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ARABIC MANUSCRIPTS
I. AL-QUR'AN

Al-Qur'an

Theaacred book of the Muslims which contains the reli-
gious teachings of their prophet Muhammad, and is cen-
sored by them to be a direct revelation from Allah through
the angel Gabriel. It consists of one hundred and fourteen
surahs, or chapters, of different lengths. The entire "vela

prSs deT d °;, e ; a period of twenty *»» *™ ^i

Prophet s death in 632 a. d. Some surahs were delivered at
M^ca between 610 and 622 A . a, and others at Medina
after the Hijrat, or the Emigration of the Prophet to that

mfiste b t °° k - PlaC V''; Apri ' ° f 622 A - -> anl whth
ma ff the beginning of the Muslim era.

Al-Qur'an was for the first time put down in the form
foUo tm *' Y 63 ^ Muhammad's death, by his devout"

first Khaw\' end ^ d J bn ™ bit - at the «~< of the
esteJ? A ' ° r Cal ' Ph - AbQ Bakr - lt is "eld » great
esteem and veneration by the followers of the religion of
£lam, and endless pains and care are taken in the gra-
ven vear, ? P v °i the ttXt AcCOrdi "S t0 a tr ^«nn,
seven years m Paradise are assured to any Muslim who

fotd ' T ° f ^ Qur ' an - Am<M * the f a"hful wil7be
found even kmgs and princes who devoted months and years

ever to h? £ ?"¥** this difficu " ** Others, W
ever to show their rehgious z eal and devotion, had copies of

xS,v 1^ 7!!- k K nown calWers and had th -

exquisitely .lluminated by competent artists, as in the case
of some of the manuscripts described below.

Translations of the Qur'an exist in English by George Sale, London
1734, 1764, 1821, 1824 1857, 1923; Rodwell, 1861, 1876; E. H.
Palmer, 2 vols., Oxford 1880; E. W. Lane, Selections from the
Qur'an, London 1879. French translations of it have been made by
Du Ryer, Paris 1649, 1672; Savary, Paris 1783, 1798, 1822; Kasi-'
mirski, Paris 1840, 1851. There are German translations by Wahl,
Halle 1828; Ullmann, Crefeld 1840, 1877. There are also transla-
tions of it in Russian, Greek, Italian, Swedish, Dutch, and many
other languages.

A complete copy of the Qur'an.

Folios 435; 21 inches by 14$ inches, 11 lines to a page,
each 9 inches long ; written in very elegant large Naskh style
of writing which does full credit to its copyist. The beauti-
ful writing is set off by the rich gilding between the lines.
The titles of the surahs, or chapters, are written in blue
and red ink upon a gold background. A large gold period,
drawn in the shape of a flower, is inserted at the end of each
verse. There are numerous rubrics both in the body of the
text and on the margins. The two opening pages are sump-
tuously illuminated and are framed by broad borders with
floral traceries in gold and in different colors. The two
illuminated pages are dated and signed by Ma'sum 'AH
Khanzad. The right-hand page bears the inscription:
"Completed during the month of Dhu al Qa'dah, 1177 A. H.
(May, 1764 a. d.)," and the left-hand page; " Completed
during the month of Jumada I, 1178 a. h. (Nov. 1764
A. d. ) ." The difference in the dating, a period of six months,
represents the time spent in illuminating only one of the
opening pages. The dedications, in Persian, on both pages
have been rubbed off and are illegible. The volume has
been bound in a Persian flap-binding of black leather with
blind-pressed designs in gilt. It has gilded floral patterns

[2]

PLATE I

framed by borders of flowered panels and enclosed by
several narrow gold bands. The outer border contains a
series of gilded panels above and below, the inner field of
which is a rectangular block of cut-out leatherwork in gilt.
The inner covers are of reddish leather without any orna-
mentation. The flap-cover is identical with the outer covers
in all details.

On the left-hand side of the last page there is an impres-
sion of a large rectangular seal, containing the name of
"'Azlm-allah Khan Nazm al-Dawlah (a conferred title
meaning the order of the government), Mu'tamad al-Mulk
(another conferred title meaning the trusted one of the
land), Amir Bahadur Jank (a title usually conferred upon
generals and ministers of war which means the brave com-
mander of war ) ." Below the seal impressioTrarmemorandum.
in Persian readsf" Listed on the 20th of Rajab 1260 A. h,
(August 6, 1844 a. d.)," which perhaps indicates that the
codex was officially listed among other valuable possessions
of 'Azlm-allah Khan, or that he had listed it among other
books of the Royal Library.

A copy of the Qur'an written on loose leaves.

Folios 392; 6i inches by 4i inches; 15 lines to a page,
each 3 inches long, written on loose leaves of native paper
in late Kufi (cufic) in black ink with the vowels marked in
red ink. The titles of the surahs are written in red ink.
The beginnings of the surahs are crudely illuminated in
black, yellow, and red and the margins are decorated in the
same style. The leaves are loosely wrapped in a native
morocco wrapper of camel skin which fits into a morocco
carrying-case with a flap-cover and loop handles of braided
leather decorated in orange and green. Neither the name of

[3]

the scribe nor the date is given. The manuscript was tran-
scribed probably in North Africa during the first half of the
fourteenth century.

A complete copy of the Qur'an.

Folios 234; 12i inches by 8 inches; 11 lines to a page,
three lines in larger and eight lines in smaller characters,
the larger characters 4 inches long, and the smaller 3 inches
long; written in beautiful Naskh on thick native glazed
paper within gold, blue, and orange borders. The first two
pages are exquisitely illuminated in gold and colors with
highly decorative borders. The borders have delicate foli-
ated designs painted in gold. The headings of the surahs
are also illuminated and on the margins of almost every
page there are circular rosettes in gold and blue. The titles
of the surahs are written in white ink on a gold ground.
Twenty folios have been repaired and the last twenty-four
leaves, which are in a different handwriting, have been
added later. The binding is of original leather, the outside
covers of which are in maroon color and show a design of
a medallion and pendants, blind-pressed, and slightly gilded.
The inside covers have a similar design upon a black field.
Neither the name of the scribe nor the date is given. The
codex was copied probably in Iran during the early part of
the sixteenth century.

A complete copy of the Qur'an.

Folios 295 ; 13 inches by 9 inches ; 14 lines to a page, each
5i inches long ; written in bold Naskh on thick native glazed
paper, within red and blue-rulings. The first two pages

[4]

PLATE

rt^N

PAGE FROM A QUr'aN, PERSIAN, XVI CENTURY

(MS. No. 3)

contain decorated 'unwans, or title-pieces. The titles of the
surahs are written in red ink. There are some corrections
and additions throughout the text, in outer margins ruled
out in blue borders. The binding is of leather with flap,
and the outer covers show a medallion, pendants, and corner
angles designed in floral pattern. The inner covers are lined
with thick paper. Neither the name of the scribe nor the
date is given. It was copied probably in India during the
early part of the eighteenth century.

A complete copy of the Qur'an.

Folios 467; 101 inches by 61 inches; 11 lines to a page,
each 4 inches long; written in exquisite Naskh on thick native
paper, between gold interlineations within gold-rulings. The
titles of the surahs are written in white ink on gold ground,
and the borders are ornamented in gold. The first two pages
are illuminated in gold and colors. The codex has been re-
bound in a modern English binding on which the heavy Per-
sian lacquer covers have been preserved. The outside covers
are in medallion design with pendants above and below upon
a rectangular field gracefully decorated with tendril traceries.
The inside covers are ornamented with a bouquet design
upon a black background offset by decorative angles at the
corners. Neither the date nor the name of the scribe is
given.

The back flyleaf contains three seal impressions of former
owners stamped on the upper right margin of the page. Two
of these are impressions of the same small oval seal, and a
third is of a smaller square seal. They read :

1. Mustafa b. 'All Mu'min Juwayni, 1281 a. h. (1864

A. D).

(5]

2. Az karam-i-Khatun bint Habib ast, 1270 a. h.
(1853 a. d.),

which means: Through the benevolence of Khatun, the
daughter of Habib.

The back cover contains a bookplate of Clarence S.
Bemens. The copy was transcribed probably in India dur-
in the early or latter part of the eighteenth century.

A complete copy of the Qur'an.

Folios 227; 2 inches by 2 inches; 16 lines to a page,

written in extremely microscopic characters, within circles

drawn in red ink of the size of a silver dollar. The titles of

<# the surahs are written in red ink. The first eight folios,

which were added later, are in a different hand. Some of
the pages have been slightly repaired. The binding is of
plain dark-red, blind-pressed, and slightly gilded leather,
and is fitted into a silver case. Neither the date nor the
name of the scribe is given. The manuscript was written
probably during the eighteenth century.

This is the smallest copy in the collection. Qur'ans of
this size are worn on the arm as a talisman by pious Muslims.

A complete copy of the Qur'an.

Folios 257; 12 inches by 8 inches ; 15 lines to a page, each
5$ inches long; written in exquisite Naskh on native glazed
paper, within gold, blue, and green borders. The titles of
the surahs are inscribed in gold. The first two pages are

[6]

illuminated in blue, gold, and red, with gold and blue writ-
ings. The codex has been rebound in old green English
morocco binding with gilt edges. Neither the name of the
scribe nor the date is given. The front flyleaf bears the
autograph of a former German owner, " Johann Christian
. . . ," whose last name is not legible. His handwriting is
very poor and cannot be read. On the back cover the auto-
graph of Mrs. Riddell appears. Mrs. Riddell, according to
a letter pasted on the back flyleaf, was a friend and com-
panion of Robert Burns (1759-1796). This letter was
written from St. Margaret's Convent and bears the signa-
ture of F. M. Sales.

The copy, judging from the style of its illuminations, the
quality of its paper, and its writing, was transcribed prob-
ably in Turkey during the seventeenth century.

A beautiful and complete copy of the Qur'an.

Folios 62 ; lOi inches by 6 inches ; 39 lines to a page, each
line 4 inches long; written in excellent small Naskh enclosed
by gold, orange, and blue-rulings; soiled and much injured
by insects. Each folio has been carefully trimmed and
mounted on thick glazed paper. The titles of the surahs,
are written in red ink upon a gold background. The first
two pages are illuminated in gilt and in colors. The volume
contains marks for pauses, and the sections in it have been
designated by decorative headings. The binding is of
original stamped black leather, with inlaid blue leather
medallion, pendants, and matching side panels. Neither the
name of the scribe nor the date is given. The copy was made
probably in Iran during the latter half of the seventeenth
century.

[7]

An elegant and complete copy of the Qur'an.

Folios 310; 6 inches by 3t inches; 15 lines to a page,
each 2i inches long; written in exquisite Naskh enclosed by
gold, orange, and blue borders. The first two pages are
illuminated in gilt with rich borders of gold, filled in with
floral designs. The text is profusely heightened with gold
and is painted with diacritical marks in red ink, and there
are numerous ornamentations in gold and colors on the mar-
gins. The margins are wide, and a few of them have been
repaired. The titles of the surahs are written in white ink
ornamented with floral patterns on gold. The volume is
bound in a contemporary Turkish flap-binding of calf, the
sides of which are boldly stamped in relief with an intricate
geometrical pattern, the groundwork being filled with gold.
The manuscript is further protected by a straight grain
morocco slipcase. The name of the scribe, Ahmad al-Wahbl
b. 'All, an apprentice of Sayyid al-Haj j Muhammad Rahim,
and the date 1 189 A. h. ( 1775 a. d. ) are given in the colophon.

Sayyid Muhammad Rahim was a native of Karahisar. He
served in the army as a secretary, and was also a skillful
archer. He made a pilgrimage to Mecca; he died in 1197
a. h. (1782 a. d.). 1

A copy of the Qur'an.

Folios 294; 6 J inches by 4 inches; 15 lines to a page, each
2\ inches long; written in beautiful Naskh enclosed by gold-
ruled, blue, and red borders. The first and last pages are
illuminated, and the second page, which is usually illumi-

. * See page 498 of Tuhfah'i Khattatin, or the " Gift of Calligraphers," by
Mustaqim-Zadeh Sulayman Efendi, edited by Ibnul'emin Mahmut Kemal,
Istanbul, 1928.

[8]

nated, is missing. The titles of the surahs are written in
whne ink on a decorative background of gold and colors.
The first fifty-two and the last eighty-two folios have some
large wormholes on the margins. Illuminations in the form
of rosette medallions appear in places marking the ahzabs,
or the divisions of the text. The volume is bound in brown
morocco flap-binding with blind-pressed designs in gilt.
These gilded patterns on the exteriors of the covers consist
of a large oblong medallion with double pendants above and
below. The corner angles harmonize in style, and there is a
leaf-pattern border of gilt to frame the field

The scribe Dervish Muhammad ibn al-Hajj Ahmad,
statesmthe colophon that he was formerly an apprentice of
Qjanaqj-Zadeh and later of Hajj Yusuf, who had received
h« i training under the famous calligraphy Yedi Qulehli,

fu t £ e Wr ° te the present voIume for the mosque of
Shaykh Omar ,n Qaysariyyeh (Caesarea). The date of
transcription is 1 172 a. h. ( 1758 ad)

Muhammad ibn al-Hajj Ahmad was a native of Caesarea
yj't T17 t0W " hC Studied calI ^Phy under ChanaqjI-

:< U-- I i ate J W ? nt t0 Istanbul and became an apprentice
of Haj; Yusuf who had received his training under the

famous calhgrapher Yedi-Qulehli. After completing his
studies he returned to his native town and was attached to
the mosque of Shaykh <0mar where he was

2n QUr f \ "f iS Credited with havin & transcribed as
many as five hundred Qur'ans during his lifetime. Most of

these copies were placed with the booksellers of Istanbul,

and the scr.be himself visited the capital city once in two

y^rsm order t o obtain the necessary supplies and stationery.
He belonged to the Naqshbendi order of dervishes, and was

lEx£ :Q 1 ,»," (0 " e Wh ° C ° mmitS the Q" r ' an to m ^ory).
He died in 1181 a. h. (1767 a. d.). 1

' See Tuti. Kba). 388.

19)

A complete copy of the Qur'an.

Folios 600; 16i inches by 91 inches; 11 lines to a page,
each 5 inches long; written in large Naskh, on thin native
glazed paper, within gold-rulings, with an extra margin
ruled in gold. The titles of the surahs are written in red
ink. There are copious notes and comments written in Per-
sian in Nasta'liq on the margins. The opening pages are
elaborately illuminated in gold and colors, and are framed
by broad bands in different colors with floral traceries in
gold. The binding is of original Oriental tooled leather with
flap, having cusped floral medallions on the outer covers, and
plain red muslin in the inner covers. Neither the name of
the scribe nor the date is given, but the codex was copied
probably in Iran during the nineteenth century.

A complete copy of the Qur'an.

Folios 429 ; 91 inches by 6 inches ; 1 1 lines to a page, each
4 inches long; written in Naskh on native glazed paper with-
in red and blue borders. The titles of the surah are written
in red ink, and gold circles are inserted at the end of each
verse. The first and the last two pages are richly illumi-
nated in gold and colors. The volume has been rebound in
modern cloth binding with flap. Neither the name of the
scribe nor the date is given. The bookplate of Oliver Henry
Perkins has been pasted on the inside of the front cover.
The front flyleaf contains the following memorandum in
English: " Presented by SamI' al-IIusayn Khan, to Oliver
H. Perkins Esq. Agra, India, 30th December 1905." On
the back flyleaf the autograph of a former owner in Persian

[10]

reads: The handwriting of the poor, humble, sinful, the
servant of the poor, the dust of the feet, Hafiz Karam al-Oln
walad-i- (son of) Hafiz Sharaf al-Dln resident of Tepeh
Awmira. Written on the 10th of the month of Dhual-Hijjah
1246 a. h (May 22, 1831)/' The copy was made probably
in India during the later part of the eighteenth century.

An excellent copy of the Qur'an.

Folios 304; 61 inches by 4* inches ; IS lines to a page, each
2* inches long; written in exquisite Naskh enclosed by gold
red and blue-rulings. The first and the last two pages are
richly illuminated in gold and colors, with wide borders in
flora designs The margins are wide and highly decorated.
Hie titles of the surahs are written in white ink upon a gold

T^'Tl f, ThC J 01 "" 16 haS b6en b0Und * a ^temporary
Turkish binding of dark-brown leather heavily stamped in
gilt with a rectangular checker board design, having a flap of

l7l m TT als ° k Sta T? ed With ^ old - The colophon gives the
name of the scribe Al-Sayyid 'All al-Wasfl, formerly an
apprentice of Al-Sayyid Mustafa al-Mahsud, and later of
Muhammad al-Latif, and the date 12S9 a. h. (1843 a. d )
On the front and back flyleaf and on some of the folios the

!!! v t f Cr ° Wner is stam P €d » but the impression is
very light and not legible.

A beautiful copy of the Qur'an in which the first seven-
teen verses of the second surah are missing.

Jhl? 3 l 6; t 16 inche * by 10i inches; 12 Iines to a W

each 5i inches long; written on thick native glazed paper, in

beautiful Naskh within gold, blue, red, and orange borders.
The first three folios and the last folio are full-page illu-
minations in which gold and blue predominate. The titles
of the surahs are written in white ink upon gold ana! they
are rich in design and coloring. There are frequent rubric
headings and border decorations in delicate foliated design
painted in colors throughout the text. The copy has been
rebound in native stamped leather, which is probably the
work of the eighteenth century. The outside covers are of
black leather deeply pressed with a medallion figure, pen-
dants, corner angles, and paneled borders, gilded with a
tendril pattern in relief. The inside covers show a light-
brown leather, blind-pressed, with gold medallion, pendants,
and corner angles gilded in tendril pattern. The colophon
does not give the name of the scribe or the date. In a large
circular illuminated medallion, inserted at the end, a dedica-
tion written in large Naskh shows that the manuscript was
at one time donated to a public institution by Haj ji ' Ali
Toqati in the city of Shiraz. According to another dedi-
cation, written in large Thuluth on the upper margin of folio
11, the present Qur'an was once bequeathed to a mosque by
Qarah Mustafa Pasha.

Two Ottoman dignitaries are known by the name of Qarah
Mustafa Pasha. Their lives, as well as their names, run
parallel in many respects. They both attained the high office
of grand vizier, amassed great fortunes, and were both
executed by the order of their sultans while occupying that
dignified position.

The first of these was an Albanian by birth who had en-
listed as a private in the Ottoman army of the Janisaries.
He was soon elevated to the high rank of the Sakbanbashi
(a commander of a regiment of the Janisaries). In 1637
a. d., during a war against Iran, he besieged and captured
Erivan and was, therefore, given the title of the Agha (a
high command among the Janisaries) as a reward for his

[12]

PLATE III

ILLUMINATED OPENING PAril? no * ™, „*■?,,

U PAGE OF A QUR AN, PERSIAN, XVII CENTURY

(MS. No. 14)

courage and services. A year later, on December 24, 1638,
the grand vizier, Muhammad Pasha, was killed while en-
gaged in a battle at .Baghdad, and Sultan Murad IV (ruled
1623-1640 a. d.) appointed Mustafa to succeed the deceased
vizier. In 1640, at the accession of Sultan Ibrahim, he was
retained at his high post, and it was during the early years
of Ibrahim's reign that he put through certain reforms
which made him a famous statesman and reformer, as well
as a brave warrior. His reforms fall under three main
divisions : his monetary reforms, which were aimed at and
brought about the stabilization of the currency, his price-
fixing policies, which resulted in standardizing commodity
as well as foodstuff prices; and his administrative reforms,
which divided the country into principal provinces and well-
defined districts.

His influence and power over the rich class, and his firm
grip on the Janisaries, aroused the sultan's suspicion and he
was put to death by a royal decree on January 11, 1644. He
is said to have indirectly benefited by his monetary reforms.
At his death he was extremely rich and left about one hun-
dred and fifty thousand gold coins in cash. He is credited,
however, with contributing enormous sums to charity, erect-
ing several mosques and public baths, and making other
religious endowments. 1

The other Mustafa Pasha was the son of Awruj, who was
a Sipahl (a possessor of land and a commander of a local
army) at Merzifun, and died at the siege of Baghdad during
the reign of Murad IV. The young lad was taken over by
the grand vizier, Kuprull Muhammad Pasha, and received
his military training under this distinguished statesman.
Kuprull's son, Ahmad Pasha, married Mustafa's sister. In
this way Mustafa became connected with that well-known
family. We first hear of him in 1656, when he was appointed

1 See von Hammer, Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichea, S. 251 ff.

[13]

!£"* <» subst ««te to the grand vizier) to KuoruK
Ahmad, who had succeeded his father ;„ J; ro *- u P™li
soon gained the favor nf S„i7- I, t office ' Mu 5taffl

l«?7^ ~. amelavor °f Sultan Muqammad IV f ruled iLs
1687) and accompanied him on his huntine «L r
appointed the second vizier A. i,- TT* . P He was
grand vizier. I n 167 4 ZJ«? ^ Mk next t0 the
against Pobnd and Hun^v^'^ ? imseIf » wars
ouerorof Homonna AsS^f'f fame M «« «~
Shadijah, the second daughter o 'Ihe su^' •" ''^
and acquired the title of tie Darnad or ?"' '" -T™^
the sultan. ^amad, or the son-in-law of

During Mustafj's administration the Ottoman it •

enormous ^^SSS^TS^S fT*
governors and apnointerf ™w t ' not onI y fr om local
Bosnia, OW^ES r "J* aS the Govera or <*
tives of the forViTln^ ^^ bUt fr0m the ^senta-
gary, V^ZT^t^T"^ ^ aS Hu »-
ten thousand ecu s (J^t?\ I™ d t manded and «H*tod

lish Amba.sadTSX > m ^ f inCh ' "* ^
as unjust and hanTS ^ ere *> longer regarded
Mustafa's ru"e Sh* m * I**"* qUite "»*»1 tinder
one miffio^asteS Out t ? "* ^ a Hch "»» **9
shares of thetS, as we S a ^ f f eCti ° nS «* »
carefully set aside ^ ° f the « :rand vizi ^. were

county tistritrhl "* I"'' 3 "' aS tecribed *>y
limits. T^eVX and ££ """ a ' m ° St incredibl <
amounted to mnHon? tM- cT"" 6 " 48 of the w o™en
wife, rode in rcl^'3l ? i Sul{Sn ' the suItan ' s f avorite

rrand vizle" ZZ^olt 27 ^^ ° f siI ™ T <*
Finally, the prote™ aeatast i« ^ P ° mp and sh ™-

beyond the 'apacg oftnL 7^' *"? ^ reached
* war against H^^^^££ *-

led an army against these enemies. The grand vizier laid
siege to Vienna. This siege lasted three months, it was un-
successful, and caused his downfall. He was executed by
the sultan's order on December 25, 1683, after serving as
grand vizier for seven years. He left an enormous fortune.
At his death his harem consisted of five hundred concubines
and nearly as many slave girls. He built many mosques and
public baths in Istanbul and Kaysariya. 2

The present manuscript was undoubtedly first brought to
Turkey from Shiraz, and later, becoming the property of
one of the two Qarah Mustafas, was bequeathed to a
mosque. It must have been transcribed at the latest, there-
fore, either during the first or second half of the seventeenth
century.

A complete copy of the Qur'an.

Folios 335; 7\ inches; 15 lines to a page, each 2\ inches
long ; written in good Naskh within gold-rulings. The titles
of the surahs are written in large characters. The first two
pages are richly illuminated in gold and colors. The head-
ings of the surahs and periods at the end of verses are in
gold. The codex is rebound in plain green cloth flap-binding
partly torn on the back. The name of the scribe is Dervish
Mustafa al-Mevlevi, but no date appears on the colophon.
The following lines are written in Turkish by the scribe on
the last page; "Completed the seventeenth copy of the
Qur'an by the help of the Lord Almighty. Copied by Dervish
Mustafa al-Mevlevi, one of Shevqi Ef endi's apprentices —
may God forgive his sins and cover his misdeeds for the
sake of the Master of the Prophets."

The scribe, Dervish Mustafa, was a native of Edirneh

• See supra 6. 323 ff.

[15]

(Adrianople) and was the son of Muhammad Katkhuda,
who was for a long time employed in the government service.
His uncle, 'Abdl Dedeh, was the Shaykh of the Mevlevls
(followers of a religious order) of Egypt. He is said to
have joined the religious order at his uncle's prompting-
He died in 1171 a. h. (1757 a. d.). 1

A complete copy of the Qur'an with Persian translation.

Folios 217; 15 inches by 9* inches; 14 lines to a page,
each 6 inches long ; written in excellent Naskh on thick native
glazed paper within gold-rulings. The interlinear Persian
translation is written in red ink in legible Nasta'Hq of medium
size. The titles of the surahs are written in red ink. There
are notes and comments in Arabic and Persian on the mar-
gins. The first two pages are illuminated in gold and blue.
Many leaves have been repaired and some are soiled by
moisture and injured by worms. The binding is of original
Persian dark-brown leather with flap, and is blind-pressed
with a medallion design. Neither the name o£ the scribe nor
the date is given. The codex was transcribed probably dur-
ing the latter part of the sixteenth century. The front fly-
leaf contains the name of a Delhi priest, " Pandit Gobind
Purshad," in Arabic, Sanskrit, and English.

A complete copy of the Qur'an with a complete Persian
translation.

Folios 417; 11 inches by 6 inches; 14 lines to a page of
Arabic text, each 3i inches long; written in beautiful Naskh

* See Tuh. IQiat. S40.

[16]

THE OUTSIDE BACK COVER OP A LACQUERED INDIAN BINDING OF A
QUr'aN, DATED 1852 A.D.
(MS. No. 17)

on glazed paper enclosed by a border composed of red, blue,
and gold-rulings. A complete Persian interlinear translation
is written in red ink in fair Nasta'Hq. Comments and refer-
ences are written in the margins, and the lines of comment
have been separated by irregular gold-rulings. The first
two, the midde two, and the last two pages have been pro-
fusely illuminated in gilt and colors. The titles of the
surahs are written in white ink upon a gold background.
Rubrics on the margins indicate the ahzab, or the divisions
of the text. The volume has been bound in native lacquered
binding, which is elaborately decorated, both inside and out,
with gold and colored floral patterns upon a groundwork of
red, blue, green, and black, with gilt edges. The design and
style of decoration of the binding is Persian. The name of
the scribe Mulla Mustafa and the date 1269 a. h. (1852
a. d.) appears in the colophon. The copy was made appar-
ently in India.

A complete copy of the Qur'an with interlinear translation
in Persian.

Folios 397; Hi inches by 7 inches; 11 lines of Arabic
text to a page, each 44 inches long; written in beautiful
Naskh on native glazed paper. The Persian interlinear
translation is written in legible Nasta'liq-i-shikastah-amiz
style in red ink. The whole written surface of the page is
framed within gold and black borders with an extra mar-
ginal ruling in gold. The outer margins on some of the
folios contain circular ornaments of gold and blue with floral
designs. These circles serve as marks for certain divisions
of the text. Some folios bear patches and traces of repair
and others have sheets of paper pasted on the margins to
strengthen them. The first two pages are elaborately illu-

[17]

minated in Indian style in gold and colors. There are copi-
ous notes and comments in Persian and Arabic, largely
quotations from Mulla Fath-allah and Mulla Baha al-DIn,
on the margins. The codex has been rebound in an English
binding on which the original covers have been preserved.
The outer covers are of dark leather with flap and are blind-
pressed. They show a rectangular field decorated with geo-
metrical designs, and they are slightly dusted with gold.
The inside covers are of plain maroon leather.

No date is given in the colophon, but the scribe signs his
name in red ink as Mir Mahmud, walad-i- (son of ) Mir
Muhammad 'All b. Mir Qasim, b. Mir Husayn, b.Mir
Ahmad, b. Mir Sa'id, b. Mir Hajji, b. Mir Sayyid Husayn
Qumi (a native of the city of Kum, Iran) , Ridawi (a
descendant of Imam Rida), and Taqawi (a descendant of
Imam Muhammad Taqi) , who how rests in peace in the city
of Kashmir." In spite of the long genealogy given by the
scribe his identity cannot be established. However, accord-
ing to the list of his forefathers he was of Iranian descent
and lived in Kashmir, where the present transcription was
probably made during the second half of the seventeenth or
the early part of the eighteenth century.

An incomplete copy of the Qur'an which begins with the
fortieth verse of the eighth surah and runs into the ninth
surah but leaves it incomplete. Then it follows with the
twenty-third surah, which is also left incomplete, and con-
tinues with the twenty-fourth surah complete, and the first
twelve verses of the twenty-fifth surah.

Folios 173; 81 inches by 6 1 inches ; 4 lines to a page, each
3£ inches long; written in large Thuluth on thick native
paper. The first two pages and folios 94 and 95 are illu-

[18]

ILLUMINATED OPENING PAGE OP A nn. 1 ?

(MS. No. 1 7 )

minated. Many leaves are soiled by moisture and several
have been repaired. There are marginal decorations in gilt
and colors. The volume has been rebound in an old plain
leather binding which is in poor condition. Neither the
name of the scribe nor the date is given. A memorandum
in English pasted on the back of the leather cover reads :
" A volume of the Koran, from surah 8 verse 42 to surah
25 verse 14, written in the characters called Kay Khani
(Rayhani). Purchased by me in Tehran A. d. 1878." The
signature below this writing is that of J. Basset. 1 The
manuscript was copied probably during the sixteenth century.

A collection of a few surahs of the Qur'an, beginning with
the thirty-first verse of the fifty-first surah and comprising
the following six surahs.

Folios 1 1 ; 8i inches by 51 lincnes ; 14 lines to a page, each
31 inches long; written in excellent Naskh on native glazed
paper enclosed by borders of red-rulings. The binding is of
black leather in medallion design with double pendants above
and below. The inside of the covers has been lined with
plain paper. The name of the scribe and the date of tran-
scription are not given. The front cover contains a book-
plate of Oliver Henry Perkins. On the front flyleaf the
death of Karbala'i Muhammad Husayn Qasim-Abadi on the
4th day of Juma II 1299 A. h. has been recorded in Persian
by a former owner. The manuscript was transcribed prob-
ably in Iran during the eighteenth century.

1 See manuscript No. 37 of this Collection.

[19]

the patron of Sa'di, the well-known poet of Iran w. fc m
the same office himself after his fath^delth He der,™d
his surname from Al-Bayda, or the White, the Arabie name

5* ^2^''T: fter a r picuous ' =!

has also wntten a history in Persian entitled, S al
Tawarikh, which has not been published. AmL his other
works mentioned by Hamd-allah M„„f. nmon S nls other
writer are the U: i? , °,, Mu stawfi, a contemporary

aTAnwL and M^ J , ,^ U?fi '' Qb5yat ^^ T*^
vert Ibl ?he ? f i al - A J w5 b. ! There is some contro-
to the T I u 5Z* date 0f Brawl's death. According

? • The ^-1 ^'f' a ," d died there in 685 A - h. (1286

of htliflJ^ a l' A t im ' whicha k^ontains an account
of his hfe, puts his death at 716 a. h. ( 1316 A. d ) <

O Hek1r ar t TanZa WaS edited in two flumes by H
O. Fleischer ,n Leipzig 1846 . lm j J «•

ma7hia r taT •" IStanbU '' ™* * 128S A <W
commLtarvrrH- 3 -""'f ^ " nd eXpWio » ° f *e

in Xh h Li) c y t W ' °" the ' hird SQrah > was P« b 'i^d
n E.nglish by D. S. Margohouth, London 1894. There are

Z ?e°rl C „ r : t,Cal W< "" kS 0D BaydaWl ' S ~' ! « "-fe

each 0l 4°J S37 h ; ! f !nCheS by H inches -' 33 *» «° a page
gbzedlh "f" ! ng A 7 itten in '^"le Naskh on nSve'

rewritten t/??* * P3geS t0Ward the end h «e been

daiaSb^i ;„ ff r n Ther st - Some fo,ios have b -

8 y moisture. There are cop.ous notes and quota-

' BS). Khal. I. 469.81 ' '' edlted ^ Brow >* (London 1910).

'SeeEthi, Desc. Cat 1.

[21J

•

tions on the margins from Mawlana Khusraw B and other
authorities. The verses of the Qur'an are written in red
ink, and the titles of the surahs in large Thuluth in red. The
frontispiece and the title-page are illuminated in gold and
colors, and red-rulings frame the text. A partly torn index,
indicating the number of pages, apparently a later addition,
is written in red ink and prefixed to the volume. The original
gilt-stamped leather binding has been wrapped in a silk bag.
The gilded patterns on the exterior of the covers comprise a
large oblong medallion with double pendants above and below,
with corner angles harmonizing in style, and a border of gilt
framing the field. The interior of the covers is of dark-
brown leather with an ornamented blind-pressed central
medallion in gilt on a green ground offset by four pendants.
The top and the lower parts of the medallion are extended
by straight gilt lines to meet the gold-rulings which frame
the field. The last pages have been rewritten, and the name
of the first copyist and the date of transcription do not
appear. The name of the last calligrapher is also not given.
It was written probably during the latter part of the four-
teenth or the early part of the fifteenth century.

The first volume of an abridged commentary oi the above-
listed work of Al-Baydawi, without a title.
It begins :

The author, whose name is given at the end of the volume
as Al-'Imadi, states in his preface that he first saw a copy of
Al-Baydawi's Anwar al-Tanzu in a friend's possession,
while he was traveling with him on a pilgrimage to Mecca.

8 The author of the well-known commentary Durar al-tfukkam, who died in
885 a. h. (1480 a. d.).

[22]

Upon examining ,t carefully, he found it to be too long and
bulky. He therefore started preparing a resume of ft for
h.s own use. After the completion of the work, however he

£&* - it r pk r Muslims profit * to ~ £

nrW I ' ; ,y rned ° Ut to be much Sorter than the
ongmal, and could easily be carried around by the travelers"
As the name of the author does not appear in full and as

Stan: r?K n w ? ers by that ™™' * is ^ o

ascertain to winch 'Imad the present work belongs It is
T^db VS f^f al " Din AbQ al "'Abbaf Ahmad

on fWi f ' (1405a - d )- He has left other works

asslt.T r-°. f ,T hich iS Iisted ^ Rieu -' Or it may be
nt.W n ma \ b - ° mar b - Kat - hIr al-Damashqf ( a

^ry on the O^"^^^^^.^

ttatX a h " S ° Ibn aI --' Imad ' and this a ™-* *»« •»£ ion
flbt the abndgment might have been made by him. TWs

ToresTXr 011 Why i at thC ^ ° f the ~ -*. h -
voZ Sff. k ^ Stat6S that this is «* fi "t
lu W -?; • I'' 1 " WIth0Ut 8 ivin S the f u » "^e of the
auttor or quotmg the complete title of the book.

No other copy of this work has been listed in anv of the
catalogues of the well-known collections. ffitf ^ahflh

ir au XT r abridgment ° f the A «^ S? S

b M^aTm^ I • aS™;"? ? tHe W ° rk ' * a Muhammad
Tmf, ,^? ?r • AW al " Ra h™an, commonly known as

who^ed^r ^.-f ! al - Q5hiri ( anati -of clfro)
aulr has hi! ^ *' A A ""*' ***<> ««««* ° f As

* See tf3 U 'l£ha!.' t*4M "'' " See Ah,wardt » Berlin Cat. 1 1. 379.

4 See page 163 of the Arabic edition of this work by Hitti, New York, 1927.

[23]

Folios 17.3 J lUt inches by 61 inches ; 29 lines to a page,
each 41 inches long ; written in neat Naskh on native glazed
paper. The titles of the surahs are written in black and the
verses in red ink. Copious notes, references, and correc-
tions are made on the margins. Some leaves have been re-
paired, others have wormholes in them. The codex has been
rebound in plain boards bearing decorations in black ink on
the outside covers. The name of the scribe appears on the
colophon as Muhammad b. Muhammad b. .'All b. Muham-
mad b. Al-'Imad. The date of transcription 880 a. h.
(1475 a. d.) appears on the lower left-hand corner of the
last folio, at the end of a memorandum which has been
written by the same scribe. It states that permission for
the writing of the work was granted by the Shaykh al-Imam
Abu al-< Abbas Ahmad b. Abu <Abd-allah Muhammad al-
'Omar al-Wasiti. The identity of this last-named person has
not been established, but from his title of the Shaykh al-
Imam he occupied undoubtedly a high position among the
religious leaders of his time. This memorandum further
strengthens the assumption that the author of the work and
the scribe were one and the same person.

III. VARIOUS READINGS OF THE QUR'AN

Al-Muqaddimat al-Jazariyyat

A well-known treatise in verse on the art of the correct,
harmonious, and melodious reading of the Qur'an, written
by Abu al-Khayr Muhammad b. Muhammad al-Jazari.

[24]

The author was born at Damascus in 752 a. h. {1351
A, d) . He made a pilgrimage to Mecca and on his way back
went to Cairo where he lived for some time. He returned
to his native town and was made a qadl, or judge. Later, he
moved into Asia Minor, and was presented at the court of
Sultan Bayezid I of Turkey, and this sultan received him
with great respect and honor. He was still at Bayezid's
court when the war broke out with Tamerlane. At Bayezid's
defeat he was taken to Samarkand by Tamerlane. After the
latter's death he settled in Shiraz, where he was reappointed
qadl. He spent the last years of his life in traveling, made
several pilgrimages to Mecca and Medina, and died in Shiraz
in the year 833 a. h. (1429 a. d.). 1

His Muqaddimat, the best known of his works, which is
described below, has been lithographed in Cairo, and num-
erous commentaries have been written on it. He has also
written a history in verse, surveying the life of the Prophet
and the four Khallfahs down to the times of Bayezid I
which is entitled Dhat al-Sharif .

Folios 69; 8 inches by 4f inches; 19 lines to a page, each
21 inches long; written in Naskh on glazed paper in red,
green, and black ink, within gold-rulings. The opening page
contains an illuminated ,'unwan in gold and colors. In addi-
tion, there are many rubrications and decorative title-pieces.
Copious notes and comments are written in margins which
are framed by gold borders. The original Oriental flap-bind-
ing is m brown leather, the outside covers of which are blind-
pressed with an elongated floral medallion and pendants, all
framed in gilt borders. The inside covers are lined with
pink paper. The name of the scribe, Hafiz Abu Bakr b.
Sulayman, and the date 1240 a. h. (1824 a. a), are written
in red ink in the colophon.

1 See Huart, Hist, of Arabic Lit. 3S6-7, and tfaj. KJial. 6. 78.

[25]

IV. PRAYERS

Kitab al-Du'a.

A collection of prayers in Arabic with titles written in
Turkish, containing some of the surahs of the Qur'an.

Folios 1 58 ; 61 inches by 4i inches ; 1 1 lines to a page, each
2i inches long; written in good Naskh, on native glazed
paper, within red, black, and gold-rulings. The titles of
prayers are written in Turkish in red ink upon a gold ground.
There are several 'unwans in gold and colors and fifty-nine
illustrations of religious nature also in gilt and colors. The
binding is of dark-brown leather with flap, blind-pressed in
medallion design with pendants above and below. The
name of the scribe Ibrahim al-Hamidi Behjet, and the date
1198 a. h. (1783 a. d.) are given in a decorative circle on
the colophon. On the back flyleaf the dates of births of five
sons with their first names are written in poor Riq'ah hand-
writing, but the owner's own name does not appear.

Dala'il al-Khayrat

A copy of the well-known devotional work, consisting of
a collection of prayers by Abu 'Abd-allah b. Sulayman al-
Jazull, who died in 870 a. h. (1465 a. d.). 1

1 See ^aj. Khal. 3. 235 ; and Brockelmann 2, 2S2-3.

[26]

Folios 94; 6 inches by 4 inches ; 1 1 lines to a page, each
2 inches long; written in excellent Naskh on native glazed
medium weight paper, within borders of red, black and
heavy gold. Headings are exquisitely decorated in floral
patterns in gilt and colors. A richly illuminated 'unwan in
gold and colors adorns the opening page. Two water-color
paintings on folios 14b and 15a, depicting the Holy Cities of
Mecca and Medina, are framed in gilt borders. Notes and
corrections are written on each page in an extra margin
ruled in gold. The last folio contains a decorative tail-piece

in gold and colors. The leather binding is highly decorated.
The outside covers are gilded and elegantly designed with
a medallion, pendants, and matching corner angles. The in-
side covers are of simple dark-red leather. The name of the
scribe Ahmad Rifqi, and the date 1200 a. h. (1785 a. d.)
appear in the colophon.

The scribe Ahmad Rifqi was a native of Istanbul and was
the Imam (priest) of the Mosque of Mir Akhur. He had
his apprenticeship in calligraphy under Sayyid 'Abd-allah
Akah. 2

27
A copy of the same work.

Folios 99; 6i inches by 4 inches; 11 lines to a page, each
2\ inches long; written in fairly legible Naskh on rough
grain thick paper in black and red ink. There are two illu-
minated title-pieces and two full-page crude designs depict-
ing the Holy Cities, which are framed with borders in gold
and colors. The codex is bound in an original oriental flap-
folding of dark-brown leather. The outside covers are
blind-pressed and the inside covers are lined with paper.
The name of the scribe, Mahmud al-Kurdi b. Rasul, and

•See Tub. SOiaf. 89.

[27]

the date 1196 a,e (1781 a.d.) appear in the colophon.
The back flyleaf contains the bookplate of Ltither Brewer.

A copy of the same work.

Folios 104; 61 inches by 4 inches; 11 lines to a page, each
2 inches long; written in excellent Naskh in red and black
ink, on native glazed paper within double borders of gold.
The opening four pages contain two exquisitely illuminated
'unwans and gold interlineations. In addition there are
several illuminated smaller title-pieces and two illustrations
in water-colors, depicting scenes from the Holy Cities of
Mecca and Medina, which are framed in gold-rulings. The
original leather flap-binding is of maroon color, with blind-
pressed checkerboard design and ornamented gilt borders.

The name of the scribe, Ahmad al-Nazifi, an apprentice
of Husayn al-Wahbi, and the date 1231 a. h. (1815 a. d.)
appear in a decorated circular tale-piece on the last folio.
The front flyleaf contains a circular small seal impression
of a former owner which reads : " Bendeh (the slave)
Edhem al-Wasfi Nuri, 1302 a. h. (1884 A. d.)." The back
flyleaf contains an inscription by Shaykh al-Hajj Muham-
mad Nuri Shams al-Din Naqshbend (belonging to the
Naqshbend! order of dervishes), the caretaker of the tomb
of Yahya Ef end!, certifying the acceptance of the scribe to
the order. Below this memorandum there is a circular seal
impression bearing the Qur'anic verse : " La-ilaha-ill-allah
Muhammad Rasul-allah (There is no God but Allah, and
Muhammad is His Prophet)." Then five letters of the
alphabet, Mim, $ad, Nun, 'Ayn, and Qaf are inserted be-
tween the two parts of the verse. These are evidently the
abbreviated titles of the Shaykh showing his rank in the

order.

[28]

V. CHRISTIAN PRAYERS
29

§alat Bakir al-Nahar

" Peace be unto Thee, O Mary " y£ ""'" ° r

fairly legible Naskh»nlr ! cheS ion ^ writt en in

in red and black tfk T^T °" tUdt " ative ^ Pl-r
and Coptic in red "„i The "* T tten b ° th is *»*

coptie wnti";„i f ™b: a r:-r hundred fu » «j» <*

the Arabic teft. TWe^ZLf ut '" ^ thrOU ^ hout
miniatures, woX**^ f u ""Pp crudely executed

Child, MdnS? ^ l h !. Father ' tbe ***» a °d

Page iUuminai and eill H t,0 "'- there ™ £ * ht f ««-
and colors. ThecLexttl ^f"* headin ^ s in P*>
with flap, wWchl; Zt7 ^" nd in oId brow " m ^occo
pendants'aote a nd fi^ST* '" gi " medaUion d «%",
in style and deration T^, "T an ? ks harmonizing

an old morocco s^se which t\T !? ' "^ Pr0teed *
design. Neither fh^TSt" W !" d -P ressed » medallion
but the copy was made problolv n^T^ 6 ** iS »*"•
teenth century The L,t * ^ dunn S the <*ven-
Bateman and Robert £ C ° atainS "* boo ^* rt *» of

[29J

VI. LAW

' V 'r7v30-;V". ;: "' : '^ \'

Multaqa al-Abhur
A treatise on the Hanaf I law by Ibrahim al-!Halabi.

The author, Burhan al-Dln b. Muhammad b. Ibrahim
al-Halabi (a native of Aleppo), studied in his native town
and in Cairo. He was appointed the preacher of the mosque
of Sultan Muhammad, and taught in the religious school,
Dar al-Qira'a, of Mufti (judge) Sa'di Chelebl in Istanbul.
He died in 956 a. h. (1549 a. d.), when he was ninety
years old. 1

Folios 265; 71 inches by 41 inches; 15 lines to a page,
each 2 inches long; written in fairly legible Nasta'liq, on
glazed paper, within heavy gold-rulings. The written por-
tion of the folios measures 4$ inches by 2 inches, and many
additions and corrections have been written on the wide mar-
gins. The titles have been inscribed in larger characters in
red ink. An index of the contents accompanies the text.
The binding is of brown leather with flap and is blind-
pressed in gilt. The central figure on the outside covers
consists of a medallion in floral pattern framed by gold bor-
ders. The inside of the covers has been lined with plain
paper. The name of the scribe is not given but the date
1 102 a. h. ( 1690 a. d.) appears in the colophon. The hand-
writing and the signature of a former owner, Shaykh al-
Islam Sayyid 'Abd-allah, who is commonly known as Pirl-

1 A number of commentaries have been written on his above-listed work for
which see J3&j. Khal. 6. 102-6, and Brockelmann 2.432. A French translation of
the work was published by M. H. Sauvaire, Marseille 1882.

\m . ■■'■'.'."■

Zadeh, appear on the front flyleaf . On the back flyleaf a

■2tt3"" tf*** **"" manUSCript ^s purchased
at the auction of the property of grand vizier Husayn Pasha

VII. GRAMMAR

U*J) JL^ ItXil) J*

Qa{r al-Nada wa Ball al-§ada
Hkh h am WeI1 " kn ° Wn grammar of ' A M-aiah b. Yusuf Ibn

1 ? ^ ■ ceIebrated grammarian Abfl Hayyan. He
sud,ed theology and taught Qur'anic exegesis at giro. He
d.ed in 761 a. h. (13S9 a. »). His above-mentioned gram!
mar was ti-anslated into French under the title of « La Pluie
de Rosfe/- by A. Goguyer and published in Leyd«U887
Ibn Hicham has also written the Mughni al-Labib, a treatise
on .syntax which has been printed bo* at Cairo and Te^n

Sammaf Wri " en ^ W ° rks ' a " dea,il * with

Folios 50; 8J inches by 6i inches; 25 lines to a page, each

Sk on i r g; , wri f n in le&iWe Nask - h in ""* - d « d

>nk, on native glazed paper of medium weight. Two folios

S^trs ted and some have ^ **■* £££

by moisture. There are copious notes on the margins which

rebo e und1„Tr n K in T ' ^^^ ^ cod - ^
rebound » a nap-bmdmg of paper boards with leather back

Nether the name of the scribe nor the date is given On

[31]

the front flyleaf several verses of Arabic poetry are copied,
and the name of a former owner, Yusuf ibn al-Shaykh
Muhammad al-Jamali, and the date 1170 a. h. (1756a. d.)
have been recorded. The manuscript was copied probably
in Syria during the seventeenth century.

VIII. RHETORIC

32 -■

Al-Mukhtasar f I ( Iim al^Ma'anl

A treatise on rhetoric by the famous Mulla Sa'd al-Dln
Mas'ud b. 'Omar, commonly known as Al-Taftazanl, who
died in 792 a. h. (1389 a. d.). The work is divided into
three parts, and each part is subdivided into smaller sections.
For a complete table of contents see Ethe, Desc. Cat. 32-3.

Folios 156; Si inches by 5 inches; 21 lines to a page, each
21 inches long ; written in neat Naskh, on native glazed paper,
in three different handwritings within gold borders. Some
pages have been repaired and rewritten in Nasta'liq. There
are copious notes and corrections in Persian and in Arabic,
written diagonally across the margins, some in Naskh and
some in Nasta'liq. The opening page contains an exquisite
title-piece in gold and blue. The binding is of red leather,
blind-pressed with the design of a medallion and pendants
on the outside covers and covered with plain paper in the

inside.

Neither the name of the scribe nor the date of transcrip-
tion is given. The front flyleaf contains a memorandum of
a former owner written in beautiful Nasta'liq in Arabic

[32]

which/reads.: " I acquired this volume by purchase, through
legal means. I, the criminal servant Muhammad TaqI ibn
al-Ahmad al-KazramV' The line underneath this has" been
blacked with ink, but the seal impression of Muhammad
Taqi and the date 1242 a. h. (1826 a. d.), which appear
below it, are clearly legible. Folio la contains some verses
in Arabic and Persian and the seal impression of a former
owner, Muhammad Shafr, which besides the name bears
the date 1052 a. h. (1642 a.d.). Underneath this seal a
memorandum in Arabic in the handwriting of a second
owner states : «< I bought this manuscript from Muhammad
Shaf i'." The signature and the seal impression which fol-
low have been rubbed off and are not legible. One other seal
impression has been badly stamped and its contents are not
clear. The manuscript was copied probably in Iran during
the end of the sixteenth or the beginning of the seventeenth
century.

IX. MANUSCRIPT OF MIXED CONTENTS

^ A composite volume, without a title, containing the follow-
ing works:

I. (Begins on folio 3b)

Ta'lim al-Muta'allim f 5 Tariq al-Ta'allum

A celebrated treatise in Arabic on the science of pedagogy,
and the means of acquiring it, by Imam Burhan al-Din Al-
ZarnujI. It is divided into thirteen chapters and was writ-
ten, according to Huart and Brockelmann, about the year

[33]

600 a. h. (1203 a. p). There are several commentaries on
it written by various Arab and Turkish writers. A well-
known Turkish translation of it has been made by Shaykh
<4bd al-Majid b. Nusuh b. Isra'il, and it is called " Irshad
al-Talibin f i Ta'lim al-Muta'allimin." It has been edited
and published in Latin under the title of Enchiridion Studiosi
by H. Reland in 1.709, .and by K. P. Caspari in 1838. 1

II. (On folio 33b)

Arba'in .-

The forty sayings of the Prophet Muhammad rendered
into Persian verse by Jam!, 2 the well4cnown poet of Iran.
The poem, according to its concluding verses, was composed
in 886 a. h. (1481 a. d.).

The Prophet's sayings in Arabic have been inscribed in
red ink in separate panels, and serve as captions to the Per-
sian verses which follow them.

III. (On folio 39b)

A religious qasidah or ode, in Arabic, without a title,
by Shaykh 'Ali al-Din Turkistani (a native of Turkistan)
which begins:

IV. (On folio 46b)

Qasidat Yaqul al-'Abd

A religious qasidah written by Imam Siraj al-Din 'All b.
'Othman al-Awshi al-Firghani, which was composed, accord-

»See Haj. Khal. 2.325; Huart, Hist, of Arabic Lit. 289; and Brockelmann
t.462.
8 See page 135 of this Catalogue.

[34]

ing to Flugel 8 in the year 569 a. h. (1173 a.©.), Ilajjl
Khallf ah states that the poem contains sixty-six verses,' and
the one listed by Fliigel has only sixty-five verses, but the
present qasldah consists of sixty-seven verses. There are
many Arabic and Turkish commentaries on this poem, and a
commentary in Latin was published by Peter von Bohlen in
Konigsberg 1825.

V. (On folio 43b)

Two pages of prose quotations in Arabic, which consist
of the sayings of the Prophet and of the Imams.

