  -i,  [?  cf.  (TKvKov^y  n., 
spoils  skin. 


sponda;,  -ae,  [?],  L,  side   of  bed, 

frame. 
sponte,  [abl.   of  fspons  (akin  to 

spondeo),  as  adv.],  of  one^ s  accord, 

spontaneously. 
spiima,  -ae,  [?  cf.  spuo],  i.,  froth, 

foain. 
spumiger,  -era,  -erum,  [spuma- 

ger  (for  gerus)],  2,^].,  foambear- 

ijtg,  foajny. 
spumo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [spuma 

4-   0],  V.  intr.    i,  foam,  frgth.— 

pres.  1^.,  foaming. 
spiimosus,    -a,    -um,    [spuma  -{■ 

osus]  Sidi].,  fo awning,  foamy. 
squaleo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [squalo- 

(only  as  name  of  a  fish)  -f  eo],  v. 

intr.,  be  rough.  —  pr  "s.  p.,  squalid., 

foul,  rough,  unkempt. 
squalidus,   -a,    -um,    [squalo  -f- 

dus],  adj.,   roughs  unkempt,  un- 
tidy, foul. 
squama,  -ae,  [akin  to  squaleo], 

f.,  scale  (of  a  fish). 
squameus,   -a,  -um,  [squama  -h 

eus],  adj.,  scaly. 
squamiger,  -era,  -erum,  [squama- 

ger  (for  gerus)],  adj.,  scalebear- 

ing,  scaly. 
squamosus,  -a,  -um,  [squama  -f 

osus],  adj.,  scaly. 
Stabiae,   -arum,    [?],   f.  plur.,   a 

town  on  the  Gulf  of  Naples. 
stabulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  (also 

stabulor,  dep.),  [sta-bulo  (as  if 

a-stem)  -1-  0],  v.  tr.  i,fold  (sheep), 

stable. 
stabulum,    -i,    [y'STA  -f  bulum], 

n.,  sheepfold,  stable. 
stagno,      -are,      -avi,       -atum, 

[stagno  +  0],  v.  intr.  i,  be  over- 
flowed, lie  stagnant,  be  immersed. 
stagnum,  -i,   [unc.   root  -f-  num], 

n.,  pool,  marsh,  fen. 
stamen,  -inis,  [y'STA  -1-  men],  n., 


146 


Vocabulary, 


warp^  threads  (of  web),   strings 

(of  lyre). 
statio,   -onis,    [as   if   -^/sta  +  tic 

(prob.   fstati  +  o)],  f.,  station, 

postf  position. 
statu§9  -ere,  -ui,  -iitum,  [statu  + 

o],  V.  tr.    3.,  set  up,  establish.  — 

Hence,  resolve,  agree,  determine, 
status,    -lis,    [v'STA  +  tus],    m., 

position,    attitude,   pose,    state.  — 

Fig.,  state,  condition^ 
Stella,  -ae,  [?],  f,  star. 
stellatus,  -a,   -uin,  [stella  +  tus 
(as  if  p.p.  of  fstello)],  adj.,  starred, 

spotted. 
sterilis,   -e,    [fstero-  {hard   ?)  + 

lis],  adj.,  sterile,  unproductive. — 

Fig.,  frtnthss. 
sterno,    -ere,    stravi,    stratum, 

[^STER,  formed  with  n],  v.  tr.  3, 

strew,   spread,   cover,   lay  low.  — 

p.p.,  stratae  lierbae,  (a  couch  of 

kerbs') . 
Stheneleius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  S^ere- 

AtJi'os],   adj.,    of  Sthenelus  (father 

of  Cycnus) :    proles    {Cycnus,   a 

son  of  Sthenelus). 
Stiete,  -es,  [Gr.  '%T[Kr'r\\j  f ,  one  of 

Actaeon's  hounds. 
stillo,  -are,  -avi,  -atiim,   [stilla 

-f  o],   V.   intr.    l,   drop,   distil. — 

pres.  p,  dripping.  —  p.p. ,  stilla- 

tiis,  dropping,  exuding. 
'Stimulus,  -i,   [fstimo-  (y^sTiG  -|- 

mus)  -f-  lus],  m.,  goad,  spur  :  sti- 

mulum  adicere  {goad  on) . 
stipes,  -itls,  [stipi-    (as  stem    of 

stips)  +  tis      (reduced)],     m., 

trunk,  stalk,  stock. 
stipo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [tstipo- 

(cf.    obstipus)  -f-  o],   V.    tr.    i, 

crowd,  hem  in,  surround,  attend 

(as  in  a  crowd  of  followers). 
.'Stipula,  -ae,  [stip-  (stem  of  stips, 

as   if   stipd-)    +    la],    f.,    little  \ 


stalk,  kiraw,  stubble,  {bean) 
straw. 

stirps,  stirpis,  [?],  f.,  stock,  race, 
progeny,  offspring. 

stiva,  -ae,  [?,  akin  to  sto],  f, 
plough  handle. 

sto,  stare,  steti,  statum,  [y'sTA], 
V.  intr.  I,  stafid,  stand  still ,  stop,  be 
fixed,  alight,  be  still,  stand  up, 
stand  by,  hold  out,  last.  —  Also, 
cost.  —  Often  merely,  be. 

stolidus,  -a,  -um,  [fstolo-  (cf. 
stolo)  +  dus],  adj.,  dull  (cf,  aike 
a  stick  ^),  foolish  :  palma  {foolishly 
desired) . 

straihen,  -inis,  [stra-  (as  root  of 
sterno)  +  men],  n.,  straw, 
thatch. 

stratum,  -1,  [n.,  p.p.  of  sterno], 
n.,  couch  (as  spread). 

strenuus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  active, 
energetic. 

strepitus,  -us,  [strepi-  (as  stem 
of  strepo)  +  tus],  m.,  noise,  diit, 
murmur. 

strideo,  -ere,  (strido,  -ere), 
stridi,  no  sup.,  [?],  v.  intr.  2 
and  3,  make  a  noise,  hiss.  — p.p., 
hissing,  whizzing,  creaking,  snort- 
ing. 

stridor,  -oris,  [strid-  (as  root  of 
strido)  -f-  or],  m.,  noise,  creak- 
ing, grotvling. 

stridulus,  -a,  -um,  [fstrido  -f 
lus],  adj.,  hissing,  whizzing,  creak- 
ing, sputtering  (fax). 

stringo,  -ere,  strinxi,  strictum, 
[unc.  root],  v.  tr.  3,  strip,  graze, 
skim,  folloiv,  close  (vestigia), 
touch  lightly,  draw  (sword,  strip- 
ping off  scabbard). 

strlx,  strigis,  [?],  f.,  owl. 

struo,  -ere,  struxi,  structum, 
[•y/STRUG],  V.  tr.  3,  build,  pile, 
erect,  set,  lay,  contrive* 


Vocahitary. 


HI 


Strymon,  -onls,  [Gr.  STpujucoy], 
m.j  a  river  in  Thrace,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Macedonia. 

studiose,  [old  abl.  of  studiosus] , 
adv.,  eagerly^  assiduously ,  zeal- 
ously. 

studiosus,  -a,  -uin,  [studio  + 
osus],  adj.,  eager,  inter  est edy  zeal- 
ous, friendly. 

studium,  -i,  [?,  akin  to  studeo], 
n.,  eagerness,  zeal,  interest,  favor- 
ite  pursuit  (^pleasure),  study,  in- 
dustry, favor,  devotion. 

stiilte,  [old  abl.  of  stultus],  adv., 
foolishly. 

stultus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  2,^].^  foolish. 

stupeo,  (stip)-,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup. 
[stipi-  (or  kindred  stem)  +  eo] 
V.  intr.  2,  {be  like  a  stick),  stand 
aghast,  stand  dazed,  be  dazed,  be  at 
a  loss^  stand  dumb. 

Stygius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  2TV7tos], 
z.^].,  of  the  Styx,  Stygian.  —  Also, 
of  the  loiver  world,  of  Hades. — 
Hence,  dark,  pestilent,  deadly.  — 
Less  exactly,  underground. 

Stymphalis,  -idls,  [Gr.  tr\)\ir 
^aA.is],  f.  adj.,  of  Stymphalus,  a 
lake  in  Arcadia,  where  Hercules 
killed  the  Stymphalian  birds. 

Styx,  -ygis,  [Gr.  Srt^|],  f.,  the 
river  that  surrounded  the  lower 
world,  and  by  which  the  gods 
swore.  —  Less  exactly,  the  world 
below.  Hades. 

suadeo,  -ere,  suasi,  suasum, 
[suavi-  (or  stem  akin)  +  eo],  v. 
intr.  2,  advise,  persuade,  urge. 

sub  (subs),  [akin  to  super],  prep., 
under,  beneath,  below,  at  the  end 
of,  just  before,  up  to:  sub  noctem., 
at  nightfall.  —  As  adv.  in  compo- 
sition, down,  under.  —  Also,  from 
beneath,  up,  after. 

subdo^  -ere,  -dldi,  -ditum,  [sub- 


do],   v.    tr.    3,  put    underneath, 
plunge,  set  (under) .  —  Also,  supply. 
subeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -ituin,   [sub-eo], 
v.  tr.  and  intr.    irr.,  go   down,  go 
under,  enter,  come  in,  take  upon 
oneself,  bear,   occur    (to  one)  •  — 
Also,  come  up,  come  on,  succeed. 
subfiirien,  see  suffimen. 
subfundo,  see  suffundo. 
subicio      (-jicio),      -el-e,     -jeci, 
-jectum,   [sub-jacio],   v.    tr.   3, 
place     below,     put     under,     put 
beneath.  —  Hence,  subject.  —  Also, 
throw    up,    suggest.  —  p.p.,    lying 
below,  beneath,  subject. 

subigo,  -ere,  -egi,  -actum,  [sub- 
ago],  V.  tr.  3,  bring  into  subjec- 
tion, bring  into  order,  cultivate^ 
plough,  mould. 

subito,  [abl.  of  p.p.  of  subeo,  as 
adv.],  adv.,  suddenly. 

subitus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  subeo], 
adj.,  sudden,  suddenly  grown,  new, 
late  born,  nezvly  risen. 

subjectus,  p.p.  of  subicio. 

sublevo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [sub- 
levo]  v.  tr.  I,  lift  up.  —  Fig., 
assist,  relieve. 

sublimis,  -e,  [sub-limus  (infl.  as 
adj.)],  adj.,  {up  to  the  crossbeam, 
cf.  limen  ?),  high,  on  high,  sub- 
lime. —  N.  pi.,  the  heights. 

submittS,  see  summitto, 

submov^5,  see  sum.moveo. 

suboles,  -is  [sub-  -f-  oles  (  y^ol  + 
es,  cf.  adolesco)],  f.,  {out- 
groivtJi) ,  progeny,  race,  generation. 

subpono,  see  suppono. 

subprimo,  see  supprimo. 

subsequor,  -1,  -secGtus,  [^sequ], 
V.  dep.  3,  follow  up,  follow  after, 
follow. 

subsido,  -ere,  -sedi,  no  sup.,  [sub- 
side], V.  intr.  3,  settle  down,  sink 
down,  subside  (of  a  river). 