VI. (On folio 53b)

Nisab al-Sibyan

A well rhymed Arabic-Persian vocabulary, with a short
preface, by Abu Nasr-i-Farahl.

This well-known vocabulary was a popular textbook in
the schools in Iran. Very little is known about its author. He
died, according to Browne, in 1242 a. d. He wrote a rhymed
treatise in Arabic on Hanafite Jurisprudence. 4 According
to Hajji Khallf ah, Farahi has also composed a poetical ver-
sion of the Jami' al-§aghra of Shaybani in 617 a. h. (1220

A. D.). 8

8 See Fliigel, Vienna Cat. 3. 95.

* See Browne, Lit. Hist, of Persia 2. 488.

5 See Haj. IChal. 2. 559, 6. 346; and Rieu, B. M. P. C 504.

[35]

VII. (On folio 73b)

4J| JaisaJ] SeX^,aJl
Al-Qasldat al-Tantaraniyyat

A poem written by Mu'In al-Dln 'All Na§r Ahmad b.
f Abd al-Razzaq al-Tantaram, in praise of Nizam al-Mulk.

It begins :

The poet Tantarani, a professor at Nizamiyyah College
at Baghdad, was a friend and a protege of Nizam al-Mulk,
the famous vizier at the court of the Seljuq rulers Alp Arslan
and Malikshah. He wrote a number of qasldahs, some of
which have been commented upon by the Western writers. 8

VIII. (On folio 77a)

Al-Qasldat al-Nazirah

A poem written in the same rhyme as the above-listed
qasidah. It is, as its name implies, a nazlrah, or a parallel
to the previous poem.

It begins :

The poet's name is not given. The poem may have been
written by another poet in imitation of Tantarani's qasidah,
or may have been composed by Tantarani himself.

Folios 84, of which 20 are blank; 8 inches by 4i inches;
written in Nasta'llq of various sizes by different copyists.

6 See Brockelmann 1.252; and Dawlat§hah 27.

[36]

£ wrhteSi ^H 19 , KneS t0 a Pa * e ' each 2i **«

£"« Stft ?J; e titles of chapters and

notes™ rtJ ™T, • ° t ^ There "* corre «ions and
sons Tht h ^ nS '" the handwrit i«g °f different per-
sons^ The bindmg ls of brown leather with flap, and is
blind-pressed .„ gold. The outer covers show a central
njeda hon design within gilt borders. The ins.dlcove s a "
of 1 T ^^ Ndther the date nor «* ««« of any

itssTons^f'^T' ThC fr ° nt flyIeaf COntains the -'

Zsearwhifh f f 0W " erS - ° ne 0f these < a sma "

pl« r^idl -T Tt!f-^, the Upper r « ht coraer of the

ftf fourth Wh IrTw:' A " ( ° ne Wh0 has fai * » 'AH,
the fourth Khahfah) Ahmad al-IChaliqi." Two lines of

handwntmg above the seal have been rubbed off T h1

SATV -. v V the ,eft - «** »-e

of Glorv " buf ^ : ", ~ ha al - Jala ''" ° r ' " ° The Lom
appears on nt „^/r "^ °" e ° ther seaI ira P res «on

mE1V°a,- « ,° 3b T d bel0ngs t0 a f0 ™ er owner,
Muhammad Ah Mushtaq, but contains no legend or date
The m.nu s t ^ fa / ° r da J

century *«*»«» ° r the beginni «* of the e 4teenth

X. FRAGMENTS

4nmngo;C d ^ fra ™^ — "ipt without

wto Zfnf a C °"" tion of ^clesiastical stories dealing
with hves of Chnstian monks of the Nestorian Church

Nt e torr n eS p° f t Ant0 , ny ° f ***• •"* the two well toot
Nestonan Patriarchs Timothy and Gregory and other

samtsarefr^uentfy mentioned. From its content tnfrn^u-

[37J

script appears to be an abridged translation into Arabic from
the Syriac version of either the " Paradise," * or " Lives of
Holy Men," of Palladius, Bishop of Hellenopolis, 2 or of the
" Paradise " of Joseph Huzaya, both of whom lived during
the fifth century. This attribution, however, is not certain.

Folios 59; 91 inches by 6 inches; 25 lines to a page, each
5 inches long; written in legible Naskh on thick parchment
in black ink which has turned yellow with age. There are
circular marks in red ink at the end of sentences. The bind-
ing and many folios from the beginning and from the end
are missing. From the style of its calligraphy, and the
quality of the parchment on which it has been written, it may
safely be placed around the eleventh or twelfth century.

35 .

Umm al-Barahin

A fragmentary manuscript which is a treatise on religious
faith written by Imam Sayyid Abu 'Abd-allah Muhammad
b. Yusuf b. Husayn al-Santisi, who died in 892 a. h. (1486
a. d.) . Hajji Khalif ah lists this work both under the above
title and under the title of 'Aqa'id al-Sanusi * and places the
author's death in 895 a. h. (1489 a. d.). The 'Aqa'id is a
useful work on which various commentaries have been writ-
ten. It contains an elaborate explanation of the tawhid, or

» The " Paradise » of Palladius contained the lives of the Western ascetic^
and the "Paradise" of Joseph Huzaya contained the lives of the ^ East .era
ascetics. See " The Historica Monastica" of Thomas, Bishop .of Marga 2. 193,
edited and translated into English by E A Wallis Budge, ^on 1893.

8 The original name of this town was A^4«», but was changed to EXX^oM,
because Helena, Constantine's mother, was born there. See 2.194 supra.

^eeHaj. ghat 1.439-40.

[38]

-tL^ tl h J attribUteS ° f the Mt * **" <•»* to the

religion of Islam.

8 inch« i 61 « ^ l°' i0S c 9 inCheS by ? incheS > and 32 f °»<*
8 inches by 6i mches; S lines to a page, the lines of the

former group 4 inches long and of the latter 4i inches long.

Written m Maghrib! style of Naskh on loose leaves of thfn

SeriinT ' and t hardly kgible h ^dwriting. It contains
mer .near corrections and notes on the margins. Many
folios are missing from the beginning and from the end

Ihe binding is missing, and the folios are enveloped in a
amel skm eo ver with string ^ ^.^ P «a

scribe nor the date is given. The manuscript was written
probacy ln North Af rica dur; the s . P ^

[39]

PERSIAN MANUSCRIPTS
I. ASTRONOMY

A treatise on astronomy by Muhammad Ri<la Munaj jim-
Bashl (chief astronomer), especially compiled for Fath-'AK
Shah of Iran (ruled 17974834 a. d.).

A short preface, containing definitions of technical terms,
introduces the work. After a long eulogy on the Shah, the
scribe mentions that Munaj jim-Bashi, who had devoted some
time to the study of mathematical sciences, composed the
present work at the request of the Shah in Tehran.

The volume contains numerous tables indicating the posi-
tions of the moon and the stars, calculated by the chief
astronomer himself. Useful explanations are inserted to
facilitate the use of these tables in connection with the ob-
servations made. In addition, there are several figures
representing the globe, and these figures are divided into
Sections to designate the various climates and the effects
resulting from the different positions of the planets. The
work seems to be quite original but it undoubtedly contains
much material borrowed from its traditional forerunners.

Folios 22 ; 17i inches by 12 inches ; written partly in beau-
tiful Nasta'llq and partly in legible Shikastah, on thick paper
with a creamy tinge, and outlined by gold margins. The
opening folios form a double-page illumination, and each is
decorated by an 'unwan, or title-piece, in gold and colors.
Some leaves are torn and have for this reason been strength-
ened with patches ; many are damaged by wormholes. There
are numerous astronomical and astrological tables in black

n in

and Ted-rulings. The headings of tables are written ir
^ulutji style of handwriting in red and less often in black
1 he original binding is missing, and the volume has been re-
bound ..in modern cloth of olive color. Neither the date nor
the name of the scribe is given. The manuscript was prob-
ably written during the early years of Fath-'Ali Shah's reign

II. GEi^EALOGY

Genealogical tables of the prophets and the principal
Eastern dynasties, without title or author's name. The con-
tents of the first portion of this manuscript agree with a
similar work which has been listed among the Turkish
manuscripts on page 153 of this catalogue. The last por-
tion of the manuscript contains the genealogical tables of the
j?afavi, Afshar, and Qajar dynasties, and the genealogy is
brought down to the reign of the ruling monarch Fath-'Ali
Shah Qajar.

The present work, in addition, contains a preface in which
the writer, whose name is not given, states that the manu-
script was based upon a similar work on genealogy, written
in Turkish by Yusuf b. 'Abd al-Lafif, entitled: "Tawankh
wa Siyar-i-Anbiya wa Akhbar-i-Suluk~i-Muluk/' and dedi-
cated to Sulayman the Sultan of Turkey. A copy of this
1 urkish work, which, according to the preface, was in truth
nothing more than a translation of an original manuscript in
Persian which had been lost, was brought by some merchants
to the city of Erivan in the year 1078 a. h. (1667 a d )
The Governor of Erivan, §af I-Qull Khan, upon examining
its contents realized that it was a translation of the missing
Persian manuscript. He therefore lost no time in having it
translated back into the Persian language, and he dedicated

[41]

It to the ruling monarch of his time, Shah Sulayman §af avi.
The remaining portion of the preface gives some detailed
account of the various dynasties for which genealogical
tables are drawn, and these in general agree with the above-
mentioned Turkish manuscript in this Collection.

Folios 43; 13 inches by 8 inches; written in beautiful
Nasta'llq on thick native glazed paper of ivory finish, and
framed by green borders. Folios lb and 2a contain the
preface, and they are written diagonally across the pages.
The quotations from the Qur'an and some titles are written
in red ink. The genealogical tables are made with con-
centric circles, sometimes in colors, but mostly in blue, which
contain the names of persons. These circles are connected
by horizontal lines in red to which are sometimes appended
short historical comments. The last two folios, which con-
tain circles bearing the names of Fath-'AH Shah, of his
forty-three sons, and of his ninety-five grandsons, are ex-
quisitely decorated. The Shah's name appears in a large
circle illuminated in gold and colors, and adorned with the
design of the royal crown on top. The names of the princes
are written in smaller circles arranged in a large square,
and linked with radiating lines to the Shah's circle, which
is in the center. The circles bearing the names of the
Shah's grandsons are each linked to circles which bear their
father's names.

The volume has been rebound in old black boards. The
name of the scribe and the date are not given. The back
flyleaf contains the following memorandum in pencil written
in English : " Chronological chart of Persian Dynasties
closing with the reign of Fattah AH Shah (Fath-'AH Shah)
from Rev. Dr. Bassett, late missionary 1886." The manu-
script was evidently made by the order of Fath-'Ali Shah
(ruled 17974834 a. d.) and probably belonged to the Royal
Library.

[42]

III. DICTIONARY
38

Majma' al-Furs

A dictionary of Persian words explained in Persian by
Muhammad Qasim b. Hajji Muhammad KashanI, poetically
known as Sururl. Taqi al-Din KashanI, the author of
ghulasat al-Ash'ar, gives a brief account of his life. Accord-
ing to this authority, Sururl was the son of a shoemaker; he
is said to have been endowed with an excellent memory and
to have known more than thirty thousand verses by heart. j

He lived in Isfahan for the most part, and later went to J

India where he stayed several years. He died on his way to i *

Mecca, but the exact date of his death is unknown. More !

information on his life is available in the Mir'at al-'Alam of !

Muhammad Bajchtavar Khan, and in the Riyad al-Shu'ara !

of 'AH-Quli Khan DaghistanI, poetically named Walih. I

In his preface, which he dedicated to Shah 'Abbas (ruled j

1587-1629 a. d.), Sururi states that, after long study of

Persian and Arabic books, he succeeded finally, in the year I

1008 a. h. ( 1 599 a. d. ) , in collecting sixteen standard works !

on various subjects, the contents of which he condensed in

his present work by eliminating the Arabic and common |

Persian words. 1 |

Folios 292 ; 10 inches by 6£ inches ; 19 lines to a page, each I

3i inches long; written in fair Nasta'lfq, on native paper of :

heavy quality with a creamy hue and a slight sheen. The j.

words are arranged according to their initial and final let- *j

% An account of the Majma' al-Furs is given by #aj. IQial. 5. 325. j

[43] |

ters, and are written in red ink. Some notes and corrections
are in the margins. Many pages are soiled by damp; some
have spots and rubbings; and others have been repaired.
The contemporary binding is of stamped maroon leather.
The outside covers are pressed with a medallion figure,
pendants, and double-ruled gilded borders. The inside covers
show a light-red leather, blind-pressed, with medallion de-
sign in color, cut out and embellished by filigree work upon
a blue background. The covers are original but have been
slightly repaired.

The colophon gives the name of the scribe, Muhammad
Sabzawarl, and the date 1030 a. h. 2 (1620 a. id.). Under-
neath the name of the scribe there are three seal impres-
sions by former owners. Two of these are the impressions
of the same square seal which reads: "Al-Mudhnib (the
sinner) 'Inayat-allah 1130 a. h. (1717 a.d.) "; and the
third, an impression of an oval seal, which reads : " Aqall
al-'Ibad (the least of slaves) Ibrahim," but the date is
not legible. On the right-hand side of the page, towards
the middle, a memorandum by another previous owner reads :
" Of the possessions of the sincere slave, Muhammad Baqir."
Underneath this writing his seal bearing the date 1 1 10 a. h.
(1698 a. d.) appears. Writings and seals of other owners
have been rubbed off for the most part and cannot be cor-
rectly deciphered. The front flyleaf contains another seal
impression of 'Inayat-allah, mentioned above, and a number
of verses written in Persian in different handwritings. Other
memoranda and seal impressions are not clearly legible. The
back flyleaf is full of notes and quotations from various
sources written in red and black ink by different persons.

8 The author according to Rieu, B. M. P. C. 500, was still alive in 1036 A. H.,
therefore, the present manuscript was transcribed in his lifetime.

[44J

IV. ETHICS

Abvab al- Jinan

" Gates of Paradise," an ethical work based on the Qur'an
and the traditional sayings of the Imams, by Mirza Muham-
mad Rafi', poetically surnamed, Wa'iz (the Preacher).'

The author lived in Isfahan during the reigns of Shah
'Abbas II, and Shah Sulayman, and died about 1694 a. d.
He has also left a Dlwan, or a collection of poems. His life
has been treated by Rida-Qull Khan, poetically surnamed
Hidayat, in his Riyad al-'Arifin, in which he gives a few
specimens of his verse and mentions this work.

The present manuscript is divided into a muqaddimah, or
an introduction, and fourteen majlises, or lectures, each of
which is subdivided into many parts. 1

Folios 295; lit inches by 61 inches; 19 lines to a page,
each 4 inches long ; written in three different handwritings, in
Nasta'llq-i-shikastah-amlz, on cream-colored paper of slight
sheen; margins ruled in red, gold, and blue. Quotations
from the Qur'an and the sayings of the Imams are written
in small Naskh and underlined with red ink. Section-head-
ings are inscribed in red ink. The binding is of plain red
leather with black leather on the inside. The colophone gives
the name of the last of the scribes, Imam-Quli Shabustarl,
and the date 1228 a. h. (1813 a. d.). This is an original
manuscript, which has been rewritten in parts and repaired
in many places, and it looks much older than the given date.

p. c F To9-io a9 ° f th€ c ° ntents see Browne ' Cam ' Cat S9 ~ 63 ' and RIeu « s - B - M -

[45]

V. SUFISM

Nuzhat al-Arwah

" The Delight of Souls," a treatise on the nature and rules
of spiritual life, written, according to the §uf I doctrines, by
Husayn b. 'Alim Abu al-Hasan al-liusayni. The book is
divided into twenty-eight fasls (chapters), and in each fasl
are embodied anecdotes, verses, and some sayings of illus-
trious men. The opening pages contain praises of the
Prophet Muhammad and of the four Khalifahs, and an
address to Deity. 1

The author, who is better known by his title, Fakhr al-
Sadat, was a celebrated poet and an eminent §uf L He was
born in Guziv, in Ghorian, about a. h. 671 (1272 A. ».).
This date is easily calculated from his present work, in the
last chapter of which (in folio 112a) he mentions that he has
already reached the age of forty. The date of composition of
the work is given by the author, on folio 114a, as a. h. 711
(1311 a. d.); hence the date of his birth may be safely
placed arouad a. h. 671. He established himself, later, in
Herat, where he gained many followers. He died, accord-
ing to Dawlatshah, in a.h. 719 (1319 a. d.), but Jam!, in
his Naf ahat al-Uns, places his death on the 16th of Shawwal
a. h. 718. He is noted for other important and well-known
works. 8

Folios 120, of which l-3a and 115-20 are blank; 61 inches
by 41 inches, 13 lines to a page, each 3 inches long. Thirty-

4 For details of contents see Flugel, Vienna Cat. 3.418. Other copies are
mentioned by Rieu, B.M.P.C. 40; Sprenger, Oudh Cat. 430; and ?aj. IQtal.
6 321
' B See Rieu, B. M. P. C. 608.

[46]

six of the folios are written in excellent Naskh on thin native
glazed paper; the rest of the folios are written in a different
hand m poor Naskh, on paper of heavy quality, and contain
numerous mistakes in spelling. Apparently the bulk of the
original manuscript was destroyed and the lost portions were
restored by a second copyist. Some marginal additions and
corrections m different handwritings are also inserted.
Chapter-headings and sub-sections are written in red on the
original leaves. Most of the folios have been damaged by
damp and wormholes. The author's name appears on folio
113a, and the date of composition, which has already been
referred to above, appears as 911 instead of 711 This
is evidently an error on the part of the second copyist. The
original binding is missing, and the book has been rebound
in plain boards, the inside covers of which are lined with
colored paper. The colophon gives the name of the last copy-
ist in red ink, as Khan Muhammad Mahmud b. Husayn b
Muhammad On the lower section of the colophon, near the
bottom of the page, a memorandum of a former owner,
Muhammad Baqir b. Khwajah QadI b. Khwajah Shams
al-Din Muhammad ShirazI, states that the manuscripT was
purchased in the city of Ahmad Ankar (probably Ahmad-
nagar) in the Bombay Presidency in a. h. 990 (1582 a d )
On the right margin another memorandum, which is not

m^ f n ° r A dated ' reads - "I bought this manuscript of
Nuzhat al-Arwah, from Mir Muhammad, for the sum of
eight ^rupees. If any one claims it, his claim will not be

• T « thC i r0 Si flykaf ' the si ^ ature of Henry George Keene,
isnf ; ? 6 SEme si e nature > with the date of March
18U5, and a lozenge seal impression containing the same
name and date in Arabic characters, appears on folio 5a.
Henry George Keene (1781-1864) was a noted Persian
scholar who spent most of his life in India. In 1824 he was
appointed a professor of Arabic and Persian at the East

[47]

India College at Haileybury, near Hertford. Among his
published works are : " Akhlaq-i-Muhsini " and " Anwar-i-
Suhayli," 8 the two well-known works of Kashif i, consisting
of lithographed texts and translations, Hertford 1851;
"Persian Fables," London 1833; and "Persian Stories,"
London 1835.

VI. NATURAL HISTORY

'Aja'ib al-Makhluqat

A Persian version of a treatise on Natural History, en-
titled " Wonders of Creation," by Zakariyya al-Qazvinl.
The translator's name is not given, but the author's name
appears as Zakariyya b. Muhammad b. Mahmtid al-Kfifl
al-Qazvinl, who died about 681 a. h. 1 (1282 a. d.). This
appellation is in agreement with the one mentioned by an al-
most contemporary author, IJamd-allah Mustawfiof Kazvin
(b. c. 1281 a. d.), 8 who in his Nuzhat al-Qulub, attributes
the present work, as well as the Atharu'l-Bilad, or " Monu-
ments of the Lands," to the same author. The work begins
with the ordinary preface, of which the initial doxology in
the original Arabic is retained.

The Arabic text of the 'Aja'ib al-Makhluqat was edited
by F. Wiistenfeld, Gottingen, 1848, and Dr. H. Ethe pub-
lished a German translation of it in Leipzig, 1868. 8

8 See page 69 of this Catalogue.
1 See Browne, Pers. Lit. Tar. Dom. 64.

* See p. 95 supra. ...

8 See also S. de Sacy's Chresthomatie, 3. 427-50. For other copies of the
manuscript see Rieu, B. M. P. C. 462-3, and Ethe, Desc. Cat 321.

[48]

Folios 292; IQiinches by 6 inches; 23 lines to a page, each
M inches long; written in fair Indian Ta'liq of medium size,
on native glazed paper. Margins are ruled in black and blue!
The opening page contains an illuminated title-piece in gold
and colors in Indian style. The first two folios and folio 3a
are written in a poor hand, and the initial doxology in Arabic
has been underlined with red ink. The titles are inscribed in
red as are some notes and corrections on the margins
throughout the manuscript. Approximately two hundred
colored paintings, some full-page, others half -page or smaller
in size, representing constellations, plants, and animals, em-
ployed to illustrate the text, are all the work of a single
Indian artist and are of rather inferior workmanship. The
old red morocco binding is repaired on the back and sides,
and covered with paper on the inside. The colophon supplies
the date 1243 a. h. (1827 a. d.) ; and the name of the scribe,
which is given in the last two short lines, has been blocked
out by red ink. These lines, however, can be deciphered by
holding the page against the light. They read : " Written by
Qadi Muhammad Shah b. Qadi Murad-Bakhsh resident of
Muhammad-Abad." On the inside of the front cover there
is a bookplate of Oliver Henry Perkins.

VII. OFFICIAL DOCUMENT
42

tj^p o-w- oUJL *U k*\x*$j

Waqf-namah'i Shah Sultan Husayn Safavl

A historical and official document, written by the order of
Shah Sultan Husayn Safavl (ruled 1694-1721 a.d.), ack-
nowledging a religious endowment to the people of the city
of Isfahan. It sets aside what was, in effect, a funeral par-

[49]

•

lor for the needy Muslims, where they might wash and pre-
pare the bodies of their dead for proper burial, in full
accordance with the requirements of Islam. It is stipulated
in the document that the building and its equipment may not
change hands, may not be sold, and should be free to the
poor forever.

Folios 13; 9 inches by 6i inches; 5 lines to a page, each
3i inches long; written in excellent Thuluth, on thick native
glazed paper with narrow gold-rulings between the lines.
The whole page is framed with heavy rulings in gold, blue,
red, and green, and there is an extra margin in gold. The
first folio is missing from the beginning. Folio la, as it now
stands in the present manuscript, is sumptuously illuminated,
and no doubt was originally one of the double pages which
introduced the document. It is surrounded by an elaborate
floral border in gold with broad, irregular, gold bands be-
tween the lines of writing. All quotations from the Qur'an
appear in gold. The names of God, of the Prophet Mu-
hammad, and of the Shah, are written in gold letters in the
upper margins whenever they are mentioned. Each leaf has
been tipped to stub with a blank sheet between, and the
manuscript has been rebound in full red crushed levant
morocco, gilt-edged with gold clasp.

Folio 10a contains the date of transcription 1118 a. h.
(1706 a. d.), and the seal of the Shah is stamped at the
bottom of the page. This seal is square, but has a dome-
shaped projection on top. It reads : " In the name of the
most merciful God, the least of the dogs of Amir al-Mu'mi-
nln (which means the Emir of the faithful, and is the title
of the fourth Khallfah 'AH, who is regarded as the first
Imam by the Shi'ahs) Sultan TJusayn 1 1125 a. h. (1713

1 Sultan IJusayn was destined to be one of the most tragic rulers of Iran.
In 1721, fifteen years after he made the present waqf, or endowment, an Afghan

[SO]

PLATE VII,

mwe:

UXUMINAIED PAGE OP AN ctvmnt r, *

SHAH SHI Tiw U „I OFFICIAL DOCUMENT OP

§HAH SULTAN HUSAYN SAFAVI, DAT1B 1706 AD

(MS. No. 42)

A. ».). The seal evidently was affixed seven years after the
transcription. Folios 10b-13a confirm the endowment which
is worded by the calligrapher, Muhammad Baqir b. Isma'Il
al-Husayni al-Khatunabadi, whose name appears at the end.
Muhammad Baqir states that he was directed by His
Majesty to write the manuscript which was to remain as a
permanent record.

All folios, with the exception of folio 10, bear the impres-
sions of the seals of four witnesses on the lower left margins.
These seals are described below :

1. An oval seal which contains the Qur'anic legend:
" There is no God but Allah," and " In the name of the
Manifest King," then the name, "Fath-'Ali," 8 and the
date 1122 a. h. (1710 a. d.).

2. Underneath the above seal a rectangular seal contains
the legend: " Committed to the custody of God, the Rich
King, Slave, Muhammad Baqir b. Sayyid Hasan al-
Husayni, 8 1106 a. h. (1694 a. d.)."

chief, Mahmud, marched against him, defeated his army, and besieged the capital
city of Isfahan. The Shah's son, Tahmasp, in the meantime, deserted his father
and escaped to Kazvin, where he proclaimed himself the king. Shah Husayn,
on account of famine, offered to capitulate. Mahmud entered Isfahan in triumph,
and seated himself on the throne in the royal palace. In 1723 Mahmud invited
three hundred of the principal nobles of Iran to a banquet and murdered them.
Not content with this, in 1725 he assembled all the captive members of the
royal family, except the Shah and the Queen, and caused them all to be murdered
in the courtyard of the palace. At length, Mahmud died in that same year,
and was succeeded by his cousin Ashraf. In 1729, Tahmasp, the fugitive prince,
assisted by Nadir Khan, who later became the Shah of Iran, assembled an army
and marched against Ashraf. The latter, alarmed, led an army against the
prince, but was defeated and fled through the town, not forgetting to murder the
poor old Shah Husayn. Shah Tahmasp entered triumphantly into Isfahan.

* Fath-'Ali, was apparently the Fath-'Ali Khan Qajar, who at the time was
held in much favor at the court, as he was a powerful chief of the strong tribe
of the Qajars. After the conquest of the Afghan invader Mahmud, he left
Isfahan and joined the young prince Tahmasp, who was getting ready to fight
the rebels and to regain the lost throne of his father. Later, however, Fath-'Ali
seems to have entertained the idea of desertion. Upon discovering this, Tahmasp
put him to death in 1139 a. h. (1726 A.D.). See folios 4b, 6b, 21b, and 22a of
the History of Nadir Shah, manuscript No. 46 of the present Collection.

* Muhammad Baqir al-Husaym, whose identity has not been definitely estab-

[SI]

3. Underneath the above seal there is a small oval seal
which contains the name, Muhammad b. Muhammad
JIusayn Shah/ and the date 1120 A . h. (1708 a. d.).

4. A^little to the left of the second seal from the top

£££ ™rl °T seal stamped at an an ^ COntains th *

legend. The Assistance of God and the Conquest are
n 7nV f Tf' Sa)Tid Murta ^ aI -Husayni, 6 1119 a. h.

{L/V/ A. D.)."

bv^f^Tf " thC 1 a ' eS ° f the Sea,s «» be ^P'ained
by the fact that some seals were carved earlier than others.

A seal once made could be used by its owner as long as it

lasted and, regardless of the date it actually bore, ft was

considered authentic.

The^volume contains two more leaves of smaller size,
wh.ch follow the text of the manuscript. These are written
m good Nasta'Bq in Persian, but they give a misl eadij
account of the manuscript, although they do furnish somf
add,t.onal informafon. This description, which has been
-gned by NagTr al-Din Jfasan, states that the manuscript
wasgjvenby SbalrSuItan Husayntothecity of Isfahanand
was placed .» a pubhc building so that people could profit by
it. flasan evniently misread the contents, for it was the

iTshah ^ " 0t ^ manuscri P t which was given by

Sasan further states that 'this manuscript was a por-

Busayni, Mulls Mir al-Hus.™?^ I „* Mir Jroad al-Busayn!, Mir 'All al-
eraplir, as «£ SLwatetaVkL?''? He "f m accomplished call!-

m .* w r SSS? c^ S2B5E,: -^ and undonbwly was

put to death byT^^ sSuS\^Tt%.9'' ,m t^< hr '^- "»" »as
script No. .« into prisentlXtioo ' 8 ' 0nr "' NMr Sb5h '" «»

^tttrChT: Srt.iK; 1 ^ „r ^ d °"* -

attorney general at the court ^ uon simUar to ™* of a judge or an

f52]

tion of a larger volume (whereas only its opening page is
missing), and that it had been brought by chance to India,
where a certain person named ja'far-'AH presented it to
Markham §ahib Bahadur. On August 30, 1806 Mr. Mark-
ham presented it to General Tottsville §ahib Bahadur (the
last two words in each case being titles). Then he was
called in by Mr. George Sanders §ahib Bahadur to ex-
amine the manuscript and at his order wrote tfte present
description. This is followed by another description in Eng-
lish. Then follows an autograph letter of the original owner,
Ja'far-'AH, written in English in the same handwriting as
that of the description. The letter is dated February 4th,
1803, and is addressed to Samuel Young, Esq. ; it presents
the manuscript to Mr. Young and gives some details con-
cerning it. The English description is full of errors of fact,
which show that even the original owner did not know
exactly what he possessed.

VIII. HISTORY
(a) History of TtmUr

Timur-namah'i Hatifl

The Tlmur-namah of 'Hatifl, otherwise known as the
Zaf ar-namah, being a history of Tamerlane in verse. 1

Folios 190; 9i inches by 6 inches; 12 lines to a page;
written in excellent Nasta'liq on thick native glazed coated
paper, in two columns ruled in gold. The written surface of

l For other copies of the present work see Rieu, B.M.P.C. 653-4; and
Browne, Camb. Cat. 363-5.

[53]

the page is Si inches by 2* inches and is framed by borders
m gold, red, and blue. Folio lb is adorned with a splendid
itle-piece m gold and colors. Section-headings are inscribed
in red ink. Most leaves bear water stains, and there are
many repaired folios throughout the manuscript. There are
five miniatures, almost full-page in size, all of which appear
to be he work of the same artist. In style these miniatures
recall the general characteristics of the Shah Tahmasp school
and they are from the brush of a skilled artist. Details are :

1. fol. 28a Timfir's envoys being entertained at the

court of Husayn Sufi of Khwarazm.

2. fol. 58a Tlmur mounted on a horse, marching on his

second campaign against Iran. He is accom-
panied by three of his generals, and a footman
is leading his horse.

3. fol. 72b Tlmur seated upon his throne in a garden

surrounded by his attendants, with musicians
in the foreground and two horses in the back-
ground.

4. fol. 132b Tlmur conquering the King of Hindustan,

who is putting up a bitter resistance from one
of his fortresses.

5. fol. 140b Tlmur camping in his winter palace in

Qarabagh, where he receives the envoys from
Rum (envoys of Sultan Bayezld of Turkey).

The volume is rebound in an eighteenth century Persian
red leather binding. The outside covers show a blind-
pressed square floral design with corner angles matching
and set in gilt borders. The inside of the covers are of black
leather. The name of the scribe Muhammad b. Mulla Mir
al-^usaynl and the date 991 a. h. (1583 a. d.) are given
in the colophon. On the left-hand margin of folio 171a the

[54]

PLATE

TAMERLANE MARCHING ON HIS SECOND CAMPAIGN AGAINST IRAN.
FROM THE tTmUR-nXmAH, PERSIAN, DATED 1583 A.D.
'**S. No. 43, ML 58a)

impression of a circular seal gives the name of a former
owner, Muhammad Salim, and the date 1210 a. h. (1795
a. d.). On the lower left margin of folio 172a, another im-
pression of a square seal reads Mm tada b. §af ar-'Ali and
bears the same date as the above seal

On the back flyleaf the following memorandum in Persian
reads : The property of the slave of the court, and the
servant of the most dignified station (the court), winch is a
source of hope for all creatures, General Mir Muhammad
tfusayn Khan, Governor of Mahalat and of the districts of
Marand, the son of the pious, deceased General Ja'far-Ouli
jyian, Governor of the aforementioned districts—may God
fill his resting place with light. Written on the 24th day of
Juma. II, of the year 125.5 a. h. (September 4, 1839 ad)"
Underneath this writing there are two impressions of the
seal of the owner which read: "Muhammad Husayn b,
Ja'far-QulI,1255A.H.(1839A.D.)."

Mawlana 'Abd-allah Hatifl/a nephew of the famous poet
Jami, was born in Kharjird, in Khorasan, during the second
half of vthe fifteenth century. He completed his education
under^the supervision of his celebrated uncle. He owes his
chief fame to his mathnawls. It is said of him that he was
n<* permitted by his uncle to commence on his Khamsah, or
Uwntet, until he was able to give the latter enough evidence
of his ability 8 His Khamsah, like that of Nizam!, 8 includes
the Layla and Majnun,* Khusraw and Shirln, while his Haft
Manzar is styled to form a parallel to the Haft Paykar of
Wizami. As a counterpart to the Sikandar-namah, he wrote
the rimur-namah, which he boasted was not like the former
basedon legend and fables, but was based on historical facts
As a fifth poem to his Khamsah he began the Shah-namah^i

P^S^^^i^ hS ' Sir ° use,e/s Bi0 ^ hkal No ^ * ■

8 See page 96 of this Catalogue.

* Published by Sir William Jones, Calcutta, 1788.

[55]"

Iladrat-i-Shah Isma'H, which is in the style of the Shah-
namah of Firdawsl, 5 but written in praise of SMh Israa'Il
§afavi The latter, on his return from a campaign in 917
a. h. (1511 a. d.), paid a surprise visit to the poet, and
asked him to make a poetical record of his victories. The
poet complied with the monarch's desire but left the book
unfinished. Hatif ! died in 927 a. h. (1 520 a. d. ) .

(b) History of India

%*^''^. •#'■■'■ '■'"■' i -'' ; '"■^*r ,: '* •" ■■■■■■■:■■■■■■■*

Iqbalrnamah'i Jahangirl

The second volume of a history of the Mughal Emperor
Jahangir and of his predecessors by Muhammad Sharif,
entitled Mu'tamad Khan. The present volume covers the
reign of Emperor Akbar and begins with the introduction
of the so-called Ilahl era. The calculator of this era, Mir
Fath-allah Shirazi, whose name is mentioned in the preface,
has been mistaken by some as the author of the work. The
present volume, like the Munich Manuscript, begins with
the first words of the Akbar-namah, and extends from the
accession of Akbar to the middle of the forty-fifth year of
his reign, and is an abridgment of the above mentioned
Akbar-namah of Abu al-Fadl. The author, Mu'tamad
Khan, died in 1639 a. d. There is an old mosque still stand-
ing in the city of Agra, which is supposed to have been
erected by him. The first and second volumes of the Iqbal-
namah are very rare.

6 See page 73 of this Catalogue.

[56]

Folios 295; 14i inches by 74 inches; 21 lines to a page,
each 5 inches long; written in beautiful Nasta'liq of large
size, on native paper of heavy quality with a slight ivory
gloss. The margins are ruled in gold, red, and blue. The
section-headings are written in red ink. Some leaves have
been repaired and some are damaged by wormholes. Folio
lb is adorned with an exquisite illumination in gold and
colors, consisting mainly of paneled floral designs, and this
illumination serves as a title-piece to the introduction. In
addition there are thirty-nine elaborate illuminations in
smaller size ornamented with gold flowered designs of the
greatest variety. No two of these are exactly alike, and they
serve as caption ornaments to the various sections. The
fifty-four miniatures, nearly all full-page size, which illus-
trate the manuscript, are the work of a single artist, and are
delicately painted in the best style of the art of the period.
The portrait of Akbar, which appears in almost all of the
illustrations, seems to be real and authentic. The details of
the illuminations and illustrations are: (Roman numerals
indicate the illuminated sections.)

I. fol. lb Illuminated title-piece to the
introduction.
1 fol 2b The accession of Akbar, a scene
in the throne room of the palace.
In the foreground are the ministers
and a group of musicians. Out in
the courtyard are seen the infantry,
horses, and elephants.

2 fol. 4b Akbar seated upon his throne

surrounded by his ministers and
attendants.

3 fol. 10b A battle scene where Akbar is

shown fighting Hlmii. Akbar is

[57]

mounted on an elephant, and his
generals, who are mentioned by
their names in the text, are with
him.

4 f pi. 18a Akbar is shown crossing a river

in a beautifully decorated boat,
which is preceded and followed by
four others which contain his
harem. Soldiers, consisting of
cavalry and infantry, are shown
following him on one bank of the
river, while on the other bank are
seen a group of the royal house-
hold mounted on camels,

5 fol. 18b A picture of the Delhi Fort, at

the gates of which statues of two
elephants can be seen,.

II. 6 fol. 22a Akbar honoring Shaykh Mu-
hammad, a religious man, in the
fortified castle.

III. 7 fol. 31b Akbar seated upon his throne,

and his minister Bayram Khan
kissing his hands.

IV. 8 fol. 36b A scene from the palace of Shah

Muhammad-Quli Khan of Qan-
dahar, at whose defeat the mem-
bers of his harem are being put to
death in accordance with his pre-
vious orders.

9 fol. 39b Akbar seated upon his throne,
receiving a special gift, consisting
of elephants, from Khanzaman and
his brother Bahadur Khan.

[58]

TE IX

lOfol. 45b Akbar receiving an envoy of
Shah Tahmasp of Iran.

1 1 f ol. 48a Akbar seated upon his throne
and surrounded by his courtiers is
seen distributing valuable gifts to
his generals,

V. 12 fol. 54b Akbar, mounted on his horse,
arriving in Delhi. This painting is
framed by twenty smaller illus-
trations in panels, each one of
which represents a trade of the in-
habitants of Delhi.

VI. 13 fol. 59a Akbar's army combatting Raw!.

14 fol. 62b Akbar, after an elephant hunt, is

seen inspecting the captured ani-
mals.

15 fol. 96a Akbar killing a dragon with his

sword.

VII. 16 fol. 76b Akbar shown hunting deer.

17 fol. 77a The interior of the court where
Akbar is shown weighing himself
on a large scale using gold as
weights.

VIII. 18' fol. 78b Akbar shown playing polo, and

below in another scene he is shoot-
ing at a target with his arrow
while riding his horse at full speed.

IX. 19 fol. 87a Akbar mounted on an elephant
is followed by his army. One of
his men is presenting him the head
of a rebel, 'Ali-Qull.

[591

20fol. 90b The siege of the fortress of
Rana near Palwah.
X. 21 fol. 94a Akbar hunting lions.

22 fol. 95b One of the royal elephants liiu
Jng up with his tusks another
elephant, on which Shaykh Mu-
hammad is riding.

XI. 23 fol. 98b Akbar, who had mounted on the
throne of India when he was four-
teen years old, is celebrating the
fourteenth year of his glorious
reign in his palace at Agra.
24 fol. 99a Another scene of the same event.
XII. 25 fol. 102a Akbar shown resting after a

tiresome hunting trip.

XIV. 26 fol. 104a Akbar receiving Hajji Altmish,

the envoy of 'Abd-allah, the ruler
of Turan.

27 fol. 114b Akbar receiving the FarangI

(the European) envoys.

28 fol, 1 16a Akbar, while drunk, attempts to

commit suicide with his own sword
and cuts his fingers.

XV. 29 fol. 120b Akbar and his viziers mounted

on camels marching in procession.

30 fol. 126a Two small towers built of the

heads of the rebels at Akbar's or-
ders.

31 fol. 129a Prince Salim, who later became

emperor Jahanglr, when four
years old being entrusted to the
care of his teachers by Akbar.
[60]

PLATE X

•

EMPEROR AKBAR RECEIVING THE FARANGI (THE EUROPEAN) ENVOYS.
PROM THE IQBAL-NAMAH, INDIAN, XVII CENTURY

(MS. No. 44, fol. 114b)

XVI. 32 fol. 139a A scene from the interior of a

mosque built for Akbar.
XVII. 33 fol. 143b A reception given by the Prime

Minister Khankhanan.
34 fol. 150a The meeting of Akbar and
Mirza Sulayman.
XVIII. 35 fol. 159a Akbar, dressed as a pilgrim, is

sending off Sultan Khwajah'i
Naqshbandl, as his substitute, to
make the pilgrimage to Mecca.
XX. 36 fol. 167a A hunting scene in which Akbar

appears as the central figure.
XXII. 37 fol. 171a Akbar seated upon his throne re-
ceiving the envoy of Qutb al-Mulk.

38 fol. 178a A court scene where Akbar ap-

pears seated upon his throne.

39 fol. 181b While two well-known wrestlers

are engaged in wrestling, Akbar
gives a blpw on the head of one of
them.

40 fol. 186a Khwajah Shah Mansur hung on

a tree in front of the royal palace.
XXIII. 41 fol. 187a A scene from the Bagh-i-Kila-

mlr, one of Akbar's palaces.

42 fol. 189a Another scene of one of Akbar's

palaces.' '■■";

43 fol. 193b Another view of the same scene.
XX V. 44 fol. 203a Akbar receiving I'timad Khan

at Kabul.

XXVI. 45 fol. 210b Akbar saving one of the Rajas

from death in an elephant fight.
46 fol. 214b Akbar meeting Prince Danyal.
[61]

XXX. 47 fol. 234b A scene from a gulistan (rose-
garden).

48 fol. 237b Akbar is injured falling off from

his horse.

49 fol. 238a Akbar falling off from his ele-

phant.

XXXII. 50 fol 250b Part of the royal fleet of which

only twelve sailing boats are seen.

XXXIV. 51 fol. 255b Akbar mistaking his son for a

stranger in his harem attacks him
with a sword in the dark.

XXXVII. 52 fol. 261a Akbar receiving Shah-Qull

Khan.

XXXVIII. 53 fol. 266a A beautiful garden scene.

XU. 54 fol. 273a One of the castles of a Raja
built upon rocks and well fortified.

The codex is rebound in black leather back with elaborate
lacquered Persian covers with full-page paintings on both,
depicting a scene from the court where two princes are shown
seated on a rug surrounded by their attendants. In the fore-
ground are a group of musicians and two dancers, a man and
a Woman, dancing to the beatings of drums. Some verses in
Persian, possibly from Nizami, are inscribed in panels, by
which the paintings are framed. The colophon is missing;
therefore the name of the scribe and the date are not avail-
able. On the left-hand margin, near the center of the front
flyleaf, there are two large circular dark seal impressions,
one of which is smaller than the other. The smaller seal, a
little more to the right and above the larger one, reads :
" Ra'na Khan, Fadawi-i-Khanah-zad-i- (a devoted servant
born in the house), Padishah-i-'Alam (of the Emperor of
the world), Ghazi (the Conqueror), 'Alamgir." Underneath
this seal impression and just above the impression of the

[62]

PLATJE XI

EMPEROR AKBAR SHOOTING A LION. PROM THE
1QBAI '""^H, INDIAN, XVII CENTURY
.>. No. 44, fol. 167a)

larger seal a memorandum in Persian, possibly written by
Ra'na Khan himself, reads: "Presented during his life-
time." The larger seal impression reads: " 'Ali Amjad Khan
Fadawi-i-Padishah-i-GhazI (the devoted servant of the
warrior king) , Muhammad Shah, Sana 8 (the eighth year of
the reign)/' The manuscript was transcribed probably dur-
ing the first or the second half of the seventeenth century.

An earlier portion of the same work containing an account
of the reign of Humayun and of the early years of Akbar's
rule. At the time the manuscript was rebound its contents
must have been bound in the wrong order, for the opening
pages deal with the thirteenth and fourteenth years of
Akbar's reign, while the following folios describe his father
Humayun's life, and then proceed to give an account of
Akbar's birth and accession. The volume ends abruptly in
the ninth year of Akbar's rule. The manuscript, however,
contains some interesting portions from the first volume of
the Iqbal-namah, copies of which, as already mentioned are
very rare.

Folios 41 ; 12i inches by 7 inches, 23 lines to a page, each
4$ inches long; written in very poor Indian Ta'liq, on native
paper of heavy quality, having a cafe au lait tinge. Many
folios have been torn or damaged by wormholes, and many
have been repaired. Copious notes and corrections are on
the margins. There are twenty-nine very crudely drawn
colored illustrations, all of which, judging from the quality
of the handwriting, must have been drawn by the copyist
himself. The volume is rebound in an antique Kashmir
shawl, in which the main pattern consists of three large
palm leaf designs. The manuscript, as described in the

[63]

Tarikh-i-Nadiri

«. b,* t j o his d^^^Sffsar

who was attached to the Shah's service ™ As <arabadi,
contains an epilogue, dated ll?i ThT^I f^ 1 *
of Muhammad ¥ asan San ^hie/of 1^5™ ^
work has been translated into French hv ««, unr r "
under the title f " Histoire^N^e £S%ftj

SSS^S PUWiShed a " *** ^^oViHn

Folios 270; 9 inches by Sf inches • 19 1,W *«
3* inches long; written in ZhTTl * , t0 a page ' ^

never painted! SoTof SSe tST ^ ^
and are framed in gold-r„W s TW« * -^ ^ ""^
and quotations from the oX • Im P° rtant events

binding is of con^* a ?; r p ^ e J"«- 'yed ink. The

the inside covers of lu f erslan j smooth black morocco,

with a medXon desto Tn^Y ?*? d *" deCOrated

esign - Tbe colophon gives the date 1187

■,A. h. (1773 A. d.) and the place of transcription, Isfahan, but
the name of the copyist is not mentioned. On the front fly-
leaf a memorandum in French reads :" Tourike (Tarlkh-i-)
Nadirl-histoire de Nadir Chah beau manuscrit qui m'a ite
dbnne par le Roi de Perse en 1806." The signature under-
neath this writingis not legible. The reigning Shah in 1806
was Fath-'Ali Shah Qajar. At the bottom of the inside of
the front cover a visiting card of Le Ch. Ferrao de Castel-
branco has been pasted.

(d) History of Kashmir

♦ C7 •

Tarikh-i-Kashmir

I. A history of Kashmir from the earliest times to 1122
A. h. (1710 a. d.), compiled by a native, Narayan Kul. The
author, in his preface, states that he had long studied the
annals of his country, and familiarized himself wit!' the
histories and lives of the rajas and kings, and on vawous
occasions had been requested by the nobles c c Kashmir to
write a full account of them. Each time, ho\ ver, he had
modestly excused himself as incompetent and incapable of
such a vast undertaking. Finally, in the year 1122 A. H.,
during the fourth year of the reign of 'Alam Shah, the vice-
governor 'Arif Khan, who had collected the Sanskrit Chron-
icles of Kashmir and wished to know their contents, urged
him to accept this difficult task, and this time he did not
refuse. By consulting the translation made of these Sanskrit
Chronicles by Malik Haydar, which had become unpopular
because of its length, and by comparing it with the Sanskrit
originals and other available texts on the history of Kash-

[65]

Z£££t or™ m ' nate , S ° me eX ^ erated Stat ™,

The conw P T" ng the Present ^ridgment.
fo.Iw in ~o„rM U r of ; hC . preface . a - *vided into
Rajas; Mu«i n " 7 "* W ' S "■ [ oi *•*«**■. ^ of

feovernor^ fr^ *u ^^"ign , ust oi ^ubahdars

and ^S.S^T* t0 ' 122 " B - ; T ° POgra ^

££ u^ein^ ed ' and r «*■ *^

uuic pige illuminations with ot> M in«»-i:„..i-
and borders in flower designs rZl J ■ ,nterllneatl °ns
gold and soft colors *„Tf , tltle -P Iece - which is in
Indian sje Si Lad "if ^^ ^ is in «"

with a central medallil , ? ' g ' nal bronzed leati >^

rate horde on the d e s oain °7' mth P*^ and elabo-'
The inside cove s are fn^ I"! V T° US C ° brS and **«•

lines on the colonho ?■« rf ^ leather ' The concluding
p-Tn? » i ' ? . • The end of th e book of Ra ia Tar*,,

g>m, have ev.dently been inserted later for tbU £t , "
not a translation of the original Sanlrit A , l"™ 1S
the author himself state. ZT- , knt Chronicle, but, as
imseit states, contains only an abridgment of it

of Persian and K*£^^i^ ***

by « •nchefs^est''* ^ ^ 1S8 «* ^ 7 * ***

in Poor Nas a^ w t h „ d o„S "f * ^ ^ "**»
name of the sent l'lf e " U,mg:smred - Neither the
the sty,e of 1, wrMnTil urn f- " "^ hM *'*'''* from
script was Lscribfd tTT^'^ bindin ^ the m ^-

/&&

Hishmat-i^Kashmir

A history of Kashmir and of the neighboring countries,
by 'Abd al-Qadir Khan b. Qatfi al-Qudat Mawlawi Wasil-
'Ali Khan, completed, as the colophon shows, in Benares, in
1245 a. h., 1830 A. d.

The volume contains a eulogy on Lord William Cavendish
Bentinck, 1 and is dedicated to Mr. William Augustus Brooke,
the Agent of the East India Company, through whose in-
fluence the author's personal Jagir (pension) was made
hereditary. The book is named Hishmat-i-Kashmir, as a
compliment to Mr. Brooke, after the latter's Persian title
Hishmat al-Dawlah.

The author, in his preface, states that he had been attached
earlier to the court of Maharajah Amrit Raw, who, by the
order of Colonel Wellesley, 8 took up his residence in Benares.
It was there that the author met the English Agent Mr.
Brooke. He also adds that he was sent to Nepal on several
political missions by Governor Duncan, 8 and that his reports,
which he personally submitted to Colonel Kirkpatrick, 4 were
translated and published in England. 8

1 Lord Bentinck (1774-1839) was the first Governor-General to be appointed
by the British Government in India in 1833. See Diet. Nat. Biog.

•Colonel Wellesley (1760-1842), who was then the Governor-General of
India, is the well-known Marquis Wellesley, the elder brother of the great duke
of Wellington. See Diet. Nat. Biog.

■Jonathan Duncan (1756-1811) was nominated to the East India Company's
Service in 1772, and was appointed to the important office of resident and
superintendent at Benares by Lord Cornwallis in 1788. See Diet. Nat. Biog.

Colonel William Kirkpatrick (1754-1812) was an officer attached to the
Bengal infantry, whose skill in Oriental languages and whose knowledge of the
manners and customs of India gained him an early fame in life. He was the
military secretary to Marquis Wellesley, and helped to select the library de-
posited in the India House, at Leadenhall Street, which is now known as the
India Office. See Diet. Nat. Biog.

8 See Col. Wm. Kirkpatrick's account of Nepaul xi and 367, where he mentions
Mawlawi 'Abd al-Qadir as a member of his mission sent to KJiatunandu in 1793.

[67]

He also claims that he furnished Mr. Moorcroft 6 with
some information on the manners, customs, and religion of
the Tibetans, which he hopes the latter had published in
Engfcmd. i t was to Mf Moorcrof t that he related the story
of Mam, the well-known painter of Iran; and he has in-
cluded this account in the present work.

The author acknowledges his indebtedness to many of the
earlier historians of Kashmir, and states that while he was
■in the services of 'AH Ibrahim Khan ' he had the good for-
tune of making the valuable acquaintance of Sayyid Ghulam-
Wusayn Khan, 8 from whose book he profited most. His
work is based chiefly, however, upon an earlier history of
Kashmir by Muhammad Badi< al-Din Abu al-Qasim Aslam,
surnamed Mun'iml, entitled, « Gawhar-i-Tuhfah'i 'Alarn-

addhLs t0 ° h ^ daimS t0 haVC made considerabl e
The book is divided into four chamans, a word which

I?d lT n l PaStUre bUt here is USed t0 s[ ^y se <*on,
and ■ yjatimah, or a conclusion. Qiaman I consists of a
detailed account of Kashmir including:

1. A nistory of the Hindu rajas.

2. A history of the Muslim kings.

3. $ubahdars (governors) under the Timurides down

to the Conquest by Ahmad Shah Durrani.

4. Curiosities and wonders of Kashmir.

5. Trade and manufactures of Kashmir.

a ll he - PefSOn referred to is undo «btedly Mr. William Moorcroft (1761 1R2^

JX3tZZ££2?g«* °J l±,^^m and the

WPcE B "" M ° stafa ' and »" Misl "<l i" Calcutta i. 1789.^ See R?eu!

[68]

Chaman II contains a description of Tibet and Kalma-
kistan, including an account of Mam, the painter of Iran,
and of his influence upon the religion of the Tibetans.

Chaman III gives an account of Badakhshan.

Chaman IV describes the highlands of Afghanistan and
contains a brief history of the Afghans.

Khatimah is written in praise of the just rulers of India,
and it ends with a eulogy on the East India Company's rules.

Folios 189; 104 inches by 61 inches; 13 lines to a page,
each 3£ inches long ; written in beautiful Nasta'llq, on native
glazed paper of medium weight, ruled by gold and red bor-
ders. Folios lb, 2a, 188b, and 189a have gold interlineations,
and the opening page contains an exquisite title-piece in gold
and colors, The headings are inscribed in red ink. The
contemporary binding is of mottled calf with gold-ruled
borders on the outside covers and the back. The inside
covers are in plain black leather. The colophon gives the
name of the author, ' Abd al-Qadir Khan, and the dates 1245
A. h. and 1830 a. d. The manuscript was transcribed in
Muhamadabad, in Benares, but the name of the scribe is
not given. 8

IX. FABLES AND TALES
49

Anwar-i-Suhayll

The well-known version of Kalilah and Dimnah, or
" Fables of Bidpai," by Kamal al-DIn Ilusayn b. 'AH al-
Wa'iz, sumamed, Kashif !.

•For other copies see Rieu, B. M. P. C. 1016; and S.B.M.P.C 57-8.

[69]

The author was born a fQok

.«**f ^e r eign of S ISS« at ***

ame famous as a or«,l,„ „ a * ¥"sayn. He be-

*e special W*^^7V^. a » d enjoyed

910 A . h. (1504 A I). S3 " r - He died in Herat in

Kasjiifi states in his nrefaosH,,* i.-

Din Amir Shay kh Ahma^al e d A, ^^T' Ni?Sm al "

work is dedicate! ordered ^ SU ^ yh ' '° whom the

Kalilah and Dimnlh Le W " a " ? Sler TCrsion of «*

Persian by NasTaL wastlTof *?• ^^ Versio ° ia

difficult to understand *E 1 *t £ ant ' 9uated expressions

out the first two^lrstd , '^ d ' therefore ' to »»«

It may be of intent fn " r"^ 1116 WOTk to fourt een.

mto Arabic by <Abd-a11ah I ImZmlb't?™"?
The first Persian VMC ,v« r «i U qana (b. 725 a. d„).

Abu al-Ma'SU nJS 'IT the ^ We was made «y
Kashifi. AIaterPerstf4 r ° Se WOrk WaS abrid ^ d 4
al-Fadl.' a " Vers,on was ma de by Shaykh Abfi

■ations by H d K 1 E 71 T?^ E ^ lish *^-
were pubhshed Sn^lfiSf^^A-N.Wdh.ta,

ako S. de Sacy, Fab.es de Sa^rS ST™*- ^

sjikastah-amff o7™" ^ m ° St eXCe " ent N asta'IIq-i-
finish. QuotatC Cm the QuS ****■"** M iw *

•Fo^5T-, 164 ° fthisCataI °g«e.
B.M.P.^.l?S:^.'S t .^i^ S - «* - *«.

[70]

have become loose, but are in perfect condition. The binding
is of original lacquer with elaborate floral design on covers ;
doublures are lacquered and ornamented in similar design.
The name of the scribe, Had! b. Baha al-Din, a merchant
from Kashan, and the date 1238 a. h. ( 1822 a. d.) are given.
On the upper left margin of folio 2a, a seal impression of a
former owner reads : " ' Abd al-Rahman al-Husayni 1247
a. h. (1831 a. d.)." The back flyleaf contains some insig-
nificant memoranda in Persian made by various former
owners.

X. POETRY

Firdawsi
(935-1025 a. d.)

Firdawsi, the great epic poet of Iran, was born at Tus, in
the province of Khorasan, in the year 935 a. d. The oldest
and most authentic account of his life is given by Nizam!
al-'Arutfi al-Samarqandi, in his well-known work entitled
the " Chahar Maqalah," or " The Four Discourses." 'Arutfl
states that he visited Firdawsi's tomb in the year 510 A. h.
(1116 a. d.), or ninety-one years after the poet's death. 1
According to the same authority, Firdawsi's father belonged
to the dihqan class, a family of small landed proprietors; he
lived on the rents he derived from his lands and was, there-
fore, quite independent. Firdawsi, however, left Tus, at an
early age, and went to Ghazni in quest of fortune. There
he was introduced to Sultan Mahmud, whose court, after
the decay of the power of the 'Abbasids in Baghdad, had be-
come the center of Persian literary and scientific activities.
The name Firdawsi, which he used as his nom de plume,

1 See " Qjahar Maqalah," Mirza Muhammad, Persian text 51, E. J. W. Gibb
Memorial Series, London Luzac and Co. 1910.

[71]

was bestowed upon him by Sulfati Mahmud, his real name
being Abu al-Qasim flasan b. 'All of Tiis.

At Ghazni he gained more favors from the sultan, and
was commissioned to compose a history of Iran in verse
Before coming to Ghazni Firdawsi had made an extensive
study of the materials and sources for such a gigantic task
and was, therefore, well-prepared to undertake the work. In
fact, he later incorporated in his poem one thousand original
verses of Daqlqi, who had attempted before him to write a
great national epic. Firdawsi spent thirty years in complet-
ing his lengthy poem of sixty thousand couplets, as stated
by the poet himself, and named it the " Shah-namah," or
the Book of Kings, dedicating it to his patron Sultan
Mahmud, who had promised to pay him one gold piece for
each couplet that he composed. Mahmud, influenced by his
jealous courtiers, is said to have substituted silver in place
of gold and thus to have deprived the poet of his expecta-
tions Firdawsi, in bitter disappointment, refused to accept
the silver. When the sultan heard of his refusal, he con-
demned Firdawsi to be trampled to death under the feet of
elephants. Firdawsi, anticipating the sultan's rage, had
fled. Later he wrote an immortal satire on Sultan Mahmud,
pointing out very cleverly that the treatment he had suffered
was all that could be expected from a king who had been
born a slave. While in Tabaristan Firdawsi composed his
romantic poem, Yusuf-u-Zulaykha, or " Joseph and Poti-
pnar s Wife, a story which he is supposed to have based on
the Surat Yusuf, the twelfth Chapter of the Qur'an He
remained in exile for several years and finally returned to
his native town of Tus, where he died in poverty at the age
of ninety. 6

In the meantime Mahmud repented of his conduct, and
upon learning of the poet's secret return, ordered that sixty
thousand dinars (gold coins) worth of indigo be sent to
Firdawsi. But it was too late, for as the camels bearing .

[72]

the poet's reward entered the Rudban Gate of the city, the
funeral procession of Firdawsi was wending its way out of
£ the Razan Gate on the other side.

For translations and editions of the Shah-namah see bibliographical
citations in Th. Noldeke's Das Iranische Nationalepos, in Geiger and
Kuhn's Grundriss der Iranischen Philologie, 2. 130-211, Strassburg
1896. For other details about his life and works, see E. G. Browne,
Literary History of Persia, 2. 129-47, London and New York 1906;
P. Horn, Persische Litteratur, 81-114, Leipzig 1901. There is an
abridgment of the Shah-namah in English by^ J. and J. A. Atkinson,
London and New York 1886; an English translation into blank verse
in 9 volumes by A. G. and E. Warner, London 1905-24; a French
translation in 7 volumes by J. Mohl, Paris 1876-78; and an Italian
translation by I. Pizzi, Turin 1886-88. There is also a German
translation in three volumes by Riickert, edited by Bayer, in Berlin
1890-95.

# 50

Shah-namah'i Firdawsi

A copy of Firdawsl's Shah-namah with an incomplete
preface.

The Shah-namah of Firdawsi is a history of the kings of
Iran in verse, based upon older annals now extinct. It be-
gins with the legendary and mythical rule of Kayumartb, or
Gaytimart, who, according to tradition, lived about the middle
of the third millenium before the Christian era. It ends with
the disappearance of the last Sasanian King, Yazdigurd III,
whose empire fell into the hands of his Arab conquerors in
641 A. D.

Folios 534, of which 1-3, 9a, and 40a are blank, and 441b
in part; 13i inches by 9 inches ; height and width of written

[73]

portion of the pages 10 inches by Si inches respectively 25
lines to a page; written in beautiful Nasta'liq of medium
size on native glazed thin paper, in four columns, with mar-
ginal rulings in gold, red, and blue. Folio 4a contains a
miniature depicting the story of the introduction of Firdawsi
at Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavl's court and of his meeting the
popular court poets 'Unsuri, 'Asjadl, and Farrukhi. Folios
4a-8 comprise the preface beginning :

^ -ifr* Olp.j^J •*•* jL- «.L»U ^Ak* JUT j*| S ^Xf ^^

This preface places the death of the poet in the year 416
ah. (1025 a. d.). The opening page of the preface, folio
4b, and folios 9b and 140b, which introduce the two sub-
divisions of the poem, are richly illuminated in gold and
colors. The headings are written in red ink but occasionally
the panels intended for titles are left blank. Many pages
have been repaired by patches, and some are soiled by damp
Ihe manuscript contains forty-six nearly full-page minia-
tures, which are the work of an unskilled artist, in the style
of the Timurid school painted considerably later. The sub-
jects of the paintings are: (The Roman numerals indicate
the sections which contain illuminations.)

1 f ol. 4a Firdawsi meeting the court poets of Sul-
tan Mahmud Ghaznavl.

Illuminated title-piece to the preface.

The death of Iraj at the hands of his
brothers.

Combat of Manuchahr with Salm and
Tur.

Manuchahr slaying Salm.
Rustam killing the white elephant.
The death of Manuchahr and the acces-
sion of Nawdhar.

f 74]

fol.

II.

2fol.

24a

3 fol.

30a

4 fol.

31b

Sfol.

48b

6 fol.

50a

7fol.

61b

8fol.

62b

9fol.

64b

10 f ol.

67a

Rakhsh Rustam's horse killing a lion.

The youthful Zal restored to his father
Sam by Simurgh.

Rustam killing the dragon,

Rustam fighting with the Div-i-Sapid,
or White Demon.

1 1 f ol. 75a Kay-Kawiis attempts to fly to heaven by

fastening young eagles to his throne.

12 f ol. 77b Rustam's combat with Akliis which ends

with the latter's death.

13 fol. 86b Rustam throws down Suhrab from his

horse.

14 fol. 93b Siyawush passing through the fire or-

deal.

15 fol. 107b Garwi-Zirah slaying Siyawush.

16 fol. 1 13a Rustam overcomes Faramarz in combat.

17 fol. 118b Glv attacking Plran with his lasso.

18 fol. 132a Combat between Bizhan and Farud.

19 fol. 137a Fariburz fighting the Turanians.

III. 20 fol. 161b kustam overcoming the Turanian army.

21 fol. 163a Rustam throws his lasso and catches the

Khaqan, or the Emperor Of China, and
pulls him down from his elephant.

22 fol. 175a Bizhan being entertained by a group of

women musicians.

23 fol. 196a Bizhan slaying Human.

24 fol. 219b Combat of Kay-Khusraw with Shidah.

25 fol. 221b Shidah killed by Khusraw.

26 fol. 227a Kay-Khusraw challenging Afrasiyab.

27 fol. 237b Afrasiyab killed by Kay-Khusraw.

28 fol. 242a Rustam meeting Kay-Khusraw.

29 fol. 248b Gushtasp meeting the daughter of the

Emperor of Byzantium.

30 fol. 250b Gushtasp killing a wolf.

[75]

31 fol. 252b Gushtasp fighting the dragon.

32 fol. 265b Bizhan in chains led into the presence of

Afrasiyab.

33 fol. 274b Asfandiyar attacking the wolves.

34 fol. 275a Asfandiyar killing the dragon.

35 fol. 285b Bahman delivering a message to Rustam

from Asfandiyar.

36 fol. 296b Battle of Rustam of Iran and Afrasiyab

of Turan.

37 fol. 298b Gushtasp learns of the death of Afra-

siyab.
38. fol. 301b Rustam trapped in a spiked pit.

39 fol. 313b Death of Darius III.

40 fol. 333b Death of Alexander.

41 fol. 340a A scene from the interior of a palace

where two women are shown spinning.

42 fol. 368b Bahram slaying two lions.

43 fol. 372a Another scene where Bahram is fighting

with two lions.

44 fol. 392a Bahram meeting the daughter of the

King of India.

45 fol. 426b The daughter of the King of China re-

ceived by Anushirawan.

46 fol. 441b Talkhand's mother is informed of his

death.

The volume is rebound in a modern crimson binding on
the inside covers of which the original blind-pressed brown
covers have been preserved. The last pages and the colo-
phon are missing; therefore, neither the name of the copyist
nor the date of transcription appears. The manuscript,
judging from the quality of its illuminations, and the paper
on which it is written, is probably the product of the second
half of the fifteenth or the early part of the sixteenth century.

[76]

A complete copy of Firdawsi's Shah-namah, with a
preface.

Folios 464; 14 inches by 10 inches; 25 lines to a page,
written in beautiful NastaTiq, on native glazed thick paper,
in four columns, with marginal rulings in gold and blue.
The preface is the so-called " Older Preface " l and its open-
ing pages, folios lb and 2a, are very richly illuminated in
gold and colors, the whole page being inset in sumptuously
ornamented wider margins with decorative panels above and
below the text which runs 9 lines to a page. The remaining
portion of the preface (folios 2b~7a) runs 25 lines to a page
and includes an account of Firdawsl's life and of events pre-
ceding and following his introduction to the court of Sultan
Mahmud. It also contains Firdawsl's satire on Sultan
Mahmud, and a list of the old Persian kings with their
dates. Folio 7b contains an exquisite 'unwan, or title-piece,
of decorative flower designs in gold and colors. The num-
erous small caption-bands, which head the different sections
of the epic narrative, are left uncolored and are inscribed
in gold or in blue characters. There are twenty-three large
miniatures, averaging about 8 inches by 5 inches, most of
which have been rubbed off and retouched. The work is that
of a skilled brush and much in the style of the late §af avi
school.

The subject matter of paintings :

I. fol. lb-2a Illuminated title-pieces to the preface.

II. Ifol. 10a Kayumarth seated upon his throne.

2 fol. 25a Farldun's sons killing their brother Iraj.

3 fol. 33b The fabulous bird Slmurgh restoring the

youthful Zal to his father Sam.

1 See Rieu, B. U. P. C S34.

[771

t 1°\ mu S UStEm Hf ting U P Af rasiyab by his belt.

5 tol. 90b Rustam finds out that he has slain his

own son by mistake.

6 fol I 98b Siyawus_h passing through the fire ordeal.
q / 1 J™ Si ^ wus -^ slain b y Garwi-Zirah.

8 fol. 129a Kay-Khusraw, Farangiz, and Giv cross-

ing the Oxus.

9 fol. 152a The Iranian and the Turanian armies

meeting.
10 fol. 163a Rustam's combat with Ashkabus.

V? 7 lon h ^ kW " n Div throws Rustam int ° the sea.

12 f o . 220a Rustam fighting with Barzu.

13 fol. 242a Barman killed by Raham.

it l°\' o^ E PaSj?ank Slain ^ Kay-Khusraw.
1* x, Kay-Khusraw killing Af rasiyab.

16 fol. 290a Gushtasp exhibiting his skill in polo to
_ the Emperor of Byzantium.

17 fol 3 1 5a Arjasb killed by Asf andiyar.

Jo / 1 * 3 i,t? Bahman fighting with H{ima y-

iy tol. 364b Rustam trapped in a well dug by his half
brother.

?? *°!' ^fu ? mbat between Fara ™rz and Bahman.
21 fol. 435b Bahman killed by a dragon.

^ tol. 445a Two men executed by hanging in accord-

oi r , A „ anCe Wlth the order of Anushlrawan.
23 fol. 463a Alexander's death.

W C °K- X J S reb ° Und in Persian original & oId damped
f hagreen binding which is somewhat worn and some of its

illuminations have been rubbed off. The outside covers show

a blind-pressed medallion, pendants above and below, and

ten^ul mg ™ ner /? gleS a " graCefu "y decorated with
tendrd tracenes and dusted with gold. The inside covers

are lined with plain paper. The colophon is missing and so

are the name of the scribe and the date. The autograph and

[78]

the seal of a former owner, Muhammad Ja'f ar, and the date
1151 A. h. (1738 A. d.) appear on the front flyleaf. The
manuscript was written probably during the second half of
the sixteenth or the beginning of the seventeenth century.

A complete copy of the Shah-namah with a preface.

Folios "5 13, each leaf inlaid, of which 16 leaves and folios
471b, 472a, and 505b are blank; 13i inches by 8 inches;
height and width of written pages 81 inches by 5 inches re-
spectively; 25 lines to a page, written in beautiful Nasta'llq
of medium size, on native glazed paper of ivory finish, in
four columns, with marginal rulings of gold, red, and blue.
The headings are in gold or in red. Folio 9b contains a full
page illumination, consisting of an octagonal medallion in
floral design, with pendants above and below in gold and
colors upon a gold background, and corner angles in similar
designs. Folios 9b and 10a, which form the opening pages
of the preface, are sumptuously illuminated, and the text in
them runs 9 lines to a page. The whole page is inset in
richly embellished wide margins and each border is painted in
different colors, and covered with gold flower designs. In the
remaining' pages of the preface (folios 10b-15a), in which
is also included Firdawsl's satire on Sultan Mahmud, the
text runs 25 lines to a page. The preface is the so-called
" Older Preface." * It concludes with a list of the old Per-
sian kings, including the duration of their reigns. There
are five splendid 'unwans, or title-pieces, in gold and colors
which serve as captions to the different sections on folios
15b, 109b, 149b, 384b, and 472b. The manuscript is illu-
minated by thirty-four miniatures, painted much later, in

1 See Rieu, B. M. P. C 534.

[79]

the style of ^the §afavi school, and some of these have been
repaired and retouched. The subjects are as follows:

*' ! 1°! It ■'■^

If ol. 18b Kayiimarth, the first king of Iran,

seated on his throne.
2fol. 28a Faridun is about to slay the serpent-
shouldered Dahhak.

3 fol. 35a Iraj, the s'on'of Faridun, is slain by his

brothers Salm and Tiir.

4 fol. 43a Simurgh, the fabulous bird, restores the

youthful Zal to his father Sam.

5 fol. 58b The marriage of Zal and Rudabah.

6 fol. 64a Afrasiyab capturing Nawdhar.

q r i HZ RU8tam in Combat with A frasiyab.

« fol. 80b Rustam killing the Dlv-i-Saf id, or White

Demon.
9 fol. 89b Kay-Kawus attempts to fly to heaven by
1fU1 , . ^ fast emng young eagles to his throne.

TT n f ' RUStam killS ^ S ° n Suhr ' ah in COmba *.

11. 1 1 fol. 1 14b Siyawush passes through the fire ordeal
to prove his innocence.
12 fol. 145b Kay-Khusraw, Giv, and Farangiz cross-
ing the river Jayhiin, or the Oxus, on
horseback.

IIL Ji l°l' Jo! a ? rasp ' the son of T * s > slain b y Far *d

14 iol. 184a Rustam throws his lasso and catches the

Khaqan, or King of China, and pulls him
down from his elephant.

15 fol. 187a Combat of Rustam with Ashkabus, the

leader of the Turanians.

16 fol. 197b Rustam carried off in his sleep by the

demon Akwan Div.

)l 1°]' o?l a £° mbat between Gar *iwaz and Blzhan.
IB lol. ^13a Rustam rescues Blzhan from the well.

[80]

19 fol. 238a Rustam ovecomes Faramarz in combat.

20 f ol. 265b Human slain by Bizhan.

21 fol. 276b Fariburz in combat with Kulbad.

22 fol. 291b Kay-Khusraw slays Shidah, the son of

Afrasiyab.

23 fol. 309a Garsiwaz cut asunder by the executioner

at Kay-Khusraw's command.

24 fol. 344b Asf andiyar killing the Simurgfa.

25 fol. 364a Shaghad, Rustam's half brother traps

him into a spiked pit dug in the hunting
ground, but Rustam transfixes Shaghad
through the trunk of a tree, behind which
the latter had taken refuge.

26 fol. 381a Asf andiyar slain with a two-pronged

arrow shot into his eyes by Rustam.

[V. 27 fol. 414b Bahman, the son of Asf andiyar, being
entertained by Lulu.

28 fol. 437a The poor man's cow frightened away by

the king's cow.

29 fol. 441a Bahman captures Faramarz and puts

him to death.

30 fol.' 455b Combat of Adharbarzin with the Dr i-

Siyah, or Black Demon.

31 fol. 468a Bahman killing a dragon.

V. 32 fol. 481b Alexander lamenting the death of Darius
III.

33 fol. 498b Alexander and the Sage Khidr at the

foot of the Fountain of Life.

34 fol. 504a Death of Alexander.

The binding is of heavy leather with blind-pressed medal-
lion designs in gold. The outside covers are alike and show
an inner field of red grained leather, with designs of a
medallion and pendants in black.

[81]

in S e coIonho°n T^T^ "* aPi>ear ' bUt «* date <*»
>n the co ophon < lp ho SOSa) is 996 a. h. (1587 a. d ) The

front flyleaf contains a bookplate of Oliver H. Perkins
A complete copy of Ki . dawsrs S1)ah _ n . mah wUj|o|it

preface.

lines to a page, written m an early form of Ta'liu on „» i w

The headmgs are written in gold, red, and bine but ve y
Snk P Fl , lb Whi ( h - the tU,eS 3re inSCrted '— ^

Half-page -W^^^gSE ^ ^ST
known school of Rida 'Abbas' The subjects are?* "*

I- fol. lb Illuminated title-piece.

2 fol.

3 fol.

22h 2£ T" ? ° f Mil J rSb -i-Kab U ! and Zal.

hri„ J 7° WaS ° ffended 'V R MSl»h, is
-,, ,„ be! "S sued f ° r reconciliation.

2*7 ^ ^ ustam ki!!i "ff the dragon,
o id. 41a Rustam slaying the Div-i-Safid, or White
Uemon.

6f ° l 4 ^ hea^en^^^ making an attempt t0 fl ^ t0
y fol. 58a _ Rustam having severely wounded Sohrab
sn M finds wt his real identity.
8 fol. 63b Sudabah plotting against Siyawusji.

[82]

PLATE X!

THE OUTSIDE FRONT COVER AND FLAP OF A PERSIAN
BINDING, DATED I59I A.D.

(MS. No. 53)

PLATE XIII

THE, msmn F^T COVER A:;n ftj,, OB .« __

BINDING, DATED 1591 A .D.

(MS. No. 53)

PLATE XV

EUST.fi.fc! LIFTING UP PULADWAND. FSOM THE gHAH-NAMAH,
PERSIAN, DATED Jggi A,D.

(MS. No. 53, fol. 121b)

PLATE XV

BI^BAN LED IN CHAINS BEFORE AFRASIYAB. FROM THP
IHAH-NAMAH, PERSIAN, DATED l 5Qi ^. D .

(MS. No. 53, fol. 289b)

9fol. 92b Farud fighting the Iranian army.

10 f ol. 109b Rustam coming to the help of the Iranians.

11 fol. 121b POladwand being lifted up by Rustam.

12 fol. 142b Bizhan killing Human.

13 fol. 161b Shidah and Kay-Khusraw engaged in a

battle.

14 fol. 175a Kay-Khusraw slaying Af rasiyab.

1 5 fol. 203b Gushtasp killing the dragon.

16 fol. 229b Dara threatening his own mother in order

to learn the truth from her.

1 7 fol. 242a Alexander, while in Babylon, interviews a

woman to whom a strange creature was born.

18 fol. 248a A scene in which a group of women are

shown spinning.

19 fol. 289b Bizhan led in chains before Af rasiyab.

20 fol. 304a Ruzan and a Jew are executed by hanging

at the order of Anushirawan.

21 fol. 308b Bahram coming back from India with the

daughter of the king of Hindustan.

The binding is of contemporary Persian black leather with
blind-pressed floral designs in gilt and colors. These patterns,
on the outside covers, comprise a large medallion with double
pendants above and below, and the corner angles harmonize
in style with the central design. The same pattern appears
on the outside of the flap. The inside covers show an inner
field of red grained leather, with blind-pressed elongated
gold medallion, pendants, and corner angles, cut out and em-
bellished by filigree work upon a green background. The
whole of the field is framed by blind-pressed panels cut out
by filigree harmonizing in style with the central figure. The
inside cover of the flap is of identical design and workman-
ship. This is a fine specimen of the binding of the period.
The colophon bears the name of the scribe Muhammad ibn
Shaykh 'Aqll al-Sharif al-Qumi, and the date 1000 A. h.

(1S91 a.d.).

* [83]

A copy of Firdawsi's Shah-namah.

9^° 1{ aL 4 u 9, e f, h l6af inIaid of which foIios *> 2, 3a, 266b
267a 495b, and 496-499 are blank; 12 inches by 71 inches
he, g h t ai* width of written pages 8 inches by 5 inches £
spectively; 25 lines to a page, written in legible Nasta'llq in

ZokZT' °" T tive c gla2ed paper > with mar ^ inal -As

Thetl ' Ue ' ^ PagGS are dama ^ ed ^ worms.

iltrted TH "* " ^ "£ ^ ^ ° f them have not been
inserted. There are two illuminations, which serve as title-

sXol ^ nf T'ff tU u eS ^ thC Styk ° f the late Mu ^al
school, al of which have been retouched. On the reverse of
each m t a fun _ page ^.^ Qf a ^^ e of

^TrZf ^ thek ^^ ^ —P^usly de-
corated. The two title-pieces are in arabesque style and are
very finely executed. The subjects of paintings are :

I (a) fol. 3b Illuminated title-piece.

1 fol. 6b Kayumarth, the first king of Iran seated

on his throne.

2 fol. 48b Rustam in combat with Afrasiyab seizes

him by the girdle and lifts him up from the
saddle; Afrasiyab is saved by the girdle's
breaking.

3 fol. 58a Rustam's horse killing a lion.

«■ lol. 55a Rustam's fight with the demon Arzhank
who is killed. ~ '

II (b) fol. 268a Illuminated title . piece tQ the second ^
division of the work.

is ™Z7:T, is di :i ded only into tw ° suMivisi °- ■»>

s rebound in a modern blue morocco binding. The last pare
•s imperfect, without the name of the scribe or the dal it

[84]

PLATE XVI

EjMjjsjJ'"

KAY-KAWUS FLYING TO HEAVEN ON HIS THRONE.
THE SHAH-NAMAH, INDIAN, C. XVIII CENTURY

(MS. No. 55, fol. 73a)

PROM

was written probably during the latter half of the seven-
teenth or the early part of the eighteenth century.

A copy of Firdawsf s Shah-namah.

Folios 559, each leaf inlaid, of which 154a, 333a, 435b,
and 454a are blank; 12i inches by 8 inches; height and
width of the written portions of the pages 8 inches by 4*
inches respectively; 25 lines to a page, written in an un-
graceful, but clear, Indian Ta'llq hand of the seventeenth or
eighteenth century, in four columns, on native bombacyne
paper, with marginal rulings in gold, red, and green. The
headings are written in red ink. In addition to the richly
illuminated title-pieces introducing the four separate books
(folios lb, 154b, 333b, and 454b), there are fifteen nearly
full-page miniatures all executed by the same artist. There
is an indication that there were originally sixteen miniatures
and that one of them is now missing, for folio 381b is illu-
minated in the style of other folios facing the paintings.
The miniatures, which are in the style of the late Mughal
school, are fine examples of their type. Pages facing the
title-pieces and their margins are illuminated in gold. On
pages facing the miniatures the text is embellished by setting
some of the verses in panels which are ornamented in gilt
and colors. The subjects of the miniatures are as follows :

I. lfol. 8a Dahhak, the tyrant of Babylon and
Arabia slaying Jamshld.

2 fol. 43b Rustam's birth. (The Caesarian opera-

tion is illustrated.)

3 fol. 45a Rustam kills the white elephant.

4 fol. 63b Rustam's horse Rakhsh fighting the

dragon.

[85]

SfoL 73a Kay-Kawus flying to heaven on his

throne.
6. fol. 88b Rustam slays his son Suhrab.
7 fol. 90a Suhrab's funeral procession,

II. 8 fol. 171a Rustam overcomes Kamus.

9 fol. 189a The demon Akwan throws Rustam into
the sea.

10 fol. 229b Pilsam killing Giv.

1 1 fol. 2S lb Battle between Human and Bizhan.

12 fol. 293b Af rasiyab slain by Kay-Khusraw.

13 fol. 328a A scene from Asfandiyar's camp.

III. 14 fol. 371a Darius III, in his last moments, giving
some advice to Alexander.

IV \ IS fol. 470b A game of chess.

The binding is of native brown morocco with silver-tooled
panels on sides and silver flowers on back. Neither the name
of the scribe nor the date is given. Folios la and 559b bear
six large seals of noted personages with dates, who formerly
owned the manuscript. Of these the following five seals,
some of which have been stamped several times; are legible :

1. Abd al-Qadir Khanah-zad-i-Padishah-i-Ghazi (a
slave born in the house of the Warrior King) Muhammad
Shah, Sanah 10 (the tenth year of the reign) 1140 A. h.
(1727 a. d.).

2. §alah al-Dm Khan (the last a title of nobility) Fadawl-
i-Padishah-i-Ghazl (the devoted servant of the Warrior
King) Muhammad Shah 1145 a. h. (1732 a. d.).

3. Sayf al-Mulk (a title meaning the sword of the king-
dom) Nusrat al-Dawlah (the victory of the Empire)
Sayyid Najabat 'All Khan * Bahadur (a title meaning

1 Naj?bat 'All Khan was the second son of Mir Ja'far-'Ali Khan, governor
of Bengal, Behar, and Urisa. He succeeded his brother Najm al-Daw ah, who
died of small-pox in 1766. A pension was granted to him by.the English. He

[86]

PLATE XVII

BATTLE ^BETWEEN HUMAN AND BIZHAN. FROM THE
SHAH-NAMAH, INDIAN, C. XVI II CENTURY

(MS. No. 55, fol. 251b)

brave) Sipahdar-i-Jank (commander of the army) 1169
A. h. (1755 A. D.).

4. Badr al-Dawlah , (the Full Moon of the Kingdom)
Shuja' al-Mulk (the Brave of the Country) Sa'adatmand
Khan Muhammad Bahadur 1245 a. h. (1829 a. d.).

5. Muhr-i-Niyabat (the seal of deputyship) Qadi (judge)
Afdal-'All ibn Najaf-'AlI 1289 a. h. (1872 a. d.).

A memorandum in Persian above this last seal which is
the largest of all, reads: "Acquired from the Royal
Library." Another memorandum below it reads : " In the
year 1290 a. h. (1873 a. d.), bought from the Library of
Muhammad Shah for the sum of 200 rupees." On the left-
hand upper corner of the page the following lines have been
inscribed in a different handwriting: "Bought this book,
which is from the Royal Library, for 500 rupees." This is
an interesting manuscript which has had many owners,
but it is still in perfect condition. It was written probably
for Muhammad Shah of India (ruled 1719-1748 a. d.), who
first presented it to 'Abd al-Qadir Khan, and then passed
down to others.

A copy of Firdawsi's Shah-namah, incomplete, being the
third volume of a complete manuscript.

Folios 145, of which la is blank; 15 inches by 9 inches;
25 lines to a page, written in poor Indian Ta'llq, on native
glazed paper of medium weight and strong texture, in four
columns, and framed with rulings of gold, red, and blue.
Many pages have been soiled by damp, injured by insects,
and stained. In rebinding the pages have been trimmed and

died in 1770. See Or. Bib. Diet., revised edition by Henry George Kenne,
London, 1894.

[87]

the corners of the folios have been cut off. Folio lb is de-
corated with a title-piece of rich design in soft coloring in
the style of Indian illuminators. There are numerous rec-
tangular section headings inscribed in red characters
throughout the manuscript. In addition there are thirteen
brightly colored illustrative miniatures, characteristic of the
late Mughal style, all of which appear to be the work of the
same artist.

The volume is rebound in a heavy Persian lacquer of a light
olive-green color framed within three borders, the central
border in dark red and the two outer borders in black, all of
which are ornamented with floral patterns in gold. The field
on the outside of both covers is decorated with pictorial
representations of planets and heavenly bodies, such as the
Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Neptune, and Saturn. These
planets are shown in the forms of men and women, who, as
warriors, kings, and queens, are either seated on the floor,
or on chairs; some of them are riding upon horseback, ele-
phants, lions, cows, birds, and other animals; others are in
chariots drawn by these animals. The inside covers have a
crimson red background on which a large flower plant,
resembling a narcissus, is painted in gold. The whole design
is framed in gold-rulings. The corners have been slightly
chipped off from both covers of the lacquer binding. The
manuscript is undated, but on one of the outer covers the
date 1232 a. h. (1816 a.d.) is given. The illuminations
and miniatures, which have been inserted later, belong to the
late eighteenth century, but the manuscript looks older.

•

[88] i

PLATE XVIII

GAME OF CHESS. FROM THE §HAH-NAMAH,
INDIAN, C. XVIII CENTURY
(MS. No. 55, fol. 470b)

margmal frames of gold red wTk, C °' Umns ' with

lightly injured by JorL t^ ^ , S ° me P a ^ are
the so-called " Oll^Xc^Iuu (f °' i0S lb " 6a > is
by M. de WolIenbourT in *< Mr* haS been transk ^
Vienna, A . D . 1810 ° I? ; " e J" Ie Chahname,"

title-piece in gold and color* "^ With an *^

is followed iL^^'^y in , Indian style, and
representing FiroawsHn i mmiature a 'so in Indian style

The writing of Z 6s t t^T**"? ° f SuItan Ma hn>«d
by tendril LJV^rj^f <* «>e preface is set off

names are writtn in St*! „ *"*" ^ Iines - ^^
satirical poem on Suhan M a ^-f T mdudes F'rdawsl's
kings with the SSJ ^oi » ? nda,istof o'd Persian
t tle-pieces, simiIar i„ d ™/j. he,r F*"- IUuminate <>
the preface, appear on foU^I «^ anship to that of
addition there are nZetoZ I- *' 24% ' and 377b - In
ent sections of teS^S*""' »*>*«*« the differ-

«oral patterns thro^te ^ 'th^ deC ° rated in
illustrated with forty-four mi^ f . The manuscript is

style of the late M Jha school T* « "^ C ° kw ''" the
of a single artist ' "^ aU seem to be the work

field decorated with aTe o« ^ haVe a «*^«r
corner angles; the whole hSf medalI 'on, pendants, and

stamped with floral patted a i d L SU 7K Unded with ^^
' «- a-., B. M. p. c. L ^ ^ 3 d0UWe «* cord -

[89J

trig. The inside covers are covered with plain white paper.
The manuscript is not dated, but was written approximately
during the second half of the eighteenth century. The minia-
tures and the illuminations, which are poorly done, were
painted much later and look quite modern.

A complete copy of the Shah-namah of Firdawsi, without
any of the usual prefaces.

Folios 534, of which la and 2a are blank, and 394b con-
tains a blank space apparently for an illustration; 17 inches
by 11 inches; 25 lines to a page, written in good bold Nasta'-
Hq, on paper of strong texture with a cafe au lait tinge and
slight sheen, in four columns between double-ruled lines and
gilded borders. Some pages are stained by damp and pasted
with numerous patches. Folio lb contains the list of old
Persian kings, including the duration of their reigns.
Folios 2b and 3a introduce two splendidly illuminated
'unwans in scarlet, gold, and other colors, to serve as a double
frontispiece, and contain the opening couplets of the epic
which run 5 lines to a page written in 4 columns. In addi-
tion to these, folio 271a is very richly ilium ..ted with a
title-piece which serves as a caption to the second subdivision
of the work. Throughout the poem there are as many as
six hundred small rectangular captions to the different sec-
tions, lettered in red ink upon a gold background, and deli-
cately flowered in colors. There are also one hundred and
nineteen miniature paintings, all of which were apparently
executed by the same artist. This artist seems to have
adopted the likenesses of Fath-'Ali Shah Qajar (ruled 1797-
1834 a. d.) and of his son, 'Abbas Mirza, as models for the
heroes of the epic. The binding is of old leather damaged

[90]

and repaired, black on the outside and red in the inside.
Neither the name of the scribe nor the date is given, but,
judging from the style of the miniatures and illuminations,
the manuscript belongs approximately to the first half of
the nineteenth century.

A complete copy of Firdawsi's Shah-namah without a
preface.

Folios 628 of which 1, 2a, 179a, 333b, 334a, 506b, and
507a are blank; 1« inches by 7i inches; 24 lines to a page,
written in leg,ble Nasta'llq, on native glazed thin paper, in
four columns with marginal rulings in blue and gold The
columns separating the verses are painted in red and blue
alternatively and are decorated with leaf designs in gold

»nH <nT ^ Writ ,! e " in red ink - Folios 2b > 1**. 334b,'
and 507b contain illuminated title-pieces in gold and colors
in Indian style, which serve as captions to the four different
sec ions of the work. The manuscript is illustrated by

rfiTiT 2""? I™ 8 ° f Very modern ^ in ^ht colors
m the late Mughal style. The paintings are of poor quality
and appear to be all the work of a single artist. The binding
is of heavy Persian dark maroon leather, richly embossed in
gilt on the outside. The inside covers are lined with plain
paper. The ornamentation on the outside shows a field
decorated with a medallion, pendants, and corner angles in a
noral design in gold.

The name of the scribe 'Abd al-Wahhab al-Husayni al-
Masandaran. (a native of the province of Mazandaran,
Iran) is given on the colophon. The date, however, which

12 P £? H °", «£ ,78 V" thC fim S£Ction of the -rk, s

1^44 A. H. (1828 A. D.).

[91]

Khaqani

(1106-1186 A. d.)

Af dal al-Din Ibrahim b. 'All Shlrvani, whose original
pen name was Haqa'iqi, was born in 500 a..h. (1106 a. d)
at Ganjah (Elisavetpol). His father was a carpenter by pro-
fession, and his mother was a Nestorian Christian who had
been converted to Islam. He lost his parents at an early age
and was educated by his uncle. At his uncle's death,
Khaqani was twenty-five years of age, and he was tutored
by the famous poet Abu al-'Ala, who was one of the court
poets of Manuchahr Shirvanshah. He was presented at the
court by his tutor and was permitted to change his nom de
plume to Khaqani, in honor of Shirvanshah. He served at
the court for some time and then succeeded in obtaining per-
mission to undertake a pilgrimage to Mecca.

It was on his return from Mecca that he visited Isfahan,
and during his travels that he wrote his Tuhf at al-'Iraqayn,
or " Present to the two 'Iraqs," a description of the 'Iraq-i-
'Arab and 'Iraq-i-'Ajam. Upon his return to Shirvan, in
some way he caused the displeasure of the ruling monarch
Akhtisan Shirvanshah, and was imprisoned in the fortress
of Shabiran, where he wrote his Habsiyyah, or the " Prison-
poem." According to the Tadhkiratu'sh-Shu'ara of Dawlat-
shah, the Tarikh-i-Guzidah of Hamd-allah Mustawfi, and
the Haft Iqlim of Amin Ahmad-i-Razi, Khaqani died in
Tabriz in 582 a. h. (1186 a. d.), and was buried at Surkhab,
between two famous poets, Zahir al-Din FaryabI and
Shahfur-i-Ashhari.

Khaqani is well-known as a qasidah writer, and his repu-
tation rests mainly on this form of poetry. He has a com-
plete Diwan, and the above-mentioned mathnawT, the Tuhf at
al-'Iraqayn, some quatrains, and a number of poems in
Arabic.

[92]

For further details on Kh5o5nT'= t.t /
Htst. f Persia) 2 m _^2 • y^«4 works, see Bro ^

P«te persao du Xlle sieclf 'jourS^ ^ M6mo!re su ' Ktacaoi,
Mrbueher, vol. 64, Anzeigeoiatt 16 R 7 ?"'' & S * rie ' 4 ' »*»
•M"*W» was pri nte d ia !lh re.1S 7 °" £r ° m *» Tu f f «

«•

Ku %yat-i-ghaqam
KU " iyy4t '° rthecom Pte works of Khaqam.

^^y^^S'- » *? '° a page,
The wntten portion of the p3"l 7 f ^ colnm » s -
» Earned by borders <*«£!!?„ ""*? by 4 inches and
are stained on the edges by lw ^ M ° St of the ft*"

;nkareinserted on thewideZrlf^T '" red and "**
'"Panels in red ; nk . jy* mar f n f- Headtngs are inscribed
Rations with g old fcfi^ * «? ^W illu-
The former folio contains an. • • decora ted margins
colors, wh i ch introd T™. f ex ^s,te title-piece in gold I and

similarly illuminated an^?,^ Fo,ios 9b and 10a are
«y.e and design, &££ ^J"' ta the sam «
2S6a are also richly ;i, u J n C a e ^ a f ld - Folios 255b and
a t.t e-piece similar to the t'o £ ^ m °> Contein »e

P°£ well-known ^^XtZZN^^ *

There are four f»n « . u 0*at al-lraqavn

scenes, and ££%*£ ™f <-; all d^C^
Bukhara schoo.. De«i «^j££ '" «* **' <* the

[93]

i fol. 82b A king, surrounded by his attendants, is
seated upon his throne. He has ordered that
one of the courtiers be put to death, and the
rest are pleading for mercy.

2 fol. 83a The same king seated upon his throne, while

his attendants are entertaining some guests
iii the foreground.

3 fol. 185b A scene from the interior of a palace. The

queen is offering some fruit to the king, who
is seated cross-legged on the floor. Musicians
are seen below partaking of food and drinking
wine.

4 fol. 186a A court scene. The king and queen are

seated upon their thrones, while musicians
and dancers, all women, entertain them.

The binding is of original Persian flap-cover of golden-
brown leather. The outside covers show a blind-pressed rec-
tangular field decorated with a medallion in tendril traceries,
pendants, and corner angles matching. The inner covers are
of lighter-brown leather, set off by an inlaid blue medallion,
pendants, and corner angles, and stamped with a foliated
pattern. The design both on the outside and inside flap
matches the designs of the covers. The colophon does not
give the name of the scribe nor the date, but judging from
the style of its illuminations and illustrations the manuscript
probably belongs to the late sixteenth century.

'Attar
(c. 1130-1230 a. d.)

Abu Talib Muhammad, son of Abu Bakr Ibrahim, gen-
erally known as Farid al-DIn 'Attar, was born in a small
town near Nishapur. The exact date of his birth is un-

[94]

PLATE XIX

A KINO LISTENING TO A PLEA FOR MERCY. PROM THE
KULLIYYAT OF KHAQANI, PERSIAN, LATE XVI CENTURY
(MS. No. 6o, fol. 82b)

known, and there has been much controversy about the date
of his death. 1 Jami, in his Naf ahat, says that he was killed
by the Mongols during the sack of Nishapur in 627 A. h.
( 1230 A. d. ) . He was, as his common appellation implies, a
pharmacist by profession, and kept a store where he himself
prescribed and prepared drugs. Little accurate information
on the particulars of his life is available. He was a great
scholar and. poet, and devoted much of his time to the study
of mysticism. He is regarded as a holy man by the mystics.
Besides a Diwan, he left copious works. Among those that
have been preserved are: the Tadhkirat al-Awliya, Mantiq
al-Tayr, Khusraw wa Gul, Asrar-namah, Waslat-namah,
Ushtur-namah, Pand-namah, Haylaj-namah, and Jawhar

al-Dhahab.

The Pand-namah, or the " Book of Advice," is the most
popular of his- poems. It consists of moral precepts com-
posed in mathnawl rhyme. It has been printed several times
in Lahore, Calcutta, Tehran, and Istanbul. It has been
edited by J. H. Hindly, London, 1809, and a French trans-
lation by S. de Sacy, Paris, 1819, and a German translation
by G. H. F. Nisselmann exist. For a Turkish translation
see manuscript No. 96 of this Catalogue.

For details regarding 'Avar's life and works see Browne, Lit. Hist,
of Persia 2. 506-15 ; the Tadhkirat al-Awliya of *A«ar edited by R. A.
Nicholson in Persian Historical text series, Vols. 3 and 5, London,
1905-7; Margaret Smith, The Persian Mystics: Attar, London, J.
Murray, 1932.

*For particulars on this question see Browne, Lit. Hist, of Persia, 2. 507-11.

[95]

Pand-namah-i-' Attar

The Book of Advice by 'Attar, being a collection of poems
on moral precepts.

Folios 41 ; 9i inches by 6 inches; written in fairly legible
Ta hq, by a novice, on thin native glazed paper. The verses
generally run 11 lines to the page within two columns
separated by double rulings in gold, and framed by borders
of heavy gold and green and by an extra border of gold
Titles are written in red. The two opening pages are pro-
fusely illuminated in gold and colors with wide borders
decorated with floral designs in gold. The first folio con-
tains a double 'unwan illuminated in gold and colors, and
folio 4a which is the colophon, is illuminated in the same
style. Folio 41 is almost blank, except that it contains the
design of a crescent in gold in its center, and is framed by
heavy rulings of gold and green. The gold-tooled calf bind-
ing with flap is skinned on both covers. The ornamentation
on both covers is alike and shows a dark-brown field decor-
ated with dotted squares in gold, and framed by wide borders
in red, gold, and brown colors. The inside covers are lined
with gold-sprinkled pink paper. The flap-cover is identical
with the other two in all details. The colophon supplies the
name of the copyist, Ahmad Rushdl, an apprentice of
Muhammad Hamid, and the date 1235 a. h. (1819 a. d.).

NizamI

(1140-1203 a. d.)

NizamI the acknowledged master of romantic mathnawi
(a form of poetry in doublets and generally narrative in

[96\

character), whose influence and popularity have remained
unsurpassed to the present day in Turkey as well as in Iran,
was born at Ganjah in 535 a. h. (1140 a. d) and died in
599 a. h. (1202 a. d.) at the age of sixty-three. His name
was Abu Muhammad Ilyas, and his title Nizam al-Dln. It
was from this latter that he derived his nom de plume Nizami.
His five great mathnawi poems are collectively known as
the Khamsah, or " Quintet," or as the Panj Ganj, or " Five
Treasures." The composition of these poems falls between
1165 and 1198 a. d., approximately covering a period of
thirty years. The contents of the Quintet are :

1. Makhzan al-Asrar, or " Treasury of Mysteries," the
shortest and earliest of the Quintet, about twenty-three hun-
dred couplets, is of quite different character from the other
four poems, since it is more a mystical poem with illus-
trative anecdotes than a romance. It comprises some
introductory material and a number of Maqalahs, or
" Discourses," on theological and ethical subjects.

2. Khusraw and Shlrin, the best of his romantic poems,
about seven thousand couplets, deals with the adventures of
the Sasanian King Khusraw Parvlz II (ruled 590-628 a. d.) ,
and especially with his love for the beautiful Shlrin and of
the tragic fate of his rival Farhad.

3. Layla and Majnun, another romance, which comprises
some four thousand couplets, is the most popular of all the
love stories in the East. The scene is laid in Arabia, and
the lovers are not royal personages but simple Arabs of the
desert. The background and the entire coloring, however,
is Persian. In the end the two lovers are brought together
in Paradise.

4. Haft Paykar, or Bahram-namah, " Seven Portraits,"
or " Book of Bahram," is a legendary history of the Sasanian
King Bahram Giir (ruled 420-438 a. d.). The Seven Por-
traits, discovered by Prince Bahram in a sacred chamber

[97]

of his palace, all represent princesses of rare beauty.
These princesses are the daughters respectively of the Raja
of India, the Khaqan of China, the Shah of Khwarazm, the
King of the Slavs, the Shah of Iran, the Emperor of Byzan-
tium, and the King of the Sunset-land, or the " West."
Bahram falls in love with the portraits of these princesses,
and on his accession to the throne of Iran demands and ob-
tains the hands of these beauties of the Seven Climes. He
then builds seven palaces, each symbolically colored, for each
one of these princesses. Bahram visits each princess in turn
on the seven successive nights of the week. The romance
of the seven palaces comes to an end by the death of Bahram.
5. Iskandar-namah, or " Book of Alexander," the fifth
and longest poem, about ten thousand couplets, is divided in-
to two parts. The first part is entitled Sharaf-namah, or
" Book of (Alexander's) Honors," and the second, Iqbal-
namah, or " Book of (Alexander's) Fortune." Sometimes
the first part is simply called Iskandar-namah, and the second
called Khirad-namah'i Iskandari, or " Book of Alexander's
Wisdom."

For further details of Nizaml's life and works see Browne, Lit

H ls t. of Persia, 2.399-411; H. Ethe, Neupersische Litteratur, in

Geiger and Kuhn's Grundriss, 2.241-4; P. Horn, Geschichte der

persischen Litteratur, 181-9, Leipzig 1901. Translations in English

and other languages have been made by J. Atkinson, London 1836

(reprinted several times); by F. V. Erdmann, Kazan 1844; and

Wilberforce Clarke, London 1885. See also A. V. W. Jackson's

S? " Nizami " in Warner ' World's Best Literature, New York

1897. There is a translation in two volumes of Haft Paykar by C. E

Wilson, London 1924.

[98]

Khamsah'i Nizaml

The Khamsah, or five poems of Nizaml.

Folios 512, of which la, 328a, and 512b are blank;. 12
inches by 7 inches; 15 lines to a page, written on medium
quality paper of ivory finish, in elegant Nasta'liq, in two
gold-ruled columns. The margins are likewise inscribed, 24
lines to the page, and the whole written portion of the page
is then framed by rulings in gold and blue. The margins
on each page are decorated with flower designs in gold out-
lined by blue ink. Some pages show traces of slight injuries
by worms, but the manuscript is on the whole very well pre-
served. Folios lb, 43b, 153b, 237b, 328b, and 449b are
highly ornamented with 'unwans, in gold and colors, which
serve as title-pieces to each of the five books, with an addi-
tional title-piece for the second part of the fifth poem. These
'unwans are double pages throughout, and are particularly
rich in decoration and design. There are likewise decorative
flower designs on the margins of these title-pieces and of
the opposite pages, and gold is freely used throughout as
an added embellishment. Headings for different sections
of the poems are inscribed in gilt characters and are set in
panels decorated with floral designs in gold.

There are thirteen miniatures, each occupying one-fourth
of a page, and some larger, in the style of the Rida 'Abbas!
school, all drawn by the brush of the same artist. The chief
details as to the subjects of the miniatures are :

I. fol. lb-2a Two illuminated title-pages, in gold and
colors, to the first poem Makhzan al-Asrar.

[99]

1 fol. 11a The story of King Anushirawan the just

(King Chosroes I, 531-579 a. d.) and his
vizier on a hunting trip.

2 fol. 30a The story of Jesus and the dead dog.
II. 3 fol. 100b Farhad digging the mountain.

4 fol. 105b Khusraw finds out that Shirin has gone

to look upon Farhad's gigantic enterprise.

5 fol. 136a Khusraw seated upon his throne.

III. 6 fol. 184b The Arab Chieftain Nawfal fights for

Majnun against the tribe of Layla.

7 fol. 187b Majnun, insane, wanders in the wilder-

ness.

8 fol. 188b Majnun meets a hunter.