148 


Vocabulary. 


subsisto,  -ere,  -stlti,  no  sup.,  [sub- 
sisto],  V.  intr.  3,  siopj  cease,  sub- 
side. 
substringo,  -ere,  -strinxi,  -strie- 
tum,  [sub-stringo],  v.  tr.  3, 
bind  underneath^  restrain,  con- 
fine. —  p.p.,  contracted,  pinched. 

subsum,  -esse,  no  perf.,  [sub- 
sum],  v.4intr.  irr.,  be  beneath. 

siibtemen,  -inis,  [sub-  +  temen 
(tex  -f  men)],  n.,  woofi  filling. 

siibter,  [sub-ter  (cf.  inter)], 
prep.,  beneath. 

suburbanus,  -a,  -um,  [sub  urbe 
-f-  anus],  adj.,  suburban. 

succedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -eessum, 
[sub-cedo],  v,  intr.  3,  go  under, 
come  under,  go  be^ieath,  enter. — 
Also,  come  on,  com,e  over,  come  up, 
grow  over,  go  to,  succeed  {come 
next).  —  Impers.  with  dat.,  one 
succeeds. 

suecendo,  ere,  -cendi,  -censum, 
[sub-  -f  cando  (cf.  incendo)],v. 
tr.  3,  kindle,  light. 

successor,  oris,  [sub-cessor, 
through  succedo],  m.,  successor. 

successus,  us,  [sub-  -\-  cessus^ 
through  succedo],  m.,  success  (cf. 
succedit.) 

succido,  -ere,  -cidi,  -cisum, 
[sub-caedo],  v.  tr.  3,  cut  under, 
cut  doijun,  sever. 

succing^,  -ere,  -cinxi,  -cinctum, 
[sub-cingo],  v.  tr.  3,  gird  up. — 
p.p.  succinctus,  high  girt,  girded 
up  :  comas  pinus  (Jiigh  growing, 
long-stefnmed) . 

succresc^,  -ere,  tcrevi,  no.  sup., 
[sub-cresco],  v.  intr.  ^,  grow  up, 
be  supplied  (to  till  a  want) . 

succumbo,  -ere,  -cubui,  -cubi- 
tutn,  [sub-cumbo],  v.  tr.  3, 
{fall  under),  yield,  succumb. 

succurro,  -ere,  -curri,  -cursum, 


[sub-curro],  v.  intr.  3,  run  to  sup- 
port, come  to  one''s  aid,  succor. 

succutio,  -ere,  -cussi,  -cussuni, 
[sub-quatio],  v.  tr.  3,  throw  up, 
shake  up. 

sucus  (succus),  -i,  [?,  akin  to 
sug'o],  tcl.,  juice,  liquid,  moisture, 
richness,  sap,  dye. 

sudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atuin,  [?],  v. 
intr.  I,  sweat. 

sudor,  -oris,  [V^UD  +  or],  m., 
sweat,  exuding  moisture. 

suffiinen  (subfi-),  -inis,  [suffi- 
(as  stem  of  sufflo)  +  men],  n., 
incense. 

sufliindS  (subfundo),  -ere,  -fudi, 
-fusum,  [sub-fundo],  v.  tr.  3, 
pour  slowly.  —  Also,  suffuse,  im- 
bue. 

sui,  sibi,  se,  [^sva],  refi.  pron., 
him-  {her-,  its-)  self,  themselves. 

sulco,  -are,  -avi,  -atuiii,  [sulco- 
(as  if  a-stem  -j-  o],  v.  tr.  i, 
furrow,  plough,  make  a  furrow. 

sulcus,  -i,  [?],  XQ..,furroiu. 

sulfur  (sulph-,  sulp-),  -uris,  [?], 
n.,  sulphur. 

Sulmo,  -onls,  [?],  m.,  a  town  in 
the  territory  of  the  Peligni,  the 
birthplace  of  Ovid. 

sulphur,  see  sulfur. 

sulpur,  see  sulfur. 

sum,  esse,  fui,  futnrus,  [V^s 
and  V^u],  V.  intr.  irr.,  exist,  be, 
live.  —  As  copula,  be  (with  predi- 
cate) :  est  {there  is)  ;  est  mlM  (/ 
have) .  —  fut.  p.,  f uturus,  future, 
coming. 

sumuia,  -ae,  [f.  of  summus, 
unc.  noun  supplied],  f.,  sum,  total, 
substance:  summa  rerum  {the 
general  welfare,  the  highest  inter- 
ests) . 

summitto  (subm-),  -ere,  -misi, 
-niissum,  [sub-mitto],  v.  tr.   3, 


Vocabulary. 


149 


send  up.  —  Also,  send  down,  lay^ 
rest,  drop,  lower,  submit,  —  p»?»! 
subdued,  low, 

summoveo  (subm-),  -ere,  -movi, 
-motum,  [sub-moveo],  v.  tr.  2, 
remove,  disperse,  keep  off. 

sumtnus,  -a,  um,  [fsup-  (cf.  su- 
perus)  +  mus],  adj.  (used  as 
superl.  of  superus),  highest,  the 
top  of,  the  height  of,  the  surface  of, 
the  lowest,  the  last.  —  N.  pi.,  the 
heights,  the  surface  of:  summa 
arx  {the  citadel  of  heaven). 

snm§,  -ere,  sumpsi,  somptum, 
[sub-emo,  takeA^,  v.  tr.  3,  take, put 
on,  assume,  make  (conamen). 

suo,  suere,  sui,  sntum,  [V^u], 
V.  tr.  3,  sew. 

super,  [petrified  case  form  of  supe- 
rus], adv.  and  prep.,  over^  above, 
upon,  into,  beside,  besides.  —  In 
comp.  with  same  meanings. 

superator,  -oris,  [supera  -j-  tor], 
m.,  conqueror. 

superbia,  -ae,  [superbo  -f  ia],  f., 
pride,  arrogance. 

superbus,  -a,  -um,  [super-  (as  if 
stem  of  superus)  bus  (of  un- 
known origin)],  2.^y, proud,  arro- 
gant, exultant .1  haughty. 

superemineo,  -ere,  -minui,  no 
sup.,  [super-emineo],  v.  intr.  2, 
tower  above. 

superiniciS  (-Injicio),  -ere,  -jeci, 
-jectum,  [super-inicio],  v.  tr.  3, 
throw  over,  throw  upon. 

supero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [supero- 
(as  if  a-stem)  -f  o],  v.  tr.  i, 
overtop,  reach  above,  surpass,  ex- 
ceed, conquer,  outstrip,  be  above. 

superstes,  -itis,  [super  -f  stes 
(y'STA  ■\-  tis,  reduced)],  adj. ,^//r- 
viving. 

supersum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futurus, 
[super-sum],  v.  intr.  irr.,  be  over 


and  above,  survive,  be  left  from, 
remain. 

superus,  -a,  -um,  [comp.  of  stem 
akin  to  sub],  adj.,  upper,  on  high. 
—  PI.  m.,  the  gods. — See  also 
summus  and  supremus,  used  as 
superlatives. 

supervolo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [su- 
pervolo],  V.  intr.  1,7?^  over. 

supinus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  prob.  stem 
akin  to  sub-  -}-  nus,  (cf.  pronus)], 
adj.,  lying  on  the  back,  upturned 
(of  the  hands  in  supplication). 

supples,  -ere,  -evi,  -etum,  [sub- 
pleo],  V.  tr.  2,  fill  up,  fill,  bathe, 
wash  (vulnera  lacrimis). 

supplex,  -ieis,  [sub-plex  (y'PLic, 
as  stem,  cf.  simplex)],  adj.,  sup- 
pliant (from  the  bending  of  the 
knees). — As  noun,  a  suppliant. 

supplicium,  -i,  [supplic-  +  ium.], 
n.,  punishment  (from  the  position 
on  the  knees  for  the  death- 
stroke). 

suppono  (subp-),  -ere,  -posui, 
-positum  [sub-pono],  v.  tr.  3, 
put  beneath,  shelter  under,  substi- 
tute, set  (ignem),  plant,  subject 
(to  the  yoke).  i 

supprimo  (subp-),  -ere,  -pressi, 
-pressum,  [sub-premo],  v.  tr.  3, 
press  under,  suppress.  —  Also, 
up,  press,  press  against. 

supra,  [case  form  (prob.  instr.)  of 
superus],  adv.  and  prep.,  above, 
over. 

supremus,   -a,    -um,    [superl.    of 
superus],  adj.,   highest,   topmost, 
uttermost,  last. 
sura,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  ankle. 
surdus,  -a,  -um.,  [?],  adj.,  deaf. 
surgo,  -ere,  surrexi,  surrectum, 

[sub-rego],  v.  intr.  3,  rise. 
Surrentiuus,  -a,  -um,  [Surrento- 
-1-  inus],  adj.,  of  Sorrento  (Sur- 


i;d 


Vocabulary, 


rentum),  a  town  on  the  bay  of 
Naples. 

sfis,  suis,  [?],  c,  boar,  so7v,  swine. 

susclto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [subs- 
cito],  V.  tr.  I,  rouse  up,  call  up, 
revive,  rekindle. 

suspendo,  -ere,  -pendi,  -pensum, 
[sub-pendo],  v.  tr.  3,  hang  up, 
suspend,  — Fig.,  keep  in  suspense, 
restrain.  —  p.p-j  hanging  on,  raised 
on. 

suspicio,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spectum, 
[sub-  4-  specio],  v.  tr.  3,  look  up 
to,  look  up  at.  —  Fig.,  suspect,  lie 
beneath  (of  land) .  —  p.p.,  suspected, 
suspicious. 

suspicor,  -ari,  -atus,  [fsuspic- 
(stem  of  fsuspex,  cf.  aiispex)], 
V.  dep.  I,  suspect. 

suspirium,  -i,  [unc.  stem  (akin  to 
suspiro)  +  ium],  n.,  sigh. 

stistineo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tentum, 
[sub-teneo],  v.  tr.  2,  hold  up, 
bear,  endure,  sustain,  withstand, 
support,  wear  (in  pectore  angues). 

sustuli,  perf.  of  toUo. 

susurrus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  whisper. — 
Also,  personified. 

suus,  -a,  -um,  [stem  of  se  +  us], 
pron,,  his,  her,  its  (reflexive,  refer- 
ring to  subject,  cf.  se),  on  one^s 
side,  favoring.  —  In  pi.  as  noun, 
one^s  friends,  countrymen,  and  the 
like. 

Symaethis,  -idis,  [Gr.  :Su^at0(s], 
f.,  adj.,  daughter  of  SyttKEthus 
(a  Sicilian  river-god),  the  mother 
of  Acis. 

Symaethius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  ^vfjiai- 
Oioy],  adj.,  of  or  descended  from 
Symcethus, 

T. 

tilbes,  -is,  [?],  f.,  thick  liquid, 
matter,  poison,  venom. 


tabesco,  -ere,  tabui,  no  sitp., 
[tabe  4-  sco],  v.  intr.  3,  dissolve, 
melt,  zvaste  away. 

tabulariuin,  -i,  [tabula  -f  arius], 
n.,  archives, 

tabum,  -i,  [akin  to  tabes],  n., 
corrupt  blood,  gore,  venom. 

taceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  [?],  v. 
intr.  2,  be  silent,  cease  speaking. — 
p.p.,  silent,  inatidible :  tacita 
mente  {^silently  in  the  heart) . 

taciturnus,  -a,  -um,  [taci-  (stem 
akin  to  taeeo)  +  turnus  (cf. 
diuturnus)],  adj.,  silent,  silently 
(in  agreement). 

tactus,  -us,  [Vtag  (in  tango)  -f 
tus],  m.,  touch,  contact. 

taeda,  -ae,  [?],  i.,  pitchwood,  torch. 
—  Esp.,  marriage  torch,  marriage. 

taedium,  -i,  [stem  akin  to  taedeo 
-f  ium],  n.,  disgust,  weariness. — 
Also  pi. 

Taenarides,  -ae,  [Gr.  Taivapi^ris;'], 
m.,  of  ox  from  TcBnarus,  promon- 
tory of  Laconia.  —  Hence,  Laco- 
nian,  Lacedcsmonian. 

Taenarius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Taivd- 
pios'],  adj.,  of  Tcenarus  (cf.  prec. 
word).  —  Hence,  Lacedcemonian, 

Tagus,  -i,  [Gr.  Tayos],  m.,  a  river 
in  Spain  (now  Tajo). 

talaris,  -e,  [talo  -j-  aris],  adj.,  of 
the  heel.  —  Esp.  n.  pL,  talaria, 
hem  of  robe,  wings  (on  the 
feet). 

talis,  -c,  [V^^  (^^  tantus)  -f 
alis],  adj.,  such,  of  this  kind,  this 
(such  as  follows).  —  N.  pL,  such 
deeds. 

talus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  ankle  bone,  heel. 

tarn,  [unc.  case  of  -y/ta,  cf.  talis 
(cf.  nam)],  adv.,  so,  such,  thus. 

Tamasenifs,  -i,  [fTamaso  (re- 
duced) -1-  enus],  m.,  (of  adj.),  a 
plain  near  Tamasus  in  Cyprus. 


Vocabulary. 


f5f 


tamen,    [?],    conj.,  yet^  hozvever, 

still,  nevertheless^  after  all, 
tamquaiii     (tanq.uaii[i),      [tarn- 

quam],  conj.,  {so  as),  as  if,  like, 

Just  as, 
Tanais,   -is,    [Gr.    Tdvu'is'],  m.,   a 

river  in  Scythia  (now  the  Don) ; 

also  the  god  of  the  river. 
tandem,  [tam-dem,  (cf.  idem)], 

conj.,  at  length,  at  last. 
tangS,     -ere,     tetigi,     tactum, 

[y"rAG,  formed  with  n],  v.  tr.  3, 

touch,  reach,  affect^  move,  attain. 
Tantalis,  -idis,  [Gr.  Tai'TaA/s],  f. 

adj.,    daughter   or    descendant  of 

Tantalus. 
Tantalus,  -i,  [Gr.  livraKos'\,  m. : 

1.  Son  of  Jupiter,  father  of  Pelops 
and  Niobe.  He  was  a  guest  at 
the  table  of  the  gods,  but  betrayed 
their  secrets,  and  offered  them  his 
son's  flesh  for  food.  For  this,  he 
was  punished  in  the  lower  world; 

2.  a  son  of  Niobe. 

tantum,  [n.  of  tantus],  adv., 
only. 

tantummodo,  [tantum  modo], 
adv.,  only, 

tantus,  -a,  -um,  [stem  akin  to  tarn 
+  tus],  adj.,  so  great,  such,  so 
much,  such  great.  —  Abl.  as  adv., 
so  much,  so.  —  N.  as  adv.,  so  much 
(and  no  more),  only  (see  tan- 
tum).—  Gen.  of  price,  worth  so 
m,uch,  of  so  much  importance. 

tarde,  [old  abl.  of  tardus],  adv., 
slowly,  with  delay,  late. 

tardo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [tardo- 
(as  if  a-stem)],  v.  tr.  i,  retard, 
hold  back,  detain,  prevent. 

tardus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  slow. 