9 fol. 225b Layla and Majnun meet after a long

separation.

IV. 10 fol. 239b The Prophet Muhammad's ascension to

heaven.

1 1 fol. 253a Bahrain Gur killing a lion.

12 fol. 260b Bahram Gur exhibiting his skill by

reaching out to take away his crown which
has been placed between two lions.

13 fol. 273a Bahram and the Princess of the Green

Palace.

The binding is of plain contemporary red leather with
floral decoration on the back. Inside covers are also plain
red. In the colophon of the second and third poems the date
1U36 a. h. (1626 a. d.) is given. The colophon to the fourth
poem is dated 1037 a. h. (1627 a. d.). The fifth poem is
dated 1037 a. h. (1627 a. d.) and bears the name of the
scribe, Hajji Muhammad al-Jarpadaqanl.

The first flyleaf on the upper left-hand side contains a
memorandum, which, as far as the history of the composi-
tion of the manuscript is concerned, reveals some very inter-

[100]

esting information. This annotation in Persian, which is
translated below, was evidently written by the original
owner who had ordered the manuscript to be made.

" The actual cost of the Khamsah of Mawlana Nizamf i
Ganjawi (of the city of Ganjah), may God bless his soul,
in the handwriting of Khoshnawis Khan (a title meaning
an accomplished penman) Shirazi (native of Shiraz), 357
Rupees as follows :

Cost of the copying of 36000 couplets
@ 5 rupees per 1000 180

Cost of ruling of the folios and of the
application of the gold leaf 90

Cost of 14 miniature paintings 1

@ 3 rupees each 42

Binding and illuminations 20

Stationery and material for the manu-
script 25

Rupees 8 ~~$$7 "

Another memorandum, on the left-hand side of thr. same
flyleaf, is a complimentary dedication in Persian which
reads: "This Khamsah of NizamI, is a gift of Munshi
(secretary) Mir ibn 'AH to His Excellency the Exalted
Colonel Sahib (Master) Connel Barry Clemens 8 Bahadur

1 From this account it appears that the manuscript has lost a miniature since
the memorandum was made, as the copy at the present contains only thirteen
miniatures.

"These must be gold rupees, although no mention of gold is made by the
writer. Indian currency at the time this work was done (1628 a.d.) was not
standardized, and each province or district had its own gold and silver rupees,
as both metals were in circulation. A centralized system of government was
established in 1833 by the East India Company when the Governor-General of
Bengal became the Governor-General of India. It was two years later after
the passage of the Silver Standard Act of 1835, when it was declared that no
gold coin was to be a legal tender. Besides, the sum of 357 silver rupees seems
to be too little compensation, even in those days, for the type of workmanship
represented by the present manuscript.

•The above is the best that could be made out of a foreign name which,
when written in Arabic characters without the proper vowel signs, is hard to
determine accurately.

[101]

(brave), on the date of 23d of June 1810 equivalent of 21
Jumatfa 1, 1225 a. h. in the Prosperous City of Playdarabad."
There follows a circular seal impression in which the
legend is not legible, but the name of the donor, 'AH, can be
distinctly read. Underneath this seal two other seals are
stamped, one circular and larger in size, the other smaller
and square, but their contents are blacked out with ink and
cannot be deciphered.

A copy of the Khamsah of Nizaml.

m Folios 375, of which 1, 2a, 234a, and 281a are blank; 131
inches by 7i inches; 21 lines to a page, written on native
glazed paper colored by hand in light brown, in poor but

egible Indian Ta'llq, in four columns, between double-ruled
lines, and enframed by rulings in gold and red. The outer
margins of folios 47, 127, 223, 325, and 349 are mended
with patches and some leaves are slightly injured by worm-
holes, but the manuscript in general is in excellent condition
Folios 2b, 33a, 91b, 155b, 234b, and 281b are illuminated
with title-pieces which serve as captions to the different sec-
tions of the Khamsah. These illuminations, in Indian style,
in gold and colors, are all similar and are rather poorly
drawn. Section-headings throughout the manuscript are
inscribed in red. In addition there are forty-four miniatures
in the later Mughal style, which are brightly colored and of
rather poor workmanship. The paintings, with a few ex-
ceptions, are all the work of the same artist.

The binding is of Levant morocco with gilt emblematic
•Persian ornaments in sunk compartments on both of the
outer covers. These ornamentations consist of elongated
medallion designs with pendants above and below, and cor-

[102]

ner angles that harmonize with the general scheme of decora-
tion. The inside covers are of doublure of old-rose Persian
morocco, from the original binding with gilt borders. Neither
the date nor the name of the scribe is given, but the manu-
script, judging from its calligraphy, illuminations, and minia-
ture paintings was written in India probably during the early
part of the nineteenth century. On the front flyleaf a few
couplets from Firdawsi's Shah-namah are written in a poor
hand. Above the illuminated title-piece of the first poem,
Makhzan al-Asrar, there is a square seal impression on
which the name of a former owner, 'Ala al-Din Ahmad
Khan Bahadur, and the date 1273 a. h. (1856 A. d.) appear.
The same seal is affixed to the colophon of the last poem in
the codex.

Sharaf-namah'i Iskandarl

The first part of the Iskandar-namah from the Quintet
of Nizaml. A few couplets missing from the end.

Folios 88, all inlaid and gilded on the edges ; 1 li inches by
6i inches ; height and width of the written surface 71 inches
by 4 inches respectively; 21 lines to a page, written on thin
native glazed paper of ivory finish, in excellent Nasta'liq of
medium size, in four columns, between double-ruled lines,
and framed by gold, blue, and red borders. Folio la is the
colophon of Bahram-namah ; this poem evidently preceded
the Book of Alexander in the original binding, and con-
tained either these two poems or the whole of the Quintet.
On folio lb an exquisite 'unwan in gold and blue introduces
the first part of Iskandar-namah, which in this place is called

[103]

Sharaf-namah'i Iskandari. This title-piece, of rich design
and so ft coloring, is in the style of the sixt eent cenZ

tSnl' r ,nat ° rS ° f ^^ Headi "^ 0f the Afferent se^
mShlfT P ° em , a - C °? amented in P*» ^d colors and are
numbed m panels m blue ink. In addition the manuscript

nrusfof T ^n"!f P S - h0 ° l ^^ no doubt > are ^om the
brush of a slalled arhst. Because of the thin quality of the

paper seven out of nine of these paintings are not in Lood

made Pa "" S ' WCVer ' have been ver y <*"*"%

tratasTre" ^ regardiDg "* ilIuminati <>^ ™° *"•*-

fol. lb Title-piece, in gold and blue, of the first

,..,. sectlon °f the Book of Alexander.

■> 7 ' \1 -M exander se »ted upon his throne.

2 fol. 19b Alexander fighting the king of Zangls

(Ethiopians).

3 fol. 32b Death of Darius III i„ the presence of

Alexander.

5 fol' 2L b ^! exander weds the daughter of Darius III.
fol. 46a Alexander, disguised as an envoy, presents

fifnl «K hu "felf at the court of Queen Nushabah.

6 fo . 53t> Alexander's visit to Khusraw.

8 fo ' m, £! eXander , ,s visit to the Khaqan of China.

9 f o ' «£ A , ^ S battk against the Russi ^.
Viol. 85b Alexander in the Land of Darkness, where

he has gone to find the Fountain of Life, meets
tQudr, the Sage of Eternal Youth.

reb^LToM 1 pi'"? iS mlSSin& a " d *■* codex has been
desW X Z I *&*«**#*■ gained morocco, with gilt
design and borders The name of the scribe is not given
and the manuscnpt is undated, but, judging from the st™

(104)

of its illuminations and miniatures, it belongs approximately
to the second half of the sixteenth century.

A copy of the same work without a title.

Folios 138; 9i inches by 5£ inches; 13 lines to a page
written on native glazed paper, in bold Nasta'liq, in two
columns, within gilt and colored borders. The margins are
likewise inscribed by the same copyist. The text runs 26
lines to the page, and the whole written portion of the page
is then framed by blue and gilt borders. The margins on
the central edges and at the corners are decorated with tri-
angles of floral designs in gold and colors. Some leaves are
injured by worms and some are stained by damp. Folio lb
is ornamented with a title-piece in gold, blue, and dull rose,
in Indian style, and is damaged by wormholes. Headings
for the different sections of the poem are inscribed in small
rectangular panels, in black upon a solid gold background.
There are fifteen brightly colored miniatures in the style of
the late Mughal school, all apparently the work of a single
artist but poorly executed.

fol. lb Illuminated title-piece.

1 fol. Sa Muhammad's ascension to heaven in a

vision.

2 fol. 13b Alexander seated upon his throne.

3 fol. 22b The Egyptian envoys presenting Alex-

ander a petition against the Ethiopians.

4 fol. 30b Alexander fighting the Ethiopians.

5 fol. 34a Alexander on a hunting trip.

6 fol. 43b Alexander receiving Darius's letter.

7 fol. Sib The death of Darius III.

[105]

8fol. 62b Alexander in the presence of Darius's
on daughter with whom he has fallen in love.

S» iol. 72b Alexander, disguised as an envoy, gains

I a x , * et aCCeSS t0 the court of & ueen Nushabah.
10 f ol. 75b Queen Nusjiabah at Alexander's court.

II iol. 81a Alexander visiting a sage.

\l l°\' i JS* ? ing ° f India receivin £ Alexander's letter.
13 fol. 100b The Khaqan of China, disguised as an

enV ° y ' in Alexander>s presence.
\t I ]' J2?u f lexander ^hting the Khaqan of China.
15 iol. IZlb ^ Alexander capturing a div (demon) with

his lasso.

The original binding is missing, and the manuscript has
been rebound in modern black cloth. The colophon bears
the name of the scribe Nizam al-Dln and the date 1248 a. h

(lOJZ A. D.).

Khulasah'i Khamsah

Select verses from Khamsah with a short preface in prose .

Folios 54; 8 inches by 5 inches; 10 lines to a page, written
on gold -sprinkled native glazed paper of ivory finish, in
beautiful Nasta'llq, in double columns, within gold and
colored rules. Folios lb, 2a, 3b, and 4a are illuminated, and
the unwans on folios lb and 4a are richly ornamented in
gold and blue. The headings, each in the order of the poem
irom which they are selected, are inscribed in white or black
ink on variously colored grounds. The binding and first folio
are loose and detached from the volume and are in need of

[106]

repairing. The original Persian flap-binding of black leather
is heavily embossed with gold. The ornamentation on both of
the outer covers is alike, and shows a field decorated with an
elaborate tendril design impressed upon the leather and
gilded. This is framed by a border of gold bands. The inner
covers, which are in dark-brown leather, present a good
example of the typical combination of cut-out leather work
and blind-pressing. A large medallion, in floral pattern of
gold and blue tracery, with pendants above and below it,
forms the central design. The corner angles and side-pieces
are alike, and the whole is framed by gold bands. The flap-
cover is identical in design with the covers. The name of
the scribe is not given, but the date of transcription of
the colophon is 982 a. h. (1574 a. d.). On the back fly-
leaf, near the center of the page, there is a memorandum of
a former owner in Persian which reads : " The property of
the humblest of slaves, 'Abd al-'Azim b. 'All al-Amill, (these
lines) in the shikastah style were written in the year 1130
a. h. (1717 a. d.)." Underneath this, a little towards the
left, an octagonal seal impression bears the name of Nar
Budaq Ghulam-i-Shah 'Abbas (the slave of Shah 'Abbas),
and the date 1053 a. h. (1643 a. d.).

Sa'di
(1184-1291 a. d.)

Sa'di, the most popular writer of Iran, was born in Shiraz
about the year 1 184 a. d. His full name, as it appears in the
oldest known manuscript of his works (No. 876 of the India
Office, transcribed in 1328 a. d., only thirty-seven years
after his death), was Musharrif al-Din b. Muslih al-Din
'Abd-allah. His father held an official position at the court
of the Atabek rulers of Fars. At his father's death, Sa'di
was taken under the protection of Abu Bakr b. Sa'd bin

[107]

ZangI, who ascended the throne of the Atabeks in 1 195 a d
The poet adopted the pen name of Sa'di in honor of his
patron. He was sent to Baghdad to pursue his studies at
the famous Nizamiyyah college, and while there he came in
contact with the great §ufi Shaykh Shihab al-Din Suhra-
wardi, and the eminent Shaykh Jamal al-Din Abu al-Faraj
ibn al-Jawzi. It was with the latter that he made his first
pilgrimage to Mecca. He later repeated this pious act no less
than Ween times, travelling most of the way on foot,
through the burning deserts of Arabia. Dawlatshah 1 has
named §haykh <Abd al-Qadir Gilani as Sa'di's teacher and
companion on his first pilgrimage to the Holy Cities. This
statement, however, seems to be inaccurate for the eminent
£uf i had passed away at least twenty years before Sa'di
was born.

Sa'di's thorough knowledge of Arabic, which he used
freely in his works, was acquired during his residence in
Baghdad He traveled extensively throughout the lands of
Iskm. He visited Syria, Hijaz ,Yaman, Abyssinia, North
Africa Asia Minor, and India. While in Tripoli, Syria he
was taken prisoner by the Crusaders and put to hard labor
m company of some Jews. He was ransomed by a friend
and out of obligation married his daughter. The lady, un-
fortunately, had a disagreeable disposition and the marriage
turned out most unhappily. This fact has been considered
the cause of his critical and embittered remarks about the
female sex in his writings. After many years he married a
second time, and had a son who died very young. Sa'di's
return to his native town of Shiraz is placed around the year
1^6, when he was over seventy years of age. He died
tftere, more than a centenarian, in 1291.

Sa'di is still regarded by many as an unrivalled master of
Persian prose and poetry. The great beauty of his style lies

^Taihkiratu'sh.Shu'ara, Browne's edition, 202.
Browne, Lit. Hist, of Persia, 2. 496.

[108]

in its charming simplicity. His works were collected by 'All
b. Ahmad Blsutun, who in 726 a. h. (1325 a. d.) arranged
the Ghazals, and eight years later, in 734 a. h. (1333 a. d.),
compiled an index to them. Of his works, the Gulistan, or
" The Rose-Garden," and the Bustan, or " The Orchard,"
are the most popular. He wrote many other works besides,
which are described below by the contents of the following
manuscript.

For further details regarding Sa'di's life and works see Browne,
Lit. Hist, of Persia, 2. 525-39; Ethe, Neupersische Litteratur, 292-6;
Horn, Geschichte der persischen Litteratur, 168-75 ; and A. V. W.
Jackson, Persia Past and Present, 333-5. There are English transla-
tions of the Gulistan by the following: James Dumoulin, Calcutta,
1807; Francis Gladwin, Boston, 1865; Edward B. Eastwick, Hert-
ford, 1852; and English translations of the Bustan by: Wilberforce
Clarke, 1879; A. H. Edwards, 1911 ; Stories from Sa'di's Bustan and
Gulistan, 1928 (The Treasure House of Eastern History Series).
For a Turkish translation of the Gulistan see Manuscript No. 96 of
this Catalogue. Sa'di's works have been repeatedly lithographed in
Iran, Turkey, India, and Egypt.

Kulliyyat-i Sa'di

A copy of the Kulliyyat, or Complete Works, of Sa'di.
Contents are arranged as follows :

I. The collector's preface, 1 fol. lb-6a.
II. Six Risalahs, or treatises, as follows :

1 This preface has been translated into English by J. H. Haringtonin the
introduction to his Calcutta edition of Kulliyyat. The collector is 'AH b.
Ahmad Blsutun, to whom reference has been made in the preceding account on
Sa'di.

[109]

1. First Risalah, 2 fol. 6a-9a.

2. Second Risalah, fol. 9a-24a, containing five

majlises, or nomilies. 8

3. Third Risalah, fol. 24a-25b, contains the five

questions and their replies, which were put to
Sa'di by Shams al-Din Juwayni.

4. Fourth Risalah, fol. 25b-27b ; a treatise on Rea-

son and Love, consisting of answers to a ques-
tion of Mawlana Sa'd al-Din.

5. Fifth Risalah, fol. 27b-34b; a treatise on coun-

sels to Kings, written at the request of the
same friend.

6. Sixth Risalah, fol. 34b-38b, consisting of three

short pieces (here only the first two are
given) :

a. Sa'di's interview with Sultan Abaqa Khan.

b. Advice given by the poet to Ankiyanu.

III. Gulistan, fol. 38b-129b.

IV. Bustan,.fol. 129b-211b.

V. Arabic Qasldahs, or Elegies, fol. 211-219b.

VI. Persian Qasldahs, fol. 219b-244b.

VII. MarathI, or Death-Elegies, fol. 244b-2S3b.

VIII. Tayyibat, or Fine Odes, fol. 2S3b~344b.

IX. BadaT, or Beautiful Odes, fol. 334b-364b.

X. Khawatim, or Signet-Rings, fol. 364b-376b.

XI. Ghazaliyyat-i Qadimah, or Early Odes, fol. 376b-
383b.

XII. §ahibiyyah, or Epigrammatic Poems, fol. 383b-
398b.

XIII. Muqatta'at, or Disjointed Poems, fol. 398b-400b.

XIV. Mufcayibat, or Jocular Poems, fol. 400b-408a.
XV. Hazaliyyat, or Obscene Poems, fol. 408-410b. 4

8 This is a preface by Sa'di.

4 In addUion to the above mentioned works the Kulliyyat of Sa'di in fuller

[110]

Folios 410; 94 inches by Si inches; 19 lines to a page,
written in beautiful Nasta'llq of medium size on thin native
glazed paper of ivory finish, in two columns within gilt bor-
ders. The margins are also inscribed by the same hand and
run 12 lines to a page, and the whole written surface is
framed by rulings in gold and blue. Most of the leaves have
been repaired, and the writing has been rubbed off some
of them. All the headings are written in red ink. Folios lb,
38b, 129b, 211b, 219b, 244b, 253b, 334b, and 364b contain
double-page illuminations in gold and colors introducing the
different books, while folios 376b, 383a, 398b, and 400a are
decorated with smaller 'unwans in the same design and style,
which serve as captions for the other works of the volume.

In addition, the manuscript contains seven miniatures in
the style of the late §af avi school. They all appear to be
the work of a single artist and are, with the exception of
two, nearly all full-page in size. Details are as follows :

1 fol. 22a The hanging of a Jewish ascetic, Barsisa.

(From a story in the Second Risalah.)

2 fol. 102b The intoxicated Judge and the King. ( From

a story in Gulistan.)

3 fol. 138a A scene from the court of a king. (From a

story in Bustan.)

4 fol. 171b A scene in a court room. (From a story in

Bustan.)

5 fol. 200a A scene from an Indian Temple. The In-

dians are worshipping an ivory idol while
Sa'dl is looking on. (From a story of Sa'di's
travel to India in Bustan.)

editions contains : Mulamma'at, or Mixed Poems (poems partly in Persian and
partly in Arabic), Ruba'iyat, or Quatrains, Fardiyat, or Detached Distiches, and
a Pand-namah, or Book of Counsels. For fuller accounts of the contents of the
Kulliyyat, see Rieu, B. M. P. C. 595 et seqq. ; Flugel, Vienna Cat., 1. 527 et seqq. ;
Browne, Camb. Cat. 327 et seqq. ; and Eth6, Disc. Cat. 81 et seqq.

[HI]

6 fol. 261b A scene of a polo game. (From a story in

one of the Tayyibat Poems.)

7 fol. 344b An entertainment in a palace. (From a story

in one of the Bada'i' Poems.)

The binding is of original Persian stamped black leather
with cut and colored leather doublures. Both the outside and
the inside covers show the medallion design, with matching
pendants and corner angles, and the whole is framed by
borders of gold bands. The inside covers are of dark-brown
eather, with a medallion design which is impressed upon the
eather and gilded. The field is decorated with elaborate
tendril designs.

\ Neither the date nor the name of the scribe is given, but
judging from the style of the writing, the old covers, and the
miniatures, the manuscript probably belongs to the late
sixteenth or early seventeenth century.

A very fine copy of the Kulliyyat of Sa'di.

Folios 397; 11 inches by 7 inches; 12 lines to a page,
written in two columns in beautiful Nasta'llq of medium
size on gold-sprinkled paper. The margins are also inscribed
in the hand of the same copyist, and the text runs 24 lines
to a page. The whole written surface is framed by rulings
of gold, red and blue. The margins are decorated with
triangles in floral designs in colors upon a gold background.
On the outer margins, which are blank and are ruled in blue,
there are floral designs, one in each corner, drawn in gold;
three designs of the same pattern are drawn in blue and are
placed opposite the triangles of the inner margins and make
a pleasing contrast. There are additions and corrections on
some pages in a different handwriting. Some leaves are

[112]

PLATE >

•tf-m OUTSIDE BACK COVER OF A PERSIAN BINDING

DATED 1584 A.D.

(MS. No. 68)

stained by damp and injured by wormholes, but the manu-
script m general is in good condition.
^ There are twelve illuminated 'unwans in elaborate de-
signs in gold and colors which introduce the various dH*toa«
of the codex, The pages opposite! b<- illuminat W. » n d , om .
of the miniatures are set off by gold interlineations Thrre
are also numerous gilt section-headings adorned with fiown'
patterns and inscribed in white ink, with coruei nnples thai
correspond m design. The title-pieces, however, arc mostly
out of place, and some, as will h, seen from the description
g ven be bw bear the wrong titles. There are hUeen minia-
tures, all full-page m size, which in style show the high art
of the Herat school of the period. Their subjects ar! cot'
~^ chosen to match the special theme of the stories
Ujusti died. Two of the paintings which precede the frontis-
piece andtwo which follow the last folio have been painted
later. The rest are the work of one artist, but no name is
given. A list of illuminations and illustrations follows:

1 f ol. 1 b A scene of entertainment in the court-
yard of the palace. A tall cypress tree,
a row of women, and a group of der-
vishes are painted in the foreground;
the palace buildings are in the back-
ground. Highly illuminated borders. 1
2 f oi. 2a Another scene from a palace court-
yard. A pool in the foreground in which
men and children are seen bathing, with
the palace in the background. The king,
seated on his throne and surrounded by
courtiers and palace attendants, watches
the swimmers. One man is seen diving

Compare Plate 145, Vol ? M»ri; n tm »,• •
"f Persia, India, and Turkey. ' ^ M,n,ature Anting and Painters

[113]

into the pool from the roof of the palace.
Highly illuminated borders. 8
I. fol. 2b Illuminated title-piece to the Bustan. 8
II. fol. 3a The second illuminated page of the
collector's preface.

III. fol. 34b An illuminated page and the last page

of the Sixth Risalah.

IV. fol. 35a Illuminated title-piece to the Gulistan.

3 fol. 55a A king seated on his throne observ-

ing a group of dancing dervishes.

4 fol. 98b A prince and a princess are looking

from the window of their palace while
a guard brings in a dervish.
V. fol. 99a Illuminated title-piece to the book of
Marathi.

5 fol. 102b A king seated on his throne in the

palace garden watching a group of
dancers.

6 fol. 142b A scene from the interior of a

mosque. A Mulla (Muslim theologian)
seated on the Minbar (pulpit) giving a
sermon to the faithful. A prince is
seated on the carpet in the center.
VI. fol. 178b Illuminated title-page to the Arabic
Qasldahs.

7 fol. 185b The Persian prince Humay visiting

the Chinese princess Humayun in the
garden of her palace. 6

■ Compare Plate 145, Vol. 2, Martin, The Miniature Painting and Painters
of Persia, India, and Turkey.

* This page is misplaced and is substituted as an illumination to the collector's
preface which follows it.

* The Sixth Risalah in this codex, unlike the previous copy of the Kulliyyat,
contains all the three short pieces of that Risalah.

e This miniature is similar in its style of portraiture to the well-known

[114]

PLATE XXI

KULL1YYAT OF SA Dl, PERSIAN, DATED 1584 AD
" No. 68, fol. lb)

PLATE X>

A SCENE PROM THE PALACE COURTYARD. FROM THE KULLIYYAT

OP JSa'dI, PERSIAN, DATED 1584 A.i>.

(MS. No. 68, fol. 2a)

fol. 186a Illuminated title-piece to the Persia
Qasidahs.

8 fol. 21 lb A king receiving' visitors m the in-
terior of his palace.

fol 212a Illuminated title-piece to the Mtn^/c
raa'at

9 fol. 2201> A. king seated upon hie throne-:, wh«k:

a court attendant j's uimonnein''- 0k~
arrival of a subject who is wahhw out-
side the iron railing for admittance.
IX-X. fol. 22!b Illuminated title-piece to the Tayyibai.

10 fol. 236a A king on the throne parti* kW of

food; ladies at the windows and attend-
ants in the background.

1 1 fol. 263a Polo match between the teams of two

countries ; rulers observing the match.

12 fol. 274a Shirln visiting- Farhad in the moun-

tain. One of the figures iiufmisbed.
XL fol. 303a Illuminated title-piece to Bada'i (en-
titled §ahibiyyah by error).
XII. fol. 337b Illuminated title-piece to Rhawatim.
XIII. fol. 3S0b ^ Illuminated title-piece to the Ghaza-

Hyyat-i-Qadlmah.

13 fol. 354b ^ A king seated on his throne drink-

ing wine, while being entertained by
musicians.

painting at the Musee des Arts Decoratifs, Paris, which is based upon the

st&e p r, of a f r teenth r tury poet ° f ira »> ^^ <* ^ m ^"^

to describe the love adventures of ShahzSdah Humay, prince of 2a„jJn-i-k haw"
and Humayun, a daughter of the FagMur, or Emperor of China. " T„ Ll^

ttl ' ?• ? i . r not 3S Profe5sor & Kuhnel indicates, the n„ne of the

of the 2 tt2 C °Vt ^-r^ ° f ° ,e POem " F » «" Action
2J? « S V m • 7 an ? l0r Kuhnds commeilt U P°« 'I see Plate 40 and
page 55 of his Mimatumialerei im Islamischen Orient, Herlin 1923 For"

U tfinyon, J. V. S. Wilkinson, and Basil Gray, Oxford University Press, (933.

[115]

XIV. fol. 355a Illuminated title-piece to §ahibiyyah.
XV. fol. 369b Illuminated title-piece to the Mu-

qatta'at.
XVI. fol. 371b Illuminated title-piece to the Mutayi-

bat (entitled Hazaliyyat by error) .
XVII. fol. 379b Illuminated title-piece to the Haza-
liyyat.

14 fol. 396b Hunting scene, with borders elabor-

ately illuminated.

15 fol. 397a Another hunting scene, with illumi-

nated borders.

The Persian binding of black leather is blind-pressed with
designs in gilt. On the exterior of the covers, these gilted
patterns consist of a large oblong medallion with double
pendants above and below, and corner angles harmonizing
in style. The field is framed by a flowered border of gilt.
The interior of the covers is a dark-gray leather without
gilding, but is ornamented with blue borders in floral pat-
terns. The manuscript bears the evidence of having°been
remounted when the binding was repaired. The repairing
may account for the misarrangement of the various sections
of the codex. The name of the scribe does not appear, but
on the colophon to the BadaT and §ahibiyyah on folios 337b
and 369b respectively, the dates 992 a. h. (1584 a. d.) and
994 a. h. ( 1 586 A. d.) are given. These dates, however, are
in poor handwriting, and have been evidently inserted later.
The codex, judging from the quality of its miniatures and
illuminations, was completed at least fifty years earlier.

[116]

PLATE XXIII

THE PERSIAN PRINCE HUMAY AND THE CHINESE PRINCESS HUMAYlW
MOM ™. KULLIYYAT OP Sa'dI, ^MAN, DAT^J 7d

(MS. No. 68, fol. 185b) 5 4-.

PLATE xxn

SHIRIN VISITING FARHAD. FROM THE KULL1YYAT OF SA Dl,

PERSIAN, DATED 1584 A.D.

(MS. No. 68, fol. 2 via)

Bustan-i Sa'di

A copy of the Bustan or th* " n u

first two hundred and four c onL.f & ' ° f Sa ' dL T1 «

couplets in the bBnJ^f re " S * The seven

Eulogy on Atabek g whch is fl "T*** ^ to ««

the book. The firs seven oun t! " "* ** Chapter <*

written L'flegaM wlt^J 6I inCheS; ,2 ,ines to a page
ivory finish fa^SSSiS^r f ^ thi * WP- of
surface is S* inches by 3 hch« f?- "i"" 18 - The wri tan
m red, blue, and green FoMo.k ^^ by ruli «^ «*
■Domination. in gold, red a nd hh, C ° ntains two i°'«ed
Page to serve as a ti le-l ce t! ' T* °" '° P of *e
seen from their inscribed tit es fe ^ ** Can be
the manuscript. Thev are f' ""gmally belong to

and read Surat ^Xfe 8 '! ^ ^ a <***
s<xth chapter of the O, r t / , ap ' ff ^ Ca «le " (fc
"The Chapter of ^^^^f ****, or
ehapter), respectively. The ehant , - ^'"^"th
sections are inscribed i, £ *" t >*?*?*> to «.e various
mm.atures, each drawn on a oie " "f^" there are si *
mches by » inches, and nasteH , ,° f Paper "measuring 3
83a, and 88b. XJn£^£?J*? 2 ^. <*>. 63b, k,
the text, on which they are pasted f Certai " traces <*
nommiatures were intended for 1' * * Seen ' E «dently

ing on the contents of the book. The manuscript has been
rebound in a seventeenth century Persian brocade of re-
peated palmette design in red and blue upon a background

of gold.

The volume is not dated, but on the upper left corner of
the last folio, which is somewhat damaged, there is an im-
pression of the seal of a former owner, whose name was
Qanbar. The Arabic legend on the seal reads : " May God
Bless (him) with Good Deeds," and the date 1061 A. h.
(1650 a. d.) is given underneath the name. At the bottom
of the page a memorandum of a later owner, in Persian,
reads : " Belonging to Mus*af a-Quli of Ardalan (the name
of a town), purchased in the capital city of Isfahan, in 1144
a. h (1731 a.d.)." Underneath this writing there is a
small dark seal, evidently belonging to the same person; it
is smeared and is, therefore, illegible. A little to the left of
this memorandum, on the outside margin of the page, an
impression of another seal appears. An impression of this
same seal has been also affixed to folio 60a, and the name of
its owner, Ahmad, and the date 1128 a. h. (1715 a. d.) can
be read, but the legend in Arabic is not clear. The manu-
script was written probably during the middle of the six-
teenth century.

A copy of the Bustan of Sa'di, complete.

Folios 171; 7i inches by 4i inches; 13 lines to a page,
written in legible Indian Ta'liq, on thin native glazed paper,
in two double-ruled gold columns. The written surface is 5
inches by 21 inches, and is framed in rulings of gold and
blue. Some folios are worm-eaten. Folio lb contains an
illuminated title-piece in gold and soft colors in Indian style,
and the opposite page, as well as the one containing the

[118]

unwan, have interlineations in gold. The headings of the
chapters and of some of the sections are inscribed in red ink.
The codex ,s illustrated with sixteen half-page miniatures
in the late Mughal style on folios 16a, 23b, 28a, 39b SSa
60a 70b, 80b, 87b, 93b, 101b, 112b, 117b, i 2 7b/ 133a, and
l^8b. These paintings all appear to be the work of a single
artist and are of inferior quality. The binding is of Persian
morocco with gilded ornamentations on the outside and cov-
ered with plain paper on the inside. Neither the date nor
the name of the scribe is given. The manuscript was written
in India probably during the second half of the nineteenth
century.

Gulistan
A complete copy of the Gulistan of Sa'di.

•„ l°u S J 78 ''? incheS by S * inches ■ 8 lin <* t° a page written

weight. Fohos 10, 12, 13, and IS are of old-rose color, 36

ve^LhtTn g f ' W n e ' "* remaining kaves are ^ »
7Z S ?\?i° °! ye ' l0W ° r White ' Most of «* verse sec-
collnl £, v. 3 " Written Within d0ubk Wack-ruled
W=r a I Wntten SUrfaCe is f ramed bv bo^rs of red,
black and yellow. There are copious notes on the inner

aTf! 8 ; Wh H h * are "^ !n reA ° n the 0Uter "arginVth"
w£ ent handwritil * s ! » Poor ShikasTah style.

tiZZ in ^ Wn / t ! n .° n Separate S "P S of ^< which are
t.pped m on some of the leaves. These notes are signed either
by Muhammad Wali, or Sirii »1 TMn ' A n vu- j •
instant th. „. I ^ i Al1 Sb an - and ln some

mstances the quotations are from some well-known Persian

[119]

authors. Folio lb bears a title-piece in gold and colors in
Indian style, but is of rather poor workmanship. Headings
are inscribed in red. Some leaves are injured by wormholes,
but the codex in general is in good condition. The binding is
of half morocco. The front side cover contains the bookplate
of Oliver Henry Perkins. The name of the scribe, Charaya-
das, and the year 39 a. h. (hundreds not given) appear on
the colophon. The manuscript was copied in India probably
during the first half of the eighteenth or of the nineteenth
century.

A very fine and rare copy of Sa'di's Gulistan.

Folios 134, of which one is blank; 4i inches by 2i inches ;
13 lines to a page, written in excellent Shikastah style, on
native glazed paper of silky finish. The writing of the text,
which is in the hand of an accomplished calligrapher, is
wonderfully balanced and is framed by double gilt borders.
The written surface is 3i inches by If inches, and is adorned
with gilt interlineations. The outer margins are ruled in
black. The front page contains an illuminated head-piece of
elaborate design. Section-headings are inscribed in red ink.
The binding. is of limp green morocco; the sides are covered
with woolen shawl in striped design woven in Kirman.
Neither the date nor the name of the scribe is given.

The manuscript was presented to Mr. Perkins by Abu
al-Fath Mirza, Salar al-Dawlah, third son of Muzaffar al-
Din Shah, at Tehran, Iran, on the 9th of April, 1901. The
autograph of the donor appears on the last folio. The pre-
sentation inscription, together with a certificate from the
United States Minister at Tehran, are laid in. The inscrip-
tion in Persian reads : " We presented this excellent book, as
a souvenir to Mr. Perkins at Tehran, in the month of Dhu

[120]

PLATfc XXV

mmmmM

THE CVBrtlMG PAUE5 Of THE GUUSTAN OF SA*DI,

PERSIAN, C. XVIH CENTURY

(MS. No. ?2 )

al~Hijjah, the year one thousand three hundred and eighteen,
in the era of Muhammad, to whom may all the spirits of the
world be offered in sacrifice." The manuscript was copied
most probably for one of the shahs during the eighteenth
century, and was inherited by Prince Abu al-Fath.

Amir Khusraw Dihlawi

(1253-1324 a. d.)-

Amir Khusraw Dihlawi, whose real name was Yamn al-
Din Abu al-Hasan, is considered one of the greatest Muslim
poets of India. His father was a native of Balkh, but settled
in India, where Khusraw was born in 651 a. h. (1253 a. d.).
The poet lost his father when he was nine years old, and was
brought up by his grandfather. He entered the services of
Prince Muhammad Sultan Khan, the son of the governor of
Multan. He rose to great importance and wrote a number
of poems. His Khamsah and his five Diwans are the most
popular. His is credited to be the only Indo-Iranian poet
whose verses may pass for those of a native of Iran. He
died in 725 a. h. (1324 a. d.). For details of his works see
Sprenger, Oudh Cat. 465-70; Rieu, B. M. P. C. 609-15;
Ethe, Disc. Cat. 258-9; Jackson, Cat. Pers. MSS. 119-23;
and Dawlatshah, Tadhkiratu'sh-Shu'ara, Browne's edition,
23847.

'Ismat Bukhara'!
(?-1425a.d.)

Khwajah Fakhr al-Din 'Ismat, was bora in Bukhara,
where his ancestors had settled. The exact date of his birth
is not known. He was held in high esteem by Prince Nasir
al-Dm Sultan Khalil, and sometimes used the pen name of
Nasiri, in honor of his patron. He is said to have imitated

[121]

Amir Khusraw in style and versification. His complete
Diwan, according to Dawlatshah's Tadhkiratu'sh-Sh'ara
and Khwandamir's Habib al-Siyar, comprises two thousand
verses. According to the former authority, he died in 829
a. h. (1425 a. d.). For details on his works see Sprentrer
Oudh Cat. 434-5; Rieu, S. B. M. P. C. 184-5; and Browne's
edition of the Tadhkiratu'sh-Shu'ara 357-66.

Diwan-i-Khusraw wa 'Ismat

A selection of poems from Amir Khusraw Dihlawl (folios
1-71) , and 'Ismat Bukhara'! (folios 71-191), consisting of
yasa id, Ghazaliyyat, Ruba'iyat, and Muqattf'at. The con-
tents are not alphabetically arranged, and differ in arrange-
ment from other similar manuscripts.

Folios 191, of which 1, 2a, and 89-91 are blank; 6i inches
by 4 inches, written in legible Nasta'liq on native glazed
paper of a heavy quality with a cafe au lait tinge, in double
columns ruled by double gold borders. The written surface
of the page is 4 inches by 2 inches and runs 12 lines to a
page; the marginal writings run 14 lines to a page. Folio
2b contains a title-piece in gold and colors, and the pen name
of Khusraw appears in gold letters throughout the first sec-
tion of the manuscript. Folios 5b, 6a, 55b, and 56a have
colored borders and contain stenciled floral designs drawn in
black. The verses are written diagonally across the page,
borne of the verses are written in compartments, divided by
gold-rulings Many of the folios are torn, and some are
damaged by damp and wormholes. Rebound in plain boards
with flap. The colophon is missing, and, therefore, the name

[122]

of the scribe and the date of transcription cannot be deter-
mined. The front flyleaf contains autographs and seal im-
pressions of two of the former owners. These, however, have
been so badly rubbed off that they are not legible. The con-
tents of one of the seals, which is stamped on the upper left
section of the page, is slightly visible and by the help of a
magnifying glass has been deciphered as " Isma'Il b. Sayyid
'AH 1056 a. h. (1646 a. d.)." The manuscript was tran-
scribed at least fifty years earlier than the above given date.

Hafiz

• *

(c. 1325-1389 a. d.)

Hafiz, the greatest of the lyric poets of Iran, was born in
the' city of Shiraz, and hence, like his eminent predecessor
Sa'di, is often called Shirazl. The exact date of his birth is
unknown, but he was born probably during the first quarter
of the fourteenth century. His real name was Muhammad
Shams al-Din, and he adopted Hafiz, or " Rememberer," as
his nom de plume. This title, commonly conferred upon
those who commit the Qur'an to memory, was acquired by
the poet in his younger days when he was an ardent student
of the Qur'an and of Muslim theology. His biographical
notices in Persian works, such as the Tadhkiratu'sh-Shu'ara
of Dawlatshah, the Haft-Iqlim of Amln Ahmad-i-Razi, the
Majma' al-Fusaha of Rida-Qull Khan, etc., contain very
little information about his life, but in the well-known
Preface his friend and collector of his poems, Muhammad
Gulandam, states that his celebrity, even during his lifetime,

was great.

He enjoyed the favors of many princes and rulers of his
time, especially those of the Muzaffari dynasty. His great-
est patrons were Shah Shuja' and Shah Mansur. His fame
also extended beyond Iran, and he received many flattering

[123]

^^tt?**'**'**. which
an invitation from Shah M^^ h ° Wever ' he accepted
had traveled on.y p^f^L Bah ™ n ° f India - He
which he was saL7wa° c f UP r rney '- V : hen *« boat °"
Persian Gulf, and thf rrfore Ifn ? * V '° lent St0rm in **
toned home. He spent amo ?t £? T, T* tr ' P «"> -
Moved Shira z . Hi! fiLSS^* * h '' S Hfe » «•
J'mur's (Tamerlane's) pr ese n c T H u summ °™° to

■nvasion of south Iran & ^ * e ' atter ' s first
work, inaccurately asl^! ~ *•' '" h ' S above -mentioned
("92 a. i,), when tne w t haH T'T '° the year 79S A - «•

Hafiz's poetical com^ II " ^ f ° r three ^ a "-
■**. rhythm, and™~ Z^^ ** «*
mghtmgale, love and wine all uLT T h , e rose and the
language, f orm the theme of W S3 "^° 1,C and m y s «<*l

pression is perhaps unTquald k "^ * is P° w er of ex .
except Sa'd, ThThSftSA^ ^ Irania " "«•
out Hafiz's indebtedness to Sa'dl T, ^ aWy P ° inted
odes, for which he is famous his Dr - * h ' S &™ k - <*
or Panegyrics, ruba'ivat Tn, ! a " com P™es qasa'id,
Byrnes, qifa <a t , o/il^ZsT^', •nathnawls, or bino^
rhymes. According to" e c tor "J^™'- °r penta-
Khwajah Qi wam ^.j,' C ?'' . of h>s poems, Gulandam,

wasagreat friend td altr f HS ° fi T^ »"»'■ W "°
urged him to put together^ hf. ? ' SeTCral times
temporaries might benefi by th^ Tfi \** "• C ° n -
too busy to comply with J. „ ™- ** afi ?> however, was
nndertaken by Gufendam It XL"" 1 ^ ' tMk Was
Iec ed h,s poems and edited his b^n H'T" dCath ' C °'-
Gulandam, died in the year 791 ah n So ? ' aCCOrdin? to
buried in Shiraz. • H ' (1389 A - n.), and was

Numerous translations of Hafiz W i.
guages. See Bibliography i„ EHU- m " made int0 ""V lan-

■ - n, „ lsl . P J a LV: ^ **— *- !*«-. W,

f!24]

For an English version with commentary see H. Wilberforce Clarke,
The Divan, Calcutta 1891. For selections of his poems, see Herman
Bicknell, London 1875; McCarthy, Ghazals of Hafiz, New York
1893; Bell, Poems from the Divan of Hafiz, London 1897; Payne,
Hafiz, London 1901; Horn, Geschichte der persischen Litteratur,
114-22, Leipzig 1901 ; F. Veit, Platens Nachbildungen aus dem Diwan
des Hafiz, Berlin 1908; Pizzi, Storia della poesia persiana, 1. 302-47,
Turin 1894; and Selections from the Ruba'iyat and Odes of Hafiz,
rendered into English verse by a member of the Persian Society of
London, London and Edinburgh 1920.

Diwan-i-Hafiz

A rare copy of the Diwan, or complete poetical works of
Hafiz, with Muhammad Gulandam's Preface.

Folios 242; 7 inches by 4 inches; 14 lines to a page, writ-
ten in a fine Nasta'llq, on native gold-sprinkled paper of
medium weight, within gold and green ruled columns. The
written surface measures 5 inches by 2i inches. Some folios
are stained by damp and some have been slightly t6rn.
Folios lb-7a contain the Preface, which is introduced by a
double-page illumination exquisitely adorned with gold
interlineations and gilt floral margins, and a title-piece, the
predominating decoration of which is in gold and blue.
Folios 7b-14a contain the qasa'id, or panegyrics, and this
section is also introduced by a double-page illumination and
an 'unwan in a slightly different style. Folios 14b and 15a
are double-page illuminations, and the former folio contains
a title-piece which introduces the ghazals, or the odes, similar
in design and style to that of the Preface. The quatrains
and the fragment poems appear at the end of the codex.

[125]

t Folios 101a and 140b contain two half-page paintings
in imitation of the late Mughal miniatures. They are of in-
ferior quality, and, since the manuscript originally contained
no blank spaces for them, they have been pasted on the
written surface of the pages. The subjects portrayed in
both paintings represent a king seated upon his throne and
surrounded by his attendants, and have no connection with
the contents. They were evidently drawn by an amateur,
and pasted on by a greedy dealer, who either realizing or
not realizing what he was doing, ruined an excellent and
rare copy to obtain a higher price for it. The binding
is of contemporary, stamped black leather, the outside covers
of which are decorated with medallions and corner angles*
the inside covers are lined with paper of green color. On
the colophon the name of the copyist, 'Arab Katib-i-Shlrazi
(Arab the scribe from Shiraz), and the date 1034 a h
(1624 a. d.) are given. On the lower right section, under-
neath the copyist's name, in a coarse and different hand-
writing the following memorandum in Persian appears:
O Lord, make the visit of the Ka'bah possible for the
owner of this book, Hajji Tabarak-allah." Underneath this
writing the owner's small seal is affixed. The legend in it a
verse from the Qur'an, reads: " Blessed be God, the most
excellent Creator," and the date 1036 a. h. (1626 a d )
The Arabic work tabarak (blessed) in the legend corresponds
with the owner's name. On the lower left section, opposite
the above writing and seal, appears another memorandum
in Persian with two impressions of a triangular seal. The
writing reads: "This copy was purchased from the herein-
mentioned Hajji, on the date 1057 a. h. (1647 ad)" The
impression of the seal is not legible. Another seal is badly
impressed on the front flyleaf and its contents cannot be read.

[126]

A copy of the Dlwan of Ilafiz, to which no preface is
prefixed.

Folios 214; 101 inches by 61 inches; IS lines to a page,
written in light Indian Ta'liq, on native glazed paper of
medium weight, in double gold-ruled columns. The written
surface of the page is 8i inches by 4i inches and is framed by
rulings of gold, red, and blue. There are wide margins on
each page in blue-rulings. Folio lb contains an illuminated
'unwan in Indian style, in gold and soft colors. The ghazals
are inserted in the beginning, and the last twelve folios con-
tain selections from the poet's mathnawis, ruba'is, and
qifahs. The manuscript has been repaired and rebound in
crushed crimson morocco, back and sides of which are gold-
tooled in flower design, with gilt edges and additional gold
borders in the inside of the covers. Neither the name of the
scribe nor the date is given.

On the front flyleaf a memorandum written in bold
Nasta'liq in Persian reads : " This book of Khwajah Hafiz
was purchased for ... (the numerals have been rubbed off
and are not legible) rupees, during the twentieth year of the
reign of Muhammad Shah Padishah (1739 a. d.), in the
house of Hayat-allah Khan Bahadur." The writing is not
signed, and a seal underneath it is so badly stamped that it
cannot be read. On the back flyleaf there are twelve couplets,
inscribed in poor Shikastah handwriting, in imitation of
Hafiz's verse, which bear the title: " Composed by Khwajah
'Abd-allah Khan, the son of Hayat-allah Khan/' The front
cover contains the bookplates of Mitchell S. Buck and
Turner Macan. The manuscript was copied in India,
probably during the early part of the eighteenth century.

[127]

A copy of the Dfwan, without a preface.

Folios 182; 6 inches by 3i inches; 11 lines to a page
written in legible Nasta'liq, on native glazed paper, in gold-
ruled double columns. Every page is decorated with small
side ornaments in floral patterns. Some leaves are damaged
by worms. The written surface of the page is 4 inches by
2 inches and is framed by blue and gold borders. Folio lb
is adorned with an illuminated 'unwan in burnished gold
and blue, which introduces the ghazals. The other selections
appear near the end. The binding is of original black plain
leather with reddish leather on the inside. The last folio
which is adorned with. a floral tail-piece, contains neither the
name of the copyist nor a date. The front flyleaf bears the
impression of a large square seal which contains in Arabic
characters the name Charles Mariet Caldicott and the date
1«29a.d. The manuscript was transcribed in India, probably
during the latter half of the eighteenth century.

Mu'In al-Juwaynl
(?-c. 1390 A. D.)

Mawlana Mu'in al-Din, commonly known as Muln al-
Juwaym, was born in Awah, near Juwayn. The exact date
of his birth is unknown, but his death is placed toward the
Cnd ?*J? * ourteenth century. He was a follower of the
great §ufl Shaykh Sa'd al-Din Hamawl, to whom he dedi-
cated his great^ work, the Nigaristan. Information on his
lite and works is very scanty. 1

[128]

Nigaristan

A collection of moral anecdotes, in prose and verse, by
Mu'In al-Juwayni.

After eulogies on the reigning Sultan Abu Sa'id Bahadur
Khan and his vizier Ghiyath al-DIn Muhammad, the author
states in his preface that the idea of the writing of the book
first occurred to him in an assembly of learned men in his
father's house. These men were invited by his father, Ibn
al-Juwayni, to discuss the different authors and their works.
Finally they all agreed that first place should be given to
Sa'di and to his Gulistan. The young Juwayni observed that
the only drawback the Gulistan of Sa'di had was that it was
too well-known, and that some one would do well to produce
a similar work which would contain some new ideas and at
the same time could be used as a textbook in schools. His
father was the first to encourage him to undertake the task.
He did not, however, finish the book until the year 735 a. h.
(1334 a. d.). He had been in quest of a title for his work
for some time. One day he happened to pass through a
beautiful garden in Nishapur, which was called Nigaristan.
He was attracted by this name, and adopted it as a title for
his work. The book is divided into seven chapters with the
following titles :

1. On the Liberalities of Conduct.

2. On Integrity and Piety.

3. On the Excellence of Social Intercourse.

4. On Love and Affection.

5. On Admonition and Advice.

6. On Virtue and Mercy.

7. On other Qualities.

[129]

Folios 339; 91 inches by 6 inches; 15 lines to a page
written m beautiful Naskh, on native glazed paper of
medium weight. The written surface of the page is 6 inched
Dy ^ inches. The verse sections are written in two gold-
ruled columns, and the whole written page is then framed
by borders ruled in gold, red, and blue. Most of the leaves
are stained by water and some have been repaired. Folios
lb and 2a are double-page illuminations with gold interlinea-
tions. The Wan on the first page, in gold, blue, and green,
is the work of allied artist. The binding is of original
Persian reddish-brown leather. The outside covers are
blind-pressed and decorated with a medallion, pendants, and
matching corner angles. The inside covers are lined with
paper.

The name of the scribe, Muhammad Husayn b. Sharaf
al-Dim and the date 979 a. h. (1571 a. d.) are givenTn the
colophon. A hole made through the paper has defaced a seal
impression, which appears on the right of the scribe's name
and has made it impossible to decipher the contents A
second seal on the left is badly stamped and is not legible.
The front flyleaf and the back flyleaf contain some verses by
Mir Muhammad Baqir Damad/ written in Shikastah style
of handwriting by the scribe of Amir Husayn al-Husaym,
^laydar Muhammad. On the reverse side of the colophon
the birth of a daughter, named 'Ismat, has been recorded in
verse, and the date of 1005 a. h. (1596 a. d.) is given in a
chronogram by Shu'ayb al -Jaws_haqanl. On the upper left
side of the same page a business transaction in pearls is

place in 1630 A. d. See Or W DiM I » T^' His death took

[130]

PLATE XXVI

fttllttJJ-M O'Uft PISS A DUE'S BOOT TO ITS EA& WITH AN AJLJLOW*
PROM THE RAWDAT AL-MUHIBBIN, PERSIAN, DATED 1582 A.D.

(MS. No/78, f-- ; » fib)

17H u Z T ?t S: ° wing to WP Ba J ! ( a soman's
name) by Nawwab Fakhr al-Dawlah for the price of pearls

weighing 14 m.thqals and 4 nokhuds (570 carats), 44 coins

Ibn 'Imad
(?-1397a.d.)

There is very little information about Ibn 'Imad and his
works. R,e« m S. B. M. P. C. 217, quoting from page 17 of
Ruz-.-Rawshan, calls him a contemporary of Hafiz and
places his death around 800 a. h. (1397 a. d.).

Rawdat al-Mubibbln
Ibn 'Imad! ard€n ° f FriendS '" * C ° IleCti ° n ° f lyricaI ^ ms b 7

Tadhktw\ h «£?"- the beginni " g 0f the P° em ! " "is
J*'* Sjj ; a " a / a > and <*"* ^ the Dah-namah of Ibn

nTm , eU ; S ; B J M ' K C 217 ' and Pertsch > Berlin Cat.
No 687a, hst ,t under the same title, but the author in his
e P logue names it Rawdat al-Muljibbln. He also gives the
tote, number f verses in it as seven hundred and sfx^and
the date of lts composition Rabr I, 794 A. h. (Feb. i 3 92
A. D.). Sprenger confuses him with Khwajah 'Imad al-Din
Faq,h K,rmam, who died in 773 a. „. (1371 a. D .) and who
has left a work Dah-namah. Ilahi, fa his KhazTnah'i Ga^
a nbutes a Dah-namah to Khwajah Ibn 'Imad,' but fu^
mshes no further details about him.