Tarpeius,  -a,  -um,  [fTarpa  -f 
ius  (of  unc.  kin)],  a  Roman  gen- 
tile name,  in  some  unknown  man- 
ner connected  with  the   rock   of 


the  Capitol. --^  arx  (areas)  {the 
Capitol  of  Rome).  —  Fern,,  Tar- 
peia,  the  maiden  who  betrayed 
the  Capitol  to  the  Sabines. 
Tartara,  -orum,  (also  Tartarus, 
-i),  [Gr.  Taprapos,  -a],  n.,  (m.),  (a 
deep  abyss  below  the  infernal 
world).  — Hence  Tartarus  (the 
abode  of  the  damned),  the  lower 
world  (generally),  death. 
Tatius,  -i  (-ii),  [an  adj.  of  unc. 
kin  (tata  ?)],  m.,  Titus  Tatius, 
a  Sabine  king  with  whom  Romu- 
lus was  supposed  to  have  shared 
his  kingdom. 

taurus,  -i,  [prob.  for  fstaurus,  cf. 
raSpos],  m.,  hull,  steer. 

Taurus,  -i,  [same  word  as  taurus], 
m. :  I.  The  Bull,  Taurus  (the 
constellation) ;  2.  A  mountain 
range  in  Asia  Minor. 

taxus,  -i,  [?],  i.,  yew-tree,  yew. 

tectum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  tego],  n., 
dwelling,  roof,  abode.  —  Also  pi. 

Tegeaeus  (-eus),  -a,  -um,  [fr.  Gr. 
T67€a  (as  if  Te7eaIo5)],  adj.,  of 
Tegea  (a  town  of  Arcadia). — 
Less  exactly,  Arcadian.  —  Esp. 
fem.,  Tegeaea,  Atalanta,  daugh- 
ter of  lasius.  She  first  wounded 
the  boar  in  the  Calydonian  hunt. 

tegmen,  -inis,  [V^J^^  +  men],  n., 
covering. 

tego,  -ere,  texi,  tectum,  [y'TEG], 
V.  tr.  3,  cover,  envelop,  conceal, 
veil,  engulf 

tegumen  (tegi-),  [tegu  (tegi), 
(as  stem  of  tego)  -f  Mien],  n., 
covering. 

tela,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  web. 

Telamon,  -onis,  [Gr.  TeAajuc^Jy], 
m.,  son  of  ^acus,  brother  of 
Peleus  and  Phocus,  father  of  Ajax, 

Telemachus,  -i,  [Gr.  1'<]\l\Laxos\, 
m.,  son  of  Ulysses  and  Penelope. 


tS2 


Vocabulary. 


Telemus,  -i,  [Gr.  T^Aeyuos],  m.,  a 
prophetic  Cyclops,  son  of  Eurymus. 

Telephus,  -i,  [Gr.  Ti\K^(pQs\  m., 
son  of  Hercules,  king  of  Mysia. 
He  was  wounded  and  also  cured 
by  the  spear  of  Achilles. 

tellus,  -uris,  [?],  £,  the  earth,  the 
land,  (a)  land,  —  Also  person., 
Earth  (Tellus). 

telum,  -i,  [?,  perh.  akin  to  tela], 
n.,  shaft,  spear,  trident,  weapon, 
thunderbolt. 

temerarius,  -a,  -um,  [flemero- 
(cf.  temere)  4-  arius],  adj.,  un- 
thinking, heedless^  reckless,  rash. 

Temesaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Te^ue- 
o-a?os],  adj.,  of  Temese,  Temescean. 

Temese,  -e^,  [Gr.  Te/^es-i?],  f.,  a 
town  in  Bruttium,  famous  for  its 
copper  mines.  —  Hence,  Temeses 
metalla. 

temo,  -onis,  [?],  m.,  pole  (of  a 
chariot). 

Tempe,  indecL,  [Gr.  n.  pi.,  Te/xTn)], 
n.  pi.,  a  valley  in  Thessaly  famous 
for  its  beauty. 

tempero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[temper-  (as  stem  of  tempiis) 
+  o],  V.  tr.  I,  mix  (in  proper  pro- 
portions) .  —  Hence,  regulate,  gov- 
ern, control,  restrain. 

temperies,  -ei,  [temper-  (stem  of 
lost  adj.,  really  same  word  as 
tempus)  +  ies],  f.,  mixture,  cli- 
mate, temperature. 

tempestas,  -atis,  [ftempes-  (stem 
of  lost  adj.,  cf.  temperies)  + 
tas],  f.,  weather  (cf,  temperies), 
season.  —  Hence,  time. 

tempestive,  [old  abl.  of  tempes- 
tivus],  adv.,  seasonably,  timely,  in 
good  time, 

tempestivus,  -a,  -um,  [ftempesto- 
(cf.  rol>ustus)  +  ivus],  adj., 
seasonable,  timely,  suitable. 


templum,  -i,  [akiii  to  tempus 
(prob.  ftempo  +  lum,  n.  of  lus)], 
n.,  (prob.  spot,  space  in  augural 
language),  consecrated  spot,  temple. 

temptamentuin  (tenta-),  -i, 
[tempta  +  mentum],  n.,  trial, 
attempt,  effort. 

tempto,  (tento),  -are,  -avi, 
-Stum,  [?],  V.  |r.  I,  try. 

tempus,  -oris,  [unc.  root,  (perh. 
akin  to  reixvoo)  +  us],  n.  {limit), 
{spot),  temple  (of  the  head), — 
Transf.,  limit  (of  time),  time, 
lapse  of  time,  season,  day,  age,  life 
(as  lapse  of  time). 

tenax,  -acis,  [V^'^n  (root  of 
teneo)  +  ax],  adj.,  tenacious, 
persistent. 

tendo,  -ere,  tetendi,  tentum 
(tensum),  [?,  akin  to  teneo], 
V.  tr.  3,  stretch,  spread,  stretch  out, 
strain,  set  (net) .  —  Absolutely, 
hold  one's  course,  aim  at  (perh. 
from  aiming  the  bow) . 

tenebrae,  -arum,  [?],  f.  pi.,  dark- 
ness, shades. 

teuebrosus,  -a,  -um,  [tenebra  -f 
osus],  adj.,  dark,  gloomy. 

Tenedos,  ~i,  [Gr.  TeVeSos],  f.,  an 
island  in  the  ^Egean,  off  the  Troad. 

teneo,  -ere,  -ui,  tentum,  [-y/ten, 
prob.  through  noun  stem,  cf. 
tenus],  V.  tr.  2,  hold,  hold  fast, 
grasp,  cling  to.,  clasps  keep,  retain, 
possess,  occupy,  maintain.  —  So, 
attain.^  reach,  gain,  catch.  —  Also, 
hold,  restrain, prevent,  stop,  detain, 
delay. 

tener,  -era,  -erum,  [y'TEN  (in 
sense  of  'stretch,'  cf.  tendo)  -f 
rus],  adj.,  delicate,  tender,  thin, 
yielding,  feeble,  young. 

tenor,  -ioris,  [-y/ten  -{■  or],  m., 
{holding  of  a  course),  movement 
(in  a  certain  direction). 


Vocabulary. 


153 


tenuis^  -e,  [v^ten  +  uis],  adj., 
{stretched),  thin,  delicate^  fine, 
narrow,  little,  slight,  light  (firmis), 
small. 

tenuo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [tenui- 
(as  if  a-stem)  +  o],  v.  tr.  i, 
make  thin,  sh7'ink,  attenuate.  — 
Y2i%%,,grow  thin,  grow  shrill  (vox). 

tenus,  [prob.  ace.  n.  of  same  word 
as  tenor],  prep.,  (following  its 
noun),  as  far  as,  up  to, 

tepefacio,  -ere,  -feci,  -factum, 
[tepe-  (stem  akin  to  tepeo)  + 
facio] ,  V.  tr.  3,  make  warm,  warm 
(with  one's  blood,  h-astam) . 

tepeo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,  [unc. 
stem  (akin  to  tepor)  +  eo],  v, 
tr.  2,  be  warm.  — pres.  p.,  warm. 

tepescS,  -ere,  tepui,  no  sup., 
[tepe-  (stem  of  tepeo)  -f  sec], 
V.  intr.  3,  grow  warm,  warm. 

tepidus,  -a,  -um,  [ftepi-  (stem 
akin  to  tepeo)  -f  dus],  adj., 
warm,  tepid.  —  Esp.  of  blood, 
reeking  (the  earth  by  bloodshed) . 

ter  [unc.  case  form  of  tres],  adv., 
thrice,  three  times. 

terebro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [tere- 
bra  +  o],  V.  tr.  i,  bore,  pierce. 

teres,  -etis,  [-v/ter  (in  tero)  + 
tis  (reduced)],  adj.,  {rubbed^, 
smooth  round,  round  (and  usually 
smooth) . 

tergeo,  -ere,  (and  tergo,  -ere), 
tersi,  tersum,  [?,  prob.  adj.  stem, 
akin  to  tergus],  v.  tr.  2  and  3, 
clean,  scour. 

tergum,  -i,  [?,  akin  to  tergeo], 
n.,  {hide  ?),  back.  —  Hence,  side 
(of  pork),  fleece  (of  sheep) : 
tergo  {from  behind,  behind)', 
terga  dare,  etc.  {turn  the  back, 
in  flight). 

tergus,  -oris,  [akin  to  tergum], 
n.,  back,  flitch  (of  bacon). 


terni,  -ae,  -a,  [ter-  (as  stem  of 
tres)  +  nus],  adj.,  three  at  a 
time,  three. 

tero,  -ere,  trivi,  tritum,  [^ter], 
V.  tr.  3,  rub,  pound  (in  a  mortar), 
mix,  grind,  sharpen,  whet,  graze. 
—  p.p.,  beaten  (track).  ' 

terra,  -ae,  [akin  to  torreo],  f., 
earth  (dry  land  as  dist.  from  sea), 
laftd,  earth  (clay)  :  terramm 
orbis,  the  circle  of  lands  (the 
lands  J  the  world),  —  iVlso  pi. — 
Also,  personified,  the  Earth, 
mother  of  the  Titans  and  the 
giants. 

terrenus,  -a,  -um,  [terra-  (as  if 
terre-)  +  nus,  (cf.  egenus)],  adj., 
earthy,  earthen,  of  the  earth. 

terreo,  -ere,  -\ii,  -itum,  [?,  prob. 
adj.  stem  fterro  -j-  o],  v.  tr.  2, 
frighten,  alarm. 

terribilis,  -e,  [terri-  (as  if  stem  of 
terreo)  -\-  bills],  adj.,  dread, 
fearful,  terrible,  dire. 

terrific  us,  -a,  -um,  [fterro-  (akin 
to  terreo,  perh.  its  origin)  -f-  ficus 
(^FAC  -i-  us)],  adj.,  terrifying, 
dreadful,  dread. 

terrigena,  -ae,  [terra-gena  (  ^/gen 
+  a)],  m.,  earthborn. 

terror,  -oris,  [terr-  (as  if  root  of 
terreo)  -f  or],  m,,  terror,  panic, 
fright.  —  Also  person.,  Terror, 
the  god  of  Terror. 

tertius,  -a,  -um,,  [ter-  (as  stem  of 
tres)  +  tius],  adj.,  third, 

tesca,  -orum,  [unc.  root  +  cus], 
n.  pi.,  thicket  (apparently  spots 
left  uncultivated  as  sacred), ybr^^;', 
wild  woods. 

testa,  -ae,  [?,  perh.  akin  to 
torreo],  f.,  {baked  earthenware), 
jar,  potsherd.  — •  Less  exactly,  shell 
(of  ice). 

testificor,  -ari,  -atus,  [ftestificQ- 


154 


Vocabulary. 


(as  if  a-stem)  +  o],  v.  dep.  i, 
bear  witness,  disclose  (as  a  wit- 
ness). 

testis,  -is,  [?],  c,  witness. 

testor,  -ari,  -atus,  [testi-  (as  if  a- 
stem)  +  o],  bear  witness  to,  show, 
express.  —  Also,  call  to  witness. 

Tethys,  -yos,  [Gr.  Ttj^us],  f.,  a 
sea-goddess,  nurse  of  Juno,  wife 
of  Oceanus,  and  mother  of  Cly- 
mene. 