'See Oudh Cat. 18.

* See Sprenger, Oudh Cat 68.

(131)

Folios 32 ; 8i inches by SI inches ; 1 1 lines to a page, each
2\ inches long; written in excellent Nasta'liq, in two columns
ruled in gold and colors. The paper is gold-sprinkled, of fine
quality, and of medium weight, with borders of different
colors. The opening page is adorned with a splendid 'unwan
in gold and colors, and is partly torn. Some leaves are
slightly damaged but have been skillfully repaired. There
are forty-nine small illuminated section-headings in gold and
colors. In addition, the manuscript contains six exquisite
full-page miniatures, all of which are the work of a single
artist, and are in the style of the. JSafavI school. The subjects
portrayed do not have any bearing on the material that
occurs in the text. The details of the miniatures are:

1 f ol. 8b Bahram Gur shoots an arrow with which he

pins a deer's foot to its ear. (A famous story
in the Persian accounts of Bahram and his
sweetheart Fitnah, mentioned both by Firdawsi
and Nizami.)

2 fol. 14b A king, seated on his golden chair in his

garden, is accepting a gift sent to him from the
palace. His two viziers are with him. In the
background, a lady is shown looking through
the palace window while three other women are
standing by.

3 fol. 15b A king is getting ready to mount his horse.

In the background a young man, with hands
lifted up in a gesture of prayer, is standing
beside his tent with his wife and child.

4 fol. 19b A young prince, seated upon his throne and

surrounded by his courtiers, is being offered a
drink by two women, who are seated on a car-
pet. In the background, the princess watcjies
through the palace window.

5 fol. 24b Fitnah, Bahram Gur's sweetheart, has ac-

[132]

PLATE XXVII

FITOWLH CMMflNO A COW ON HER SHOULDERS. PROM TOE RA wnX
AL-MUHIBBlN, PEE SIAN , DATED ^g^D HAW ? AT

(MS. No. 78, fol. 24b)

complished the unbelievable feat of climbing up
the stairs to the roof of the palace carrying a
cow on her shoulders^ Bahram is seated on
the roof. Two court attendants are shown at
the foot of the stairs biting their fingers in
surprise. (Another familiar incident from the
Persian accounts of Bahram.)
6 f ol. 29b Two lovers are enjoying themselves outdoors
with music and wine, while two young men,
one of them apparently a prince, are secretly
watching them.

The binding of native leather of dark maroon is not the
original one. The outside covers are inlaid with brown
leather pressed in designs of tendril traceries consisting of
a medallion, pendants, and corner angles. The inside covers
are in plain red leather. Some folios must have been lost in
rebinding, for the poem contains only five hundred and
sixty-five verses instead of the seven hundred and sixty men-
tioned in the epilogue. The number of missing leaves is un-
certain, but apparently there are not more than twenty. The
colophon shows that the transcription was made by the
famous calligrapher 'Imad al-Husaym, and the date given
is 990 a. h. (1582 a. d.).

If the date of the scribe's death, as quoted by Rieu, be
correct, the present poem was transcribed thirty-three years
before his death.

The calligrapher Tmad al-Hasanl, or Mir 'Imad as he is
commonly called, was born in Kazvin. 'Imad studied for
some time under the well-known masters of calligraphy,
'Isay-i-Rang-i-Nigar and Malik-i-Daylaml. Later, hearing
of Mulla Husayn Tabrlzl's fame and skill in the art of
beautiful handwriting, he went to Tabriz, where he received
several years of training under this distinguished master.
One day, he showed to Mulla Husayn a few lines which he

[133]

had carefully wr ,tten himself. The latter, upon seeing the
beautiful specimen of calligraphy, asked him whose haul
writing ■* was and added : - 'Imad the day your handwriting

S v p , e l ection J shail be proud of *°» and ° f -SS»

haTdwrMnf m',^ * ^ aCtUa " y **" Was »* own
handwntmg. Mulla tfusayn, in -wonder and admiration

h:"rsrm andto,dhimtha ' th ------

^ ft ^' eaVin8 ' Tabriz ' ' Imad traveled in T ^key, Afghani-
tan K h d finaI]y seWed . ri isfahan .y- la *™

Shah 'Ahh/V 1 ! 6 W f 1^ We " reC€ived at the ^ntt of
Shah Abbas Safav. (ruled 1587-1629 a. d.), and was held

>n h,gh respect and esteem by that monarch, who waH gret

S °n Mar' ' ear „T ' ' Imad ' S fame S00n rea ^'
zemth ,„ i sfah d he wag ^

Ah^ f ' graPher .° f thC C0Urt The court «** of Shah

and^lot ^ : h ° ™ e Jea '° US 0f him > be S a " to intrigue

dered t hTL t ?t WaS fina " y attacked and ™"

dered in his home m Isfahan in 1027 a. h. (1617 a.)'

3^"% ° U t W t nS ° f the Stor ^ of '****'> assas-
sination. Some claim that he offended the Shah by one of

his poems (for he also wrote verses) and that he was put to

death upon the Shah's instigation ' tu;, u

inrrprlihi. r™ a " " instigation. This, however, seems

executed Ml luT ^ hU murderer was Mediately
executed by the Shah, who was much enraged and grieved
when informed of 'Imad's death gneveo.

sou ! !ifr nS n f l Imad ' Shandwriti ^ areve ''y^andmuch
sought by collectors of Persian calligraphy. Some nrefer

feTstTT of - Mu " a Mir ' A * th " *" o to

sWk If f \ W m' ng - Eve " durin S his "toime one
single sheet of his calhgraphy is quoted to have sold for one

Istanbul i„ 1928. P g % °' h ' 5 T, * tah ' KMtatln, published in

[134]

PLATE XX

PAGE IN THE HAHDWtiTiNn op MIS 'fMAD, HROM THE K&W:E»AT
AL-MUH1BBIN, FPUS;! AN, 0*1103 1 58,2 A,B,
[M5. iN&- 7-S, |&L £34}

piece of gold. 6 There are only a few complete manuscripts
written by Mir 'Imad. A copy of Jami's Tuhf at al-Ahrar in
his handwriting is in the Library of 'Ali Pasjia in Istanbul.

JamI

(1414-1492 a. d.)

Mulla Nur al-Din <Abd al-Rahman JamI was born at the
little town of Jam, in Khorasan, Iran, and hence adopted
the pen name JamI. He was one of the most remarkable
poets Iran ever produced. The six greatest poets of Iran
are considered to be: Firdawsi for epic poetry, Nizami for
romances, Rumi for mystical poetry, Sa'dl for his verses on
ethical subjects, Hafiz for lyrics, and Jam! for general ex-
cellence in all these forms. He is regarded as the last of
the classical poets of Iran. He received his primary educa-
tion in Herat, but pursued his advanced studies in Samar-
kand, under the well-known master of letters Qadi'i Rum
He traveled extensively during the early part of his life and
visited Mecca,, Aleppo, and Damascus. He was held in the
highest esteem not only in his own country, but also in the
neighboring Muslim countries. He was, on more than one
occasion, invited by the Turkish Sultan to visit his court
but each time he politely declined the honor. Most of his'
contemporaries, especially those who have produced bio-
graphical works such as Babur/ regarded him to be so ex-
alted that they considered him beyond praise. They describe
him as too perfect to need any praise," and introduce his
name only for " luck and blessing."

He wrote numerous works. In the Tuhf ah'i SamI, a work
compiled by Sam Mlrza, the son of Shah Ismail Safavl
forty-six of his works are enumerated. 3 His sincere 'friend

" If J! l ° mas _ An ! H Painting in Islam, page 3, n. 1.
1 See Babur-namah (ed. Ilminsky), 222-3.
See Browne's Pers. Lit. Tar. Dom. 507.

[135]

and patron, Mir 'All Shir Neva'I, 8 has a brief notice of him
at the beginning of his Majalis al-Nafa'is, and has also
devoted an entire work, the Khamsat al-Mutahayyirin, to
his praises. His poetry, not including minor productions,
consists of three Diwans of lyrical poetry, and seven
romantic mathnawis. Besides, he wrote on the exegesis of
the Qur'an, lives of the Saints, Mysticism, and Arabic Gram-
mar. His most important work, the seven mathnawi poems,
collectively known as the Sab'ah, or the " Septet," or Haft
Awrang, or the " Seven Thrones," comprises :

1. Silsilat al-Dhahab, or the " Chain of Gold."

2. Salaman wa Absal.

3. Tuhf at al-Ahrar, or the " Gift of the Noble."

4. Subhat al-Abrar, or the " Rosary of the Pious."

5. Yusuf wa Zulaykha.^

6. Layla wa Majntin.

7. Khirad-namah'i Iskandan, or the " Book of Wisdom

of Alexander."

The fifth of the " Seven Thrones," the Romance of Yusuf
(Joseph) and Zulaykha (Potiphar's wife),' of which this
Collection has three copies, is by far the most popular and
accessible both in the original and in translations of his
works. The story itself is based on the Siirat Yusuf, the
twelfth chapter of the Qur'an and is one of the best known
romantic stories in Iran, India, and Turkey. It was first
treated by Firdawsi, 4 and after him by other poets including
Jami. Of all these renderings Jami's holds the highest place.
Jam! died at Herat in the year 1492.

For details and references, among other books, see Ethe, Neu-
persische Litteratur, in Grundriss, 2. 305-7; F. H. Davis, The Persian
Mystics: II, Jami, London 1908; S. Robinson, Persian Poetry, 510-
642, London 1883 ; C. E. Wilson, Persian Wit and Humour, being

8 See page 164 of this Catalogue.
* See page 72 of this Catalogue.

[136]

a translation into English prose and verse of the sixth book of the
Bahanstan of Jami, London 1883 ; E. Fitzgerald, Salaman and Absal,
an allegory, translated from the Persian of Jami, Boston 1899- The
book of Joseph and Zuleikha, translated into English verse, by Alex-
ander Rogers, London 1892; and Simsar, article, "A Rare Jami
Manuscript," Library Chronicle, University of Pennsylvania Library,
June 1935, Philadelphia. There are numerous editions of Jaml's
works lithographed in Iran, Turkey, and India.

Yusuf wa Zulaykha

The romantic poem of Joseph and Potiphar's wife by
Jami.

Folios 167; 8 inches by 4* inches; 12 lines to a page,
written in elegant Nasta'liq, on native gold-sprinkled paper
of medium weight, within double gold-ruled columns. The
written surface is 5 inches by 2* inches and is framed by
borders of gold, red, blue, and green. Many leaves are
stained and some have been repaired. On the front page is
a rich medallion in blue and gold in delicate tracery and leaf
design. Folios lb and 2a are two full-page ornamentations
in gold and colors, and they form the opening of a short
preface. Folio 2b contains a splendid 'unwan. There are,
throughout the manuscript, one hundred and twenty-three
highly decorated head-bands, captions of which are inscribed
in white ink against a gold background, and which appear to
be the work of a single illuminator. The miniatures, four in
all, the first three half -page, and the last one full-page in
size, are all fine specimens of art painted in the style of the
Herat school. The first three appear to be the product of
the same brush, but the last one, which is pasted on the back

[137]

flyleaf, seems to be the work of a different artist. The writ-
ing on the pages bearing the miniatures is smaller and is
written in four columns with gold interlineations. Details
are as follows :

1 fol. 86a Yusuf seated upon a throne, with a halo of

flame around his head, and surrounded by
Zulaykha's maids.

2 fol. 139a Zulaykha meeting Yusuf, who is mounted

on a horse followed by attendants.

3 fol. 145a Yusuf and Zulaykha united in marriage

after Potiphar's death.

4 fol. 167b A scene from a polo game. This miniature,

with its rich borders, has been added later.
It is torn in one corner and is damaged by
pinholes.

The codex is bound in dark-brown leather, with flap-cover,
and is heavily embossed with designs in gold. The outside
covers are stamped with double borders in panels that enclose
a large medallion with pendants above and below. The inside
covers show a highly adorned arabesque design, rich in gold
and blue, in a setting of dark-mahogony leather. The central
field represents an oblong gold-tooled medallion with corner
angles to match. The flap-cover is ornamented on the out-
side and inside to match the respective designs of the
covers. The binding has been trimmed on the edges and
is loose. The colophon, which contains a decorative tail-
piece, does not give the name of the scribe, but is dated 988
a. h. (1580 A. D.).

A copy of Jaml's Joseph and Potiphar's wife.

Folios 218; 8i inches by 5i inches; 11 lines to a page,
written in beautiful Nasta'liq, on native glazed paper in

[138]

double black-ruled columns. The written surface is 5*
inches by 3£ inches within gold, black, and red borders.
Folio lb is decorated with an 'unwan in Indian style, in gold,
red, green, and blue. Many leaves are soiled by damp and
the writing is rubbed off. Headings are written in red ink in
panels. The manuscript contains eighty-one bright-colored
miniatures in the late Mughal style, all painted by the brush
of the same unskilled artist. The binding is of contemporary
lacquer, the outside covers of which show a field rich in floral
design. The inside covers contain the design of a large
plant with yellow flowers and long leaves (possibly nar-
cissus) against a red field. Both of the outer covers are
much worn, but the inside covers are well preserved. The
colophon does not give the name of the copyist, who states
that he copied the manuscript for his brother Mayan
Muhammad, but the copy was made and dated in Kashmir
in 1199 a. h. (1784 a. a).

A copy of the same poem as above.

Folios 130; 9 inches by 5f inches; 16 lines to a page,
written in ungraceful Indian Ta'liq, on native glazed paper
in double black-ruled columns. The written surface is 7
inches by 3i inches framed by borders of gold, red, and
green. The manuscript is riddled with wormholes through-
out and is in bad condition. Folio lb has an illuminated
sarlawh, or title-piece, in Indian style, in gold and soft
colors. There are ten miniatures in the late Mughal style
which are bright-colored, all the work of a poor artist.
The binding is of modern paper, the back and corners of
which are in green cloth. The colophon gives neither the
name of the scribe nor the date. The manuscript was copied
m India, probably during the beginning of the nineteenth
century.

[139]

Muhyi Lari
(c. 1449-c. 1524 a. d.)

Muhyi Lari was a native of the city of Lar, near the
Iranian Gulf. According to Riya^ al-Shu'ara, he lived from
the time of Sultan Ya'qiib (ruled 1449-1462 a. d.), t&e
second son of XJzun Hasan, to the beginning of the reign of
Shah Tahmasp §afavi, who ascended the throne in 1524 a. d.
Muhyi, however, according to the Khulasat al-Ash'ar of
Taqi Kashi died in in 934 a. h. (1527 a. d.'). 1

Futuh al-Haramayn

" The Disclosure of the Two Holy Cities," a poem by
Muhyi Larl, describing the Holy Cities of Mecca and
Medina, and the ceremonies of the pilgrimage.

The present work is said to have been dedicated by the
author on his return from Mecca, to Sultan Muzaffar b.
Mahmud Shah, who reigned in Gujrat, but no dedication
appear on this copy. This manuscript, as Rieu states, has
been by oversight ascribed in several catalogues to Jam! from
whom the poet quotes, but Muhyi's name appears both in the
introduction and conclusion. 1 A lithographed edition of the
Futuh al-Haramayn was published in Lucknow in a. h.
1292. a

Folios 36; 71 inches by 51 inches ; 15 lines to a page, each
21 inches long; written in beautiful Nasta'llq, on native

1 See Sprenger, Oudh Cat. 21.
1 See Rieu, B. M. P. C. 6SS.

" For details of its contents see Jahrbticher, vol. 71, Anzeige Blatt 49, and
$aj. Khal. 4. 385.

[140]

paper of heavy quality with a cafe au lait tinge, within
two columns separated by double gold-rulings and framed
by blue and gold borders. Most of the leaves are stained by
water, patched, and damaged by wormholes. The opening
page contains a small 'unwan in gold and blue. Titles are
written in red and blue throughout the volume. The
manuscript contains eleven, crudely drawn paintings, de-
picting scenes from the Holy Cities. The original bind-
ing is missing, and the codex has been rebound in old Per-
sian blue brocade in palm leaf pattern. On the colophon,
which is partly damaged by fire, and partly riddled by worm-
holes, the name of the scribe, Uways b. Muhammad al-
Harawi (native of Herat), and the date 974 a. h. (1566
a. d.) are still legible. >■■-.:

Maktabi
(?-c 16th century)

Maktabi is a poet of whom very little is known. He was a
school teacher and lived in Shiraz about the same time as
Ahlr§hirazl, who died in 942 a. h. (1535 a. d.). Maktabi
was his nom de plume; his real name remains unknown. The
only existing work of this writer is a romantic poem, the
description of which follows.

Layla wa Majnun
A romantic poem by Maktabi.

The author dated his poem by the chronogram, Kitab-i-
Maktabi, which gives its date of composition as 895 a. h.

[141]

(1489 A. d.). The number of distiches is also given in the
epilogue as two thousand one hundred and sixty. 1

Folios 77; 6 inches by 3i inches; IS lines to a page, each
U inches long; written in beautiful Shikastah-amlz in a
double column framed by heavy rulings in gold. Most of
the folios at the end of the codex have been damaged by
wormholes. Folios lb and 2a are illuminated with gold
interlineations and wide floral borders, and the former folio
contains an exquisite title-piece in gold and soft colors. The
manuscript also contains thirteen very skillfully drawn
illustrations, averaging 2\ inches by 2 inches in size, on
folios 12b, 15a, 17a, 20b, 22b, 28a, 33b, 39b, 42a, 47a, 49b,
and 74b. These illustrate incidents in the life of Majnun.
They are all the work of a single artist and are drawn in
modern style. The volume is rebound in a lacquered bind-
ing, the outside covers of which are identical in design and
show a field decorated with flowers and birds framed with
floral borders. The inside covers show figures of men and
women in scenes of drinking and merriment. The name of
the scribe and the date of transcription are not given, but
judging from the style of its illustrations the manuscript
belongs probably to the early part of the nineteenth century.

Mulla Tughra
(?-c. 1670 a. D.)

Mulla Tughra was a native of Meshhed, in Khorasan,
and went to India where he lived for many years. He was
well received at the court of Emperor Shah Jahan (1593-
1666 A. d.), and later was appointed a private secretary to
Muradbakhsh, the youngest son of the emperor. He accom-
panied the young prince on an expedition to Balkh and re-

1 For other copies of the same manuscript see Rieu, S. B. M. P. C. 191-2.

[142]

mained there. He spent the last years of his life in Kashmir
He died a few years after the accession of Emperor
Awrangzlb. Tahir NasrabadI, in his Tadhkirah, or bio-
graphies of poets, speaks very highly of him and says he
was an able prose and verse writer- He has written, besides
prose compositions/many short and long poems. 8

rtiqadiyyah'i Mulla Tughra

"A Poem of Faith of Mulla Tughra," a mathnawl written
in praise of the fourth Khalifah 'AH. 1

Folios 12; 8* inches by 4* inches; 9 lines to a page, each
21 inches; written in excellent Nasta'liq, on gold-sprinkled
native paper, in two columns divided into compartments by
black-rulings The whole page is framed by rulings of
gold, red and blue The last line of each stanza, which eon-
Jams Ah s name, is inscribed in red ink and stands out by
itself in a separate gold-ruled panel. Some leaves have
wormholes in them and some are stained by water, but the
writing, which is a specimen of excellent calligraphy, has
been we n pre s erV ed. The volume has been rebound in
modern black cloth.

The manuscript is not dated nor does the name of the
scribe appear in it. The front flyleaf, which is also gold-
spnnkled and gold-ruled, contains the autograph and the im-
pression of a large circular seal of a former owner. Above
the seal in large Shikastah style appear these words : « From

| See Sprenger, Oudh Cat. 98.

" l° r 3 Vi$ i ° f S ° me of his works see Rie «. B. M. P C 742-4
For another copy of the present poem see Rieu, S. B. M. P. C. 267.

[143]

the least slave," and then the seal impression below it
reads : " Jan Sipar Khan, Khanah-Zad-i- (a slave born in
the house of) Shah-i-'Alam (which was the title of
Muhammad Mu'azzam, the second son of Awrangzib)
Padishah-i-Ghazi (the victorious king) 1121 A. h. (1709
a. d. ) Sanah 3 (the third year of the reign of the Emperor) ."
Underneath the seal a little to the right, written again in
large characters, appears the word " Hu " (pronounced as
Hu, but written Huwa " ) , which refers to the God Almighty,
and means " He is, or He exists," but more generally used
as a substitute for the well-known Qur'anic formula: "In
the name of the Most Merciful God." Then follow four lines
written in small Shikastah which read: " From the posses-
sions of the humble slave Jan Sipar Khan, the son of
Rustamdilkhan, the son of Jan Sipar Khan al-Husayn al-
Mukhtar al-Sabzawari, may the Lord forgive his sins and
cover his misdeeds. From the gifts of Nawwab (prince)
§ahib (sir, or master) and Qiblah (another title) Nawwab
Mukhtar Khan— may God enlighten him with His proof.
Sanah 1122 a. h. (1710 A. d.)."

Jan Sipar Khan was the second son of Mukhtar Khan
Sabzawari, an Emir during the reign of Awrangzib. At the
time of his death in 1701 he held the subahdari, or the
Governorship, of Hyderabad. The grandfather of Jan
Sipar Khan, who bore the same name, was an Emir with an
army of four thousand men during the reign of Emperor
Jahan^ir. He was appointed governor of Allahabad in the
first year of Shah Jahan's reign, 1628 ad., and died there
during the same year, 2

» c~ Or. Bio. Diet

[144]

LATE XXIX

WB OUTSIDE BACK COVER OF A LACQUERED PERSIAN

BINDING, XIX CENTURY

(MS. No. 85)

Wisal
(?-1846a.d.)

Wisal was one of the most illustrious of the modern poets
of Iran, who lived and died in Shiraz. His real name was
Mirza Muhammad Shaf V, but he was commonly known as
" Mirza Kuchik." His contemporary biographers, such as
Rida-Qull Khan 1 and Bismil, 2 speak very highly of him. His
talents were not confined to the art of verse writing alone,
for he was also a recognized master of calligraphy and music.

His works, besides his qasidahs and ghazals, include the
Bazm-i-Wisal, Farhad wa Shirin, and a Persian translation
of the Atwaq al-Dhahab, or " Collars of Gold," of Zamakh-
sharl. His " Farhad and Shirin," which is the continuation
and completion of Wahshi's work, has been lithographed in
Tehran in 1263 a. h. His sons were also gifted poets and
eminent men of letters.

85
dtp? o) jdc>

Diwan-i-Wisal

A collection of poems by Wisal, consisting of his ghazals,
or odes, and a portion of his Bazm-i- Wisal, which begins on
folio 61b.

Folios 183, of which l-4a, 59b, 60, and 121-123 are blank;
7i inches by 4|inches; written in excellent Nasta'liq by the
poet himself, 1 on native glazed paper of thin quality having

1 The author of Rawdat al-$afa, Majma' al-Fusaha, and Riyad al-'Arifin, who
speaks of Wasal in all three of his works.

» The author of Tadhkirah'i Dilkusjja, who praises Wisal's skill in calligraphy
and music.

1 A specimen of Wisal's autograph reproduced on Plate IX, facing p. 300 of
Browne's Persian Literature in Modern Times, leaves no doubt that the present
manuscript is in the handwriting of the poet himself.

[145]

a slight creamy sheen. Folios 4b and Sa form a double
illumination with gold interlineations, the former folio con-
taining an elaborate 'unwan in gold and colors. The verses <
are written in a double column outlined by heavy gold-rulings
and run 17 lines to a page; the marginal writings run 26
lines to a page. Folios 61b and 62a are illuminated in
like manner and the former folio contains another splendid
'unwan, in gold and colors, which serves as a title-piece to
the unfinished work, Bazm-i-Wisal. The verses of this
poem, which are also written in a double column framed by
gold rules, run 16 lines to a page, while the writings on the
margins run 10 lines to a page. The binding is of original
lacquer, the outside covers of which are identical in design
and show one large bird and two butterflies among roses,
daisies, and other flowers. The inside covers have a plain
red field decorated with medallion, pendants, and gold-ruled
borders. One of the covers has been slightly damaged. This *! :
is a very rare manuscript, which, unfortunately, was not
completed.

Nawadir Majmu'ah'i Ya'qubl

" Rarities, a Collection of Ya'qub," an anthology of
Persian verse and prose compiled by Ya'qub b. Ilyas b
Yusuf , of the House of Ashar, and dedicated to Hafiz Shir
Muhammad Khan Mukhtar al-Dawlah Bahadur, a governor
of Kashmir. The work, which is very painstakingly writ-
ten and illuminated, was begun, according to a chronogram
on folio 102, m 1188 a. h. (1774 a. d.), and was completed
after thirty-two years in 1220 a. h. (1805 a. d.), as indi-
cated by the colophon.

[146]

PLATE XX

OTttfcp

sT-H*

THE OPENING PAGES OP THE DIWAN OF W1SAL IN THE HANDWRITING

OF THE POET HIMSELF. XIX CENTURY

(MS. No. 85)

The^compiler and the scribe Ya'qub, who calls himself a
descendant of the House of Asjiar from the tribes of Israel
and of the race of Abraham, was no doubt a Jew. This is
further confirmed by an inscription which appears on the
margin of folio 97a. This inscription, consisting of four
lines, is one of the verses of a poem which the scribe by
mistake has left out, and which he has later inserted in
Hebrew characters. The collection contains poems by such
well-known poets as Awhadi KirmanI, Ismat Bukhari
Mawlana WahshT, Sa'dl, Hafk, Nizami, Jami, Ni'mat Khan
Ah, Mawlana Zuhuri, etc., and some prose selections bv
others. /

Folios 888, of which 6 are blank; 9 inches by 5* inches-
written in exquisite Nasta'llq, on gold-sprinkled paper of
medium weight. The prose portions are written in a single
broad column, the verse portions in a double column divided
by broad gold rules. The prose writings run 12 lines, and
the verses 20 lines to a page. The written surface of the
page is 6i inches by 3 inches and is framed by heavy rulings
in gold, black, and blue. The whole page is enclosed by a
rmrgm about one inch in width, ruled by thin double rulings
at gold. The margins are decorated with rubrics in gold
Fohos lb and 2a contain the index, which gives the names
of the poets and the titles of their poems in red ink within
decorated square panels. According to this index, the work
is divided into one hundred and eighteen sections and con-
tains eighteen thousand verses. Folios 2b and 3a are double
illuminated title-pages which introduce the work. These
fo hps, as^ell as the last two, contain octagonal rosette me-
dallions illuminated with gold and hlue in floral designs
The margins consist of inscribed panels containing some
verses in Arabic written in gold letters upon a blue back-
ground. The compiler's name appears on these folios

[147]

Folios 3b and 4a contain the introduction and the dedica-
tion and they are exquisitely illuminated with gold inter-
lineations. The Khutbah, or the praise of the sovereign,
occupies folios 4a-10a, and is introduced by an elaborate
title-piece in gold and colors. The writing in this section, as
well as in most other sections of the manuscript, is written
diagonally across the page and has gold interlineations and
elaborately decorated margins. At the bottom of folio 102,
which is also illuminated, the date 1188 A. H. (1774 A. d.) is
given in a chronogram indicating when the transcription
was begun. Folios 10b and 11a are the most exquisitely
ornamented pages and contain two sumptuously illuminated
'unwans. The text runs 4 lines to a page, in gold inter-
lineations, written diagonally across the page, and framed
by a broad band of different colors, with floral traceries
in gold. The whole page is inset in a richly ornamented
wide border painted in different colors and covered
with flowered designs in gold. Folio 10b contains the
name of the scribe and compiler Ya'qub b. Ilyas Musa'i
(Jewish), and folio 11a provides the name of the bookbinder
and illuminator, 'Abd al-Rahman §ahhaf Kashmiri (of
Kashmir). The codex is bound in the original lacquered
covers, which are re-edged, and slightly damaged by worm-
holes. The outside covers are identical and show a floral
pattern, chiefly of yellow and gold, upon a blue background.
The design on the inside of the covers consists of a medallion
set off by pendants against a dark red field of foliage. The
colophon, which is illuminated, supplies the date 1220 A. h.
(1805 a. d.), and the name of the city of Kashmir. Accord-
ing to an annotation on the front" flyleaf, the manuscript
originally belonged to the Royal library at Lucknbw.

[148]

PLATE XXXI

MMM

XL MANUSCRIPT OF MIXED CONTENTS

A composite volume, without a title, containing the follow-
ing works :

I. (Begins on folio 4b)

Maslak al-Akhyar
A long poem which begins :

ffjt <>*ji 4M f-. p** j^ *>&* ^-j*

Maslak al-Akhyar, or " The Conduct of the Pious/' is a
mathnawi poem, written, as its composer states in his open-
ing verses, in the same meter as the Makhzan al-Asrar of
Nizami. 1 It is based upon the principle doctrines of the

Shi'i sect.

The poet, whose name does not appear, opens his mathnawi
with a eulogy on the God Almighty and the Prophet, and
inserts five munajats, or addresses to the Deity, and five
poems of praise for Muhammad. These are followed by
several poems written in praise of 'All and other followers
of Muhammad : Then the poet divides his work into twenty
maslaks, or rules, each of which forms a section by itself.
In each maslak an essential principle of the sect is discussed.
The poem, according to its concluding verses, was completed
in 993 a. h. (1584 a. d.).

1 See page 97 of this Catalogue.

[149]

II. (On folio 104b)

Tuhfat al-Nasayih
A poem which begins :

Tuhfat al-Nasayih, or " The Gift of Counsels," is a
didactic poem, in form of a qasidah, which discusses various
ethical and philosophical topics, and is similar in this respect
to the Rawshana'i-namah of Nasir Khusraw. It is divided
into forty-five babs, or sections, and consists of seven hun-
dred and eighty-six bayts, or couplets. The date of com-
position, given in the last verse, is the 10th of Rabi' II 795
a. h. (February 23, 1393).

The name of the poet, according to the colophon, is Yusuf
Gada, who wrote these admonitions for his son Abu al-Fath.
Very little is known about the life and works of this poet. 2 '

III. (On folio 176b)

Madh-i-Mashayikh
A poem which begins :

Cm»] -vA j^j \j>\; j^. £j, ^y^* ^

Madh-i-Mashayikh, or " The Praise of the Elders," is an
ode, written in praise of some of the well-known shaykhs,
or pious men, by an unidentified author. The date of com-
position is given in the concluding verses, in the form of a
chronogram, as 961 a. h. (1553 a. d.).

"For other copies of this poem see Pertsch, Berlin Cat." 124-25. This ooem
was lithographed in Bombay in 1283 a. h. • ■» «. mis poem

[150]

Folios 210, of which l-4a, 104a, 175b, 176a, and 207-10
are blank; 9£ inches by 5i inches; 12 lines to a page, written
in poor Indian Ta'liq on thick paper with a creamy tinge,
and outlined by gold-rulings. The opening folio contains an
illuminated 'unwan, or title-piece, in gold and colors. Titles
are written in red ink, and some folios contain notes and
corrections on the margins.

The binding is of original Persian, blind-pressed, black
leather, the outside covers of which show a medallion design
with matching pendants and corner angles. The inside covers
are of red leather. The name of the scribe 'Abd al-Qadir
al-Qadiri, and the date 1261 a. h. (1845 a. d.), appear on
folio 175a.

[151]

TURKISH MANUSCRIPTS

I. ASTRONOMY

Ruz-namah'i Parandahvi

A perpetual calendar prepared by the Turkish astronomer
Mustafa, who was commonly known as Hikmat-i-Thani, in
Istanbul, and dated 1226 a. h, (1811 a.d.).

Contents:

1. Six tables showing the concordance of the lunar

months with the solar months.

2. Six tables showing the length of the day and night

for Istanbul and its vicinity throughout the year.

3. Six astronomical and chronological tables.

4. Marginal notes consisting of comments, instruc-

tions, and methods of computation on the calendar.

5. Rules given at the end for finding the direction of

the qiblah (the direction towards which the
Muslims turn in prayer) in Istanbul and in ad-
jacent countries.

A strip of vellum, 46 inches long and 4 inches wide, on a
bone roller. The writing is in beautiful Naskh, within gold-
ruled margin, in red and black ink. The 'unwan is very
richly illuminated in gold and colors. The manuscript is
enclosed in a maroon solander case.

[152]

II. GENEALOGY

Genealogical tables of the prophets and of the principal
Eastern dynasties, without title or author's name.

The contents of the first portion of the manuscript agree
with a similar work entitled Subhat al-Akhyar, described by
Rieu and Fliigel. 1

There are tables prefixed to the volume, on folios 1-6,
showing the genealogy of the Prophet Muhammad which
traces him back to Adam. These are followed by the gen-
eral genealogy of the pre-Islamic dynasties and by the
genealogies of the Muslim dynasties down to the year 1143
a. h. (1730 a. d.), the year of accession of Sultan Mahmud
I of Turkey. Then in two pages some of the sayings of the
Prophet Muhammad and of some of the Khallfahs are
recorded. Following this in two other pages a brief history
of the rulers of the Memluk dynasty of Egypt is given. The
last portion of the manuscript contains an account of the
Osmanli dynasty from its origin to 1030 a. h. (1620 a. d,),
during which year the Bosphorus was frozen. This is the
last event recorded by the compiler.

The genealogies of the Turkish sultans from the year
1091 a. h. (1680 a. d.), in which year the manuscript was
completed, to the year 1143 a. h. have been added in a
different handwriting. The first scribe signs his name as
Behmen Bek b. Ahmad b. Yusuf Pasha of the city of Van.
It is highly probable that the work was compiled by the
copyist himself by the use of the above-mentioned well-
known book on genealogy without mentioning his authority.

Among the pre-Islamic dynasties, the Greek, Persian,
and Chinese kings are included. The dynasties of Iran
mentioned are the PIshdadlan, Ashkanian, Sasanian, and

1 See Rieu, B. M. T. C. 32-3; Fliigel, Vienna Cat. 2. 97-101, and 374.

[153]

the Keyanian. The post-Islamic dynasties are the Bam
Umayyah, Abbasi, Diyalemeh, Seljuq, Sebuktakin, Khwa-
rezm Samanian, Chingizlan, and 'Othmanian. The num-
ber of the rulers of each dynasty and the total years of their
reigns are also recorded. The genealogy of the Ottoman
dynasty concludes with Sultan Muhammad IV, who is desig-
nated as the reigning monarch. A later addition brings it
down to the accession of Sultan Mahmud I, 1143 a. h.

Folios 75, of which 15 are blank; 12i inches by 8 inches-
written in Naskh, on native glazed paper of ivory finish,'
within red borders. Some notes on the margins and six
folios which were added later, are in very poor handwriting.
Genealogical tables, which consist of concentric circles some-
times in colors but mostly in black or red ink, contain the
names of persons; these circles are linked by horizontal lines
to which are added some short historical notes. The scribe's
name ls signed in red or black ink to such notes. Two
unwans or title-pieces, adorn the histories of the Memluk
rulers of Egypt and of the Ottoman dynasty. These title-
pieces consist of a pyramid design made of half circles in
black and white; the outlines of these half circles are drawn
in red ink.

The seal impression of the writer of the manuscript,
Behmen Bek, whose full name has been given in the above
appears on the opening and on the closing pages of each
section The codex has been bound in stamped dark leather
flap-binding ornamented with medallions in floral designs
the workmanship of which is alike on both covers '

[154]

PLATE XXXII

^r.'i^Wm

;■* i,i

WmSMgsmM

wr -tf -,:

f!j|i

1:3^.^

HIS

A PAGE IN THE HANDWRITING OP HAFIZ MUHAMMAD EMIn. PROM TH
■■■^■■'■■^TUHFAH'l/'iOTAHIDi, TURKISH, DATED iSoi A.D.
(MS. No. 96, ifbl. 19a)

III. DICTIONARY

c^tMLi -disitf ■■-■■■

Tuhfah'i ShahidI
M^S^ ian - Turkish "**» «*— by

in Si' • °T° nly kn ° Wn aS Ib " hIm Dedeh ' wa * bom
m Mughla ,n the provmce of Mentesheh in Asia Minor, in

875 A h. ( 1470 A. D.). He lived for a long time in Kenya

(Icomurn) and like his father, Khnday'I Eedeh, belonged

to the rehgious order of Mevlevis. He composed his vefsi-

fied vocabulary according to a chronogram inserted in its

(ISSoTd.)" A ' H ' ° 514 *• D °- He died in 957

Folios SO; n inches by 5 inches; 7 lines to a page, each
21 mches long; written in exquisite Naskh in four goldlruled
columns w,th outlinings in gold, blue, and red, on glazed
paper f medlum wdght ^ ^ > W

LI e T,V CTi . be ? Nask - h of sma,ler ^ * «"» 'o "

page, each li mches long, and framed by gold-rulings. The

cTrs* tT C <T™ " elab ° rate """"matton in SOW and
book -nf I , are 7 ritten in red ^ throughout the
bv a Pf.T , g ' S ° f gi,t " ative n "' 0CC0 a " d P™^^

of thf L?h "ST»T r - The Colophon bea " ' h e flame
A h (1801 U.T) Mubammad Em5n > and «» dated 1216

ImE!!! *?'*. 1 **** MuI?ammad Em 'n, was a native of
Istanbul and the son of Ahmad, who was in the services of

[155]

the grand vizier, 'Abd-allah Pasha, He studied under the
well-known calligrapher Sayyid Ahmad Khwajeh-Zadeh and
was considered as one of his best apprentices. He has
copied many manuscripts and was a Hafiz4-Qur'an, or one
who commits the Qur'an to memory. 2

IV. LAW
91

Manahij al-Usul al-Dlniyyat

A treatise on Muslim Law according to the Hanefi school,
composed by 'Abd al-Baql b. Muhammad.

The author, commonly known as 'Arif, held many im-
portant positions in the Turkish government under Sultan
Muhammad IV; He was a native of Istanbul and received
his primary education privately from his father, who was
attached to the Imperial Navy, He studied later under, the
Shaykh al-Islam, or the head of the hierarchy of the Muslims,
Minqari-Zadeh Yahya, and was awarded the highest prize in
public and official examinations. He was first appointed the
governor of Selanik (Salonica) and he retained this post for
sixteen years. He then governed Egypt and Brusa, and
later became a chief justice in Istanbul. The last post which
he held was that of the commander in chief of the Turkish
armies in Thrace. He wrote many books and made trans-
lations from Persian and Arabic. He was also an accom-
plished calligrapher and an apprentice of the well-known
Muhammad Tabriz! (of Tabriz) . There are several manu-

9 See Tuh. TQ\a\. 392.

056]

scripts still preserved in his beautiful handwriting He died
in 1125 a. h. (1713 a. d.). 1

The author in his preface states that numerous works had
been written in Arabic on the Hanefi law, but that no one
had made an attempt to treat the subject in the Turkish
tenguage. He ventures, therefore, to fill this gap himself
He gives a list of twenty-four books and their authors who
have written on the subject in Arabic. His own book, in
addition to the preface, consists of five chapters, and each
chapter is divided into several parts. The author also states
m his preface that the grand vizier Mustafa Pasha had
urged him to have a good copy of his original manuscript
made. This task was entrusted to Muhammad b. al-Hajj
Veil al-Dln, who was the chief superintendent of his estates
and property. At the completion of the work the author
himself made the necessary additions and corrections in the
margins in his own handwriting, which is readily distin-
guished from the hand of the copyist, who in a footnote adds
that the corrections were made in the handwriting of his
master.

Folios 102; 8 inches by 5* inches; 19 lines to a page, each
21 inches long; written in neat Nasta'llq of medium size, on
native glazed paper of strong texture within gold borders.
There are copious notes and references on the margins writ-
ten by the copyist, and some corrections have been made by
the author himself. A complete table of contents has been
prefixed. The opening page is adorned with an illuminated
unwan of floral design in gold, blue, and pink. The flap-
binding is of stamped black leather, the outer covers of which
show a medallion design with double pendants and with har-
monizing cornerpieces. The inner covers are of plain dark-
red leather framed by rulings of gold. The volume is pro-
tected by an extra red morocco cover. Both the front flyleaf

1 See Tuh. IQiat. 669-70.

[157]

and the colophon give the flame of the scribe, Muhammad b.
al-Hajj Veil al-Din. The date of completion is 1119 a. h.
(1707 a. d.).

V. OFFICIAL DOCUMENT
92

Waqf-namah'i Ahmad Pasha

A remarkably valuable document, being the Last Will and
Testament of Ahmad Pasha, the son-in-law and the grand
vizier of Sultan Bayezid II (ruled 1481-1512 a. d.), and
later of Sultan Sellm I (ruled 1512-1520 a. d.).

Ahmad Pasha, whose real name was Stephen Cossarich,
was an Illyrian prince, the son of Duke Saba Etienne-
Cossarich, who deserted his faith and parents at an early
age and joined the Turks. The main reason for his de-
sertion was that his father took in marriage a young
princess to whom Stephen was engaged. He was very well
received at the court of Sultan Bayezid II, who, upon his
acceptance of the faith of Islam, gave him his own daughter
in marriage and appointed him to responsible positions in
the army. He was first put at the command of an army
which was sent to Egypt, and later was made the commander
of the fleet. This latter post he retained for five years. It was
in 1497 a. d. that he was appointed to the office of the grand
vizier and he occupied this position four times during his
political career. He died in 1516, in Aleppo, while he was
accompanying Sultan Selim I on his return from the Egyp-
tian campaign. He built many mosques and charitable
institutions. 1

1 See von Hammer, Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches, 2. 264 ff., and 526-27.

[158]

Ahmad Pasha, according to the present will, left most of
his wealth and huge estates to charity. He directed the dis-
position of funds for the erection of mosques and for the
care and feeding the poor.

Folios 33; 10 inches by 6i inches; 7 lines to a page, each
3 inches long; written in large Thuluth, on heavy quality
paper having a cafe au lait tinge, and framed by gold-
rulings. There is a blank space left for an Wan on top
of the opening page. The binding is missing. The name
of the scribe Muhammad and the date 917 a. h. (1511a d)
are given in the colophon. On the same page the names of
Pir^Muhammad Pasha al-Jamali, Sinan Pasha Ibn <Abd
a^^ayy, Mevla Qivam al-Din al-Def ten, and Sayyid Ball,
the scribe ofthe Dlvan-i-'AlI (the High Court), appear as
witnesses. The first two witnesses were grand viziers. The
ast two have not been identified. According to an annota-
t^on the front flyleaf the will was drawn up by Oadi
(judge) <Abd al-Rahman. ■"■■/.■;"-

VL HISTORY
93

Tarikh-i-Selaniki

»»

A history, without a title or author's name, covering the
years 971-1008 a. h. (1563-1599 a. d.), comprising the last
three years of Sulayman Qanuni's reign, the reigns of Selim
II and Murad III, and the first five years of the reign of
Muhammad III.

The work begins with a short preface which is written in
gold ink. The last three lines of the preface, as well as a

[159]

few lines on the second folio facing the opening page, have
been blocked out by gold paint. The traces of writing under-
neath, however, are visible but not legible.

In another copy of this manuscript, which is in the
Vienna State library, the name of the author, Selaniki (of
Salonica) Mustaff. Efendi, appears in the preface. This
work is generally known in Turkey as the Tarikh-i-Selaniki,
or the History by Selaniki. 1

The author, about whom very little is known, was a court
chronicler. He takes occasion, now and then, to insert in
his records lengthy discussions of important political events,
and in more than one instance makes mention of his
own promotions and appointments to important positions at
the court by the grand viziers of the time. The most im-
portant position held by him is that of official chronicler of
the grand viziers at the court. He was appointed to this
post in the year 999 A. h. (1590 a. d.) by the grand vizier
Ferliad Pasha (folio 140b), and he still retained this office
at the time he recorded the last event in his journal, in 1008
a. h. ( 1 599 a. d. ) . He also held other important positions.
He was made Chief Controller of the accounts of the two
Holy Cities, Mecca and Medina, and later of entire Anatolia.
The last position held by him, in addition to that of court
chronicler, was the controllership of the accounts of the
Ewqaf , or the Religious Endowments. He was appointed to
this high office by the grand vizier Ibrahim Pasha (folio
283a and b), in the year 1004 a. h. (1595 a. d.). The date
of his death is unknown.

Folios 400 ; 1 1 inches by 6 inches ; 25 lines to a page, each
3 inches long ; written in beautiful Nasta'llq, on native glazed
paper of ivory finish framed by heavy rulings of gold. The
margins are wide and contain some notes and additional
remarks. Some of the folios have been injured by worms.

1 See Flfigel, Vienna Cat. 2. 246-7.

[160]

TE XXXIII

THE OUTSIDE BACK COVER AND FLAP OF A LACQUERED
TURKISH BINDING, DATED lyzi A.D.

(MS. No. 93)

The titles and captions of important events are written in
gold or red ink. There are four illuminated 'unwans, or
title-pieces, in gilt and colors which are adorned with flower
patterns. Folios 399b and 400a are not written but contain
two illuminated title-pieces and f uil decorations of pink floral
design against a whitewashed background. Folio la con-
tains a medallion in gilt enclosing a six-pointed star design
in colors ornamented with flowers. The flap-binding is an
unusually fine specimen of contemporary Turkish morocco,
ornamented in a very elaborate manner with the usual Indian
mauritia flower pattern, heightened with gold and colors.
The inside covers are of green silk with floral designs woven
in gold. The manuscript is in a slipcase of black and red
leather. The name of the scribe Muhammad b. 'Abd-allah
and the date 1134 a. h. (1721 a. d.) appear in the colophon.
The scribe states that the copy was made by the order of
Ibrahim Pasha, the son-in-law and grand vizier of Sultan
Ahmad III, and signs his former title, that of the Judge of
the Holy City of Jerusalem, after his name. The front fly-
leaf contains the bookplate of Clarence H. Clark.

VII. POETRY

Yazlji-Oghll
(?-14S1a.d.)

Yazljl-Oghll Muhammad was the son of the celebrated
Turkish poet and scientist Katib Selah al-Din, or Selah al-
Dln the Scribe, the author of the well-known Shamsiyyah,
or the Solar Poem, a versified treatise on astronomy com-
posed in 811 a. h. (1408 a«|D.). Selah al-Din was in the
services of Sultan Bayezid I, and spent most of his life in
Ankara (Angora). His two sons Muhammad and Ahmad-
i-Bijan were born there. They studied under the eminent

[161]

ascetic Hajjl Bayram, and after the death of their father
settled at Gelibolu (Gallipoli). They were both interested in
theology and poetry and built themselves a little oratory,
looking out upon the sea, and spent the rest of their lives
there ln seclusion. Muhammad was widely known for his
piety and revered for his sanctity.

• The two brothers devoted much of their time to the com-
position of religious books. Muhammad wrote his Magharib
•al-Zaman, or " The Setting-point of Time," in Arabic Verse,
which was later translated into Turkish prose by his brother
Almiad under the title of Anwar al-' Ashiqin, or " The Lights
of Lcwers.^ Muhammad's immortal poem Muhammadiyyah
the description of which follows, is the most popular and
best known of his works. According to the Tuhf ah'i
Sjatt^in, 1 or " The Gift of Cailigraphers," of Mustaqim-
Zade£ 3ulayman, and SatrwaKhattatan/ or ''Calligraphy
and Calligra|,hers," by Habib, Yaziji-Qghli was a skilled
Calhgrapher, He died in 855 a. H. (i 4 51 A . D .), j ust two
years before the conquest of Istanbul by Sultan Muhammad
the Conqueror.

For further details on the life and works of YazIjT-Oghll see A
f^^^^ry/E. J. W. Gibb, edited by E. G Browne,
^89^London 1907; Rieu, B. M. T. C. 168-9; and Flugel, Vienna^

• 12 Eft m \ru°f' iff? by *"»'«■* Mahmut Kepial, Istanbul 1928
See Khat.wa JQ^. 2414, edited by Efau^jya Tevfiq, Istanbul I88&

[162]

Al-Risalat al-Muhammadiyyah

" The Treatise on Muhammad " is a religious poem by
Muhammad b. Selah, commonly known as Yaziji-Oghli.

The author, in his epilogue, after thanking God for the
successful completion of the poem, states that his friends sug-
gested that he should present the book to the Shah of Iran the
Sultan of Egypt, or the Sultan of Rum (Turkey). He seems
to have preferred the last, for although he does not officially
dedicate the book to the Sultan of Turkey, he prays for
Sultan Murad and for his successor Sultan Muhammad the
Conqueror. Then he eulogizes the vizier Mahmiid Pasha
ibn Qassab, or "the son of the Butcher," and proceeds to
tell the story of his own life and that of his brother Ahmad.
He gives the date of composition in one of the verses as 853
a. h. (1449 a. D.).

The poem, which is based on the explanation of certain
passages of the Qur'an by different authorities and on
Muslim traditions, falls into three main divisions. The first
part deals with the Creation, the second with the Mission of
Muhammad, and the last with the End of the World.

Folios 247; lOi inches by 7i inches; 19 lines to a page*
each A\ inches long; written in Naskh, on native glazed thick
paper in two columns of red-rulings. There are corrections
and additions on the margins. All titles are inscribed in
large Naskh in red ink. The codex has been rebound in
Turkish flap-binding of red morocco. The outer covers are
blind-stamped with inlaid center medallion, and blind-tooled
in moresque designs framed with borders of the same style, j
The inside covers have been lined with white paper of !

[163]

ordinary quality. The flap-cover is identical with the outer
covers in details. The colophon contains the name of the
scribe, Kemal Muhammad Qarah YazijI, and the date 1051
a. h. (1641 a. d.). The front flyleaf bears the dedication
and the seal of a former owner, but these are not legible.

A commentary on the Muhammadiyyah entitled, Ferah
al-Ruh, or " The Joy of the Soul," was written by Isma'il
tfaqqi, who died in 1137 a. h. (1724 a. d.). There is also a
lithographed edition of the Muhammadiyyah published in
1280 a. h. (1863 a. d.) in Istanbul.

Mir 'All Shir Neva'!
(1441-1501 a. d.)

Mir 'All Shir Neva'i was the son of the Kichkanah
Bahadur, an Emir at the court of Sultan Abu Sa'Id. He
was born in Herat, on Ramadan 17, 844 a. h. (February 9,
1441 A.D.). He went to school with Sultan Husayn
Baykara, and in his early life attached himself to the court
of the reigning Timurid Abu al-Qasim Babur Mirza, who
treated him like one of his sons. In 861 a. h. (1456 a. d.),
after the death of Babur, he spent several years in Samar-
kand and Meshhed, where he completed his studies at his
own expense and was reduced to great poverty. In 873 a. h.
(1468 a. d.), when his former friend and companion Sultan
Husayn ascended the throne, he appointed him his Muhrdar,
or the Keeper of the Royal Seal. He occupied that high
office until 876 a. h. (1471 a. d.) when he resigned to
accept the governorship of Gurgan, near the Caspian Sea.
The following year he retired from public life and moved
to Herat where he lived until his death on the 12th of Tuma
II, 906 a. h. (January 3, 1501 a. d.).