Teuthranteus,  -a,  -um,  [as  if  Gr. 
Teu^pcij/reios],  adj.,  of  Tetithrania, 
a  district  in  Mysia.  —  Less  exactly, 
Mysian. 

texo,  -ere,  texui,  textum  [  ?] ,  v. 
tr.  3,  weave. 

textum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  texo],  n., 
web,  cloth. 

tbalamiis,  -i,  [Gr.  Odxaixos'],  m., 
marriage-chamber,  marriage-bed, 
marriage. — Also  pi. 

Thalia,  -ae,  [Gr.  0<iAeca],  f.,  the 
Muse  of  Comedy. 

Thaumantias,  -adis,  [Gr.  ^avixav- 
ti6ls\,  f.  adj.,  daughter  of  Thau- 
mas,  Iris. 

Thaumantis,  -idos,  [Gr.  Qavfiau- 
ris'],  f.  adj.,  daughter  of  Thaumas, 
Iris. 

theatrum,  -i,  [Gr.  dearpov'],  n., 
theatre  :  structum  utrimque  (i.e. 
amphitheatre) . 

Thebae,  -arum,  [Gr.  0^j8at],f.  pi., 
Thebes,  the  famous  city  of  Boeo- 
tia. 

Thebanus,  -a,  -um,  [Theba  + 
nus],  adj.,  Theban,  of  Thebes: 
sorer  {Antigone,  who  buried  her 
brother  against  the  command  of 
the  king). 

Themis,  -idos,  (ace.  Themin, 
voc.  Themi),  [Gr.  0e/tis],  f,, 
daughter  of  Heaven  and  Earth, 
dess    of   law,   predecessor    of 


Apollo  in  the  oracle  at  Delphi.  — 
Hence  Parnasia,  for  Delphi  was 
on  the  slope  of  Parnassus. 

Theridanias,  (only  nom.),  [Gr. 
077/)£5aiUas],  n.,  one  of  Acteeon's 
hounds. 

Thermodoii,  -ontis,  [Gr.  ©epindo- 
doov'],  ni.,  a  river  of  Pontus,  fa- 
mous as  being  in  the  region  of 
the  Amazons, 

Thermodontiacus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr. 
©epixoodouTiaKos^,  adj.,  of  or  from 
the  Thermodon.  —  Less  exactly, 
Amazonian. 

Theron,  -onis,  [Gr.  %iip(av'],  m., 
one  of  Actaeon's  dogs. 

Thersites,  -ae,  [Gr.  ©epo-tTijs],  m., 
the  ugliest,  most  impudent,  and 
most  talkative  of  the  Grecian 
army  at  Troy. 

Theseus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  ©7?o-eros], 
adj.,  of  Theseus. 

Theseus,  -ei  (-eos),  [Gr.  ©T^cei^s], 
m.,  a  king  of  Athens,  who  took 
part  in  the  Calydonian  hunt,  killed 
the  Minotaur,  and  did  many  other 
great  deeds. 

Thessalia,  -ae,  [Gr.  (deacaXia] ,  f., 
Thessaly,  the  eastern  part  of  north- 
ern Greece. 

Thessalus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  %^<iffa- 
Aos],  adj.,  Thessahan,  of  Thessaly. 

Thestiades,  -ae,  [Gr.  ©eo-ria 577s], 
m.,  soft  of  Thestius.  The  sons  of 
Thestius,  Plcxippus  and  Toxeus, 
were  killed  by  their  nephew 
Meleager. 

Thestias,  -adis,  [Gr.  ©eo-rtas],  f., 
daughter  of  Thestius,  Althcea, 
mother  of  Meleager. 

Thestius,  -i,  [Gr.  %i(nLQs'\,  m., 
king  of  NXoXxd,,  father  of  Althaea, 
Toxeus,  Plexippus,  etc. 

Thestorides,  -ae,  [Gr.  %^(yTopi- 
^r\s\,  m.;,  the  son  of  Thestor,  Cat- 


Vocabulary. 


155 


chas,  the  soothsayer  of  the  Greek 
army  at  Troy. 
Thinems,  (occurs  only  once),  [as 
if  Gr.  ©ij/irjifos],  adj.,  of  Thinceuvi^ 
or  a  place  of  some  similar  name, 
at  or  near  which   Philemon   and 
Baucis  lived. 
Thislbe,  -es,  [Gr.  ©iVjSrj],  f.,  a  Baby- 
lonian maiden,beloved  by  Pyramus. 
Thous,  -1,  [Gr.  %6os'\^  m.,  one  of 

Actseon's  dogs. 
Thiracius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  0p://<:toy], 

adj.,  Thracian, 
Thrax,   -cis,    [Gr.    ©fx?^],   m.,    a 

Thracian. 

Threce,     -es,     [Gr.     0p?//c7j],    f., 

Thrace^  the  country  north  of  the 

^gean  Sea. 

Thre'icius,   -a,    -um,    [Gr.    (d^-ni- 

Kios\  adj.,  of  Thrace,   Thracian. 

—  Fem.  pi.,  the  Thracian  women. 

Thybris  (Ty-),   -is,    [?],   m.,   the 

Tiber^  the  river  of  Rome. 
thyrsus,  -i,  [Gr.  Q{)p(xos\  m.,  thyr- 
sus (the  wand  of  Bacchus). 
tiara,  ae,  [Gr.  Ticipa],f.,  cap,  tiara, 

head-dress. 
Tiberinus,    -a,    -um,    [Tiber i  -}- 
nus],  adj.,    of  the    Tiber:  Ostia 
(^at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber') . 
tibia,  -ae,  [?],  i.,pipe  (resembling 

a  clarinet). 
Tibullus,    -i,    [?],   m.,    a    Roman 
lyric  poet,  an  older  contemporary 
of  Ovid. 
tignum,  -i,  [unc.  root  -f  num  (n. 

of  -nus)],  n.,  log,  beam. 
tigris,  -is  (-idis),  [Gr.  riypts],  c, 

tiger. 
Tigris,  -idis,  [Gr.  Ti7p£s],f.,  Tiger, 

one  of  Actgeon's  hounds. 
tilia,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  linden. 
timeo,    -ere,   -ui,   no  sup.,  [prob. 
timo-  (cf.  tiiiiidus)  -1-  eo],  v.  tr. 
2,  fear  f 


timlde,    [old    abl.    of   timidus], 

adv.,  timidly. 
timidus,    -a,    -um,    [stem    (prob. 
timo-,    akin  to  timeo)  -}-  dus], 

z.d^].,  frightened,  timid.  —  As  noun, 
a  coward. 
Timolus,  -i,  m.,  see  Tmolus. 
timor,    -oris,    [tim-    (as    root    of 
timeo)  -f  or],    m.,  feur,  fright, 
alarm.  —  Person.,  Fear. 
tinctilis,   -e,    [ttncto  -f  lis],   adj., 

fluid. 
tinguo  (tingo),  -ere,  tinxi,  tinc- 
tum,  [  V^iG,  formed  with  n],  v. 
tr.  3,  moisten,  wet,  dip,  bathe, 
plunge,  dye,  stain,  tinge.  —  Pass., 
in  middle  sense,  plunge. 
tiaus,    -i,    [?],    f.,  *viburnum    (a 

shrub). 
Tiphys,  -yos,  [Gr.  Tt^iJs],  m.,  the 

pilot  of  the  ship  Argo. 
Tirynthius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Ttpi^i/- 
Qios^  adj.,  of  Tiryns  (an  ancient 
city  of  Argolis) ,  Tirynthian.  — 
Masc,  Hercules.  —  Fem.,  Alcmene, 
the  mother  of  Hercules. 
Tisiphone,  -es,  [Gr.  1i<yi(^6v'{\\,  f., 

one  of  the  Furies. 
Titan,  -anis,  [Gr.  Tirci^],  m.,  a 
Titan,  one  of  a  race  of  giants, 
sons  of  Heaven  and  Earth,  who 
warred  against  Jupiter.  One  of 
the  Titans  was  Flyperion,  father 
of  the  Sun  and  the  Moon,  and 
these  latter  are  called  Titans 
also. 
Titaiiis,  -idis  (-idos),  [Gr.  Ttra- 
vis\,  f.  adj.,  daughter  of  a  Titan. 
—  Esp.,  Latona,  daughter  of 
Coeus. 
Titan ius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Tltq.vlos\, 
adj.,  of  the  Titans,  Titanian. — 
Esp.  fem.,  Diana.  —  Also,  Pyrrha, 
as  daughter  of  the  Titan  Epime- 
theus, 


156 


Vocabulary, 


titubo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?], 
V.  mtr.  I,  stagger. 

titulus,  -i,  [?,  perh.  tito  +  Ins], 
m.,  inscription,  tablet,  —  Hence, 
fame,  honor. 

Tityos  (-us),  -i,  [Gr.  Ttruc^s],  m.,  a 
giant  of  Euboea  who  offered  vio- 
lence to  Latona.  He  was  pun- 
ished in  Tartarus,  stretched  out 
on  the  ground,  and  having  his 
liver  torn  by  vultures. 

Tityrus,  -i,  [Gr.  Hirvpos,  Doric 
form  of  ^irvpos\  m.,  a  shepherd's 
name  in  Virgil's  bucolic  poems. 

Tlepolemus,  -i,  [Gr.  TAT/TTfJAe^uos], 
m.,  a  son  of  Hercules,  leader  of 
the  Rhodians  in  the  Trojan  war. 

Tmolus  (Tim-),  -i,  [Gr.  TyuwAos:], 
m,,  a  mountain  in  Lydia. — Also 
the  god  of  the  mountain. 

tofus  (tophus),  -i,  [?],  m.,  tufa 
(a  kind  of  stone).  —  Also  pi. 

toga,  -ae,  [VTAG  +  a],  f.,  toga 
(the  Roman  robe).  —  Hence, 
peace  (as  opposed  to  *  arms'). 

tolero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ftoler- 
(as  stem  of  ftolus,  ^tol  +  us)  -f 
o],  V.  tr.  I,  bear,  endure. 

tolls,  -ere,  (y'TOL  formed  with  y), 
sustuli,  sublatum,  [perf.  and 
sup.  of  suflfero],  v.  tr.  3,  raise, 
lift  up,  take  up,  pick  up. — ^  Hence, 
take  away,  remove.  —  With  reflex., 
rise.  —  Also  in  imperative,  cease, 
away  with. 

Toraitae,  -arum,  [Gr.  Tojurrat]» 
m.  pi.,  the  inhabitants  of  Tomi, 
the  town  on  the  Black  Sea  to 
which  Ovid  was  banished. 

tonans,  see  tono. 

tondeo,  -ere,  totondi,  tonsum, 
[?],  V.  tr.  2,  shear. 

touitrus,  -us,  [toni-  (as  if  stem  of 
tone)  -f-  trusj,  m.,  thunder,  light- 
ning. 


tonitruum,  -i,  [tonitru  -f  um] ,  n., 

thunder. 
tono,  -are,  tonui,  tonituiii,  [?], 

V,    intr.     I,    thunder.- — pres.    p., 

tonans,  thundering.  —  As  noun, 

the  Thunderer  (Jove). 
tormentum,  -i,   [torqu-   (as  root 

of     torqueo)  +  mentum],      n., 

sling   (of    twisted   rope),    engine 

(of  war). 
torpescS,  -ere,   torpui,   no   sup., 

[torpe-  (as  stem   of  torpeo)  -f 

see],  V.  intr.   3,  become    inactive, 

become  torpid. 
torpor,  -oris,  [torp-    (as  root   of 

torpeo)  -f-  or],  m.,  lethargy,  tor- 
por. 
torqueo,  -ere,  torsi,  tortum,  [?], 

V.    tr.    2,    twist,     whirl,     roll.  — 

Hence,  hurl.  —  Also,  torture. 
torreo,    -ere,     torrui,     tostum, 

[t/tos,    of    unc.    formation,    cf. 

torris],   v.    tr.     2,    roast^    parch, 

bake,  scorch,  burn, 
torris,   -is,   [torr-    (as  if  root   of 

torreo)  -f  is],     m.,    firebrand, 

brand, 
tortilis,    -e,    [torto  -f  lis],    adj., 

twisted,  twined,  winding. 
tortus,  p.p.  of  torqueo. 
torus,   i,    [?],   m.,    bed,    couch. — 

Esp.,    marriage-bed,    marriage.  — 

Also,  bier.  —  Also,  muscle. 
torvus, -a,  -um,   [?],  adj.,  angry, 

stern,  lowering,  gloomy ,  frowning. 
tot,    [orig.    ftoti    (akin    to    tarn, 

etc.)],  adj.,  so  many  (cf.  quot). 
totidem,  [toti  -f  dem  (cf.  idem)], 

adj.,  as  many,  an  equal  number. 
totiens,    [tot  -f  lens    (cf.   quoti- 

ens)],    adv.,    so    often,  so   many 

times. 
totus,  -a,  -um,  [akin  to  tot],  adj., 

whole,  entire,  the  whole,  wholly  (in 

agreement) . 