Neva'i was a great patron of learning and was himself an
equal master of prose and poetry. He wrote in Jaghata'i, or

[164]

PLATE XXXIV

MIR ALI §H1R. C. XVII CENTURY

(MS. No. 95)

Eastern Turkish, as well as in Persian. Neva'! was the pen
name he used in his Turkish compositions, and he signed
his Persian works as Fan!. He exerted great influence on
the development of Ottoman poetry and has done more than
any other writer to raise Turkish to the rank of a literary
language. He was a close friend and patron of Jam!, the
celebrated poet of Iran, who dedicated many of his works to
him. Besides four Diwans of lyric poetry and six long
Mathnawls, he has left nine volumes of prose and some
minor poetical works.

For further particulars, consult Rieu, B. M. T. C. 273 • B M P C
366; Gibb, Hist. Otto. Poetry, 1. 127-9; Browne, Per. Lit. Tar. Dom!
h 43 {' 9, S05 " 6; J ackson > Cat Per s- MSS. 159-66; Belin, Notice
?2L, x f ^! 1 - Chir - Newaii ' in Journal Asiatique, cinquieme serie, 17
(1861) 175-256, 281-357; Fliigel, Vienna Cat. 3. 527; and Tadhkira-
tush-Shuara, Browne's edition, 494-508.

An incomplete diwan, or collection of lyric poems, without

a preface or title, consisting of 311 bayts, or couplets, by Mir

Ah Shir Ne va'i in Jaghata'i, or Eastern Turkish, beginning :

Folis 40; 61 inches by 4f inches; 8 lines to a page, each
It inches long; written in beautiful Nasta'liq, on native
glazed paper, in fine gold-ruled columns separated by tendril
ornaments framed in rulings of gold and outlined by floral
designs. The first two lines on each page are written
diagonally across the upper section, the second two hori-
zontally across the center of the page. The fifth and sixth
lines are written diagonally across the lower half of the
page, and the last two lines are written vertically along the \
left edge of the paper. The opening page contains a beauti- '

[165]

fully adorned 'unwan, or title-piece. Each page is illumi-
nated with scroll-decorated borders and ornaments in red,
gold, and blue. The binding is Turkish of dark-brown
leather with flap-cover, heavily embossed with central
medallions in gold. The inside covers are of a lighter-brown
leather and have a filigree medallion design upon a blue back-
ground. Neither the name of the scribe nor the date is
given. The front flyleaf bears a seal impression containing
the name of a former owner, Ahmad Nuri, and the date
1206 a. h. (1791 A. d.). The manuscript was copied prob-
ably in Turkey during the latter part of the sixteenth or
the early part of the seventeenth century.

Da'ifi
( ?-c. late 16th century)

Of Da'ifi, we know very little. No information is avail-
able to' determine accurately when he was born or when he
died. The only reference to Da'ifi, besides few poems which
appear in some Turkish anthologies, is made by Hajjl
Khalifah, 1 who mentions that a translation of Sa'dl's
Gulistan has been made by this author, but says no more
about his life or other works. Evidently his works were rare
and extinct even in those days.

Some facts, however, may be secured from the copies of
two of the poet's works which are found in this Collec-
tion. These are bound in one volume, and consist of his
versified translations of Sa'di's Gulistan and of 'Attar's
Pand-namah, the descriptions of which are given below.
Da'ifi's works, as has been already mentioned, are very rare
and this volume is possibly one of the very few in existence.

Da'ifi was the poet's nom de plume. His real name, Pir
Muhammad, appears on folio 242b, in the epilogue of

1 See tfaj. Khal. 5. 231.

[166]

his second work, the versified translation of 'Attar's Pand-
namah. According to a chronogram inserted by the poet,
this poem was concluded on the fifth of Muharram 950 a h
(April 10, 1543 a. d.).

In his translation of the Gulistan, which he dedicated to
Sultan Sulayman the Magnificent (ruled 1520-1566 a. d.),
the poet furnishes us with more material about himself. He
mentions, on folio 183b, that the Sultan moved to his second
capital Adrianople to organize a military expedition, and
ordered all his viziers, generals, and courtiers to follow him.
Da'Ifi says he could hot go for he was already receiving a
pension, and could not secure a new appointment. It appears
frpm his statements that the poet was attached to the court.
His further reference to those who had accompanied the
monarch and who on their return to Istanbul were promoted
and received gifts, while he himself was deprived of all this,
further proves that he was one of the prominent men of his
time. " Instead/' he continues, " I spent my days and com-
posed this lengthy poem, on which I started working on the
10th day of $afar 950 a. h. (May 14, 1543 a. d.) and which
I completed on the 11th day of Sha'ban (November 9) of
the same year.

His father's name, Khwajeh Evranfls, and his teacher's
name, Shaykh Sunbul Sinan, are mentioned on the last folio
in connection with his prayers to the Almighty for the
successful completion of the work.

Folios 181a-183b supply us with a detailed and interesting
description of his birthplace, the little town of Qarahtovah
(modern Karatova in Yugoslavia), and of its silver
mines. In these three folios he gives the details of the
operations of the silver mines which at that time existed in
Karatova. This description is so vivid and so detailed that
it leaves no doubt that the poet was familiar with this
industry of his native town. Da'if I's style is extraordinarily
clear and attractive, and free from artificial rhetoric.

fl67]

A volume containing :

I. (folios 2a-184)

jbjD AaJ&L* **»~J[

Terjumeh'i Manzumeh'i Gulistan
It begins :

II. (folios 185b-244)

Terjumeh'i Pand-i-Farid al-Din 'A#ar
It begins :
LJ*e 4fU» ^jl ji oUjI tfJJii J-* 4, Ji^ Opil ^» Jjt •***

The first being a versified translation by Da'Ifi of the
Gulistan, 1 or " The Rose-Garden," of the celebrated poet of
Iran, Sa'di, to which, in the concluding verses, the poet gives
the title of Nigaristan. The second is a versified translation
of the Pand-namah, 8 or the " Book of Counsels," of another
well-known Iranian poet, 'Aftar, also by Da'Ifi. Both poems
have been dedicated to Sultan Sulayman. No other copies
of the above works have been listed in any of the well-known
catalogues of Oriental manuscripts, and no reference is
made to the second work.

Folios 246 ; of which 1, 2a, 185a, 244b, and 246 are blank;
91 inches by 61 inches; 15 lines to a page, each 3i inches
long; written in excellent Naskh in double gold-ruled

1 See pages 107-109 and 119-120 of this Catalogue.
* See pages 94-97 of this Catalogue.

[168]

columns, on thick native glazed paper of ivory finish The

rS 11 L S,g " Up0n a gold *&&*>* in dark violet

red, andblue, occupying nearly one third of the pa- There
are^addmonal decorative section-headings winch a^T

Sttr Mue flano'- 1^ ^^ ^ *« ^^2
oTthe fiiT P ^ W ' th fl0 ^ Silt edges. The colophon
of the first poem g,ves the name of the copyist Behram ton
Muhammad and the date 968 a. h. (15% a I ) Th"
gnd^m does not bear a colophon but the w kg i

nttureotr f '^ ^ front %leaf contains the fig-

•Ar!h ^T ° Wner ' DervIsh As'ad ibn Abd al-Kerim
Arab, and the date 1197 a. h. (1782 a. d.).

'Ata'i
(1583-1634 a. d.)
Nev'i-Zadeh 'Ata-allah, poetically surnamed 'Ata'i w«
born m Istanbul in 991 a. h. (1583 a. d.). H e re cdved Ws
pnmary education from hh father, Yahya NcTe end?
SJK^ 4 f ° r ° f Sultan Murad III (™, '
Oaf Sp / m^ ^'t father S death ' A &"< ^udied under

StMol f^T ^ Ef ? di ' the aUthor of 0" weU-known
anthology, and later under Akhi-Zadeh 'Abd al-Halim
Efend, He entered the bar and was appointed a qadi or

n *e Euror ght D ° ?*" Pr ° m ° tions - ^ ^^
Ifof hlT P TTA tht ° tt0ttaa E ™P ire for 'he

?.££ ' '.^ eate f wor k « the continuation of Tash-Kupru-

Nr 5 „stLi^tsTf t known as «^-

eompkte Diwan an U coLtlon of T^ *"* ^ *'
called the Khamsah, or (££ POenK ' COmm0nly

[169J

For further particulars about his life and works, see Gibb, Hist.
Ott. Poetry, 3. 232-42 ; Rieu, B. M. T. C 195 ; Haj. Khal. 3. 175 ; and
Fliigel, Vienna Cat 1.655-6.

Khamsah'i 'Aja'i

An incomplete Khamsah containing only three of the five
poems of ' A^a'i as follows :

I. (folios 1-77)

§uhbat al-Abkar

II. (folios 78-120)

Saql-nameh

III. (folios 121-212)

Naf hat al-Azhar

The first of these poems, the §uhbat al-Abkar, or the
" Converse of Virgins," was written as a burlesque on
Jaml's * Subhat al-Abrar, or the " Rosary of the Pious,"
and like it, is' divided into forty-five chapters. It was com-
pleted in 1035 a. h. (1625 a. d.). The second, Saql-nameh,
or the " Cupbearer Book," is often referred to as 'Alam-
Numa, or the " World-Displayer," from a term which the

See pages 135 and 136 of this Catalogue.

[170]

poet uses in the colophon, and was completed in 1026 a. h
(1617 a. d.). The third poem, the Nafhat al-Azhar, or the
Breath of Flowers," is, in scope and character, much like
the first. It was written as a counterpart to Nizaml's 2
famous poem the Makhzan al-Asrar, or the " Treasury of
Mysteries," and was completed in 1020 a. h. (1611 a d )
The two niissing poems of the Quintet are the Haf t-Khwan,
or the Seven Trays," and the Diwan al-Adab, or the
Diwan of Etiquette."

Folios 212, of which 6 are blank; 71 inches by Si inches;
19 lines to a page, each 3 inches long; written in poor
Nasta hq, on native paper of ivory finish, in two gold-ruled
columns in several bands. There are three illuminated
unwans, one for each poem, and twenty miniatures in Turk-

T»r^ 6 f/r Workmanshi P' Th e binding is original
1 urkish of dark maroon with flap embossed with gold The
ornamentations on the outer covers are alike and show a field
tluTZf ?l designs impressed upon the leather,
gilded, and framed by gold-ruled borders. The inner covers
are lined with plain blue paper. The date and the name of
the scribe written in red ink in the colophon have been

the W fl T ?l legibIe - AcC ° rdin& to an annotati ™ «i
in loC % t *S C manuscr{ ^ wa * Phased in Boston
ml919fromthecollection of Thomas F. Richardson. It was
copied in Turkey, probably during the eighteenth century.

'See page 97 of this Catalogue.

[171]

HINDUSTANI MANUSCRIPTS

Gtdshan-i-Tshq

" The Rose-Garden of Love/' a mathnawl in Dakhani
verse, by Nusrati, which begins :

^jU ^ Cr^& urf~ ******
The composer was a Brahman poet of the Deccan, who
wrote under the pen name of Nu§rati. Very little is known
about him except that he was a favorite of 'All 'Adil Shah II,
of Bijapur, who ascended the throne in 1067 A. H. (1656
a. d.) and died in 1083 a. h. (1672 a. d.). Nusrati dedicated
the poem to his patron and friend 'Adil Shah. 1

The poem centers around the romance of Prince Manohar
and Madhumalatl. A long preface, in which the author
eulogizes the sultan, precedes the story. According to a
chronogram,- the poem was completed in 1068 A. h. v .657

Folios 204, of which the last two are blank ; i 14 inches by
7 inches; 17 lines to a page, each 41 inches long; written in
legible NastaTiq, on native glazed paper, in double gold-ruled
columns framed by red, black, and gold borders. The open-
ing pages are painted yellow, including the title which con-
sists of an ornamental 'unwan in gold and blue. The titles
are written in red ink. The codex is decorated with 214

*The .two other well-known works of Nusrati are: Guldastah'i 'Isjjq, or the
"BouqueTof Love," and 'All-namah or the "Hi**, ><* ^1£S^
•For other copies see Blumhardt, B. M. Hind. C. No. 45, and bprenger, uuan

Cat. 630. [m]

E m ° NT COVm OP A BINDING, INDIAN,
DATED !8l5 A.D.

(MS. No. 98)

illustrations, many of them full-page, while 145 vary in size
from about a third to nearly full-page, and 29 are small
oblongs consisting largely of foliage and flower designs. The
miniatures, which are in the style of the late Mughal school,
, are of fair quality and seem to be the work of a single
artist. They represent various incidents from the story. A
series of eleven miniatures showing the hero of the story
in a peculiar boat are remarkable. The manuscript is
bound in an exquisite contemporary morocco, the outer
covers of which are divided by green triple and double
painted fillets into compartments enclosing two sunken bor-
ders and an elaborate centerpiece. The outer borders and
ornamental centerpiece have a raised floral design in silver.
The inner border has been divided into panels, each having
a raised floral design of a different pattern. The binding is
preserved in an original native cloth sack. The copy was
made for the Raja Kishan Raj Bahadur by the scribe
Muhammad Gawth Suwar. The scribe's name and the
date of transcription 1231 a. h. (1815 a. d.) appear in the
colophon.

A collection of moral stories and anecdotes in prose and
verse, incomplete, without a title or the author's name. It
begins:

The story of a qadl (judge) and of a king occupies the
greater portion of the work and has been illustrated. The
judge is put through a moral test by the king and, as usual,
fails to qualify. The paintings, which are in bright colors,
depict the love adventures of the qa# and of a beautiful
woman, who by the king's orders tries to tempt the judge.
According to the colophon the stories were copied for the

[173]

entertainment of the Rajah Kalka Purshad Bahadur by
Purshad, the son of Khub Chand, 1 the scribe, in 1251 a. h.
(1835 a. d.).

Folios 42 ; 9 inches by 7 inches ; 9 lines to a page, each 4i <

inches long; written in fair Nasta'liq, on native paper of
medium weight, and framed by red and blue borders. Most
of the leaves are worm-eaten and soiled by damp, and have
been repaired by patches and mending tissues. The opening
page contains an exquisite 'unwan in dark blue, red, and
gold. There are fourteen miniatures in the late Mughal style.
1 f ol. 23a The interiors of two adjacent houses, one •
being the house of the pious judge in which /
he is shown praying and reading the Qur'an.
The other house belongs to a beautiful woman.
Two musicians are placed in this house by
the king's orders, and they are engaged in
singing and playing on an instrument. ,

2 f ol. 23b The qadi is shown on the roof of his house.

3 f ol. 25a Another scene of the two houses. The beau-

tiful woman is being informed of the king's
scheme by the two musicians in her house.
The qadi is not home.

4 f ol. 27a The beautiful woman is looking out of her

window and sees the qa# on the roof of his
house engaged in prayers and ablution.

5 f ol. 29a The beautiful woman is shown out in the

yard of her house talking to the judge who
is on the roof.

6fol. 31a The judge is dropping down bags of money
from the roof to the beautiful woman who is.
still in her yard.

3?L n£ ♦ M t'!? 1 ^ 1Cd « e . re in lm A - D ' See Garcin de Tass y. Histoire •

de la Literature Hmdouie et Hindoustanie, 3. 350-51, Paris 1871.

[174]

PLATE XXXVI

A SCENE DEPICTING THE HERO IN A BOAT. FROM THE

GULSHAN-I-'lSIJQ, INDIAN, DATED 1815 A.D.

(MS. No. 98, fol. 8lb)

7foL33a The qatff is shown in the house of the
beautiful woman drinking wine with her.

8 f ol. 34a The sudden knock on the door by the

musicians scares them.

9 f ol. 35a The woman hides the judge in a trunk which

she carefully locks.

10 fol. 37b More guests arrive in the house and a danc-

ing and singing party is in order.

1 1 fol. 38a A messenger from the vizier talking to the

beautiful woman.

12 fol. 39a The trunk in which the qadi is hidden is

taken to the king's palace in a great procession.

13 fol. 40a The vizier inspects the trunk to make sure

that the judge is in it.

14 fol. 41a The trunk is opened in the presence of the

king who orders that the judge be punished.

m The manuscript has been rebound in brown leather bind-
ing which is torn on the edges and is much damaged by
worms. The outer covers show a blind-pressed medallion
with pendants and corner angles framed by panels in tracery
designs. The inner covers are decorated with inlaid gold
medallions, pendants, and matching cornerpieces. A portion
of the manuscript was lost when it was rebound, but the
colophon has been preserved. Folio la contains an unfin-
ished memorandum of a former owner which reads: " This
^ok belongs to Agha Fasahat-'AII. If anyone claims
it, h s claim will be null and void. Purchased for 20 (no
mention of the kind of coin is made) from a person whose

flvllf ' ♦" he u ather ° f the Mah ^J*h Rajah. . . .» The
flyleaf contains the name of the above-mentioned owner in
Latin characters and the word Benares

[1751

100

MajtmVah'i Bhagat Mai

A volume of miscellaneous contents partly in Persian but
mostly in Hindustani, which begins :

£1 *>.» «yo j*f ^J CrJ' ***?** tA «H JUj f ,J

The Bhagat Mai, or " The Garland of Devotees," is a
religious poem written by Narayan Das during the reign
of Shah Jahan (ruled 1628-1659 a.d.). It is mainly in
the chappai meter and gives an account of the principle
Vaishnava devotees. It holds a very important place in
Indian religious history. It has a commentary, which al-
ways accompanies it, and without which it would be almost
unintelligible. This commentary was written in the kovitta
meter by Priya Das in 1712. The Bhagat Mai has been
translated and adopted in all the vernaculars of India.

For further particulars see Garcin de Tassy, Histoire de
la Litterature Hindouie et Hindoustanie, vols. 1-2, Paris
1870; and F. E. Keay, A History of Hindi Literature,
London 1920.

The Persian section on folios 24-51 is written in prose
and contains an incomplete story of Krishna's visit to the
house of a raja. Of the Hindustani portion folios 1-24 con-
tain some sections of the poem which has been copied by
the scribe Damal Das and dated 1211 a. h. (1796 a. d.).
The remaining folios 53-127 contain a collection of sacred
hymns to Krishna.

Folios 127, of which 5 are blank; 6 inches by 3i inches.
The prose sections run 13 lines to a page, each 2i inches
long, and the verse sections run 9 lines to a page, each 4

[176]

inches long; written in poor Nasta'Hq-i-shikastah-amiz in
double red-rulings. There are six full-page miniatures in
the late Mughal style. These represent Krishna and other
religious subjects and are crudely drawn. The codex is
bound in half cloth and boards and is slightly damaged by
wormholes. The colophon is missing. There is a bookplate
of Oliver Henry Perkins on the inside of the front cover.

\\77\

SANSKRIT MANUSCRIPTS
101

Mahabharata

The Mahabharata, unlike the Shah-namah, is not an epic
composed by a single author nor is it the product of one time.
It consists of a collection of old heroic tales, added to an
original poem which for many centuries has borne that
title. Its various parts show a variety of style, meter, and
language.

The word Mahabharata means " the great narrative of
the battle of the Bharatas." The Bharatas were a tribe who
lived in a section near the Upper Ganges and the Jumna in
India. The original poem centered around a fight, which,
in the beginning, was nothing more than a family feud of
the Bharatas, but later developed into a great battle of
national concern. It contains, besides a narrative of this
battle, many fables, legends, moral stories, and parables.
Religion, law, and philosophy have been embodied in it to
such an extent that it has become a great and valuable source
of Indian thought and literature.

The names of its authors and the exact date of its com-
position have not been determined. The kernel of it was
probably in literary form as early as the fourth century b. c.
The contention of the well-known authorities is that the
Mahabharata was of the same scope and character, and in
the same state, fifteen hundred years ago as it is today.

For particulars about the contents of the epic see H.
Jacobi, Mahabharata, Inhalts-Angabe, Index und Kon-
kordanz der Kalkuttaer und Bombayer Ausgaben, Bonn

[178]

PLATE XXXVH

Mrtt:

A lOJLL PAGE MINIATURE AND AN OPENING PAGE OP A SECTION

FROM THE BHAGAVADGITA, INDIAN, DATED 1813, A.D.

(MS. No. ioi, folios 15b and 16a)

1903. The whole of the Mahabharata was translated into
English prose by Kisori Mohan Ganguli, and published by
Protap Chandra Roy (Calcutta 1884-1896) and Manmatha
Nath Dutt (Calcutta 1895-1905). There are other prose
and metrical extracts and critical works in English, French
and German.

The present volume contains the following sections of the
Mahabharata:

1. Bhagavadglta: folios 1-31; 34-61; 71-62 (bound in
reverse order) ; and 72-134. (See under 2 for folios 32-33
of this section.)

2. Visnusahasranama from the Santiparvan : folios 135-
147; (32-33 of the preceding bound in reverse order and
misplaced in this section) ; and 148-179.

3. Bhismastavarajastotra from the Santiparvan: folios
180-203.

4. Anusmrti: folios 204-216.

5. Gajendramoksana from the Santiparvan : folios 217-
248.

Folios 251, of which two are blank; 5 £ inches by 3i
inches; 5 lines to a page, each 31 inches long; written length-
wise across the page on thick native paper in fair Devanagari
script. Each page is decorated with floral borders in green
on a yellow background. There are nineteen full-page
miniatures in bright colors, the reverse sides of which have
been left blank. The paintings are in the style of the 19th
century Kashmir successors to the Mughal school and are all
the work of a citvyi* o.«.tio*. i** o.j<ntiv/n sumc pages contain
very small miniatures, almost thumbnail in size, which pic-
ture the different characters. These are eighty-five in
number, are from the brush of the same artist, and are
heightened with gold like the large miniatures.

The binding is of modern English morocco, with gilt

[179]

edges. A table of contents of the manuscript is given in
Devanagarl script on the front flyleaf. The back flyleaf
contains the same list in Nasta'llq characters. The copy
was made at Benares by a Kashmiri pandit named Ghasi-
rama in Samvat 1870 (1813 a. d.).

102

A copy of the Mahabharata containing the following
sections:

1. Bhagavadgita: folios 1-196.

2. Visnusahasranama from the Santiparvan : folios 197-
242.

3. Bhlsmastavarajastotra from .the Santiparvan : folios
243-277.

4. Anusmrti: folios 278-297.

5. Gajendramoksana from the Santiparvan: folios 298-
344.

Folios 344; 7 inches by 4i inches; 5 lines to a page, each
5 inches long; written lengthwise across the page, on
thick native paper of a dull finish, in Devanagarl script,
within orange borders. Section-headings are inscribed in
red ink, and the opening pages of each one of the five sec-
tions are illuminated in gold and colors. There are five
miniatures, one for each section, which are painted in colors
against a bright-orange background. These illustrations
are all the work of the same artist and are executed in the
style of the late Kashmiri school, sometime included under
Kangra." The mami»*nVt.i.«i t^wn ouuna in a native red
textile binding of floral design with flap. Neither the name
of the scribe nor the date is given. The copy was made in
Kashmir probably during the nineteenth century.

[180]

103
H'fflftfIT

Bhagavadglta
A copy of the Bhagavadglta from the Mahabharata.

The Bhagavadglta, or the " Lord's Song/' is the most
popular and widely read section of the Mahabharata. It is
held sacred by all Hindus.

The manuscript, which is a companion volume of the
preceding one, contains 214 folios and is divided into
eighteen subsections. The opening pages of each section are
illuminated, and at the beginning of each a full-page minia-
ture is inserted. The writing and the miniatures of this
volume are the same as the preceding, and in fact, they are
the work of the same scribe and artist. The binding, the
general scheme of decoration, and the material used are
identical.

104

Bhagavatapurana

The Bhagavatapurana, a work which belongs to the class
of Puranas, or old legends, is one of the most famous books
of the Bhagavatas, a sect who worship Visnu underthe name
of " Bhagavat." It also contains a detailed biography of
Krsna. It is divided into twelve skandhas, or sections, and
iuuiioIbls kj£ o.i~«4» oi u<-AAn thousand slokas, or distiches. 1

The stories are written on a roll of very thin ti&ou« paoer,

*For other copies of the same work see C. Bendall, Sanskrit Manuscripts in
the British Museum, 34, London 1002. See also translation by Eugene Burnouf,
(Le) Bhagavata Purana, 5 vols., Paris 1840-1898.

[181]

64 feet long and 3£ inches wide, in minute but legible Deva-
nagarl script, within gold borders with double red-rulings.
The section-headings are inscribed in red ink and the slokas
are divided by circular marks in gold. There are twelve
miniatures in bright colors in the style of the late Mughal
school, which are inserted at the beginning of the poem. In
addition eleven other miniatures, each inserted at the begin-
ning of a skandha, adorn the manuscript. These are similar
in style to the preceding ones and are the work of a single
artist. They illustrate the text. The roll has been set up on
metal rollers which are attached to a box shaped in imitation
of a modern English binding. Neither the date nor the
name of the scribe is given, but the copy was made probably
in India during the second half of the eighteenth century

105

Janmapattrika

Janmapattrika, or horoscope, of Rajah Jadunatha Simha,
one of the Tippoo Sahib's officers at Lucknow in Oudh.'

The horoscope is written on a long roll of native glazed
paper slightly over 120 feet in length and 10* inches broad,
in fair Devanagarl script within heavy silver borders ruled
out in red ink. It contains twenty-eight miniatures, each
measuring 6 inches by 7-18 inches, which represent Visnu,
Siva, and other Hindu gods in their various incarnations. In
addition there are twelve colored paintings representing the
signs of the Zodiac which are enclosed within floral borders
and followed by circles containing figures and geometrical
diagrams. There are also two diagrams of the Lunar and

[182]

PLATE XXX VII)

GOD GNESA. FRONTISPIECE OP THE HOROSCOPE OF
INDRACHANDRA, INDIAN, XIX C* 'RY

(MS. No. 106)

Solar Cycles, ninety-five astrological tables, twenty-three
nativities and horoscopes, etc. A decorative illumination in
dark colors adorns the roll.

The following memorandum has been written in English
on top of the above-mentioned illumination: " The Junnam

rv^ Ce ^ orosc °P e ) of Rajah Juddnath Sing one of the
Oudh rebels which was found together with other property
in his camp which was captured on 28th Dec. 1858." Neither
the name of the scribe nor the date is given. The horoscope
was probably prepared during the early part of the nine-
teenth century.

106

The horoscope of Indracandra.

Folios 168; 13* inches by 8i inches; 20 lines to a page,
each 5 mches bng; written on thick native paper of dull
finish in fair Devanagarl script, within highly decorated
borders m floral designs. All titles and a great portion of
the contents of the diagrams and astrological tables have
been inscribed m red ink. The manuscript contains thirty-
two mmiatures in colors heightened with gold, in the stvle
of the late Northern India. All of these have been exLufed
by a single artist and are examples of the period. They
represent Ganesa Krsna, Rama, and other divinities, and

Sl^J. theZ ° diM - In addition there are a numlir of
tables apd diagrams which have been very skillfully drawn.
m 1 he binding is of plain native red velvet with flap. The

^tt°e dt ^tI;" bGen Hned by a «"« ^
palmette design. The name of the scribe and the date of

copying are not given, but the manuscript was written

probably during the nineteenth century. The back cover

contains the bookplate of Oliver Henry Perkins

[183]

107

Nyayasutra •

A short and incomplete treatise on the Nyaya philosophy.
Nyaya philosophy was founded by Gotama who lived in the
fifth or the fourth century before Christ.

Palm leaves 68 ; 144 inches by 2 inches ; written in Bengali
script with corrections in Devanagarl. Sixty-seven leaves
are numbered (3-69), two are without number, and the first
two are missing. Several leaves towards the end are badly
mutilated and most leaves are worm-eaten. The leaves are
fastened by a cord through the center and the outside cover
is of a heavier leaf. Neither the name of the scribe nor the
-date is given. The copy was made probably during the
eighteenth century.

108

A treatise on astronomy without a title.

Palm leaves 23; 121 inches by H inches; 4 lines on each
side of the leaf, written in Tamil script. The a .rs are of
thicker leaves and have been polished. A few of the leaves
have been trimmed at the ends, and all the leaves have been
fastened by a cord which passes through a hole in the center,
and which has a small shell button (cowrie) attached to one
end of it. Neither the name of the scribe nor a date is given.
The copy was made probably during the nineteenth century.

NEPALESE MANUSCRIPT
109

Dharmalaksmisamvada
A collectionof prayers to Lakjmi, the goddess of fortune.

Folios 30, of which 25 are blank; 10J inches by 7i inches;
21 Jhnes to apage, each 6i inches long; written in a northern

a^H^,f Pr^f'f rfpt 0nthkk P"P* nlW in pencil
an^med^by double black borders. Many of thefeaves
have been soiled by damp and injured by fire. The bindine

-^nbhck oned cloth. On the insii of the front co^

S£* «6isStt'gSi2r *?- Thedates

fnlin h„+2 I , ( 1888 A " D *> a PP ear on the last

toho, but the name of the scribe is not given.

[185]

PALI MANUSCRIPTS
110

oouon

(o)

Kammavacam

A well-known Buddhist manual containing the Ordination
Service, the Service for the investment of a priest with the
three robes, and various other services. The first chapter
contains the Ordination Service, which was published by
Spiegel (Bonn 1841) under the name of Kammavakyam.
The second and third chapters give the form for investing
a priest with ticivara, or the three robes of the Buddhist
monk, and for settling the boundaries of a site for holding
Uposathas, or the Buddhist Sabbath or fast day. Most
manuscripts consist of these three chapters, but the present
work contains nine.

Copper sheets 16; 21i inches by 5 inches ; 6 lines on each
side of a sheet, painted in relief on yellow lacquered surf ace
in square Burmese characters in black. Sheets la and 16b
have no writing on them, but are each decorated with seven
panels containing a human figure and framed by borders of

rope design. There are two extra borders on the sides which
are wider and are decorated in floral designs. The remain-
ing sheets contain two panels each, one on each side of the
text, which are in similar design. The covers are of heavy
wood and are decorated on the outside like sheets la and 16b,
which have already been described. The inside of the covers
has been painted in red.

A description of the contents of the manuscript is given

[186]

PLATE XXXIX

in a letter dated July 29, 1887, and addressed to a former
owner, F. H. Crozier, Esq., by R. Hoering of the British
Museum as follows :

" The following is a short description of your Pali Manu-
script, which I return at the same time.

" Kammavacam— A Buddhist ritual containing the Ordi-
nation Service, the Service for the investment of a Priest
with the three robes, and various other services. This ritual
forms part of the Vinayapitakam, or Casket of Discipline—
the first division of the Buddhist scriptures. It usually con-
sists of three chapters, but the present copy numbers nine
chapters. The MS. is written on sixteen metal leaves, signed
kha, kha, khi, khi, khu, khu, khe, khai, kho, khau, kham,
khah, ga, ga, gi, gi. The character is square Burmese."

Neither the date nor the name of the scribe is given. The
sheets were probably painted during the nineteenth century.

Ill

A copy of the first portion of the preceding manuscript.

13 tree-branch leaves; 21 inches by 31 inches; 5 lines on
each side of the leaf measuring 19* inches; painted on tree-
branch leaves lacquered in Burmese style, in square Burmese
characters with interlinear floral designs. The first and the
last leaves have no writing on them but they are ornamented
with a background in floral design, and each leaf contains
five octagonal figures which enclose a circle bearing a con-
ventionalized bird design. The borders are elaborately
decorated. Leaves lb, lib, and 12a are decorated in a
similar fashion but contain only two octagonal figures, one
on each side of the text. The leaves are bound in modern
morocco on which the title appears in English in gold letters.

[187]

Neither the date nor the name of the scribe is given. The
copy was made probably during the nineteenth century.

112

Too

Vedanakkhandha
A treatise on Buddhist psychology.

Folding leaves, 38, forming one piece; 17 inches by 6*
inches; 12 lines on each side of the leaf , written in round
Burmese characters on blackened cardboards in white ink
The covers, which are of thicker boards, are geometrically
designed and bear the title. The name of the author appears
as Thetpav Hassadaw. Neither the date nor the name of
the copyist is given. The manuscript was written probably
duringthe nineteenth century.

113 -

An unidentified manuscript without a title or a colophon.

Palm leaves 50; 14 inches by If inches; 9-11 lines on each
side of the leaf, written in Malayalam script. The leaves are
fastened to two wooden boards by a string passing through
two holes. The codex is in excellent condition and the text
is well-preserved. Neither the date nor the name of the
scribe is given. The copy was made probably during the
nineteenth century.

[188]

SIAMESE MANUSCRIPT
114

3) /

Pra Lakshanawongs

The prose literature of Siam, which is to a large extent
of Indian origin, consists of mythological and historical
fables. These legends are generally presented to the public
in the form of stage plays.

The above-listed work is the story of a national-hero king,
whose wonderful sayings and doings appeal to the imagina-
tion of the Siamese youth.

Folding leaves 56, which form one piece ; 14 inches by 4$
inches; 4 lines on each side of the leaf , written on blackened
cardboards in Siamese characters in yellow ink. The covers
are of thicker boards and have blind-pressed borders. Neither
the name of the scribe nor any, date is given, but judging
from the style of its writing, the copy was made probably
during the latter half of the nineteenth century.

[189]

ARMENIAN MANUSCRIPTS
115

UhbSUPU%

Avedaran
A manuscript containing the Four Gospels.

Folios 285-289a of this codex contain a lengthy and an
interesting colophon which reveals facts of historical im-
portance. A former owner, Melidon son of Khatchatour,
grandson of an Armenian priest, dedicates the work to his
grandfather Khutlugh, and his grandmother Tamsik, who
were murdered during an invasion of their territory by some
fighting tribes. The date of transcription is 953 of the
Armeman calendar (1504 a. d.). The copy was made at a
monastery near Echmiadzin called Sanahin, and was de-
posited there.

v In the last folios of the manuscript the scribe paints a
vivid picture of the conditions in his locality after the
above^nentioned invasion. He speaks of the occupation of
Georgia, and of the provinces near the Caspian Sea, by the
armies of the Grand §ufl. He describes the tragedies
which took place and the famine and human misery which
folbwed these invasions. The Grand §ufi referred to is
evidently Shah Isma'il Safavi who captured Tabriz in 1499
from the Turkish tribe of the "White Sheep," and pro-
claimed Wlf a king. It is possible that the inyasion P

which the scribe refers were caused by the wars between
Shah Isma'il and the Turks.

.Another short memorandum on the last folio, also written
m Armenian, in a poor hand, reads as follows : "A daughter,

[190]

PLATE X

PORTRAIT OF ST. JOHN. FROM THE FOUR GOSPELS,
ARMENIAN, DATED 1504 A.D.

^ ;(MS,No. 115) ' : '.y;:':': : -';i:

Kanpher, was bom to Andereas, the brother of the Mo*tk
Der Haritun, on this 30th day of September 1243 of the
Armenian Calendar (1794 a.d.), on the Sabbath Day of
St. George."

There are three main classes of early Armenian Gospel
manuscripts :

1. Those that omit both the Mark Appendix and the
Adultress in John.

2. Those that omit the Mark Appendix, but include the
Adultress at the end of John, after the red colophon, with
its own title, also in red: " Things about an Adultress."

3. Those that indicate, in various ways, their disapproval
of one or both of these sections: e. g., by small letters, by
obelisks, by separate titles, or double colophons.

The present manuscript falls within the second group in
this classification.

Folios 290 (exclusive of four vellum sheets bound in at
beginning and end) ; 9i inches by 61 inches; 23 lines to a
page, each 4 inches long; written in two columns, on
Oriental thick paper somewhat ' yellowed and soiled. The
writing, which is in two different hands, is in large clear
Bolorgir, or a form in which the letters slope to the left
with their tops and bottoms rounded. Stress accents for
reading aloud are added and a double point (in form of a
colon) marks the punctuation. The vellum sheets are writ-
ten in. an older type of the same script. Many folios have
been repaired at the corners, and the. upper margins are
stained by damp.

Each section begins with ornamented letters of inter-
lacing red lines marked by geometrical arabesques and
bosses in blue outline sometimes filled in with red pigment.
Each Gospel begins with a large ornamental initial and a
line or two of colored Dzaghgagir, or festooned letters. The

[191]

illuminations on top of each Gospel is an arch of interlacing
white tracery against a background of red, green, and blue.
A full-page miniature precedes each Gospel. In addition
there are seven full-page miniatures which follow the two
vellum folios bound in at the beginning, and one which pre-
cedes the two bound in at the end. These miniatures, which
are partly mutilated, depict Jesus teaching in the Temple,
His entry into Jerusalem, the Resurrection, His Baptism,
etc. They are of special interest as examples of the sixteenth
century Armenian art.

The binding is of stamped brown leather on wooden
boards. Perforations on the front cover indicate that a
met?' rnament, most probably a cross, was attached to it.
The codex was transcribed near Echmiadzin by the scribe
Mgrdich in 1504 a. d.

116

A copy of the Four Gospels, in old Armenian and
Armenian-Turkish.

Folios 414, including 10 for the Calendar, 20 for minia-
tures and 3 completely blank; 8 J inches by 6 i inches; 26
lines to a page, written on bombycine paper in small neat
Nodrgir script within parallel columns in double red-
rulings. The manuscript is richly decorated and illuminated
throughout with five miniatures, grotesque initials gold
letters, rubrications and floral and arabesque ornaments.
There are twenty full-page miniatures on a ground of
burnished gold, sixteen of which precede the text, These
are followed by ten folios of Calendar in splendidly illu-
minated borders. In addition there is a beautiful title-piece
on the first page of each Gospel, and two hundred and eight
paintings on the margins. Of these seventy-six are minia-

[192]

PLATE XLI

CHR»T*S TR7UMPHAL ENTRY l NTO JERUSALEM. FROM THE

FOUR GOSPELS, ARMENIAN, C. XVII CENTURY

(MS. No. 116, fol. 7 b)

tures, and the remainder decorative pieces in arabesque and
floral designs.

The miniatures are good examples of art combining the
features of old Byzantine miniature-painting, with the gayer
chromatic brilliancy of Persian decoration. The subjects of
the large miniatures are :

If 61.

The Annunciation.

2 fol.

The Adoration of the Magi.

3 fol.

The Presentation in the Temple.

4 fol.

The Baptism of Christ by John the Baptist.

5 fol.

Christ surrounded by Adoring Saints.

6 fol.

The Raising of Lazarus.

7 fol.

Christ's triumphal entry into Jerusalem.

8 fol.

The Last Supper.

9 fol.

Christ washing the Disciples' feet.

10 fol.

10a

The Betrayal.

11 fol.

lib

Christ bearing the Cross.

12 fol.

12a

The Crucifixion.

13 fol.

13b

The Resurrection.

14 fol.

14a

Christ blessing the Virgin.

15 fol.

15b

The Descent of the Holy Spirit.

16fol.

16a

The Last Judgment.

17 fol.

30b

St. Matthew.

18 fol. 136b

St. Mark.

19 fol. 206b

St. Luke.

20 fol. 324b

St. John.

Among the subjects of the small marginal miniatures are :

fol. 31a The Virgin and the Twelve Apostles.

fol. 67a, 139a, 225b Christ casting out a devil.

fol. 126a Judas hanging himself.

fol. 209b The Annunciation.

fol. 214b The Announcement to the Shepherds.

fol. 327b St. John the Baptist.

[193]

f ol. 330a The Miracle at the Marriage of Cana.
fol.402b Christ bearing the Cross.

The binding is of wooden boards covered with stamped
leather and with ties. Neither the name of the scribe nor
the date of transcription is given. The front cover contains
a memorandum in Armenian which reads: " We the two
brothers, Azarya and Gaspar, natives of Ekin (a town in
Asia Minor) and sons of Ohanjian, bought this manuscript
fj—' m Istanbul > fr om a woman in the year 1655, for
322 piasters. It is written in Armenian, and in Turkish in
Armenian characters." The manuscript was written prob-
ably during the early part of the seventeenth century. The
front cover also bears a bookplate of Robert Hoe.

117

A copy of the Four Gospels in Armenian.

Folios 298 including 13 for the Calendar and 4 for
miniatures ; 4* inches by 3finches ; 23 lines to a page, written
on vellum m minute but legible Bolorgir, or round hand.
The first ten folios, which form the Calendar, contain

fi^? K° r .u erS ° f , f ° Hage ' scrol V animals, birds, and
figures, m brilliant colors heightened with burnished gold.
The three following folios contain an index to the Gospels.
Ihe four full-page miniatures on folios 14b, 98b, 152b, and
239b represent the four Evangelists and are inserted at the
beginning of each Gospel. The last one, of St. John, is a
curious representation of that disciple on the Island of

fatSif r min ^ Ures are P ainted «P°n a gold ground
m ^ bright colors in the style of old Byzantine paintings.

Sf, ^ xf lU r mated With an ele * ant titIe -P^e in gold
and colors. Nearly every page contains illuminated initials
and ornaments m the margins.

[194]

plat:

THE VIRGIN AND THE TWELVE apostles, an illuminated page from

A COPY OF THE FOUR GOSPELS, ARMENIAN, C. XVH CENTURY

{MS. No. -1x6, fol. 31a)

The binding ,s of original blind-tooled calf, doubled with

the scr.be or the date of transcription does not appear, but
the _codcx judging from the style of its illuminations,
mmatures, and writing, belongs probably to the latter half
of the seventeenth century. The front cover contains a
bookplate of Robert Hoe.

118

A copy of the Four Gospels.

tul aLTu wf? *? f ° r * he CaIendar > 4 for the ™»ia-
tana and 3 blank ; 6f inches by 4i inches ; 20 lines to a page,

written on vellum in beautiful Bolorgir script within
*. C ** ™ e ^st three folios comprise the index

,n„ h,T . f C ° ntain the Calendar - T1 * f °l™ contain^
mg the Calendar are framed within illuminated borders
which support headpieces of blue scrollwork with pic u L
of birds above and of trees on the outer margins The

c~r G °o °f° S 14b ' 103b ' 1S7b " and 243b ' *^h s
sknlf,X H P ' re r Sent the Eva »selists and are very
skillfully drawn in red and blue. Illuminated title-pieces in
arabesque designs adorn the opening page of each* ec "
Both the mimatures and the illuminations are the work of a
smgle arfst and reveal the features of the old By^tfne art
Stress accents for reading aloud are given in the lateral'

fmn TI T^ ° f the text ™* comma and sZf.
mposed double point are used for punctuation Each Z

by Sera f T "** "« ^ "»*» ™ ^»"

i~,+u , pigment. The binding is of brown

~ric n arH° 0den ^ ^ " Stam P ed in arabesque aL"
geometncal des,gn. The front cover contains a medallion

[195]

showing the Crucifixion. The back has been strengthened,
and the inside covers have been lined with plain paper.
Neither the name of the scribe nor the date of transcription

is given. The copy was made probably during the sixteenth

century.

119

A copy of the Four Gospels in Armenian, and in Turkish
in Armenian characters.

Folios 169, not including several blank folios stubbed in
to protect the illuminations and the miniatures; 6! inches
by 4i inches ; 36 lines to a page, written on glazed paper in
Bolorgir script, on one page in Armenian, and on the other
in Turkish in Armenian characters. Titles and initials are
written in red ink and the margins are ruled in red. Single
point and superimposed double point are used for punctua-
tion. Many folios are worn and stained by damp, and a
great many are repaired. The manuscript contains eleven
full-page miniatures on folios la, 2a, 3b, 43a, 53a, 81b, 84b,
128b, 156b, 164b, and 165a. These paintings, which were
taken from an older manuscript, have been cut down a id
mounted in this manuscript. They are in color* and repre-
sent the Evangelists and various scenes from t . Gospels.

The codex has been rebound in gilt tooled brown calf, the
outside covers of which show a cross as a central figure
framed by borders in rope design. The inside covers are
lined with paper. Neither the name of the scribe nor the
date is given. The copy was made probably in the province
of Adana (Cilicia) in Asia Minor during the seventeenth
century. The front cover contains a bookplate of M. Louise
Stowell.

[196]

120 ■ ..,

Tavitin Saghmosnere
A copy of the Psalms arranged for liturgical use.

Folios 222; 4* inches by 3 inches; 20 lines to a page
wntten on thick vellum in minute Bolorgir script The
manuscript is decorated with headpieces of foliage desfcm
marginal arabesques, birds, and ornamental init4,ln S
and blue mk. The writing is here and there effaced by
damp and some of the folios are loose. There are four tufl-
page numatures on folios 24b, 52b, 102b, and 184b. AU of

JESS* ^ ""' '" *»* ** -

•Hie binding is of plain brown leather, with gilt borders

on the outer covers and gilt floral design on the bacT T he

r^rnefth 1 ^^^ Th »<"opho„islissiIg

riven t\, 1 *? name ° f the "I** "° r a ^te is
given. The manuscript was written probably durimr the
sixteenth century. * uurmg tne

121

umrnhunMr

Manrousoua

A collection of prayers and hymns to be read and sung in
church durmg the morning, noon, and evening serves

Folios 227; 4J inches by 3 inches; 16 lines to a paee
written on veUum in neat Bolorgir script A fL fonts'
from the beginmng and from the end are missing. Many

dtp "%£* v d the WritiDg °" them has *~ Effaced by
damp. The wnting ls ,„ various hands. The accents sig-

[197]

nifying stress of voice in reading are added over the proper
syllables. The comma and the superimposed double point
are used for punctuation. The initial letters ar e written in
red. The binding is of original stamped leather over boards
and is much worn. On folio 219b the name of the scribe
Stepannos and the date of transcription 763 of the Armenian
calendar (1314 a. d.) are given.

122

Mashtotz

A copy of the well-known Mashtotz, the Armenian Ritual,
commonly called Hayr Mashtotz, or " Father Mashtotz."

This book was written by Father Mesrop, 1 called Mashtotz
Vardapet, and contains many excerpts from the Old Testa-
ment, the Prophets, the Psalms, the gospels, and the Apostles.
It also contains a number of prayers for baptism, for the
dead, for marriage, and for penitents, to be read in church.

Folios 94, including two sheets of vellum bound in at the
end; 5 inches by 31 inches; 27 lines to a page, written on
heavy glazed paper, yellowed by time, in minute Bolorgir
script. The verse sections are written in two columns. Many
leaves are stained, and the first and last folios are-frayed at
the edges. The vellum sheets at the end are written in an
older type of Ergathagir script. The titles are inscribed in
red ink, and the accents for reading aloud are added on the
margins. The binding is of original stamped leather over
boards, and is in bad condition.

On folio 82a the scribe gives the history of the manu-

1 Father Mesrop (353-439 A. D.) is the inventor of the Armenian and Georgian
scripts.

[198]

script in the following words : "Glory be . . . I, Ohannes, a
soul dead in sin, am the scribe of this manuscript. I beg that
whoever reads this book may overlook its mistakes and may
not hold me responsible for its errors. Again, I pray all to
hold worthy of commemoration my parents and my beloved
brother Constantin." The rebinder's colophon, on folio 93b,
furnishes the following information: "The last binder of
the Holy New Testament Bishop Mateos, remember in
Christ, who rebound it in the year of the Armenians 1103
(1654 a. d.)." The manuscript was written probably one
hundred years earlier.

123

8MJAMJ nPW

Hisous Vorti

The well-known religious poem called " Jesus the Son "
by Nerses Shenorhali, or Nerses the Graceful. He was
ordained Catholicos of Sis in the year 1166 a. d., when he
was s Ixty .two years old, and he lived nine years after that as
catholicos. He has numerous other religious poems. 1

folios 258, of which 1-2 and 256 are blank; 5 inches by
«* inches; 23 lines to a page, written on vellum in beautiful
Bolorgir script The titles are written in red ink and are
abbreviated on the margins. Folios 3a, 63a, and 107b con-
tain illuminations in colors in arabesque design. The bind-
ing is of stamped leather in blind arabesque ornaments on

anne^r £ ^ *?* ^ ^ ° f the Scribe G -abed

riven,, Tmft P A h ° n> ^ the date ° f Ascription is
given as 1077 of the Armenian era (1628 a. d.). The front
cover contains a bookplate of Henry White.

mI^;^ of the A^eniae

[199]

124 • ■■■:■

Akhtharq

A scroll containing the horoscope of Haji Abraham
Kamelvanian. Y

The scroll is of thin paper 16 feet long and 3* inches wide,
written in neat Nodrgir script, and framed by decorative
borders. The writings in both margins are written in red,
green, and blue ink in the same hand, and run vertical and
parallel. There are seven circular designs in gold, and each
circle is divided into compartments. In addition there are
seven paintings in colors. These are in imitation of modern
European paintings and represent religious subjects.

The name of Haji Abraham Kamelvanian Vanli (of
Van), for whom the horoscope was made, and the date
December 16, 1265 of the Armenian calendar (1816 A. d.)
and the name of the scribe, Garabed son of Maksud
Karasef erian, appear towards the end of the scroll.

125

A manuscript of folded paper, without a title, containing
magic, charms, and prayers against diseases and evil spirits.

The paper roll is folded to square, and when extended
measures IS feet long and 3* inches wide; written in clear
Nodrgir script in different hands. The roll is enclosed in a
leather pocketcase embroidered on the face, with thong loop
and fastener. It has loops at the ends to which a long tape
is attached for hanging over the shoulder. Neither the name
of the scribe nor the date appears. The manuscript was
written probably during the eighteenth century.

[200]

COPTIC MANUSCRIPT

126

A copy of the Lectionary and Prayers of the Coptic
Church, without beginning or end.

The first four folios consist of some canons to be read in
«ie church services, and several of these are addressed to

?ur Blessed Mary," These are followed by prayers on
the Birth, Baptism, and Resurrection of Christ, and some
other prayers to be read on certain days of the week. All
titles are inscribed in Arabic in red ink. Folios 109a, 115-
120, and 136438b contain translations in Arabic. One half
of the lines on these folios are written in Coptic and the
other half in Arabic.

Folios 138; 10* inches by 61 inches; 21 lines to a page,
written on thick cafe au lait paper, in regular church
Bohainc. The titles are written in red ink in Arabic Each
section begins with a raised initial letter decorated in colors
Most of the leaves are stained, are trimmed on the edges,
and have been strengthened by tissue paper. Some folios

^ ^" ning and Some from the end are musing.
The first folio is badly mutilated and only a corner of folio

129 remains. Folios 55b and 98 contain decorative head-
bands in arabesque designs in colors.

The binding is of modern morocco with gilt edges and
back. The colophon is missing, but the manuscript, judging-
from the style of its writing, belongs probably to the latter !
part of the thirteenth or the beginning of the fourteenth
century.

[201]

ETHIQPIC MANUSCRIPTS

127
The Homilies and Visions of Saint Aragawl

A copy of " The Homilies and Visions of Saint Aragawl."

Aragawl Manfasawl, or Aragawl the Spiritual Teacher,
was one of the nine great Saints of the Abyssinian Church. 1

The manuscript opens and concludes with a prayer for
Justus, the scribe.

Folios 176, of which the first and the last are blank; 13
inches by Hi inches; 21 lines to a page, written on thick
vellum in double columns, in a fine hand of the late seven-
teenth century. The titles are written in red ink, The bind-
ing is of original Abyssinian 'Stamped russia over boards
having linings of yellow brocaded silk in floral design with
broad borders of stamped leather.

The front flyleaf contains the following unsigned but
interesting annotation in English : " Ethiopic manuscripts
are of great rarity, and this is probably the first that has
entered the United States. This volume was looted from a
church by an English officer in the Abyssinian War, who,
like the majority of his confreres, made churches and temples
a special object of plunder. Such sacrilege cannot be too
strongly condemned."

1 For an account of Aragawl's life see Hiob Ludolf, Iobi Ludolfi alias Leutholf
dicti Historia Aethiopica, Frankfurt \,681.

[202]

jar V t;« f & ^ 9 4

'Hi Jilt : : p^m

fa.

THE OPENING PAGE OF THE LITURGY OP THE ABYSSIN.AN
CHURCH, C. XVIII CENTURY

(MS. No. 131)

128

A copy of the Gospel of St. John.