Vocabulary. 


157 


Toxeus,  -ei,  [Gr.  To|€i5s],  m.,  a  son 
of  Thestius  and  uncle  of  Meleager. 

trabeatus,  -a,  -um,  [trabea  + 
tus,  as  if  p.p.],  adj.,  clad  in  the 
irabca  (cf.  'booted  and  spurred  '). 

trabs,  trabis,  [?],  f.,  beatn^  log, 
trunk, 

Trachas,  -antis,  [Gr.  Tpcixa^],  U 
an  old  name  of  the  town  of  Tarra- 
cina  near  the  Pomptine  Marshes. 

TracMn  (-s),  4nis,  [Gr.  Tpax^j/], 
f.,  a  town  in  Malis,  the  home  of 
Ceyx  and  Alcyone. 

tracto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[tracto-  (as  if  a-stem)  +  o],  v. 
tr.  I,  handle, 

tractus,  -us,  [trah-  (as  root  of 
traho)  +  tus] ,  m.,  course,  path, 
flight.  Also,  region,  tract.  —  Also, 
handling,  drawing. 

trado,  -ere,  tradidi,  traditum, 
[trans-do],  v,  tr.  3,  hand  over, 
give  over,  hand,  give,  pass  (from 
one  to  another),  exchange,  trans- 
fer, communicate,  assign > 

traho,  -ere,  traxi,  tractum, 
[v'tra(g)h],v.  tr.  3,  ^r^^,  draw, 
drag  on,  drag  out  (senectam), 
draw  in,  draw  away,  take  in, 
bring  on,  carry  (with  one),  dis- 
tract: ignem  {become  inflamed)  \ 
in  pestem  (drag  into  pestilence, 
by  contagion). 

traiclo  (trajicio),  -ere,  -jeci, 
-jectum,  [trans-jacio],  v.  tr.  3, 
throw  across,  throw  through. — 
Hence,  pierce,  transfix. 

trames,  -itis,  [trans  -f  mes  (  Vme, 
in  meo  +  tis),  cf.  comes],  m., 
by-path,  path. 

trans,  [?],  prep.,  through,  across. 

transcribS,  -ere,  -scrips!,  -scrip- 
turn,  [trans-scribo],  v.  tr.  3, 
transcribe,  —  Hence,  transfer  (on 
military  rolls). 


transeo,  -ire,  -if,  -itum,  [trans- 
eo],  V.  tr.  irr.,  go  across,  pass 
over,  go  by,  pass,  pass  into, 

transfer©,   -ferre,  -tuli,  -latunGi, 

[trans-fero],  v.  tr.  irr.,  bear 
across,  bear  over,  send  over,  allow 
to  go  over,  transfer. 

transiliS  (transsilio),  -ire,  -silui 
(-ivi),  no  sup.,  [trans-salio],  v. 
tr.  4,  leap  over,  leap  through. 

transitus,  -us,  [trans-itus  (perh. 
through  transeo)],  m.,  a  going 
over,  passage,  change. 

transmitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missum, 
[trans-mitto],  v.  tr.  3,  let  go 
through,  hurl  through,  send 
through. 

tremebundus,  -a,  -ttin,  [treme- 
(as  stem  of  tremo)  +  bwndus], 
adj.,  trembling,  quivering. 

tremescS  (-isco),  [treme-  (as 
stem  of  tremo)  ■\-  sco],v.  intr.  3, 
tremble. 

tremo,  -ere,  treniui,  no  sup., 
[y'TREM],  V.  intr.  3,  tremble, 
quiver,  shudder. 

tremor,  ^-oris,  [trem-  (as  root  of 
tremo)  +  or],  m.,  tremor,  shud- 
der, trembling.  —  Hence,  earth- 
quake. 

tremulus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  ftremo- 
(trem  -F  us)  -f-  lus],  adj.,  trem- 
bling, quivering,  shaking,  flutter- 
ing. 

trepido,  -are,  -avi,  -a  turn,  [tre- 
pido  -f  o],  V.  intr.  i,  bustle  about. 
—  Hence,  be  alarmed,  tremble, 
quiver.  —  pres.  p.,  tre?nbling, 
timid,  terrified. 

trepidus,  -a,  -um,  [as  if  trepo- 
(cf.  trepo)  -f  dus],  adj.,  restless, 
bustling,  trembling,  shuddering, 
quivering,  alarmed,  in  terror. 

tres,  tria,  [?,  stem  tri-],  adj., 
three. 


IS8 


Vocabulary, 


tribula^  -ae,  [tri-  (as  root  of 
tero)  +  bula],  f.,  drag  (for 
threshing),  thresher,  harrow. 

tribulus,  -i,  [Gr.  rpi^oXos']-,  m., 
thorn,  thistle. 

tribiio,  -ere,  tribui,  tribfitum, 
[tribu-  (intribus)  +  o],  v.  tr.  3, 
(^assign  to  each  tribe  its  share  ?), 
assign^  grant,  assume  (sibi)  :  me 
tribuente  (a/  7ny  hajids) . 

tiiibntuin,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  tribuo], 
n.,  tribute  (that  part  assigned  to 
one  to  pay). 

triceps,  -cipitis,  [tri-  (as  stem  of 
tres)  +  ceps (caput,  reduced,  and 
decl.  as  adj.)],  adj.,  three-headed. 

tricuspis,  -idis,  [tri-  (cf.  tres)  + 
cuspisj,  atlj.,  three-forked,  three- 
pointed :  telum  (i.e.  trident), 

tridens,  -dentis,  [tri-  (cf.  tres) 
+  deiis],  adj.,  three-toothed. — As 
noun,  trident. 

trifidus,  -a,  -iim,  [tri-  (cf.  tres) 
-l-fidus  ( V^i^'  i^  findo,  -r  us)], 
adj.,  three-cleft,  forked. 

triformis,  -e,  [tri-  (cf.  tres)  -f 
formis  (forma,  weakened  and 
decl.  as  adj.)],  adj.,  three-formed. 

Trinacria,  -ae,  [Gr.  i:pivaKp[a\,  f. 
(of  adj.),  Sicily  (the  three-cor- 
nered island) . 

Trinacris,  -idis,  [Gr.  Tptj/a/cpts],  f. 
(adj.),  Sicily. 

Triones,  -um,  [?],  m.  pi.,  the  Great 
Bear  (constellation). 

triplex,  -plicis,  [tri-  (cf.  tres)  -f 
plex  (cf.  duplex)],  adj.,  triple, 
threefold :  sorores  {born  three  at 
a  birth). 

Triptolemus,  -i,  [Gr.  TpnrroXep.os'], 
m.,  son  of  King  Celeus  of  Eleusis. 
He  was  sent  by  Ceres  to  teach 
agriculture. 

tristis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  gloomy,  cruel, 
sad :  tristia  officia  (^complaint). 


trisulcus,  -a,  -um,  [tri-  (cf.  tres) 
4-  sulcus],  adj.,  (making  three 
furrows) ,  three-forked, 

triticeus,  -a,  -um,  [tritico  (re- 
duced) -f  eus],  adj.,  of  wheat, 
wheaten. 

triticum,  -i,  [trito-  ■{•  cum  (n.  of 
-cus)],  n,,  {the  threshed  grain  ?), 
wheat. 

Triton,  -onls,  [Gr.  Tpirtav'],  m.,  a 
sea-god,  son  of  Neptune,  repre- 
sented as  blowing  a  conch-shell. 
—  PL,  sea-gods. 

Tritonia,  -ae,  [Gr.  i:pLT(*)vios'],  f.,  a 
name  or  appellation  of  Pallas 
(Minerva),  prob.  derived  from  a 
BcEotian  stream  (Triton). 

Tritonis,  -idis,  [ace.  ida],  f.  adj., 
of  Tritonia,  of  Pallas.  —  Also, 
as  subst.,  Pallas,  Minerva. 

tritus,  p.p.  of  tero. 

triumpbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[triumpho  -f  o],  v.  intr.  i,  tri- 
umph (lit.  and  fig.)«  —  P-P-»  ^^^  ^^ 
triumph. 

triumphus,  -i,  [Gr.  ^^(a^ajSos],  m., 
triumph. 

Troes,  -um,  see  Tros. 

Troicus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  T/)cui'«:os], 
adj.,  Trojan,  of  Troy,  of  the  Tro- 
jans. 

Troius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Tpcc'ios], 
adj.,  Trojan,  of  Troy,  of  the  Tro- 


Troja,    -ae,   [fern  of  Troius],  f., 

the  city  of  Tros,  Troy. 
Trojanus,  -a,  -um,  [fTroja  -f  nus], 

adj.,  Trojan. — As  subst.,  £2  Tro- 
jan. 
Tros,  -ois,  [Gr.  Tp'is],  m.,  a  king  of 
Phrygia,  after  whom  Troy  and  the 
Trojans  were  said  to  have  been 
named,  —  As  adj.,  Trojan.  —  As 
subst.,  a  Trojan.  —  PL,  the  Tro- 
jans. 


Vocabulary. 


IS9 


truculentus,  -a,  -um,  [stem  akin 
to  trux  +  lentus],  adj.,  savage^ 
churlish. 

trunco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [trunco- 

(as  if  a-stem)  +  o],  v.  tr.  i,  cut 

off,  strip, 
truncus,  -i,  [?],  m.^ trunk  (of  tree), 

body  (of  a  man) . 
trux,  trucis,  [?],  adj.,  savage. 
tn,  tui,  [V^^]»  pron.,  thou^you. 
tuba,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  trumpet. 
tueor,  -eri,  tuitus  (tutus),  [prob. 

ftuo-   (cf.  aedituus)  +  eo],   v. 

dep.  2,  {look  after  ?) ,  guard,  pro- 
tect,   behold,    see,   gaze    at.  —  See 

also  tutus, 
turn,  [pron.  stem  fto-   (cf.  Iste), 

perh.  ace.  (cf.num,  duin)],  adv., 

then,  thereupon. 
tumeo,  -ere,  -ui,  no   sup.,  [prob. 

ftumo-    (cf.    tumulus,  etc.)  + 

eo],  V.  intr.  2,  swell,  be  swollen, 

be  puffed  up  (as  with  pride) . 
tumesco,  -ere,  tumui,  [tume  (as 

stem  of  tumeo)  -f-  sco],  v.  intr. 

3,  swell,  be  puffed  up. 
tumidus,  -a,   -um,  [ftumo-    (cf. 

tumeo)  -\-  dus],    adj.,    swelling, 

swollen. 
tumulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [tu- 

mulo-   (as  if  a-stem)    +   o],  v. 

tr.  I,  entomb. 
tumultus,  -us,  [tumulo-  (reduced) 

-f-  tus],    m.,    swelling   crowd    or 

noise,  disturbance. 
tumulus,  -i,  [ftumo-  (cf.  tumeo) 

4-  lus],  m.,  {swelling),  hill,  mound, 

tomb. 
tunc,  [tum-ce],  adv.,  then^  at  that 

time   (more    demonstrative    than 

tum),  at  that  point, 
tunjdo,  -ere,  tutudi,  tnsum  (tun- 
sum),  [  VTUD,  formed  with  u],  v. 

tr.  3,  beat,  pound. 
tunica,   -ae,    [?,   perh,   corrupted 


and  further  formed  from  Gr.  xi- 
t4}v\,  f.,  tunic  (the  inner  garment 
of  the  ancients). 

turba,  -ae,  [apparently  v^TUR  ?  + 
ba],  f.,  {whirl),  throng,  crowd, 
number  (great),  body.  —  Hence, 
the  people  (as  opposed  to  princes). 

turbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [turba 
-f  0],  v.  tr.  I,  {inake  a  disorderly 
crowd  disperse),  drive  away  (in 
disorder),  drive.  —  Also,  confuse, 
disturb.  —  p.p.,  in  disorder,  angry 
(mare). 

turbo,  -inis,  [turba  -|-  o],  m., 
whirl,  whirlwind,  spiral.  —  Less 
exactly,  rush  (militiae). 

Turnus,  -i,  m.,  a  Ji^itulian  king, 
who,  as  a  suitor  for  the  hand  of 
Lavinia,  resisted  the  settlement  of 
^neas  in  Latium,  and  was  finally 
slain  by  him. 

turpis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  unsightly,  ugly, 
unbecoming,  vile.  —  Morally,  base. 

turpiter,  [turpi  -f  ter],  adv., 
vilely i  basely ,  foully . 

turrls,  -is,  [Gr.  rr^pcris],  f.,  tower, 
towering  roof 

turtur,  -uris,  [prob.  from  sound], 
m.,  turtle  dove. 

tus,  turis,  [?],  n.,  incense.  —  Also 

pi. 

tutela,    -ae,    [tuto-    (or    kindred 

stem)  4-  ela],  i.,  guardianship. — 

Concretely,  guardian. 
tutor,   -ari,  -atus,  [tuto-    (as  if 

a-stem)   -f   o],    v.   dep.,  guard, 

protect, 
tutus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  tueor],  as 

adj.,  protected,  defended,  safe  (cf. 

securus),    secure,    in    safety, — 

Abl.,  tuto,  safely. 
tuus,    -a,    -um,   [tu  ■\-  us],    adj., 

{thine),    your,    yours.  —  PI.     as 

nom.,    your     {^friends,     subjects, 

etc.). 


i6o 


Vocabulary, 


Tydides,  -ae,  [Gr.  patronymic], 
m.,  son  of  Tydeusj  Diomedes, 

tympanum,  -i,  [Gr.  Ti5^Troi/oy],  n,, 
drum* 

Tyndarides,  -ae,  [Gr.  Tu»'Sa/)t89?s], 
m.,  son  of  Tyndarus  (king  of 
Sparta).  —  Esp.  pi,  Castor  and 
Foiiux,  sons  of  Tyndarus. 

Typhoeus,  -ei,  (eos),  [Gr.  Tt/<^<»- 
€vs~\jtQ.,,  a  giant  also  called  Typhon. 
According  to  a  fable,  he  was 
struck  by  lightning,  and  buried 
under  the  island  of  Sicily,  his 
fiery  breath  issuing  from  the  vol- 
cano Mt.  ^tna.  He  seems  to 
have  been  a  type  of  volcanoes  in 
general. 

tyrannus,  -i,  [Gr.  Tvpa.vvos\  m., 
king^  monarch. 

Tyrius,  -a,  -urn,  [fTj^ro-  (re- 
duced) 4-  ius],  adj.,  of  Tyre, 
Tyrian,  —  As  Tyre  was  famops  for 
its  purple  (red)  dye,  purple,  red, 
brilUanL 

fiber,  -eris,  [?  cf,  \%h^Tj  fertile\  n., 
udder. 

fiber,  -eris,  [?  cf.  uber,  tidder\ 
adj.,  fruitful,  plentiful,  abound- 
ing, fertile. 

wbi,  [?],  dat.  or  loc.  of  qui],  adv., 
where,  when. 

ubique,  [uM-que,  cf.  quisque], 
adv.,  everywhere. 

ndus,  -a,  -um,  [fuvo-  (cf.  uveo), 
-f-  dus],  adj.,  moist,  wet,  dripping. 

ulciscor,  -i,  ultus,  [ulc-  (as  root) 
formed  with  -sco],  v.  dep.  3, 
avenge,  revenge,  punish. 

Ulixes,  -is,  (-ei,  -i),  [dialectic 
form  of  Gr.  'O5u(ro-€i5s],  m.,  Ulys- 
ses, a  Greek  hero  of  the  Trojan 
war  famed  for  his  cunning.  His 
wife  was  Penelope. 


fillus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  for  funulus 
(uno  +  Ius)],  adj.  pron.,  any. — 
Without  noun,  anybody. 

ulmus,  -i,  [?],  f.,  elm. 

ulna,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  elbow,  arm  (as 
used  in  an  embrace). 

ulterior,  -ius,  [fultero  (cf.  ultra) 
-f- ior],  2id].,  farther,  later,  —  n., 
ulterius,  as  adv.,  farther,  longer. 
—  SuperL,  ultimus,  last,  last  of, 
farthest. 

ultimus,  see  ulterior. 

ultor,  -oris,  [ulc-  (as  root  of  ul- 
ciscor) +  tor],  m.,  avenger. 

ultra,  [unc.  case-form  (prob.  instr.) 
of  fulterus  (ul  -\-  terus)],  adv., 
farther,  longer,  more.  —  As  prep., 
beyond. 

ultrix,  -icis,  [ulc-  (as  root  of 
ulciscor)  -f-  trix],  f.,  avenger. — 
As  adj.,  avenging,  vengeful. 

ultro,  [dat.  (cf.  eo)  of  fulterus 
(cf.  ultra)],  adv.,  {to  the  farther 
side).  —  Hence,  beyond  (what  is 
expected,  etc.),  unprovoked,  in 
offensive  war,  gratuitously,  of 
one^s  own  accord. 

ululatus,  -fis,  [ulula  -f-  tus],  m., 
scream,  cry. 

ululo,  -are,  -avi,  -atunoi,  [stem 
formed  from  the  sound  -f  0],  v. 
intr.  I,  howl,  cry,  scream. 

ulva,  -ae,  [?],  f,,  sedge. 

umbra,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  shade,  dark- 
ness, shadow.  —  Esp.,  a  shade  (de- 
parted spirit).  —  PL,  the  Shades, 
the  world  below. 

umbrosus,  -a,  -um,  [umbra  -f 
osus],  adj.,  shady. 

umeo  (ham-),  -ere,  no  perf.,  no 
sup.,  [?,  perh.  humo  -f  eo],  v. 
intr.  2,  be  wet,  be  moist.  —  pres.  p., 
moist,  wet,  damp. 

umerus  (hum-),  -i,  [?],  m.,  shoul- 
der. 


Vocabulary, 


i6i 


Smidns,   (hum-),   -a,    -um,  [? , 

perh.  humd  +  dus],  adj.,  moist, 

wet 
amor  (hum-),  -oris,  [um-  (as  if 

root  of  umeo)  +  or],  m.,  moist- 
ure^ liquid. 
iimquam  (unq-),  [prob.  cum  + 

quam,  cf.  ubi  and  quisquami], 

adv.,  ever,  at  any  time. 
una,  [case  (prob.  instr.)  of  unus], 

adv.,  together^   at  the  same  time, 

with  (anybody). 
uncus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  hooked, 

curved, 
unda,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  wave,  water  (in 

any  form) .  —  PI.,  waves,  sea,  water, 

waters,  stream. 
undc,  [?,  akin  to  ubi],  adv.,  (interr. 

and  rel.),  whence,  wherefrom,from 

whence,  whereupon. 
undecimus,  -a,  -um,  [undecim  + 

mus],  adj.,  eleventh. 
undiquc,  [unde-que,  cf.  quisque], 

adv.,  from   every  quarter,  on  all 

sides,  on  every  hand. 
ungo  (unguo),  -ere,  unxi,  unc- 

tum,  [?],  v.  tr.  3,  anoint. 
unguis,   -is,    [?],  m.,  nail,  talon, 

claw. 
ungula,  -ae,  [ungui-  (or  kindred 

stem)  -I-  la],  f.,  hoof. 
unguo,  see  uugo. 
unicolor,  -oris,  [uno-color],  adj., 

of  one  color. 
unicus,    -a,    -um,    [uno  +  cus], 

adj.,  single,  the  only,  unique,  one. 
anus,  -a,  -um,  [  ?,  old  oenus,  unc. 

root],  adj.,  one,  a  single,  alone: 

non  unus  (not  one  only') .  —  Also, 

not    the    same:    in    unum    {to- 
gether).—  Also    pi.,    vf'VCa.    plural 

nouns. 
urbs,  urbis,  [  ?],  f.,  city.  —  Esp.,  the 

City  (Rome). 
urgeo    (-gueo),    -ere,   ursi,    no 


sup.,  [?],  V.  tr.  2, press, press  upon, 
press  on,  roll  up,  pursue,, 

urna,  -ae,  [?],  i.,  jar,  water-jar, 
burial  urn. 

uro,  -ere,  ussi,  ustum,  [  ?],  v.  tr. 
3,  burn,  consume.  —  Pass.,  burn^ 
(intrans.),  be  seared,  be  scorched» 
—  Also,  burn  with  love,  burn, — 
p.p.,  ustus,  burning. 

ursa,  ae,  [?],  f.,  she-bear. 

usquam,  [case-form  akin  to  ubi 
(cf.  usque,  obs.  subs)  ■\-  quam 
(cf.  quisquam)],  adv.,  anywhere 
(with  negatives)  - 

usque  [us  (cf.  usquam)  +  que 
(cf.  quisque)],  adv.,  all  the  way 
(to  a  place),  to  that  degree,  as  far 
as,  even  to.  —  Also,  ever,  con- 
stantly (of  time). 

ustus,  p.p.  of  uro. 

usus,  -us,  [unc.  root  (in  utor)  -|- 
tus],  m.,  use,  experience,  advan- 
tage., service,  result.  —  Also,  use 
(habit),  habit,  enjoyment,  loan 
(use  of  a  thing).  — Hence,  need : 
praebere  usum  (take  the  place 
cf). 

usus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  utor. 

ut  (uti),  [unc.  form  akin  to  unde, 
etc.],  conj.  (interr.  and  rel.), 
how  ?  when  ?  —  With  indicative, 
when,  as,  just  as,  as  if  (with  a 
noun),  in  proportion  as.  —  With 
subjunctive,  that,  in  order  that,  so 
that,  to,  although,  though  .*  ut  .  .  . 
sic  (although  .  .  .  yet) ;  ut  quis- 
que, etc.,  whenever  any  one,  etc. 

uter,  utra,  utrum,  [u-  (as  in  ubi) 
+  terus],  pron.  (interr.  and  rel.), 
which  (of  two). 

uterque,  utraque,  utrumque, 
[uter-que  (cf.  quisque)],  pron., 
each  (of  two),  both:  Phoebus 
(i.e.  rising  and  setting  sun)', 
inter    utrumque    (between    the 


1 62 


Vocabulary. 


two)',  utrumque  prohibeo 
(^either). 

uterus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  belly j  womb. — 
Hence,  offspring. 

uti,  see  ut. 

utilis,  -e,  [as  if  futo-  (akin  to 
utor)  4-  lis],  adj.,  useful,  benefi- 
cial, valuable. 

utilitas,  -atis,  [utili  +  tas],  f., 
usefulness,  advantage. 

iitiliter,  [utili  +  ter],  adv.,  advan- 
tageously, to  advantage,  better  (to 
more  profit),  to  one's  help, 

utiuam,  [uti-nam  (cf.  quisnam)], 
conj .,  (how  in  the  world) ,  would  that. 

ntor,  -i,  nsus,  [?,  cf.  utSlis],  v. 
dep.  3,  use,  employ,  avail  one's  self 
of  take  advantage  of  take  (con- 
siliis). 

utrimque,  [utrim  (cf.  hinc, 
illiin)  +  que  (cf.  quisque)], 
adv.,  on  both  sides. 

uva,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  bunch  of  grapes, 
grapes. 

uxor,  -oris,  [?],  f.,  wife. 


vacca,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  cow,  heifer. 
vaco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?,  cf. 

vacuus],  V.  intr.  i,  be  empty,  be 

devoid  of,  have  room  for. 
vacuus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  for  vaci- 

vus  (stem  akin  to  vaco)  +  vus], 

adj.,  empty,  void  (of),  unoccupied, 

vacated,  deserted. 
vado,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  [?],  v. 

intr.    3,  go,   come,   depart,  begone 

( vade  procul) . 
vadum,  -i,  [  ?],  n.,  shallows,  channel. 
vagina,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  sheath. 
vagor,  -5ri,  -atus,  [vago-  (as  if  a- 

stem)  -f-  o],  V.  dep.  i,  rove,  ramble, 

wander, 
vagus,  -a,  -nin,  [?],  adj.,  roving,, 


wandering,   unsteady,    uncertain, 
wild,  flying. 
valeo,   -ere,   -ui,    -itum,  [?],  be 
strong,  be  well,  be  able,  have  power, 
prevail,  avail:  vale    {^farewell). 

—  pres.  p.,  valens,  stout,  strong. 
validus,    -a,    -um,    [as    if    vale 

(stem  of  valeo)  ■\-  dus],  adj., 
stout,  strong,  sturdy,  violent. 

vallis  (-^es),  -is,  [?],  f.,  valley. 

valva,  *ae,  [?],  f., door  (one  side  of 
double  doors) .  —  PI.,  doors. 

vanescS,  -ere,  vauui,  no  sup., 
[vano-  (as  if  a-stem)  -f-  o],  v. 
intr.  3,  vanish. 

vanus,  -a,  -um,  [  ?,  perb.  vac-  (in 
vacuus)  +  nns],  2.d^y,  empty,  use- 
less, idle,  ineffectual,  vain,  false,- 
untruthful. 

vapor,  -oris,  [?,  unc.  root  (cf. 
vapidus)  +  or],  m.,  steam,  smoke, 
heat,  fiery  breath,  vapor. 

vario,  -are,  -avi,  -afcum,  [vario- 
(as  if  a-stem)  +  o],  v.  tr,  i, 
change.  —  Also,  intr.,  waver,  be  at 
variance. 

varius,  -a,  -um,  [varo  -f-  ius], 
adj.,  {crooked,  irregular  ?),  vari- 
ous, variegated,  spotted,  parti-col- 
ored. —  Also,  various  parts  of, 
many  kinds  of 

Varro,  -onis,  [?],  m.,  a  Roman 
name.  —  Esp.,  Varro  Aiacinus 
(82-37  B.C.),  who  translated  into 
Latin  the  Argonautica  of  ApoUo- 
nius  Rhodius. 

vastator,  -oris,  [vasta  -t-  tor], 
m.,  devastator,  ravisher. 

vastus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  vast, 
monstrous,  enormous.  —  Also  (wh. 
meaning  is  original  is  uncertain) , 
waste,  desolate. 

vates,  -is,   [?],  c,  soothsayer,  seer. 