Folios 132; 51 inches by 31 inches; 15 lines to a page,
each 2\ inches long ; written on vellum in a beautiful hand of
the latter part of the seventeenth century. An introductory
paragraph on the life of the Evangelist precedes the text.
The opening page of the Gospel is decorated in colors. The
names of Jesus and the Lord are inscribed in red ink
throughout the manuscript. The binding is of stamped
russia over boards having linings of yellow brocaded silk in
flower design, with broad borders of stamped leather. The
lining of the front cover is missing.

129

A copy of the Book of Psalms as used by the Abyssinian
Church.

The contents agree with those of Coptic book, viz. Psalms,
Songs of Moses from Exodus and Deuteronomy, Prayers
of Hannah, Hezediah, Manasseh, Habbakkuk, Isaiah,
Daniel, etc. The manuscript contains in addition some
devotional prayers to be read in church.

Folios 141, of which the last is blank; 4i inches by 4
inches ; 20 lines to a page, written on thick vellum in a minute
but beautiful hand of the seventeenth century. On folio 3a
there is a curious portrait of David with a drawn sword in
his hand. Folio 139 contains a diagram and some notes, in
a different hand.

T203]

130

A copy of a prayer book, imperfect at the beginning.

Folios 67; 41 inches by 3£ inches; 14 lines to a page,
written on vellum in a neat hand of the seventeenth century.
The writing on the first forty-five, leaves is in double columns
and on the remainder in long lines. The binding is of wooden
boards with leather back, which is blind-tooled in diagonals.
The manuscript is enclosed in a protecting outer case with
leather straps.

131

A copy of the Liturgy of the Abyssinian Church, in the
Amharic dialect, incomplete.

Folios 91, of which the first nine and the last nine are
blank, excluding two vellum sheets bound in at the beginning
and end; 61 inches by 4$ inches; 16 lines to a page, written
on thin paper of dull finish, in double columns, in a neat
hand of the late eighteenth century. Folio 10a is decorated
with floral headband painted in colors, and the writing on
this folio is in red, green, blue, and black: The binding is of
red morocco over boards and is blind-tooled.

132

A volume containing the Psalms, Song of Songs, and
various other poems from the Bible.

Folios 174, of which two are badly mutilated; 6 \ inches
by 6i inches; 18 lines to a page, written on thick vellum in
a neat hand of the seventeenth century in red and black ink.
Folios 1-3, of which 1 and 3 are* partly torn, contain the
portraits of the Virgin and Child with attendant angels.

[204]

PLATE

THE VIRGIN AND CHILD, PAINTED ON VELLUM, ETHIOPIC,
C. XVII CENTURY

(MS. No. 132, foL-ab)

Some folios have been repaired and others are stained by
damp. The binding, which is broken, is of wooden boards
with leather back blind-tooled in diagonals.

133 ...

A copy of the Canticles, or Biblical Hymns.

Folios 56, of which the first two and the last are blank ;
3i inches by 2i inches; 11 lines to a page, written in a neat
hand of the late seventeenth century. Folis 1-2 are badly
mutilated and many of the leaves are stained by damp.
Folio 3a contains an illuminated headband in colors. The
binding is of plain wood boards without any back. The
front cover is missing.

134
A copy of the Book of the Law.

Folios 58, of which the last is blank; 5i inches by 3t
inches ; 18 lines to a page, written on vellum in a legible hand
of the eighteenth century. Folios 1-4 contain the introduc-
tion and are written in a poor hand. Folio 5a is decorated
with a headband in colors. The concluding folios are also
written in the same poor handwriting. The binding is of
wooden boards without a back.

The front cover contains a bookplate of Robert Day,
F.S.A. of Cork, which bears the following memorandum:
" Book of the Law brought home by Edward Townsend
M.D., M.R.C.S. in 1868. Now Anno 1902. HeisaCB.
and Surgeon General."

[205]

135

A copy of the Canticles, or Biblical Hymns.

Folios 82, of which the first four and the last are blank;
5$ inches by 4 inches; 17 lines to a page, written on vellum,
in double columns, in a poor hand of the late eighteenth cen-
tury. Many folios have holes in them and some have been
repaired. Folio 81a contains a portrait of one of the Saints.
The binding is of plain wooden boards without any back.

136

A copy of the Liturgies of the Abyssinian Church, of
which the beginning and end are missing.

The Eucharistical Prayer of St. John begins on folio 3a
and continues to the 15th. It is followed by another prayer
of the same kind by St. John Chrysbstom which ends with
folio 20. The remainder of the volume contains prayers for
the different seasons.

Folios 48; 6 inches by 51 inches; 17 lines to a page, writ-
ten on vellum, in double columns, in a minute hand of the
seventeenth century. The manuscript is somewhat stained,
its edges are smoked, and its binding is missing.

137

An unidentified manuscript without beginning or end.

Folios 12, 8$ inches by 7$ inches; 17 lines to a page,
written on vellum in a neat hand of the sixteenth century.
Nearly all leaves are stained by damp, damaged by fire, and
trimmed on the edges. The binding is of modern cloth.

[206]

138

An unidentified manuscript without beginning or end.

Folios 30; 5 inches by 5 inches; 18 lines to a page, written
on vellum in a small but clear hand of the sixteenth century.
The manuscript, which has been rebound in modern cloth,
is much stained, damaged by fire, and trimmed on the edges!

139

A scroll containing magic formulas against diseases, evil
spirits, and similar things.

The scroll, 6 feet long and 5 inches wide, is written on
vellum in a clear hand of the seventeenth century. It con-
tains three large colored paintings of a mystical character.
I he roll is protected by a native leather cylinder case

[2071

HEBREW MANUSCRIPTS
I. THE OLD TESTAMENT

140 ^

Tanakh

A very finely written and richly decorated copy of the
Old Testament. The order of the books is peculiar, as
follows: Pentateuch, Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Isaiah,
Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve Minor Prophets; followed
by Chronicles, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of
Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra and
Nehemiah.

Folios 493, of which four are blank; 71 inches by 5i
inches, 31 lines to a page, each 3i inches long; written in fine
Hebrew characters on vellum. The first five folios are
decorated with illuminations in floral designs and geo-
metrical devices in gold, red, and blue. These designs have
been formed with words, consisting of Massoritic notes,
which are very minutely written but are distinctly legible.
The last six folios also contain Massoritic notes which are
written in rectangular columns with violet and red borders.
The margins of every page are decorated with beautiful
ornamentations and contain the Massora Guedolah and
Massora Ketana, the Keri and Ketib, the changes of letters
and words, the larger and smaller letters, the codices of Ben
Asher and Ben Nephtali, and other grammatical notes. The
text which has the diacritical and musical accents, is in
double columns, except in such places as require a different

[208]

PLATE XLV

I L.

•*•■ jut" . 'wdbfit

A PAGE FROM THE OLD TESTAMENT, ON VELLUM, HEBKEW,
DATED I496 A.D.

(MS. No. 140, fol.~*2 4 b)

style in Synagogue scrolls. The chapters and verses are
separated, but there is no difference in the size of the initial
letter of each book. The absence of any distinguishing
letter is generally regarded as a proof of antiquity. The
codex has been bound in tortoise-shell with silver hinges,
clasps, and studded frame and center ornaments. The sides
and the back are also studded with silver nails forming the
eighth Hebrew verse from the nineteenth Psalm. One edge
of the cover is damaged. The volume is enclosed in tin-
case. The following colophon, which has been partly rubbed
off, appears in the hand of the scribe: " I wrote this book
and gave it to ... so that he may read it day and night. I
completed the copy on Tuesday 10th day of Tamuz 5256
(1496 A. d.) in the town of " The front flyleaf con-
tains a memorandum in Hebrew by a former owner the late
Chief Rabbi Dr. L. Loewe, and reads: "Peace be unto all.
My lips shall pour forth praise to the All Creator who has
graced this servant with this book. I bought it for a good
price when I was with Sir Moses Montefiore in Constanti-
nople in order to deliver our brethren of Damascus from
the accusations which were unjustly levelled against them
by the natives. These words are in remembrance of this
event. They are written by Eliezer the son of Rabbi VEor-
dacai Helevi from Nieltz in Prussia, now reside? in London,
England. I wrote these lines on the day on w ich the news
reached me that the Sultan in Constantinople granted our
request. Constantinople Friday 5601. I was the guest of
Mr. Abraham Kommonda. Constantinople 6th of November
5601-1840 (a. d.)4256 (a. h.).

(signed) L. Loewe."

Underneath this writing Dr. Loewe's signature and the
date of transcription also appear in Arabic characters.

Another notation on the front flyleaf states that: " This
manuscript was brought by Dr. Loewe from Constantinople

[209]

and is written in exactly the same style as that of the Farkhi
Bible in Damascus, valued at 1000 guineas, the value of
which consists in its being copied from the celebrated Bible
quoted by Maimonides as having existed in Cairo." An-
other account signed by James H. Loewe states: "This
catalogue entry and a Hebrew and Turkish inscription on
the front page are all we possess in Dr. Loewe's own hand-
writing on the subject of this manuscript, but it should be
borne in mind that he had the opportunity of examining at
his leisure the unique Farkhi Bible in the Library of Raphael
Farkhi at Damascus, in the year 1837; and in his ' Memoirs
of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore ' there is an account of
his interview with Lady Hester Stanhope, at Djouni, or
Tower of Lebanon' near Zidon, in the Holy Land, on
which occasion he gave her a full description of it. Con-
sequently, he may be regarded as fully competent to judge
m how far the Bible which he himself acquired at Con-
stantinople, compared with the Damascus copy."

H. PRAYERS
141

hathT r - B °°^ With ° Ut a tit,e ' fining Daily and Sab-
bath Services, Feasts, etc., according to the Ashkenaz Ritual.

4i^ 372 '£ f ^ the '"' five are blank : « **»» by

vellum 20 1 ? '" ^^ Heb ' eW Characters ' «» «**
vellum, 20 lines to a page, each 2} inches long. The first

pa^e contains an ilmmination in gold a „d co.ors* Thelnit a
words of sectionsareletteredingold within decorative bands
m colors with border decorations in gold. The binding is of
*.ck green velvet, with elaborate fornerpieces and fente
decorates of silver in leaf designs, with silver clasped

[210]

PLATE XLV1

■

AN ILLUMINATED PACE PROM A MEBfiEW fiLAYER HOOK*

ON VELLUM, C. XVI11 CENTURY

(MS. No. 142, fol. 209b)

gilt gauffred edges. The medallion in the center contains a

carving on silver of a rampant lion with Hebrew lettering,

which is partly obliterated, but on which the inscription
pmrw t or the year 55(X) (174Q A d) ^ . g stm legiWe

Neither the name of the scribe nor the date of transcription
appear in the colophon. The copy was nmde probably in
Central Europe during the eighteenth century.

142

A beautiful manuscript similar in contents and decoration
to the preceding.

Folios 405, of which the last is blank; 6i inches by 4i
inches; 21 lines to a page, each 21 inches long; written in
beautiful Hebrew characters on thick vellum. The first
page is adorned with an exquisite illumination in blue, green
red, and gold. All the initial words of the titles are lettered
in gold within red, blue, and green bands and are decorated
with borders of the same colors. The codex has been bound
in red morocco with block border on sides framing foliated
band and oval corners, with laurel-crowned head within
double wreath in the center of sides bordered by small oval
foliated designs, all in gilt. The back is in six compartments
with laurel-crowned head repeated in each, with leaf spray
and other small tools. The edges are also gilt with gauffred
borders. Neither the name of the scribe nor the date is
given on the colophon. The front page, however, contains
the following memorandum in Hebrew which was evidently

1X flTt l^ : " This b00k belon S s t0 me > Sami *l Isaac, son
of Michel Peperno, and I purchased it in the month of Nisan
of the year 5603 (1843 a. d.).» The copy was transcribed
probably in Italy during the eighteenth century.

[211]

III. THE BOOK OF ESTHER
143

• • •

Meghillat Esther

A manuscript scroll on vellum containing the Book of
Esther.

The story is written in neat Hebrew characters on a scroll
of vellum 132 inches by 1 1 inches. The text is enclosed in an
ornamental border of birds, fruit, flowers and animals in
colors, with a sign of the Zodiac on the top of each column.
The text is written in 19 columns of 22 lines each. The scroll
is fastened on a wooden roll with an ivory knob. A separate
scroll of parchment lOi inches by 8i inches, which contains
the benedictions read before and after the reading of the
Book of Esther in Synagogues on the Festival of Purim,
accompanies this copy. It contains a dedication in Hebrew
which reads : " This is a gift to Abraham the son of Rabbi
Moses Hayyim Kuryal." Neither the name of the scribe
nor a date is given, but the scroll, judging from the style of
its illuminations and decorations was copied probably in Italy
during the eighteenth century.

144

A manuscript scroll on parchment, containing the Book
of Esther.

The scroll is written in beautiful Hebrew characters and
measures 70 inches by 8 inches. It is laid off in 18 sections
bordered with panels bearing unusually fine illustrations
drawn by a skillful artist. On the top of each section there

[212]

AN ILLUMINATED SECTION PROM THE BOOK OF ESTHER
ON VELLUM, HEBREW, C. XVIII CENTURY
(MS. No. 143)

appears a portrait of a person in a medallion, and a Biblical
scene decorates the bottom of the page. In addition there are
two full-page illustrations with borders in colors. The illus-
trations and borders are engraved and colored by hand. The
benedictions chanted on Purim precede and follow the story.
.i The scroll is on old wooden rolls with a knob on one end and
\sl handle on the other end. The name of the scribe and date
(are not given. The copy was transcribed probably in Italy
during the early part of the eighteenth century.

145

A manuscript scroll on soft brown leather, containing the
Book of Esther.

The story is written in very clear and beautiful Hebrew
characters on 21 page size sections, on a roll 95 inches by 8
inches. The first few sections are worn and some have holes
in them, but the balance of the manuscript is in excellent con-
dition. It is attached to a wooden roll with carved end pieces
one of which is missing. Neither the name of the scribe
nor a date is given. The copy was transcribed probably in
Palestine during the sixteenth century.

146

A manuscript scroll on vellum, containing the Book of
Esther.

The story is beautifully written in Hebrew characters of
large size in 16 sections on a roll 135 inches long and 17
inches wide. Neither the date nor the name of the scribe is
given; it was transcribed probably during the eighteenth
century.

[213]

147

A manuscript scroll on soft brown leather, containing the
Book of Esther.

The story is beautifully written in clear Hebrew characters
on 20 page size sections, on a roll 105 inches long 7i inches
wide. A few of the sections have holes in them but the manu-
script on the whole is in excellent condition. It is attached to
a wooden roll with a knob on one end and a handle on the
other. The name of the scribe and the date are not given.
The transcription was probably made in Palestine during
the sixteenth century.

148

A manuscript scroll on parchment, containing the Book
of Esther.

The scroll is written in fair Hebrew characters and meas-
ures 136 inches long and 6i inches wide. It is laid off in 25
page size sections bordered with panels bearing floral de-
signs. The scroll is on wooden rolls with handles on both
ends. Neither the name of the scribe nor the date is given.
The manuscript was transcribed probably in Italy during
the eighteenth century.

149

A manuscript scroll on parchment, containing the Book
of Esther.

The story is written in excellent Hebrew characters on a
roll 108 inches by 6 inches, divided into 21 page size sections.
The first few sections are worn and have been lined with
green silk cloth, and mended on the edges for protection. All
the sections are framed by green floral borders, and have

[214]

been decorated on the bottom by minute illustrations in colors,
which depict some of the important incidents of the story.
The manuscript has been attached to a wooden roll with
decorative silver knobs one of which is missing. The name
of the scribe and the date do not appear. The copy was
made probably in France during the sixteenth century.

[215]

SAMARITAN JVONUSOUPT

150

A copy of the Samaritan Liturgy with some headings and
notes in Arabic. It consists of prayers, largely in prose,
and of hymns composed for recital on the great feasts and
fasts and the Sabbath.

Folios 158, of which the last seven are blank; 8 inches by
5* inches; 24 lines to a page, written on native glazed paper
in cursive Samaritan script Some headings and notes are
written in Arabic characters. The verse sections are in a
different hand and run 21 lines to a page in double columns.
The binding is of red leather with flap, the outside covers of
which are blind-tooled in geometrical patterns. The inside
covers arelined with plain paper. Folios 1-9 contain a short
preface which is followed by a table of contents. The last
iolio of the introduction bears the date 1266 a. h. (1849
a. d.), but the name of the scribe does not appear

[216]

SYRIAC MANUSCRIPTS

151

A fragmentary and disintegrated manuscript containing
some hymns and prayers.

Folios 25 ; 4$ inches by 3 inches ; 16 lines to a page, written
on native paper in a regular but poor hand. Nearly all the
leaves are stained or torn. Neither the name of the scribe
nor the date is given, but the manuscript was copied prob-
ably during the seventeenth century.

152

A treatise on philosophy without beginning or end.

Folios 47; 5 inches by 4i inches; 22 lines to a page,
written on thick native paper in a regular Nestorian hand,
with vowel points. Most of the leaves are stained and torn.
The titles are inscribed in red ink. Some of the margins
contain notes in Arabic characters. These were apparently
added later. The manuscript was written probably during
the nineteenth century.

[217]

EGYPTIAN PAPYRUS

153

An opened roll of papyrus in three sections, each IS
inches by 10* inches; written in Hieratic, and consisting of
part of the Theban Recension of Per-em-hru, or " The Book
of Going Forth by Day," otherwise known as " The Book
of the Dead." It contains fifteen vignettes, or drawings in
black outlines, on the borders. The details of the vignettes
are:

Section I. The deceased is shown adoring a triad of gods
with Amset and Tuamutef behind them, and in the rear the
Ka appears as a human-headed hawk above the closed door
of a mastaba, or a repository for the dead. The Ka bird,
perched on the tomb, wears the ankh symbol of life around
its neck, and it has the traditional beard of Osiris. The
male figure just below the deceased, standing with right arm

upraised, is a priest probably reciting formulae, and the low-
est figure, wearing a wig and standing on a papyrus mat, is
also that of a priest.

Section II. The deceased is shown spearing crocodiles,
and fiends of the underworld who have come to destroy him.
This is very likely a part of Chapter XXXI, Book of the
Dead, Theban Recension. The other two figures of this sec-
tion, like the deceased, wear the " Shendyt " garment. The
one on the left has a longer garment with folded kilt, but all
three have shoulder straps.

Section III. The figures in this section from right to left
show the deceased spearing a coiled up serpent; spearing one
of the forms of the ■" set " animal ; spearing a serpent raising
itself upon a bowl. Below, a " sem," or ritual priest, wearing

[2181

PLATE XI

SECTION I OF THE EGYPTIAN PAPYRUS FKOM THE
BOOR OF THE JDEAD^ C. , 700-8oO B.C.

(MS. No. 153) N

a panther skin, is shown worshipping on a papyrus mat.
Below it is the god Horus wearing the crowns of the
Upper and Lower Egypt, and holding in his left hand the
was " sceptre, a symbol of authority and welfare; in his
right hand, the ankh symbol of life. He is shown standing
on a papyrus mat and wears a broad collar.

The binding is of modern morocco, blind-tooled, with
some of the vignettes reproduced in gold tooling on both
sides The front cover contains a bookplate of Sir Thomas
Brooke.

This manuscript, like others found in Egypt, was prepared
oeforehand by the makers of funerary equipment and was
kept in stock to be sold and used when called for by middle
class people, who could not afford the more elaborate forms
of funerary work. In some of this class of literature, the
name and titles of the deceased were inserted in a blank
spacelef t for that purpose by the makers of manuscripts
In other cases, the papyrus was placed on the person of the
deceased without the name. This manuscript appears to be-
long to the latter class. It was made, during the Saite
period, somewhere about 700 to 800 b. c. The graphic art
of the vignettes point to that period.

[219]

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aga-Oglu, Mehmet: Persian Bookbindings of the Fifteenth Century,

^ University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1935.

Ahlwardt, W.: Die Handschriften Verzeichnisse der Koniglichen

Bibhothek zu Berlin, 4 vols., Berlin 1887.
Arnold Sir T. W.: Painting in Islam, Oxford, Clarendon Press,

London, 1928.
'Arud^Samarqandi: Qiahar Maqala, Persian Text edited by Muham-
mad, Mirza, Luzac& Co., London, 1910.
Aumer, T.: Die Arabischen Handschriften der K. Hof- und Staat-

: bibliothek in Munchen, vol. 1, part 2, Munchen, 1866.
Beale, T. W.: An Oriental Biographical Dictionary, a new edition

revised and enlarged by H. G. Keene, W. H. Allen & Co., Ltd.,
London, 1894.

Bendall, C: Catalogue of the Sanskrit MSS. in the British Museum,
London, 1902.

Bicknell, H.: Hafiz of Shiraz: Selections from His Poems, Turner
& Co., London, 1875.

Binyon, L.: The Court Painters of the Grand Moguls, Oxford Uni-
versity Press, 1921.

Binyon L., Wilkinson, J. V. S., and Gray, B.: Persian Miniature
Painting, Oxford University Press, London, 1932.

Blumhardt, J. F.; Catalogue of the Hindi, Panjabi and Hindustani
MSS. in the Library of the British Museum, London, 1899.

breasted, J. H.: History of Egypt from the earliest times to the

Persian Conquest; 2nd edition, Scribner, New York, 1923.

■ : Ancient Records of Egypt, 5 vols., University of Chicago

" ress, lyuo,

Brockelmann, C: Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur, 2 vols
Weimar, 1898-1902.

Brown P.: Indian Painting under the Mughals, Oxford Clarendon
Press, 1924.

Browne, E. G. : A Literary History of Persia, 2 vols., Charles Scrib-

ner's Sons, New York, 1902-6.
— — ^ A^History of Persian Literature under Tartar Dominion,

Cambridge University Press, 1920.

[221]

Browne, E. G.: A History of Persian Literature in Modern Times,

Cambridge University Press, 1924.
: A Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts in the Library of

the University of Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,

. 1896. .:,.;■'. ■. ....

_-: A Hand-List of the Muhammadan Manuscripts in the
Library of the University of Cambridge, Cambridge University

Press, 1900.

A Supplementary Hand-List of the Muhammadan Manu

scripts of the University and Colleges of Cambridge, Cam-
bridge University Press, 1922.

— — : A Descriptive Catalogue of the Oriental MSS. belonging to
the late E. G, Browne, completed and edited by R. A. Nichol-
son, Cambridge University Press, 1932.

Conybeare, F. C: A Catalogue of the Armenian Manuscripts in the
British Museum, London, 1913.

Coomaraswamy, A.: Rajput Painting, 2 vols., Oxford University

Press, London, 1916.
Dawlatshah: The Tadhldratu'sh-ghu'ara, Persian Text edited by E.

G. Browne, Luzac & Co., London, 1901.
De Sacy, Silvestre: Chrestomathie Arabe, 3 vols., L'Imprimerie

Royale, 1826-27.
Dimand, M. S.: Islamic Miniature Painting, New York, 1934.

: A Handbook of Muhammedan Decorative Arts, New York,

1930.
Dodwell, H. H.: The Cambridge History of India, vol. 5, Cambridge

University Press, 1929.
Eastwick, E. B. : The Gulistan, Hertford, 1852.
Ellis, A. G.: Catalogue of Arabic Books in the British Museum, 2

vols., London, 1894.
Fliigel, G.: Die Arabischen, Persischen und Tiirkischen Hand-

schrifen, 3 vols., Wien, 1865.
Gibb, E. J. W.: A History of Ottoman Poetry, edited by E. G.

Browne, 6 vols., London, 1900-9.
Gray, B. : Persian Painting, London, 1913.
Habib: Kha« wa Kha«atan, edited by Ebu'z-Ziya. Tevfiq, Istanbul,

1888.
Haji Khalfa: Lexicon Bibliographicum et Encyclopaedicum, edited

by G. Fliigel, 7 vols., Leipzig, 1835.

[222]

^md-allah Mustawfi: The Nuzhat al-Qulub, edited by G. Le

Strange, Luzac & Co., London, 1915.
— — : The Ta'rn£h.i-Gwzlda, edited by E. G. Browne, vol. 1,

Persian Text, vol. 2, abridged translation and indices by E. G.

Browne and R. A. Nicholson, Luzac & Co., London, 1910-13.
Hammer, von Joseph : Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches, 10 vols.,

Pesth, 1827-35.

Hammer-Purgstall: Geschichte der Osmanischen Dichtkunst, 4 vols.
Pesth, 1836-38.

Huart, C. : A History of Arabic Literature, D. Appleton & Co., New
York, 1903.

Hukk, M. A. r Ethe, H., and Robertson, E. : A Descriptive Catalogue
of the Arabic and Persian Manuscripts in Edinburgh Uni-
versity Library, Hertford, 1925.
Jackson, A. V. VV. and Yohannan, A.: A Catalogue of the Collection
of Persian Manuscripts of the Cochran Collection, Columbia
University Press, New York, 1914.
Kuhnel,E.: Miniaturmalerei im Islamischen Orient, Berlin, 1923.
Martin, F. R.: The Miniature Painting and Painters of Persia, India,

and Turkey, 2 vols., Bernard Quaritch, London, 1912.
Mehta, N. C: Studies in Indian Painting, Bombay, 1926.
Montgomery, J. A.: The Samaritans, Philadelphia, 1907
Mustaqlm-Zadeh, S. S.: Tuhfah'i Khatfatin, edited by Ibnul'emin

Mahmut Kemal, Devlet Matbaasi, Istanbul, 1928
New York Public Library: List of Works in the N. Y. Public

Library Relating to Persia, 1915.
Nicholson, R. A. : A Literary History of the Arabs, Charles Scribner's

Sons, New York, 1907.
Pertsch W.: Verzeichniss der Persischen Handschriften der Konig-

hchen Bibliothek zu Berlin, Berlin, 1888.
Rieu, C: Catalogue of the Turkish Manuscripts in the British
Museum, London, 1888.

1 S «PPlement to the Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in

the British Museum, London, 1894.

~" C f*logue of the Persian Manuscripts in the British Museum,
3 vols., London, 1879-83

Supplement to the Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts in
the British Museum, London, 1895.
Sakisian Armenag Bey: La Miniature Persane du Xlle au XVIIe
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[223]

Schulz, Ph. W.: Die persische-islamische Miniaturmalerei, 2 vols.,

Leipzig, 1914.
Sprenger, A.: A Catalogue of the Arabic, Persian and Hindustani

Manuscripts of the Libraries of the King of Oudh, vol. 1,

Calcutta, 1854.
Stephen, Leslie: Dictionary of National Biography, edited by, vols.

1-63, Macmillan & Co., London and New York, 1885-1900,
Suyutf : Nazmu'l-'Iqyan fi A'yani'l-A'yan, edited by Philip K. Hitti,

Syrian- American Press, New York, 1927.
Wilkinson, J. V. S.: The Shah-Namah of Firdawsl, Oxford Uni-
versity Press, London, 1931.
Wilson, Sir A. T.: A Bibliography of Persia, Oxford Clarendon

Press, 1930.
Wright, W. : Catalogue of Syriac Manuscripts in the British Museum,

3 vols., London, 187072.
..; Catalogue of the Ethiopic Manuscripts in the British

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U. S. Government Printing Office: Manual of Foreign Languages,

Third edition, April, 1936.
: Manual of Foreign Languages, Revised edition, Supplement

to style manual, April, 1935.

[224]

INDEX OF TITLES

sentedin ^ TiZ' * ** ***'* ° f the ■<**** '' Works repre-
sented m this Collection are marked with an asterisk (f).

♦Abvab al-Jinan 45
♦'Aja'ib al-Makhluqat 48

Akbar-namah 56

AkJjIaq-i-Muhsinl 48
♦Akhtharq 200
♦'Alam-numa 170
♦Al-Mufchtasar f I 'Ilm al-Ma'anl
32,33

♦Al-Muqaddimat al-Jazarivvat
24,25 \

♦Al-Qasldat al-Nazlrah 36, 37
♦Al-Qasldat al-Tantaraniyyat 36
♦Al-Qur'an 1-24, 26, 42, 45, 50,

64, 70, 72, 117, 123, 126,

136, 156, 163

Persian translation 16-18

*A1-Risalat ai-Muhammadiyyah
163, 164 f

♦Anusmrti 179, 180

Anwar al-'Ashiqin 162
♦Anwar al-Tanzil wa Asrar al-

Ta'wil 20-22
♦Anwar-i-Suhayli 48, 69-71
♦'Aqa'id al-Sanusi 38
♦Arabic Qasldahs 110
♦Arba'in 34

Asrar-namah 95
Atharu'l-Bilad 48
A^waq al-Dhahab 145
♦Avedaran 190-196

Babur-namah 135 n. 1
♦BadaT 110, 116

♦Bahram-namah, see Haft Paykar

♦Bazm-i-Wisal 145, 146
♦Beautiful Odes, see BadaT
♦Bhagavadgita 179-181
♦Bhagavatapurana 181, 182
♦Bhlsmastavarajastotra 179, 180
♦Book of Advice, see Pand-namah
♦Book of Alexander, see Is-

kandar-namah
♦Book of (Alexander's) Fortune,

see Iqbal-namah
♦Book of (Alexander's) Honor,

see Sharaf-narnah
♦Book of Alexander's Wisdom,

see Khirad-namah'i Iskan-

dari

♦Book of Counsels, see Pand-
namah

♦Book of the Dead, see Per-em-

hru
♦Book of Esther, see Meghillat

Esther
♦Book of Going Forth by Day,

see Book of the Dead
♦Book of Kings, see Shah-namah
♦Book of the Law 205
♦Breath of Flowers, see Nafhat

al-Azhar
♦Bustan, see Bustan-i-Sa'di
♦Bustan-i-^a'di 109, 11.0, (117-1 .19

Calligraphy and Calligraphers,
see Khatf wa Khatfatan
♦Canticles, or Biblical Hymns of
Ethiopia 205, 206

[225]

*Casket of Discipline, see Vinaya-
pitakam
Chahar Maqalah 71
Chain of Gold, see Silsilat al-

Dhahab
Collars of Gold, see Atwaq al-

DJiahab
^Complete Works, see Kulliyyat
*Conduct of the Pious, see Maslak

al-Akhyar
^Converse of Virgins, see §uhbat

al-Abkar
^Cupbearer Book, see Saqi-naniah

*Dah-namah, see Rawdat al-

Muhibbln
^Daia'il ai-Khayrat 26-28
*Death Elegies, see MarathI
^Delight of Souls, see Nuzhat al-

Arwah
Detached Distiches, see Fardiyat
*Dharmalaksmisamvada 185
Dhat al-Sharif 25
^Disclosure of the Two Holy
Cities, see Futtih al-Hara-
mayn
*Dis jointed Poems, see Muqat-

ta'at
Diwan al-Adab 171
*Diwan-i-Hafiz 125-128
*Diwan-i-Khusraw wa 'Ismat 122
*Dlwan-i-Neva'I 165, 166
*Diwan-i~Wisal 145, 146
Diwan of Etiquette, see Diwan

al-Adab
Durar al-Hukkam 22 n. 5

*Early Odes, see Qhazaliyyat-i-

Qadlmah
^Egyptian Papyrus, see Book of

the Dead
*Elegies, see Arabic Qasidahs
Enchiridion Studiosi 34

■^Epigrammatic Poems, see §ahi-

biyyah
*Esther, the Book of, see Me-

ghillat Esther
*Eucharistical Prayer of Saint

John 206

*Fables of Bidpai, see Kalilah

and Dimnah
Fardiyat llln.
Farhad and Shirin, of Wahshi

145
*Farhang-i-KashmIri 66
Ferah al-Ruh 164
*Fine Odes, see Tayyibat
*Five Treasures, see Panj^Ganj
Four Discourses, see Chahar

Maqalah
*Futuh al-Haramayn 140, 141

*Gajendramoksana 179, 180
*Garden of Friends, see Rawdat

al-Muhibbin
*Garland of Devotees, see Maj-

mu'ah'i Bhagat Mai
*Gates of Paradise, see Abvab

al-Jinan
*Gawhar-i-Tuhfah'i 'Alam-Shahi
68
Ghayat al-Qaswa 21
Ghazaliyyat 122
*Ghazaliyyat-i-Qadimah 110
Gift of Calligraphers, see Tuh»

f ah' i K3}at$a$in
*Gift of Counsels, see Tuhfat

al-Nasayih
Gift of the Noble, see Tuhfat

al-Ahrar
*Gospels

Armenian 190-196
Armenian-Turkish 192
*Gospel, of Saint John
Ethiopic 203

[226]

♦Guiistan 109, 110, 119-121, 129,

166-168
♦Gulshan-i-'Ishq 172, 173

Habib al-Siyar 122
Habsiyyah92
Haft Awrang 136
Haft Iqllm 92, 123
Haft Khwan 171
Haft Manzar 55
♦Haft Paykkr 55, 97
Haylaj-namah 95
♦HazaliyyatllQ, 116
♦Hishmet-i-Kashmlr 67-69
♦Hisous Vorti 199
Histoire de Nadir Chah 64
Historica Monastica 38 n. 1 and
n. 2
*History of India, see Iqbal-

namah'i jahangiri
♦History of Kashmir, see Tariki-

i-Kashmlr
♦History of Nadir, see Tarikh-

i-NMri
♦History of Timur, see Tlmur-

namah of Hatifi
♦Homilies and Visions of Saint
Aragawi 202

♦Iqbal-namah 56, 98
♦Iqbal-namah'i Jahangiri 56-64
Irshad al-Talibjfn fi Ta'lim al-

Muta'allimin 34
♦Iskandar-namah, of Nizaml 55,

98, 103
♦I'tiqadiyyah'i Mulla Tughra 143,

144

Jami' al-Saghra 35
♦Janmapattrika 182, 183

Jawhar al-Dhahab 95

Jesus the Son, see Hisous Vorti
♦Jocular Poems, see Mutayibat

♦Joseph and Potiphar's Wife, see

Yusuf wa Zulaykha
Joy of the- Soul, see Farah al-
Ruh

♦Kalilah and Dimnah, see Anwar-

i-Suhayll
♦Kammavacam 186-188
♦Kammavakyam 186
Kashshaf, of Zamakbshari 21
♦Khamsah, 55, 97, 99, 101-103,
106,169,170
'Ata'I 169-171
Dihlawl 121
Hatifi 55
Nizaml 97, 99403
Khamsat al-Mutahayyirin 136
Khatt wa Khattatan 134 n. 4,
162., V'-j" ".■;.■;"'■
♦Khawatim 110
Khazinah'i Ganj 131
♦Khirad-namah'i Iskandari
Jami 136
Nizaml 98
♦Khulasah'i Khamsah 106, 107
Khulasat al-Ash'ar 43, 140
♦Khusraw and Shirin
Hatifi 55
Nizaml 97
Khusraw wa Gul 95
Kitab al-Aqallm 21
♦Kitab al-Du^aj26.
♦Kulliyyat

Khaqani 93, 94
Sa'dl 109-116

La Pluie de Rosee 31
♦Layla wa Majnun
Hatifi 55
Jam! 136
Maktabl 141, 142
Nizaml 97

[227]

♦Lectionary, of the Coptic Church

201
Lights of Lovers, see Anwar al-

'Ashiqin
♦Lights of Revelation and the
Mysteries of Interpretation,
see Anwar al-Tanzil wa
Asrar al-Ta'wil
♦Liturgy,

Abyssinian 204, 206
Samaritan 216
Lives of Holy Men, see Para-
dise of Palladius
♦Lord's Song, see Bhagavadgita

♦Madh-i-Mashayikh 150, 151

Magharib al-Zaman 162
♦Magic Formulas 207
♦Mahabharata 178-181
Majalis a'l-Naf a* is 136
♦Majma' al-Furs 43, 44
Majma' al-Fusaha 123, 145 n. 1
♦Majmu'ah' i Bhagat Mai 176,.

177
♦Makhzan al- Asrar 97, 103, 149,

■'171';.;:
♦Manahij al-Usul al-Dinniyat

156-158
♦Manrousoum 197, 198
Mantiq al-Tayr 95
♦Marathl 110
♦Mashtotz, or Father Mashtotz,

Armenian Ritual 198, 199
♦Maslak al-Akhyar 149
♦Meghillat Esther 212-215
Memoirs, of Sir Moses and

Lady Montefiore 210
Minhaj al-Wustil 21
Mir'at al-'Alam 43
Misbah al-Arwah 21
♦Mixed Poems, see Mulamma'at
Monuments of the Lands, see
Atharu'l-Bilad

MughnI al^Lablb 31
♦Muhammadiyyah, see Al-Risalat

al-Muhammadiyyah
♦Mulamma'at 111 n., 115
♦Multaqa al-Abhur 30, 31
♦Muqaddimat, see Al-Muqaddi-

mat al-Jazariyyat
♦Muqatfa'at 110, 122
♦Mutayibat 110, 116

Nafahat al-Uns 46, 95
♦Nafhat al-Azhar 170, 171
♦Nawadir Majmu'ah'i Ya'qfibl
146-148

Nazm al-'Iqyan fi A'yan al-

A'yan 23
♦Nigaristan 128, 129-131, 168
♦Nisab al-§ibyan 35

Nizam al-Tawarlkb 21
♦Nuzhat : al-Arwah 46-48

Nuzhat al-Qulub 48
♦Nyayasutra 184

♦Obscene Poems, see Hazaliyyat
♦Old Testament, see Tanakh
♦Orchard, see Bustan-i-Sa'dl

♦Pand-namah

'Attar 95, 96, 166-168
Sa'dlllln.
♦Panj-Ganj, see Khamsah of
Nizaml
Paradise, of Joseph Huzaya 38
Paradise, of Palladius 38
♦Per-em-hru, the Theban Recen-
sion 218, 219
Persian Fables 48
♦Persian Qasidahs 110

Persian Stories 48
♦Poem of Faith, see I'tiqadiyyah'i
Mulla Tughra
Pra Laksanawongs 189

'228]

♦Praise of the Elders, see Madh-

i-Mashayikh
♦Prayer Book,

Christian, see §alat Baku- al-

Nahar
Ethiopic 204
Hebrew 210, 211
Muslim, see Kitab al-Du'a
Syriac 217
♦Present to the two 'Iraqs, see

Tuhfat al-'Iraqayn
Prison-Poem, see Habsiyyah
♦Psalms, the Book of

Armenian, see Tavitin Sagh-

mosnere
Ethiopic 203, 204
Hebrew 208
Puranas 181

Qasa'id 122, 125
♦Qasldat Yaqul al-'Abd 34, 35
♦Qatr al-Nada wa Ball al-Sada

31,32
♦Quatrains, see Ruba'iyat
♦Quintet, see Khamsah

Rarities, a Collection of Ya'qfib,
see Nawadir Majmu'ah'i
Ya'qubl
♦Rawdat al-Muhibbin 131-135
Rawdat al-§afa 145 n. 1
Rawshana'i-namah 150
Riyad al-'Arifxn 45, 145 n. 1
Riyad al-Shu'ara 43, 134 n. 4,

140
Rosary of the Pious, see Subhat
al-Abrar
♦Rose-Garden, see Gulistan
♦Rose-Garden of Love, see Gul-

shan-i-'Ishq
♦Ruba'iyat 111 n., 122
Rfiz-i-Rawshan 131
♦Ruz-namah'i Darandahvl 152

Sab'a 136

♦$ahibiyyah 110, 116
Salaman wa Absal 136
'*§alat~Bakir al-Nahar 29
♦Santiparvan 179, 180
♦Saql-namah 170
Septet, see Sab'a
Setting-point of Time, see Ma-

gharib al-Zaman
♦Seven Portraits, see Haft

Paykar
Seven Thrones, see Haft

Awrang
Seven Trays, see Haft Khwan
♦Shah-namah 56,72-91, 103, 178,
Shah-namah'i Hadrat-i-Shah Is-

ma'il 55, 56
Shamsiyyah 161

Shaqayiq al-Nu'maniyyah 169
♦Sharaf-namah, see Sharaf -na-
tnah'i Iskandarl

♦Sharaf-namah'i Iskandari 98,

103406
♦Signet-Rings, see Khawatlm
♦Sikandar-namah, see Iskandar-
namah
Silsilat al-Dhahab 136
♦SixRisalahs 109, 110
Siyar al-Muta'akbkhirin 68 n. 8
Solar Poem, see Shamsiyyah
♦Song of Songs,
Ethiopic 204
Hebrew 208
Subhat al-Abrar 136, 170
Subhat al-Akiyar 153
♦Suhbat al-Abkar 170
Surat al-An'am 117
Surat al-Inshiqaq 117
Surat Yusuf 72, 136

Tadhkirah'i Dilkusha 145 n. 2
tadhkirat al-Awliya 95

f2291

Tadhkjrat al-Shu'ari. 92, 121=

123, 131
*Ta'lim al-Muta'allitn fi Tariq

al-Ta'allum 33, 34
Tarikb-i-GtizIdah 92
Tarikh-i-Kashnar .65, 66
*TarndH-Nadiri 64, 65
*Tarikh-i-SelanikI 159-161
*Tanakh 208-210
^Tavitin Saghmosnere 197
Tawali' al-Anwar 21
Tawarikb. wa Siyar-i-Anbiya wa
AkJbbar-i-Suluk-i-Muluk 41
*Tayyibat 110
^Terjumah'i Manzumah'i Guli-

stan 168, 169
*Terjumah'i Pand-i-Farid al-DIn

'Attar 168, 169
*Tlmurrnamah'i Hatifi 53-56
■^Treasury of Mysteries, see Ma-^.

kjjzan al-Asrar

^Treatise on Muhammad, see Al-

Risalat al-Muhammadiyyah

Tuhfah'i Khattatin 8 n. 1, 9 n.

v l, 16n.l,27n.2, 134 n. 4,

156 n. 2, 162

Tuhfah'i SamI 135
*Tuhfah'i Shahidi 155, 156

Tujifat al-Ahrar 135, 136
*Tuhfat al-'Iraqayn 92, 93

Tuhfat al-Na§ayih 150

*Umm al-Barahln 38, 39
Ushtur-namah 95

*Vedanakkhandha 188
*Vinayapitakam 187
♦Visnusahasranama 179, 180

*Waqf-namah'i Ahmad Pasha

158,159
*Waqf-namah'i §hah Sultan #u-

sayn §afavl 49-53
Waslat-namah 95
*World-Displayer, see 'Alam-

nurna

*Yusuf wa Zulaykha
Firdawsl 72
Jam! 136-139

*Zafar-namah, see Tlmur-namah

[230]

INDEX OF PERSONS' NM1ES

The references are to the pages of the Catalogue. Names of authors
represented in this Collection are marked with three asterisks Y***) •
names of scribes with two asterisks (**); and names of formed
owners with one asterisk (*). Other names bear no distinctive mark.

fnT^ITJ^ ^ a ^ < d > and comi "g after names of authors
indicate the date of their death. The definite article "al» at the
beginning of names has been dropped, b. *=ibn, or son of .

Abaqa Khan, Sultan 110
'Abbas, Mirza 90 '

'Abbas I, Shah of Iran, 43, 107, 130 n. 1, 134
Abbas II, Shah of Iran 45
'Abbas §afavi, see 'Abbas I.
*|Abd al-'AzIm b. 'Ali al-^Amili 107
***'Abd al-Baql b. Muhammad, see 'Arif
'Abd-allah Akah, Sayyid 27

'Abd-allah b. Al-Muqaffa, translator of the Kalilah and Dimmah
into Arabic, 70
*** 'Abd-allah Hatifi (d. 1520), 53-56
Life and Works 55, 56
Timur-namah 53-55

* 'Abd-allah Khan, Khwajah 127
'Abd-allah Pasha, Grand Vizier 156

* 'Abd-allah Sayyid, SJiaykh al-Islam Piri-Zadeh 30, 31

Abd al-Majid lb. Nusuh b. Isra'il, SJiaykh, author of Irshad al-
* , a . , , Talibin f I Ta'lim al-Muta'allimln 34

* 'Abd al-Qadir 86, 87

** 'Abd al-Qadir al-Qadiri 151

Abd al-Qadir KJian b. QadI al-Qudat Mawlawl Wasil-'Ali Khan
o/, 69 —

Life and Works 67-69
Hishmat-i-Kashmir 67-69

* 'Abd al-Rahman al-Husaynl 71
'Abd al-Rahman, QadI 159

** ilJJJ a J"Rf hman $ahhaf, the bookbinder 148

• Aui^l^ al -9usayni al-Mazandaranl 91
Abdi Dedeh 16

[231]

Abu al-' Abbas Ahmad b. Abu 'Abd-allah Muhammad al-'Omar

al-WasiJi 24
Abu al-'Ala, the court poet of Manuchahr SJurvanshah 92
Abu al-Fadl, author of Akbar-namah 56
Abu al-Fadl Shaykb, translator of Kalilah and Dimnah 70
Abiial-Fath 150
♦Abu al-Fath, Mirza, Prince 120, 121
Abu al-Qhazi, Sultan Husayn 70

Abu al-Ma'ali Nasr-allah, translator of KaHlah and Dimnah 70
Abu al-Qasim, see Babur MIrza

* Abu al-Qasim, Hasan b. 'AH of Tus, see Firdawsl
Abu Bakr, the first Khalifah 1

Abu Bakr b. Sa'd b. Zangl, Atabek of Fars, Sa'di's patron 20,
21,107,108
** Abu Bakr b. Sulayman, Hafiz 25
Abu Hayyan, the grammarian 31
*** Abu Nasr, see Farahi

* Af dal-'AH Qadi, ibn Najaf-'AII 87

Ahii §hirazi (d. 1535), a contemporary of Maktabl 141

* Ahmad 118

Ahmad III, Sultan of Turkey 161

* Ahmad al-Khaliql 37
** Ahmad al-Nazifi 28

** Ahmad al-Wahbi b. 'AH 8

Ahmad-i-Bijan, author of Anwar al-'Ashiqln 161-163

* Ahmad Niiri 166

Ahmad Pasha, Kupruli's son 13, 14
*** Ahmad Pasha, Grand Vizier and son-in-law of Sultan Bayezld
II (d. 1516), 158, 159
Life 158, 159

Waqf-namah'i Ahmad Pasha 158, 159
** Ahmad Rifqi 27
** Ahmad Rushdi 96

Akbar, Emperor of India 56-63, 66
Akbl-Zadeh, 'Abd al-Halim Efendi, 'Ata'i's tutor 169
Akhtisan, SJiirvanshah 92
*'Ala al-Dln Ahmad Khan 103
'Alamgir, Emperor of India 62, 66, 143, 144
'Alam-SJiah, Emperor of India 65
'AH, the fourth Khalifah 37, 50, 143, 149
'AH 'Adil §hah II, of Bijapur, Nusrati's patron 172
*** AH al-Din Turkistani, §haykb, author of a religious qasidah 34
'AH al-Husaynl, Mir 52 n. 3

[232]

**'Alial-Wasfill
*'Ali Amjad Khan 63
'All b. Ahmad Bisitun, collector of Sa'di's works 109 and n. 1
'All Ibrahim Khan, author of History of Maratah Wars 68 and

; n. 7 '
'All, Mulla Mir 134
'All Pasha 135

'All-Quli Khan, Walih Daghistani, author of Riyad al-SJiu'ara 43
*** 'All Shir Neva'i, Mir (d. 1501), 70, 136, 164-166
Life and Works 164, 165
Diwan 165, 166
*'Ali Toqati, Hajji 12
Alp Arslan, Sultan of Seljuqs 36
Amin Ahmad-i-RazI, author of Haft Iqlim 92, 123
*** Amir Khusraw, see Dihlawi
Amrit Raw, Maharajah 67
Andereas 191
Ankiyanu 110
Antony, of Egypt 37
** 'Arab, Katib-i-Shirazi 126
*** Aragawi, Manfasawi, or the Spiritual Teacher 202 and n. 1

'Arif Khan, Vice Governor of Kashmir 65
*** Arif, 'Abd al-Baqi b. Muhammad (<L 1713), 156
Life and Works 156
Minhaj al-Usul al-Diniyyat 156-158
'Arfldi, see Nizam al-'Arudi
♦As'ad, Dervish, ibn 'Abd al-Karim 'Arab 169
Ashraf, the Afghan chief 51 n. 1
'Asjadi, court poet of Mahmud Ghaznavi 74
***'Ata'i Nev'i-Zadeh 'Ata-allah (d. 1634), 169-171
Life and Works 169
Khamsah 170, 171
*** 'Attar, Abu Talib Muhammad b. Abu Bakr Ibrahim, Farid al-
Din (d. 1230), 94-96, 166, 167
Life and Works 94, 95
Pand-namah 96
Awhadi Kirmani, poet 147
Awrangzib, Emperor of India, see 'Alamgir
Awruj, father of Mustafa Pasha 13

* Azarya, son of Ohanjian i94

* 'Azmvallah Khan, Nazm al-Dawlah, Mu'tamad al-Mulk 3

Babur Mirza, Abu al-Qasim, Timurid Sultan 164

[233]

Badr al-Dawlah, see Muhammad Sa'adatmand Khan

Baha al-Din, Mulla 18

Bahrain Gur, Sasanian King 97, 98

Bahzad, the well-known Iranian painter 115 n.

Bali, Sayyid 159

* Basset, J., Rev. Dr. 19, 42

* Bateman 29

&%* Baydawi, QadI Nasir al-Din Abu Sa'id *Abd-allah b. 'Omar
(d. 1286) ,'20-22
Life and Works 20, 21
Anwar al-TanzIl wa Asrar al-Ta'wil 20-22
Bayezld I, Sultan of Turkey 25, 161
Bayezld II, Sultan of Turkey 158
Baykara, Sultan Husayn, Neva'i's patron 164
*** Behmen Bek b. Ahmad Bek b. Yusuf Pasha, author of a treatise
on Genealogy 153, 154
** Behram b. Muhammad 169

* Bemens, Clarence S. 6

Bentinck, Lord William Cavendish, Governor-General of India

67 and n. 1
Bismil, author of Tadhkirah'i Dilkusha 145 and n. 2

* Brewer, Luther 28

Brockelmann, C, author of Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur
33

* Brooke, Sir Thomas 219

Brooke, William Augustus, Hishmat al-Dawlah 67
Browne, E. G., editor of TarikJj-i-GuzIdah and Tadhkiratu'sh-
Shu'ara 121, 122, 124

* Buck, Mitchell S. 127

Budge, E. A. Wallis, editor of Historica Monastica 38 n. 1
*** Burhan al-DTn b. Muhammad b. Ibrahim al-Halabi (d. 1549)
Life and Works 30
Multaqa al-Abhur 30, 31

* Caldicott, Charles Mariet 128

Caspari, K. P., author of Enchiridion Studiosi 34
Castelbranco, Le Ch. Ferrao de 65
ChanaqjI-Zadeh 9
** Charayadas 120
Christ 184, 201

* Clark> Clarence H. 161

* Clemens, Colonel Connel Barry 101 and n. 3
Constantin 199

[234]

Cornwalhs, Charles Earl, Governor-General of India 68 n 7
**• Cossarich, Stephen, see Ahmad Pasha, Grand Vizier
*Crozier, F. H. 187

*** Da'If I, Pir Muhammad (d. c. 16th century) , 166-169
Life and Works 166, 167
Terjumah'i Manzumah'i Gulistan 168, 169
Terjumah'i Pand-i-Farid al~Dln 'Attar 168, 169
Damad, Mir Muhammad Baqir 130 arid n 1
**-Damal Das 176
David, King 197

Dawlatshah, author of Tadhkirat al-Shu'ara 46, 92, 108 and n 1
121424, 131
* Day, Robert 205
De Sacy, Silvestre 70,95
Defetrl, Mevlana Qivam al-Din 1S9
Der Haritun, the Monk 191
***Dihlawi, Amir Khusraw, Yamri al-Dm Abu al-Hasan fd 1324 )
121 ■■• V }i

Life and Works 121-123
Dlwan 122, 123
Duncan, Jonathan, Governor of Benares 67 and n 3

Eastwick, E. B. 70

Ebu'z-Ziya Tevfiq, editor of Khatt wa Khattatan 162 n. 2
* Edhem al-Wasfl Nun 28 "*" " '

**Eliezer209

Ethe,H., editor of Descriptive Catalogue 32, 48, 121
Evranus, Khwajeh 167

Fakbr al-Dawlah, Nawwab 131
*** Fakbr al-Sadat, see Husayn b. 'Mm
*** Fani, see 'AH Shir Neva!
***Farahi f Abu Nasr (d. 1242), 35
Life and Works 35
Nisab al-Sibyan 35
Farhad 97
*** Farld al-Din 'Attar, see 'Attar
Farkhi, Raphael 210

Farrukhl court poet of Mahmud Ghaznavi 74
* Fasahat-'AK, Agha 175
Fath-'Ali, Khan Qajar 5 1 and n. 2
Fath-'AII, Shah of Iran 40-42, 65, 90

[235]

Fath-allah, Mulla 18

Fath-allah §hirazl, calculator of the Ilahi Era 56
Father Mesrop, see Mesrop
Ferhad Pasha, Grand Vizier 160

Finch, Lord, the British Ambassador to Turkey 14 _

*** FirdawasI, Abu al-Qasim Hasan b. 'All of Tus (d. 1025), 56, 71-
91,103,135,136
Life and Works 71-73
§hah-namah 73-91
*** Firghani, Imam Siraj al-Din 1AH b. 'Othman al-Awshi, author
of the Qasldat Yaqul al-'Abd 34
Fliigel, Gustav, editor of the catalogue of Oriental Manuscripts
at the National Library in Vienna 35, 153

** Garabed, son of Maksud Karasef erian, 200
** Garabed 199

Ganesa 183
* Gaspar, son of Ohanjian 194

Gayumart, see Kayumarth
** Ghasirama 180

Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 129 ■ _

Qhulam-Husayn Khan, Sayyid, author of Siyar al-Muta aljbkhinn
68 and n. 8

Goguyer, A., author of La Pluie de Rosee 31

Gotama 184

Grand $ufl, see Isma'il 5afavl

Gregory, Nestorian Patriarch 37 ^ ^

Gulandam, Muhammad, collector of Hafiz's Diwan 123-125

Habib, author of Kha^t wa Kha«atan 162
** Had! b. Baha al-Din 71 ,,/,,«:

***Hafiz, Muhammad §hams al-Din (d. 1389), 123-128, 131, 135,
147
Life and Works 123-125
Diwan 125-128
HajjIBajI131

HajjiBayram 162 _ -

Haj ji Khalifah, Turkish encyclopedist 21, 23, 35, 38, 166
Hamawi, §haykh Sa'd al-Din 128 ';:. : ;'-.

Hamd-allah Mustawfi, author of TarikJj-i-GuzIdah and Nuznat
al-Qulub 21, 48, 92
*** Haqa'iqi, see Khaqani
*** Hassadaw, Thetpav 188
*** Hatifi, see 'Abd-allah

. [236]

* Hayat-allah Khan 127
**Haydar Muhammad 130

Helevi, Mordacai, Rabbi 209
Hidayat, see Rida-Quli Khan
*** Hikmat-i-Thanl, Mustafa, author of Ruz-namah'i Darandahvl
152
Hishmat al-Dawlah, see Brooke, W. A.

* Hoe, Robert 29, 194, 195
Hoering, R. 187
Huart, C. 33

Humayun, Emperor of India 63
Husayn al-Husayni, Amir 130
** Husayn al-Wahbi 28
*** Husayn b. 'Alim Abu al-Hasan al-Husayni, Fakir al-Sadat fd.
1319), 46 v

Life and Works 46-48
Nuzhat al-Arwah 46-48

* Husayn Pasha, Grand Vizier 31
Husayn Tabrlzl, Mulla 133, 134
Huzaya, Joseph, author of " Paradise " 38

* Ibn 'All, Mir, MunshI 101

Ibn al-Imad, Shihab al-pin Abu al- 1 Abbas Ahmad b. 'Imad b.

Yusuf al-Aqfahs 23
Ibn al-Juwayni 129

Ibnal-Jawzi, §haykh Jamal al-DIn Abu al-Faraj, Sa'di's tutor
108 .,,;'■ .,

*** Ibn Hisham, 'Abd-allah b. Yusuf (d. 1359), 31
Life and Works 3.1, 32

Qatr al-Nada wa Ball al-Sada 31, 32
*** Ibn 'Imad <d. 1397), 131 !

Life and Works 131 !
Rawdat al-Muhibbm 131^135
Ibnul'emin Mahmut Kemal, editor of Tuhfah'i Khattatln 8 n. 1
*IbrahIm44 ; '

Ibrahim, Sultan of Turkey 13
*** JMJ"m al-Hal^bi, see Burhan al-DIn b. Muhammad
** Ibrahim al-Hamidl Behjet 26 ! *

*** Ibrahim Dedeh, see §hahidl

Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier 160, 161

Ibrahim Pasha, son-in-law of Sultan Ahmad III 161
Ilahl, 131

** 'Imad, see Muhammad b. Muhammad b. 'All

[237]

'Imad al-DIn, see Isma'il b. 'Omar
'Imad al-DIn, Faqih of Kirman 131
'Imad al-Hasani, see 'Imad al-Husaynf
**'Im§d al-Husayni, Mir (d. 1617), 133

Life 133-135
*** 'Imadi, see Ibn-'Imad

Imam al-Kamiliyyat. al-SJiafi'l al-Qahiri, see Muhammad b.
Muhammad
** Imam-Quli, Shabustari 45
*** Imam Sayyid Abu 'Abd-allah Muhammad, see SamisI

* 'Inayat-allah 44
Indracandra 183

* Isaac, Samuel 211
'Isay-i-Rang-i-Nigar 133

Isma'il b. 'Omar b. Katbir al-Damashqi, commonly known as
'Imad al-DIn 23

* Isma'il b. Sayyid 'All 123

Isma'il Haqql, author of Ferah al»Ruh 164
Isma'il Saf avi, Shah of Iran 56, 135, 190
*** Ismat Bukhara'I, Khwajah Fakhr al-DIn (d. 1425), 121, 147

Life and Works 121, 122

DI wan 122, 123

Jackson, A. V. W., editor of Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts
121

* Jadunatha Simha 182

* Ja'far 'All 53

Ja'far-Quli Khan, Governor of Mahalat 55
Jahanglr, Emperor of India 56, 144
*Jalal37
Jamall, Muhammad Pasha, Grand Vizier 159
*** JamI, Nur al-DIn 'Abd al-Rahman, Mulla (d. 1492), 34, 46, 55,
95, 135-139, 147, 165, 170
Life and Works 135-137
Arba'In 34
Yusuf wa Zulaykha 137-139

* Jan Sipar Khan 144

*** Jazarl, Abu al-Khayr Muhammad b. Muhammad (d. 1429), 24,
25

Life and Works 24, 25

Al-Muqaddiftiat al-Jazariyyat 24, 25
^** Jazull, Abu 'Abd-allah b. Sulayman (d. 1465 ) , 26

Life and Works 26-28

Dala'il al-Khayrat 27, 28

[238]

Jesus 192, m t 203
John, Saint 203, 206
John, Saint Chrysostom 206

Jones, Sir William, the well-known Oriental!*, author of His-
toire de Nadir Chah 64
** Justus 202
*** Juwaynl, see Mu'In al-Juwaynf

*^* ^a^a* Purshad Bahadur,

^-Dm liusayn b. 'AH al-Wa'i,, KasMfl (d. 1S04), 48,

Life and Works 70
Anwar-i-Suhayll 69-71
* Kamelvanian, Haji Abraham 200
Kanpher 191

*« ^ r ^- al " Dl S-' m ?* ^ald-i-Han? Sharaf al-Dln 11
*** Kashifi, see Kamal al-Din Husayn

Katib $el5h al-Dfn, author of SJmmsiyyah 161
Kayumarth73 ^^

Keay,F. E. 176

*I % m \' P enry Geor ^ € ' Orientalist 47, 70
Kemal Muhammad Qarah YazijI 164
Khadijah, Princess 14
***^gani, Afdal al-Dln Ibrahim b. 'All SJirvanI (d. 1186), 92
Life and Works 92, 93 '

Kulliyyat 93, 94

Khasaki Sultan 14
Khatchatour 190
* Khatun bint Hablb 6
**KhoshnawIs Khan, Shirazi 101
ghuday'i Dedeh 155

ghusraw : Mawlana, author of Durar al-Hukkam 22
Shusraw Parwlz II, Sasanian King 97 -
Khutlugh 190 -

Kbwaju, of Kirman 115 n

|hwandattiir, author of Hablb al-Siyar 122

Kjc|kanah Bahadur, father of Ne^T 164

Kommonda, Abraham 209
Krisnal81, 183

Kflprull, Muhammad Pasha, Grand Vizier 13

[239]

Laksmi 185

Le Strange, G., editor of Nuzhat al-Qulub 21 n. 1

Loewe, J. H. 210

* Loewe, L r , Rabbi 209

* Macan, Turner 127
MadhumalatI 172

%* Mahmiid al-Kurdi, b. Rasfll 27
Mahmiid, the Afghan chief 51 n. 1
Mahmiid I, Sultan of Turkey 153, 154
Mahmiid, Mir 18

Mahmud Ghaznavl, Sultan 71, 72, 74, 77, 89
Mahmiid Pasha, ibn Qassab, vizier 163
*** Maktabi (d. c. 16th century), 141
Life 141

Layla wa Majnun 141, 142
Malik-i-Daylami 133 v _

Malik Haydar, translator of Sanskrit chronicles 65
Malikshah, Sultan of the Seljuqs 36
Mani, well-known Iranian Painter 68, 69
Manohar, Prince 172
Manuchahr, SJiIrvanshah 92

* Markham, Sahib Bahadur 53
Mashtotz, Vardapet 198

*** Mas'ud b. 'Omar, see Taf tazani
** Ma'sum 'AIT Khanzad 2
Mateos, Bishop 199

* Mayan Muhammad 139

* Melidon 190

Mesrop, Father 198 and n. 1
*** Mevlana SJiahidl, see Shahidi
**Mgrdich 192

Mir al-Husayni, Mulla 52 n. 3
** Mir Tmad, see 'Imad al-IJusayni
*** Mlrza Kuchik, see Wisal
Montefiore, Sir Moses 209
Moorcroft, William 68 and n. 6
Moses, the prophet 197
** Muhammad 159

* Muhammad, Mir 47

Muhammad III, Sultan of Turkey 159
Muhammad IV, Sultan of Turkey, 14, 154, 156

[240]

*♦♦ Muhammad, the Prophet (d. 632), 1, 25, 34, 35, 46, 50, 121, 149,
153, 163
Al-Qur'an 1-24, 26, 42, 45, 50, 64, 70,72, 117, 123, 126,
136, 156, 163
Muhammad (the Conqueror), Sultan of Turkey 162, 163
♦Muhammad 'Ali Mushtaq 37
♦Muhammad Pasha al-Jamall 159

*♦ Muhammad al-Jarpadaqani, Ha jji 100
Muhammad al-Latff 11

Muhammad b. 'Ad-allah 161

Muhammad Bad!' al-Din Abu al-Qasim Aslam Mun'Imi, author
ri. of Gawhat-i-Tuhfah'i 'Alam-Shahi 68

Muhammad Bafchtavar Khan, author of Mir'at al-'Alam 43
Muhammad b. al-Hajj Veil al-Din 157, 158
/, Muhammad b. Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Rahman Imam al-Kami-
:, / liyyat al-Shafi'i al-Qahiri 23 '

ij ♦ Muhammad b. Muhammad b. 'All b. Muhammad b. Al-'Imad 24
i _ Muhammad b. Muhammad Husayn Shah 52 and n. 4
_ *♦ Muhammad b. Mulla Mir al-Husayni 54
."*** Muhammad b. Selah, see Yazfji-Oghll
♦ Muhammad Baqir 44
*♦ Muhammad Baqir b. Khwajah Qadi b. KJiwajah Shams al-Din
Muhammad Shirazi 47
Muhammad Baqir b. Isma'il al-Husayni 51 and n. 3
*♦ Muhammad Emin, Hafiz 155
♦♦ Muhammad Ghawtb Suwar 173
Muhammad Hamid 96

Mohammad Hasan Khan, chief of the Qajars64
Muhammad Husayn bin Sharaf al-Din 130
Muhammad Husayn Khan, Governor of Mahalat 55
Mujammad Husayn Qasim-Abadi, Karbala'i" 19
♦♦ Mohammad ibn al-Hajj Ahmad, Dervish 9
♦♦ Muhammad ibn SJjaykb 'Aqil al-Shari^Quml 83
♦ Muhammad Ja'far 79 oo

Muhammad Katkhuda 16
♦♦♦ Muhammad Mahdi Astarabadi 64
Life 64

TarikJ>-i-Nadiri 64, 65
♦♦ Muhammad Mahmud b. Husayn b. Mahmfld 47

MuhammadMu'azzam, the second son of Emperor Awrangzib

[241]

*** Muhammad Qasim, Sururi b. Hajjl Muhammad Kashanl (d
1627), 43
Life and Works 43, 44
Majma' al-Furs 43, 44
*** Muhammad Rafl', Wa'iz, Mlrza (d, c. 1694)
Life and Works 45
Abvab al-Jinan 45
Muhammad Rahim, Sayyid al-Hajj 8
*** Muhammad Rida, Munajjim Bashi, author of a treatise on
Astronomy 40

* Muhammad Sa'adatmand Khan, Badr al-Dawlah, §huja' al-Mulk

'** Muhammad Sabzwarl 44

* Muhammad Salim 55

* Muhammad Shaf f 33

*** Muhammad Sharif, Mu'tamad Sian <d. 1639) 56
Life and Works 56
Iqbal-namah'i Jahangiri 56-64
** Muhammad SJjah, Qadl b. Murad Bak&sh 49
Muhammad Shah, of India 63, 86, 87,127
Muhammad Sultan Mian 121
Muhammad Tabriz!, the well-known calHgrapher 156

* Muhammad Taqi ibn al-Ahmad al-Kazaranl 33
Muhammad Wall 119

*** Muhyi Lari (d. c. 1524), 140

Life and Works 140
Futuh al-Haramayn 140, 141
*** Mu'in al-Juwaynl, Mawlana, Mu'in al-Din (d. c. 1390), 128, 129

Life and Work 128, 129

Nigaristin 128-131
*** Mu'in al-DIn 'All, see TantaranI

* Mukjjtar Khan Sabzwari 144

Mukjjtar al-Dawlah, see Shir Muhammad Khan
*** Mulla Tughra, see Tughra

Mun'iml, see Muhammad Badr al-Din
Murad III, Sultan of Turkey 159, 169
MuradIV, Sultan of Turkey 13
Muradbakhsh, son of Shah Jahan 142
Murtada al-Iiusaym, Sayyid 52 and n. 5

* Murtada b. Safar 'All 55
*** Mustafa, see Hikmat-i-ThanI

Mustafa al-Mahsud, Sayyid, Turkish calligrapher 11
** Mustafa al-Mevlevi, Dervish 15

[242]

* Mustafa b. 'All Mu'min Juwaytil 5
*** Mustafa Efendi, Selanikl 159

Life and Works 1S9, 160
TarikJb-i-Selaniki 159-161
** Mustafa Mulla. 17

Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier 157

* Mustafa-QuII, of Ardaian 118

Mustaqlm-Zadeh, Sulayman Sa'd al-DIn, author of Tuhfah'i
Khattatin 8 n. 1, 134 n. 4, 162
*** Mu'tamad Khan, see Muhammad Sharif
Muzaffar al-Dln, Shah of Iran 120

* Mu'tamad al-Mulk 3

** Nadhiral-Dln Hasan 52
Nadir Khan, Shah of Iran 64

* Najabet-'AII Khan, Sayyid, Nusrat al-Dawlah, Sayf al-Mulk 86

and n. 1 v w

*NarBfidaql07

*** Narayan Das 176

Life and Works 176

Ma J mQ ' ah,i Bha & at Mai 176, 177
*** Narayan Kul 65

Life and Works 65

Tarikh-i-Kashmlr 65, 66

NasirKhusraw 150

Nasiral-Dawlah, Nawwab 175

Nasiral-Din Sultan Khalll, Prince 121

Nasirl, see 'Ismat Bukhara'?

NasrabadI Tahir, author of the well-known Tadhkirah 143
**! 5 W a ^P awIah ' see 'Azlm-allah Khan
III K 6rS ?' Shenorhal i> or the Graceful 199
*** Neva'i, see 'All Shir

***Nev'f-Zadeh,see'Ata'i
Ni'mat Khan 'Ali, poet 147
Nisselmann, G, H» ^ 95

♦4;S^tt?i^ 1 - Sa,nar,)an<n ' author » f Chahar Maqilah 71.

N1?Sm ^Shifm ^ M Aifmi - A1 -S<*ayU, patron of
«*« ^ ? ? m . a, -Mulk, vizier of Alp Ardan 36

NW AMM^md llyU (d. 1203), 55, 62, 96-106, 135.

Life and Works 97, 98

[243]

Khamsah 97, 99-103
Sharaf-namah'i Iskandari 103-106
Khulasah'i Khamsah 106, 107

* Nusrat al-Dawlah, see Najabat-'Ali Khan
***Nusrati 172

Life and Works 172
Gulshan-i-'Ishq 172, 173

Ohanjian 194
**Ohannes 198

Palladius, Bishop of HellenopoKs, author of Lives of Holy Men
38

* Peperno, Michel 211

* Perkins, Oliver Henry 10, 19, 49, 82, 120, 177, 183, 185
Pertsch, W., author of catalogues 131

*** Pir Muhammad, see Da'ifi

Piri-Zadeh, Shaykjj al-Islam, see 'Abd-attah, Sayyid
Priya Das 176
** Purshad, the son of Khub Qjand 174 and n. 1

* Purshad, Gobind Pandit 16

Qadi'i Rum, Jami's tutor 135
Qaf-Zadeh, Fayd-allah Efendi, 'AfaTs tutor 169
♦Qanbar 118

* Qarah Mustaf| Pasha, Grand Vizier 12, 13, 15

* Qarah Mustafa Pasha, b. Awruj, Grand Vizier 13, 14, 15
*** Qazvini, see Zakariyya

Qiwam al-DIn, Khwajah, the vizier of §hah §huja' 124

Raja Taranglnl 66
Rama 183

* Ra'na Khan 62, 63

Reland, H., author of Enchiridion Studiosi 34

* Richardson, Thomas 171

Rida-Quli Khan, Hidayat, author of Rawdat al-§afa, Majma'
al-Fusaha, and Riyad al-'Arifin 45, 123, 145 and n. 1
*Riddell, Mrs. 7" '
Rieu, C, editor of the catalogue of Persian and Turkish manu-
scripts of the British museum 23, 121, 122, 131, 153

* Royal Library, of Lucknow 148
RumI135

Saba Etienne-Cossarich, Duke, father of Ahmad Pasha 158

[244]

Sa'd al-DIn, Mawlana, Sa'di's friend 1 10
***Sa'di, Musharrif al-DIn b. Muslih al-DIn 'Abd-allah (d. 1291),
21, 107-121, 129, 135, 147, 166, 168
Life and Works 107-109
Kulliyyat 109-116
Bustan 117-119
Gulistan 119-121
Sa'dl Chelebl, Mufti, founder of Dar al-Qira'a 30
§afi-Quli Khan, Governor of Erivan 41

* $alah al-Din, Khan 86

Salar al-Dawlah, see Abu al-Fath Mirza
Sam Mirza, son of Shah Isma'il §afavl, author of Sam-namah
135

* Saml' al-Husayn Khan 10

* Sanders, George 53

*** Sanusi, Imam Sayyid Abu 'Abd-allah Muhammad b. Yfisuf b.
Husayn (d. 1486), 38, 39
Life and Works 38, 39
Umm al-Barahin 38, 39
Sayyid Ahmad Khwajah^Zadeh 156
Selah al-Din, the Scribe, see,Katib Selah al-DIn
*** Selanikl, see Mustafa Kfeiidi\
Selim I, Sultan of Turkey 158
Selim II, Sultan of Turkey 159
SJhahfur-i-Ashhari, poet 92
Shah Jahan, Emperor of India 66, 142, 144, 176
Shah Mahmud Bahman, Indian ruler 124
Shah Mansur, Hafiz's patron 123
ShahSJiuja', I^afiz's patron 123, 124
SJiah Sulayman 45
*** Shahidi, Mevlana Ibrahim Dedeh (d. 1550), 155
Life 155

Tuhfah'i Shahidi 155, 156
Shams al-DIn Juwaynl, Sa'di's friend 110
Shaybani, author of JamI al-§aghra 35
Shevql, Efendl 15

Shihab al-DIn Abu al-' Abbas, see Ibn al-'Imad
SJhihab al-DIn Stihrawardi, SJiaykh, Sa'di's tutor 108
SJiIr Muhammad Khan, Hafiz, Mukhtar al-Dawlah, Governor of

Kashmir 146
SJiirin97

Shu'ayb al-Jawshaqanl 130

Shuja' al-Mulk, see Muhammad Sa'adatmand Khan

[245]

Sinan Pasha, b. 'Abd al-Hayy, Grand Vizier 159
Siraj al-DIn/ All Khan 119
Siva 182
Spiegel 186

Sprenger, A., editor of the Oudh Catalogue 121, 122, 131
Stanhope, Lady Hester 210
** Stepannos 198

* Stowell, M. Louise 196

Sulayman the Magnificent, Sultan of Turkey 159, 167

Sulayman, Sultan of Turkey 41, 168

Sulayman, Qanfini, see Sulayman the Magnificent

Sulayman, §afavi, Shah of Iran 42

Sultan Abu Sa'id, Emir 129, 164
*** Sultan Husayn §afavi, Shah of Iran (d. 1729), 49-53
Life 50 a 1
Waqf-namah 49-53

Sultan Muzaffar b. Mahmud SJjah 140

Sultan Ya'qub 140

Sunbul Sinan, Shaykh, Da'ifi's tutor 167
*** Sururl, see Muhammad Qasim

Suyuti, author Nazm al-Iqyan fl A'yan al- A'yan 23

* Tabarak-allah, Hajji 126

*^* TaftazanI, Mulla Sa'd al-Din Mas'ud b. 'Omar (d. 1389), 32

Life and Works 32, 33

Al-Mukhtasar f i 'Ilm al-Ma'ani 32, 33
Tahmasp, Prince, later Tahmasp II. 51 n. 1
Tahmasp, §afavl, Shah of Iran 140
Tamerlane, see Tlmur
Tamsik 190
*** Tantarani, Mu'in al-Din 'All Nasr Ahmad b. "Abd al-Razzaq 36

Life and Works 36

Al-Qasidat al-Tantaraniyyat 36
TaqI al-DIn Kashani, author of Khulasat al-Ash'ar 43, 140
Tash-Kupriili-Zadeh, author of Shaqayiq al-Nu'maniyyah 169
Tassy, Garcin de 176
Thomas, Bishop of Marga 38 n. 1
Timothy, Nestorian Patriarch 37
Tlmur 25, 53, 124
Tippoo, Sahib 182

* Totsville, General 53

* Townsend, Edward 205

1246]

*** Tughra, Mulla (d. c. 1670), 142
Life and Works 142, 143
I'tiqadiyyah 143, 144

'Unsuri, court poet of Mahmud Ghaznavl 74
** Uways b. Muhammad al-HarawI HI
Uzun Hasan, ruler of Iran 140

Vienna State Library 160
Visnu 181, 182

*** Wahs -^ Mawlana, author of Farhad wa Shirln 145, 147
***Wa'iz, see Muhammad Rafi'
Walih, see 'Ali-Quli Khan
Wallaston, A. N. 70
Wasifr see Abu al-' Abbas Ahmad

We llesley, Colonel, Governor-General of India 67 and n. 2
* White, Henry 199
*** Wisal, Mirza Muhammad ShafI' (d. 1846), 145
Life and Works 145
Diwan 145, 146
Bazm-i-Wisal 145, 146
Wfistenfeld, F. 48

Yahya, Efendl 28

Yahy£, Minqari-Zadeh, ghaykb al-Islam 156

*** JtS ?^ EfendI ' tutor of Sul ^n Murad III. 169

Ya qub MJyas b. Yusuf, compiler of an Anthology 146-148

Newadir Majmu'ah'i Ya'qubl 146-148
Yazdigurd III, Sasanian King 73
*** Yaziji-Gghll, Muhammad (d. 1451), 161-164
Life and Works 161, 162
■ Al-Risalat al-Muhammadiyyah 163, 164
Yedi-Qulehll, Famous Turkish Calligrapher 9

* Young, Samuel 53 V
Yusuf b. 'Abd al-La(lf 41

Yfisuf G h— author of Tutlfat al_Na ? & y ih 1S0

* Yusuf ibn al-Shaykl, Muhammad al-Jamall 32
Zahir al-Din Faryabi, poet 92

^Zakariyya^Mubammad b. Muhammad al-Kufi al-QazvInl (d.

Life and Works 48, 49
'Aja'ib al-Makjjluqat 48, 49

[247J

*** Zakariyya al-QazvIni, see Zakariyya b. Muhammad

Zamakhsharl, author of Atwaq al-Dhahab 21, 145
*** Zarrmji, Imam Burhan al-DIn 33
Life and Works 33, 34

Ta'llm al-Muta'allim f I Tariq al-Ta'allum 33, 34
Zayd ibn Thabit 1
Zuhuri, Mawlana, poet 147

[248]

U / &* AT -bJ& JjxL*

(AA/XY)

L^iU . sjil. s^ttL ^ ^j^j

wv Ua^u

ORIENTAL MANUSCRIPTS

* OF THE JOHN FREDERICK LEWIS COLLECTION

IN THE FREE LIBRARY OF PHILADELPHIA

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

WITH FORTY-BIGHT ILLUSTRATIONS
BY

Muhammed Ahmed Simsar, a. m., m. b. a., d. c. s.

PHILADELPHIA
1937

MUHAMMED A. SIMSAR

PRINTED IN THE UNITED BTATES OF AMERICA

BY I. H. PURST COMPANY, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND

PLATES' BY EDWARD STERN & CO., INC., PHILADELPHIA

FOREWORD

Aside from the pleasure which I have derived from my
work on the Oriental manuscripts of the John Frederick
Lewis Collection in The Free Library of Philadelphia, 1 deem
it a privilege to be able to dedicate this volume to the memory
of a man who devoted many years of his life to promoting
in this country an interest in and knowledge of the art and
literature of the Orient.

Mr. Lewis's interest in art and education caused him to
receive important positions in cultural institutions of Phila-
delphia. He was a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania,
trustee of The Free Library of Philadelphia, president of the
American Academy of Music, president of the Historical
Society of Pennsylvania, and for twenty-five years president
of the Academy of the Fine Arts. He was also a member of
the American Philosophical Society and of other educational,
artistic and musical organizations and clubs.

As a bibliophile and connoisseur of art, Mr. Lewis gath-
ered valuable collections of illuminated manuscripts, of
Persian and Indo-Persian miniature paintings, of colonial
and early American portraits, and of rare and historically
important books and papers. He united high intelligence
with great variety of attainments, and was an ardent ad-
mirer of the art of the East as well as of the West. He not
only collected Western illuminated manuscripts, books of
hours, and secular manuscripts, but from them went on to
the illuminated and occasionally illustrated Eastern manu-
scripts. Another impelling influence was his interest in
westernpaleography and calligraphy, from which also he
turned Eastward later in his collecting career. In this coun-
try he was one of the earliest to interest himself in these
matters, being always in advance of the times, first in the
collecting of Western Mediaeval illuminated manuscripts,

[in]

and then later he was one of the earliest to direct the atten-
tion of American collectors to the beauty of the Persian and
Indo-Persian manuscripts.

His interest in the art of the East was stimulated and
strengthened by the magnificent exhibition and the splendid
cooperation of the Iranian Government at the Sesqui-
Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1926. He was a
keen admirer of the competition manifested between Persian
miniature painters and their Indo-Persian imitators, and
often exhibited their works in the library of his home to
students from the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
and from the School of Architecture and the Department of
Fine Arts at the University of Pennsylvania. He enjoyed
giving to garden clubs and others interested in gardens and
flowers, lectures illustrated from his material on the design
and construction of Persian gardens, and on the love of
flowers in general, as expressed by Khayyam, Sa'dl, Hafiz
and other well-known poets of Iran.

Many things individualize Mr. Lewis's life and character.
He well exemplifies the immortal saying of Sa'dl, the poet
of Iran:. ............

*J. tft <sjf ^ j^X'1 «*u». &s m*. tr *A &#* ojj 4?

Each new-corner builds a house of his own,
And then departs leaving his heritage to another.
The successor is inspired with the same ambition,
But no one ever finishes the mansion.
Since both good and bad must some day die,
Happy he who first achieves a worthy goal.

MUHAMMED A. SlMSAR.

[iv]

CONTENTS

PAGE

Foreword \\\

Contents v

List of Illustrations vii

List of Abbreviations ix

Scheme of Transliteration x

Introduction x j

Arabic Manuscripts 1

I. Al-Qur'an 1

II. Commentaries upon the Qur'an .... 20

III. Various Readings of the Qur'an ... 24

IV. Prayers 26

V. Christian Prayers 29

VI - Law . 30

VII. Grammar 31

VIII. Rhetoric . . . . . 32

IX. Manuscript of Mixed Contents . 33
X. Fragments 37

Persian Manuscripts 40

I. Astronomy 40

II. Genealogy 41

III. Dictionary 43

IV. Ethics . . . 45

V. Sufism . 4£
VI. Natural History .....'.' 43

VII. Official Document 49

VIII. History 53

IX. Fables and Tales 69

X. Poetry j*

[v]

PAGE

XI. Manuscript of Mixed Contents . 149

Turkish Manuscripts 152

I. Astronomy 152

II. Genealogy 153

III. Dictionary .155

IV. Law . 156

V. Official Document . .. . • 158

VI. History 159

VII. Poetry . . 161

Hindustani Manuscripts 172

Sanskrit Manuscripts . . . . . . ' . . .178

Nepalese Manuscript . . . . ... . 185

Pali Manuscripts . . . ...... . . .186

Siamese Manuscript . .189

Armenian Manuscripts . ... ... .190

Coptic Manuscript . .201

Ethiopic Manuscripts • • .202

Hebrew Manuscripts . . . ... .208

Samaritan Manuscript 216

Syri ac Manuscripts . . . . ... 217

Egyptian Papyrus . 218

Bibliography • • .221

Index of Titles .225

Index of Persons' Names . . . ..' 231

[vi]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

II.
III.
IV.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

XI.

XII.
XIII.
XIV.

XV.
XVI.

XVII.

XVIII.

XIX.

XX.

XXI.

XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.

XXV.

The illuminated opening pages of a
Qur'an . . . . .

A page from a Qur'an .'"
Illuminated opening page of a Qur'an .
The outside cover of a lacquered binding
The illuminated opening page of a
Qur'an. .. . ...

A page from a parchment Qur'an .

Illuminated page of an official document

Tamerlane marching against Iran .

Emperor Akbar arriving in Delhi .

Emperor Akbar receiving the European
envoys . . . .

Emperor Akbar shooting a lion.
The outside cover and flap of a binding
The inside cover and flap of a binding
Rustam lifting up Puladwand
Bizhan led in chains before Afrasiyab
Kay-Kawus flying to heaven on his
throne . . , " : . .

Battle between Human and Bizhan .

Game of chess

A king listening to a plea for mercy

Tlie outside cover of a binding .-..■;

An entertainment in the courtyard of a
palace , . .

A scene from the palace courtyard .

Prince Humay and Princess Humayiin

Shirin visiting Farhad

The opening pages of the Gulistan of
Sa di

[vii]

FACING
PAGE

4
12
16

18
20
50
54
59

60
62
82
82
82
82

85
86
88
94
112

114
114
116
116

120

XXVI.

XXVII.

XXVIII.

XXIX.

XXX.

XXXI.

XXXII.

XXXIII.

XXXIV.

XXXV.

XXXVI.

XXXVII.

XXXVIII.
XXXIX.

XL.

XLI.

XLII.

XLIII.

XLIV,
XLV.

XLVI.

XLVII.

XLVIII.

Bahram Gur pins a deer's foot to its ear

Fitnah carrying a cow on her shoulders

A page in the handwriting of Mir 'Imad

The outside cover of a lacquered binding

The opening page of the Dlwan of Wisal

Illuminated pages from an anthology

A page in the handwriting of Hafiz
Emm

The outside cover and flap of a lacquered
binding. ....

The opening pages of the Dlwan of Mir

'Aiishir ;.■',.- .... .

The outside cover of a binding .
A scene depicting the hero in a boat
A miniature and an opening page from

the Bhagavadgita . '""".' . .

God Gnesa . . . .

A. Heavy lacquered wood cover ....'

B. A copper sheet in relief .

Portrait of St. John . . . .
Christ's triumphal entry into Jerusalem
The Virgin and the Twelve Apostles .
The opening page of the Liturgy of the
Abyssinian Church

The Virgin and Child .

A page from the Old Testament on
Vellum

An illuminated page from a Hebrew
prayer book

An illuminated section from the Book
of Esther . . . .

Section I of the Egyptian papyrus .

FACING
PAGE

131
132
134
145
146
148

155

161

165
172
174

178
183
186
186
190
192
194

20S
204

208

211

212
218

[viii]

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

B. M. P. C.
B. M. Hind. C

B. M. T. C.
Berlin Cat. 1
Berlin Cat. 2
Brockelmann

Camb. Cat.
Cat. Pers. MSS.
Dawlatshah
Desk. Cat.

Diet. Nat. Biog.
Gesch. Osman. Dichtk

Haj.Khal.

Hist, of Arabic Lit.
Hist. Ott. Poetry

Khat. wa Khat.
Lit. Hist, of Persia
Or. Bio. Diet.

Oudh Cat.

Per. Lit. Tar. Dom.

S. B. M. P. C.

S. C. A. M.

Tuh. Khat.

Vienna Cat.

Rieu, British Museum Persian Catalogue.

Blumhardt, Catalogue of Hindi, Panjabi, and
Hindustani MSS. of the British Museum.

Rieu, British Museum Turkish Catalogue.

Ahlwardt, Berlin Catalogue.

Pertsch, Berlin Catalogue.

Brockelmann: Geschichte der Arabischen
Litteratur.

Browne, Cambridge Catalogue.

Jackson, Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts.

Tadhkiratu'sh-Shu'ara, Browne's edition.

Hukk, Ethe, and Robertson, Descriptive Cata-
logue;

Stephen, Dictionary of National Biography.
. Hammer-Purgstall, Geschichte der Osman-
ischen Dichtkunst.
Haji Khalfa, Lexicon Bibliographicum et

Encyclopaedicum, edited by Fliigel.
Nicholson, History of Arabic Literature.
Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, Browne's

edition.
Habib, Khatt wa Khattatan.
Browne, Literary History of Persia.
Beale, An Oriental Biographical Dictionary,

Keene's edition.
Sprenger, Catalogue of the Libraries of the

King of Oudh.
Browne, Persian Literature under Tartar

Dominion.

Rieu, Supplement to the Catalogue of the

Persian Manuscripts in the British Museum.

Rieu, Supplement to the Catalogue of the

Arabic Manuscripts in the British Museum.

Mustaqlm-Zadeh, Tuhfah'i Khattatin, edited

by Ibnul'emin Mahmut Kemal.
Fliigel, Die Arabischen, Persischen und Tur-
kischen Handschriften.

[ix]

SCHEME OF TRANSLITERATION

The system employed in the transliteration of the Arabic, Persian,
Turkish, and Hindustani manuscripts, is the one approved by the
International Oriental Congress of 1894 with following slight
modifications:

1. Alif (| — ') at the beginning, where any distinction mark

appeared unnecessary, has been omitted.

2. The possessive (the Persian Izafat), which is usually indi-

cated by a zir, is represented by -i-, e.g. Gulistan-i-Sa'dl.

INTRODUCTION

It was in connection with the celebration of the one
thousandth anniversary of the birth of Firdawsi, the epic
poet of Iran, that I first became acquainted with the John
Frederick Lewis Collection of Oriental Manuscripts at The
Free Library of Philadelphia. The late Mr. Saklatvala, the
Honorary Consul General of Iran in New York, requested
me to make a search for copies of Firdawsi's works in the
libraries of Philadelphia, as he was anxious to secure mate-
rial for an exhibition to be held at Columbia University in
connection with their celebration of Firdawsi's millennium.
My search finally led me to the discovery of not one but ten
copies of the Shah-namah, the epic poem of Firdawsi, in the
Lewis Collection : more copies than any collection in this
country contains. Some months later, when Philadelphia
was ready to have her own celebration in honor of the fam-
ous poet, these ten beautiful volumes were the feature ex-
hibit of the occasion. Besides the ten Shah-namahs, the
collection contains many interesting volumes in Arabic, Per-
sian, Turkish, and other languages. It was not until July
of 1935, however, that I began working on the catalogue.

The collection contains 35 Arabic, 52 Persian, 10 Turkish,
3 Hindustani, 8 Sanskrit, 1 Nepalese, 4 Pali, 1 Siamese, 11
Armenian, 1 Coptic, 13 Ethiopic, 10 Hebrew, 1 Samaritan,
2 Syriac manuscripts, and 1 Egyptian papyrus. Of the total
number of 153 codexes here described, 100 are written in
Arabic script and represent 4 languages. The remaining
53 are inscribed in 13 different scripts and represent 11
languages.

The most extensive portion of the collection consists of
the Arabic and Persian manuscripts. These and the Turk-
ish and Hindustani manuscripts, which are closely related to
each other not only because of the common script in which

[xij

they are written, but also because of the nature of their con-
tents, have been grouped together at the beginning of the
catalogue. The remaining manuscripts have Seen arranged
in the order in which they are listed above, the Indie and
Semitic groups forming the major sections, with the Arme-
nian manuscripts between these two, and the Egyptian
papyrus placed at the end.

Although this collection of 153 manuscripts is small in
comparison with many other collections in this country and
abroad, yet it contains a considerable number of works of
unusual interest. Some will appeal particularly to the lovers
oi rare bindings, some to the students of miniature painting
and some to those interested in illumination or in calligraphy!
The illustrations presented in the catalogue, have been selec-
ted with a view to furnishing the reader with some examples
of each of these particular fields.

In the Arabic section the most interesting feature is per-
haps that it contains twenty-one copies of the Qur'an the
sacred book of the Muslims, whose name is commonly angli-
cized as Koran. These have been transcribed in different
places and at different periods ; most of them are exquisitely
decorated with beautiful illuminations in gold and colors, and
are remarkable examples of delicate taste and endless labor
Une of the most magnificent copies of the Qur'an ever made
(No 1) contains two elaborately illuminated opening pages.

Jm.v 17^ ^V 1 * dEte ^ Q al-Qa'dah, U77 ah.
u ?£/• D,) and the other J umad * I. 1178 A. h. (No-
vember 1764 a. d.), indicating that the artist probably spent
six months on each. The oldest copy of the Qur'an written

n? FE TT m Km characters (No. 21) is undated, but
probably belongs to the tenth or eleventh century. In addi-
tion, the three copies (Nos. 16-18) with complete Persian
nterhnear translations are rare and valuable specimens. A
tote fourteenth century copy of the Anwar al-Tanzil (No.
**h the well-known commentary upon the Qur'an by Bay-

[xii]

dawl, further adds to the value of this section. A very
rare abridgment of Baytfawfs work (No. 23), made by Ibn
'Imad and dated 1475, is unique. No copy of this work has
been listed in any other collection; possibly this is the only
copy in existence.

In the rarity and importance of its contents the Persian
section, however, is of even greater value. It includes early
copies of standard writers, works of historical value, and
treatises on astronomy, genealogy, philosophy, and ethics,
some of which formed part of the libraries of kings and
princes, as is shown by their seals and memoranda. An-
other remarkable feature of this section is the large propor-
tion of illustrations it contains which make it valuable for
the study of the different schools of Persian and Indo-Per-
sian miniature painting. This section also contains specimens
of some of the best-known calligraphers of Iran, who in
their copies have combined artistic skill with perfection of
style.

Of the Persian manuscripts only a few of the most im-
portant will be mentioned here. A manuscript of special
value, Majma* al-Furs (No. 38), a dictionary of Persian
words, dated 1620 and written during the lifetime of its
author Sururi, deserves attention. An interesting document
Waqf-namah'i Shah Sultan Husayn §afavi (No. 42), bear-
ing the seal of the Shah and of other court officials and
acknowledging a religious endowment by the Shah to the
people of the city of Isfahan, is written in the hand of the
illustrious penman Mir Muhammad Baqir in 1706 and re-
veals facts of historical value. The Timur-namah, or " The
History of Tamerlane" by Hatifl (No. 43), dated 1583,
contains several good examples of the paintings of the period.
Some fine specimens of the Indo-Persian miniature paintings
are represented in a copy of the Iqbal-namah'i Jahangiri,
or " The History of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir " (No.
44), which, according to a memorandum on the flyleaf, was

[xiii]

presented to Ra'na Khan, a court official, by the Mughal
Emperor Awrangzib. This fanatic ruler of India, who
detested all sorts of human representations, must have
given to Ra'na Khan this valuable copy, which contains
authentic portraits of his great-grandfather Akbar, and
other exquisite paintings which bear witness to the esteem
in which miniature painting was held by Awrangzib's prede-
cessors. We do not know whether Awrangzlb was inspired
to make this gift while he was in a happy frame of mind, or
whether, not valuing its artistic merits, he was merely in-
different and yielded to persuasion. Another historical
manuscript Tarikh-i-Nadiri, or " The History of Nadir v
(No. 46), dated 1773 and copied from the original work of
Mirza Mahdi Astarabadl, only twenty-six years after the
death of Nadir Shah, was presented to a certain Frenchman,
whose memorandum on the flyleaf states that he received it
from Fath .'All Shah Qajar of Iran in 1806 ; unfortunately
his own signature is in an illegible handwriting.

Of the ten Shah-namahs (Nos. 50-59) , three copies are
outstanding. One of these (No. 52), dated 1587, is un-
usually ornate, containing a number of fine examples of
illuminated section-headings. Another copy { No. 53 ) , writ-
ten four years later, besides being richly illuminated, is
adorned with twenty-one beautiful miniatures in the style f
the Rida ' Abbasi school, which are important for the study
of the art of painting of that time. An Indo-Persian copy
(No. 55), which once belonged to the library of Muhammad
Shah of India (ruled 1719-1748), and which bears several
official seal impressions and memoranda is interesting.

Among the works of Nizami a copy of his Khamsah (No.
62) dated 1626, and another volume (No. 66) which contains
selected yerses from the former and is dated 1574, are of
interest. A Kulliyyat, or " Complete Works " of Sa'di (No.
68), even today the most popular poet of Iran, dated 1584,
contains some fine specimens of Persian painting in the style

of the Herat school. A precious little Gulistan of Sa'di (No.
72) presented to Mr. Oliver Perkins by Prince Abu al-Fath
Mirza, the third son of Muzaffar al-Din Shah of Iran, in
1901, is written in an exceptionally fine Shikastah style, and
is enclosed in a binding of rare beauty. Another remarkable
manuscript is a copy of the Rawdat al-Muhibbln of Ibn
'Imad (No. 78), copied in 1582 by the renowned calligrapher
Mir Imad and illustrated by five fine specimens of the paint-
ing of the period. Only one other complete manuscript, the
Tuhfah of Jam!, is known to exist in the handwriting of
Mir 'Imad, and it is in the Library of 'AH Pasha in Istanbul.
Most of the specimens of his calligraphy have come down to
us only in separate leaves.

The last of the Persian classic poets, Jam!, is represented
by three volumes in the collection. A copy of his " Yiisuf
and Zulaykha " (No. 79) dated 1580, less than a hundred
years after his death, deserves special attention. Another
rare volume in the Persian section is a copy of the Futuh al-
Haramayn, or " The Disclosure of the Two Holy Cities "
by Lari (No. 82), which is dated 1566.

In spite of the fact that the Turkish section consists of
only ten manuscripts, it contains a few which in certain
respects are unique. The most interesting of all is the Waqf-
namah'i Ahmad Pasha, or " The Last Will and Testament
of Ahmad Pasha" (No. 92), the son-in-law and Grand
Vizierof Sultan Bayezld II (ruled 1481-1512). Bythiswill,
dated 1511, Ahmad Pasha left most of his wealth and huge
estates to charity; the names of two other grand viziers ap-
pear as witnesses. Another document of historical interest
is a copy of the Tarlkh-i-Selanikl, or a " History by Sela-
nlki (No. 93), dated 1721 and transcribed by the order of
Ibrahim Pasha, the son-in-law and Grand Vizier of Sultau
Aljmad III. A sixteenth century copy of the Dlwan of Mil
'All Shir Neva'i (No. 95 }, the poet laureate and minister al
the court of Herat, written in Jaghata'i, or Eastern Turkish

[xv]

on gold-sprinkled paper with elaborate borders, is also re-
markable. Another volume containing two very rare works
of Da'Ifi (No. 96), dated 1560 and written in a splendid
Nas^h style during the lifetime of the poet, sheds light on
the life of the writer about whom practically nothing is
known from other sources.

Among the Sanskrit manuscripts of the Indie section two
copies of the well-known epic Mahabharata (Nos. 101-102),
two interesting horoscopes (Nos. 105-106), and a treatise
on astronomy (No. 108), may be of particular interest.
Other important volumes in this section are: a prayer book
in Nepalese (No. 109), the first and second volumes of the
Kammavaca, a Buddhist manual in Pali (Nos. 110-111),
and a copy of the Siamese epic Lakshanawongs (No. 114).
The Armenian section commands attention by an un-
usually fine copy of the Four Gospels (No. 115), dated 1504
and containing eleven religious paintings which represent
the Armenian art of the period. Another (copy of the Four
Gospels (No. 116), transcribed perhaps a century later, con-
tains some rare miniatures in which the features of the old
Byzantine art are combined with the decorative scheme of
the Iranian art of the period.

In the Ethiopic section a copy of " The Homilies and
Visions of Saint Aragawl " (No. 127), and ^ copy of the
Gospel of St. John (No. 128) are interesting.

The Hebrew section, with an exceptionally fine copy of
the Old Testament (No. 140), dated 1496 and bound in
tortoise shell, and two eighteenth century prayer books
(Nos. 141-142), enriches the collection.

Another interesting volume in the collection is a copy of
the Samaritan Liturgy (No. 150), dated 1849, and written
in cursive Samaritan script with some headings in Arabic.
The last item of the collection (No. 153), an open roll of
Egyptian papyrus in three sections written in Hieratic and
consisting of a part of the Theban Recension of Per-em-hru,

[xvi]

commonly known as " The Book of the Dead/' is also its
oldest item; it was written in the eighth century b. c.

In regard to the system which is here used in transliterat-
ing the titles of and extracts from the Arabic, Persian,
Turkish, and Hindustani manuscripts, I need only mention
that it is essentially that approved by the International
Oriental Congress of 1894 for the transcription of the
Arabic characters, and will be readily understood by all who
are familiar with that system. Some slight modifications,
however, have been listed in a table on page x. Another
table showing the system of abbreviations employed in refer-
ring to the catalogues and other works most frequently
cited, has been given on page ix. A fuller list of works
referred to will be found at the end of the volume.

An index of titles, not confined to the volumes of this
collection, but including also the works mentioned in the
text of this catalogue, has been appended. A second index
consisting of persons' names, and comprising not only the
authors, but also their patrons, translators, calligraphers,
former owners, and in general all persons mentioned in the
catalogue, has also been given ; in it, dates and titles of works
found in the Lewis Collection have been added after the
names of authors.

The illustrations reproduced in this catalogue add greatly
to its value, and will give the art student an indication
of the manner in which some of the paintings, bookbindings,
and certain styles of calligraphy were executed. It has been
necessary to present some of the illustrations in a reduced
size.

I have enjoyed my work on this catalogue. Although I
cannot regard it as a model of its kind — I am too keenly
aware of its defects — yet I think it contains certain new
materials in Oriental studies. Its form and method are in-
tentionally somewhat different from those of works of
similar nature. A brief account of the life of each author

[xvii]

is prefixed to the descriptions of his works ; important works
on the topic, written in European languages, are then listed.
The nature and contents of each manuscript are also briefly
discussed. In the case of well-known works, which have
been described in detail in other catalogues, references are
supplied in footnotes. The known translations of some of
the works are also mentioned.

The volume is designed to serve a threefold purpose. It
has a general interest in that it provides a key to the study
of the fascinating literatures of the Orient. The detailed
descriptions of the illuminations, bookbindings, styles of
writings, and miniature paintings of the rarer copies, and
the reproductions which it contains, will interest students
of art. Finally it will serve as a manual and reference book
not only to collectors of Oriental manuscripts who may wish
to compare their own copies with the copies of this collection,
but also to those students who may desire to make a study
of a particular manuscript in the Lewis Collection. I shall
feel content if the volume to some extent serves these pur-
poses.

I should like to thank individually all those who have
helped me in the preparation of this work. To Dr. Horace
I. Poleman I am indebted for his generous aid in the identic
fication and cataloguing of the Indie manuscripts. Dr.
Poleman has been preparing a catalogue of all the Indie
manuscripts in this country and Canada, which he expects to
publish soon under the title of " A Census of the Indie MSS.
in the United States and Canada." He had catalogued the
Indie section of the Lewis Collection before I started work-
ing on them, and was kind enough to permit me to use his
listings. I am indebted also to Dr. W. Norman Brown,
Professor of Sanskrit; University of Pennsylvania, for his
constant and willing advice on certain points relating to the
Indie manuscripts.

I am deeply grateful to the Reverend Mgrdich Minasian,

[xviii]

pastor of St. Sahag-Mesrob, Armenian Apostolic Church
of Philadelphia, for his valued assistance in the cataloguing
of the Armenian section. My thanks are due to Dr. James
A. Montgomery, Professor of Hebrew, University of Penn-
sylvania, for his generous help in connection with the han-
dling of the Ethiopic, Syriac, and Samaritan manuscripts.
Acknowledgment is made also to the Reverend Isaac C.
Edrehi of Philadelphia, who gladly helped me decipher cer-
tain marginalia in the Hebrew manuscripts. My apprecia-
tion is extended to Dr. Henry A. Carey, formerly with the
Egyptian Department of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
of New York, for help in connection with the Egyptian
papyrus.

My friend and ustad (teacher) Mr. Riza Jorabji of
Tehran, Iran, deserves special thanks for his patience and
generous help by letter. My friend Mr. Kenan Inal of
Istanbul, Turkey, and my brother Ali Ahmed Simsar of
Tabriz, Iran, have kindly supplied me with many books of
reference and articles in Turkish and Persian, without which
this work would be incomplete. I express my profound grati-
tude to Mr. Franklin H. Price, the Librarian of The Free
Library of Philadelphia, for unfailing assistance in handling
the manuscripts during the past eighteen months, and for
putting at my disposal all the facilities of the Library.

Last, but not least, to my valued friend and teacher Dr.
Roland G. Kent, Professor of Comparative Philology, Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, I owe a personal debt of gratitude
for his stimulating interest in the work as a whole and for
his many valuable suggestions.

- . , 1Mig MUHAMMED A. SlMSAR.

December 3, 1936

Philadelphia, Pa.

[xix]

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