—  Henqe,  bard  (inspire d),/c?<f/, 
singer,  poetess. 


Vocabulary, 


163 


-ve,  [?],  conj.  (enclitic),  or :  neve 

(and  nof). 
vectB,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [vecto- 

(as  if  a-stem)  -f  o] ,  v.  tr.  I,  carry ^ 
bear,  —  Pass.,  ride, 
vectus,  p.p.  of  veho. 
veh5,      -ere,      vexi,      veetum, 

[y'VE(G)H],  V.  tr.  3,  heary  carry. 

—  Pass.,  be  borne^  ride.  —  p.p.  vec- 

tus,  ridings  sailhig. 
vel,    [prob.   imperative    of   volo], 

conj.,    or:    vel  .  .  .  vel,     either 

.  .  ,  or,  —  Also,  even. 
vela  men,  -inis,  [vela  -f  men],  n., 

coverings  garments. 
velifer,    -era,     -erum,    [velo-fer 

(for   ferus)],    adj.,    sail-bearing, 

sail-clad. 
vello,  -ere,  vulsi,  vulsum,  [?], 

V.  tr.  2)^  pluck,  pull  up,  pull,  tear. 
vellus,    eris,    [veil-    (as    root    of 

vello)  +  us],  yx.,  fleece  (plucked), 
fleece,  coat  (of  hair),  wool,  skin.  — 

Less  exactly,  sheep. 
vel5,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [velo-  (as 

if  a-stem)  -|-  0],  v.  tr.   r,  cover, 

veil.—^^."^.,  velatus,  clothed. 
velociter    [veloci-    (as    stem    of 

(velox)  +  ter],  adv.,  swiftly. 
velox,  -ocis,   [stem  akin   to  volo 

(perh.     its     root)  +  ox],     adj., 

swift,  fleet,  active  (ingenium). 
velum,  -1,  [?,  cf.  velo],  n.,  awn- 
ing, sail,  veil. 
velut  (veluti),  [vel  ut],  conj.,  as 

if,  like,  as  it  were. 
vena,    -ae,    [?],   f.,   vein    (of    the 

body,   of   earth,   or   a  stream   of 

water),  metal,  vitality, 
venabulum,  -i,  [vena  +  bulum], 

n.,  hunting-spear . 
venatus,   -us,    [vena  +  tus],   m., 

hunting,  the  chase. 
venefica,  -ae,  [unc.  stem  (akin  to 

venenum)    +   ficus    (V^Ac  ■\- 


us)],   f.,  poisoner,  —  Also    (from 
use  of  drugs),  enchantress. 
venenifer,  -era,  -erum,,  [veneno- 

fer  (for   ferus)],  adj.,  poisonous, 

venomous, 
venenum,    -i,     [?,    perh.    fvene- 

(stem  of  lost  verb,  poss.  akin  to 

venor)  +  num],  n.,  poison,  drug, 

charin,  venom, 
veueror,  -ari,  -atus,  [vener-  (as 

stem  of  Venus)  +  o],  v.  dep.  i, 

worship  (orig.  Venus),  venerate. 
venia,  -ae,  [?,  akin  to  Venus],  f., 

grace,  indulgence,  pardon,  excuse, 
venio,  -ire,  veni,  ventum,  [^ven 

formed  with  i],  v.  intr.   4,  come, 

arrive.  , 

venter,  -tris,  [?],  m.,  belly. 
ventus,  -i,  [unc.   root  -f  tus],  m., 

wind. 
Venus,  -eris,  [^ven  (akin  to  Sk. 

y'VAN)  +  us    (cf.    genus)],   f., 

grace,  beauty.  —  Esp,,    Venus,  the 

goddess   of    love   and    beauty.  — 

Also    (cf.   Ceres,    corn'),  love. — 

Concretely,  a  loved  one. 
vepris  (-es),  -is,  [?],  f.,  bramble. 
ver,  veris,  [?],  n.,  spring  (time). 
verbena,  -a'e,  [?],  f.,  sacred  herb. 
verber,  -eris,  [?],  n.,  lash. 
verbero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ver- 
ber -f  0],  V.  tr.    I,  lash,   beat.  -— 

Less  exactly,//)/  (with). 
verbosus,     -a,     -um,     [verbo  + 

osus],  adj.,  wordy,  prolix, 
verbum,  -I,   [?],  n.,  word,  words, 

language. 
vere,    [old   abl.   of   verus],   adv., 

truly  (with  truth),  really, 
verecundus,    -a,    -um,    [vere   + 

cundus],  adj.,  shy,  diffident, modest, 
vereor,  -eri,  veritus,  [?],  v.  dep. 

2,  fear  (weaker  than  timeo),  be 

fearful    of,    be    alarmed.  —  Ger., 

verendus,  venerable. 


164 


Vocabulary. 


Vergilius  (the  proper  Latin  spell- 
ing, not  Virg-),  -i  (ii),  [?,  cf. 
Vergiliae],  m.,  a  Roman  gentile 
name.  —  Esp.,  Publius  Vergilius 
Maroy  Virgil  (the  established 
English  word,  cf.  Horace,  Livy, 
Leghorn) ,  the  poet  of  the  ^neid, 
etc. 

vergo,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  [?], 
V.  tr.  3,  incline.  —  Hence,  pour. 

vern^,  -are,  avi,  -atunfi,  [vqrno- 
(as  if  a-stem)  -f-  o],  v.  intir.  i, 
bloom. 

venius,  -a,  -um,  [ver  -f  nus], 
adj.,  of  the  spring,  spring. 

vero,  [abl.  of  verus],  adv.,  in 
truth,  truly,  in  fact.  —  Transi- 
tional (introducing  a  new  mo- 
ment), but:  ut  vero  (but  when); 
turn  vero,  then  (with  emphasis). 

Verona,  -ae,  [akin  to  Verus],  f., 
a  city  of  Cisalpine  Gaul,  the  birth- 
place of  the  poet  Catullus  (still 
called  Verona). 

verro,  -ere,  verri,  versum,  [?], 
V.  tr.  3,  sweep.  —  Often  fig.,  as  in 
English. 

verso  (vorso),  -are,  -Svi,  -atum, 
[verso-  (as  if  a-stem)  +  o],  v.  tr. 
I,  turn  (repeatedly),  stir,  twirl, 
whirl. 

versus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  verto. 

versus,  -us,  [■y/VERT  (of  verto)  -f- 
tus],  m,,  a  turn,  a  turning.  So, 
a  furrow,  a  line,  a  row,  and  esp., 
a  verse  (of  poetry),  poetry. 

vertex  (vortex),  -icis,  [fverto- 
(akin  to  verto)  -f  ex],  m.,  (whorl 
on  the  head,  crown).  —  Hence, 
eddy,  head,  top,  summit,  crown. 

vertigS,  -inis,  [fverto-  (cf.  ver- 
tex) -f  go  (perh.  really  vertic  -\- 
o?],  f.,  ivhirling, 

verto  (vorto) ,  -ere,  verti  (vorti), 
versuuL    (vorsum),    [^vert], 


V.  tr.  3,  turn,  change,  convert, 
overturn.  —  Hence,  drive  (of  cat- 
tle).—  Pass.,  be  turned,  turn  (in- 
trans.). 

veruin,  [n.  ace.  of  verus],  adv., 
in  truth,  however,  but. 

verus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  true,  un- 
doubted, real.  —  N.  as  noun,  truth. 

vesper,  -eri  (-eris) ,  [  ?,  cf.  Hespe- 
rus], m.,  evejiing-star.  —  Hence, 
evening,  the  west. 

Vesta,  -ae,  [  ?,  cf.  kcrria,  poss.  ^ves, 
dwell?  (cf.  Sk.  vas  and  tarv,  but 
also  ver)  +  ta],  f.,  the  goddess  of 
household  fire.  She  is  the  em- 
blem of  household  purity  and  fam- 
ily life.  Her  sacred  fire  was  kept 
constantly  burning  in  charge  of 
the  vestal  virgins  at  Rome. — Also, 
the  household  fire,  the  hearth. 

vester,  -tra,  -trum,  [vos  -|-  ter], 
z.^].,  your,  yours. 

vestigium,  [fvestigo  +  ium],  n., 
track,  footstep, print  (of  foot),  sole 
(of  foot) .  —  Hence,  trace  (gener- 

vestigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [fves- 
tigo- (as  if  a-stem)  +  o],v.  tr.  i, 
trace,  track. 

vestiS,  -ire,  -ivi,  (-ii),  -itum, 
[vesti  +  o] ,  V.  tr.  4,  clothe,  cover, 
adorn. 

vestis,  -is,  [^ves  (cf.  i<jB^s,  Skt. 
■y/vas,  clothe)  -f  tis],  f.,  clothing, 
clothes,  garment,  robe. 

veto,  -are,  -ui,  -itum,  [prob.  akin 
to  vetus],  V.  tr.  \,  forbid,  bid  not 
(to,  etc.). 

vetus,  veteris,  [?,  cf.  %tos,  year'], 
adj.  (prob.  orig.  noun),  old,  an- 
cient. 

vetustas,  -atis,  [vetus  +  tas],  f., 
antiquity,  lapse  of  time. 

vetustus,  -a,  -um,  [vetus  -f-  tus, 
(cf.  robustus)],  adj.,  ancient. 


Vocabulary. 


i6s 


via,  -ae,  [?,  perh.  for  fvehia, 
akin  to  veho],  f,,  path^  way^  road, 
course,  journey, 

viator,  -oris,  [via-  (prob.  stem  of 
t  vio,  cf.  invio)  +  tor] ,  m.,  way- 
farer, 

vibro,  -are,  -avi,  -atuin,  [?],  v.  tr. 

1,  shake,  brandish.  —  Also,  intrans., 
quiver,  —  p.p.,  quivering, 

vicinia,  -ae,  [vicino  +  la],  f., 
proximity,  vicinity,  the  vicinity, 
neighborhood.  —  Concretely,  neigh- 
bors, 

vicinus,  -a,  -um,  [vico  +  inus], 
adj.,  {belonging to  the  samevvsKX.^, 
near^  neighboring,  near  by,  —  N. 
pi.,  vicina,  the  neighborhood. 

fvicis,  vicis,  [?],  f.,  (defect.), 
change,  vicissitude :  in  vices,  in 
vicem  {in  turn). 

victima,  -ae,  [victo  +  ma  (f.  of 
mns)],  f.  (orig.  conquered  enemy 
or  the  like),  victim  (in  sacrifice). 

victor,  -oris,  [  V^ic  (in  vinco)  + 
tor],  m.,  victor.  —  As  adj.,  victo- 
rious, conquering, 

victoria,  -ae,  [victor  +  ia] ,  t, 
victory. 

victrix,  -icis,  [^vic  (in  vinco) 
+  trix],  f.,  victor  (female). — 
As  adj.  (f.  and  n.),  victorious, 
successful. 

victus,  -Us,  [unc.  root  (of  vivo) 
4-  tus],  ra.,food,  subsistence. 

victus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  vinco. 

video,  -ere,  vidi,  visum,  [partly 
fr.  fvido-  (cf.   invidus)],  v.  tr. 

2,  see,  behold,  look  upon, —  Pass., 
be  seen,  seem,  appear.  —  Hence, 
seem  good:  visi  dolores  {^the  sight 
of  etc.)  :  videndo  (^at  the  sight). 

viduus,  -a,  -um,  [-y/vid  {separate) 
+  vus],  adj.,  widowed,  lonely,  soli- 
tary (noctes,  lectus). 

vlgeo,  -ere,  -ui,  no  sup.,   [prob. 


fvigo  (cf.  vigil)  +  eo],  v.  intr.  2, 
flourish,  be  strong,  be  vigorous,  be 
great  (fama). 

vigil,  vigilis,  [f  vigo-  (cf.  vigeo) 
+  lis  (reduced)],  adj.,  awake, 
wide  awake,  watchful,  wakeful. 

vigilax,  -acis,  [vigila  +  ens  (re- 
duced)], adj.,  watchful,  wakeful. 

vigils,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [vigil- 
(as  if  a-stem)],  v.  intr.  i,  zvake. 
He  awake,  watch.  —  pres.  p.,  awak- 
ing, wakeful,  watchful. 

vigor,  -oris,  [vig-  (as  root  of 
vigeo)  +  or],  m.,  strength,  vigor, 
power. 

vilis,  -e,  [?J,  adj.,  ^-^<?^/.  —  Hence, 
of  little  account,  worthless,  poor, 
mean. 

villa,  -ae,  [poss.  for  fvinola,  cf. 
villum],  f.,  {vineyard?),  farm- 
house. 

villosus,  -a,  -um,  [villo  +  osus], 
adj.,  shaggy,  hairy, 

villus,  -i,  [?,  cf.  vellus],  m.,  [usu- 
ally plu.),  hair  (of  animals),  coat. 
—  Hence,  nap  (of  cloth). 

vimen,  -inis,  [vi-  (as  root  or  stem 
of  vieo)  -f  men],  n.,  osier,  twig 
(flexible). 

vincio,  -ire,  vinxi,  vinctum,  [?, 
prob.  fvinco-  (or  i-)  +  o],  v.  tr. 
4,  bind,  fasten^  chain,  wind,  en- 
tivine. 

vinclum,  see  vinculum. 

vincS,  -ere,  vici,  victum,  [unc. 
root  (prob  vie)],  v.  tr.  3,  over- 
come, overpower,  vanquish,  con- 
quer,  prevail  over.  —  p.p.,  over- 
thrown^ prevailed  on,  exhausted, 
baffiifd^      •■ 

vinculum  (vinclum),  -i,~'[viijc6- 
(cf.  vincio)  +  lum],  n.,  fasten- 
ing, band,  bond,  chain,  cord,  lacing 
(of  sandals),  strings, 

vindex,  -icis,  [unc.  s|em  (akin  to 


i66 


Vocabulary. 


vis)  +  dex  (^Dic  as  stem), 
perh.  made  by  analogy  from 
vindico  (cf.  judex,  judico)], 
c,  {claimant^  in  law). — Hence, 
champion  (upholder  of  rights  and 
punisher  of  wrongs),  avenger  ^ 
prosecutor i  defender.  —  As  adj., 
avenging. 

vindico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [vin- 
dic-  (stem  of  vindex;)  +  o  (but 
cf.  viiidex)],  V.  tr,  i,  claim,  de- 
fend, assert,  avenge. 

vindicta,  -ae,  [vindic-  (stem  of 
vindex)  +  ta  (perh.  as  in 
nauta)],  f.,  claimanfs  staff, — 
Hence,  championship,  vengeance, 
punishment. 

vinetuin,  -i,  [vino  +  etum  (as  if 
fvine  +  turn)],  n.,  vineyard. 

vinum,  -i,  [prob.  borr.  fr.  olvos,  but 
assimilated  to  vieo,  vitis] ,  n. ,  wine. 

viola,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  violet  (poss. 
akin  to  vis  through  blue  color, 
cf.  *  black  and  blue '). 

violentia,  -ae,  [violento  +  ia], 
f.,  violence:  vultus  {savage  ex- 
pression of). 

violentus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  stem 
(akin  to  vis)  +  lentus],  adj., 
savage,  violent,  wrathful^  untamed 
(of  an  unmarried  maid) . 

violo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [fviola- 
(dimin.  of  vis?)  4-  o]j  v.  tr.  i, 
injure^  do  violence  to. 

vipera,  -ae,  [for  fvivipara],  f., 
viper,  snake. 

vipereus,  -a,  -um,  [vipera  +  ens], 
adj.,  of  vipers,  of  a  {the)  serpent, 
snaky. 

vir,  vlri,  [?],  m.,  husband,  man, 
consort,  hero,  lord  (as  husband) . 

virago,  -inis,  [?,  akin  to  vir, 
perh.  fviraco-  (cf.  vigilax)  -f  o], 
f.,  manly  woman,  fierce  maiden, 
warrior  maid. 


vireo,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  sup.,  [?, 
akin  to  vir  or  vis],  v.  intr.  2, 
bloom,  flourish,  grow  strong,  grow 
green.  —  pres.  p.,  green. 

virga,  -ae,  [?,  akin  to  viridis, 
vireo] ,  f ,  new  shoot,  twig,  branch, 
osier,  sapling,  stalk. 

virgineus,  -a,  -um,  [virgin  -f 
eus],  adj.,  of  maidens,  of  a 
maiden,  virgin,  a  maiden's :  Hel- 
icon {loved  of  the  Maids,  i.e.  the 
Muses). 

virginitas,  -atis,  [virgini-  (as  if 
stem  of  Virgo)  -}-  tas],  f.,  7nai- 
denhood. 

virgo,  -inis,  [prob.  virga  -f-  o,  cf. 
'scion,'  *a  slip  of  a  girl'],  f.,  a 
maid,  the  maid. 

viridis,  -e,  [prob.  fviro-  (cf  vireo) 
-j-  dus,  weakened],  adj.,  green, 
fresh,  blooming. 

virllis,  -e,  [viro  -|-  ilis],  adj.,  of  a 
man,  of  the  hero,  of  one's  husband. 

virtus,  -litis,  [viro-  (reduced)  -f 
tus],  f.,  m^anliness,  heroism,  protv- 
ess.  —  Hence,  virtue  (quality  of  a 
true  man),  value  (cf  'virtue'). 

virus,  -i,  [akin  to  viridis],  n., 
poison,  "mnom. 

vis,  vis,  [?],  f.,  violence, force.  —  PL, 
forces,  might,  strength,  powers,  po- 
tency, influence,  means. 

viscus,  -eris,  [?],  n.,  bowels,  inter- 
nal organs,  flesh,  body,  *  bozvels '  (of 
compassion,  heart),  soul. 

viso,  -ere,  visi,  visum,  [old  de- 
siderative  of  video] ,  v.  tr.  3,  go  to 
see,  visit,  see. 

visus,  -us,  \_^YiD  4-  tns],  m., 
sight. 

vita,  -ae,  [viv-  (as  root  of  vivo)  + 
ta],  f.,  life. 

vitio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [vitio- 
(as  if  a-stem)  -|-  o],  v.  tr.  i,  cause 
a  flaw  in,  corrupt,  vitiate,  spoils 


Vocabidary. 


167 


poison,    injure^    violate^    change^ 

make  sterile. 
vitis,  -is,  [^vi  (in  vleo)  +  tis], 

f.,  vine. 
vitiosus,  -a,  -um,  [vitio  +  osus], 

2.^y^  faulty,  spoiled. 
vitium,    -i,   [?],   n.,  flaw,    crack, 

dross,  —  Also,  morally,  vice,  crime, 
fault. 
vitS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?],  v.  tr. 

I,  avoid,  shun,  escape. 
vitrum,  -1,  [prob.  -y/viD  +  trum], 

n.,  glass. 
vitta,  -ae,  [?,  cf.  vieo],  {.,  fillet, 
Vilnius,  -i,  [pfob.  akin  to  vetus], 

m.,  {a yearling),  bullock,  calf 
vivax,   -acis,    [vivo-  (or  viv-,  as 

root  of  vivo)  +  ax],  adj.,   tena- 
cious of  life,  long-lived. 
vivo,  -ere,  vixi,  victuin,  [root  of 

unc.  form,  as  if  vi(g)v],  v.  intr.  3, 

live. 
viviis,  -a,  -um,  [root  of  unc.  form, 

as  if  vi(g)v  -1-  us],   adj.,  living, 

alive,  still  alive,  in  one's  lifetime, 

native  (rock),  solid. 
vix,  [?],  adv.,  hardly,  scarcely. 
vocalis,  -e,  [voc-  (as  stem  of  vox) 

4-  alls],  adj.,  vocal,  tuneful. 
voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [^voc, 

of  unc.  formation],  v.  tr.  i,  call, 

summon,  call  upon^    draw    out: 

vocati,  the  summoned  (gods), 
volatus,    -us,    [vola  +  tus],    m., 

flight,  swoop. 
Volcanus,  see  Vulcanus. 
volgus,   and   derivatives,  see  vul- 

gUSj. 

volito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [volito- 

(as  if  p.p.  of  volo)  +  o],  V.  intr. 

i,flit,fly. 
volnus,  and  derivatives,  see  vui- 

nus. 
volo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [?],  v. 

intr.  iifly. 


volo,  velle,  volui,  no  sup.,  [  y'voL], 

v.  tr.  irr.,  wish,  be  willing,  will, 
Volturnus  (Vul-),  -i,  [fvoltur  -t- 
nus],  m.,  a  river  of   Campania 

(Volturno). 
voltus,  see  vultus. 
voliibilis,  -e,  [volvi-  (as  stem  of 
volvo)  -f-  bills],    adj.,     rolling, 

winding,  coiling. 
volucer,   -cris,    -pre,   [volo-   (as 

stem  of  volo  or  kindred  stem)  -f 

cris],    adj.,   flying,    swift-flying, 

winged.  —  As    noun,   bird.  —  PL, 

The  Birds,  a  work  of  Macer. 
volumen,  -inis,  [volvi-  (as  stem 

of  volvo)  -f  men],  n.,  whirling, 

rolling,  spinning,  fold  (of  snake), 

roll. 
voluntas,  -atis,  [volent-  (stem  of 

pres.  p.  of  volo)  +  tas],  f.,  wisk^ 

desire.  —  Hence,  esp.,  goodwill. 
voluptas,  *ati^,  [volupi-  (reduced) 

-f  tas],  f.,  pleasure,  delight  (con- 
cretely). 
voluto,  -are,  -avi,  -Stum,  [voluto- 

(as  if  a-stem)  -\-  o],  v.  tr.  i,  roll. 

—  Fig.,  revolve  (verba). 
volvo,  -ere,  vplvi,  ^olntum,  [?], 

V.  tr.  3,  roll,  fling. —  Pass.,  be  rolled, 

roll. 
vomer,  -eris,  [perh.  akin  to  vomio], 

m.,  ploughshare,  plough. 
vomo,   -ere,    -ui,    -itum,   [?,   cf. 

e/xeoj],  V.  tr.  3,  throw   up,  vomit, 

throw  out,  send  forth,  breathe  forth. 
vorto,  and  derivatives,  see  verto. 
vos,  pi.  of  tu. 
votum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  voveo],  n., 

vow,  prayer,  desire,  hope  (object 

prayed  for). 
vove§,  -ere,  vovi,  votum,  [?],  v. 

tr.  2,  vow,  pray  for,  pray. 
vox,  vocis,    [V^oc,  as  stem],  f., 

voice.,  sound,  word,  —  Sometimes 

better  trans.,  lips. 


1 68 


Vocabulary. 


Vulcanius  (Vol-),  a,  -um,  [Vul- 
oano  +  iUS],  adj.,  cf  Vulcan.'^ 
Less  exactly,  of  fire, 

Vulcamis  (Vol-),  -i,  [?],  m.,  Vul- 
can, the  god  of  fire  in  its  mechan- 
ical and  destructive  forms.  —  Less 
exactly,  7?r^. 

vulgo  (Volgo),  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[ vulgo-  (as  if  a-stem)  +  o] ,  v.  tr. 
I,  make  common^  spread  abroad^ 
make  known,  —  ^,^.y  famed,  com- 
mon. 

valgus  (volg-),  -i,  [?],  n.,  the 
crowd,  the  people, 

vulnero  (voln-),-are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[vulner-  (as  stem  of  vulnus)  4- 
o],  V.  tr.  I,  wound. 

vulnificus  (voln-),  -a,  -um, 
[fvolno-  (perh.  only  vulnus,  re- 
duced) +  ficus],  adj.,  deadly, 

vulnus  (voln-),  -6ris,  [akin  to 
vello  (i.e.  vein  +  us)  J,  n.,  wound, 
attempted  wound,  thrust:  vulnera 
minitans  {to  wound). 


vultur  (vol-),  -uris,  [?],  m.,  vul- 
ture. 

vultus  (vol-)»  -«»>  [  V^OL  +  tus], 
m.,  expression,  countenance^  face, 

X. 

Xanthus,  -i,  \fsc.^'B,iv^os\,  m.,  i.  A 
river  of  the  Troad;  2.  A  river  in 
Lycia,  a  favorite  hauntof  Apollo. 

Z. 

Zacynthos  (-us),  -i,  [Gr.  zIkmv 

eos],  f.,  an  island  in  the   Ionian 

Sea  (now  Xante). 
Zephyrus,  -i,   [Gr.   Z€<^uf>os],  m., 

Zephyrus  (the  west  wind).  —  Less 

exactly,  wind  (from  any  quarter), 

zephyr, 
zmaragdus  (sm-),-i,  [Gr.  Cfidpay- 

5os],  f.,  emerald, 
zona,   -ae,    [Gr.    C^pti},   f.,  girdle, 

zone. 


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